wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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269920 | Xeon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xeon | Xeon
both DDR3 and DDR4 LRDIMM or RDIMM memory modules through the use of "Jordan Creek" (DDR3) or "Jordan Creek 2" (DDR4) memory buffer chips. Both versions of the memory buffer chip connect to the processor using version 2.0 of the Intel "Scalable Memory Interconnect" (SMI) interface, while supporting lockstep memory layouts for improved reliability. Up to four memory buffer chips can be connected to a processor, with up to six DIMM slots supported per each memory buffer chip.
Xeon E7-48xx v3 and E7-88xx v3 series also contain functional bug-free support for Transactional Synchronization Extensions (TSX), which was disabled via a microcode update in August 2014 for Haswell-E, Haswell-WS (E3-12xx | 23,700 |
269920 | Xeon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xeon | Xeon
v3) and Haswell-EP (E5-16xx/26xx v3) models, due to a bug that was discovered in the TSX implementation.
# Broadwell-based Xeon.
## E3-12xx v4 series "Broadwell-WS".
Introduced in June 2015, Xeon E3-12xx v4 is the first Xeon series based on the Broadwell micro architecture. It uses LGA 1150 socket, which was introduced with the desktop Core i5/i7 Haswell processors. As before, the main difference between the desktop and server versions is added support for ECC memory in the Xeon-branded parts. The main benefit of the new microarchitecture is the new lithography process, which results in better power efficiency.
# Skylake-based Xeon.
## E3-12xx v5 series "Skylake-WS".
Introduced in October | 23,701 |
269920 | Xeon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xeon | Xeon
2015, Xeon E3-12xx v5 is the first Xeon series based on the Skylake microarchitecture. It uses new LGA 1151 socket, which was introduced with the desktop Core i5/i7 Skylake processors. Although it uses the same socket as consumer processors, it is limited to the C200 server chipset series and will not work with consumer chipsets like Z170. As before, the main difference between the desktop and server versions is added support for ECC memory in the Xeon-branded parts.
# Kaby Lake-based Xeon.
## E3-12xx v6 series.
Introduced in January 2017, Xeon E3-12xx v6 is the first Xeon series based on the Kaby Lake microarchitecture. It uses the same LGA 1151 socket, which was introduced with the desktop | 23,702 |
269920 | Xeon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xeon | Xeon
Core i5/i7 Skylake processors. As before, the main difference between the desktop and server versions is added support for ECC memory and improved energy efficiency in the Xeon-branded parts.
# Supercomputers.
By 2013 Xeon processors were ubiquitous in supercomputers—more than 80% of the TOP500 machines in 2013 used them. For the fastest machines, much of the performance comes from compute accelerators; Intel's entry into that market was the Xeon Phi, the first machines using it appeared in June 2012 and by June 2013 it was used in the fastest computer in the world.
- The first Xeon-based machines in the top-10 appeared in November 2002, two clusters at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory | 23,703 |
269920 | Xeon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xeon | Xeon
and at NOAA.
- The first Xeon-based machine to be in the first place of the TOP500 was the Chinese Tianhe-IA in November 2010, which used a mixed Xeon-Nvidia GPU configuration; it was overtaken by the Japanese K computer in 2012, but the Tianhe-2 system using 12-core Xeon E5-2692 processors and Xeon Phi cards occupied the first place in both TOP500 lists of 2013.
- The SuperMUC system, using eight-core Xeon E5-2680 processors but no accelerator cards, managed fourth place in June 2012 and had dropped to tenth by November 2013
- Xeon processor-based systems are among the top 20 fastest systems by memory bandwidth as measured by the STREAM benchmark.
- An Intel Xeon virtual SMP system using | 23,704 |
269920 | Xeon | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xeon | Xeon
by November 2013
- Xeon processor-based systems are among the top 20 fastest systems by memory bandwidth as measured by the STREAM benchmark.
- An Intel Xeon virtual SMP system using ScaleMP's Versatile SMP (vSMP) architecture with 128 cores and 1 TB RAM. This system aggregates 16 Stoakley platform (Seaburg chipset) systems with total of 32 Harpertown processors.
# See also.
- AMD Epyc
- AMD Opteron
- Intel Xeon Phi, brand name for family of products using the Intel MIC architecture
- List of Intel Xeon microprocessors
- List of Intel microprocessors
# External links.
- Server processors at the Intel website
- Intel look inside: Xeon E5 v3 (Grantley) launch, Intel, September 2014 | 23,705 |
269967 | San Geronimo Valley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San%20Geronimo%20Valley | San Geronimo Valley
San Geronimo Valley
San Geronimo Valley is located in Marin County, California, composed of four unincorporated towns: Woodacre, San Geronimo, Forest Knolls, and Lagunitas. It is a fairly close-knit community, with a rather liberal citizenry. The farther west one goes along the valley, the more forested the land becomes. The valley is bisected roughly east-to-west by Sir Francis Drake Boulevard; a number of streets in the towns along this road were constructed on the former right-of-way of the Northwestern Pacific Railroad. The valley has numerous hiking/biking trails. Most of the residents reside on the south, shadier, side of the valley.
The San Geronimo Valley derives its name from the San | 23,706 |
269967 | San Geronimo Valley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San%20Geronimo%20Valley | San Geronimo Valley
Geronimo Ranch, established by Adolph Mailliard and Ann Eliza Ward in 1868, where they bred thoroughbred horses, including the famous stallion Monday, who sired most of the race horses in California.
The Valley is part of the Lagunitas School District, unique in that it operates two alternative elementary programs and a traditional middle school program on two connected campuses with one superintendent, one principal, and one school board. Each elementary program (Open Classroom, Montessori-inspired) has its own unique philosophy and pedagogical methods, all working within the framework of the California professional and academic standards. Each program involves parent participation to some | 23,707 |
269967 | San Geronimo Valley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San%20Geronimo%20Valley | San Geronimo Valley
es parent participation to some degree.
The main businesses in the Valley are the Papermill Saloon in Forest Knolls, Arti Cafe, Woodacre Market and Deli, and the Lagunitas Grocery, though there are numerous others. Woodacre is home to Spirit Rock Meditation Center, dedicated to the teachings of Buddha and Vipasannā mediation; Dickson Ranch, and the Marin County Fire Department headquarters. San Geronimo Valley also comprises the greater part of the Lagunitas Watershed, in which some of the last remaining coho salmon spawn. The San Geronimo Valley Community Center, attached to the school district, is a hub for community events and hosts the local food bank.
# See also.
- San Geronimo Creek | 23,708 |
269974 | Chaordic organization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chaordic%20organization | Chaordic organization
Chaordic organization
A chaordic organization refers to a system of organization that blends characteristics of chaos and order. The term was coined by Dee Hock, the founder and former CEO of the VISA credit card association.
The mix of chaos and order is often described as a harmonious coexistence displaying characteristics of both, with neither chaotic nor ordered behavior dominating. The chaordic principles have also been used as guidelines for creating human organizations -- business, nonprofit, government and hybrids—that would be neither centralized nor anarchical networks.
# See also.
- Taoism
# References.
- Dee Hock, "Birth of the Chaordic Age" ()
- Dee Hock, The Chaordic Organization: | 23,709 |
269974 | Chaordic organization | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chaordic%20organization | Chaordic organization
rder is often described as a harmonious coexistence displaying characteristics of both, with neither chaotic nor ordered behavior dominating. The chaordic principles have also been used as guidelines for creating human organizations -- business, nonprofit, government and hybrids—that would be neither centralized nor anarchical networks.
# See also.
- Taoism
# References.
- Dee Hock, "Birth of the Chaordic Age" ()
- Dee Hock, The Chaordic Organization: Out of Control and Into Order
# External links.
- Chaordic Commons facilitate access to knowledge about chaordic organizations and organizing.
- Simudyne a chaordic organisation.
- Chaordic Mind: chaotic and ordered community catalysts | 23,710 |
269950 | Chinese paddlefish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20paddlefish | Chinese paddlefish
Chinese paddlefish
Chinese paddlefish (Psephurus gladius; ), also known as Chinese swordfish, are among the largest freshwater fish, although the species is anadromous. It is one of two extant species in the paddlefish family (Polyodontidae), the other being the American paddlefish ("Polyodon spathula"). The Chinese paddlefish is critically endangered and has not been seen in more than a decade, leading to fears that it may already be extinct.
# Name.
In Chinese this paddlefish is also called "elephant fish" (象魚; xiàngyú) because its snout vaguely resembles an elephant trunk. It is recorded sometimes in Classical Chinese as "wěi"-fish (鮪). More poetically, it is sometimes referred to as the | 23,711 |
269950 | Chinese paddlefish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20paddlefish | Chinese paddlefish
"Giant Panda of the Rivers", not because of any physical resemblance to a giant panda, but because of its rarity and protected status. The origin of its binomial name comes from the Greek words "pseph" (pebble) and "phoreus" (bearer of), which when combined, also shares the meaning of the Greek word "psepharos" (gloomy/cloudy one).
# Range and habitat.
The Chinese paddlefish is restricted to China, where found in the Yangtze River basin (Chang Jiang) and its estuary at the East China Sea. Historically it was also recorded in Yellow River basin (which is connected to the Yangtze by the Grand Canal) and its estuary at the Yellow Sea.
Chinese paddlefish spend part of their life in the lower | 23,712 |
269950 | Chinese paddlefish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20paddlefish | Chinese paddlefish
section of the Yangtze, including the brackish water of its estuary, but migrate up the river and its major tributaries to spawn, which occur from March and April. It generally stays in large rivers, but sometimes occur in large lakes.
# Appearance.
The underbelly of the Chinese paddlefish is white, and its back and head grey. They reach sexual maturity at a weight of around , usually by the time they are age seven or eight, with a typical body length of . Anecdotal reports indicate the Chinese paddlefish can reach in length and weight up to a , or even several thousand pounds. Limited research has been conducted on the species maximum size and weight as a result of its endangered status and | 23,713 |
269950 | Chinese paddlefish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20paddlefish | Chinese paddlefish
lack of sightings over the years. A more generally accepted maximum size is in weight and in length, although the specimen caught in 2007 was long.
# Conservation status.
The Chinese paddlefish has been listed as a first-level protected animal of the People's Republic of China since 1983 and on CITES Appendix II since 1998. Due to overfishing and habitat loss, the Chinese paddlefish is considered critically endangered by the IUCN. The schooling young were easily caught by traditional fishing methods. Dams, notably the Gezhouba Dam and Three Gorges Dam, divided the populations and prevented their up- and downstream breeding migration.
The last records of Chinese paddlefish in the Yellow River | 23,714 |
269950 | Chinese paddlefish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20paddlefish | Chinese paddlefish
basin and its estuary are from the 1960s. In its main range, the Yangtze basin, the species has also strongly declined, but was still found in some numbers in the 1980s (for example, 32 were caught in 1985) and young were seen as recent as 1995. Since 2000, there have only been three confirmed sightings of the fish alive, all from the Yangtze basin: The first was a , female caught at Nanjing in 2002 and the second a female caught at Yibin on January 24, 2003; the former died despite attempts to save it and the latter was radio-tagged and released, but the tag stopped working after only 12 hours. The third and most recent was a , specimen captured by illegal fishing on January 8, 2007, in Jiayu | 23,715 |
269950 | Chinese paddlefish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20paddlefish | Chinese paddlefish
County. Local villagers contacted officials who rushed to the site. Zeb Hogan of the TV-series Monster Fish on National Geographic Channel and other conservationists transferred the fish to a holding pen in hope that it would survive, but it died shortly afterwards due to unrecoverable injuries sustained while thrashing in the net. During a search conducted in the Yangtze basin from 2006–2008, a research team from the Chinese Academy of Fisheries Science in Jingzhou failed to catch any paddlefish, but two probable specimens were recorded with hydroacoustic signals. Although very small numbers might survive, many scientists now consider the Chinese paddlefish to be extinct.
# See also.
- List | 23,716 |
269950 | Chinese paddlefish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese%20paddlefish | Chinese paddlefish
rushed to the site. Zeb Hogan of the TV-series Monster Fish on National Geographic Channel and other conservationists transferred the fish to a holding pen in hope that it would survive, but it died shortly afterwards due to unrecoverable injuries sustained while thrashing in the net. During a search conducted in the Yangtze basin from 2006–2008, a research team from the Chinese Academy of Fisheries Science in Jingzhou failed to catch any paddlefish, but two probable specimens were recorded with hydroacoustic signals. Although very small numbers might survive, many scientists now consider the Chinese paddlefish to be extinct.
# See also.
- List of endangered and protected species of China | 23,717 |
269957 | Hamza Yusuf | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamza%20Yusuf | Hamza Yusuf
Hamza Yusuf
Shaykh Hamza Yusuf (born 1958) is an American Islamic scholar and co-founder of Zaytuna College. He is a proponent of classical learning in Islam and has promoted Islamic sciences and classical teaching methodologies throughout the world.
He is an advisor to the Center for Islamic Studies at the Graduate Theological Union in Berkeley. In addition, he serves as vice-president for the Global Center for Guidance and Renewal, which was founded and is currently presided over by Abdallah bin Bayyah. He also serves as the vice-president of the UAE-based Forum for Promoting Peace in Muslim Societies, where Abdullah bin Bayyah also serves as president.
He is one of the signatories of A | 23,718 |
269957 | Hamza Yusuf | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamza%20Yusuf | Hamza Yusuf
Common Word Between Us and You, an open letter by Islamic scholars to Christian leaders calling for peace and understanding. "The Guardian" has referred to Yusuf as "arguably the West's most influential Islamic scholar," and "The New Yorker" magazine also called him "perhaps the most influential Islamic scholar in the Western world."
# Early life and education.
Yusuf was born as Mark Hanson in Walla Walla, Washington to two academics working at Whitman College and he was raised in northern California. He grew up a practicing Greek Orthodox Christian and attended prep schools on both the east and west coasts. In 1977, after a near-death experience in a car accident and reading the Qur'an, he | 23,719 |
269957 | Hamza Yusuf | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamza%20Yusuf | Hamza Yusuf
converted from Christianity to Islam. Yusuf has Irish, Scottish and Greek ancestry.
After being impressed by a young couple from Saudi Arabia who were followers of Abdalqadir as-Sufi—a Scottish convert to Islam and leader of the Darqawa Sufi order and the Murabitun World Movement—Yusuf moved to Norwich, England to study directly under as-Sufi. In 1979, Yusuf moved to Al Ain in the United Arab Emirates where he spent the next four years studying Sharia sciences at the Islamic Institute, more often on a one-on-one basis with Islamic scholars. Yusuf became fluent in the Arabic language and also studied Qur'anic recitation ("tajwid"), rhetoric, poetry, law ("fiqh") and theology ("aqidah") among | 23,720 |
269957 | Hamza Yusuf | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamza%20Yusuf | Hamza Yusuf
other classical Islamic disciplines.
In 1984, Yusuf formally disassociated himself from as-Sufi's teachings and moved in a different intellectual direction having been influenced by a number of Mauritanian scholars residing in the Emirates. He moved to North Africa in 1984 studying in Algeria and Morocco, as well as Spain and Mauritania. In Mauritania he developed his most lasting and powerful relationship with Islamic scholar Sidi Muhammad Ould Fahfu al-Massumi, known as Murabit al-Hajj.
# Zaytuna College.
He and other colleagues founded the Zaytuna Institute in Berkeley, California, United States, in 1996, dedicated to the revival of traditional study methods and the sciences of Islam. | 23,721 |
269957 | Hamza Yusuf | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamza%20Yusuf | Hamza Yusuf
In the early 2000s he was joined by additional colleagues Zaid Shakir and Hatem Bazian in further establishing what was then Zaytuna Institute. Eventually, in the fall of 2010 it would open its doors as Zaytuna College, a four-year Muslim liberal arts college, the first of its kind in the United States. It incorporates Yusuf's vision of combining the classical liberal arts—based in the trivium and quadrivium—with rigorous training in traditional Islamic disciplines. It aims to "educate and prepare morally committed professional, intellectual, and spiritual leaders". The Zaytuna Institute became the first accredited Muslim campus in the United States after it received approval from the Western | 23,722 |
269957 | Hamza Yusuf | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamza%20Yusuf | Hamza Yusuf
Association of Schools and Colleges. Yusuf stated that "We hope, God willing, that there will be more such Muslim colleges and universities to come".
# Views and influence.
Yusuf has taken a stance against religious justifications for terrorist attacks.
Jordan's Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre currently places him 36th on its list of the top 500 most influential Muslims in the world.
The magazine "Egypt Today" described him as a kind of theological rock star, "the Elvis Presley of western Muslims."
In its 2016 edition Yusuf is described "as one of the foremost authorities on Islam outside of the Muslim world" by "The 500 Most Influential Muslims", edited by John Esposito and Ibrahim | 23,723 |
269957 | Hamza Yusuf | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamza%20Yusuf | Hamza Yusuf
ious justifications for terrorist attacks.
Jordan's Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre currently places him 36th on its list of the top 500 most influential Muslims in the world.
The magazine "Egypt Today" described him as a kind of theological rock star, "the Elvis Presley of western Muslims."
In its 2016 edition Yusuf is described "as one of the foremost authorities on Islam outside of the Muslim world" by "The 500 Most Influential Muslims", edited by John Esposito and Ibrahim Kalin.
# 9/11 attacks views.
He described the 9/11 attacks as "an act of mass murder, pure and simple." Condemning the attacks, he has also stated "Islam was hijacked... on that plane as an innocent victim." | 23,724 |
269978 | Solomons | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solomons | Solomons
Solomons
Solomons may refer to:
# Places.
- Solomon Islands, a sovereign state
- Solomon Islands (archipelago), an archipelago that includes the sovereign state nation of Solomon Islands and the Papua New Guinea island of Bougainville
- British Solomon Islands, the Solomon Islands apart from Bougainville before 1978
- North Solomon Islands, the area of the Solomon Islands archipelago previously under German control and covering Bougainville and what are now the northwestern provinces of Solomon Islands
- Solomons, Maryland, USA
- Solomons Island: see Solomons, Maryland
# Military.
- Solomon Islands campaign, a World War II campaign
# People.
- Adrian Solomons (1922–1991), Australian | 23,725 |
269978 | Solomons | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solomons | Solomons
w the northwestern provinces of Solomon Islands
- Solomons, Maryland, USA
- Solomons Island: see Solomons, Maryland
# Military.
- Solomon Islands campaign, a World War II campaign
# People.
- Adrian Solomons (1922–1991), Australian politician
- Anzel Solomons (born 1978), South African chess master
- Burt Solomons (born 1950), American attorney
- David Solomons (accounting scholar) (1912–1995), British/American accounting scholar
- David Solomons (photographer) (born 1965), British photographer
- Levy Solomons (1730–1792), Jewish Canadian merchant and fur trader
- Ralph Solomons, a pseudonym used by Kent Walton (1917–2003) as film producer
# See also.
- Solomon (disambiguation) | 23,726 |
269975 | Clapperboard | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clapperboard | Clapperboard
Clapperboard
A clapperboard is a device used in filmmaking and video production to assist in synchronizing of picture and sound, and to designate and mark the various scenes and takes as they are filmed and audio-recorded.
Other names include clapper, clapboard, clacker, slate, slate board, slapperboard, sync slate, time slate, sticks, board, smart slate, dumb slate and sound marker. When a movie's sound and picture are out of synchronization, this is known as lip flap.
# History.
Clapperboards have been essential to filmmaking since the earliest sound films because (until the advent of digital cinematography) visual and audio tracks were recorded on separate media by separate equipment.
The | 23,727 |
269975 | Clapperboard | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clapperboard | Clapperboard
clapper (two sticks hinged together) was invented by F. W. Thring (father of actor Frank Thring), who was head of Efftee Studios in Melbourne, Australia. The clapboard with both the sticks and slate together was refined by Leon M. Leon (1903–1998) a pioneer sound engineer.
The release of the Aretha Franklin 1972 concert film "Amazing Grace" was delayed for 46 years due to young Academy Award nominated director Sydney Pollack forgetting to use clapperboards, making the film impossible to edit until modern digital methods were invented.
# How they work.
The clapperboard combines a 'chalkboard slate' with a 'clapstick'. The slate displays the name of the production, the scene and "take" about | 23,728 |
269975 | Clapperboard | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clapperboard | Clapperboard
to be performed, and similar information; an assistant holds the clapperboard so the slate is in view of the cameras, speaks out information for the benefit of the audio recording, then opens the clapstick and claps it shut.
The shutting of the clapstick is easily identified on the visual track, and the sharp "clap" noise is easily identified on the separate audio track. The two tracks can later be precisely synchronised by matching the sound and movement. Since each take is identified on both the visual and audio tracks, segments of film are easily matched with segments of audio.
# Construction.
Traditional clapperboards consisted of a wooden slate with a hinged clapstick attached to its | 23,729 |
269975 | Clapperboard | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clapperboard | Clapperboard
top. Modern clapperboards generally use a pair of wooden sticks atop either a whiteboard or a translucent acrylic glass slate (the latter being easily legible via the light coming through it from the scene about to be shot). The clapsticks traditionally have diagonally interleaved lines of black and white to ensure a clear visual of the clap in most lighting conditions. In recent years sticks with calibrated color stripes have become available.
Smart slates or digislates are electronic SMPTE time code versions with digitally displayed information, and in some productions created in the digital domain, electronically superimposed versions have supplanted physical clapperboards.
# Operation.
The | 23,730 |
269975 | Clapperboard | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clapperboard | Clapperboard
slate typically includes the date, the production title, the name of the director, the name of the director of photography (DP) and the scene information — which follows two popular systems:
- 1. American: scene number, camera angle and take number; e.g. "scene 24, C, take 3";
- 2. European: slate number, take number (with the letter of the camera shooting the slate if using multiple-camera setup); e.g. "slate 256, take 3C". Often, the European system will also include the scene number; however, a separate "continuity sheet" that maps the "slate" number to the scene number, camera angle and take number may be used if the scene number is not included on the slate. This is generally not as great | 23,731 |
269975 | Clapperboard | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clapperboard | Clapperboard
a concern with short films, however.
A verbal identification of the numbers, known either as "voice slate" or "announcement", occurs after sound has reached speed. At the same time or shortly thereafter, the camera will start running, and the clapperboard is then filmed briefly at the start of the 'take' and the clapsticks are clapped sharply as soon as the camera has reached sync speed. Specific procedures vary depending on the nature of the production (documentary, television, feature, commercial, etc.), and the dominant camera assisting regional conventions.
A clapper board is generally used to identify all takes on a production, even takes that do not require synchronization, such as MOS | 23,732 |
269975 | Clapperboard | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clapperboard | Clapperboard
takes, which have no sound. When a slate is used to mark an MOS take, the slate is held half open, with a hand blocking the sticks, or closed, with a hand over the sticks.
## Operator.
The clapper loader (or 2nd AC) is generally responsible for the maintenance and operation of the clapperboard, while the script supervisor is responsible for determining which system will be used and what numbers a given take should have. While these are usually fairly obvious once a system has been agreed upon, the script supervisor is usually considered the final arbiter in the event of an unclear situation.
## Alternatives.
Occasionally, instead of preparing an actual slate, a voice slate will be announced | 23,733 |
269975 | Clapperboard | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clapperboard | Clapperboard
(often by an actor in the scene) and then the actor will clap his hands to provide the synchronisation mark.
Sometimes a "tail slate" or end slate is filmed at the end of a take, during which the clapperboard is held upside-down. This is done when the clapperboard was not captured at the start of the take due to the camera being set up for the shot in such a way that the board cannot be captured, for example when a specific focus or frame is set up and cannot be altered until the take is complete. Tail slates are also commonly used when the director makes the decision that clapping a slate at the beginning of the scene would be distracting to the actor, such as when filming a highly emotional | 23,734 |
269975 | Clapperboard | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clapperboard | Clapperboard
times a "tail slate" or end slate is filmed at the end of a take, during which the clapperboard is held upside-down. This is done when the clapperboard was not captured at the start of the take due to the camera being set up for the shot in such a way that the board cannot be captured, for example when a specific focus or frame is set up and cannot be altered until the take is complete. Tail slates are also commonly used when the director makes the decision that clapping a slate at the beginning of the scene would be distracting to the actor, such as when filming a highly emotional performance.
# References.
- "The Two Frank Thrings" - Peter Fitzpatrick — Monash University Publishing, 2012 | 23,735 |
1804894 | List of places in Staffordshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20places%20in%20Staffordshire | List of places in Staffordshire
List of places in Staffordshire
This is a list of cities, towns and villages in the ceremonial county of Staffordshire, England.
# A.
Abbey Green,
Abbey Hulton,
Abbots Bromley,
Above Church,
Acres Nook,
Acton Trussell,
Adbaston,
Admaston,
Aldershawe,
Alrewas,
Alstonefield,
Alsagers Bank,
Alton,
Amington,
Anglesey,
Anslow, Apeton, Armitage,
Ashley,
Audley.
# B.
Baggots Bromley,
Bagnall,
Baldwin's Gate, Balterley,
Barlaston,
Barton-under-Needwood,
Basford,
Beasley,
Bentilee,
Berkswich,
Betley,
Biddulph,
Bignall End,
Bilbrook,
Birches Head,
Blithbury,
Blithfield,
Blythe Bridge,
Bobbington,
Boney Hay,
Boundary,
Bradwell,
Bramshall,
Branston,
Brewood,
Brindley | 23,736 |
1804894 | List of places in Staffordshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20places%20in%20Staffordshire | List of places in Staffordshire
Heath,
Brizlincote,
Broad Meadow,
Brocton,
Brown Edge,
Bucknall,
Burntwood,
Burslem,
Burston,
Burton upon Trent,
Butterton.
# C.
Cannock,
Cannock Wood,
Cauldon,
Caverswall,
Chasetown,
Cheadle,
Cheddleton,
Chell,
Cheslyn Hay,
Chesterton,
Church Eaton,
Church Leigh,
Clayton,
Clifton Campville,
Clough Hall,
Chorley,
Codsall,
Colton,
Comberford,
Consall,
Coton,
Coton Clanford,
Coton Hill,
Coven,
Crakemarsh,
Crackley,
Cross Heath,
Croxden,
Curborough.
# D.
Dales Green,
Denstone,
Derrington,
Dimsdale,
Dods Leigh,
Doxey,
Draycott in the Clay,
Drayton Bassett,
Dresden.
# E.
Eccleshall,
Ecton,
Edial,
Edingale,
Elford,
Ellastone,
Elmhurst,
Endon,
Enville,
Essington,
Etchinghill,
Etruria.
# | 23,737 |
1804894 | List of places in Staffordshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20places%20in%20Staffordshire | List of places in Staffordshire
F.
Farewell,
Fazeley,
Featherstone,
Field,
Fisherwick,
Flash,
Fole,
Forsbrook,
Four Ashes,
Fradley,
Freeford,
Froghall.
# G.
Gentleshaw,
Gnosall,
Godstone,
Great Bridgeford,
Great Haywood,
Great Wyrley,
Grindley.
# H.
Hademore,
Hales,
Halmer End,
Hammerwich,
Hamstall Ridware,
Hanchurch,
Handsacre,
Hanley,
Harlaston,
Harriseahead,
Hartshill,
Haselour,
Haughton,
Haunton,
Heath Hayes,
Hednesford,
High Offley,
Hill Ridware,
Hilton,
Hints,
Hixon,
Hollington,
Hollins,
Hopwas,
Horninglow,
Horton,
Huddlesford,
Hulme End,
Huntington.
# I.
Ilam,
Ingestre,
Ipstones.
# K.
Keele,
Kettlebrook,
Kidsgrove,
Kings Bromley,
Kingstone,
Kinver,
Knightley,
Knighton | 23,738 |
1804894 | List of places in Staffordshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20places%20in%20Staffordshire | List of places in Staffordshire
(Newcastle-under-Lyme),
Knighton (Stafford),
Knutton, Knypersley.
# L.
Leek,
Leycett,
Lichfield,
Little Aston,
Little Haywood,
Little Wyrley,
Loggerheads,
Longdon,
Longnor,
Longport,
Longton,
Lower Leigh,
Lower Penn,
Lower Tean,
Loynton.
# M.
Madeley,
Maer,
Marchington,
Marchington Woodlands,
Marston, near Stafford
Marston, near Brewood
Mavesyn Ridware,
May Bank,
Meaford,
Meir,
Middleport,
Middleton Green,
Miles Green,
Milford,
Mill Meece,
Milton,
Milwich,
Moreton,
Morrilow Heath,
Mount Pleasant,
Mow Cop,
Mucklestone.
# N.
Newborough,
Newcastle-under-Lyme,
Newchapel,
Newton,
Newtown,
No Man's Heath,
Norbury,
Norton Bridge,
Norton Canes.
# O.
Oakamoor,
Offley | 23,739 |
1804894 | List of places in Staffordshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20places%20in%20Staffordshire | List of places in Staffordshire
Hay,
Olive Green,
Onecote,
Onneley,
Orgreave,
Oulton,
Outlands.
# P.
Penkhull,
Penkridge,
Perton,
Pipe Ridware,
Pitts Hill,
Porthill,
Prospect Village,
Pye Green.
# Q.
Quarnford
# R.
Ranton,
Rawnsley,
Rocester,
Rodbaston,
Rolleston on Dove,
Rookery,
Rudyard,
Rugeley,
Rushton Spencer.
# S.
Salt,
Sandon,
Scot Hay,
Seabridge,
Seisdon,
Shallowford,
Shenstone,
Sideway,
Silverdale,
Smallthorne,
Sneyd Green,
Spath,
Stafford,
Stanton,
Statfold,
Stoke-on-Trent,
Stone,
Stonnall,
Stonydelph,
Stowe-by-Chartley,
Stramshall,
Streethay,
Stretton (Brewood),
Stretton (Burton upon Trent),
Swinfen,
Syerscote,
# T.
Talke,
Talke Pits,
Tamworth,
Tatenhill,
Thorpe | 23,740 |
1804894 | List of places in Staffordshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List%20of%20places%20in%20Staffordshire | List of places in Staffordshire
l,
Streethay,
Stretton (Brewood),
Stretton (Burton upon Trent),
Swinfen,
Syerscote,
# T.
Talke,
Talke Pits,
Tamworth,
Tatenhill,
Thorpe Constantine,
Tittensor,
Tixall,
Trentham,
Tunstall,
Tunstall (near Eccleshall),
Tutbury.
# U.
Upper Hulme,
Upper Leigh,
Upper Longdon,
Upper Tean,
Uttoxeter.
# W.
Wall,
Waterfall,
Waterhouses,
Weeford,
Werrington,
Westbury Park,
Westlands,
Weston,
Weston-under-Lizard,
Wheaton Aston,
Whitehill,
Whitgreave,
Whitmore,
Whittington,
Wigginton,
Willoughbridge,
Willslock,
Wilnecote,
Wimblebury,
Winshill,
Withington,
Wolstanton,
Wombourne,
Woodseaves,
Wootton,
Wordsley,
Wrinehill.
# Y.
Yarnfield,
Yarlet,
Yoxall. | 23,741 |
269982 | Mixed franking | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mixed%20franking | Mixed franking
Mixed franking
In philately, a mixed franking is an occurrence of postage stamps of more than one country or issuing entity on a single cover — or the occurrence of postage stamps of more than one currency of a country or issuing identity on a single cover. Since nearly all countries of the world have agreed to deliver each other's mail, it is unusual to need more than the stamps of the originating country; valid mixed frankings are uncommon and valued by collectors.
Before the advent of the Universal Postal Union in 1874, sending international mail was quite an adventure; it might be necessary to affix the stamps of the destination country in addition to those of the origin, and in the worst | 23,742 |
269982 | Mixed franking | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mixed%20franking | Mixed franking
cases, possibly for several other countries along the way. Sometimes the letter was held until the recipient brought stamps, they were affixed and cancelled, and the result handed to the recipient. Since this only happened during the first few decades of stamp usage, and only for the few letters that were sent great distances, very few covers have survived. For some combinations, only single examples have survived, and command spectacular prices among collectors.
Another form of mixed franking occurs in transitional periods, either as a way to help the public use up the stamps of a defunct government, or involuntarily as a propaganda tool.
An example of involuntary mixed franking is when Germany | 23,743 |
269982 | Mixed franking | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mixed%20franking | Mixed franking
public use up the stamps of a defunct government, or involuntarily as a propaganda tool.
An example of involuntary mixed franking is when Germany took over Austria in the Anschluss in 1938; during the several months while Austrian stamps were still accepted, Austrians sending mail to Germany were required to include a German stamp on the envelope.
Sometimes illegitimate mixed frankings occur when a postal user adds another country's stamps to an envelope just for fun. Many countries' postal regulation require clerks to refuse to handle these, even if the correct postage of the country is present, because they slow down the sorting process, but such covers can still get through the system. | 23,744 |
269996 | MGM Grand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MGM%20Grand | MGM Grand
MGM Grand
MGM Grand may refer to:
Hotels and casinos:
- MGM Grand Las Vegas, the current MGM Grand in Las Vegas
- MGM Grand Garden Arena
- MGM Grand Adventures Theme Park
- Bally's Las Vegas, a property previously named the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino from 1973 to 1985
- MGM Grand fire, a major disaster that occurred at that hotel in 1980
- MGM Grand Atlantic City, New Jersey, a canceled hotel
- MGM Grand Detroit, Michigan
- MGM Grand Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia, now Skycity Darwin
- The Fox Tower, Mashantucket, Connecticut, previously MGM Grand at Foxwoods
- MGM Grand Macau, China
- MGM Grand Reno, Nevada, now Grand Sierra Resort
- MGM Grand Sanya
- MGM Grand Ho Tram | 23,745 |
269996 | MGM Grand | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MGM%20Grand | MGM Grand
m 1973 to 1985
- MGM Grand fire, a major disaster that occurred at that hotel in 1980
- MGM Grand Atlantic City, New Jersey, a canceled hotel
- MGM Grand Detroit, Michigan
- MGM Grand Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia, now Skycity Darwin
- The Fox Tower, Mashantucket, Connecticut, previously MGM Grand at Foxwoods
- MGM Grand Macau, China
- MGM Grand Reno, Nevada, now Grand Sierra Resort
- MGM Grand Sanya
- MGM Grand Ho Tram Beach, Vietnam
Other uses:
- MGM Resorts International, one of the corporations that merged to create the MGM Mirage corporation
- MGM Grand Air, later Champion Air, the former MGM Grand in-house airline
- MGM Grand (song), a 2000 rock single by Grandaddy | 23,746 |
269994 | Yū Asakawa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yū%20Asakawa | Yū Asakawa
Yū Asakawa
She was previously married to fellow voice actor Showtaro Morikubo but the two are now divorced. She served as a co-host of an internet webshow Otaku Verse Zero with Patrick Macias, a previous editor-in-chief of Otaku USA.
She is perhaps best known for her role as Rider and the various other incarnations of the character from the "Fate/stay night" franchise.
# Filmography.
## Anime television.
1997
- "Those Who Hunt Elves 2" (Rena)
- "Chō Mashin Eiyūden Wataru" (Mario)
1998
- "" (Shiris)
- "Cyberteam in Akihabara" (Tsugumi Higashijujo)
- "" (Priscilla S. "Priss" Asagiri)
1999
- "Space Pirate Mito" (Shin)
- "Gokudo" (Nanya)
- "Shin Hakkenden" (Rei)
- "Jibaku-kun" (Alibaba)
- | 23,747 |
269994 | Yū Asakawa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yū%20Asakawa | Yū Asakawa
"Seraphim Call" (Kasumi Kurenai)
2000
- "Boogiepop Phantom" (Nagi Kirima)
- "Love Hina" (Motoko Aoyama)
- "Vandread" (Jura Basil Elden)
- "Shin Getter Robo vs. Neo Getter Robo" (Sho)
2001
- "Viper GTS" (Carrera)
- "Beyblade" (Raju)
- "Immoral Sisters" (Rumi Kitazawa)
- "" (Jura Basil Elden)
- "Gekito! Crush Gear Turbo" (Hiroomi Taki)
- "Hikaru no Go" (Yūki Mitani)
- "Angel Blade" (Nailkaizer)
2002
- "RahXephon" (Shinobu Miwa)
- "Love Hina Again" (Motoko Aoyama)
- "Azumanga Daioh" (Sakaki)
- "Detective Conan" (Terumi Hoshino)
- "Hikaru no Go: Heian Gensou Ibunroku" (Motoyori Mitani)
- "Gekitou! Crush Gear Turbo" (Hitomi Taki)
- "Asobotto Senki Goku" (Katoruku)
- "Gravion" | 23,748 |
269994 | Yū Asakawa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yū%20Asakawa | Yū Asakawa
(Mizuki Tachibana)
- "Hikaru no Go: Insei Choujou Kessen" (Motoyori Mitani)
2003
- "Crush Gear Nitro" (TB)
- "Immoral Sisters 2" (Rumi Kitazawa)
- "Kaleido Star" (Pamela)
- "Zatch Bell!" (Kiyama Tsukishi)
2004
- "Gravion Zwei" (Mizuki Tachibana)
- "Kyo kara Maoh!" (Berma)
- "Pugyuru" (Kanato)
- "Samurai 7" (Sanae)
- "DearS" (Eiko)
- "" (Rebecca Lambert)
- "Sweet Valerian" (Pop)
- "Detective Conan" (Shunya Ogata)
- "School Rumble" (Itoko Osakabe)
- "Mobile Suit Gundam Seed Destiny" (Krista Awbrooke)
- "Black Jack" (Tom)
- "Angel Blade Punish!" (Nailkaizer)
2005
- "Starship Operators" (Renna Satomi)
- "Buzzer Beater" (Lazuli)
- "MÄR" (Sarah Band)
- "" (Caldina)
- "Idaten | 23,749 |
269994 | Yū Asakawa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yū%20Asakawa | Yū Asakawa
Jump" (Whip)
- "Gunparade Orchestra" (Momoka Kudou)
- "Perfect Dark Zero" (Mayhem)
- "School Rumble: 1st Semester Extra Class" (Itoko Osakabe)
2006
- "Brighter than the Dawning Blue" (Karen Clavius)
- "Fate/stay night" (Rider/Medusa)
- "Kyo no Gononi" (Koji Imai)
- "School Rumble: 2nd Semester" (Itoko Osakabe)
- "Spider Riders" (Beerain)
2007
- "Naruto: Shippuden" (Fūka)
- "" (Yeoha)
- "Ikki-Tousen: Dragon Destiny" (Shiryū Choūn)
- "Buzzer Beater II" (Lazuli)
- "Bamboo Blade" (Konishi)
2008
- "Our Home's Fox Deity" (Enju)
- "Ikki Tousen: Great Guardians" (Shiryū Choūn)
- "Mission-E" (Katsuura Miharu)
- "Ikki Tousen: Eloquent Fist" (Shiryū Choūn)
2010
- "Chu-Bra!!" (Takatō)
- | 23,750 |
269994 | Yū Asakawa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yū%20Asakawa | Yū Asakawa
"The Qwaser of Stigmata" (Eva Silver)
- "" (Shiryū Choūn)
- "K-ON!!" (Norimi Kawaguchi)
- "Amagami SS" (Hibiki Tsukahara)
2011
- "" (Queen)
- "Freezing" (Arnett Macmillan)
- "" (Jami Yokoshima)
- "" (Ms. Saijō)
- "Manyū Hiken-chō" (Mizuki)
- "Carnival Phantasm" (Rider)
- "Maji de Watashi ni Koi Shinasai!" (Momoyo Kawakami)
2012
- "Amagami SS+" (Hibiki Tsukahara)
- "Brave10" (Anastasia)
- "Upotte!!" (Ms. Fujiko)
- "Tanken Driland" (Angela)
- "Aikatsu!" (Honoka Tsukikage)
2013
- "Senran Kagura" (Daidōji)
- "Sasami-san@Ganbaranai" (Juju Tsukuyomi)
- "Ore no Imōto ga Konnani Kawaii Wake ga Nai" (Misaki Fujima)
- "" (Osome)
- "Love Lab" (Yoshida)
- "Fate/kaleid liner Prisma | 23,751 |
269994 | Yū Asakawa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yū%20Asakawa | Yū Asakawa
Illya" (Rider)
2014
- "Nobunagun" (Isaac Newton/Jess Beckham)
- "The World Is Still Beautiful" (Mina)
- "Riddle Story of Devil" (Irena)
- "Akame ga Kill!" (Leone)
- "" (Rider)
2015
- "The Testament of Sister New Devil" (Chisato Hasegawa)
- "Minna Atsumare! Falcom Gakuen SC" (Ilya Plate)
- "The Testament of Sister New Devil BURST" (Chisato Hasegawa)
- "Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha ViVid" (Micaiah Chevelle)
2016
- "Hybrid × Heart Magias Academy Ataraxia" (Zelshione)
2017
- "Schoolgirl Strikers Animation Channel" (Tierra〈Yukako Odagiri〉)
2018
- "Killing Bites" (Kaori Rikujō)
- "Today's Menu for the Emiya Family" (Rider)
2019
- "" (Ana)
## Theatrical animation.
- "Cyber Team | 23,752 |
269994 | Yū Asakawa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yū%20Asakawa | Yū Asakawa
in Akihabara: 2011 Summer Vacation" (1999), Tsugumi Higashijujo
- "Azumanga Daioh: The Animation" (2001), Sakaki
- "Hamtaro" film series (2001–), Tongari
- "" (2003), Shinobu Miwa
- "" (2005), Rosamia Badam
- "Hells Angels" (2008), Kuronora
- "" (2010), Rider
- "K-ON! the Movie" (2011), Norimi Kawaguchi
- "" (2017-), Rider
- "" (2019), Sherilyn Tan
## Tokusatsu.
- "Tetsuwan Tantei Robotack" (1998), Mimeena
- "Chousei Kantai Sazer-X" (2005), Water General Aqual
## Video games.
- "" (Misuzu Kusakabe)
- "Alan Wake" (Sarah Breaker)
- "Amagami" series (Hibiki Tsukahara)
- "Anarchy Reigns" (Sasha Ivanov)
- "" (Harvestasha)
- "Armored Core 3" (Rain Myers)
- "Azur Lane" (USS Ranger, | 23,753 |
269994 | Yū Asakawa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yū%20Asakawa | Yū Asakawa
ROC Yat Sen)
- "" (Eime)
- "" (Ilona) (Japanese dub)
- "" (Maika Mizukoshi)
- "Demonbane" (Makoto)
- "" (Shalua Rui)
- "Eternal Sonata" (Rondo)
- "Ever17 -the out of infinity-" (Tsugumi Komachi)
- "Fate/stay night" (Rider/Medusa)
- "Fate/hollow ataraxia" (Rider/Medusa, Stheno, Euryale)
- "Fate/Grand Order" (Stheno, Euryale, Medusa, Gorgon)
- "Fighting Beauty Wulong" series (Lucky Shimoda)
- "Final Fantasy XIII" series (Reburo)
- "" (Rolf, Mia)
- "Freedom Wars" (Natalia "9" Woo)
- "Future Diary" (Azami Kirisaki/13th)
- "Galaxy Angel" (Riserva Chianti)
- "Granblue Fantasy" (Anthuria, Predator)
- "" (Sherrice)
- "Gunparade Orchestra" series (Momoka Kudou)
- "Harukanaru Toki | 23,754 |
269994 | Yū Asakawa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yū%20Asakawa | Yū Asakawa
no Naka de" series (Kazuhito, Phantom, Sefuru, Taira no Kiyomori)
- "" (Luka Megurine)
- "Ima Sugu Oniichan ni Imōto da tte Iitai!" (Satsuki Shinonome)
- "Jak II" (Ashelin) (Japanese dub)
- "Killer Is Dead" (Betty)
- "Kimi ga Aruji de Shitsuji ga Ore de" (Natose)
- "Kingdom of Paradise" (Yen Lan)
- "Mind Zero" (Reika Kisaki)
- "The Legend of Heroes VII" (Ilya Plate)
- "Love, Elections & Chocolate" (Satsuki Shinonome)
- "Lovely Idol" (Sayuki Katagiri)
- "Luminous Arc" (Mavi)
- "Maji de Watashi ni Koi Shinasai!" (Momoyo Kawakami)
- "Monster Monpiece" (Beauty of the Mask)
- "Muv-Luv: Alternative" (Misae Munakata)
- "" (Michelle Aubert)
- "Prism Ark" series (Sister Hell/Theresa)
- | 23,755 |
269994 | Yū Asakawa | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yū%20Asakawa | Yū Asakawa
i!" (Momoyo Kawakami)
- "Monster Monpiece" (Beauty of the Mask)
- "Muv-Luv: Alternative" (Misae Munakata)
- "" (Michelle Aubert)
- "Prism Ark" series (Sister Hell/Theresa)
- "Robot Alchemic Drive" (Saki Kyono)
- "Senran Kagura" series (Daidōji)
- "" (Nel Zelpher)
- "Summon Night 4" (Aroeri)
- "Super Robot Wars" series (Shou Tachibana, Mizuki Tachibana)
- "Symphonic Rain" (Cordell)
- "Sudeki" (Rini)
- "Tokyo Majin Gakuen" series (Komaki Sakurai)
- "Twinkle Crusaders" (Riesling Tōyama)
- "White Album 2" (Mari Kazaoka)
- "" (Odoriasu Ruby Blood)
- "" (Aemiria)
- "Yoake Mae yori Ruriiro na" (Karen Clavius)
## Dubbing.
- "All the Boys Love Mandy Lane" (Mandy Lane (Amber Heard)) | 23,756 |
270000 | Labyrinth seal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Labyrinth%20seal | Labyrinth seal
Labyrinth seal
A labyrinth seal is a type of mechanical seal that provides a tortuous path to help prevent leakage. An example of such a seal is sometimes found within an axle's bearing to help prevent the leakage of the oil lubricating the bearing.
A labyrinth seal may be composed of many grooves that press tightly inside another axle, or inside a hole, so that the fluid has to pass through a long and difficult path to escape. Sometimes screw threads exist on the outer and inner portion. These interlock, to produce the long characteristic path which slows leakage. For labyrinth seals on a rotating shaft, a very small clearance must exist between the tips of the labyrinth threads and the running | 23,757 |
270000 | Labyrinth seal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Labyrinth%20seal | Labyrinth seal
surface. The "teeth" of the labyrinth seal may be on the rotating shaft (Teeth On Rotor - TOR) or on the stator (TOS), or both, in an interlocking configuration.
Labyrinth seals on rotating shafts provide non-contact sealing action by controlling the passage of fluid through a variety of chambers by centrifugal motion, as well as by the formation of controlled fluid vortices. At higher speeds, centrifugal motion forces the liquid towards the outside and therefore away from any passages. Similarly, if the labyrinth chambers are correctly designed, any liquid that has escaped the main chamber becomes entrapped in a labyrinth chamber, where it is forced into a vortex-like motion. This acts to | 23,758 |
270000 | Labyrinth seal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Labyrinth%20seal | Labyrinth seal
prevent its escape, and also acts to repel any other fluid. Because these labyrinth seals are non-contact, they do not wear out.
Many gas turbine engines, having high rotational speeds, use labyrinth seals due to their lack of friction and long life. Because liquid-filled labyrinth seals still generate heat due to the viscosity of the seal oil, and because seal oil can contaminate the process fluids, modern high-performance gas turbines use dry gas seals which use spring-loaded rings with an inert gas in between the faces of the rings to provide the seal. This creates even lower friction and provides a liquid-free seal. However, such engines often have detectable oil leakage into the compression | 23,759 |
270000 | Labyrinth seal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Labyrinth%20seal | Labyrinth seal
erformance gas turbines use dry gas seals which use spring-loaded rings with an inert gas in between the faces of the rings to provide the seal. This creates even lower friction and provides a liquid-free seal. However, such engines often have detectable oil leakage into the compression chamber. Indeed, many gas turbine engine seals leak by design.
Labyrinth seals are also found on pistons, which use them to store oil and seal against high pressure during compression and power strokes, as well as on other non-rotating shafts. In these applications, it is the long and difficult path and the formation of controlled fluid vortices plus some limited contact-sealing action that creates the seal. | 23,760 |
269999 | Satsuki Yukino | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satsuki%20Yukino | Satsuki Yukino
Satsuki Yukino
, better known by the stage name (previously , ), is a Japanese voice actress. She was a member of Ken Production until 2016.
Yukino's most well-known voice roles include Kagome Higurashi in "Inuyasha", Mutsumi Otohime in "Love Hina", Yoruichi Shihouin in "Bleach", Kaname Chidori in "Full Metal Panic!", Mion and Shion Sonozaki in "Higurashi no Naku Koro ni" and Milly Thompson in "Trigun".
Yukino made an appearance at Animethon 21 (2014) as a guest of honor in Edmonton, AB, Canada.
# Filmography.
## Television animation.
- 1995
- "Crayon Shin-chan", 20 year old C, Hagita, gal B, wife, U.S. Sheng Minori, elementary school B, women, second cousin, Thief
- 1996
- "Saint Tail", | 23,761 |
269999 | Satsuki Yukino | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satsuki%20Yukino | Satsuki Yukino
Sister C
- "Chouja Reideen", Girl
- "Kiko-chan Smile", Kiko-chan, Hiibaa, Sentarō
- 1997
- "Cooking Master Boy", Meili
- "Vampire Princess Miyu", Michiko, Yamanouchi Yō
- "Cho Mashin Hero Wataru", Sephia
- 1998
- "Fortune Quest L", Alicia
- "Trigun", Milly Thompson
- "Takoyaki Mant-Man", Red
- "Orphen", Mariabel
- "Generator Gawl", Masami
- "Super Doll Licca-chan", Hide
- "", Sylia Stingray
- "Yoshimoto Muchikko Monogatari", Shakutorimushi Brothers Tanaka
- 1999
- "Pet Shop of Horrors", Jill
- "Starship Girl Yamamoto Yohko", Momiji Kagariya
- "Monster Rancher", Narrator
- "", Mariabel
- "Excel Saga", Ropponmatsu
- "Chibi Maruko-chan", Rie-chan
- "Weekly Story Land", Junichi | 23,762 |
269999 | Satsuki Yukino | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satsuki%20Yukino | Satsuki Yukino
Morita
- "Monkey Magic", Motte
- 2000
- "Mighty Cat Masked Niyandar", Kanta Router
- "Love Hina", Mutsumi Otohime
- "Ghosts at School", Girl
- "", Hippō
- "Inuyasha", Kagome Higurashi
- 2001
- "X", Hokuto Sumeragi
- "Angelic Layer", Tamayo Kizaki
- "", Young Taro Misaki, Young Masao Tachibana
- "Kokoro Library", Sarara Saeki
- "Cyborg 009 The Cyborg Soldier", Cyborg 003/Francoise Arnoul
- "Samurai Girl Real Bout High School", Azumi Kiribayashi
- "Pretear", Mayune Awayuki
- "Great Dangaioh", Shima Ryuuko, Romulin
- "Gyōten Ningen Batseelor", Show Girls
- "Babel II - Beyond Infinity", Reika Saeki
- "Hikaru no Go", Harumi Ichikawa, Ichikawa-san
- "Cosmowarrior Zero", Maetel
- | 23,763 |
269999 | Satsuki Yukino | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satsuki%20Yukino | Satsuki Yukino
"Rave Master", Cattleya Glory
- 2002
- "Full Metal Panic!", Kaname Chidori
- "Tokyo Mew Mew", Kindergarten Teacher
- "Ai Yori Aoshi", Tina Foster
- "", Elixer
- "Mao-chan", Kuniko Onigawara
- "Fortune Dogs", Tomiko
- "Hanada Shonen-shi", Katsura Ichimura
- "Getbackers", Kaoru Ujiie (eps 43-48), Police woman
- "Duel Masters Victory", Mai Kirifuda
- 2003
- "Stratos 4", Betty Bozeman
- "Ashita no Nadja", Madeline
- "D.N.Angel", Freedert
- "Zatch Bell", Yuuta Akiyama
- "Astro Boy", Emily
- "Last Exile", Madame Madosein
- "Tantei Gakuen Q", Sakurako Yukihira
- "Submarine Super 99", ZeStroge
- "Rumiko Takahashi Anthology", Mrs. Kobato, Yukari, Koizumi, Emiri
- "Shadow Star Narutaru", | 23,764 |
269999 | Satsuki Yukino | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satsuki%20Yukino | Satsuki Yukino
Hoshimaru, Jun Ezumi
- "Full Metal Panic? Fumoffu", Kaname Chidori
- "Planetes", Ai Tanabe
- "Ai Yori Aoshi ~Enishi~", Tina Foster
- "R.O.D -The TV-", Nenene Sumiregawa
- 2004
- "Area 88", Ryoko Tsugumo
- "Sgt. Frog", Pururu
- "Madlax", Vanessa Rene
- "Ragnarok The Animation", Tis
- "Duel Masters Charge", Mai Kirifuda
- "Fafner", Pilot (ep 16)
- "Agatha Christie no Meitantei Poirot to Marple", Louise
- "Tactics", Kosome
- "Bleach", Shihouin Yoruichi
- 2005
- "", Shizuka Tsuzaki
- "Gallery Fake", Sayoko Mitamura
- "Wagamama Fairy Mirumo de Pon! Wonderful", Haruka Moroshita
- "The Snow Queen", Rasmus
- "Pani Poni Dash!", Rei Tachibana
- "GUNxSWORD", Yukiko Stevens
- "PetoPeto-san", | 23,765 |
269999 | Satsuki Yukino | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satsuki%20Yukino | Satsuki Yukino
Mrs. Asuka Yuri
- "Full Metal Panic! The Second Raid", Kaname Chidori
- "Gunparade Orchestra", Michiru Katō
- "Hell Girl", Ayaka Kurenai
- "Kotenkotenko", Rabbi
- "", Shizuka Fujiyama, Nikita
- 2006
- "Onegai My Melody - Kuru Kuru Shuffle!", Luna Hoshika
- "Utawarerumono", Sopoku
- "Girl's High", Akari Koda
- "Higurashi no Naku Koro ni", Mion Sonozaki, Shion Sonozaki
- "Gintama", Tae Shimura
- ".hack//Roots", Midori
- "Kamisama Kazoku", The female teacher
- "D.Gray-man", Moore
- "009-1", Vanessa "009-3" Ibert
- "Pururun! Shizuku-chan", Koyuki-chan
- "Happy Lucky Bikkuriman", Peter Shinko
- 2007
- "Deltora Quest", Anna
- "Yes! Precure 5", Ai Natsuki
- "Hitohira", Mirei Sakaki
- | 23,766 |
269999 | Satsuki Yukino | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satsuki%20Yukino | Satsuki Yukino
"Robby & Kerobby", Robby
- "Gegege no Kitarō", Anko, Aya
- "El Cazador de la Bruja", Nina
- "Claymore", Rafaela
- "Lovely Complex", Ootani's older sister (ep 13)
- "The Skull Man", Helen
- "Zombie-Loan", Karumera
- "Higurashi no Naku Koro ni Kai", Mion Sonozaki, Shion Sonozaki
- "Blue Drop", Michiko Kōzuki
- "Clannad", Misae Sagara
- "Pururun! Shizuku-chan Aha", Koyuki-chan
- "Hatarakids My Ham Gumi", Daisuke
- "Genshiken 2", Saki Kasukabe
- "Ayakashi", Akino Yoake
- 2008
- "", Hikari's Mimiroll, Zukan, Young youta, Momoan, Teacher
- "Mokke", Tougo
- "Rosario + Vampire", Tamauo Ichinose
- "Yes! Precure 5 GoGo!", Ai Natsuki
- "Duel Masters Cross", Mai Kirifuda
- "Neo Angelique | 23,767 |
269999 | Satsuki Yukino | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satsuki%20Yukino | Satsuki Yukino
Abyss", Angelique's mother
- "Nabari no Ou", Yae Oda
- "Real Drive", Librarian (ep 6)
- "Natsume's Book of Friends", Hiiragi (ep 9)
- "Clannad After Story", Misae Sagara
- "Tales of the Abyss", Arietta the Wild
- "Negibōzu no Asatarō", Otsu
- 2009
- "Kurokami The Animation", Yuki Kaionji
- "Shin Mazinger Shougeki! Z-Hen" (TV)
- "", Hikaru's Mother
- "", Rose
- "Element Hunters", Ally's Mother
- "Battle Spirits: Shōnen Gekiha Dan", Magisa
- "The Sacred Blacksmith", Evadne
- "", Kagome Higurashi
- 2010
- "Kaidan Restaurant", Keiko Soraitome
- "Heroman", Catherine Mae Jones
- "Gokujō!! Mecha Mote Iinchō Second Collection", Yoshimi Sakurai
- "Duel Masters Cross Shock", Mai Kirifuda
- | 23,768 |
269999 | Satsuki Yukino | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satsuki%20Yukino | Satsuki Yukino
"Battle Spirits: Brave", Stella Korabelishchikov
- "And Yet the Town Moves", Shizuka Kameidō
- 2011
- "Gintama'", Tae Shimura
- "Gosick", Jacqueline de Signore
- "Suite Precure", Maria Hōjō
- "Chihayafuru", Chieko Ayase
- "Naruto Shippuden", Shizuka
- "Phi-Brain - Puzzle of God", Ana Gram
- 2012
- "Smile Precure!", Masako Hino
- "Saint Seiya Omega", Aquila Yuna
- "Digimon Fusion: The Boy Hunters Who Leapt Through Time", Mizuki
- "Hyouka", Tomoe Oreki
- "Phi-Brain - Puzzle of God: The Orpheus Order", Ana Gram
- 2013
- "", Akane Saiki
- "Tamako Market", Michiko Ōji, Juko
- "Chihayafuru 2", Chieko Ayase
- "The Severing Crime Edge", Queen
- "", Red's mom
- "Free! - Iwatobi Swim | 23,769 |
269999 | Satsuki Yukino | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satsuki%20Yukino | Satsuki Yukino
Club", Miho Amakata, Young Makoto Tachibana
- "Monogatari Series Second Season", Gaen Izuko
- "Freezing Vibration", Scarlett Ohara
- "Phi Brain - Kami no Puzzle", Ana Gram
- 2014
- "Strange+", Miwa
- "", Nena
- "One Piece", Koala
- 2015
- "Overlord", Burita
- "Sailor Moon Crystal", Kōan
- "Rin-ne", Tamako
- "Gintama°", Tae Shimura
- "Pocket Monsters XY", Mache
- "Owarimonogatari", Gaen Izuko
- "Go! Princess PreCure", Yura
- 2016
- "Pocket Monsters XY & Z", Mache
- 2017
- "", Sumire's mother
- 2018
- "Katana Maidens ~ Toji No Miko", Iroha Gojō
- "Full Metal Panic! Invisible Victory", Kaname Chidori
## Theatrical animation.
- 1990s
- "Crayon Shin-chan: Henderland no Daibōken" | 23,770 |
269999 | Satsuki Yukino | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satsuki%20Yukino | Satsuki Yukino
(1996), Employee
- "Crayon Shin-chan: Ankoku Tamatama Daitsuiseki" (1997), Hostage
- "The Doraemons: The Great Operation of Springing Insects" (1998), Girl
- 2000s
- "" (2001), Kagome Higurashi
- "" (2002), Kagome Higurashi
- "" (2003), Kagome Higurashi
- "The Golden Laws" (2003), Alisa
- "" (2004), Kagome Higurashi
- "Chibi Kero Kerobōru no Himitsu!?" (2007), Chibi Bull
- "" (2007), Yoruichi Shihouin
- "Bleach the Movie: Fade to Black" (2008), Yoruichi Shihouin
- "" (2009), Hikari's Mimiroru
- "Duel Masters: Lunatic God Saga" (2009), Mai Kirifuda
- "The Rebirth of Buddha" (2009), Tomoko
- 2010s
- "" (2010), Milly Thompson
- "" (2010), Tae Shimura
- "Welcome to THE SPACE SHOW" | 23,771 |
269999 | Satsuki Yukino | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satsuki%20Yukino | Satsuki Yukino
(2010), Shimizu Koyama
- "" (2010), Hikari's Mimiroru
- "Duel Masters: Honō no Kizuna XX" (2010), Mai Kififuda
- "BUTA" (2012), Kuppii
- "" (2012), Tomofumi Motoura
- "The Mystical Laws" (2012), Julia
- "" (2013), Ichiro's Elder Sister
- "Gekijōban Gintama Kanketsu-hen: Yorozuya yo Eien Nare" (2013), Tae Shimura
- "Majocco Shimai no Yoyo to Nene" (2013), Nao
- "Tamako Market" (2014), Michiko Ōji
- "Pocket Monsters XY " (2015), Valerie
- "A Silent Voice" (2016), Miyako Ishida
- "" (2016), Yamada
- "" (2016), Koala
- "" (2017), Yamada
- "Free! -Timeless Medley-" (2017), Miho Amakata
- "Natsume's Book of Friends Movie" (2018), Hiiragi
## OVA.
- "Virgin Fleet" (1998), Satsuki Yukimizawa
- | 23,772 |
269999 | Satsuki Yukino | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satsuki%20Yukino | Satsuki Yukino
"Love Hina Again" (2002), Mutsumi Otohime
- "Ultra Maniac" (2003), Ayu Tachibana
- "Hitsuji no Uta" (2003), Shou Yaegashi
- "Space Symphony Maetel ~Ginga Tetsudō 999 Gaiden~" (2004), Maetel
- "Kodomo no Jikan: Kuro-chan and Shiro-chan" (2007), Maetel
- "Higurashi no Naku Koro ni: Gaiden Nekogoroshi-hen" (2007), Mion Sonozaki
- "Higurashi no Naku Koro ni Rei" (2009), Mion Sonozaki, Shion Sonozaki
## Anime CDs.
- "Kagome Higurashi singing たったひとつの約束"- "Just One Promise" (Tatta Hitotsu no Yakusoku)
- "Inuyasha with Kagome Higurashi in 蒼き野生を抱いて"- "Embrace the Untamed Wilderness" (Aoki Yasei o Daite)
- "Higurashi no Naku Koro ni Kai - Meakashi-hen" - "you" and "thanks"
- "Higurashi no Naku | 23,773 |
269999 | Satsuki Yukino | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satsuki%20Yukino | Satsuki Yukino
Koro ni Kai" - "with 'you' -絆-"
## Video games.
- 1996
- "Kidou Senshi Gundam: The Blue Destiny", Marion Welch (EXAM System)
- "Heroine Dream", Koyomi Tokimori
- 1998
- "Exodus Guilty", Will
- "Sound Novel Machi", Shiori Aso
- 1999
- "", Misaki Kawana
- "Seisyoujokantai Virgin Fleet", Satsuku Yukimisawa
- "Maboroshi Tsukiyo", Tamako Amano
- "", Linda
- "Revive... Sosei", Nozomiharu Ogawa
- "Langrisser Millennium", Rumati Murph
- 2000
- "Gensou no Artemis: Actress School Mystery Adventure", Aoi Sasamoto
- "Karan Koron Gakuen: Doki Doki Hen", Tsukasa Yuuki
- "Natsuiro Kenjutsu Komachi", Sagiri Sendo
- "Aitakute...Your Smiles in My Heart", Michiru Watase
- "Karan Koron Gakuen: | 23,774 |
269999 | Satsuki Yukino | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satsuki%20Yukino | Satsuki Yukino
Munekyun Hen", Izumi Saki
- "Karan Koron Gakuen: Byuarabu Hen", Haruka Hojo
- "Love Hina: Ai wa Kotoba no Chuu ni", Mutsumi Otohime
- "", Mutsumi Otohime
- "Love Hina 2: Kotoba wa Konayuki no You ni", Mutsumi Otohime
- 2001
- "", Yuina Tachibana
- "Canary ~Kono Omoi o Uta ni Nosete~", Megumi Chigasaki
- 2002
- "Groove Adventure Rave: Mikan no Hiseki", Cattleya Glory
- "Tales of Destiny 2", Limuru, Young Loni
- "", Kagome Higurashi
- "Hikaru no Go: Insei Choujou Kessen", Harumi Ichikawa
- "Unlimited Saga", Girl in silver, Jean Moore
- 2003
- "", Ken Marinerisu
- "", Paulette Van Lloyd
- "Ai Yori Aoshi", Tina Foster
- "Love Hina Gorgeous: Chiratto Happening!!", Mutsumi Otohime
- | 23,775 |
269999 | Satsuki Yukino | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satsuki%20Yukino | Satsuki Yukino
2004
- "", Kagome Higurashi
- "Crimson Tears", Asuka
- "Futakoi", Miyabi Hinagiku
- 2005
- "Invisible Sign -Isu-", Rin Kimura, Young Makoto Miyake
- "Romancing SaGa", Farah, Diana
- "Fushigi Yuugi Genbu Kaiden Gaiden -Kagami no Miko-", Takiko Okuda
- "Futakoi: Koi to Mizugi no Survival", Miyabi Hinagiku
- "", Patricia Martin
- "Tales of the Abyss", Arietta
- 2006
- "Clannad", Misae Sagara
- "Mystereet", Aki Fujimichi, Marta Arugerichi
- "Blue Blaster", Elsa Lothringen
- "Wrestle Angels Survivor", Mimi Yoshiwara, Miyuki Sanada
- "", Sayumi Isojima
- "High School Girls Game's-High!!", Akari Kōda
- "Utawarerumono: Chiriyukusha e no Komoriuta", Soboku
- 2007
- "Zero no Tsukaima: | 23,776 |
269999 | Satsuki Yukino | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satsuki%20Yukino | Satsuki Yukino
Shou-akuma to Harukaze no Concerto", Haruna Konagi, Akina
- "Higurashi no Naku Koro ni Matsuri", Mion Sonozaki, Shion Sonozaki
- "", Patrica Martin
- "", Lina
- 2008
- "", Erica Russell
- "Wrestle Angels Survivor 2", Mimi Yoshiwara, Miyuki Sanada
- 2009
- "Chou Gekijouban Keroro Gunsou: Gekishin Dragon Warriors de Arimasu!", Pururukankocho
- "Utawarerumono", Sopoku
- 2010
- "Fullmetal Alchemist - Yakusoku no Hi e", Rose
- "", Kaname Chidori
- 2012
- "Zone of the Enders HD Collection", Ken Marinellis
- "Saint Seiya Omega: Ultimate Cosmo", Yuna Aquila
- 2014
- "Super Heroine Chronicle", Mion Sonozaki, Shion Sonozaki
- 2017
- "Super Robot Wars V", Kaname Chidori
- 2018
- "Tokyo | 23,777 |
269999 | Satsuki Yukino | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satsuki%20Yukino | Satsuki Yukino
Gekishin Dragon Warriors de Arimasu!", Pururukankocho
- "Utawarerumono", Sopoku
- 2010
- "Fullmetal Alchemist - Yakusoku no Hi e", Rose
- "", Kaname Chidori
- 2012
- "Zone of the Enders HD Collection", Ken Marinellis
- "Saint Seiya Omega: Ultimate Cosmo", Yuna Aquila
- 2014
- "Super Heroine Chronicle", Mion Sonozaki, Shion Sonozaki
- 2017
- "Super Robot Wars V", Kaname Chidori
- 2018
- "Tokyo Afterschool Summoners", Suzuka
## Drama CDs.
- "7 Seeds" (2003), Hana Suguruno
- "Cyborg 009 Drama CD: Love Stories", Francoise Arnoul
- "Hayate Cross Blade", Ayana Mudou
- "Inuyasha Jigoku de Matteita Shichinintai", Kagome Higurashi
- "Fushigi Yūgi Genbu Kaiden" series, Takiko Okuda | 23,778 |
269945 | American paddlefish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20paddlefish | American paddlefish
American paddlefish
The American paddlefish ("Polyodon spathula") is a species of basal ray-finned fish closely related to sturgeons in the order Acipenseriformes. Fossil records of paddlefish date back over 300million years, nearly 50million years before dinosaurs first appeared. American paddlefish are smooth-skinned freshwater fish commonly called paddlefish, but are also referred to as Mississippi paddlefish, spoon-billed cats, or spoonbills. They are one of only two extant species in the paddlefish family, Polyodontidae. The other is the critically endangered Chinese paddlefish ("Psephurus gladius") endemic to the Yangtze River basin in China. American paddlefish are often referred to as | 23,779 |
269945 | American paddlefish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20paddlefish | American paddlefish
primitive fish, or relict species because they retain some morphological characteristics of their early ancestors, including a skeleton that is almost entirely cartilaginous, and a paddle-shaped rostrum (snout) that extends nearly one-third their body length. They have been referred to as freshwater sharks because of their heterocercal tail or caudal fin, which resembles that of sharks. American paddlefish are a highly derived fish because they have evolved with adaptations such as filter feeding. Their rostrum and cranium are covered with tens of thousands of sensory receptors for locating swarms of zooplankton, which is their primary food source.
American paddlefish are native to the Mississippi | 23,780 |
269945 | American paddlefish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20paddlefish | American paddlefish
River basin and once moved freely under the relatively natural, unaltered conditions that existed prior to the early 1900s. Paddlefish commonly inhabited large, free-flowing rivers, braided channels, backwaters, and oxbow lakes throughout the Mississippi River drainage basin, and adjacent Gulf drainages. Their peripheral range extended into the Great Lakes, with occurrences in Lake Huron and Lake Helen in Canada until about 90 years ago. American paddlefish populations have declined dramatically primarily because of overfishing, habitat destruction, and pollution. Poaching has also been a contributing factor to their decline and will continue to be as long as the demand for caviar remains strong. | 23,781 |
269945 | American paddlefish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20paddlefish | American paddlefish
Naturally occurring American paddlefish populations have been extirpated from most of their peripheral range, as well as from New York, Maryland, Virginia, and Pennsylvania. The current range of American paddlefish has been reduced to the Mississippi and Missouri River tributaries and Mobile Bay drainage basin. They are currently found in twenty-two states in the U.S., and those populations are protected under state, federal and international laws.
# Taxonomy, etymology and evolution.
American paddlefish are closely related to sturgeons in the order Acipenseriformes, an order of basal ray-finned fishes that includes sturgeon and paddlefish, several species of which are now extinct. Paddlefish | 23,782 |
269945 | American paddlefish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20paddlefish | American paddlefish
are among the oldest of fishes as evidenced in the fossil record which dates their first appearance approximately 300 to 400million years ago, almost 50million years before the dinosaurs. Fossils of a second extinct species, "P. tuberculata", which date back approximately 60million years ago, were found in the Lower Paleocene Tullock Formation in Montana.
In 1797, French naturalist Bernard Germain de Lacépède established the genus "Polyodon" for paddlefish, which today includes a single extant species, "Polyodon spathula". Lacépède disagreed with Pierre Joseph Bonnaterre's description in "Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique" (1788), which suggested paddlefish were a species of shark. Lacépède | 23,783 |
269945 | American paddlefish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20paddlefish | American paddlefish
noted, "The country and habits of this fish are still unknown." When Lacépède established the binomial, "Polydon feuille", he was unaware the species had already been named in 1772 by taxonomist, Johann Julius Walbaum, who described paddlefish as "Squalus spathula". As a result of Lacépède's inadvertent double naming, "Polyodon spathula" became the preferred scientific name of American paddlefish, and "Squalus spathula" became the synonym as one of two names applied to the group. Walbaum, 1792, is recognized and cited as the authority.
The family Polyodontidae comprises five known taxa; three extinct taxa from western North America, and two extant taxa including the American paddlefish ("Polyodon | 23,784 |
269945 | American paddlefish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20paddlefish | American paddlefish
spathula") native to the Mississippi River Basin in the United States, and the critically endangered Chinese paddlefish ("Psephurus glades") endemic to the Yangtze River Basin in China. American paddlefish are the only living species in the genus "Polyodon". They are often referred to as primitive fish, or relict species, because of morphological characteristics they retain from some of their early ancestors as evidenced in the fossil record which dates them back to the Late Cretaceous, 70 to 75million years ago. Some of their primitive characteristics include a skeleton composed primarily of cartilage, and a deeply forked heterocercal caudal fin similar to that of sharks, although they are | 23,785 |
269945 | American paddlefish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20paddlefish | American paddlefish
not closely related.
Fossil paddlefishes with recognizable rostrums date from the Upper Cretaceous and Paleocene periods 65million years ago. An elongated rostrum is a morphological characteristic of Polyodontidae, but only the genus "Polyodon" ("P. spathula" and the extinct "P. tuberculata") have characteristics adapted specifically for filter feeding, including the jaw, gill arches, and cranium. The gill rakers of American paddlefish are composed of extensive comb-like filaments believed to have inspired the etymology of the genus name, "Polyodon", a Greek compound word meaning "many toothed". Adult American paddlefish are actually toothless, although numerous small teeth less than were found | 23,786 |
269945 | American paddlefish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20paddlefish | American paddlefish
in a juvenile paddlefish measuring . "Spathula" references the elongated, paddle shaped snout or rostrum. Compared to Chinese paddlefish and fossil genera, American paddlefish (and by extension, a fossil relative, "P. tuberculata") are considered to be a highly derived species because of their novel adaptations.
Chinese paddlefish are the closest extant relative of American paddlefish. They are currently listed as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List. Several reports have suggested that Chinese paddlefish may now be extinct. The primary reasons for their decline are similar to those of American paddlefish and include overfishing, the construction of dams, and destruction of habitat. Unlike | 23,787 |
269945 | American paddlefish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20paddlefish | American paddlefish
the planktivorous American paddlefish, Chinese paddlefish are strong swimmers, grow larger, and are opportunistic piscivores that feed on small fishes and crustaceans. Some distinct morphological differences of Chinese paddlefish include a narrower, sword-like rostrum, and a protrusible mouth. They also have fewer, thicker gill rakers than American paddlefish. The last confirmed sighting of a live Chinese paddlefish was made on the Yangtzee River on January 24, 2003. From 2006 to 2008, scientists conducted surveys in an effort to locate the fish. They used several boats, deployed 4762 setlines, 111 anchored setlines and 950 drift nets covering on the upper Yangtze River, most of which lies within | 23,788 |
269945 | American paddlefish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20paddlefish | American paddlefish
the protected area of the Upper Yangtze National Nature Reserve. They did not catch a single fish. They also used hydroacoustic equipment to monitor active sound in water (sonar), but were unable to confirm the presence of paddlefish.
# Description.
American paddlefish are among the largest and longest-lived freshwater fishes in North America. They have a shark-like body, average in length, weigh , and can live in excess of thirty years. For most populations the median age is five to eight years and the maximum age is fourteen to eighteen years. The age of American paddlefish is best determined by dentary studies, a process which usually occurs on fish harvested during snagging season, a popular | 23,789 |
269945 | American paddlefish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20paddlefish | American paddlefish
sport fishing activity in certain parts of the U.S. The dentary is removed from the lower jawbone, cleaned of any remaining soft tissue, and cross-sectioned to expose the annual rings. The dentary rings are counted in much the same way a tree is aged. Dentary studies suggest that some individuals can live 60 years or longer, and that females typically live longer and grow larger than males.
American paddlefish are smooth-skinned and almost entirely cartilaginous. Their eyes are small and directed laterally. They have a large, tapering operculum flap, a large mouth, and a flat, paddle-shaped rostrum that measures approximately one-third of their body length. During the initial stages of development | 23,790 |
269945 | American paddlefish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20paddlefish | American paddlefish
from embryo to hatchling, American paddlefish have no rostrum. It begins to form shortly after hatching. The rostrum is an extension of the cranium, not of the upper and lower jaws or olfactory system as with the long snouts of other fishes. Other distinguishing characteristics include a deeply forked heterocercal caudal fin and dull coloration, often with mottling, ranging from bluish gray to black dorsally grading to a whitish underbelly.
# Feeding ecology and physiology.
Scientists began to debate the function of the American paddlefish's rostrum when the species was described in the late 1700s. They had once believed it was used to excavate bottom substrate or functioned as a balancing | 23,791 |
269945 | American paddlefish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20paddlefish | American paddlefish
mechanism and navigational aid. However, laboratory experiments in 1993 that utilized advanced technology in the field of electron microscopy have established conclusively that the rostrum of American paddlefish is covered with tens of thousands of sensory receptors. These receptors are morphologically similar to the ampullae of Lorenzini of sharks and rays, and are indeed passive ampullary-type electroreceptors used by American paddlefish to detect plankton. Clusters of electroreceptors also cover the head and operculum flaps. The American paddlefish's diet consists primarily of zooplankton. Their electroreceptors can detect weak electrical fields, which signal not only the presence of zooplankton, | 23,792 |
269945 | American paddlefish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20paddlefish | American paddlefish
but also the individual feeding and swimming movements of zooplankton appendages. When a swarm of zooplankton is detected, the paddlefish swims forward continuously with their mouth wide open, forcing water over the gill rakers to filter out prey. Such feeding behavior is considered ram suspension-feeding. Further research has indicated that their electroreceptors may also serve as a navigational aid for obstacle avoidance.
American paddlefish have small undeveloped eyes that are directed laterally. Unlike most fishes, American paddlefish hardly respond to overhead shadows or changes in illumination. Electroreception appears to have largely replaced vision as a primary sensory modality, which | 23,793 |
269945 | American paddlefish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20paddlefish | American paddlefish
indicates a reliance on electroreceptors for detecting prey. However, the rostrum is not their only means of food detection. Some reports suggest a damaged rostrum would render American paddlefish less capable of foraging efficiently to maintain good health, but laboratory experiments and field research indicate otherwise. As well as electroreceptors on the rostrum, American paddlefish have sensory pores covering nearly half of the skin surface extending from the rostrum to the top of the head down to the tips of the operculum flaps. Studies have indicated that American paddlefish with damaged or abbreviated rostrums are still able to forage and maintain good health.
# Reproduction and life | 23,794 |
269945 | American paddlefish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20paddlefish | American paddlefish
cycle.
American paddlefish are long-lived, sexually late maturing pelagic fish. Females do not begin spawning until they are seven to ten years old, some as late as sixteen to eighteen years old. Females do not spawn every year, rather they spawn every second or third year. Males spawn more frequently, usually every year or every other year beginning around age seven, some as late as nine or ten years of age.
American paddlefish begin their upstream spawning migration sometime during early spring; some begin in late fall. They spawn on silt-free gravel bars that would otherwise be exposed to air or covered by very shallow water were it not for the rises in the river from snow melt and annual | 23,795 |
269945 | American paddlefish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20paddlefish | American paddlefish
spring rains that cause flooding. Although availability of preferred spawning habitat is essential, there are three precise environmental events that must occur before American paddlefish will spawn. The water temperature must be from ; the lengthened photoperiod which occurs in spring triggers biological and behavioral processes that are dependent on increasing day length; and there must be a proper rise and flow in the river before a successful spawn can occur. Historically, American paddlefish did not spawn every year because the precise environmental events only occurred once every 4 or 5 years.
American paddlefish are broadcast spawners, also referred to as mass spawners or synchronous | 23,796 |
269945 | American paddlefish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20paddlefish | American paddlefish
spawners. Gravid females release their eggs into the water over bare rocks or gravel at the same time males release their sperm. Fertilization occurs externally. The eggs become sticky after they are released into the water and will attach to the bottom substrate. Incubation varies depending on water temperature, but in water the eggs will hatch into larval fish in about seven days. After hatching, the larval fish drift downstream into areas of low flow velocity where they forage on zooplankton.
Young American paddlefish are poor swimmers which makes them susceptible to predation. Therefore, rapid first-year growth is important to their survival. Fry can grow about per week, and by late July | 23,797 |
269945 | American paddlefish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20paddlefish | American paddlefish
the fingerlings are around long. Their rate of growth is variable and highly dependent on food abundance. Higher growth rates occur in areas where food is not limited. The feeding behavior of fingerlings is quite different from that of older juveniles and adults. They capture individual plankton one by one, which requires detection and location of individual "Daphnia" on approach, followed by an intercept maneuver to capture the selected prey. By late September fingerlings have developed into juveniles, and are around long. After the 1st year their growth rate slows and is highly variable. Studies indicate that by age 5 their growth rate averages around per year depending on the abundance of | 23,798 |
269945 | American paddlefish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20paddlefish | American paddlefish
food and other environmental influences.
# Habitat and distribution.
American paddlefish are highly mobile and well adapted to living in rivers. They inhabit many types of riverine habitats throughout much of the Mississippi Valley and adjacent Gulf slope drainages. They occur most frequently in deeper, low current areas such as side channels, oxbows, backwater lakes, bayous, and tailwaters below dams. They have been observed to move more than in a river system.
American paddlefish are endemic to the Mississippi River Basin, historically occurring from the Missouri and Yellowstone rivers in the northwest to the Ohio and Allegheny rivers of the northeast; the headwaters of the Mississippi | 23,799 |
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