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269945 | American paddlefish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20paddlefish | American paddlefish
River south to its mouth, from the San Jacinto River in the southwest to the Tombigbee and Alabama rivers of the southeast. They were extirpated from New York, Maryland and Pennsylvania, as well as from much of their peripheral range in the Great Lakes region, including Lake Huron and Lake Helen in Canada. In 1991, Pennsylvania implemented a reintroduction program utilizing hatchery-reared American paddlefish in an effort to establish self-sustaining populations in the upper Ohio and lower Allegheny rivers. In 1998, New York initiated a stocking program upstream in the Allegheny Reservoir above Kinzua Dam, and a second stocking in 2006 in Conewango Creek, a relatively unaltered section of their | 23,800 |
269945 | American paddlefish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20paddlefish | American paddlefish
historic range. Reports of free ranging adults captured by gill nets have since been documented in Pennsylvania and New York, but there is no evidence of natural reproduction. They are currently found in 22 states in the US, and are protected under state and federal laws. There are 13 states that allow commercial or sport fishing for American paddlefish.
# Human interaction.
## Propagation and culture.
The artificial propagation of American paddlefish began with the efforts of the Missouri Department of Conservation during the early 1960s, and focused primarily on maintenance of the sport fishery. However, it was the growing importance of American paddlefish for their meat and roe that became | 23,801 |
269945 | American paddlefish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20paddlefish | American paddlefish
the catalyst for further development of culture techniques for aquaculture in the United States. Artificial propagation requires broodstock which, because of the late sexual maturation of American paddlefish, are initially obtained from the wild and brought into a hatchery environment. The fish are injected with LH-RH hormone to stimulate spawning. The number of eggs a female may produce depends on the size of the fish and can range anywhere from 70,000–300,000 eggs. Unlike most teleosts, the oviduct branches of American paddlefish and sturgeons are not directly attached to the ovaries; rather, they open dorsally into the body cavity. To determine the status of progression toward maturation, | 23,802 |
269945 | American paddlefish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20paddlefish | American paddlefish
ova staging is performed. The process begins with a minor procedure that involves a small abdominal incision from which to extract a few sample oocytes. The oocytes are boiled in water for a few minutes until the yolk is hardened, and then they are cut in half to expose the nucleus. The exposed nucleus is examined under a microscope to determine stage of maturity.
Once maturation is confirmed, one of three procedures is used to extract the eggs from a female paddlefish. The three procedures are (1) the traditional hand-stripping method, considered to be time consuming and laborious; (2) Caesarean section, a relatively quick surgical method of extracting eggs through a abdominal incision; considered | 23,803 |
269945 | American paddlefish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20paddlefish | American paddlefish
faster than hand stripping, suturing can be time consuming and the incision may result in muscular stress and poor suture retention which lowers survival rate; and (3) MIST, (minimally invasive surgical technique) which is the fastest of the three procedures because it requires less handling of the fish and eliminates the need for suturing. A small internal incision is made in the dorsal area of the oviduct, which allows direct stripping of eggs from the body cavity through the gonopore bypassing the oviductal funnels.
A spermiating male indicates successful production of mature spermatozoa which results in the release of large volumes of milt over the course of three to four days. Milt is | 23,804 |
269945 | American paddlefish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20paddlefish | American paddlefish
collected by inserting a short plastic tube with syringe attached into the urogenital opening of the male and applying light suction with the syringe to draw the milt. The collected milt is diluted in water just prior to adding it to the eggs and the combination is gently stirred for about a minute to achieve fertilization. Fertilized eggs are adhesive and demersal, therefore if incubation is to take place in a flow-through hatching jar, the eggs must be treated to prevent clumping. Incubation usually takes anywhere from five to twelve days.
## Global commercial market.
Advancements in biotechnology have created a global commercial market for the polyculture of American paddlefish. In 1970, | 23,805 |
269945 | American paddlefish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20paddlefish | American paddlefish
American paddlefish were stocked in several rivers in Europe and Asia. Introduction began when five thousand hatched larvae from Missouri hatcheries in the United States were exported to the former USSR for aquacultural utilization. Reproduction was successful in 1988 and 1989, and resulted in the exportation of juveniles to Romania and Hungary. American paddlefish are now being raised in Ukraine, Germany, Austria, the Czech Republic, and the Plovdiv and Vidin regions in Bulgaria. In May 2006, specimens of different sizes and weights were caught by professional fisherman near Prahovo in the Serbian part of the Danube River.
In 1988, fertilized American paddlefish eggs and larvae from Missouri | 23,806 |
269945 | American paddlefish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20paddlefish | American paddlefish
hatcheries were first introduced into China. Since that time, China imports approximately 4.5million fertilized eggs and larvae every year from hatcheries in Russia and the United States. Some American paddlefish are polycultured in carp ponds and sold to restaurants while others are cultured for brood stock and caviar production. China has also exported American paddlefish to Cuba, where they are farmed for caviar production.
## Sport fishing.
American paddlefish are a popular sport fish where their populations are sufficient to allow such activity. Areas where there are no self-sustaining populations rely on state and federal restocking programs to maintain a viable fishery. A 2009 report | 23,807 |
269945 | American paddlefish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20paddlefish | American paddlefish
includes the following states as allowing American paddlefish sport fishing per their respective state and federal regulations: Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Montana, South Dakota and Tennessee. Since American paddlefish are filter-feeders, they will not take bait or lures, and must be caught by snagging. The official state record in Kansas is a American paddlefish snagged in 2004; Montana, a American paddlefish snagged in 1973; and in North Dakota, a American paddlefish snagged in 2010. The largest American paddlefish on record was captured in West Okoboji Lake, Iowa in 1916 by a spear fisherman, | 23,808 |
269945 | American paddlefish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20paddlefish | American paddlefish
and measured long, and weighed an estimated .
# Population declines.
## Overfishing and habitat destruction.
American paddlefish populations have declined dramatically, primarily as a result of overfishing and habitat destruction. In 2004 they were listed as Vulnerable (VU A3de ver 3.1) on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. They are currently proposed for listing as VU 3de throughout their range as the result of a U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service assessment. The assessment concluded that "an overall population size reduction of at least 30% may occur within the next 10 years or three generations due to actual or potential levels of exploitation and the effects of introduced taxa, pollutants, | 23,809 |
269945 | American paddlefish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20paddlefish | American paddlefish
competitors or parasites." American paddlefish are filter-feeding pelagic fish that require large, free-flowing rivers with braided channels, backwater areas, oxbow lakes that are rich in zooplankton, and gravel bars for spawning. Series of dams on rivers such as those constructed on the Missouri River have impounded large populations of American paddlefish, and blocked their upstream migration to spawning shoals. Channelization and groynes or wing dykes have caused the narrowing of rivers and altered flow, destroying crucial spawning and nursery habitat. As a result, most impounded populations are not self-sustaining and must be stocked to maintain a viable sport fishery.
## Zebra mussels.
Zebra | 23,810 |
269945 | American paddlefish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20paddlefish | American paddlefish
mussel infestations in the Mississippi River, Great Lakes and other Midwest rivers are also negatively affecting American paddlefish populations. Zebra mussels are an invasive species well adapted for explosive population growth as a result of high rates of fecundity and recruitment. As filter feeders, zebra mussels rely on plankton and can filter significant amounts of phytoplankton and zooplankton from the water, altering the availability of an important food source for paddlefish and native unionidae. A few days after the fertilization of zebra mussel eggs, a microscopic larva emerges called a veliger. During this initial stage of development, which usually lasts a few weeks, veligers are | 23,811 |
269945 | American paddlefish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20paddlefish | American paddlefish
able to swim freely in the water column with other microscopic animals comprising zooplankton. Veligers are poor swimmers, making them susceptible to predation by any animal that feeds on zooplankton. However, natural predation of zebra mussels at any stage of development has not made a significant contribution to the long-term reduction of zebra mussel populations.
## Poaching.
Poaching has been a contributing factor to declining populations of American paddlefish in the states where they are commercially exploited, particularly while the demand for caviar remains strong. Since the 1980s, a trade embargo on Iran restricted imports of the highly sought after and most expensive beluga caviar | 23,812 |
269945 | American paddlefish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20paddlefish | American paddlefish
from the Caspian Sea, limiting U.S. sources of caviar. The most sought after caviar is produced by sturgeons in the Northern Caspian Sea, but overfishing and poaching have exhausted the supply. American sturgeon and paddlefish populations were targeted as likely substitutes.
The roe of American paddlefish can be processed into caviar similar in taste, color, size and texture to sevruga sturgeon caviar from the Caspian Sea. Several cases of mislabeled American paddlefish roe sold as Caspian Sea caviar have been prosecuted by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). State and federal regulations restricting the harvest of American paddlefish populations in the wild, and the illegal trafficking | 23,813 |
269945 | American paddlefish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%20paddlefish | American paddlefish
the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). State and federal regulations restricting the harvest of American paddlefish populations in the wild, and the illegal trafficking of their roe are strictly enforced. Related violations such as the illegal transport of American paddlefish roe have resulted in convictions with substantial fines and prison sentences. Paddlefish are also protected under CITES, (Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora).
# External links.
- The Paddlefish: An American Treasure – documentary chronicling the biology and life history of paddlefish
- Study: 96 percent of vertebrates descended from common ancestor with 'sixth sense' | 23,814 |
269960 | Heim ins Reich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heim%20ins%20Reich | Heim ins Reich
Heim ins Reich
The Heim ins Reich (; meaning "back home to the Reich") was a foreign policy pursued by Adolf Hitler during World War II, beginning in 1938. The aim of Hitler's initiative was to convince all "Volksdeutsche" (ethnic Germans) who were living outside Nazi Germany (e.g. in Austria, Czechoslovakia and the western districts of Poland) that they should strive to bring these regions "home" into Greater Germany, but also relocate from territories that were not under German control, following the conquest of Poland in accordance with the Nazi-Soviet pact. The "Heim ins Reich" manifesto targeted areas ceded in Versailles to the newly reborn nation of Poland, as well as other areas that | 23,815 |
269960 | Heim ins Reich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heim%20ins%20Reich | Heim ins Reich
were inhabited by significant German populations such as the Sudetenland, Danzig, and the south-eastern and north-eastern regions of Europe after October 6, 1939.
Implementation of the policy was managed by VOMI ("Hauptamt Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle" or "Main Welfare Office for Ethnic Germans"). As a state agency of the NSDAP, it handled all "Volksdeutsche" issues. By 1941, the VOMI was under the control of the SS.
# History.
The end of World War I in Europe led to the emergence of the new ‘minority problems’ in the areas of collapsing German and Austro-Hungarian empires. Over 9 million ethnic Germans found themselves living in Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia; as a result | 23,816 |
269960 | Heim ins Reich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heim%20ins%20Reich | Heim ins Reich
of Paris Peace Conference, 1919. Unlike the new sovereign states, Germany was not required to sign the Minority Treaties. Prior to the "Anschluss", a powerful radio transmitter in Munich bombarded Austria with propaganda of what Hitler had already done for Germany, and what he could do for his native home country Austria. The annexation of Austria was presented by the press as the march of the German armed forces into purported German land: "as representatives of a general German will to unity, to establish brotherhood with the German people and soldiers there." In a similar manner, the 1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania leading to annexation of Memel from the Republic has been glorified as | 23,817 |
269960 | Heim ins Reich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heim%20ins%20Reich | Heim ins Reich
Hitler's "latest stage in the progress of history."
Concurrent with annexations were the beginnings of attempts to ethnically cleanse non-Germans both from Germany and from the areas intended to be part of a "Greater Germany". Alternately, Hitler also made attempts to Germanize those who were considered ethnically or racially close enough to Germans to be "worth keeping" as part of a future German nation, such as the population of Luxembourg (officially, Germany considered these populations to actually "be" German, but not part of the Greater German Reich, and were thus the targets of propaganda promoting this view in order to integrate them). These attempts were largely unpopular with the | 23,818 |
269960 | Heim ins Reich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heim%20ins%20Reich | Heim ins Reich
targets of the Germanization, and the citizens of Luxembourg voted in a 1941 referendum up to 97% against becoming citizens of Nazi Germany.
Propaganda was also directed to Germans outside Nazi Germany to return as regions, or as individuals from other regions. Hitler hoped to make full use of the "German Diaspora." As part of an effort to lure ethnic Germans back to Germany, folksy "Heimatbriefe" or "letters from the homeland" were sent to German immigrants to the United States. The reaction to these was on the whole negative, particularly as they picked up. Goebbels also hoped to use German-Americans to keep America neutral during the war, but this actually produced great hostility to Nazi | 23,819 |
269960 | Heim ins Reich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heim%20ins%20Reich | Heim ins Reich
propagandists. Newspapers in occupied Ukraine printed articles about antecedents of German rule over Ukraine, such as Catherine the Great and the Goths.
"Heim ins Reich" in Nazi terminology and propaganda also referred to former territories of the Holy Roman Empire. Joseph Goebbels described in his diary that Belgium and the Netherlands were subject to "Heim im Reich" policy in 1940. Belgium was supposedly lost to France by the Austrian Empire in 1794. The policy for German expansion was planned as part of "Generalplan Ost" to continue further eastwards into Poland, the Baltic states and the Soviet Union, thus creating a Greater Germany from the North Sea to the Urals.
# "Heim ins Reich" in | 23,820 |
269960 | Heim ins Reich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heim%20ins%20Reich | Heim ins Reich
occupied Poland 1939–1944.
The same motto ("Heim ins Reich" ) was also applied to a second, closely related policy initiative which entailed the uprooting and relocation of ethnically German communities ("Volksdeutsche" ) from Central and Eastern European countries in the Soviet "sphere of influence", which settled there during the "Ostsiedlung" of earlier centuries. The Nazi government determined which of these communities were not "viable", started propaganda among the local population, and then made arrangements and organized their transport. The use of scare tactics about the Soviet Union led to tens of thousands leaving. This included Germans from Bukovina, Bessarabia, Dobruja and Yugoslavia. | 23,821 |
269960 | Heim ins Reich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heim%20ins%20Reich | Heim ins Reich
For example, after the Soviets had assumed control of this territory, about 45,000 ethnic Germans had left Northern Bukovina by November 1940. (Stalin permitted this out of fear they would be loyal to Germany.)
In the Greater Poland ("Wielkopolska" ) region (joined together with the Łódź district and dubbed "Wartheland" by the Germans), the Nazis' goal was the complete "Germanization", or political, cultural, social, and economic assimilation of the territory into the German Reich. In pursuit of this goal, the installed bureaucracy renamed streets and cities and seized tens of thousands of Polish enterprises, from large industrial firms to small shops, without payment to the owners. This area | 23,822 |
269960 | Heim ins Reich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heim%20ins%20Reich | Heim ins Reich
incorporated 350,000 such "ethnic Germans" and 1.7 million Poles deemed Germanizable, including between one and two hundred thousand children who had been taken from their parents (plus about 400,000 German settlers from the "Old Reich"). They were housed in farms left vacant by expulsion of the local Poles. Militant party members were sent to teach them to be "true Germans". Hitler Youth and League of German Girls sent young people for "Eastern Service", which entailed (particularly for the girls) assisting in Germanization efforts. They were harassed by Polish partisans (Armia Krajowa) during the war. As Nazi Germany lost the war, they were expelled to remaining Germany.
Eberhardt cites estimates | 23,823 |
269960 | Heim ins Reich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heim%20ins%20Reich | Heim ins Reich
for the ethnic German influx provided by Szobak, Łuczak, and a collective report, ranging from 404,612 (Szobak) to 631,500 (Łuczak). Anna Bramwell says 591,000 ethnic Germans moved into the annexed territories, and details the areas of colonists' origin as follows: 93,000 were from Bessarabia, 21,000 from Dobruja, 98,000 from Bukovina, 68,000 from Volhynia, 58,000 from Galicia, 130,000 from the Baltic states, 38,000 from eastern Poland, 72,000 from the Sudetenland, and 13,000 from Slovenia. During "Heim ins Reich" Germans were settled in the homes of expelled Poles.
Additionally some 400,000 German officials, technical staff, and clerks were sent to those areas in order to administer them, | 23,824 |
269960 | Heim ins Reich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heim%20ins%20Reich | Heim ins Reich
according to "Atlas Ziem Polski" citing a joint Polish–German scholarly publication on the aspect of population changes during the war Eberhardt estimates that the total influx from the Altreich was about 500,000 people. Duiker and Spielvogel note that up to two million Germans had been settled in pre-war Poland by 1942. Eberhardt gives a total of two million Germans present in the area of all pre-war Poland by the end of the war, 1.3 million of whom moved in during the war, adding to a pre-war population of 700,000.
The increase of German population was most visible in the urban centres: in Poznań, the German population increased from ~6,000 in 1939 to 93,589 in 1944; in Łódź, from ~60,000 | 23,825 |
269960 | Heim ins Reich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heim%20ins%20Reich | Heim ins Reich
to 140,721; and in Inowrocław, from 956 to 10,713. In Warthegau, where most Germans were settled, the share of the German population increased from 6.6% in 1939 to 21.2% in 1943.
# See also.
- Areas annexed by Nazi Germany
- Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany
- Ethnic nationalism
- Irredentism
- "Lebensraum"
- "Generalplan Ost"
- "Volksdeutsche"
- Final solution
- Holocaust
- Nazism
- Flight and expulsion of Germans after World War II
- "Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle"
# References.
Notes
Further reading
- R.L. Koehl "RKFDV: German Resettlement and Population Policy 1939-1945" (Cambridge MA, 1957).
- Anthony Komjathy and Rebecca Stockwell "German Minorities and the Third Reich: | 23,826 |
269960 | Heim ins Reich | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heim%20ins%20Reich | Heim ins Reich
zi Germany
- Ethnic nationalism
- Irredentism
- "Lebensraum"
- "Generalplan Ost"
- "Volksdeutsche"
- Final solution
- Holocaust
- Nazism
- Flight and expulsion of Germans after World War II
- "Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle"
# References.
Notes
Further reading
- R.L. Koehl "RKFDV: German Resettlement and Population Policy 1939-1945" (Cambridge MA, 1957).
- Anthony Komjathy and Rebecca Stockwell "German Minorities and the Third Reich: Ethnic Germans of East Central Europe between the Wars" (New York and London, 1980).
- Valdis O. Lumans "Himmler's Auxiliaries: The Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle and the German National Minorities of Europe, 1933-1945" (Chapel Hill NC and London, 1993). | 23,827 |
270003 | OAV | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OAV | OAV
OAV
OAV may refer to:
- Original animated video
- Österreichischer Alpenverein (Austrian Alpine Club)
- Object–Agent–Verb (linguistic typology)
- Odour activity value, a measure of importance of a specific compound to the odour of a sample | 23,828 |
270001 | Viriconium | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viriconium | Viriconium
Viriconium
Viriconium is a series of novels and stories written by M. John Harrison between 1971 and 1984, set in and around the fictional city of the same name.
In the first novel in the series, the city of Viriconium exists in a future Earth littered with the technological detritus of millennia (partly inspired by Jack Vance's "Dying Earth" series, Mervyn Peake's
Gormenghast series, and the poems of T.S. Eliot). However, variations of the city appear throughout the series (most frequently as Uriconium and Vriko), in an attempt by Harrison to subvert the concept of thoroughly-mapped secondary worlds featured in certain works of fantasy, particularly those by J. R. R. Tolkien and his host | 23,829 |
270001 | Viriconium | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viriconium | Viriconium
of successors.
Both universal and in particular, the city has a shifting topography and history, and is sometimes known by names such as 'Uroconium' (though there does not seem to be any association with the old Roman town of Viroconium).
# "The Pastel City".
The first Viriconium novel, "The Pastel City" (1971), presents a civilization in decline where medieval social patterns clash with advanced technology and superscience energy weapons that the citizens of the city know how to use but have forgotten how to engineer. Harrison's leading character, Lord tegeus-Cromis, fancies himself a better poet than swordsman; yet he leads the battle to save Viriconium, the Pastel City, from the brain-stealing | 23,830 |
270001 | Viriconium | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viriconium | Viriconium
automatons known as the "geteit chemosit" from Earth's past.
The decadence Harrison describes is reminiscent of Michael Moorcock's vision of the far future in "The End of All Songs". David Pringle wrote of the novel: "This is a sword-and-sorcery tale, yet it borders on sf by virtue of its distant future setting and the conceit that most of the 'magic' is in fact ancient, little-understood science. Despite its obvious debts to Jack Vance and Michael Moorcock, it's a very moody and stylish entertainment. Reviewing the novel for "Delap's F & SF", Michael Bishop opined that "my own gut feeling is that M. John Harrison is wasting his time and his gift with this sort of material" but that "if you | 23,831 |
270001 | Viriconium | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viriconium | Viriconium
like elegantly crafted, elegantly written sword and sorcery, this book is all you could ask for."
# "A Storm of Wings".
The more complex second novel of the Viriconium sequence, which is also borderline sf, is "A Storm of Wings" (1980). It is set eighty years later than "The Pastel City" and stylistically it is far denser and more elaborate than the first novel. Fay Glass and Alstath Fulthor of the Reborn Men, awoken from their long sleep, try to alert the powers of Viriconium that the northern highlands are overrun by insectile armies. A race of intelligent insects is invading Earth as human interest in survival wanes. Fay brings the severed head of an invading locust-like giant insect to | 23,832 |
270001 | Viriconium | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viriconium | Viriconium
show the extent of the disaster. The story is told through both human and alien points of view and perceptions. The main characters are a resurrected man, an assassin, a magician, a madwoman, and Tomb, the Iron Dwarf. Harrison depicts the workings of civilization on the verge of collapse and the heroic efforts of individuals to help it sustain itself a little longer.
# "In Viriconium".
The novel "In Viriconium" (1982) (US title: "The Floating Gods") was nominated for the Guardian Fiction Prize during 1982. Savoy Books catalogs referred to it as "Pre-raphaelite sword and sorcery". It is a moody portrait of Viriconium beset by a mysterious plague. As artist Audsley King slowly dies from the | 23,833 |
270001 | Viriconium | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viriconium | Viriconium
plague, her friend Ashlyme tries to save her. It is a desperate, misconceived enterprise which draws Ashlyme into unwilling alliance with the sinister dwarf The Grand Cairo, and which goes bizarrely wrong. Yet out of the shambles comes the clue to lifting the plague, which symbolises a paralysis of will.
Where the previous books in the series held some sword and sorcery elements, "In Viriconium" goes beyond black humour into a coma of despair. The novel parodies Arthurian motifs and deconstructs the whole series to show that Viriconium is just a fiction: the protagonist Audsley King realizes this and at last can paint the "real" world, which is our own. The novel is divided into sections named | 23,834 |
270001 | Viriconium | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viriconium | Viriconium
after cards of an imaginary Tarot. Resonances in the text include the art of Aubrey Beardsley, post-Impressionist art, Mervyn Peake and Wyndham Lewis.
# Short stories.
The short fiction of the Viriconium sequence replays the attrition of the novels; finally, in "A Young Man's Journey to Viriconium" (later retitled "A Young Man's Journey to London"), Viriconium has become little more than a dream.
Harrison has frequently used the Tarot as a motif in his work, as in "Viriconium Nights" (which is divided into sections named after cards of an imaginary Tarot) and in his story "The Horse of Iron (and How We Can Know It and Be Changed by It Forever)". The collection "Viriconium Nights" consists | 23,835 |
270001 | Viriconium | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viriconium | Viriconium
of various stories (the number varies depending whether one considers the Ace 1984 edition or the Gollancz 1985 edition). All are vignettes of night life in the Pastel City.
In "The Lamia and Lord Cromis", tegeus-Cromis (who recurs in "Lords of Misrule" and is the protagonist of "The Pastel City"), a dwarf, and a man named Dissolution Kahn travel to a poisonous bog to destroy a dangerous Lamia. The mission ends in confusion and despair.
In the story "Viriconium Knights", the elderly swordsman Osgerby Practal is defeated in a duel by Ignace Retz, an unpopular servant of the Queen. Retz uses a power knife, a relic of previous times when high technology was used, but which is now ill understood; | 23,836 |
270001 | Viriconium | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viriconium | Viriconium
the badly-functioning power knife gives off floating motes which harm the wielder. (In this, Harrison invents his own variant of Moorcock's soul-draining magic swords in the Elric stories). The Queen is the grotesque Mammy Vooley, whose "body was like a long ivory pole about which they had draped the faded purple gown of her predecessor. On it was supported a very small head which looked as if had been partly scalped, partly burned, and partly starved to death in a cage suspended above the Gabelline Gate. One of her eyes was missing. She sat on an old carved wooden throne with iron wheels, in the middle of a tall limewashed room that had five windows." Retz has ambitions to seek treasure in | 23,837 |
270001 | Viriconium | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viriconium | Viriconium
the broad wastes south and west of Viriconium, and petitions the Queen to allow him to keep the power knife so he may defend himself against his enemies. When she refuses, he uses the knife to cut off her hand, and flees, hunted through the city by various factions of "aristocratic thugs" such as the Locust Clan and the Yellow Paper Men. Taking refuge in the house of an old man who shows him a strange tapestry, he beholds various visions of himself, seemingly at different periods in the city's history, before trying to steal a metal eagle from the old man's room. The metal eagle comes to life, attacking him, and Retz barely escapes. Later, he finds himself on a wasteland where some men are trying | 23,838 |
270001 | Viriconium | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viriconium | Viriconium
to bury a body with a fish-mask on its head. Retz steals the clothes and mask from the body and continues on his way.
In "The Luck in the Head", in the Artists' Quarter, the poet Ardwick Crome has been having a recurring dream about a ceremony called "the Luck in the Head." He wants these disturbing dreams to stop, so he goes looking for one of the women in the dream.
"Strange Great Sins" is the story of the weak and silly man Baladine Prinsep, who becomes enamored with the ballet dancer Vera Ghillera and wastes away. The story is told at one remove through the memories of his nephew, an unnamed sin-eater, and through those of his mother and of the singer Madame de Maupassant. In this story | 23,839 |
270001 | Viriconium | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viriconium | Viriconium
the motif of the Mari Lwyd is central. This story looks at the city of Viriconium from the perspective of outsiders who know that those who go there either are, or will become, decadent and self-absorbed.
In "The Dancer From the Dance" the ballerina Vera Ghillera from "Strange Great Sins" visits Allman's Heath where strange things are afoot.
"A Young Man's Journey to Viriconium", set in our world, explains that Viriconium is a real place and tells you exactly how to get there, in case you want to go. The doorway is a mirror in a bathroom in a café in England.
"Lords of Misrule", narrated in the first person by Harrison's continuing character Lord Cromis, deals with Cromis's visit to a country | 23,840 |
270001 | Viriconium | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viriconium | Viriconium
house where the Yule Greave, formerly a fighter with the Feverfew Anschluss faction of Viriconium, and his wife, live with their young servant Ringmer. An unidentified enemy is gradually encroaching on the country lands and Cromis appears to be surveying their progress. During his visit, he is shown one of the ancient and highly decorated Mari - a version of the Mari Lwyd - used by the people in the 'mast horse ceremony', which Ringmer's father used to operate.
The graphic novel "The Luck in the Head" adapts the short story of that name and is illustrated by Ian Miller.
# Works.
- "The Pastel City" (novel, 1971).
- "A Storm of Wings" (novel, 1980). Various editions have different dedicatees. | 23,841 |
270001 | Viriconium | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viriconium | Viriconium
The US first edition (Doubleday, 1980) is dedicated to Harlan Ellison. The Sphere 1980 edition is dedicated to various staff of Savoy Books including Michael Butterworth, John Mottershead and David Britton. The Unwin 1987 printing is dedicated to Christopher Fowler.
- "In Viriconium" (novel, 1982). The novel was nominated for the Guardian Fiction Prize in 1982. The US edition, retitled "The Floating Gods" (Timescape, Feb 1983) is dedicated to Fritz Leiber (the UK edition had been dedicated to two of Harrison's friends). The US edition also has a three paragraph 'Author's Note' regarding Viriconium which did not appear in the UK editions.
- "Viriconium Nights" (short stories, 1985), consisting | 23,842 |
270001 | Viriconium | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viriconium | Viriconium
of the following stories in this order:
- "The Luck In the Head". This story was adapted as a graphic novel by illustrator Ian Miller and published by VG Graphics in 1991 (distributed in the US by Dark Horse Comics).
- "The Lamia & Lord Cromis"
- "Strange Great Sins"
- "Viriconium Knights"
- "The Dancer From the Dance"
- "Lords of Misrule"
- "A Young Man's Journey To Viriconium"
A 1988 omnibus entitled "Viriconium" (Viriconium (1988 collection)) omits the first two novels; it consists of the third novel, "In Viriconium", and the full contents of the short story collection "Viriconium Nights". The stories in this omnibus are in the same running order as in the 1985 first edition. The | 23,843 |
270001 | Viriconium | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viriconium | Viriconium
he 1985 first edition. The omnibus has an introduction by Iain Banks.
All four works of the sequence were published in the U.K in a single omnibus volume called "Viriconium" in 2000. (Viriconium (2000 collection)). The stories are arranged in a different sequence (presumably chronological) which see the "Viriconium Nights" stories in a different running order than in the 1985 first edition and the 1988 omnibus. An American edition of all four was published in 2005, with an introduction by Neil Gaiman. The novels are sequenced in publication order, but the short stories are in a different sequence. This edition was published in audio in late 2011 by Neil Gaiman Presents, read by Simon Vance. | 23,844 |
269995 | Mirage Resorts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mirage%20Resorts | Mirage Resorts
Mirage Resorts
Mirage Resorts (formerly Golden Nugget Companies) was an American company that owned and operated hotel-casinos. It was acquired by MGM Grand, Inc. in 2000, forming MGM Mirage (now MGM Resorts International).
# History.
Golden Nugget Companies Inc. was formed by Steve Wynn in 1973. The company was created after Wynn acquired majority control of the Golden Nugget in Las Vegas, Nevada.
In 1980, the company opened the Golden Nugget Atlantic City in New Jersey but in 1987, Wynn's and the company's interest in Atlantic City did not last very long due to frustration with state gaming regulators. The property was sold to Bally's Entertainment, and eventually became Bally's Grand Hotel | 23,845 |
269995 | Mirage Resorts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mirage%20Resorts | Mirage Resorts
and Casino.
In 1989, the company acquired the Nevada Club casino in Laughlin, Nevada, and re-branded it as the Golden Nugget Laughlin.
## The Mirage and Treasure Island (1990s).
Wynn's first major casino on the Las Vegas Strip was The Mirage, which opened in November 1989. It was the first time Wynn was involved with the design and construction of a casino, and he financed the $630 million project largely with high-yield bonds issued by Michael Milken. The resort's high cost and emphasis on luxury meant that it was considered high risk at the time, though the project ended up being enormously lucrative. The hotel, with its erupting volcano and South Seas theme, ignited a $12 billion building | 23,846 |
269995 | Mirage Resorts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mirage%20Resorts | Mirage Resorts
boom on the Strip. Its construction is also considered noteworthy in that Wynn had set a new standard for Vegas resorts, and when it opened The Mirage was the first casino to use security cameras full-time on all table games. Known for its entertainment, the hotel became the exclusive venue for the "Siegfried & Roy" show in 1990, and in 1993 the hotel hosted the Cirque du Soleil show "Nouvelle Expérience". Afterwards Wynn decided to invite Cirque to create "Mystère" for the soon-to-be-built Treasure Island resort next door.
Following the completion of The Mirage in 1989 Steve Wynn changed the name of the company to Mirage Resorts, Inc. Much of the financing for the Mirage was obtained in cooperation | 23,847 |
269995 | Mirage Resorts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mirage%20Resorts | Mirage Resorts
with Michael Milken.
After the Mirage, Wynn built the Treasure Island Hotel and Casino, which he opened in the Mirage's old parking lot in 1993, and overall cost $450 million. Intended to be family-friendly,the resort featured pools in front of the casino enacted the Battle of Buccaneer Bay with two full-scaled ships, the pirate ship 'Hispaniola' and the British Royal Navy frigate 'HMS Britannia,' while the inside featured romantic tropical theming. The establishment was the home of the first permanent Cirque du Soleil show in Las Vegas, and the show went on to be voted nine times as the best production show in the city by the "Las Vegas Review Journal" reader's poll.
In 1994, Gold Strike | 23,848 |
269995 | Mirage Resorts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mirage%20Resorts | Mirage Resorts
Resorts announced a partnership with Mirage Resorts to build a $250-million casino targeted at budget-conscious visitors, on part of the site of the demolished Dunes on the Las Vegas Strip.It ultimately opened in 1996, following Gold Strike's merger with Circus Circus Enterprises as Monte Carlo Resort and Casino and was built as a joint venture between Mirage Resorts and Circus Circus Enterprises, and cost US$344 million to build. The resort sits on , occupied by the Dunes Hotel golf course until its demolition in October 1993.
In 1995, the company proposed to build the Le Jardin hotel-casino in the marina area if the state of New Jersey built a road that connected to the hotel-casino. The | 23,849 |
269995 | Mirage Resorts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mirage%20Resorts | Mirage Resorts
company had also agreed to allow Circus Circus Enterprises and Boyd Gaming to build casinos on the site, but later reneged on the agreement. While the road, called the Atlantic City-Brigantine Connector, was eventually built, Le Jardin was cancelled after the company was acquired in 2000 by MGM Grand Inc., which later built the Borgata, in a joint venture with Boyd Gaming, on the site.
Boardwalk Hotel and Casino was later acquired by Mirage Resorts in 1997.
## Bellagio and Beau Rivage debuts (1998–1999).
In October 1998, Wynn opened the even more opulent Bellagio, a $1.6 billion resort considered among the world’s most spectacular hotels. The architect was Jon Jerde of The Jerde Partnerships, | 23,850 |
269995 | Mirage Resorts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mirage%20Resorts | Mirage Resorts
and construction was handled by Mirage Resorts, Inc. When built, the Bellagio was the most expensive hotel in the world. In front of the hotel are the Fountains of Bellagio—shooting fountains choreographed to music that “dance” on the hotel’s 8.5 acre man-made lake—which are now considered Las Vegas landmarks. The Bellagio is credited with starting a new spree of luxurious developments in Las Vegas. Among these developments include The Venetian, Mandalay Bay, and Paris Las Vegas.
Wynn brought Mirage Resorts’ style to Biloxi, Mississippi in 1999, where he oversaw development of the 1,835-room Beau Rivage. Themed to blend Mediterranean beauty with Southern hospitality, the resort was part of | 23,851 |
269995 | Mirage Resorts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mirage%20Resorts | Mirage Resorts
a building boom that established Biloxi as a regional tourism center along the Mississippi Gulf Coast. "Beau Rivage" was originally the name Wynn wanted to give the Bellagio, though he had decided on "Bellagio" after vacationing in the Italian region of the same name. Beau Rivage opened as the largest hotel-casino to be built outside Nevada. The casino was initially located on a series of floating barges as required by local law confining all casinos to mobile marine vessels at the time of the resort's construction. The hotel, restaurants, and associated facilities were constructed on land.
The company was acquired in 2000 by MGM Grand Inc., which then changed its name to MGM Mirage, for $6.4 | 23,852 |
269995 | Mirage Resorts | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mirage%20Resorts | Mirage Resorts
any was acquired in 2000 by MGM Grand Inc., which then changed its name to MGM Mirage, for $6.4 billion, including $2 billion in assumed debt, after an initial all-cash offer of $17 and a final offer of $21. The company was majority owned by Wynn.
# Hotel and casinos owned at acquisition.
- Bellagio
- Beau Rivage
- Boardwalk Hotel and Casino
- Golden Nugget Las Vegas
- Golden Nugget Laughlin
- Announced Le Jardin in Atlantic City. This turned into a 50% interest in what is now Borgata.
- Park MGM (50% joint venture with Circus Circus Enterprises)
- The Mirage
- Treasure Island Las Vegas
## Previous properties.
- Golden Nugget Atlantic City
- Dunes
# See also.
- Las Vegas strip | 23,853 |
269980 | Julian Schwinger | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julian%20Schwinger | Julian Schwinger
Julian Schwinger
Julian Seymour Schwinger (; February 12, 1918 – July 16, 1994) was a Nobel Prize winning American theoretical physicist. He is best known for his work on the theory of quantum electrodynamics (QED), in particular for developing a relativistically invariant perturbation theory, and for renormalizing QED to one loop order. Schwinger was a physics professor at several universities.
Schwinger is recognized as one of the greatest physicists of the twentieth century, responsible for much of modern quantum field theory, including a variational approach, and the equations of motion for quantum fields. He developed the first electroweak model, and the first example of confinement in | 23,854 |
269980 | Julian Schwinger | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julian%20Schwinger | Julian Schwinger
1+1 dimensions. He is responsible for the theory of multiple neutrinos, Schwinger terms, and the theory of the spin 3/2 field.
# Biography.
Julian Seymour Schwinger was born in New York City, to Jewish parents originally from Poland, Belle (née Rosenfeld) and Benjamin Schwinger, a garment manufacturer, who had migrated to America. Both his father and his mother's parents were prosperous clothing manufacturers, although the family business declined after the Wall Street Crash of 1929. The family followed the Orthodox Jewish tradition. Schwinger attended the Townsend Harris High School and then the City College of New York as an undergraduate before transferring to Columbia University, where | 23,855 |
269980 | Julian Schwinger | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julian%20Schwinger | Julian Schwinger
he received his B.A. in 1936 and his Ph.D. (overseen by Isidor Isaac Rabi) in 1939 at the age of 21. He worked at the University of California, Berkeley (under J. Robert Oppenheimer), and was later appointed to a position at Purdue University.
## Career.
After having worked with Oppenheimer, Schwinger's first regular academic appointment was at Purdue University in 1941. While on leave from Purdue, he worked at the Radiation Laboratory at MIT instead of at the Los Alamos National Laboratory during World War II. He provided theoretical support for the development of radar. After the war, Schwinger left Purdue for Harvard University, where he taught from 1945 to 1974. In 1966 he became the Eugene | 23,856 |
269980 | Julian Schwinger | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julian%20Schwinger | Julian Schwinger
Higgins professor of physics at Harvard.
Schwinger developed an affinity for Green's functions from his radar work, and he used these methods to formulate quantum field theory in terms of local Green's functions in a relativistically invariant way. This allowed him to calculate unambiguously the first corrections to the electron magnetic moment in quantum electrodynamics. Earlier non-covariant work had arrived at infinite answers, but the extra symmetry in his methods allowed Schwinger to isolate the correct finite corrections.
Schwinger developed renormalization, formulating quantum electrodynamics unambiguously to one-loop order.
In the same era, he introduced non-perturbative methods into | 23,857 |
269980 | Julian Schwinger | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julian%20Schwinger | Julian Schwinger
quantum field theory, by calculating the rate at which electron-positron pairs are created by tunneling in an electric field, a process now known as the "Schwinger effect". This effect could not be seen in any finite order in perturbation theory.
Schwinger's foundational work on quantum field theory constructed the modern framework of field correlation functions and their equations of motion. His approach started with a quantum action and allowed bosons and fermions to be treated equally for the first time, using a differential form of Grassman integration. He gave elegant proofs for the spin-statistics theorem and the CPT theorem, and noted that the field algebra led to anomalous Schwinger | 23,858 |
269980 | Julian Schwinger | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julian%20Schwinger | Julian Schwinger
terms in various classical identities, because of short distance singularities. These were foundational results in field theory, instrumental for the proper understanding of anomalies.
In other notable early work, Rarita and Schwinger formulated the abstract Pauli and Fierz theory of the spin 3/2 field in a concrete form, as a vector of Dirac spinors. In order for the spin-3/2 field to interact consistently, some form of supersymmetry is required, and Schwinger later regretted that he had not followed up on this work far enough to discover supersymmetry.
Schwinger discovered that neutrinos come in multiple varieties, one for the electron and one for the muon. Nowadays there are known to be | 23,859 |
269980 | Julian Schwinger | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julian%20Schwinger | Julian Schwinger
three light neutrinos; the third is the partner of the tau lepton.
In the 1960s, Schwinger formulated and analyzed what is now known as the Schwinger model, quantum electrodynamics in one space and one time dimension, the first example of a confining theory. He was also the first to suggest an electroweak gauge theory, an SU(2) gauge group spontaneously broken to electromagnetic U(1) at long distances. This was extended by his student Sheldon Glashow into the accepted pattern of electroweak unification. He attempted to formulate a theory of quantum electrodynamics with point magnetic monopoles, a program which met with limited success because monopoles are strongly interacting when the quantum | 23,860 |
269980 | Julian Schwinger | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julian%20Schwinger | Julian Schwinger
of charge is small.
Having supervised 73 doctoral dissertations
, Schwinger is known as one of the most prolific graduate advisors in physics. Four of his students won Nobel prizes: Roy Glauber, Benjamin Roy Mottelson, Sheldon Glashow and Walter Kohn (in chemistry).
Schwinger had a mixed relationship with his colleagues, because he always pursued independent research, different from mainstream fashion. In particular, Schwinger developed the source theory, a phenomenological theory for the physics of elementary particles, which is a predecessor of the modern effective field theory. It treats quantum fields as long-distance phenomena and uses auxiliary 'sources' that resemble currents in classical | 23,861 |
269980 | Julian Schwinger | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julian%20Schwinger | Julian Schwinger
field theories. The source theory is a mathematically consistent field theory with clearly derived phenomenological results. The criticisms by his Harvard colleagues led Schwinger to leave the faculty in 1972 for UCLA. It is a story widely told that Steven Weinberg, who inherited Schwinger's paneled office in Lyman Laboratory, there found a pair of old shoes, with the implied message, "think you can fill these?". At UCLA, and for the rest of his career, Schwinger continued to develop the source theory and its various applications.
After 1989 Schwinger took a keen interest in the non-mainstream research of cold fusion. He wrote eight theory papers about it. He resigned from the American Physical | 23,862 |
269980 | Julian Schwinger | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julian%20Schwinger | Julian Schwinger
Society after their refusal to publish his papers. He felt that cold fusion research was being suppressed and academic freedom violated. He wrote: "The pressure for conformity is enormous. I have experienced it in editors' rejection of submitted papers, based on venomous criticism of anonymous referees. The replacement of impartial reviewing by censorship will be the death of science."
In his last publications, Schwinger proposed a theory of sonoluminescence as a long distance quantum radiative phenomenon associated not with atoms, but with fast-moving surfaces in the collapsing bubble, where there are discontinuities in the dielectric constant. The mechanism of sonoluminescence now supported | 23,863 |
269980 | Julian Schwinger | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julian%20Schwinger | Julian Schwinger
by experiments focuses on superheated gas inside the bubble as the source of the light.
Schwinger was jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965 for his work on quantum electrodynamics (QED), along with Richard Feynman and Shin'ichirō Tomonaga. Schwinger's awards and honors were numerous even before his Nobel win. They include the first Albert Einstein Award (1951), the U.S. National Medal of Science (1964), honorary D.Sc. degrees from Purdue University (1961) and Harvard University (1962), and the Nature of Light Award of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences (1949).
## Schwinger and Feynman.
As a famous physicist, Schwinger was often compared to another legendary physicist of his | 23,864 |
269980 | Julian Schwinger | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julian%20Schwinger | Julian Schwinger
generation, Richard Feynman. Schwinger was more formally inclined and favored symbolic manipulations in quantum field theory. He worked with local field operators, and found relations between them, and he felt that physicists should understand the algebra of local fields, no matter how paradoxical it was. By contrast, Feynman was more intuitive, believing that the physics could be extracted entirely from the Feynman diagrams, which gave a particle picture. Schwinger commented on Feynman diagrams in the following way,
Schwinger disliked Feynman diagrams because he felt that they made the student focus on the particles and forget about local fields, which in his view inhibited understanding. | 23,865 |
269980 | Julian Schwinger | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julian%20Schwinger | Julian Schwinger
He went so far as to ban them altogether from his class, although he understood them perfectly well. The true difference is however deeper, and it was expressed by Schwinger in the following passage,
Despite sharing the Nobel Prize, Schwinger and Feynman had a different approach to quantum electrodynamics and to quantum field theory in general. Feynman used a regulator, while Schwinger was able to formally renormalize to one loop without an explicit regulator. Schwinger believed in the formalism of local fields, while Feynman had faith in the particle paths. They followed each other's work closely, and each respected the other. On Feynman's death, Schwinger described him as
## Death.
Schwinger | 23,866 |
269980 | Julian Schwinger | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julian%20Schwinger | Julian Schwinger
died of pancreatic cancer. He is buried at Mount Auburn Cemetery; formula_1 is engraved above his name on his tombstone. These symbols refer to his calculation of the correction ("anomalous") to the magnetic moment of the electron.
# See also.
List of things named after Julian Schwinger
# Selected publications.
- Feshbach, H., Schwinger, J. and J. A. Harr. "Effect of Tensor Range in Nuclear Two-Body Problems", Computation Laboratory of Harvard University, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission) (November 1949).
- Schwinger, J. "On Angular Momentum", Harvard University, Nuclear Development Associates, Inc., United States Department of | 23,867 |
269980 | Julian Schwinger | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julian%20Schwinger | Julian Schwinger
Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission) (January 26, 1952).
- Schwinger, J. "The Theory of Quantized Fields. II", Harvard University, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission) (1951).
- Schwinger, J. "The Theory of Quantizied Fields. Part 3", Harvard University, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission) (May 1953).
- Schwinger, J. "Einstein's Legacy" (1986). Scientific American Library.
# Further reading.
- Mehra, Jagdish, and Milton, Kimball A. (2000) "Climbing the Mountain: the scientific biography of Julian Schwinger". Oxford University Press.
- Revised version | 23,868 |
269980 | Julian Schwinger | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julian%20Schwinger | Julian Schwinger
Harvard University, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission) (May 1953).
- Schwinger, J. "Einstein's Legacy" (1986). Scientific American Library.
# Further reading.
- Mehra, Jagdish, and Milton, Kimball A. (2000) "Climbing the Mountain: the scientific biography of Julian Schwinger". Oxford University Press.
- Revised version published as (2007) "Julian Schwinger: From Nuclear Physics and Quantum Electrodynamics to Source Theory and Beyond," "Physics in Perspective" 9: 70–114.
- Ng, Y. Jack, ed. (1996) "Julian Schwinger: The Physicist, the Teacher, and the Man". Singapore: World Scientific. .
# External links.
- Nobel Museum Biography | 23,869 |
269991 | Dale Murphy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dale%20Murphy | Dale Murphy
Dale Murphy
Dale Bryan Murphy (born March 12, 1956), is an American former professional baseball player. During an 18-year career in Major League Baseball (MLB) (–), he played as an outfielder, catcher, and first baseman for the Atlanta Braves, Philadelphia Phillies, and Colorado Rockies; Murphy is best noted for his many years with the Braves. His entire big league career was spent in the National League (NL), during which time he won consecutive Most Valuable Player (MVP) awards (–), the Silver Slugger Award for four straight years (1982–), and the Gold Glove Award for five straight years (1982–). Murphy is a member of the Oregon Sports Hall of Fame, Georgia Sports Hall of Fame, and World | 23,870 |
269991 | Dale Murphy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dale%20Murphy | Dale Murphy
Sports Humanitarian Hall of Fame.
# Early life.
Dale Murphy was born in Portland, Oregon, on March 12, 1956 to parents Charles and Betty. He had a sister, Sue. Murphy played American Legion Baseball and attended Woodrow Wilson High School.
# Baseball.
## Playing career.
In 1976, Murphy began his major league career with a nineteen-game stint catching with the Atlanta Braves. He appeared in only eighteen games the following season. In 1978, Murphy played first base mostly; at the plate he had a .226 batting average, though he also showed hints of his future power by hitting 23 home runs.
Murphy switched to the outfield in 1980, a move that would help initiate a decade of highly productive | 23,871 |
269991 | Dale Murphy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dale%20Murphy | Dale Murphy
play in the National League. Beginning in left field, he soon switched to center field, the position at which he would find his greatest success. By 1982, the most decorated year of Murphy's career, the former catcher had transformed himself into an All-Star MVP outfielder who appeared in each of Atlanta's 162 games. His turnaround as a fielder was equally stark. In 1978, Murphy led all National League first basemen in errors. In 1982, spending time at each of the three outfield positions, he won his first of five consecutive Gold Gloves, as well as the first MVP award by a Brave since Hank Aaron, in 1957 with what were then the Milwaukee Braves.
Playing in the decade before the Braves began | 23,872 |
269991 | Dale Murphy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dale%20Murphy | Dale Murphy
their dominance of the National League East, Murphy also made his only postseason appearance in 1982. Although he performed well, the eventual World Series-champion St. Louis Cardinals eliminated the Braves in the 1982 National League Championship Series. The league's most valuable player failed to translate his regular season preeminence into October success, hitting safely only three times and scoring one run. Murphy rebounded from the postseason sweep with another MVP award in 1983. This time period ultimately proved the high-water era of Murphy's career. Each year during the four season span from 1982 to 1986 he won a Gold Glove, appeared in the All-Star Game, and placed in the top ten in | 23,873 |
269991 | Dale Murphy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dale%20Murphy | Dale Murphy
MVP voting.
In 1988, however, despite being voted to what would be his final All-Star appearance, Murphy's production began an inexorable slide downward. Murphy saw his batting average free-fall from .295 in 1987 to .226 in 1988. Only once more, in 1991, would Murphy bat above .250. Once a consistent source of power at the plate, he never again hit 25 home runs or more in a season.
The Braves traded Murphy after fifteen seasons to the Philadelphia Phillies in 1990. Murphy's two seasons with the Phillies were mostly uneventful (he spent the entire second year of his Phillie's contract on the Disabled List he didn't play in a single game.) He signed with the Colorado Rockies for their inaugural | 23,874 |
269991 | Dale Murphy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dale%20Murphy | Dale Murphy
season but only played 2 months of the regular 1993 season before he retired due to injury. During his last two years in the majors, Murphy's batting average lingered well beneath baseball's Mendoza Line (.200). (However, his entire 1992 season was spent on DL and Murphy only played 2 months of the 1993 season).
## Career summary and honors.
Murphy finished his career with 398 home runs (19th in MLB history at the time of his retirement), 1,266 RBIs and a .265 lifetime batting average. His MVP awards in 1982 and 1983 make him one of only four outfielders in MLB history with consecutive MVP years; at the time, he was the youngest to have accomplished the feat. His many honors include seven | 23,875 |
269991 | Dale Murphy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dale%20Murphy | Dale Murphy
All-Star appearances, five Gold Gloves, and four Silver Sluggers. Murphy led the National League in home runs and runs batted in (RBI) twice; he also led the major leagues in home runs and RBI over the 10-year span from 1981 to 1990.
One of the most productive and decorated players of the 1980s, Murphy led the National League in games, at bats, runs, hits, extra base hits, RBIs, runs created, total bases, and plate appearances during the decade. He also accomplished a 30–30 (30 home runs with 30 stolen bases) season in 1983. Murphy played in 740 consecutive games, at the time the 11th longest such streak in baseball history. His jersey number ("3") was retired by the Atlanta Braves on June | 23,876 |
269991 | Dale Murphy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dale%20Murphy | Dale Murphy
13, 1994, in his honor as opposed to that of even Babe Ruth, who wore Boston Braves number 3 during the partial season with which his career concluded. Murphy was inducted into both the Oregon Sports Hall of Fame and the Georgia Sports Hall of Fame in 1997.
## Public persona.
Murphy's clean-living habits off the diamond were frequently noted in the media. A devout member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), Murphy did not drink alcoholic beverages, would not allow women to be photographed embracing him, and paid his teammates' dinner checks as long as alcoholic beverages were not on the tab. He also refused to give television interviews unless he was fully dressed. | 23,877 |
269991 | Dale Murphy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dale%20Murphy | Dale Murphy
Murphy had been introduced to the LDS Church early in his career by teammate Barry Bonnell.
For several years the "Atlanta Constitution" ran a weekly column, wherein Murphy responded to young fans' questions and letters. In 1987 he shared "Sports Illustrated" magazine's "Sportsmen and Sportswomen of the Year" award with seven others, characterized as "Athletes Who Care", for his work with numerous charities, including the Make-a-Wish Foundation, the Georgia March of Dimes and the American Heart Association.
One of his more memorable incidents was reminiscent of a scene from the classic black-and-white baseball film "The Pride of the Yankees":
Before a home game against San Francisco on June | 23,878 |
269991 | Dale Murphy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dale%20Murphy | Dale Murphy
12, 1983, Murphy visited in the stands with Elizabeth Smith, a six-year-old girl who had lost both hands and a leg when she stepped on a live power line. After Murphy gave her a cap and a T shirt, her nurse innocently asked if he could hit a home run for Elizabeth. "I didn't know what to say, so I just sort of mumbled 'Well, O.K.,' " says Murphy. That day he hit two homers and drove in all the Braves' runs in a 3–2 victory.
He was ultimately granted several honors because of his integrity, character, and sportsmanship including, Lou Gehrig Memorial Award (1985), "Sportsman of the Year" (1987), Roberto Clemente Award (1988), Bart Giamatti Community Service Award (1991), and World Sports Humanitarian | 23,879 |
269991 | Dale Murphy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dale%20Murphy | Dale Murphy
Hall of Fame (1991 Induction).
## Hall of Fame candidacy.
Despite his reputation as a true five-tool superstar and multiple MVP awards, Murphy did not get elected to the Hall of Fame. He first appeared on the writers' ballot for the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1999, the earliest possible year of consideration. He has failed to gain election, joining Barry Bonds, late New York Yankees outfielder Roger Maris and recently eligibile Juan González as the only Hall of Fame-eligible recipients of multiple MVP awards not in the Hall. His failed candidacy has drawn particular notice due to his reputation as a clean-living player whose career was immediately followed by baseball's scandal-plagued "steroids | 23,880 |
269991 | Dale Murphy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dale%20Murphy | Dale Murphy
era".
Baseball writer Rob Neyer feels that the former MVP's candidacy has been hurt by a career that "got a late start and suffered an early end." Stuart Miller, baseball writer for "The New York Times", also notes the "sharp decline" in production that plagued Murphy after the age of 31 in arguing, "Players who were great for a short time do not receive much [Hall of Fame] recognition." Finding "one of baseball's best players in the 1980s" to be "undervalued", Miller nonetheless writes that the Brave great "is typically considered a 'close but no' guy." Bill James, father of sabermetrics, says of Murphy, "It certainly wouldn't offend me to have him in the Hall of Fame. I just wouldn't advocate | 23,881 |
269991 | Dale Murphy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dale%20Murphy | Dale Murphy
it." James' "current metric for Hall induction was 300 Win Shares (a complex mathematical equation weighing what players contribute to their victories)..." Murphy stands at 253 Win Shares. James ranks eight Hall of Famers below Murphy.
However, others contend, "Murphy's incredible nine-year run in Atlanta was every bit as good as anyone else during his era," with many pointing out the fact that he was a rare bright spot of many miserable Braves teams in the 1980s. Neyer notes that the explosion of power during the steroids-fueled era that began after Murphy's retirement may have caused Murphy's numbers to pale in comparison for many voters. Some have argued that Murphy's reputation for clean | 23,882 |
269991 | Dale Murphy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dale%20Murphy | Dale Murphy
living may encourage voters to "look more favorably on what Murphy did without using performance-enhancing drugs." (Murphy weighed in on the steroids issue in asserting that career home run leader Barry Bonds "without a doubt" used performance-enhancing drugs.) "Sports Illustrated"'s Joe Posnanski has endorsed Murphy as an "emotional pick . . . a larger-than-life character who signed every autograph, spoke up for every charity and played brilliant baseball every day for mostly doomed teams."
Nonetheless, though he continued to earn the requisite 5% to remain on the ballot, Murphy averaged only 13.6% over the first twelve years of voting. (Election to the hall requires 75%.) In the first decade | 23,883 |
269991 | Dale Murphy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dale%20Murphy | Dale Murphy
of his eligibility, he "peaked at 23% in 2000 and fell to 11.5% in 2009." Moreover, as writers may only vote for ten players each year, some have argued that the candidacy of stars from the 1980s—such as Murphy, pitcher Jack Morris, and outfielder Tim Raines—will become imperiled as a wave of more recently retired players with more statistically impressive credentials becomes eligible in the 2010s. Noting his low vote totals, Murphy has said, "Since I'm not that close [to election] ... I don't think about it that much." On January 9, 2013, his 15th and final appearance on the Hall of Fame ballot, Murphy secured 18.9% of the vote, falling well short of the 75% necessary to enter the Baseball | 23,884 |
269991 | Dale Murphy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dale%20Murphy | Dale Murphy
Hall of Fame on the BBWAA ballot.
# Post-baseball life.
From 1997 to 2000, Murphy served as president of the LDS Church's Massachusetts Boston Mission.
In 2005, Murphy started a non-profit organization called the iWontCheat Foundation to promote ethical behavior, and deter steroid use and cheating in youth athletics. Since 2008 all players from the participating teams at the Little League World Series wear the "I WON'T CHEAT!" embroidered patch above the Little League Baseball logo on the left sleeve of their jerseys.
In 2008, he was appointed to the National Advisory Board for the national children's charity, Operation Kids. Murphy serves as a national advisor to . Murphy is a long time | 23,885 |
269991 | Dale Murphy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dale%20Murphy | Dale Murphy
supporter of Operation Smile and also currently serves on the organization's Board of Governors.
During the 2012 MLB season, Murphy was a part of the Atlanta Braves TV broadcasting crew and participated in the telecast of at least 14 games.
He was the first-base coach for the USA team in the 2013 World Baseball Classic.
In 2017 he opened a restaurant, Murph's, in Atlanta near SunTrust Park, where the Braves have played since the 2017 season. He lives in Alpine, Utah.
# Author.
Murphy has written three books. The first, "The Scouting Report on Professional Athletics", elaborates details of the professional athlete's lifestyle. Murphy discusses balancing career and family, working with agents, | 23,886 |
269991 | Dale Murphy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dale%20Murphy | Dale Murphy
managing business affairs, serving one's community, and preparing for retirement. In his second book, an autobiography titled "Murph", he talked about his religious faith. He discussed the struggles of his early baseball career and how he overcame problems. In 2007 Murphy wrote his third book, "The Scouting Report for Youth Athletics", in response to what he saw as the increase in negative behavior in youth sports resulting from poor examples set by professional athletes. Included with each book is a 50-page insert which includes contributions from, among others, Peyton Manning, Dwyane Wade, Tom Glavine, and Danica Patrick. In a question-and-answer format, they discuss the lessons they learned | 23,887 |
269991 | Dale Murphy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dale%20Murphy | Dale Murphy
from youth sports and how they apply the lessons today. There is also a physician-penned section about illegal performance-enhancing drug use in sports.
# Personal life.
Murphy and his wife, Nancy, have eight children: sons Chad, Travis, Shawn, Tyson, Taylor, Jake, and McKay and daughter Madison.
# See also.
- 30–30 club
- List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders
- List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders
- List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders
- List of Major League Baseball annual runs batted in leaders
- List of Major League Baseball annual runs scored leaders
- List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders
- List of Major | 23,888 |
269991 | Dale Murphy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dale%20Murphy | Dale Murphy
List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders
- List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders
- List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders
- List of Major League Baseball annual runs batted in leaders
- List of Major League Baseball annual runs scored leaders
- List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders
- List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders
- List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders
- Major League Baseball consecutive games played streaks
# External links.
- Dale Murphy at SABR (Baseball BioProject)
- Dale Murphy at Baseball Almanac
- Dale Murphy at Baseball Gauge
- Dale Murphy at Baseball Library
br | 23,889 |
270005 | Ineffable cardinal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ineffable%20cardinal | Ineffable cardinal
Ineffable cardinal
In the mathematics of transfinite numbers, an ineffable cardinal is a certain kind of large cardinal number, introduced by .
A cardinal number formula_1 is called almost ineffable if for every formula_2 (where formula_3 is the powerset of formula_1) with the property that formula_5 is a subset of formula_6 for all ordinals formula_7, there is a subset formula_8 of formula_1 having cardinal formula_1 and homogeneous for formula_11, in the sense that for any formula_12 in formula_8, formula_14.
A cardinal number formula_1 is called ineffable if for every binary-valued function formula_16, there is a stationary subset of formula_1 on which formula_11 is homogeneous: that is, | 23,890 |
270005 | Ineffable cardinal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ineffable%20cardinal | Ineffable cardinal
either formula_11 maps all unordered pairs of elements drawn from that subset to zero, or it maps all such unordered pairs to one.
More generally, formula_1 is called formula_21-ineffable (for a positive integer formula_21) if for every formula_23 there is a stationary subset of formula_1 on which formula_11 is formula_21-homogeneous (takes the same value for all unordered formula_21-tuples drawn from the subset). Thus, it is ineffable if and only if it is 2-ineffable.
A totally ineffable cardinal is a cardinal that is formula_21-ineffable for every formula_29. If formula_1 is formula_31-ineffable, then the set of formula_21-ineffable cardinals below formula_1 is a stationary subset of formula_1.
Every | 23,891 |
270005 | Ineffable cardinal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ineffable%20cardinal | Ineffable cardinal
"n"-ineffable cardinal is "n"-almost ineffable (with set of "n"-almost ineffable below it stationary), and every "n"-almost ineffable is "n"-subtle (with set of "n"-subtle below it stationary). The least "n"-subtle cardinal is not even weakly compact (and unlike ineffable cardinals, the least "n"-almost ineffable is formula_35-describable), but "n"-1-ineffable cardinals are stationary below every "n"-subtle cardinal.
A cardinal κ is completely ineffable iff there is a non-empty formula_36 such that
- every formula_37 is stationary
- for every formula_37 and formula_16, there is formula_40 homogeneous for "f" with formula_41.
Using any finite "n"1 in place of 2 would lead to the same definition, | 23,892 |
270005 | Ineffable cardinal | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ineffable%20cardinal | Ineffable cardinal
36 such that
- every formula_37 is stationary
- for every formula_37 and formula_16, there is formula_40 homogeneous for "f" with formula_41.
Using any finite "n"1 in place of 2 would lead to the same definition, so completely ineffable cardinals are totally ineffable (and have greater consistency strength). Completely ineffable cardinals are formula_42-indescribable for every "n", but the property of being completely ineffable is formula_43.
The consistency strength of completely ineffable is below that of 1-iterable cardinals, which in turn is below remarkable cardinals, which in turn is below ω-Erdős cardinals. A list of large cardinal axioms by consistency strength is available here. | 23,893 |
269992 | Rotary International | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotary%20International | Rotary International
Rotary International
Rotary International is an international service organization whose stated purpose is to bring together business and professional leaders in order to provide humanitarian service and to advance goodwill and peace around the world. It is a non-political and non-religious organization open to all people regardless of race, color, creed, religion, gender, or political preference. There are 35,000+ member clubs worldwide, and 1.2 million individuals, known as Rotarians, have joined.
Rotarians usually gather weekly for breakfast, lunch, or dinner to fulfill their first guiding principle to develop friendships as an opportunity for service. "It is the duty of all Rotarians," | 23,894 |
269992 | Rotary International | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotary%20International | Rotary International
states their "Manual of Procedure," "outside their clubs, to be active as individuals in as many legally constituted groups and organizations as possible to promote, not only in words but through exemplary dedication, awareness of the dignity of all people and the respect of the consequent human rights of the individual." The Rotarian's primary motto is "Service Above Self"; its secondary motto is "They profit most who serve best" (until 2004 it was "One profits most who serves best".)
# Philosophy.
The object of Rotary is to encourage and foster the ideal of service as a basis of worthy enterprise and, in particular, to encourage and foster:
- 1. The development of acquaintance as an opportunity | 23,895 |
269992 | Rotary International | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotary%20International | Rotary International
for service.
- 2. High ethical standards in business and professions, the recognition of the worthiness of all useful occupations, and the dignifying of each Rotarian's occupation as an opportunity to serve society.
- 3. The application of the ideal of service in each Rotarian's personal, business, and community life.
- 4. The advancement of international understanding, goodwill, and peace through a world fellowship of business and professional persons united in the ideal of service.
This objective is set against the "Rotary 4-Way Test", used to see if a planned action is compatible with the Rotarian spirit. The test was developed by Rotarian and entrepreneur Herbert J. Taylor during the | 23,896 |
269992 | Rotary International | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotary%20International | Rotary International
Great Depression as a set of guidelines for restoring faltering businesses and was adopted as the standard of ethics by Rotary in 1942. It is still seen as a standard for ethics in business management. The 4-Way Test considers the following questions in respect to thinking, saying or doing:
- Is it the truth?
- Is it fair to all concerned?
- Will it build goodwill and better friendships?
- Will it be beneficial to all concerned?
# History.
## The first years of the Rotary Club.
The first Rotary Club was formed when attorney Paul P. Harris called together a meeting of three business acquaintances in downtown Chicago, United States, at Harris's friend Gustave Loehr's office in the Unity | 23,897 |
269992 | Rotary International | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotary%20International | Rotary International
Building on Dearborn Street on February 23, 1905. In addition to Harris and Loehr (a mining engineer and freemason), Silvester Schiele (a coal merchant), and Hiram E. Shorey (a tailor) were the other two who attended this first meeting. The members chose the name Rotary because initially they rotated subsequent weekly club meetings to each other's offices, although within a year, the Chicago club became so large it became necessary to adopt the now-common practice of a regular meeting place.
The next four Rotary Clubs were organized in cities in the western United States, beginning with San Francisco, then Oakland, Seattle, and Los Angeles. The National Association of Rotary Clubs in America | 23,898 |
269992 | Rotary International | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotary%20International | Rotary International
was formed in 1910. On November 3, 1910, a Rotary club began meeting in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, the beginning of the organisation's internationality. On 22 February 1911, the first meeting of the Rotary Club Dublin was held in Dublin, Ireland. This was the first club established outside of North America. In April 1912, Rotary chartered the Winnipeg club marking the first establishment of an American-style service club outside the United States. To reflect the addition of a club outside of the United States, the name was changed to the International Association of Rotary Clubs in 1912.
In August 1912, the Rotary Club of London received its charter from the Association, marking the first | 23,899 |
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