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269992 | Rotary International | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotary%20International | Rotary International
acknowledged Rotary club outside North America. It later became known that the Dublin club in Ireland was organized before the London club, but the Dublin club did not receive its charter until after the London club was chartered.
During World War I, Rotary in Britain increased from 9 to 22 clubs, and other early clubs in other nations included those in Cuba in 1916, Philippines in 1919 and India in 1920.
In 1922, the name was changed to Rotary International. From 1923 to 1928, Rotary's office and headquarters were located on E 20th Street (now E Cullerton Street) in the Atwell Building (designed by famed Chicago architect, Alfred S. Alschuler). During this same time, the monthly magazine | 23,900 |
269992 | Rotary International | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotary%20International | Rotary International
"The Rotarian" was published mere floors below by Atwell Printing and Binding Company. By 1925, Rotary had grown to 200 clubs with more than 20,000 members.
## World War II era in Europe.
Rotary Clubs in Spain ceased to operate shortly after the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War.
Clubs were disbanded across Europe as follows:
- Netherlands (1923)
- Finland (1926)
- Austria (1938)
- Italy (1939)
- Czechoslovakia (1940)
- Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Yugoslavia and Luxembourg (1941)
- Hungary (1941/1942)
Rotary International has worked with the UN since the UN started in 1945. At that time Rotary was involved in 65 countries. The two organizations shared ideals around promoting | 23,901 |
269992 | Rotary International | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotary%20International | Rotary International
peace. Rotary received consultative status at the UN in 1946–47.
## From 1945 onward.
Rotary clubs in Eastern Europe and other communist-regime nations were disbanded by 1945–46, but new Rotary clubs were organized in many other countries, and by the time of the national independence movements in Africa and Asia, the new nations already had Rotary clubs. After the relaxation of government control of community groups in Russia and former Soviet satellite nations, Rotarians were welcomed as club organizers, and clubs were formed in those countries, beginning with the Moscow club in 1990.
In 1985, Rotary launched its PolioPlus program to immunize all of the world's children against polio. As | 23,902 |
269992 | Rotary International | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotary%20International | Rotary International
of 2011, Rotary has contributed more than 900 million US dollars to the cause, resulting in the immunization of nearly two billion children worldwide.
, Rotary has more than 1.2 million members in over 32,000 clubs among 200 countries and geographical areas, making it the most widespread by branches and second largest service club by membership, behind Lions Clubs International. The number of Rotarians has slightly declined in recent years: Between 2002 and 2006, they went from 1,245,000 to 1,223,000 members. North America accounts for 450,000 members, Asia for 300,000, Europe for 250,000, Latin America for 100,000, Oceania for 100,000 and Africa for 30,000.
## Rotary International Presidents | 23,903 |
269992 | Rotary International | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotary%20International | Rotary International
2001–present.
- Richard D. King (2001–02)
- Bhichai Rattakul (2002–03)
- Jonathan B. Majiyagbe (2003–04)
- Glenn E. Estess, Sr. (2004–05)
- Carl-Wilhelm Stenhammar (2005–06)
- William Boyd (2006–07)
- Wilfrid J. Wilkinson (2007–08)
- Dong Kurn Lee (2008–09)
- John Kenny (2009–10)
- Ray Klinginsmith (2010–11)
- Kalyan Banerjee (2011–12)
- Sakuji Tanaka (2012–13)
- Ron D. Burton (2013–14)
- Gary C. K. Huang (2014–15)
- K.R. Ravindran (2015–16)
- John F. Germ (2016–17)
- Ian H. S. Riseley (2017–18)
- Barry Rassin (2018–19)
- Mark Daniel Maloney (2019–20)
## Other notable past Presidents.
- Paul P. Harris (1910–12)
- Clinton Presba Anderson (1932–33)
- Herbert J. Taylor (1954–55)
- | 23,904 |
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Nitish Chandra Laharry (1962–63)
- Richard L. Evans (1966–67)
- Luther H. Hodges (1967–68)
- Sir Clem Renouf (1978–79)
- Carlos Canseco (1984–85)
- Royce Abbey (1988–89)
# Organization and administration.
In order to carry out its service programs, Rotary is structured in club, district and international levels. Rotarians are members of their clubs. The clubs are chartered by the global organization Rotary International (RI) headquartered in Evanston, Illinois. For administrative purposes, the more than 32,000 clubs worldwide are grouped into 529 districts, and the districts into 34 zones.
## Club.
The Rotary Club is the basic unit of Rotary activity, and each club determines its own | 23,905 |
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membership. Clubs originally were limited to a single club per city, municipality, or town, but Rotary International has encouraged the formation of one or more additional clubs in the largest cities when practical. Most clubs meet weekly, usually at a mealtime on a weekday in a regular location, when Rotarians can discuss club business and hear from guest speakers. Each club also conducts various service projects within its local community, and participates in special projects involving other clubs in the local district, and occasionally a special project in a "sister club" in another nation. Most clubs also hold social events at least quarterly and in some cases more often.
Each club elects | 23,906 |
269992 | Rotary International | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotary%20International | Rotary International
its own president and officers among its active members for a one-year term. The clubs enjoy considerable autonomy within the framework of the standard constitution and the constitution and bylaws of Rotary International. The governing body of the club is the Club Board (sometimes called Club Council), consisting of the club president (who serves as the Board chairman), a president-elect, club secretary, club treasurer, and several Club Board directors, including the immediate past president and the President Elect. The president usually appoints the directors to serve as chairs of the major club committees, including those responsible for club service, vocational service, community service, | 23,907 |
269992 | Rotary International | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotary%20International | Rotary International
youth service, and international service.
Rotarians may attend any Rotary club around the world at one of their weekly meetings.
## District level.
A district governor, who is an officer of Rotary International and represents the RI board of directors in the field, leads his/her respective Rotary district. Each governor is nominated by the clubs of his/her district, and elected by all the clubs meeting in the annual RI District Convention held each year. The district governor appoints assistant governors from among the Rotarians of the district to assist in the management of Rotary activity and multi-club projects in the district.
## Zone level.
Approximately 15 Rotary districts form a | 23,908 |
269992 | Rotary International | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotary%20International | Rotary International
zone. A zone director, who serves as a member of the RI board of directors, heads two zones. The zone director is nominated by the clubs in the zone and elected by the convention for the terms of two consecutive years.
## Rotary International.
Rotary International is governed by a board of directors composed of the international president, the president-elect, the general secretary, and 17 zone directors. The nomination and the election of each president is handled in the one- to three-year period before he takes office, and is based on requirements including geographical balance among Rotary zones and previous service as a district governor and board member. The international board meets | 23,909 |
269992 | Rotary International | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotary%20International | Rotary International
quarterly to establish policies and make recommendations to the overall governing bodies, the RI Convention and the RI Council on Legislation.
- General Secretary
Rotary International has a general secretary, who also acts as chief operating officer and leads the Rotary Foundation. The current holder of the post is John Hewko.
# Membership.
According to its constitutions ("Charters"), Rotary defines itself as a non-partisan, non-sectarian organization. It is open to business and professional leaders aged 18 and upwards, with no regard to economic status.
One can contact a Rotary club to inquire about membership but can join a Rotary club only if invited; there is no provision to join without | 23,910 |
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an invitation as each prospective Rotarian requires a sponsor who is an existing Rotarian. Some clubs, though not all, have exclusivist membership criteria: reputation and business or professional leadership may be a specific evaluation criterion for issuing invitations to join, and representation from a specific profession or business may be limited to a percentage of a specific club's membership.
## Active membership.
Active membership is by invitation from a current Rotarian, to professionals or businesspersons working in diverse areas of endeavour. Each club may limit up to ten percent of its membership representing each business or profession in the area it serves. The goal of the clubs | 23,911 |
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is to promote service to the community they work in, as well as to the wider world. Many projects are organised for the local community by a single club, but some are organised globally.
## Honorary membership.
Honorary membership is given by election of a Rotary Club to people who have distinguished themselves by meritorious service in the furtherance of Rotary ideals. Honorary membership is conferred only in exceptional cases. Honorary members are exempt from the payment of admission fees and dues. They have no voting privileges and are not eligible to hold any office in their club. Honorary membership is time limited and terminates automatically at the end of the term, usually one year. | 23,912 |
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It may be extended for an additional period or may also be revoked at any time. Examples of honorary members are heads of state or former heads of state, scientists, members of the military, and other famous figures.
## Female membership.
From 1905 until the 1980s, women were not allowed membership in Rotary clubs, although Rotarian spouses, including Paul Harris's wife Jean, were often members of the similar "Inner Wheel" club. Women did play some roles, and Jean Harris made numerous speeches. The author of the biography of Dale Carnegie, Carlos Roberto Bacila, describes that in 1955 when women were not permitted to attend Rotary meetings, the Brooklyn Rotary Club made an exception and finally | 23,913 |
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allowed Marilyn Burke, Carnegie's secretary, accompany him in a lecture inside the Rotary. In 1963, it was noted that the Rotary practice of involving wives in club activities had helped to break down female seclusion in some countries. Clubs such as Rotary had long been predated by women's voluntary organisations, which started in the United States as early as 1790.
The first Irish clubs discussed admitting women as members in 1912, but the proposal foundered over issues of social class. Gender equity in Rotary moved beyond the theoretical question when in 1976, the Rotary Club of Duarte in Duarte, California, admitted three women as members. After the club refused to remove the women from | 23,914 |
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membership, Rotary International revoked the club's charter in 1978. The Duarte club filed suit in the California courts, claiming that Rotary Clubs are business establishments subject to regulation under California's Unruh Civil Rights Act, which bans discrimination based on race, gender, religion or ethnic origin. Rotary International then appealed the decision to the U.S. Supreme Court. The RI attorney argued that "... [the decision] threatens to force us to take in everyone, like a motel". The Duarte Club was not alone in opposing RI leadership; the Seattle-International District club unanimously voted to admit women in 1986. The United States Supreme Court, on 4 May 1987, confirmed the | 23,915 |
269992 | Rotary International | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotary%20International | Rotary International
Californian decision supporting women, in the case "Board of Directors, Rotary International v. Rotary Club of Duarte". Rotary International then removed the gender requirements from its requirements for club charters, and most clubs in most countries have opted to include women as members of Rotary Clubs. The first female club president to be elected was Silvia Whitlock of the Rotary Club of Duarte, California in 1987. By 2007, there was a female trustee of Rotary's charitable wing The Rotary Foundation while female district governors and club presidents were common.
Women currently account for 22% of international Rotary membership. In 2013, Anne L. Matthews, a Rotarian from South Carolina, | 23,916 |
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began her term as the first female vice-president of Rotary International. Also in 2013, Nan McCreadie was appointed as the first female president of Rotary International in Great Britain and Ireland (RIBI). The first woman to join Rotary in Ghana, West Africa was Hilda Danquah (Rotary Club of Cape Coast) in 1992. The first woman president in Ghana was Dr. Naana Agyeman-Mensah in 2001 (Rotary Club of Accra-Airport). Up until 2013, there has been 46 women presidents in the 30 Rotary clubs in Ghana. In 2013, Stella Dongo from Zimbabwe was appointed District Governor for District 9210 (Zimbabwe/Zambia/Malawi/Northern-Mozambique) for the Rotary year 2013–14 making her the first female District Governor | 23,917 |
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in the region. She had previously held the offices of Assistant Governor (2006–08), District Administrator (2008–09) and President of The Rotary Club of Highlands (2005–06). She was also Zimbabwe's Country Coordinator (2009–10). Stella, who is a Master PRLS 5 Graduate has been recognised and awarded various District awards including Most Able President for year 2005–06 and Assistant Governor of the year 2006–07 and a Paul Harris Fellow.
The change of the second Rotarian motto in 2004, from "He profits most who serves best" to "They profit most who serve best", 99 years after its foundation, illustrates the move to general acceptance of women members in Rotary.
## Racial and sexual orientation | 23,918 |
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diversity.
The first Rotary Clubs in Asia were in Manila in the Philippines and Shanghai in China, each in July 1919. Rotary's office in Illinois immediately began encouraging the Rotary Club of Shanghai to recruit Chinese members "believing that when a considerable number of the native business and professional men have been so honoured, the Shanghai Club will begin to realize its period of greatest success." As part of considering the application of a Club to be chartered in Kolkata (then Calcutta), India in January 1920 and Tokyo, Japan in October 1920, Rotary formally considered the issue of racial restriction in membership and determined that the organization could not allow racial restrictions | 23,919 |
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to the organization's growth. In Rotary's legislative deliberations in June 1921, it was formally determined that racial restrictions would not be permitted. Non-racialism was included in the terms of the standard constitution in 1922 and required to be adopted by all member Clubs.
Rotary and other service clubs in the last decade of the 20th century became open to gay members.
# Affiliates.
Rotary Clubs sponsor a number of affiliated clubs that promote the goals of Rotary in their community.
## Inner Wheel Clubs.
Inner Wheel is an international organization founded in 1924 to unite wives and daughters of Rotarians. Inner Wheel Clubs exist in over 103 countries. Like Rotary, Inner Wheel | 23,920 |
269992 | Rotary International | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotary%20International | Rotary International
is divided into local clubs and districts. Female spouses of Rotary members are traditionally called "Rotary Annes".
## Interact.
Interact is Rotary International's service club for young people ages 12 to 18. Interact clubs are sponsored by individual Rotary clubs, which provide support and guidance, but they are self-governing and self-supporting.
Club membership varies greatly. Clubs can be single gender or mixed, large or small. They can draw from the student body of a single school or from two or more schools in the same community.
Each year, Interact clubs complete at least two community service projects, one of which furthers international understanding and goodwill. Through these | 23,921 |
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efforts, Interactors develop a network of friendships with local and overseas clubs and learn the importance of
- Developing leadership skills and personal integrity
- Demonstrating helpfulness and respect for others
- Understanding the value of individual responsibility and hard work
- Advancing international understanding and goodwill
As one of the most significant and fastest-growing programs of Rotary service, with more than 33,000 clubs in more than 200 countries and geographical areas, Interact has become a worldwide phenomenon. Almost 340,000 young people are involved in Interact.
## Rotaract.
Rotaract: a service club for young men and women aged 18 to 30 with around 215,000 members | 23,922 |
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in 9,388 clubs in 176 countries. Rotaract was founded in 1968 by Charlotte North Rotary Club, located in Charlotte, North Carolina. Rotaract clubs are either community or university based, and they are sponsored by a local Rotary club. This makes them true "partners in service" and key members of the family of Rotary. "Rotaract" stands for "Rotary in Action".
## Rotary Community Corps.
The Rotary Community Corps (RCC) is a volunteer organization with an estimated 157,000 non-Rotarian men and women in over 6,800 communities in 78 countries.
# Programs.
Rotary concentrates on six areas: promoting peace, improving health through disease prevention and treatment, improving the health of mothers | 23,923 |
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and children, water and sanitation, education, and economic development.
## RYLA.
RYLA, or Rotary Youth Leadership Awards, is a leadership program for young people aged 14 to 30 across the globe that aims to unite and provide resources for future leaders.
## PolioPlus.
The most notable current global project, PolioPlus, is contributing to the global eradication of polio.
Since beginning the project in 1985, Rotarians have contributed over US$850 million and hundreds of thousands of volunteer-hours, leading to the inoculation of more than two billion of the world's children. Inspired by Rotary's commitment, the World Health Organization (WHO) passed a resolution in 1988 to eradicate polio | 23,924 |
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by 2000. Now a partner in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) with WHO, UNICEF and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Rotary is recognized by the United Nations as the key private partner in the eradication effort.
In 2008, Rotary received a $100 million challenge grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Rotary committed to raising $100 million. In January 2009, Bill Gates announced a second challenge grant of $255 million. Rotary again committed to raising another $100 million. In total, Rotary will raise $200 million by 30 June 2012. Together, the Gates Foundation and Rotary have committed $555 million toward the eradication of polio. At the time of the | 23,925 |
269992 | Rotary International | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotary%20International | Rotary International
second challenge grant, Bill Gates said:
There has been some limited criticism concerning the program for polio eradication. There are some reservations regarding the adaptation capabilities of the virus in some of the oral vaccines, which have been reported to cause infection in populations with low vaccination coverage. As stated by Vaccine Alliance, however, in spite of the limited risk of polio vaccination, it would neither be prudent nor practicable to cease the vaccination program until there is strong evidence that "all wild poliovirus transmission [has been] stopped". In a 2006 speech at the Rotary International Convention, held at the Bella Center in Copenhagen, Bruce Cohick stated | 23,926 |
269992 | Rotary International | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotary%20International | Rotary International
that polio in all its known wild forms would be eliminated by late 2008, provided efforts in Nigeria, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India all proceed with their current momentum. As of October 2012, Nigeria, Afghanistan, and Pakistan still had wild polio, but it had been eliminated in India.
In 2014, polio survivor and Rotarian Ramesh Ferris met with the Dalai Lama to discuss the Global Polio Eradication Initiative. The meeting went viral via a selfie taken by Ferris with the Dalai Lama.
## Exchanges and scholarships.
Some of Rotary's most visible programs include Rotary Youth Exchange, a student exchange program for students in secondary education, and the Rotary Foundation's oldest program, | 23,927 |
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Ambassadorial Scholarships. Today, there are six different types of Rotary Scholarships. More than 38,000 men and women from 100 nations have studied abroad under the auspices of Ambassadorial Scholarship, and today it is the world's largest privately funded international scholarships program. In 2006–07 grants totaling approximately US$15 million were used to award some 800 scholarships to recipients from 69 countries who studied in 64 nations.
The Exchange Students of Rotary Club Munich International publish their experiences on a regular basis on Rotary Youth Exchange with Germany. In July 2009 the Rotary Foundation ended funding for the Cultural and Multi-Year Ambassadorial Scholarships | 23,928 |
269992 | Rotary International | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotary%20International | Rotary International
as well as Rotary Grants for University Teachers.
Rotary Fellowships, paid by the foundation launched in honor of Paul Harris in 1947, specialize in providing graduate fellowships around the world, usually in countries other than their own in order to provide international exposure and experience to the recipient. Recently, a new program was established known as the Rotary peace and Conflict Resolution program which provides funds for two years of graduate study in one of eight universities around the world. Rotary is naming about 75 of these scholars each year. The applications for these scholarships are found on line but each application must be endorsed by a local Rotary Club. Children and | 23,929 |
269992 | Rotary International | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotary%20International | Rotary International
other close relatives of Rotarians are not eligible.
## Rotary Peace Centers.
Starting in 2002, The Rotary Foundation partnered with eight universities around the world to create the Rotary Centers for International Studies in peace and conflict resolution. The universities included International Christian University (Japan), University of Queensland (Australia), "Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris (Sciences Po)" (France), University of Bradford (UK), Universidad del Salvador (Argentina), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US), Duke University (US), and University of California, Berkeley (US) Since then, the Rotary Foundation's Board of Trustees has dropped its association with | 23,930 |
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the Center in France at the Paris Institute of Political Studies, the Center in Argentina at the Universidad del Salvador, and the Center in the US at the University of California. In 2006, a new Rotary Peace Center at Chulalongkorn University (Thailand) began offering a three-month professional development program in peace and conflict studies for mid-level and upper-level professionals. In 2011, the Rotary Peace Center at Uppsala University (Sweden) was established and began offering a two-year master's program in peace and conflict studies.
Up to 100 Rotary Peace Fellows are selected annually to earn either a professional development certificate in peace and conflict studies or a master's | 23,931 |
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degree in a range of disciplines related to peace and security. Each Rotary Peace Center offers a unique curriculum and field-based learning opportunities that examine peace and conflict theory through a variety of different frameworks. The first class graduated in 2004. As with many such university programs in "peace and conflict studies", questions have been raised concerning political bias and controversial grants. The average grant was about $75,000 per fellow for the two-year program and $12,000 per fellow for the three-month certificate program.
## Literacy programs.
Rotary clubs worldwide place a focus on increasing literacy. Such importance has been placed on literacy that Rotary International | 23,932 |
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has created a "Rotary Literacy Month" that takes place during the month of March. Rotary clubs also aim to conduct many literacy events during the week of September 8, which is International Literacy Day. Some Rotary clubs raise funds for schools and other literacy organizations. Many clubs take part in a reading program called "Rotary Readers", in which a Rotary member spends time in a classroom with a designated student, and reads one-on-one with them. Some Rotary clubs participate in book donations, both locally and internationally. As well as participating in book donations and literacy events, there are educational titles written about Rotary Clubs and members, such as "Rotary Clubs Help | 23,933 |
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People", "Carol is a Rotarian" by Rotarian and children's book author Bruce Larkin and "Rhoda's Rescue" by Maine author Barbara Walsh in conjunction with Rotary Club of Waterville, Maine's Rhoda Reads early literacy program.
# Publications.
Rotary International publishes an official monthly magazine named "The Rotarian" in English (first published in 1911 as "The National Rotarian"). From April 1923 to August 1928, "The Rotarian" was managed and printed from the same building - the Atwell Building - as Rotary's office and headquarters; the building was designed for Atwell Printing and Binding Company by famed Chicago architect, Alfred S. Alschuler. Other periodicals are independently produced | 23,934 |
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in more than 20 different major languages and distributed in 130 countries.
# Honours.
- Honorary-Member of the Order of Merit, Portugal (2 February 2005)
# See also.
- List of Rotarians
# Further reading.
- In his 2008 thesis, Brendan Goff notes that this book is "the only complete treatment of service clubs in academic literature".
- Goff's 2008 doctoral dissertation, which departs from Charles's earlier work in its emphasis on the international aspects of Rotary International.
- Lewis, Su Lin, "Rotary International's 'Acid Test': Multi-ethnic Associational Life in 1930s Southeast Asia," "Journal of Global History," 7 (July 2012), 302–34.
- This was a published extract from a 2013 | 23,935 |
269992 | Rotary International | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotary%20International | Rotary International
ary-Member of the Order of Merit, Portugal (2 February 2005)
# See also.
- List of Rotarians
# Further reading.
- In his 2008 thesis, Brendan Goff notes that this book is "the only complete treatment of service clubs in academic literature".
- Goff's 2008 doctoral dissertation, which departs from Charles's earlier work in its emphasis on the international aspects of Rotary International.
- Lewis, Su Lin, "Rotary International's 'Acid Test': Multi-ethnic Associational Life in 1930s Southeast Asia," "Journal of Global History," 7 (July 2012), 302–34.
- This was a published extract from a 2013 Masters dissertation in Peace and Conflict studies from Makerere University in Kampala, Uganda. | 23,936 |
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John Walters (broadcaster)
John Walters (11 July 1939 – 30 July 2001) was a British radio producer, presenter and musician. Initially a schoolteacher and a jazz enthusiast, he played trumpet in The Mighty Joe Young Jazz Men and the 1960s pop group The Alan Price Set before joining BBC Radio 1 in 1967, where he was John Peel's producer from 1969 to 1991.
# Biography.
Walters was born in Long Eaton, near Nottingham. He read fine arts at Durham University, where he worked under Victor Pasmore and as a student had his paintings exhibited alongside the works of David Hockney. He then taught at a comprehensive in Kenton, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, wrote a jazz column for the "Newcastle Journal", gave | 23,937 |
270004 | John Walters (broadcaster) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Walters%20(broadcaster) | John Walters (broadcaster)
evening classes in jazz history, played the trumpet with local bands and met Alan Price, then organist with the Animals. When Price quit to form his own group, Walters was recruited. He featured on five of the Alan Price Set's British hits, and played the Albert Hall and the Paris Olympia.
Walters joined the fledgling BBC Radio 1 in 1967 as a staff producer. He soon linked up with DJ John Peel and became his producer, starting in 1969. As a producer for Peel, he turned down the Sex Pistols for a "Peel session" when, drawing on his experience as a schoolteacher, he said Johnny Rotten "didn't look like the kind of boy you would trust to give out the scissors". He reportedly regretted this decision | 23,938 |
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later, but was responsible for getting The Smiths their first session after witnessing an early concert. He was also responsible for The Fall's first session, a group which would later become Peel's favourite. Walters and Peel became close friends, with Walters being Peel's best man when he married his wife Sheila, and Peel requesting Walters play Roy Harper's "When an Old Cricketer Leaves the Crease" as his on-air memorial song if Peel were to pass before Walters.
Walters also produced Vivian Stanshall's first foray into radio, both by overseeing Stanshall's "Rawlinson End Radio Flashes" when Stanshall stood in for a vacationing John Peel, and Stanshall's "Sir Henry at Rawlinson End". He presented | 23,939 |
270004 | John Walters (broadcaster) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%20Walters%20(broadcaster) | John Walters (broadcaster)
.
Walters also produced Vivian Stanshall's first foray into radio, both by overseeing Stanshall's "Rawlinson End Radio Flashes" when Stanshall stood in for a vacationing John Peel, and Stanshall's "Sir Henry at Rawlinson End". He presented the long-running Radio 1 arts magazine "Walters' Weekly", as well as "Loose Ends" and "Idle thoughts", and was heard reviewing the music papers on the Janice Long show in the 1980s. In the 1990s, he was a reporter on the BBC's current affairs magazine "Here and Now".
Walters died suddenly on 30 July 2001, from a heart attack, at the age of 62. He was survived by his wife, Helen.
# External links.
- John Peel's first show after the death of John Walters | 23,940 |
270041 | Prony equation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prony%20equation | Prony equation
Prony equation
The Prony equation (named after Gaspard de Prony) is a historically important equation in hydraulics, used to calculate the head loss due to friction within a given run of pipe. It is an empirical equation developed by Frenchman Gaspard de Prony in the 19th century:
where "h" is the head loss due to friction, calculated from: the ratio of the length to diameter of the pipe "L/D", the velocity of the flow "V", and two empirical factors "a" and "b" to account for friction.
This equation has been supplanted in modern hydraulics by the Darcy–Weisbach equation, which used it as a starting point.
# References.
- . The Prony equation and its replacement by the Darcy–Weisbach equation | 23,941 |
270041 | Prony equation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prony%20equation | Prony equation
ny equation (named after Gaspard de Prony) is a historically important equation in hydraulics, used to calculate the head loss due to friction within a given run of pipe. It is an empirical equation developed by Frenchman Gaspard de Prony in the 19th century:
where "h" is the head loss due to friction, calculated from: the ratio of the length to diameter of the pipe "L/D", the velocity of the flow "V", and two empirical factors "a" and "b" to account for friction.
This equation has been supplanted in modern hydraulics by the Darcy–Weisbach equation, which used it as a starting point.
# References.
- . The Prony equation and its replacement by the Darcy–Weisbach equation are on pp. 11–12. | 23,942 |
270040 | Francesco Maria Guazzo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francesco%20Maria%20Guazzo | Francesco Maria Guazzo
Francesco Maria Guazzo
Francesco Maria Guazzo, aka Guaccio, aka Guaccius (1570–16??) was an Italian priest. Is most well known for the writing the "Compendium Maleficarum" (Book of Witches).
He was a member of one of the oldest of the Catholic Ambrosian orders. These religious brotherhoods had appeared at various times since the 14th Century in and around the city of Milan and were quite plentiful, but the only one to attain more than simply local importance was the ‘"Fratres Sancti Ambrosii ad Nemus"’ sometimes known as 'The Brethren of the Grove'.
Before 1441 there were various monasteries that were canonically recognized under the name ‘Fratres Sancti Ambrosii ad Nemus’ but there was little | 23,943 |
270040 | Francesco Maria Guazzo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francesco%20Maria%20Guazzo | Francesco Maria Guazzo
link between them. However, in 1441 Pope Eugene IV merged them into one congregation called ‘Congregatio Sancti Ambrosii ad Nemus’ of which Francesco Maria Guazzo was a member under the papacy of Pope Sixtus V and Pope Paul V.
Guazzo had firsthand experience of the practice and profession of witchcraft and bewitchment and was widely travelled and highly regarded in the field of possessions and demonology and the cures thereof.
During his life he is credited with performing several exorcisms including to members of several ducal and princely families, notably the bewitched Cardinal Charles of Lorraine and his relative, Eric, Bishop of Verdun.
On another occasion Guazzo was called to Düsseldorf | 23,944 |
270040 | Francesco Maria Guazzo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francesco%20Maria%20Guazzo | Francesco Maria Guazzo
in order to exorcise the mad John William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg (1562–1609). Guazzo first diagnosed possession, but after five months of unsuccessful attempts at spiritual healing and in the summer of 1604, the diagnosis was changed to bewitchment as the cause of the poor Duke’s mental illness. Guazzo had been sent to Düsseldorf by Duke Charles III of Lorraine (a family with which he had a long running association, having exorcised the Cardinal, Charles of Lorraine) on behalf of his daughter Antoinette (1569–1610), Duke Johann Wilhelm’s wife.
It was these direct experiences that inspired Guazzo to write his "Compendium Maleficarum" which was published in 1608 and was widely regarded among | 23,945 |
270040 | Francesco Maria Guazzo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francesco%20Maria%20Guazzo | Francesco Maria Guazzo
his contemporaries as the authoritative manuscript on Witchcraft. Within his text, Guazzo discusses witches’ pacts with the devil, detailed descriptions of witches’ powers and poisons and also prepared his classification of the demons based on a previous work by Michael Psellus.
In this work, Guazzo was greatly influenced by Duke Charles III of Lorraine’s leading lawyer and demonologist, Nicholas Remy (Remy produced one of the most important early works on demonology and witchcraft in 1595, "Daemonolatreiae libri tres", and claimed to have sentenced to death over 900 people during witch trials between 1582–1592).
# Major works.
- "Compendium Maleficarum" (1628; new edition London 1929, republished | 23,946 |
270040 | Francesco Maria Guazzo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francesco%20Maria%20Guazzo | Francesco Maria Guazzo
lished 2004 by Book Tree), limited preview online
# Bibliography.
- Guazzo, Francesco Maria; "Compendium Maleficarum"; 1608
- Behringer, Wolfgang; "Witches & Witchhunts. A Global History" (Themes in History)); Polity; 2004
- Lindemann, Mary;" Medicine & Society in Early Modern Europe"; Cambridge University Press; 2010 (2nd edition);
- Samuel Macauley Jackson, Schaff-Herzog, Lefferts Augustine Loetscher; "The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge", Volume 1; Baker Book House; 1984
# See also.
- "Daemonolatreiae libri tres"
- Guazzo's classification of demons
- Witchcraft and children
# External links.
- "Compendium Maleficarum", complete original Latin source online | 23,947 |
270053 | Timeline of aviation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline%20of%20aviation | Timeline of aviation
Timeline of aviation
This is a timeline of aviation history, and a list of more detailed aviation timelines. The text in the diagram are clickable links to articles.
# Timeline.
- Timeline of aviation before the 18th century
- Timeline of aviation – 18th century
- Timeline of aviation – 19th century
- Timeline of aviation – 20th century
## By decade.
- 1900s: 1900 – 1901 – 1902 – 1903 – 1904 – 1905 – 1906 – 1907 – 1908 – 1909
- 1910s: 1910 – 1911 – 1912 – 1913 – 1914 – 1915 – 1916 – 1917 – 1918 – 1919
- 1920s: 1920 – 1921 – 1922 – 1923 – 1924 – 1925 – 1926 – 1927 – 1928 – 1929
- 1930s: 1930 – 1931 – 1932 – 1933 – 1934 – 1935 – 1936 – 1937 – 1938 – 1939
- 1940s: 1940 – 1941 – 1942 | 23,948 |
270053 | Timeline of aviation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline%20of%20aviation | Timeline of aviation
– 1943 – 1944 – 1945 – 1946 – 1947 – 1948 – 1949
- 1950s: 1950 – 1951 – 1952 – 1953 – 1954 – 1955 – 1956 – 1957 – 1958 – 1959
- 1960s: 1960 – 1961 – 1962 – 1963 – 1964 – 1965 – 1966 – 1967 – 1968 – 1969
- 1970s: 1970 – 1971 – 1972 – 1973 – 1974 – 1975 – 1976 – 1977 – 1978 – 1979
- 1980s: 1980 – 1981 – 1982 – 1983 – 1984 – 1985 – 1986 – 1987 – 1988 – 1989
- 1990s: 1990 – 1991 – 1992 – 1993 – 1994 – 1995 – 1996 – 1997 – 1998 – 1999
- 2000s: 2000 – 2001 – 2002 – 2003 – 2004 – 2005 – 2006 – 2007 – 2008 – 2009
- 2010s: 2010 – 2011 – 2012 – 2013 – 2014 – 2015 – 2016 – 2017 – 2018 – 2019
# See also.
- Aircraft records
- Aviation accidents and incidents
- Aviation archaeology
- Early flying | 23,949 |
270053 | Timeline of aviation | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline%20of%20aviation | Timeline of aviation
– 1955 – 1956 – 1957 – 1958 – 1959
- 1960s: 1960 – 1961 – 1962 – 1963 – 1964 – 1965 – 1966 – 1967 – 1968 – 1969
- 1970s: 1970 – 1971 – 1972 – 1973 – 1974 – 1975 – 1976 – 1977 – 1978 – 1979
- 1980s: 1980 – 1981 – 1982 – 1983 – 1984 – 1985 – 1986 – 1987 – 1988 – 1989
- 1990s: 1990 – 1991 – 1992 – 1993 – 1994 – 1995 – 1996 – 1997 – 1998 – 1999
- 2000s: 2000 – 2001 – 2002 – 2003 – 2004 – 2005 – 2006 – 2007 – 2008 – 2009
- 2010s: 2010 – 2011 – 2012 – 2013 – 2014 – 2015 – 2016 – 2017 – 2018 – 2019
# See also.
- Aircraft records
- Aviation accidents and incidents
- Aviation archaeology
- Early flying machines
- History of aviation
- List of firsts in aviation
- Timeline of spaceflight | 23,950 |
270015 | Stuttgart Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stuttgart%20Airport | Stuttgart Airport
Stuttgart Airport
Stuttgart Airport (German: "Flughafen Stuttgart", formerly "Flughafen Stuttgart-Echterdingen") is the international airport of Stuttgart, the capital of the German state of Baden-Württemberg. It is christened in honor of Stuttgart's former mayor, Manfred Rommel, and is the sixth busiest airport in Germany with 10.5 million passengers having passed through its doors in 2015. The airport is an important hub for Eurowings and features flights to several European cities and leisure destinations, as well as a long-haul service to Atlanta.
The airport is located approximately ( in a straight line) south of Stuttgart and lies on the boundary between the nearby town of Leinfelden-Echterdingen, | 23,951 |
270015 | Stuttgart Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stuttgart%20Airport | Stuttgart Airport
Filderstadt and Stuttgart itself. In 2007, the Stuttgart Trade Fair – the ninth biggest exhibition centre in Germany – moved to grounds directly next to the airport. Additionally, the global headquarters for car parking company APCOA Parking are located here.
# History.
## First years and World War II.
The airport was built in 1939 to replace Böblingen Airport. In 1945, the United States Army took over the airport until returning it to German authorities in 1948.
For the duration of the Cold War the runway and facilities were shared with the United States Army who operated helicopters, the Grumman OV-1 Mohawk and other fixed wing aircraft as Echterdingen Army Airfield on the southern portion | 23,952 |
270015 | Stuttgart Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stuttgart%20Airport | Stuttgart Airport
of the airfield. Some of the units operating at Echterdingen were headquartered at nearby Nellingen Kaserne- now closed and redeveloped. In 1984-5, the 223rd Aviation Battalion (Combat) of the 11th Aviation Group (Combat) was headquartered at Echterdingen, with three aviation companies assigned (one at Schwäbisch Hall). The U.S. Army still maintains a small helicopter base - Stuttgart Army Airfield - on the southern side of the airport, which it shares with the Baden-Württemberg State Police helicopter wing. The police helicopter wing falls under the control of Stuttgart Police Department and has six modern helicopters based at Stuttgart and two in Söllingen.
## Later development.
The airport | 23,953 |
270015 | Stuttgart Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stuttgart%20Airport | Stuttgart Airport
was expanded after World War II. The runway was extended to in 1948, then to in 1961 and finally to in 1996.
The original 1938 terminal was finally replaced in 2004 and there are now four terminals with a maximum capacity of approximately 12 million passengers.
Politicians, town planners and nearby residents have been arguing for years about the construction of a second runway. However, on 25 June 2008 Minister-President Günther Oettinger announced that for the next 8–12 years no second runway will be built and that the restrictions for night operations stay in place.
After the death of former mayor Manfred Rommel in November 2013 local politicians proposed to rename the airport after him. | 23,954 |
270015 | Stuttgart Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stuttgart%20Airport | Stuttgart Airport
This proposal caused public disputes as he was the son of Erwin Rommel but also highly respected for his work on intercultural affairs. In July 2014 it has been announced that the airport will be named "Flughafen Stuttgart - Manfred Rommel Flughafen" from now on. In September 2016, the airport unveiled new branding and corporate design, changing its official name from "Flughafen Stuttgart" to "Stuttgart Airport".
In September 2014, United Airlines cancelled their route to Stuttgart from Newark due to insufficient demand leaving Stuttgart Airport with only one remaining long-haul connection to Atlanta provided by Delta Air Lines.
In October 2014, easyJet announced they would serve Stuttgart | 23,955 |
270015 | Stuttgart Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stuttgart%20Airport | Stuttgart Airport
as their seventh German destination by March 2015. In December 2014, Ryanair also announced added Stuttgart six weekly flights to Manchester from April 2015.
Air Berlin announced the start of a service to Abu Dhabi from December 2014. On 31 May 2016, Air Berlin ceased its flights to Abu Dhabi. In October 2016, Air Berlin announced it would close its maintenance facilities at the airport due to cost cutting and restructuring measures.
# Terminals.
Stuttgart Airport consists of four passenger terminals which have separate check-in facilities and entrances but are directly connected to each other and share a single airside area which features eight Jet bridges as well as about two dozen bus-boarding | 23,956 |
270015 | Stuttgart Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stuttgart%20Airport | Stuttgart Airport
stands.
- Terminal 1 is the first of two landside main halls and features together with its addition Terminal 1-West 50 check-in counters. It shares the roof with Terminals 2 and 3 and is mainly used by Eurowings and Lufthansa.
- Terminal 2 is a small area featuring nine check-in counters and a security checkpoint. It is located within the shopping area between the main halls of Terminals 1 and 3. It is used by Eurowings in addition to their counters in Terminal 1.
- Terminal 3 is the second of the two landside main halls east of Terminal 1 and 2 and features 39 additional check-in counters. It is used by TUIfly and KLM among several other airlines.
- Terminal 4 is, unlike the other three | 23,957 |
270015 | Stuttgart Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stuttgart%20Airport | Stuttgart Airport
terminals, a separate and very basic equipped building to the east of Terminals 1 to 3 but also connected to them by a walk way. It features 17 more check-in counters as well as several bus-boarding gates and is used mostly for holiday charter operations. In March 2018, the airport administration announced that Terminal 4 will be entirely rebuilt and expanded in the coming years.
# Airlines and destinations.
## Passenger.
The following airlines offer regular scheduled and charter flights at Stuttgart Airport:
# Ground transportation.
## Car.
There are two major highways: Just north of the airport runs the Bundesautobahn 8 (A8), which connects the cities of Karlsruhe and Stuttgart to Ulm, | 23,958 |
270015 | Stuttgart Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stuttgart%20Airport | Stuttgart Airport
Augsburg and Munich. The Bundesstraße 27 (B27) leads to downtown Stuttgart, as well as to Tübingen and Reutlingen in the South.
## Coach.
From the regional cities of Esslingen am Neckar, Reutlingen, Tübingen and Kirchheim exists a connection by coach. Additionally, German long-distance coach operators "DeinBus" and Flixbus maintain their stop for Stuttgart on the airport grounds with direct connections to several major cities.
## Suburban railway.
Stuttgart Airport can be easily reached within 30 minutes from the city's main railway station using the Stuttgart suburban railway S2 or S3 from Stuttgart Flughafen/Messe station.
## Future long-distance railway.
It is planned to connect the | 23,959 |
270015 | Stuttgart Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stuttgart%20Airport | Stuttgart Airport
airport with the future Stuttgart - Ulm high-speed railway line currently under construction as part of the major Stuttgart 21 railway redevelopment program. Therefore, a new long-distance train station will be built on the airport's grounds near the existing suburban railway station. The new station, which will be served by "ICE" high-speed trains will be connected to the new line by an underground loop track. The Stuttgart-Ulm line is scheduled to be opened in 2020 while the new airport connection is planned to be inaugurated in 2022.
# Accidents and incidents.
- On 19 January 2010, Bin Air Swearingen SA-227-C Metro D-CKPP was damaged when the right main undercarriage collapsed on landing.
# | 23,960 |
270015 | Stuttgart Airport | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stuttgart%20Airport | Stuttgart Airport
ent program. Therefore, a new long-distance train station will be built on the airport's grounds near the existing suburban railway station. The new station, which will be served by "ICE" high-speed trains will be connected to the new line by an underground loop track. The Stuttgart-Ulm line is scheduled to be opened in 2020 while the new airport connection is planned to be inaugurated in 2022.
# Accidents and incidents.
- On 19 January 2010, Bin Air Swearingen SA-227-C Metro D-CKPP was damaged when the right main undercarriage collapsed on landing.
# See also.
- Transport in Germany
- List of airports in Germany
# External links.
- Official website
- Historical U.S. Army information | 23,961 |
270045 | Empirical relationship | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empirical%20relationship | Empirical relationship
Empirical relationship
In science, an empirical relationship or phenomenological relationship is a relationship or correlation that is supported by experiment and observation but not necessarily supported by theory.
# Analytical solutions without a theory.
An empirical relationship is supported by confirmatory data irrespective of theoretical basis such as first principles. Sometimes theoretical explanations for what were initially empirical relationships are found, in which case the relationships are no longer considered empirical. An example was the Rydberg formula to predict the wavelengths of hydrogen spectral lines. Proposed in 1876, it perfectly predicted the wavelengths of the Lyman | 23,962 |
270045 | Empirical relationship | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empirical%20relationship | Empirical relationship
series, but lacked a theoretical basis until Niels Bohr produced his Bohr model of the atom in 1925.
On occasion, what was thought to be an empirical factor is later deemed to be a fundamental physical constant.
# Approximations.
Some empirical relationships are merely approximations, often equivalent to the first few terms of the Taylor series of the analytical solution describing the phenomenon. Other relationships only hold under certain specific conditions, reducing them to special cases of more general relationship. Some approximations, in particular phenomenological models, may even contradict theory; they are employed because they are more mathematically tractable than some theories, | 23,963 |
270045 | Empirical relationship | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empirical%20relationship | Empirical relationship
1925.
On occasion, what was thought to be an empirical factor is later deemed to be a fundamental physical constant.
# Approximations.
Some empirical relationships are merely approximations, often equivalent to the first few terms of the Taylor series of the analytical solution describing the phenomenon. Other relationships only hold under certain specific conditions, reducing them to special cases of more general relationship. Some approximations, in particular phenomenological models, may even contradict theory; they are employed because they are more mathematically tractable than some theories, and are able to yield results.
# See also.
- Empiricism
- Heuristic argument
- Power law | 23,964 |
270049 | Jacques Collin de Plancy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacques%20Collin%20de%20Plancy | Jacques Collin de Plancy
Jacques Collin de Plancy
Jacques Albin Simon Collin de Plancy (28 January 1793 in Plancy-l'Abbaye – 1881 in Paris) was a French occultist, demonologist and writer; he published several works on occultism and demonology.
# Biography.
He was born Jacques Albin Simon Collin on 28 (in some sources 30) January 1793 in Plancy (presently Plancy-l'Abbaye) son of Edme-Aubin Collin and Marie-Anne Danton, sister of Georges-Jacques Danton who was executed the year after Jacques was born. He later added the aristocratic "de Plancy" himself – an addition which would later cause accusations against his son in his career as a diplomat. He was a free-thinker influenced by Voltaire. He worked as a printer and | 23,965 |
270049 | Jacques Collin de Plancy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacques%20Collin%20de%20Plancy | Jacques Collin de Plancy
publisher in Plancy-l'Abbaye and Paris. Between 1830 and 1837, he resided in Brussels, and then in the Netherlands, before he returned to France after having converted to the Catholic religion.
Collin de Plancy followed the tradition of many previous demonologists of cataloguing demons by name and title of nobility, as it happened with grimoires like "Pseudomonarchia Daemonum", and "The Lesser Key of Solomon" among others. In 1818 his best known work, "Dictionnaire Infernal", was published. In 1863 were added some images that made it famous: imaginative drawings concerning the appearance of certain demons. In 1822 it was advertised as:
It is considered a major work documenting beings, characters, | 23,966 |
270049 | Jacques Collin de Plancy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacques%20Collin%20de%20Plancy | Jacques Collin de Plancy
books, deeds and causes which pertain to the manifestations and magic of trafficking with Hell; divinations, occult sciences, grimoires, marvels, errors, prejudices, traditions, folktales, the various superstitions, and generally all manner of marvellous, surprising, mysterious, and supernatural beliefs.
By the end of 1830 he ostensibly became an enthusiastic Catholic, much to the confusion of his former admirers and detractors. In 1846, he published a two-volume work entitled "Dictionnaire Sciences Occultes et des Idées superstitieuses", another listing of demons. The set cost 16 francs.
Jacques Collin de Plancy was the father of Victor Collin de Plancy (1853–1924), who, for nearly a decade, | 23,967 |
270049 | Jacques Collin de Plancy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacques%20Collin%20de%20Plancy | Jacques Collin de Plancy
starting in 1884, served as French Minister to Korea and whose collected art works and books became part of the core of the Korean collections of the French Bibliothèque Nationale and the Musée Guimet in Paris.
# External links.
- Dictionnaire infernal: ou Répertoire universel des êtres, des personnages, 1853 at Google Books, PDF download available
- Réalité de la magie et des apparitions: ou, Contre-poison du Dictionnaire, 1819 at Google Books, PDF download available
- Dictionnaire infernal, ou, Recherches et anecdotes, sur les démons, les, 1818 at Google Books, PDF download available
- Dictionnaire infernal, ou Recherches et anecdotes sur les démons, 1844 at Google Books, PDF download | 23,968 |
270049 | Jacques Collin de Plancy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacques%20Collin%20de%20Plancy | Jacques Collin de Plancy
ections of the French Bibliothèque Nationale and the Musée Guimet in Paris.
# External links.
- Dictionnaire infernal: ou Répertoire universel des êtres, des personnages, 1853 at Google Books, PDF download available
- Réalité de la magie et des apparitions: ou, Contre-poison du Dictionnaire, 1819 at Google Books, PDF download available
- Dictionnaire infernal, ou, Recherches et anecdotes, sur les démons, les, 1818 at Google Books, PDF download available
- Dictionnaire infernal, ou Recherches et anecdotes sur les démons, 1844 at Google Books, PDF download available
- Dictionnaire des sciences occultes: ou, Répertoire universel des êtres, des, 1848 at Google Books, PDF download available | 23,969 |
270058 | Henry Darcy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry%20Darcy | Henry Darcy
Henry Darcy
Henry Philibert Gaspard Darcy (, 10 June 1803 – 3 January 1858) was a French engineer who made several important contributions to hydraulics including Darcy’s law for flow in porous media.
# Early life.
Darcy was born in Dijon, France. Despite his father's death in 1817 when he was 14, his mother was able to borrow money to pay for his tutors. In 1821 he enrolled at the "École Polytechnique" (Polytechnic School) in Paris, and transferred two years later to the School of Bridges and Roads, which led to employment in the Corps of Bridges and Roads.
Henry met an English woman, Henriette Carey, whose family had been living in Dijon, and married her in 1828.
# Engineering career.
As | 23,970 |
270058 | Henry Darcy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry%20Darcy | Henry Darcy
a member of the Corps, he built an impressive pressurized water distribution system in Dijon following the failure of attempts to supply adequate fresh water by drilling wells. The system carried water from Rosoir Spring away through a covered aqueduct (watercourse) to reservoirs near the city, which then fed into a network of 28,000 meters of pressurized pipes delivering water to much of the city. The system was fully closed and driven by gravity, and thus required no pumps with just sand acting as a filter. He was also involved in many other public works in and around Dijon, as well as in the politics of the Dijon city government.
During this period he modified the Prony equation for calculating | 23,971 |
270058 | Henry Darcy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry%20Darcy | Henry Darcy
head loss due to friction, which after further modification by Julius Weisbach would become the well-known Darcy–Weisbach equation still in use today.
In 1848 he became Chief Engineer for the "département" of which Dijon is the capital. Soon thereafter he left Dijon due to political pressure, but was promoted to Chief Director for Water and Pavements and took up office in Paris. While in that position, he was able to focus more on his hydraulics research, especially on flow and friction losses in pipes. During this period he improved the design of the Pitot tube, into essentially the form used today.
He resigned his post in 1855 due to poor health, but was permitted to continue his research | 23,972 |
270058 | Henry Darcy | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry%20Darcy | Henry Darcy
itted to continue his research in Dijon. In 1855 and 1856 he conducted column experiments that established what has become known as Darcy's law; initially developed to describe flow through sands, it has since been generalized to a variety of situations and is in widespread use today. The unit of measure of fluid permeability, the darcy is named in his honour.
Darcy died of pneumonia while on a trip to Paris in 1858, and is buried in Cimetière de Dijon (formerly known as Péjoces) in Dijon.
# See also.
- Hydrogeology
# References.
- gives a great deal of biographical detail for Darcy, including his publications, along with a detailed and informed discussion of the history of Darcy's law. | 23,973 |
270044 | Shedim | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shedim | Shedim
Shedim
Shedim () are spirits or demons in early Jewish mythology. However, they are not necessarily equivalent to the modern connotation of demons as evil entities. Evil spirits were thought as the cause of maladies; conceptual differing from the shedim, who are not evil demigods, but the foreign gods themselves. Shedim are just evil in the sense that they are "not God".
They appear only twice (always plural) in the Tanakh, at Psalm 106:37 and Deuteronomy 32:17 both times, it deals with child or animal sacrifices. Although the word is traditionally derived from the root ( "shûd") that conveys the meaning of "acting with violence" or "laying waste" it was possibly a loan-word from Akkadian in | 23,974 |
270044 | Shedim | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shedim | Shedim
which the word shedu referred to a protective, benevolent spirit. The word may also derive from the "Sedim, Assyrian guard spirits" as referenced according to lore "Azazel slept with Naamah and spawned Assyrian guard spirits known as sedim". With the translation of Hebew texts into Greek, under influence of Zorastrian dualism, "shedim" were translated into "daimonia" with implicit negativity. Otherwise, later in Judeo-Islamic culture, "shedim" became the Hebrew word for "Jinn" with a morally ambivalent attitude.
# Folklore and Kabbalah.
## Origin of Shedim.
According to one legend, the "shedim" are descendants of serpents, or of demons in the form of serpents, alluding to the serpent in Eden | 23,975 |
270044 | Shedim | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shedim | Shedim
as related in Genesis. To others they are descendants of Adam and Lilith. Another legend said that God had started making them, intending for them to be humans, but did not complete their creation because He was resting during the Sabbath. Even after the Sabbath, He left them how they were to show that when the Sabbath comes, all work must be viewed as complete.
## Traits.
"Shedim" are said to have had the feet and claws of a rooster and share some characteristics both of humans and angels. Like angels, they know the future and have wings, but like humans they eat, drink, procreate and die. They can also cause sickness and misfortune.
Supposedly, sinful people sacrificed their daughters to | 23,976 |
270044 | Shedim | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shedim | Shedim
the shedim, but it is unclear if the sacrifice consisted in the murdering of the victims or in the sexual satisfaction of the demons. To see if the shedim were present in some place, ashes were thrown to the ground or floor, and then their footsteps became visible.
The "shedim" are supposed to follow the dead or fly around graves.
There are many things that one is admonished not to do in order to avoid invoking "shedim", such as whistling or even saying the word "shedim". Judah ben Samuel of Regensburg wrote in his will and testament that one should not seal up windows completely because it traps "shedim" in the house.
The shedim are not always seen as malicious creatures and are also considered | 23,977 |
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to be helpful to humans. They are said to be even able to live according to the Torah, like Asmodeus.
# See also.
- Se'irim
# Further reading.
- Ben-Amos, Dan. "On Demons." In "Creation and Re-creation in Jewish Thought: Festschrift in Honor of Joseph Dan on the Occasion of His Seventieth Birthday". Mohr Siebeck, 2005, pp. 27–38, limited preview online.
- Charles, R.H. "The Apocalypse of Baruch, Translated from the Syriac". Originally published 1896, Book Tree edition 2006 online.
- Charles, R.H. "The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament", vol. 2: Pseudepigrapha. Originally published 1913, Apocryphile Press Edition 2004, p. 485 online and p. 497.
- Chajes, Jeffrey Howard. | 23,978 |
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"Between Worlds: Dybbuks, Exorcists, and Early Modern Judaism". University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003, pp. 11–13 online.
- Goldish, Matt. "Spirit Possession in Judaism". Wayne State University Press, 2003, p. 356 online.
- Heiser, Michael S. 2015. "The Unseen Realm: Recovering the Supernatural Worldview of the Bible".
- Koén-Sarano, Matilda. "King Solomon and the Golden Fish: Tales from the Sephardic Tradition". Translated by Reginetta Haboucha. Wayne State University Press, 2004. Limited preview online.
- Plaut, W. Gunther. "The Torah: A Modern Commentary". Union for Reform Judaism, 2005, p. 1403 online.
- Walton, John H., and J. Harvey Walton. 2019. "Demons and Spirits in Biblical Theology: | 23,979 |
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ty of Pennsylvania Press, 2003, pp. 11–13 online.
- Goldish, Matt. "Spirit Possession in Judaism". Wayne State University Press, 2003, p. 356 online.
- Heiser, Michael S. 2015. "The Unseen Realm: Recovering the Supernatural Worldview of the Bible".
- Koén-Sarano, Matilda. "King Solomon and the Golden Fish: Tales from the Sephardic Tradition". Translated by Reginetta Haboucha. Wayne State University Press, 2004. Limited preview online.
- Plaut, W. Gunther. "The Torah: A Modern Commentary". Union for Reform Judaism, 2005, p. 1403 online.
- Walton, John H., and J. Harvey Walton. 2019. "Demons and Spirits in Biblical Theology: Reading the Biblical Text in its Cultural and Literary Context". | 23,980 |
270014 | Corpus callosum | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corpus%20callosum | Corpus callosum
Corpus callosum
The corpus callosum (Latin for "tough body"), also callosal commissure, is a wide, thick nerve tract consisting of a flat bundle of commissural fibers, beneath the cerebral cortex in the brain. The corpus callosum is only found in placental mammals. It spans part of the longitudinal fissure, connecting the left and right cerebral hemispheres, enabling communication between them. It is the largest white matter structure in the human brain, about ten centimetres in length and consisting of 200–300 million axonal projections.
A number of separate nerve tracts, classed as subregions of the corpus callosum, connect different parts of the hemispheres. The main ones are known as the | 23,981 |
270014 | Corpus callosum | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corpus%20callosum | Corpus callosum
genu, the rostrum, the trunk or body, and the splenium.
# Structure.
The corpus callosum forms the floor of the longitudinal fissure that separates the two cerebral hemispheres. It also forms part of the roof of the lateral ventricles.
The corpus callosum has four main parts; individual nerve tracts that connect different parts of the hemispheres. These are the rostrum, the genu, the trunk or body, and the splenium. A narrowed part between the trunk and the splenium is known as the isthmus.
The front part of the corpus callosum, towards the frontal lobes is called the genu ("knee"). The genu curves downward and backward in front of the septum pellucidum, diminishing greatly in thickness. | 23,982 |
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The lower much thinner part is the rostrum and is connected below with the lamina terminalis, which stretches from the interventricular foramina to the recess at the base of the optic stalk. The rostrum is named for its resemblance to a bird's beak.
The end part of the corpus callosum, towards the cerebellum, is called the splenium. This is the thickest part, and overlaps the tela choroidea of the third ventricle and the midbrain, and ends in a thick, convex, free border. Splenium translates as "bandage" in Greek.
The trunk of the corpus callosum lies between the splenium and the genu.
The callosal sulcus separates the corpus callosum from the cingulate gyrus.
## Relations.
On either side | 23,983 |
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of the corpus callosum, the fibers radiate in the white matter and pass to the various parts of the cerebral cortex; those curving forward from the genu into the frontal lobes constitute the "forceps minor" (also "forceps anterior") and those curving backward from the splenium into the occipital lobes, the "forceps major" (also "forceps posterior"). Between these two parts is the main body of the fibers which constitute the tapetum and extend laterally on either side into the temporal lobe, and cover in the central part of the lateral ventricle. The tapetum and anterior commissure share the function of connecting left and right temporal lobes.
The anterior cerebral arteries are in contact with | 23,984 |
270014 | Corpus callosum | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corpus%20callosum | Corpus callosum
the under surface of the rostrum, they arch over the front of the genu and are carried along the trunk, supplying the front four-fifths of the corpus callosum.
## Nerve fibres.
The size, amount of myelination, and density of the fibers in the subregions relate to the functions of the brain regions they connect. Myelination is the process of coating neurons with myelin, which helps the transfer of information between neurons. The process is believed to occur until an individual's thirties with peak growth in the first decade of one’s life. Thinner, lightly myelinated fibres are slower conducting and they connect the association and prefrontal areas. Thicker and fast-conducting fibers connect | 23,985 |
270014 | Corpus callosum | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corpus%20callosum | Corpus callosum
the visual and motor areas.
The tractogram pictured, shows the nerve tracts from six segments of the corpus callosum, providing linking of the cortical regions between the cerebral hemispheres. Those of the genu are shown in coral, of the premotor – green, of the sensory-motor – purple, of the parietal – pink, of the temporal – yellow, and of the splenium – blue.
Thinner axons in the genu connect the prefrontal cortex between the two halves of the brain; these fibres arise from a fork-like bundle of fibers from the tapetum, the forceps minor. Thicker axons in the trunk of the corpus callosum, interconnect areas of the motor cortex, with proportionately more of the corpus callosum dedicated | 23,986 |
270014 | Corpus callosum | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corpus%20callosum | Corpus callosum
to supplementary motor regions including Broca's area. The splenium, communicates somatosensory information between the two halves of the parietal lobe and the visual cortex at the occipital lobe, these are the fibres of the forceps major.
In a study of five- to eighteen-year-olds there was found to be a positive correlation between age and callosal thickness.
## Variation between sexes.
The corpus callosum and its relation to sex has been a subject of debate in the scientific and lay communities for over a century. Initial research in the early 20th century claimed the corpus to be different in size between men and women. That research was in turn questioned, and ultimately gave way to more | 23,987 |
270014 | Corpus callosum | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corpus%20callosum | Corpus callosum
advanced imaging techniques that appeared to refute earlier correlations. However, advanced analytical techniques of computational neuroanatomy developed in the 1990s showed that sex differences were clear but confined to certain parts of the corpus callosum, and that they correlated with cognitive performance in certain tests. One recent study using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) found that the midsagittal corpus callosum cross-sectional area is, after controlling for brain size, on average, proportionately larger in females.
Using diffusion tensor sequences on MRI machines, the rate at which molecules diffuse in and out of a specific area of tissue, anisotropy can be measured and used as | 23,988 |
270014 | Corpus callosum | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corpus%20callosum | Corpus callosum
an indirect measurement of anatomical connection strength. These sequences have found consistent sex differences in human corpus callosal shape and microstructure.
Analysis by shape and size has also been used to study specific three-dimensional mathematical relationships with MRIs, and have found consistent and statistically significant differences across genders. Specific algorithms have found significant differences between the two sexes in over 70% of cases in one review.
# Other correlations.
The front portion of the human corpus callosum has been reported to be significantly larger in musicians than nonmusicians, and to be 0.75 cm or 11% larger in left-handed and ambidextrous people | 23,989 |
270014 | Corpus callosum | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corpus%20callosum | Corpus callosum
than right-handed people. This difference is evident in the anterior and posterior regions of the corpus callosum, but not in the splenium. Other magnetic resonance morphometric study showed corpus callosum size correlates positively with verbal memory capacity and semantic coding test performance.
Children with dyslexia tend to have smaller and less-developed corpus callosums than their nondyslexic counterparts.
Musical training has shown to increase plasticity of the corpus callosum during a sensitive period of time in development, known as synaptogenesis. Synaptogenesis is the surge in the formation of new synapses in the brain. When this process is over, synaptic pruning begins. This pruning | 23,990 |
270014 | Corpus callosum | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corpus%20callosum | Corpus callosum
process strengthens synaptic connections that are habitually used and eliminates the ones that are not. The implications are an increased coordination of hands, differences in white matter structure, and amplification of plasticity in motor and auditory scaffolding which would serve to aid in future musical training. The study found children who had begun musical training before the age of six (minimum 15 months of training) had an increased volume of their corpus callosum and adults who had begun musical training before the age of 11 also had increased bimanual coordination.
# Clinical significance.
## Epilepsy.
The symptoms of refractory (difficult to treat) epilepsy can be reduced by cutting | 23,991 |
270014 | Corpus callosum | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corpus%20callosum | Corpus callosum
through the corpus callosum in an operation known as a corpus callosotomy. This is usually reserved for cases in which complex or grand mal seizures are produced by an epileptogenic focus on one side of the brain, causing an interhemispheric electrical storm. The diagnostic work up for this procedure involves an electroencephalogram, MRI, PET scan, and evaluation by a specialized neurologist, neurosurgeon, psychiatrist, and neuroradiologist before surgery can be considered.
## Failure to develop.
The formation of the corpus callosum begins with the first midline crossing of pioneer axons around week 12 in the prenatal development of the human, or day 15 in the embryogenesis of the mouse. Agenesis | 23,992 |
270014 | Corpus callosum | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corpus%20callosum | Corpus callosum
of the corpus callosum (ACC) is a rare congenital disorder that is one of the most common brain malformations observed in human beings, in which the corpus callosum is partially or completely absent. ACC is usually diagnosed within the first two years of life, and may manifest as a severe syndrome in infancy or childhood, as a milder condition in young adults, or as an asymptomatic incidental finding. Initial symptoms of ACC usually include seizures, which may be followed by feeding problems and delays in holding the head erect, sitting, standing, and walking. Other possible symptoms may include impairments in mental and physical development, hand-eye coordination, and visual and auditory memory. | 23,993 |
270014 | Corpus callosum | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corpus%20callosum | Corpus callosum
Hydrocephaly may also occur. In mild cases, symptoms such as seizures, repetitive speech, or headaches may not appear for years. Some syndromes that are often associated with ACC are Aicardi syndrome, Andermann syndrome, Shapiro syndrome, and acrocallosal syndrome.
ACC is usually not fatal. Treatment usually involves management of symptoms, such as hydrocephaly and seizures, if they occur. Although many children with the disorder lead normal lives and have average intelligence, careful neuropsychological testing reveals subtle differences in higher cortical function compared to individuals of the same age and education without ACC. Children with ACC accompanied by developmental delay and/or | 23,994 |
270014 | Corpus callosum | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corpus%20callosum | Corpus callosum
seizure disorders should be screened for metabolic disorders.
In addition to agenesis of the corpus callosum, similar conditions are hypogenesis (partial formation), dysgenesis (malformation), and hypoplasia (underdevelopment, including too thin).
Recent studies have also linked possible correlations between corpus callosum malformation and autism spectrum disorders.
Kim Peek, a savant and the inspiration behind the movie "Rain Man", was found with agenesis of the corpus callosum, as part of FG syndrome.
## Other disease.
Anterior corpus callosum lesions may result in akinetic mutism or anomic aphasia.
See also:
- Alien hand syndrome
- Alexia without agraphia (seen with damage to splenium | 23,995 |
270014 | Corpus callosum | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corpus%20callosum | Corpus callosum
of corpus callosum)
- Split-brain
- Septo-optic dysplasia (deMorsier syndrome)
- Multiple sclerosis with the Dawson's fingers sign
- Encephalopathy a mild form with a reversible splenial lesion–a rare encephalopathy of unknown origin with a transient lesion in the splenium, mostly associated with infectious diseases
- Marchiafava–Bignami disease a degenerative disease characterised by loss of myelin and necrosis of the corpus callosum
- Susac's syndrome characterised by lesions as small holes in the corpus callosum
# History.
The first study of the corpus with relation to gender was by R. B. Bean, a Philadelphia anatomist, who suggested in 1906 that "exceptional size of the corpus callosum | 23,996 |
270014 | Corpus callosum | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corpus%20callosum | Corpus callosum
may mean exceptional intellectual activity" and that there were measurable differences between men and women. Perhaps reflecting the political climate of the times, he went on to claim differences in the size of the callosum across different races. His research was ultimately refuted by Franklin Mall, the director of his own laboratory.
Of more mainstream impact was a 1982 "Science" article by Holloway and Utamsing that suggested sex difference in human brain morphology, which related to differences in cognitive ability. "Time" published an article in 1992 that suggested that, because the corpus is "often wider in the brains of women than in those of men, it may allow for greater cross-talk | 23,997 |
270014 | Corpus callosum | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corpus%20callosum | Corpus callosum
between the hemispheres—possibly the basis for women’s intuition."
More recent publications in the psychology literature have raised doubt as to whether the anatomic size of the corpus is actually different. A meta-analysis of 49 studies since 1980 found that, contrary to de Lacoste-Utamsing and Holloway, no sex difference could be found in the size of the corpus callosum, whether or not account was taken of larger male brain size. A study in 2006 using thin slice MRI showed no difference in thickness of the corpus when accounting for the size of the subject.
# Other animals.
The corpus callosum is found only in placental mammals (the eutherians), while it is absent in monotremes and marsupials, | 23,998 |
270014 | Corpus callosum | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corpus%20callosum | Corpus callosum
as well as other vertebrates such as birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish. (Other groups do have other brain structures that allow for communication between the two hemispheres, such as the anterior commissure, which serves as the primary mode of interhemispheric communication in marsupials, and which carries all the commissural fibers arising from the neocortex (also known as the neopallium), whereas in placental mammals, the anterior commissure carries only some of these fibers.) In primates, the speed of nerve transmission depends on its degree of myelination, or lipid coating. This is reflected by the diameter of the nerve axon. In most primates, axonal diameter increases in proportion to | 23,999 |
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