wikipedia_id stringlengths 2 8 | wikipedia_title stringlengths 1 243 | url stringlengths 44 370 | contents stringlengths 53 2.22k | id int64 0 6.14M |
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43569 | Ghost town | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghost%20town | Ghost town
town is located near the former Gulag camp called Butugychag (also called Lower Butugychag). Other towns were deserted due to deindustrialisation and the economic crises of the early 1990s attributed to post-Soviet conflicts – one example being Tkvarcheli in Georgia, a coal mining town that suffered a drasti... | 5,900 |
43569 | Ghost town | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghost%20town | Ghost town
ships based there. The station ceased to be profitable during the Great Depression, and was abandoned in 1931. In 1969, the station was partially destroyed by a volcanic eruption. There are also many abandoned scientific and military bases in Antarctica, especially in the Antarctic Peninsula.
The Antarctic ... | 5,901 |
43569 | Ghost town | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghost%20town | Ghost town
dilapidated, and remain uninhabited nowadays except for the Museum curator's family at Grytviken. The jetty, the church, dwellings and industrial buildings at Grytviken have recently been renovated by the South Georgian Government, becoming a popular tourist destination. Some historical buildings in the othe... | 5,902 |
43569 | Ghost town | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghost%20town | Ghost town
threatened with abandonment. The first village officially declared as "dead" was Gyűrűfű in the late 1970s, but later it was repopulated as an eco-village. Some other depopulated villages were successfully saved as small rural resorts, such as Kán, Tornakápolna, Szanticska, Gorica, and Révfalu.
In Spain, la... | 5,903 |
43569 | Ghost town | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghost%20town | Ghost town
swept over rural Spain during the second half of the 20th century.
In the United Kingdom, thousands of villages were abandoned during the Middle Ages, as a result of Black Death, climate change, revolts, and enclosure, the process by which vast amounts of farmland became privately owned. Since there are rar... | 5,904 |
43569 | Ghost town | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghost%20town | Ghost town
the war, but the old town was left depopulated on the orders of President Charles de Gaulle, as a permanent memorial. In Germany, numerous smaller towns and villages in the former eastern territories were completely destroyed in the last two years of the war. These territories later became part of Poland and... | 5,905 |
43569 | Ghost town | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghost%20town | Ghost town
as training grounds for British and US troops. Although this was intended to be a temporary measure, the residents were never allowed to return, and the villages have been used for military training ever since.
Disasters have played a part in the abandonment of settlements within Europe. After the Chernobyl... | 5,906 |
43569 | Ghost town | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghost%20town | Ghost town
towns or dual mining and logging sites, often developed at the behest of the company. In Alberta and Saskatchewan, most ghost towns were once farming communities that have since died off due to the removal of the railway through the town or the bypass of a highway. The ghost towns in British Columbia were pr... | 5,907 |
43569 | Ghost town | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghost%20town | Ghost town
ghost towns have revived their economies and populations due to historical and eco-tourism, such as Barkerville. Barkerville, once the largest town north of Kamloops, is now a year-round provincial museum. In Quebec, Val-Jalbert is a well-known tourist ghost town; founded in 1901 around a mechanical pulp mil... | 5,908 |
43569 | Ghost town | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghost%20town | Ghost town
states of Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota and South Dakota became railroad ghost towns when a rail line failed to materialize. Hundreds more towns were abandoned when the US Highway System replaced the railroads as the favored mode of travel. Ghost towns are common in mining or mill towns in all the western ... | 5,909 |
43569 | Ghost town | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghost%20town | Ghost town
the southwestern state of New Mexico.
Sometimes a ghost town consists of many abandoned buildings as in Bodie, California, or standing ruins as in Rhyolite, Nevada, while elsewhere only the foundations of former buildings remain as in Graysonia, Arkansas. Old mining camps that have lost most of their popula... | 5,910 |
43569 | Ghost town | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghost%20town | Ghost town
sense, once had the characteristics of a ghost town. In 1590, mapmaker John White arrived at the Roanoke Colony, North Carolina to find it deserted, its inhabitants having vanished without a trace. The Zwaanendael Colony became a ghost town when every one of the colonists was massacred by Indians in 1632. Ja... | 5,911 |
43569 | Ghost town | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghost%20town | Ghost town
was eventually reached – Bodie became the "official state gold rush ghost town", while Calico was named the "official state silver rush ghost town".
## Latin America.
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a wave of European immigrants arrived in Argentina and settled in the cities, which offered jobs,... | 5,912 |
43569 | Ghost town | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghost%20town | Ghost town
mills, such as the many saltpeter mining camps that prospered in Chile from the end of the Saltpeter War until the invention of synthetic saltpeter during World War I. Some of these towns, such as the Humberstone and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works in the Atacama Desert, have been declared UNESCO World Heritage ... | 5,913 |
43569 | Ghost town | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghost%20town | Ghost town
due to natural disasters, the weather, or the drowning of valleys to increase the size of lakes.
In Australia, the Victoria gold rush led to numerous ghost towns (such as Cassilis and Moliagul), as did the hunt for gold in Western Australia (for example, the towns of Ora Banda and Kanowna). The mining of ir... | 5,914 |
43569 | Ghost town | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghost%20town | Ghost town
Buried Village", destroyed in the 1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera, and the Otago town of Kelso, abandoned after it was flooded repeatedly after heavy rainstorms. Early settlements on the rugged southwest coast of the South Island at Martins Bay and Port Craig were also abandoned, mainly due to the inhospitab... | 5,915 |
43569 | Ghost town | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghost%20town | Ghost town
by country
- Old field (ecology)
- Phantom settlement
- Unused highway
- Urban decay
- Modern ruins
- Urban exploration
# External links.
- Ghost Towns in Utah Utah Office of Tourism
- Russian journalist explores the lives of illegal residents in the ghost town in the far-flung Russian Arctic
- Gho... | 5,916 |
43615 | Pension fund | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension%20fund | Pension fund
Pension fund
A pension fund, also known as a superannuation fund in some countries, is any plan, fund, or scheme which provides retirement income.
Pension funds typically have large amounts of money to invest and are the major investors in listed and private companies. They are especially important to th... | 5,917 |
43615 | Pension fund | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension%20fund | Pension fund
funds, hedge funds, or private equity.
The Federal Old-age and Survivors Insurance Trust Fund is the world's largest public pension fund which oversees $2.72 trillion USD in assets.
# Classifications.
## Open vs. closed pension funds.
Open pension funds support at least one pension plan with no restric... | 5,918 |
43615 | Pension fund | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension%20fund | Pension fund
sector law while a private pension fund is regulated under private sector law.
In certain countries the distinction between public or government pension funds and private pension funds may be difficult to assess. In others, the distinction is made sharply in law, with very specific requirements for admini... | 5,919 |
43615 | Pension fund | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension%20fund | Pension fund
servants)
- Military Superannuation and Benefits Scheme (current scheme for Australian Defence Force personnel)
- Public Sector Superannuation accumulation plan (current scheme for federal civil servants)
- Public Sector Superannuation Scheme (old scheme for federal civil servants)
- State Super (for N... | 5,920 |
43615 | Pension fund | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension%20fund | Pension fund
Superannuation Trust
## Brazil.
- Aceprev
- Baneses
- Banesprev
- Centrus
- FAPES
- Forluz
- Funcef
- Fundação Banrisul
- Fundação CESP
- Fundação Itaubanco
- Petros
- PREVI - Caixa de Previdência dos Funcionários do Banco do Brasil (the closed private pension fund for employees of the Brazili... | 5,921 |
43615 | Pension fund | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension%20fund | Pension fund
Board
### Private.
- BC Pension Corporation, including the College Pension Plan, the Municipal Pension Plan, the Public Service Pension Plan, the Teachers' Pension Plan, and WorkSafeBC
- Colleges of Applied Arts and Technology Pension Plan (CAAT)
- Healthcare of Ontario Pension Plan (HOOPP)
- OMERS Ad... | 5,922 |
43615 | Pension fund | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension%20fund | Pension fund
Bank and Other Banks, the multi-employer auxiliary pension fund
## Hong Kong.
- Mandatory Provident Fund
## India.
- Employees' Provident Fund Organisation – a statutory body of the government of India that administers a compulsory Provident Fund Scheme, Pension Scheme and an Insurance Scheme. Providen... | 5,923 |
43615 | Pension fund | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension%20fund | Pension fund
basis and mandatory for the employees of central government (except Indian Armed Forces) who are appointed on or after 1 January 2004. Indian citizens between the age of 18 and 65 are eligible to join.
## Japan.
- See Japan Pension Service
- Government Pension Investment Fund, Japan (GPIF, 年金積立金管理運用独立行政... | 5,924 |
43615 | Pension fund | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension%20fund | Pension fund
pensjonsfond - Utland)
- The Government Pension Fund - Norway (Statens pensjonsfond - Norge)
## Romania.
The pension system in Romania is made of three pillars. One is the state pension (Pillar I – Mandatory), the second is a private mandatory pension where the state transfers a percentage of the contri... | 5,925 |
43615 | Pension fund | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension%20fund | Pension fund
of three pillars. One is the state pension (Pillar I – Mandatory), where every insured person is obliged to pay contributions from their paycheck, the second is a voluntary state pension, where an uninsured person is voluntarily included in state pension system, and the third is an optional private pension... | 5,926 |
43615 | Pension fund | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension%20fund | Pension fund
dated 20.06.2006 and brings the Social Insurance Institution, General Directorate of Bağ-kur and General Directorate of Emekli Sandığı whose historical development are summarized above under a single roof in order to transfer five different retirement regimes which are civil servants, contractual paid work... | 5,927 |
43615 | Pension fund | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension%20fund | Pension fund
to which they are primarily affiliated.
- YAPI ve KREDİ BANKASI A.Ş. Mensupları Yardım ve Emekli Sandığı Vakfı
- AKBANK T.A.Ş. Mensupları Tekaüt Sandığı Vakfı
- TÜRKİYE GARANTİ BANKASI A.Ş. Memur ve Müstahdemleri Emekli ve Yardım Sandığı Vakfı
- TÜRKİYE ODALAR BORSALAR VE BİRLİK PERSONELİ SİGORTA VE EM... | 5,928 |
43615 | Pension fund | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension%20fund | Pension fund
RLİK PERSONELİ SİGORTA VE EMEKLİ SANDIĞI VAKFI
- TÜRKİYE İŞ BANKASI A.Ş. Mensupları Emekli Sandığı Vakfı
## United States.
In the United States, pension funds include schemes which result in a deferral of income by employees, even if retirement income provision isn't the intent. The United States has $1... | 5,929 |
43600 | Crayfish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crayfish | Crayfish
Crayfish
Crayfish, also known as crawfish, crawdads, freshwater lobsters, mountain lobsters, mudbugs, or yabbies are freshwater crustaceans resembling small lobsters (to which they are related). Taxonomically, they are members of the superfamilies Astacoidea and Parastacoidea. They breathe through feather-lik... | 5,930 |
43600 | Crayfish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crayfish | Crayfish
word ' (Modern French '). The word has been modified to "crayfish" by association with "fish" (folk etymology). The largely American variant "crawfish" is similarly derived.
Some kinds of crayfish are known locally as lobsters, crawdads, mudbugs, and yabbies. In the Eastern United States, "crayfish" is more c... | 5,931 |
43600 | Crayfish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crayfish | Crayfish
is indigenous to much of southern Oceania, while the freshwater species are usually called "yabby" or "", from the indigenous Australian and Māori names for the animal respectively, or by other names specific to each species. Exceptions include western rock lobster (of the Palinuridae family) found on the west... | 5,932 |
43600 | Crayfish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crayfish | Crayfish
an invasive species ("Cherax quadricarinatus") in the many water catchment areas, and are alternatively known as "freshwater lobsters".
# Anatomy.
The body of a decapod crustacean, such as a crab, lobster, or prawn (shrimp), is made up of twenty body segments grouped into two main body parts, the cephalothor... | 5,933 |
43600 | Crayfish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crayfish | Crayfish
The Southern Hemisphere (Gondwana-distributed) family Parastacidae, with 14 extant genera and two extinct genera, live(d) in South America, Madagascar and Australasia. They are distinguished by the absence of the first pair of pleopods. Of the other two families, the three genera of the Astacidae live in weste... | 5,934 |
43600 | Crayfish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crayfish | Crayfish
of some rivers east of the Continental Divide. Many crayfish are also found in lowland areas where the water is abundant in calcium, and oxygen rises from underground springs.
In 1983, Louisiana designated the crayfish, or crawfish as they are commonly referred, as their official state crustacean. Louisiana p... | 5,935 |
43600 | Crayfish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crayfish | Crayfish
pendants, earrings and necklaces made of gold or silver.
## Australia.
Australia has over 100 species in a dozen genera. Australia is home to the world's three largest freshwater crayfish – the Tasmanian giant freshwater crayfish "Astacopsis gouldi", which can achieve a mass of over and is found in rivers of... | 5,936 |
43600 | Crayfish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crayfish | Crayfish
and include the common yabby ("Cherax destructor"), western yabby ("Cherax preissii") and red-claw crayfish ("Cherax quadricarinatus"). The marron species "C. tenuimanus" is critically endangered, while other large Australasian crayfish are threatened or endangered.
## New Zealand.
In New Zealand, two specie... | 5,937 |
43600 | Crayfish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crayfish | Crayfish
disease called crayfish plague, caused by the North American water mould "Aphanomyces astaci" which was transmitted to Europe when North American species of crayfish were introduced there. Species of the genus "Astacus" are particularly susceptible to infection, allowing the plague-coevolved signal crayfish to... | 5,938 |
43600 | Crayfish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crayfish | Crayfish
eaten. Like all crustaceans, crayfish are not kosher because they are aquatic animals that do not have both fins and scales. They are therefore not eaten by observant Jews.
As of 2005, Louisiana supplies 95% of the crayfish harvested in the US. In 1987, Louisiana produced 90% of the crayfish harvested in the ... | 5,939 |
43600 | Crayfish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crayfish | Crayfish
and are commonly used as bait, either live or with only the tail meat. They are a popular bait for catching catfish, largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, striped bass, perch, pike and muskie. When using live crayfish as bait, anglers prefer to hook them between the eyes, piercing through their hard, pointed beak ... | 5,940 |
43600 | Crayfish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crayfish | Crayfish
and "outcompeted the native clearwater crayfish." Other studies confirmed that transporting crayfish to different environments have led to various ecological problems, including the elimination of native species. Transporting crayfishes as live bait has also contributed to the spread of zebra mussels in variou... | 5,941 |
43600 | Crayfish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crayfish | Crayfish
wafers, and small fish that can be captured with their claws. A report by the National Park Service as well as video and anecdotal reports by aquarium owners indicate that crayfish will eat their molted exoskeleton "to recover the calcium and phosphates contained in it." As omnivores, crayfish will eat almost ... | 5,942 |
43600 | Crayfish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crayfish | Crayfish
imported alien crayfish are a danger to local rivers. The three species commonly imported to Europe from the Americas are "Orconectes limosus", "Pacifastacus leniusculus" and "Procambarus clarkii". Crayfish may spread into different bodies of water because specimens captured for pets in one river are often rel... | 5,943 |
43600 | Crayfish | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crayfish | Crayfish
for pets in one river are often released into a different catchment. There is a potential for ecological damage when crayfish are introduced into non-native bodies of water: e.g., crayfish plague in Europe, or the introduction of the common yabby ("Cherax destructor") into drainages east of the Great Dividing ... | 5,944 |
43598 | Fjord | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fjord | Fjord
Fjord
Geologically, a fjord or fiord (, ) is a long, narrow inlet with steep sides or cliffs, created by a glacier. There are many fjords on the coasts of Alaska, Antarctica, British Columbia, Chile, Greenland, the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Kamchatka, the Kerguelen Islands, New Zealand, Norway, Novaya Zemlya, Labr... | 5,945 |
43598 | Fjord | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fjord | Fjord
valleys with a gently sloping valley floor. The work of the glacier then left an overdeepened U-shaped valley that ends abruptly at a valley or trough end. Such valleys are fjords when flooded by the ocean. Thresholds above sea level create freshwater lakes. Glacial melting is accompanied by the rebounding of Ear... | 5,946 |
43598 | Fjord | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fjord | Fjord
moraine. In many cases this sill causes extreme currents and large saltwater rapids (see skookumchuck). Saltstraumen in Norway is often described as the world's strongest tidal current. These characteristics distinguish fjords from rias (e.g. the Bay of Kotor), which are drowned valleys flooded by the rising sea.... | 5,947 |
43598 | Fjord | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fjord | Fjord
the mouths and overdeepening of fjords compared to the ocean are the strongest evidence of glacial origin, and these thresholds are mostly rocky. Thresholds are related to sounds and low land where the ice could spread out and therefore have less erosive force. John Walter Gregory argued that fjords are of tecton... | 5,948 |
43598 | Fjord | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fjord | Fjord
fjords is also observed in Lyngen. Preglacial, tertiary rivers presumably eroded the surface and created valleys that later guided the glacial flow and erosion of the bedrock. This may in particular have been the case in Western Norway where the tertiary uplift of the landmass amplified eroding forces of rivers.
... | 5,949 |
43598 | Fjord | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fjord | Fjord
deep. Hardangerfjord is made up of several basins separated by thresholds: The deepest basin Samlafjorden between Jonaneset (Jondal) og Ålvik with a distinct threshold at Vikingneset in Kvam.
Hanging valleys are common along glaciated fjords and U-shaped valleys. A hanging valley is a tributary valley that is hi... | 5,950 |
43598 | Fjord | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fjord | Fjord
mouth of Fjærlandsfjord is about deep while the main fjord is nearby. The mouth of Ikjefjord is only 50 meters deep while the main fjord is around at the same point.
# Fjord features and variations.
## Hydrology.
During the winter season there is usually little inflow of freshwater. Surface water and deeper wa... | 5,951 |
43598 | Fjord | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fjord | Fjord
dense salt water from the coast across the fjord threshold and into the deepest parts of the fjord. Bolstadfjorden has a threshold of only and strong inflow of freshwater from Vosso river creates a brackish surface that blocks circulation of the deep fjord. The deeper, salt layers of Bolstadfjorden are deprived o... | 5,952 |
43598 | Fjord | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fjord | Fjord
towards the ocean. This current is gradually more salty towards the coast and right under the surface current there is a reverse current of saltier water from the coast. In the deeper parts of the fjord the cold water remaining from winter is still and separated from the atmosphere by the brackish top layer. In f... | 5,953 |
43598 | Fjord | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fjord | Fjord
is strongly affected by freshwater as a glacial river flows in. Velfjorden has little inflow of freshwater.
## Coral reefs.
As late as 2000, some coral reefs were discovered along the bottoms of the Norwegian fjords. These reefs were found in fjords from the north of Norway to the south. The marine life on the ... | 5,954 |
43598 | Fjord | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fjord | Fjord
column above it, and the total darkness of the deep sea.
New Zealand's fjords are also host to deep-water corals, but a surface layer of dark fresh water allows these corals to grow in much shallower water than usual. An underwater observatory in Milford Sound allows tourists to view them without diving.
## Ske... | 5,955 |
43598 | Fjord | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fjord | Fjord
a rock in the sea.
Skerries most commonly formed at the outlet of fjords where submerged glacially formed valleys perpendicular to the coast join with other cross valleys in a complex array. The island fringe of Norway is such a group of skerries (called a "); many of the cross fjords are so arranged that they p... | 5,956 |
43598 | Fjord | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fjord | Fjord
along Bohuslän is likewise skerry guarded. The Inside Passage provides a similar route from Seattle, Washington, and Vancouver, British Columbia, to Skagway, Alaska. Yet another such skerry protected passage extends from the Straits of Magellan north for .
## Epishelf lakes.
An epishelf lake forms when meltwate... | 5,957 |
43598 | Fjord | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fjord | Fjord
Norse verb ' (travelling/ferrying), the Norse noun substantive ' means a "lake-like" waterbody used for passage and ferrying, which is of Indo-European origin (*' from *' or *"").
The Scandinavian "fjord", Proto-Scandinavian *', is the origin for similar Germanic words: Icelandic ', Swedish ' (for Baltic waterbo... | 5,958 |
43598 | Fjord | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fjord | Fjord
as well as ford/Furt/Vörde/voorde refer to a Germanic noun for "a travel": North Germanic ' or ' and of the verb "to travel", Dutch ', German '; English "to fare".
As a loanword from Norwegian, it is one of the few words in the English language to start with the sequence "fj". The word was for a long time normal... | 5,959 |
43598 | Fjord | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fjord | Fjord
Sweden, but this is not its only application. In Norway and Iceland, the usage is closest to the Old Norse, with fjord used for both a firth and for a long, narrow inlet. In eastern Norway, the term is also applied to long narrow freshwater lakes (for instance Mjøsa [commonly referred to as '], Randsfjorden and T... | 5,960 |
43598 | Fjord | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fjord | Fjord
where Finland Swedish is spoken. In Danish, the word may even apply to shallow lagoons. In modern Icelandic, ' is still used with the broader meaning of firth or inlet. In Faroese ' is used both about inlets and about broader sounds, whereas a narrower sound is called '. In the Finnish language, a word "" is used... | 5,961 |
43598 | Fjord | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fjord | Fjord
' for long narrow bays on their Baltic Sea coastline, indicates a common Germanic origin of the word. The landscape consists mainly of moraine heaps. The ' and some "fjords" on the east side of Jutland, Denmark are also of glacial origin. But while the glaciers digging "real" fjords moved from the mountains to th... | 5,962 |
43598 | Fjord | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fjord | Fjord
of "to separate". So the use of "Sound" to name fjords in North America and New Zealand differs from the European meaning of that word.
The name of Wexford in Ireland is originally derived from " ("inlet of the mud flats") in Old Norse, as used by the Viking settlers—though the inlet at that place in modern term... | 5,963 |
43598 | Fjord | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fjord | Fjord
differences in usage between the English and the Scandinavian languages have contributed to confusion in the use of the term fjord. Bodies of water that are clearly fjords in Scandinavian languages are not considered fjords in English; similarly bodies of water that would clearly not be fjords in the Scandinavian... | 5,964 |
43598 | Fjord | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fjord | Fjord
call it "", which does not translate precisely to the English equivalent either.
In the Danish language any inlet is called a fjord, but none of the fjords of Denmark may be considered a fjord in the geological sense. Limfjord in English terminology is a sound, since it separates the North Jutlandic Island (Vend... | 5,965 |
43598 | Fjord | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fjord | Fjord
of the term, are not universally considered to be fjords by the scientific community. Although glacially formed, most Finnmark fjords lack the steep-sided valleys of the more southerly Norwegian fjords since the glacial pack was deep enough to cover even the high grounds when they were formed. The Oslofjord on th... | 5,966 |
43598 | Fjord | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fjord | Fjord
front deltas or terminal moraines blocking the outlet follow the Norwegian naming convention; they are frequently named fjords. Ice front deltas developed when the ice front was relatively stable for long time during the melting of the ice shield. The resulting landform is an isthmus between the lake and the salt... | 5,967 |
43598 | Fjord | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fjord | Fjord
and infrastructure. Eidfjord village sits on the "eid" or isthmus between Eidfjordvatnet lake and Eidfjorden branch of Hardangerfjord. Nordfjordeid is the isthmus with a village between Hornindalsvatnet lake and Nordfjord. Such lakes are also denoted "fjord valley lakes" by geologists.
One of Norway's largest is... | 5,968 |
43598 | Fjord | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fjord | Fjord
water could flow into the lake at high tide. Eventually Movatnet became a saltwater fjord and renamed Mofjorden (). Like fjords, freshwater lakes are often deep. For instance Hornindalsvatnet is at least deep and water takes an average of 16 years to flow through the lake. Such lakes created by glacial action are... | 5,969 |
43598 | Fjord | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fjord | Fjord
valley was a narrow fjord. At the time of the Vikings Drammensfjord was still higher than today and reached the town of Hokksund, while parts of what is now the city of Drammen was under water. After the ice age the ocean was about at Notodden. The ocean stretched like a fjord through Heddalsvatnet all the way to... | 5,970 |
43598 | Fjord | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fjord | Fjord
arctic char. Some freshwater fjords such as Slidrefjord are above the marine limit.
Like freshwater fjords, the continuation of fjords on land are in the same way denoted as "fjord-valleys". For instance Flåmsdal (Flåm valley) and Måbødalen.
Outside of Norway, the three western arms of New Zealand's Lake Te Ana... | 5,971 |
43598 | Fjord | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fjord | Fjord
called "fjord lakes". Okanagan Lake was the first North American lake to be so described, in 1962. The bedrock there has been eroded up to "below" sea level, which is below the surrounding regional topography. Fjord lakes are common on the inland lea of the Coast Mountains and Cascade Range; notable ones include ... | 5,972 |
43598 | Fjord | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fjord | Fjord
be the deepest fjord formed lake on Earth.
## Great Lakes.
A unique family of freshwater fjords are the embayments of the North American Great Lakes. Baie Fine is located on the northwestern coast of Georgian Bay of Lake Huron in Ontario, and Huron Bay is located on the southern shore of Lake Superior in Michig... | 5,973 |
43598 | Fjord | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fjord | Fjord
over the mountainous regions, resulting in abundant snowfall to feed the glaciers. Hence coasts having the most pronounced fjords include the west coast of Norway, the west coast of North America from Puget Sound to Alaska, the southwest coast of New Zealand, and the west and to south-western coasts of South Amer... | 5,974 |
43598 | Fjord | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fjord | Fjord
Bay, etc.
- British Columbia Coast, Canada: from the Alaskan Border along the Portland Canal to Indian Arm; Kingcome Inlet is a typical West Coast fjord.
- Hood Canal in Washington, United States and various of the arms of Puget Sound
- Northeast coast of North America
- Labrador: Saglek Fjord, Nachvak Fjord,... | 5,975 |
43598 | Fjord | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fjord | Fjord
westerly winds and less pronounced relief. Areas include:
- Europe
- Ireland
- Lough Swilly
- Carlingford Lough
- Killary Harbour
- Russia (see also List of fjords of Russia)
- Chukchi Peninsula
- Kola Peninsula
- Scotland (where they are called firths, the Scots language cognate of fjord; lochs or sea l... | 5,976 |
43598 | Fjord | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fjord | Fjord
Bay
- Bay Le Moine
- the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, particularly:
- Ellesmere Island
- Baffin Island
- Greenland
- Scoresby Sund, the largest fjord in the world
- Søndre Strømfjord or Kangerlussuaq
- Disko Island
- Ilulissat Icefjord, the most productive ice fjord in the world.
- United States:
- Som... | 5,977 |
43598 | Fjord | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fjord | Fjord
fjords in the world are:
- 1. Scoresby Sund in Greenland—
- 2. Greely Fiord/Tanquary Fiord in Canada— The length of the total fjord system from the head of Tanquary Sound, through Greely Fjord, to the mouth of Nansen Sound is approximately 400 km, making it arguably the longest fjord in the world.
- 3. Sognefj... | 5,978 |
43598 | Fjord | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fjord | Fjord
ly the longest fjord in the world.
- 3. Sognefjord in Norway—
- 4. Independence Fjord in Greenland—
- 5. Matochkin Shar, Novaya Zemlya, Russia— (a strait with a fjord structure)
Deep fjords include:
- 1. Skelton Inlet in Antarctica—
- 2. Sognefjord in Norway— (the mountains then rise to up to and more, Hurr... | 5,979 |
43613 | Pension | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension | Pension
Pension
A pension (, from Latin "pensiō", "payment") is a fund into which a sum of money is added during an employee's employment years, and from which payments are drawn to support the person's retirement from work in the form of periodic payments. A pension may be a "defined benefit plan" where a fixed sum i... | 5,980 |
43613 | Pension | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension | Pension
terms "retirement plan" and "superannuation" tend to refer to a pension granted upon retirement of the individual. Retirement plans may be set up by employers, insurance companies, the government or other institutions such as employer associations or trade unions. Called "retirement plans" in the United States,... | 5,981 |
43613 | Pension | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension | Pension
pension. Labor unions, the government, or other organizations may also fund pensions. Occupational pensions are a form of deferred compensation, usually advantageous to employee and employer for tax reasons. Many pensions also contain an additional insurance aspect, since they often will pay benefits to survivo... | 5,982 |
43613 | Pension | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension | Pension
Employment-based pensions.
A retirement plan is an arrangement to provide people with an income during retirement when they are no longer earning a steady income from employment. Often retirement plans require both the employer and employee to contribute money to a fund during their employment in order to rece... | 5,983 |
43613 | Pension | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension | Pension
UK.
Some countries also grant pensions to military veterans. Military pensions are overseen by the government; an example of a standing agency is the United States Department of Veterans Affairs. "Ad hoc" committees may also be formed to investigate specific tasks, such as the U.S. Commission on Veterans' Pens... | 5,984 |
43613 | Pension | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension | Pension
life in order to qualify for benefits later on. A basic state pension is a "contribution based" benefit, and depends on an individual's contribution history. For examples, see National Insurance in the UK, or Social Security in the United States of America.
Many countries have also put in place a "social pensi... | 5,985 |
43613 | Pension | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension | Pension
such as Supplemental Security Income in the United States of America or the "older person's grant" in South Africa.
## Disability pensions.
Some pension plans will provide for members in the event they suffer a disability. This may take the form of early entry into a retirement plan for a disabled member belo... | 5,986 |
43613 | Pension | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension | Pension
will provide a payout at retirement that is dependent upon the amount of money contributed and the performance of the investment vehicles utilized. Hence, with a defined contribution plan the risk and responsibility lies with the employee that the funding will be sufficient through retirement, whereas with the ... | 5,987 |
43613 | Pension | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension | Pension
Equity plans.
## Defined benefit plans.
A traditional defined benefit (DB) plan is a plan in which the benefit on retirement is determined by a set formula, rather than depending on investment returns. Government pensions such as Social Security in the United States are a type of defined benefit pension plan.... | 5,988 |
43613 | Pension | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension | Pension
multiplied by a factor known as the "accrual rate". The final accrued amount is available as a monthly pension or a lump sum, but usually monthly.
The benefit in a defined benefit pension plan is determined by a formula that can incorporate the employee's pay, years of employment, age at retirement, and other ... | 5,989 |
43613 | Pension | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension | Pension
common type of defined benefit plan offered in the United States. In FAP plans, the average salary over the final years of an employee's career determines the benefit amount.
Averaging salary over a number of years means that the calculation is averaging different dollars. For example, if salary is averaged ov... | 5,990 |
43613 | Pension | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension | Pension
a considerable impact on purchasing power and cost, both being reduced equally by inflation
This effect of inflation can be eliminated by converting salaries in the averaging years to first year of retirement dollars, and then averaging.
In the US, specifies a defined benefit plan to be any pension plan that ... | 5,991 |
43613 | Pension | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension | Pension
Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA).
In the United Kingdom, benefits are typically indexed for inflation (known as Retail Prices Index (RPI)) as required by law for registered pension plans. Inflation during an employee's retirement affects the purchasing power of the pension; the higher the inflation rate, th... | 5,992 |
43613 | Pension | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension | Pension
often reduced to recognize that the retirees will receive the payouts for longer periods of time. In the United States, under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, any reduction factor less than or equal to the actuarial early retirement reduction factor is acceptable.
Many DB plans include earl... | 5,993 |
43613 | Pension | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension | Pension
benefit plans may be either "funded" or "unfunded".
In an "unfunded" defined benefit pension, no assets are set aside and the benefits are paid for by the employer or other pension sponsor as and when they are paid. Pension arrangements provided by the state in most countries in the world are unfunded, with be... | 5,994 |
43613 | Pension | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension | Pension
Fund and France set up the Pensions Reserve Fund; in Canada the wage-based retirement plan (CPP) is partially funded, with assets managed by the CPP Investment Board while the U.S. Social Security system is partially funded by investment in special U.S. Treasury Bonds.
In a "funded" plan, contributions from th... | 5,995 |
43613 | Pension | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension | Pension
will be enough to meet the benefits. Typically, the contributions to be paid are regularly reviewed in a valuation of the plan's assets and liabilities, carried out by an actuary to ensure that the pension fund will meet future payment obligations. This means that in a defined benefit pension, investment risk a... | 5,996 |
43613 | Pension | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension | Pension
age) tend to exhibit a J-shaped accrual pattern of benefits, where the present value of benefits grows quite slowly early in an employee's career and accelerates significantly in mid-career: in other words it costs more to fund the pension for older employees than for younger ones (an "age bias"). Defined benef... | 5,997 |
43613 | Pension | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension | Pension
for switching from defined benefit to defined contribution plans over recent years. The risks to the employer can sometimes be mitigated by discretionary elements in the benefit structure, for instance in the rate of increase granted on accrued pensions, both before and after retirement.
The age bias, reduced ... | 5,998 |
43613 | Pension | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pension | Pension
as being paternalistic as they enable employers or plan trustees to make decisions about the type of benefits and family structures and lifestyles of their employees. However they are typically more valuable than defined contribution plans in most circumstances and for most employees (mainly because the employe... | 5,999 |
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