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441261 | 14th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=14th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 14th Armored Division (United States)
soldiers, sailors and airmen, as well as an estimated 40,000 troops from Great Britain and the Commonwealth.
The 14th Armored Division was inactivated on 16 September 1945 at Camp Patrick Henry, Virginia.
# Organization.
The division was organized and activated as a heavy division in 1942. Early in 1943, the Army Ground Force began a series of studies to reorganize the various divisions within the Army. After reviewing the tables of organization and after allowing the various commands to review and comment on the proposed restructure, the divisional strength of the 14 organized armored divisions was reduced from 14,630 men to 10,937. The restructuring removed the armored regiment and infantry | 6,128,700 |
441261 | 14th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=14th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 14th Armored Division (United States)
regiment from the table of organization and replaced them with three tank battalions and three armored infantry battalions. Both Combat Commands, A and B remained but an additional Command - CCR, was added to the organization. This was a small headquarters element of 10 personnel tasked with the command and control of the division rear area. The 125th Engineer Battalion lost its bridge company, and the engineer line companies were reduced to three. The 94th Cavalry Recon Squadron was increased in size to include an HQ troop, four line troops, an assault gun troop (with four platoons) and a light tank company. Within the division trains, the division lost its support battalion and supply company.
## | 6,128,701 |
441261 | 14th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=14th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 14th Armored Division (United States)
Heavy division organization.
- Division HHC (Headquarters and Headquarters Company)
- CCA
- CCB
- 47th Armored Regiment
- 48th Armored Regiment
- 62nd Armored Infantry Regiment
- 125th Armored Engineer Battalion
- 154th Armored Signal Company
- 94th Cavalry Recon Squadron
- Service Company
- HHB Division Artillery
- 499th Armored Field Artillery Battalion
- 500th Armored Field Artillery Battalion
- 501st Armored Field Artillery Battalion
- Division Trains
- HHC
- 84th Armored Medical Battalion
- 136th Armored Maintenance Battalion
- 14th Quartermaster Battalion
## Light division.
- Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 14th Armored Division
- Headquarters and Headquarters | 6,128,702 |
441261 | 14th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=14th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 14th Armored Division (United States)
Company, Combat Command A
- Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Combat Command B
- Headquarters, Reserve Command
- 25th Tank Battalion
- 47th Tank Battalion
- 48th Tank Battalion
- 19th Armored Infantry Battalion
- 62nd Armored Infantry Battalion
- 68th Armored Infantry Battalion
- Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 14th Armored Division Artillery
- 499th Armored Field Artillery Battalion
- 500th Armored Field Artillery Battalion
- 501st Armored Field Artillery Battalion
- 94th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron (Mechanized)
- 125th Armored Engineer Battalion
- 154th Armored Signal Company
- Headquarters and Headquarters Company. 14th Armored Division Trains
- 136th Armored | 6,128,703 |
441261 | 14th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=14th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 14th Armored Division (United States)
Ordnance Maintenance Battalion
- 84th Armored Medical Battalion
- Military Police Platoon
- Band
- 514th CIC Detachment
- CCR Rifle Company (March-June 1945)
## Attachments.
- 398th AAA AW Battalion (SP) (15 Nov 1944 – 12 May 1945)
- 395th Quartermaster Truck Company
- 636th Tank Destroyer Battalion (SP) (28 Mar 1945 – 23 April 1945)
# Commanders.
- Major General Vernon Prichard (Aug 1942 - Sep 1944)
- Major General Albert C. Smith (Sep 1944 to Inactivation)
# Awards and statistics.
## Casualties.
- Total battle casualties: 2,690
- Killed in action: 505
- Wounded in action: 1,955
- Missing in action: 18
- Prisoner of war: 212
## Distinguished Unit Citations.
- 3rd Platoon, | 6,128,704 |
441261 | 14th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=14th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 14th Armored Division (United States)
Troop C, and Troop E, 94th Armored Reconnaissance Squad
- 1st Platoon, Company A, 48th Tank Battalion
## Individual awards.
- Medal of Honor - 1 (Pfc. George B. Turner)
- Distinguished Service Cross - 9
- Silver Star - 273
- Legion of Merit - 8
- Soldier's Medal - 13
- Bronze Star Medal - 3,024
- Air Medal - 47
# External links and further reading.
- Official Website of the 14th Armored Division
- See: Clarke and Smith, From The Riviera To The Rhine and The Seventh Army Report of Operations in France and Germany, 1944–1945 for a definitive description of Operation Nordwind and the 14th Armored Division's actions.
- See: Committee 1, Armor Officer Advance Course,The Armor School, | 6,128,705 |
441261 | 14th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=14th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 14th Armored Division (United States)
Battle of Hatten Rittershoffen: 14th Armored Division, 12–20 January 1945,1950, Combined Arms Research Library, Fort Leavenworth, KS
- See: After Action Report, 62nd Armored Infantry Battalion, 14th Armor Division,Jan thru Apr 1945, Combined Arms Research Library, Fort Leavenworth, KS
- See: After Action Report, 47th Tank Battalion, 14th Armored Division,Dec 44 thru May 45, Combined Arms Research Library, Fort Leavenworth, KS
- See: After Action Report, 48th Tank Battalion, 14th Armored Division,Nov 44 thru Apr 45, Combined Arms Research Library, Fort Leavenworth, KS
- See: After Action Report, 84th Armored Medical Battalion, 14th Armored Division,Jan thru Apr 45, Combined Arms Research | 6,128,706 |
441261 | 14th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=14th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 14th Armored Division (United States)
n: 14th Armored Division, 12–20 January 1945,1950, Combined Arms Research Library, Fort Leavenworth, KS
- See: After Action Report, 62nd Armored Infantry Battalion, 14th Armor Division,Jan thru Apr 1945, Combined Arms Research Library, Fort Leavenworth, KS
- See: After Action Report, 47th Tank Battalion, 14th Armored Division,Dec 44 thru May 45, Combined Arms Research Library, Fort Leavenworth, KS
- See: After Action Report, 48th Tank Battalion, 14th Armored Division,Nov 44 thru Apr 45, Combined Arms Research Library, Fort Leavenworth, KS
- See: After Action Report, 84th Armored Medical Battalion, 14th Armored Division,Jan thru Apr 45, Combined Arms Research Library, Fort Leavenworth, KS | 6,128,707 |
441264 | 16th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=16th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 16th Armored Division (United States)
16th Armored Division (United States)
The 16th Armored Division was an armored division of the United States Army in World War II. In its one and only combat operation, the 16th Armored Division liberated the city of Pilsen in western Czechoslovakia (modern Bohemia in the Czech Republic), an operation that influenced the landscape of post-war Europe.
# History.
The division was activated on 15 July 1943 at Camp Chaffee in Arkansas. They performed all of their training at Camp Chaffee until they received their staging orders. They staged at Camp Shanks at Orangeburg, New York on 28 January 1945, until got their port call. They sailed from the New York Port of Embarkation on 5 February 1945.
The | 6,128,708 |
441264 | 16th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=16th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 16th Armored Division (United States)
16th Armored Division arrived in France in stages between 11 and 17 February 1945, and processed into the European Theater of Operations. They had been assigned to the Fifteenth United States Army on 29 January 1945, but were waiting for an assignment to a unit actually involved in fighting.
The division was assigned to Third United States Army on 17 April 1945, and entered Germany on 19 April 1945. It crossed the Rhine at Mainz, and relieved the 71st Infantry Division at Nürnberg on 28 April 1945. The 23rd Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron participated in combat from the Isar River to Wasserburg with the 86th Infantry Division. While under the control of that organization, it crossed the Isar | 6,128,709 |
441264 | 16th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=16th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 16th Armored Division (United States)
River at Granek on 30 April 1945, advanced to Indorf, seized several small villages, and was driving toward Wasserburg against slight resistance when ordered to return to Nürnberg. The division was given a security and training mission at Nürnberg, Germany, until 5 May. When the 23rd Cavalry Squadron arrived at Nürnberg on 4 May, it reverted to the control of the 16th Armored. The division assembled and proceeded to Waidhaus, Germany on 5 May.
## Combat chronicle.
During the final days of battle in Europe, the final stronghold of German armed forces was a pocket in Czechoslovakia. As Soviet Red Army and American forces moved to the area, there was debate between US and British leaders regarding | 6,128,710 |
441264 | 16th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=16th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 16th Armored Division (United States)
attempts to deny the Soviets a post-war foothold in Czechoslovakia. It was decided that the American forces would help the Soviets subdue the estimated 141,000 German troops before exiting the area. The task was aided by the desire of German forces to avoid imprisonment by the Soviets, with numerous German divisions arranging surrender to US forces, if the Americans arrived first. This did not stop fanatical German SS Troops from continuing to fight both Czechoslovakian and, as they arrived, American forces.
The 16th Armored Division was assigned to V Corps on 6 May, and attacked through the lines of the 97th Infantry Division, with Combat Command B (CCB) making the main effort. They advanced | 6,128,711 |
441264 | 16th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=16th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 16th Armored Division (United States)
along the Bor–Pilsen Road that same day, launching an attack on Pilsen, Czechoslovakia, designed to capture the Skoda Munitions Plant. Combat Command Reserve (CCR) advanced through Pilsen to assigned high ground east of the city. The division spent May 7 and 8 in mopping up activities and patrolling. General Patton ordered elements of the 16th AD to move towards Prague, where the German commander was waiting to surrender to US forces, but the troops were recalled to Pilsen per the agreement with the Soviet Union. Aside from the few hours on the road to Prague, the capture of Pilsen marked the deepest point of American penetration into Czechoslovakia, .
The Division suffered the lightest casualty | 6,128,712 |
441264 | 16th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=16th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 16th Armored Division (United States)
count of all US Armored Divisions in Europe, with only 12 wounded, and spent 3 days in combat.
Three months later, the 16th AD was still located in Czechoslovakia, in Stříbro (west of Pilsen), on VJ Day.
The division returned to the New York Port of Embarkation on 13 October 1945 and was inactivated at Camp Kilmer in New Jersey on 15 October 1945.
## Casualties.
- Total battle casualties: 32
- Killed in action: 4
- Wounded in action: 28
# Order of Battle.
- Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 16th Armored Division
- Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Combat Command A
- Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Combat Command B
- Headquarters, Reserve Command
- 5th Tank Battalion
- | 6,128,713 |
441264 | 16th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=16th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 16th Armored Division (United States)
16th Tank Battalion
- 26th Tank Battalion
- 18th Armored Infantry Battalion
- 64th Armored Infantry Battalion
- 69th Armored Infantry Battalion
- Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 16th Armored Division Artillery
- 393rd Armored Field Artillery Battalion
- 396th Armored Field Artillery Battalion
- 397th Armored Field Artillery Battalion
- 23rd Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron (Mechanized)
- 216th Armored Engineer Battalion
- 156th Armored Signal Company
- Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 16th Armored Division Trains
- 137th Armored Ordnance Maintenance Battalion
- 216th Armored Medical Battalion
- Military Police Platoon
- Band
- 516th Counterintelligence Corps Detachment
# | 6,128,714 |
441264 | 16th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=16th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 16th Armored Division (United States)
Honors.
## Campaigns.
- Central Europe
## Individual Awards.
- Distinguished Service Cross 2
- Silver Star 4
- Soldiers Medal 1
- Bronze Star 135
- Air Medal 1
# Commanders.
- MG Douglass T. Greene – 15 July 1943 – September 1944
- BG John L. Pierce – September 1944 – 15 October 1945
Division artillery commander
- COL. Barksdale Hamlett
# 16th Armored Division Association.
- 16th Armored Division Association
- 16th Armored Division Association Facebook Page
## Newspaper.
- "The 16th Armadillo", first published in Pilsen, Czechoslovakia in June 1945
# See also.
- Prague Offensive
- 633rd Tank Destroyer Battalion
- United States Third Army
- Twelfth United States Army Group
# | 6,128,715 |
441264 | 16th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=16th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 16th Armored Division (United States)
shed in Pilsen, Czechoslovakia in June 1945
# See also.
- Prague Offensive
- 633rd Tank Destroyer Battalion
- United States Third Army
- Twelfth United States Army Group
# Bibliography.
- Stanton, Shelby L. (1984) "ORDER OF BATTLE: US Army in World War II"; Presidio Press:Novato, CA.
- McGaw, E. J., "The Army Almanac: A Book of Facts Concerning the Army of the United States", U.S. Government Printing Office, 1950, pp. 510–592
- U.S. Army Center of Military History - 16th Armored Division - World War II Divisional Combat Chronicles access date = 3 October 2015
- Dickerson, Bryan J. "There at the End: The U.S. 16th Armored Division’s Liberation of Plzen." access date = 3 October 2015 | 6,128,716 |
441266 | 20th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=20th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 20th Armored Division (United States)
20th Armored Division (United States)
The 20th Armored Division was an armored division of the United States Army that fought in World War II. It was activated on 15 March 1943 at Camp Campbell in Kentucky. The division has no real nickname although it did associate itself with the nickname "Armoraiders" while in training at Camp Campbell.
After certification as a liberating division by the Center of Military History on 28 October 1988, and the awarding of a Liberation Certificate by the United States Holocaust Memorial Council, veterans of the division adopted the name "Liberators" as a division motto.
# Organization.
Overall organization of the 20th Armored Division consisted of the following:
- | 6,128,717 |
441266 | 20th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=20th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 20th Armored Division (United States)
Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 20th Armored Division
- Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Combat Command A
- Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Combat Command B
- Headquarters, Reserve Command
- 9th Tank Battalion
- 20th Tank Battalion
- 27th Tank Battalion
- 8th Armored Infantry Battalion
- 65th Armored Infantry Battalion
- 70th Armored Infantry Battalion
- Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 20th Armored Division Artillery
- 412th Armored Field Artillery Battalion
- 413th Armored Field Artillery Battalion
- 414th Armored Field Artillery Battalion
- 33rd Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron (Mechanized)
- 220th Armored Engineer Battalion
- 160th Armored Signal | 6,128,718 |
441266 | 20th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=20th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 20th Armored Division (United States)
Company
- Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 20th Armored Division Trains
- 138th Armored Ordnance Maintenance Battalion
- 220th Armored Medical Battalion
- Military Police Platoon
- Band
# History.
The 20th Armored Division departed Boston on 6 February and arrived at Le Havre, France, 19 February 1945 . On arrival it was sent to Buchy for a month's assembly, preparation, and additional training. It then moved through Belgium to Langendernbach, Germany, 10 April. After considering breaking up the new division to provide replacements for the veteran armored divisions under his 12th U.S. Army Group, General Omar N. Bradley, sent the unit to Marktbreit, where the Division was attached | 6,128,719 |
441266 | 20th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=20th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 20th Armored Division (United States)
to the III Corps; 20 April. Three days later, it was detached and reassigned to the XV Corps, Seventh Army, at Würzburg, Germany.
The condition of the Division when it arrived overseas was affected by a recent change in its primary mission. Until October 1944, the 20th Armored Division's mission was to train soldiers and qualify them for overseas shipment as replacements for armored units. To perform this mission, the Division included in its strength an unusually large number of intelligent and highly trained men, including students from several of the Army's advanced college training programs.
# Combat chronicle.
Actual arrival of the 20th Armored Division into combat occurred 4–9 April | 6,128,720 |
441266 | 20th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=20th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 20th Armored Division (United States)
1945. The division's armored field artillery battalions (the 412th, 413th, and 414th), with elements of the 33rd Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron, moved up to the west bank of the Rhine River to support the 101st Airborne Division near Delhoven, Germany, and the 82nd Airborne Division across the river from Hitdorf, Germany. It was the 412th that supported the 82nd in their attack on Hitdorf that resulted in the awarding of a Distinguished Unit Citation.
Overlooking the above, incomplete official records minimize the Division's perceived combat activity, i.e., citing: Elements of the division first saw action as Task Force Campbell when a false surrender by the enemy resulted in fighting in the | 6,128,721 |
441266 | 20th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=20th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 20th Armored Division (United States)
town of Dorf, 25 April.
At the time, the Division assembled near Deiningen and reconnoitered for routes to the Danube River.
The 20th Armored Division's 27th Tank Battalion was attached to the veteran 42nd Infantry Division on 23 April 1945 and led the attack to capture the town of Donauwörth on the 25th to secure the crossing of the Danube. The river was crossed on 28 April, the 20th meeting sporadic resistance. The success of the operation prompted Lt. Col. Donald E. Downard, commanding officer of the 2nd Battalion, 222nd Infantry (42nd Infantry Division) who had witnessed more than 25 months of combat, to state: "I have never seen a more armored unit." Subsequently, elements of the 20th | 6,128,722 |
441266 | 20th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=20th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 20th Armored Division (United States)
seized the bridge over the Paar River at Schrobenhausen, and secured crossings over the Ilm River.
Elements of the 20th Armored Division, along with elements of the U.S. Seventh Army's 45th (Thunderbird) and 42nd (Rainbow) Infantry Divisions, participated in the liberation of Dachau concentration camp on 29 April 1945. Varied reports indicate that troops of the 9th and 27th Tank Battalions, 8th and 65th Armored Infantry Battalions, and the 412th and 414th Armored Field Artillery Battalions, took part in the unfolding process of discovery and liberation of the camp at the time.
In support of units of the 45th Infantry Division (primarily belonging to the 180th and 157th Infantry Regiments), | 6,128,723 |
441266 | 20th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=20th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 20th Armored Division (United States)
elements of the 20th Armored Division's Combat Command B (including certain forces of the 20th Tank Battalion, 65th Armored Infantry Battalion, and 413th Armored Field Artillery Battalion), together operating as Task Force 20, were awarded a Distinguished Unit Citation. The Recommendation for Unit Citation dated 3 October 1945 states:
"These units, which constituted Task Force 20, are cited for outstanding performance of duty in action during the period 28–30 April 1945, in the vicinity of Neuherberg, Germany. With soldierly courage and irrepressible determination members of Task Force 20 pushed an armored spearhead 45 miles beyond the Danube River to the outskirts of Munich, destroying a supply | 6,128,724 |
441266 | 20th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=20th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 20th Armored Division (United States)
train, capturing almost 800 prisoners, and securing four bridges over the Amper River intact. Continuing the attack on 29–30 April against an enemy entrenched in elaborately prepared dugouts and behind the thick walls of the SS Training Center and an Anti-tank School which were defended by small arms, machine guns, hundreds of panzerfausts and twelve 88 mm guns, our troops killed 700 SS Troops, who fought stubbornly and fanatically. This victory destroyed the defenses of Munich, Germany, removing resistance to the entry of troops into the City."
The 27th Tank Battalion remained attached to the 42nd Infantry Division during its attack on Munich, 29–30 April. Despite its recent efficacy in the | 6,128,725 |
441266 | 20th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=20th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 20th Armored Division (United States)
combat zone, the rest of the 20th was ordered off the roads leading into Munich on 28 April, allowing the veteran 42nd (Rainbow) and 45th (Thunderbird) Infantry Divisions to capture Munich proper.
In pursuit of retreating German troops, the Division crossed the Inn River at Wasserburg on 3 May, entered Traunstein on 4 May, and was moving toward Salzburg when it received word that hostilities would cease in Europe.
Following V-E Day, the Division returned to the U.S. in August 1945 and was slated for the invasion of Japan. The Division reported to Camp Cooke, CA, for amphibious assault training, but after the atomic bombs were dropped and Japan surrendered, the unit was inactivated on 2 April | 6,128,726 |
441266 | 20th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=20th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 20th Armored Division (United States)
1946 at Camp Hood in Texas.
The Division is officially credited with only eight days in combat (overlooking the previously described Rhine action)
"Peanuts" creator, Charles Schulz, rose to the rank of Staff Sergeant (and Squad Leader) while a member of the Division's 8th Armored Infantry Battalion. While Schulz's unit was nearby, it did not actually enter Dachau.
Richard Nixon's future Vice President, Spiro Agnew, attained the rank of 1st Lieutenant while with the 20th Armored Division's 480th Armored Infantry Regiment (prior to reorganization to light armored division TO&E).
## Casualties.
- Total battle casualties: 186
- Killed in action: 46
- Wounded in action: 134
- Missing in action: | 6,128,727 |
441266 | 20th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=20th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 20th Armored Division (United States)
e Division is officially credited with only eight days in combat (overlooking the previously described Rhine action)
"Peanuts" creator, Charles Schulz, rose to the rank of Staff Sergeant (and Squad Leader) while a member of the Division's 8th Armored Infantry Battalion. While Schulz's unit was nearby, it did not actually enter Dachau.
Richard Nixon's future Vice President, Spiro Agnew, attained the rank of 1st Lieutenant while with the 20th Armored Division's 480th Armored Infantry Regiment (prior to reorganization to light armored division TO&E).
## Casualties.
- Total battle casualties: 186
- Killed in action: 46
- Wounded in action: 134
- Missing in action: 1
- Prisoners of war: 5 | 6,128,728 |
441295 | Felix Manz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Felix%20Manz | Felix Manz
Felix Manz
Felix Manz (also Felix Mantz) (c. 1498 in Zürich, Canton of Zürich, Old Swiss Confederacy – 5 January 1527 in Zürich, Canton of Zürich, Old Swiss Confederacy) was an Anabaptist, a co-founder of the original Swiss Brethren congregation in Zürich, Switzerland, and the first martyr of the Radical Reformation.
# Birth and life.
Manz was born and died in Zürich, where his father was a canon of Grossmünster church. Though records of his education are scant, there is evidence that he had a liberal education, with a thorough knowledge of Hebrew, Greek and Latin. Manz became a follower of Huldrych Zwingli after he came to Zürich in 1519. When Conrad Grebel joined the group in 1521, he and | 6,128,729 |
441295 | Felix Manz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Felix%20Manz | Felix Manz
Manz became friends. They questioned the mass, the nature of church and state connections, and infant baptism. After the Second Disputation of Zürich in 1523, they became dissatisfied, believing that Zwingli's plans for reform had been compromised with the city council.
Grebel, Manz and others made several attempts to plead their position. Several parents refused to have their children baptized. A public disputation was held with Zwingli on 17 January 1525. The council declared Zwingli the victor.
After the final rebuff by the city council on 18 January, in which they were ordered to desist from arguing and submit to the decision of the council, and have their children baptized within eight | 6,128,730 |
441295 | Felix Manz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Felix%20Manz | Felix Manz
days, the brethren gathered at the home of Felix Manz and his mother on 21 January. Conrad Grebel baptized George Blaurock, and Blaurock in turn baptized the others. This made complete the break with Zwingli and the council, and formed the first church of the Radical Reformation. The movement spread rapidly, and Manz was very active in it. He used his language skills to translate his texts into the language of the people, and worked enthusiastically as an evangelist. Manz was arrested on a number of occasions between 1525 and 1527. While he was preaching with George Blaurock in the Grüningen region, they were taken by surprise, arrested and imprisoned in Zürich at the Wellenburg prison.
# Execution.
On | 6,128,731 |
441295 | Felix Manz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Felix%20Manz | Felix Manz
7 March 1526, the Zürich council had passed an edict that made adult re-baptism punishable by drowning. On 5 January 1527, Manz became the first casualty of the edict, and the first Swiss Anabaptist to be martyred at the hands of magisterial Protestants. While Manz stated that he wished ""to bring together those who were willing to accept Christ, obey the Word, and follow in His footsteps, to unite with these by baptism, and to purchase the rest in their present conviction"", Zwingli and the council accused him of obstinately refusing ""to recede from his error and caprice"". At 3:00 p.m., as he was led from the Wellenburg to a boat, he praised God and preached to the people. A Reformed minister | 6,128,732 |
441295 | Felix Manz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Felix%20Manz | Felix Manz
went along, seeking to silence him, and hoping to give him an opportunity to recant. Manz's brother and mother encouraged him to stand firm and suffer for Jesus' sake. He was taken by boat onto the River Limmat. His hands were bound and pulled behind his knees and a pole was placed between them. He was executed by drowning in Lake Zürich on the Limmat. His alleged last words were, "Into thy hands, O God, I commend my spirit." His property was confiscated by government of Zürich, and he was buried in the St. Jakobs cemetery. Manz's execution predates the Münster Rebellion which officially began in 1534.
Manz left written testimony of his faith, an eighteen-stanza hymn, and was apparently the | 6,128,733 |
441295 | Felix Manz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Felix%20Manz | Felix Manz
author of "Protestation und Schutzschrift" (a defense of Anabaptism presented to the Zürich council).
# Legacy.
The witness of Felix Manz' life and the other radical Anabaptist continues to be a source of inspiration to Christians today. The Amish, Baptist, Mennonite and Bruderhof churches all are influenced to varying degrees by the Manz and the other Reformation-era Anabaptists.
# Hymn.
An 18-stanza hymn by Manz has been preserved and is found in the Ausbund, a 16th-century hymn book still used by the Amish. It is a hymn of praise to God for his great salvation. The seven lines of the first stanza are found below.
# References.
- "A History of the Baptists", by Thomas Armitage
- "Leben | 6,128,734 |
441295 | Felix Manz | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Felix%20Manz | Felix Manz
s", by Thomas Armitage
- "Leben und Sterben des Zürcher Täuferführers, Felix Mantz", by Ekkehard Trajewski (Estep and others call this the "definitive work" on Felix Manz.)
- "Mennonite Encyclopedia", Harold S. Bender, Cornelius J. Dyck, Dennis D. Martin, Henry C. Smith, et al., editors
- "The Anabaptist Story", by William R. Estep
- "The Anabaptist Vision", by Harold S. Bender
- "The Bloody Theater or Martyrs Mirror", by Thieleman J. van Braght
- "The Reformers and their Stepchildren", by Leonard Verduin
# External links.
- Manz, Felix (ca. 1498-1527) at Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online
- Anabaptist reconciliation with Reformed Church in Zurich to bring healing, hope | 6,128,735 |
441280 | Dungeons & Dragons (film) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dungeons%20&%20Dragons%20(film) | Dungeons & Dragons (film)
Dungeons & Dragons (film)
Dungeons & Dragons is a 2000 American action adventure fantasy film directed by Courtney Solomon, written by Carroll Cartwright and Topper Lilien, and based on the "Dungeons & Dragons" role-playing game. Among the more notable features of the otherwise poorly received film are cameo appearances by Richard O'Brien (in a parody of his TV program "The Crystal Maze") and Tom Baker. Parts of the film were made on location at Sedlec Ossuary.
Despite its poor box office performance and critical failure, a made-for-TV sequel, "" was released in 2005. It was not a direct continuation of the storyline of the previous film, though Bruce Payne's character, Damodar, makes a | 6,128,736 |
441280 | Dungeons & Dragons (film) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dungeons%20&%20Dragons%20(film) | Dungeons & Dragons (film)
return. A third film, "", was shot in 2011 and direct-to-DVD released in the United Kingdom on August 9, 2012.
# Plot.
The Empire of Izmir has long been a divided land, ruled by the Mages, an elite group of warlocks. An evil mage named Profion creates a magical sceptre that can allow him to control Red dragons, but his attempt to control a captive one fails, and he is forced to kill it. As he begins to make new plans, the dragon bleeds into the river, causing it to catch fire, which many inhabitants notice, including a pair of teenage thieves, Ridley and his best friend Snails.
Later, Profion and the Council discuss about the controversial views of Empress Savina, who wants to give rights | 6,128,737 |
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to non-mages in Izmir. When the Council threatens to confiscate the scepter that allows her to control Gold dragons, she decides to seek the Rod of Savrille, which controls Red dragons. Profion learns of this and decides to take the Rod himself. Meanwhile, Ridley and Snails break into the magic school to steal valuables and many other items, but are discovered by Marina. She is distracted when the Library wizard is held hostage and interrogated by Profion's hideous assistant Damodar for information on the map to the Rod. After refusing to talk, Damodar kills him. Marina gets the map and travels through a portal to escape, taking the thieves with her. After crashing into a pile of garbage, they | 6,128,738 |
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meet a dwarf named Elwood, who ends up joining Ridley, Snails and Marina escaping through the sewers.
Damodar puts a price on Marina, Ridley, Snails and Elwood's heads and after letting Profion know that the group got away with the map, Profion creates a tentacled monster inside Damodar which controls his body. The group hide inside a tavern and read the map that Ridley and Marina get sucked into. Damodar and his minions attack Elwood and Snails, but they manage to get away with the map. Ridley and Marina exit the map and all decide to work together to find the Rod. They have to find a ruby called the "Eye of the Dragon" that can open the door to a tomb where the sceptre rests. The ruby is | 6,128,739 |
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located in a den of thieves that is led by Xilus who'll give the group the "Eye of the Dragon" if Ridley solves a maze puzzle of traps. Ridley manages to get the "Eye of the Dragon" when Damodar suddenly arrives to capture him and his friends. Marina is captured instead while Ridley, Snails and Elwood escape, meeting an elf named Norda who works for Empress Savina and informs the Empress about Profion's plan to get the Rod. In his castle, Damodar interrogates Marina and uses the tentacles in his mind to gain her knowledge.
Ridley and Snails break into Damodar's castle to rescue Marina, while Norda and Elwood stay behind. After Ridley and Snails decide to split up, Ridley finds and rescues Marina, | 6,128,740 |
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but Snails is confronted by Damodar after he finds the map and a fight ensues between the two with Damodar gaining the upper hand. When Ridley and Marina arrive, Snails throws the map to his comrades before Damodar kills him and throws his body off the castle. Ridley becomes enraged over the death of his friend and attacks Damodar, but he disarms him and stabs Ridley with his own sword. In the confusion, Marina grabs some magic dust and creates a magic portal to escape with Ridley. Meanwhile during a Council meeting, Profion and Empress Savina's factions decide battle for control of Izmir using magic.
At the same time, an elf heals Ridley along with Norda's soldiers. Later, Marina tries to | 6,128,741 |
441280 | Dungeons & Dragons (film) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dungeons%20&%20Dragons%20(film) | Dungeons & Dragons (film)
help Ridley get over the death of Snails, but Ridley furiously scolds her. After a brief argument in which Marina convinces Ridley that Snails didn't die in vain, the two forgive each other and become love interests. Ridley later uses the "Eye of the Dragon" to finally get the Rod, which is held by a skeleton of the mage Savrille in the tomb that comes to life and warns Ridley that "he is Savrille and that he is eternally cursed for trying to control the red dragon. Anyone who wields the power of the Rod shall suffer a horrible fate", but Damodar arrives to steal the Rod.
Profion travels back to the capital with the Rod, where the Empress and her Gold dragons are battling the Mages following | 6,128,742 |
441280 | Dungeons & Dragons (film) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dungeons%20&%20Dragons%20(film) | Dungeons & Dragons (film)
Profion below, to bring it to Profion, but Ridley and his friends follow in pursuit. Profion removes the monster from Damodar's body and uses the Rod to summon Red dragons, which battle the Gold dragons and slowly begin to win the fight. Ridley comes across Damodar, duels him with his new magic sword and then kills him before hurling his body off the castle wall. He then attacks Profion, who disarms him and shoves him back. Ridley's companions arrive and fight Profion one at a time. Ridley picks up the fallen Rod, and uses it to stop the red dragons. Marina encourages Ridley to use the Rod to bring Profion down, but Ridley, realizing the Rods power will corrupt him, refuses and destroys it. | 6,128,743 |
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Empress Savina arrives and condemns Profion, who fights her with powerful magic, but she succeeds in summoning a Gold dragon which devours Profion, thus ending the battle.
Ridley later visits Snails's grave with Norda, Marina and Elwood and pays tribute to his fallen comrade. When he places the "Eye of the Dragon" on the grave, Snails' name disappears, and Norda tells Ridley not to question his abilities. Norda then uses the "Eye of the Dragon" to transport Ridley to another place in the world where "your friend awaits you", along with herself, Marina and Elwood.
# Cast.
- Justin Whalin as Ridley Freeborn
- Marlon Wayans as Snails
- Jeremy Irons as Mage Profion
- Thora Birch as Empress | 6,128,744 |
441280 | Dungeons & Dragons (film) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dungeons%20&%20Dragons%20(film) | Dungeons & Dragons (film)
Savina
- Bruce Payne as Damodar
- Edward Jewesbury as Vildan Vildir
- Zoe McLellan as Marina Pretensa
- Kristen Wilson as Norda
- Lee Arenberg as Elwood
- Richard O'Brien as Xilus
- Tom Baker as Halvarth the Elf
- Robert Miano as Azmath
- Tomas Havrlik and Stanislav Ondricek as Mages
- Martin Astles and Matthew O'Toole as Orcs
- David O'Kelly as Three Eyes
- Kia Jam, Nicolas Rochette, and David Mandis as thieves
- Robert Henny as Crimson Brigade
- Roman Hemala as Council Mage
- Andrew Blau and Marta Urbanová as elves
- Jirí Machácek as Loyalist General
- Dave Arneson makes a cameo appearance in deleted scenes
# Reception.
Critical reaction to the film was largely negative. | 6,128,745 |
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The film has a score of 10% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 91 reviews, the consensus stating: "Critics say this movie has a cheap look and is badly directed. Despite the presence of talented actors, the performances are really bad, and additionally, some people are offended at Marlon Wayans' character, calling it a racist throwback to black stereotypes." The film has a score of 14 on Metacritic based on 25 reviews. Geoff Pevere of the "Toronto Star" called the film "A wheezy quest story steeped in hobbity gibberish and second-hand Star Wars costumery, featuring a cast so uniformly uncharismatic you may pine for the methody depths of Kerwin Mathews (apart, of course, from the reversely charismatic | 6,128,746 |
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Irons), the movie has the cheap software look of something found on the Space channel at 4 a.m.". Steve Biodrowski of mania.com comments: "Let's just say that if it weren't for "Lost Souls" (also a New Line release, coincidentally), this would be a strong contender for the Worst Film of the Year." In February 2010, the readers of "Empire" voted "Dungeons & Dragons" the 39th worst film of all time.
Solomon blamed the quality of the film on its investors and license-holders' interference, as well as his own inexperience in filmmaking. He states that he had only intended to produce the film, but was forced to direct by his investors after nearly a decade of complications dealing with TSR and Wizards | 6,128,747 |
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of the Coast. He also claims that he was forced to use an older script despite having written an updated version that fit the Dungeons and Dragons license better.
## Box office.
The film opened at #5 at the North American box office making USD$7,237,422 in its opening weekend. The film would go on to gross $15,220,685 in the domestic box office, short of the film's $45 million budget, and with an international gross of $18,586,724, coming up with a worldwide total of $33,807,409.
# Roleplaying game.
Wizards of the Coast released a Fast-Play Game based on the movie called "The Sewers of Sumdall". It is a DVD-ROM feature on the DVD as a printable PDF file.
# Reboot.
In August 2015, Warner | 6,128,748 |
441280 | Dungeons & Dragons (film) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dungeons%20&%20Dragons%20(film) | Dungeons & Dragons (film)
ice.
The film opened at #5 at the North American box office making USD$7,237,422 in its opening weekend. The film would go on to gross $15,220,685 in the domestic box office, short of the film's $45 million budget, and with an international gross of $18,586,724, coming up with a worldwide total of $33,807,409.
# Roleplaying game.
Wizards of the Coast released a Fast-Play Game based on the movie called "The Sewers of Sumdall". It is a DVD-ROM feature on the DVD as a printable PDF file.
# Reboot.
In August 2015, Warner Bros developed a reboot of Dungeons and Dragons, with Rob Letterman directing. In December 2017, Paramount Pictures picked up the project with a July 23, 2021 release date. | 6,128,749 |
441253 | 12th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=12th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 12th Armored Division (United States)
12th Armored Division (United States)
The 12th Armored Division was an armored division of the United States Army in World War II. It fought in the European Theater of Operations in France, Germany and Austria, between November 1944 and May 1945.
The German Army called the 12th Armored Division the "Suicide Division" for its fierce defensive actions during Operation Nordwind in France, and they were nicknamed the "Mystery Division" when they were temporarily transferred to the command of the Third Army under General George S. Patton, Jr., to cross the Rhine River.
The 12th Armored Division was one of only ten U.S. divisions (and only one of two U.S. armored divisions) during World War II that | 6,128,750 |
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had African-American combat companies integrated into the division. One of the African American soldiers, Staff Sergeant Edward A. Carter, Jr. was awarded The Distinguished Service Cross for gallantry in combat during World War II, and was later awarded the Medal of Honor posthumously.
# History.
The 12th Armored Division was activated on 15 September 1942. Organization and initial training was at Camp Campbell, Kentucky, and continued at Camp Barkeley in Abilene, Texas. The division consisted of approximately 11,000 soldiers, and was composed of tank, field artillery, motorized infantry battalions and other support units.
In early 1943 the division adopted the nickname "The Hellcats", symbolizing | 6,128,751 |
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its toughness and readiness for combat.
While at Camp Barkeley, the 44th Tank Battalion was sent to the Pacific Theater of Operations on a special mission and later distinguished itself as the first unit to enter Manila. The 44th was replaced by the 714th Tank Battalion.
Walt Disney himself designed a logo for the 714th Tank Battalion.
## Origin of Combat Units.
The 12th was originally organized as a heavy armored division with two armored regiments, the 43rd and 44th, and one armored infantry regiment, the 56th Armored Infantry Regiment. In 1943, it was reorganized from a heavy division to a light division as part of a general streamlining of all armored divisions, except the 2nd Armored | 6,128,752 |
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Division and the 3rd Armored Division.
### Tank Battalions.
The original 43rd and 44th Armored Regiments assigned to the 12th AD were re-designated to become the 23rd, 43rd, 44th, 714th and 779th Tank Battalions (TB) during the reorganization the 12th Armored Division underwent while at the Tennessee Maneuver Area in Watertown, Tennessee, in November 1943. The 714th TB was sent to Fort Jackson, SC and the 779th TB went to Fort Knox, KY as separate independent tank battalions. The 44th Tank Battalion was detached from the 12th AD and sent to the Pacific Theater of Operations, where it distinguished itself as the first tank battalion to enter the city of Manila and liberated American and Allied | 6,128,753 |
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civilian prisoners interred in the Santo Tomas Internment Camp. It was replaced by the 714th TB which rejoined the 12th AD in November 1943. The 779th TB was sent to the Philippines late in the war in 1945 but did not see combat action.
### Armored Infantry Battalions.
The 56th Armored Infantry Regiment (AIR) traced its historical origin back to the 17th Infantry Regiment of Maj. Gen. George Sykes' 2nd Division of the 5th Army Corps, of the Army of the Potomac during the American Civil War. During World War I, soldiers from the reconstituted 17th Infantry Regiment were used to form the 56th Infantry Regiment on 15 May 1917, which was involved in the battle around Metz in Alsace-Lorraine. Ironically, | 6,128,754 |
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when reconstituted as the 56th Armored Infantry Battalion during World War II, they were back in Alsace-Lorraine, fighting with the 12th Armored Division to liberate the same region of France from Nazi occupation in 1944-1945. On 7 July 1942, the unit was reconstituted as the 56th Armored Infantry Regiment and assigned to the 12th Armored Division, which was activated as a division at Camp Campbell, KY on 15 September 1942. On 11 November 1943 while at Watertown, Tennessee, the 12th Armored Division was reorganized and the 56th Armored Infantry Regiment was reorganized to form the 17th, 56th and 66th Armored Infantry Battalions (AIB).
The 1st Battalion of the 56th AIR became the 66th AIB and | 6,128,755 |
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the 2nd Battalion of the 56th AIR became the 17th AIB of the 12th Armored Division. The 3rd Battalion of the 56th AIR became the 56th AIB. Companies G, H and I of the 56th AIR became Companies A, B and C of the 56th AIB.
## World War II.
### Combat chronicle.
After completing training the division left Abilene and departed from Camp Shanks, New York, for the European Theater of Operations on 20 September 1944. It landed at Liverpool, England on 2 October 1944. While awaiting replacement armor which had been borrowed by the U.S. Third Army, the 12th was sent to Tidworth Barracks in Wiltshire, UK. It crossed the English Channel from Southampton, arrived at Le Havre, France, on 11 November 1944 | 6,128,756 |
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and then traveled up the Seine River to Rouen to join the Seventh Army under Lieutenant General Alexander Patch. Advance elements met the enemy near Weisslingen in Alsace on 5 December, and the entire division moved against the Maginot Line fortifications two days later.
In its advance, Rohrbach-lès-Bitche and towns surrounding Bettviller were liberated by 12 December 1944, and Utweiler, Germany was seized on 21 December. After a short period of rehabilitation and maintenance, the 12th rolled against the Rhine bridgehead at Herrlisheim that the Germans had established as part of their Operation Nordwind offensive. In order to seal the Battle of the Bulge, units of the Seventh Army were diverted | 6,128,757 |
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north to assist the Third Army in capturing Bastogne. Due to this, the remainder of the Seventh Army, including the 12th Armored Division, was stretched thin holding a long front line with only eight divisions.
German defenders repulsed two division attacks in the most violent fighting in the history of the division, during 8 to 10 January and 16 to 17 January 1945. The division's attacks at Herrlisheim failed to use combined-arms tactics and were defeated in detail, resulting in two tank and two armored infantry battalions taking heavy losses. Poor tactics were compounded by terrain that was almost tabletop-flat, offering the German defenders excellent fields of fire. However, enemy counterattacks | 6,128,758 |
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failed also, in part because of the firm leadership of the commander of Combat Command B, Colonel Charles Bromley, who declared his headquarters expendable and ordered all personnel in the headquarters to prepare a hasty defense.
The division was subsequently relieved by the U.S. 36th Infantry Division. The 12th Armored Division suffered over 1,700 battle casualties during the fighting in and around Herrlisheim. As a consequence, when African-American soldiers who were in non-combat positions were able to volunteer to become combat troops, Major General Roderick R. Allen was one of only ten division commanders who allowed them to join the combat ranks. After recovering from the bruising experience | 6,128,759 |
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at Herrlisheim, the 12th went over to the offensive and attacked south from Colmar, after being assigned to the French First Army under General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny. In a lightning drive, the 12th effected junction with French forces at Rouffach, on 5 February, sealing the Colmar Pocket and ending German resistance in the Vosges Mountains. Except for elements acting as a protective screen, the division withdrew to the St. Avold area for rest and rehabilitation. The division was attached to the Third Army under General George S. Patton, Jr., on 17 March 1945 through its crossing of the Rhine on 28 March. The soldiers were ordered to remove their identifying unit insignias and vehicle markings | 6,128,760 |
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were painted over, disguising the fact that Patton had an additional tank division under his command. Thus the 12th was given the nickname the "Mystery Division". The attack resumed on 18 March 1945.
In a quick drive to the Rhine, Ludwigshafen fell on 21 March, and two other important river cities, Speyer and Germersheim, were secured on 24 March, clearing the Saar Palatinate. Maintaining the rapid pace, the 12th crossed the Rhine River at Worms on 28 March over pontoon bridges, advanced toward Würzburg, and captured that city along with elements of the famed 42nd Infantry Division (United States). After assisting in the seizure of Schweinfurt, the division continued toward Nuremberg on 13 | 6,128,761 |
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April, taking Neustadt, then shifted south toward Munich on 17 April. Elements of the 12th raced from Dinkelsbühl to the Danube, where they found the bridge at Lauingen had been blown. Moving quickly they captured the bridge at Dillingen intact before demolition men could destroy it. This bridge provided a vital artery for Allied troops flooding into southern Bavaria.
The division spearheaded the Seventh Army drive, securing Landsberg, on 27 April and clearing the area between the Ammer and Würm Lakes by 30 April. The 12th Armored Division is recognized as a liberating unit of the Landsberg concentration camps near the Landsberg Prison, sub-camps of Dachau concentration camp on 27 April 1945. | 6,128,762 |
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On 29 April 1945, the 12th AD liberated Oflag VII-A Murnau, a German Army POW camp for Polish Army officers interned north of the Bavarian town of Murnau am Staffelsee during World War II.
Elements crossed the Inn River and the Austrian border at Kufstein on 3 May. The 12th Armored Division was relieved by the 36th Infantry Division on 4 May. On 5 May, Lieutenant (later Captain) John C. Lee, Jr., Co. B, 23rd Tank Battalion, organized the rescue of VIP French prisoners from an Alpine castle in Bavaria during the Battle for Castle Itter. Under Lee's command were members of the German Wehrmacht, who combined forces with 2 tanks from the 12th to fight the SS Commander and soldiers guarding the | 6,128,763 |
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prisoners. For leading the successful rescue of these prisoners, Lee was promoted to Captain and awarded the Distinguished Service Cross.
The 12th Armored Division engaged in security duty around Ulm until 22 November 1945, when it left Marseille, France, for home. Some members of the 12th attended the US Army University, in either Biarritz, France or Shrivenham, England during this time.
It was deactivated on 3 December 1945, and on 17 December 1945, its battle flags were turned in at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey.
### POWs captured.
During its deployment the 12th Armored Division captured 72,243 enemy prisoners of war. Among them were Adolf Eichmann and Wernher von Braun.
Nearly 8,500 Allied | 6,128,764 |
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POWs, including 1,500 Americans, and an additional 20,000 non-military prisoners, were liberated by the 12th AD.
### Casualties.
Total 12th Armored Division complement: 10,937 at end of 1944;
17,000 assigned to the division between activation and deactivation
- Total battle casualties: 3,527
- Killed in action: 616
- Wounded in action: 2,416
- Missing in action: 17
- Prisoner of war: 478
### Order of battle.
- Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 12th Armored Division
- Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Combat Command A
- Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Combat Command B
- Headquarters, Reserve Command
- 23rd Tank Battalion
- 43rd Tank Battalion
- 714th Tank Battalion
- | 6,128,765 |
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17th Armored Infantry Battalion
- 56th Armored Infantry Battalion
- 66th Armored Infantry Battalion
- Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 12th Armored Division Artillery
- 493nd Armored Field Artillery Battalion
- 494th Armored Field Artillery Battalion
- 495th Armored Field Artillery Battalion
- 92nd Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron (Mechanized)
- 119th Armored Engineer Battalion
- 152nd Armored Signal Company
- Headquarters and Headquarters Company. 12th Armored Division Trains
- 134th Armored Ordnance Maintenance Battalion
- 82nd Armored Medical Battalion
- Military Police Platoon
- Band
### Awards.
- Campaigns: Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe.
- Days of combat: | 6,128,766 |
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102
- Distinguished Unit Citations: 1 - 92nd Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron, Mechanized
- Meritorious Service Unit Plaques: 3, to the 134th Ord. Maint. Bn. (with a star in addition); 82d Armored Medical Battalion; and 152d Armored Signal Company
- Division authorized by France to incorporate Arms of the City of Colmar in its division insignia for action in liberating the city.
Individual awards:
- Medal of Honor: 1 - Edward A. Carter, Jr.
- Distinguished Service Cross: 6
- Silver Star: 198
- Legion of Merit: 4
- Distinguished Flying Cross: 3
- Soldier's Medal: 12
- Bronze Star Medal: 1,199 (does not include Bronze Stars issued to awardees of Combat Infantry Badges or Combat Medical | 6,128,767 |
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Badges)
- Air Medal: 50
### Commanders.
- Major General Carlos Brewer (September 1942 – August 1944)
- Major General Douglass T. Greene (August–September 1944)
- Major General Roderick R. Allen (September 1944 – July 1945)
- Brigadier General Willard Ames Holbrook, Jr. (July 1945 to inactivation)
### Assignments in the European Theater of Operations.
- 13 November 1944: Ninth Army, Twelfth Army Group
- 5 December 1944: XV Corps, Seventh Army, Sixth Army Group.
- 27 December 1944: XXI Corps.
- 30 December 1944: Seventh Army, 6th Army Group.
- 3 January 1945: XV Corps.
- 6 January 1945: VI Corps.
- 3 February 1945: XXI Corps.
- 11 February 1945: XV Corps.
- 28 February 1945: XXI | 6,128,768 |
441253 | 12th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=12th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 12th Armored Division (United States)
Corps.
- 17 March 1945: Seventh Army, 6th Army Group, but attached to the XX Corps, Third Army, Twelfth Army Group.
- 24 March 1945: XXI Corps, Seventh Army, 6th Army Group.
- 26 March 1945: XV Corps.
- 31 March 1945: XXI Corps.
- 4 May 1945: Seventh Army, 6th Army Group.
### Assignments of the 12th AD to Higher Commands.
Date Assigned to Corps Assigned to Army Attached to Army Assigned to Army Group Attached to Army Group
- 07.10.1944 UK Base ETOUSA
- 13.11.1944 Ninth Army 12th Army Group
- 05.12.1944 XV Operations Seventh Army 6th Army Group
- 27.12.1944 XXI Operations Seventh Army 6th Army Group
- 30.12.1944 Seventh Army 6th Army Group
- 03.01.1945 XV Corps Seventh Army 6th Army | 6,128,769 |
441253 | 12th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=12th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 12th Armored Division (United States)
Group
- 06.01.1945 VI Corps Seventh Army 6th Army Group
- 03.02.1945 XXI Corps Seventh Army 6th Army Group
- 11.02.1945 XV Corps Seventh Army 6th Army Group
- 28.02.1945 XXI Corps Seventh Army 6th Army Group
- 17.03.1945 XX Operations Third Army,6th Army Gp 12th Army Group
- 24.03.1945 XXI Corps Seventh Army 6th Army Group
- 26.03.1945 XV Corps Seventh Army 6th Army Group
- 31.03.1945 XXI Corps Seventh Army 6th Army Group
- 04.05.1945 Seventh Army 6th Army Group
### Attachments (Units officially attached to the 12th Armored Division).
- 572nd Anti-aircraft Artillery (AAA) AW (automatic weapons) Battalion (SP) (self-propelled) 04.12.1944-18.05.1945
- CC V, 2nd French Armored Division | 6,128,770 |
441253 | 12th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=12th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 12th Armored Division (United States)
30.04.1945-04.05.1945
- 101st Cavalry Group 08.04.1945-04.05.1945
- 42nd Reconnaissance Troop, 42nd Infantry Division 13.04.1945-14.04.1945
- 99th Chemical Mortar Battalion, A Company, 07.03.1945-08.03.1945
- 206th Engineer Combat Battalion 18.03.1945-20.03.1945
- 256th Engineer Combat Battalion 14.04.1945-21.04.1945
- 290th Engineer Combat Battalion 21.04.1945-04.05.1945
- 204th Field Artillery Group 18.03.1945-22.03.1945
- 342nd Field Artillery Battalion 28.03.1945-04.05.1945
- 933rd Field Artillery Battalion (155mm Howitzer) 31.03.1945-19.04.1945
- 36th Field Artillery Group, Headquarters 01.04.1945-19.04.1945
- 937th Field Artillery Battalion (155mm Howitzer) 01.04.1945-04.05.1945
- | 6,128,771 |
441253 | 12th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=12th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 12th Armored Division (United States)
935th Field Artillery Battalion (4.5 inch Gun) 11.04.1945-19.04.1945
- 977th Field Artillery Battalion, A Batt (155mm Gun) 24.04.1945-25.04.1945
- 1st & 2nd Bn, 22nd Infantry Reg, 4th Infantry Division 02.04.1945-03.04.1945
- 3rd Bn, 222nd Infantry Reg, 42nd Infantry Division 02.04.1945-08.04.1945
- 2nd Bn, 242nd Infantry Reg, 42nd Infantry Division 05.04.1945-07.04.1945
- G Co, 242nd Infantry Reg, 42nd Infantry Division 10.04.1945-12.04.1945
- 3rd Bn, 242nd Infantry Reg, 42nd Infantry Division 12.04.1945-14.04.1945
- 15th CT, 3rd Infantry Division 24.04.1945-25.04.1945
- 827th Tank Destroyer Battalion 19.12.1944-13.02.1945
## Memorials Recognizing the 12th Armored Division.
- 12th | 6,128,772 |
441253 | 12th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=12th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 12th Armored Division (United States)
Armored Division Fort Campbell Memorial, Fort Campbell, Kentucky
- 12th Armored Division Camp Barkeley Memorial, Abilene, Texas
- 12th Armored Division Memorial Museum, Abilene, Texas
- All Veterans Memorial, 12th AD Plaque, Emporia, Kansas
- Armored Park Memorial, Fort Knox, Kentucky/a
- Armed Forces Monument, Arlington, Virginia
- Don F. Pratt Memorial Museum, Fort Campbell, KY
- United States Holocaust Museum, Washington, DC
- 50th Anniversary of World War II Memorial, Herrlisheim, France (12th AD is the only Allied Military Unit recognized on the Monument)
- Memorial to Liberation of France and Victory in World War II, Colmar, France
- Place de Col. Meigs plaque, Rohrbach, France
- | 6,128,773 |
441253 | 12th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=12th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 12th Armored Division (United States)
US Memorial on Hill 351 (Mont de Sigolsheim), Sigolsheim, France
# 12th Armored Division Association.
The 12th Armored Division Association was founded on 15 September 1945 at Heidenheim, Germany, on the occasion of the third anniversary of the division's activation.
## The "Hellcat News" (newspaper).
The "Hellcat News", the newspaper of the 12th Armored Division, was first published in 1942 as an information sheet. Initial publication was part of the public relations duties of the Special Services unit of the 12th Armored Division while the division trained at Camp (later Fort) Campbell, Kentucky. In 1943, after the division was transferred to Camp Barkeley in Abilene, Texas, the division | 6,128,774 |
441253 | 12th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=12th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 12th Armored Division (United States)
commander, Major General Carlos Brewer, assigned three men to Special Services to continue the newspaper.
The first official issue of the newspaper was published at Camp Campbell, Kentucky, although the byline reads "Somewhere in Tennessee". This was because Camp Campbell was in the Tennessee Maneuver Area located on the Kentucky-Tennessee border between Hopkinsville, Kentucky, and Clarksville, Tennessee. Due to its close proximity to Clarksville, Tennessee, the War Department on 6 March 1942, designated Tennessee as the official address of the new camp. This caused a great deal of confusion, since the Headquarters was in Tennessee and the post office was in Kentucky. After many months of mail | 6,128,775 |
441253 | 12th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=12th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 12th Armored Division (United States)
delivery problems, Colonel Guy W. Chipman requested that the address be changed to Camp Campbell, Kentucky. The U.S. War Department officially changed the address on 23 September 1942.
The newspaper continued to be published by the division Special Services after transfer of the division to Camp Barkeley in Abilene, Texas, from February 1944 through the final issue published in the U.S during the war on 10 August 1944 (Vol. 2, No. 26), when the entire division was shipped to Europe to join the 7th Army in France. Publication resumed with Volume 3, Issue 1 on 18 May 1945, in Heidenheim, Germany, following cessation of combat operations in the ETO. The Special Services of the division published | 6,128,776 |
441253 | 12th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=12th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 12th Armored Division (United States)
the first issues in Europe on a weekly basis when conditions permitted, until the deactivation of the division in 1946.
The "Hellcat News" is one of two U.S. military newspapers that has been continuously published since World War 2, the other being the older "Stars and "Stripes", which began publication on 9 November 1861 in Bloomfield, Missouri. The "Hellcat News" is the oldest U.S. Armed Forces divisional newspaper still being published since World War 2.
### Content.
Wartime publications contained division news stories, cartoons and photographs. The later editions of the 12th Armored Association contain information about former members of the division, organizational news including information | 6,128,777 |
441253 | 12th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=12th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 12th Armored Division (United States)
about the yearly reunion, original cartoons, and photographs both from the war years and afterwards. A series relating the history of the division is also recounted in the newspaper. In addition, the president of the association and the secretary included messages of interest in most issues. These messages contain information about the division's Medal of Honor recipient, Staff Sergeant Edward A. Carter, Jr.
The Hellcat News is published by the 12th Armored Division Association. Archived copies of the Hellcat News from the first issue in 1943 through 2012 are available online through the West Texas Digital Archive.
# 12th Armored Division Memorial Museum.
In October 2001 the 12th Armored | 6,128,778 |
441253 | 12th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=12th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 12th Armored Division (United States)
Division Memorial Museum opened its doors to the public in Abilene, Texas, with the stated mission to serve as a display and teaching museum for the study of World War II and its impact on the American people.
"The Twelfth Armored Division Memorial Museum is located in Abilene, Texas, near (9 miles south of) the site of the former Camp Barkeley where the Division trained prior to being sent overseas into the European Theater of Operations. The Museum holds collections of the 12th Armored Division, World War II archives, memorabilia, and oral histories, along with selected equipment and material loaned or donated by others. The education plan focuses on expanding academic access to World War | 6,128,779 |
441253 | 12th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=12th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 12th Armored Division (United States)
II historical materials, veterans, and their families; preserving the history of the 12th Armored Division for study, research, and investigations by future generations; providing training in public history professions, developing new education programs for students and establishing a technology bridge between the 12th Armored Division Historical Collection and the public."
As part of an ongoing venture to become a larger part of the West Texas community and the greater Abilene area, 12th Armored Division Memorial Museum has partnered with the West Texas Digital Archives, providing access to copies of the "Hellcat News" from first edition to 2012.
# See also.
- 56th Infantry Regiment (United | 6,128,780 |
441253 | 12th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=12th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 12th Armored Division (United States)
States) - an independent regiment prior to World War II that was integrated into the 12th AD
- 549th Engineer Light Ponton Company - an African-American combat engineer unit which provided support to the 12th Armored Division
- 827th Tank Destroyer Battalion - a tank battalion temporarily assigned to the 12th AD
- Battle for Castle Itter
- Colmar Pocket
- Operation Nordwind
- Operation Undertone
- Seventh United States Army
- Montgomery Cunningham Meigs (1919–1944)
## Notable Veterans.
- Harry Glickman
- Edward A. Carter, Jr.
- Irving Kristol
- Adolph Matulis
- Jimmie Reese
# External links.
- 12th Armored Division Museum : a museum honoring the division
- 12th Armored Division | 6,128,781 |
441253 | 12th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=12th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 12th Armored Division (United States)
Association official website
- 12th Armored Division Association Organization Facebook page
- U.S. Army Center of Military History
- Roger Cirillo, U.S. Army Center of Military History, Campaigns of World War II: A World War II Commemorative Series – Ardennes-Alsace (CMH Pub 72-26). GPO S/N: 008-029-00511-5.
- Bernard L. Rice, Recollections of a World War II Combat Medic. Indiana Magazine of History, No. 93 (December, 1997). Pages 312- 344.
- Joseph Driscoll. Mystery Division at Rhine: Patton's Forces Chasing Germans on Road Back. New York Herald-Tribune, 22 March 1945..
- David P. Colley. African American Platoons in World War II. Originally published by World War II magazine. Published | 6,128,782 |
441253 | 12th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=12th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 12th Armored Division (United States)
Online: 20 October 2006
# Further reading.
- Phibbs, Brendan (2002) "Our war for the world : a memoir of life and death on the front lines in WWII." Lyons Press, Guilford, Conn. , originally published as: Phibbs, Brendan (1987, 1st ed.) "The other side of time : a combat surgeon in World War II." Little, Brown, Boston. , a combat surgeon in the 12th Armored Division, covers the division's experiences in Europe. The book has been called "one of the best five Allied memoirs of the World War II".
- Van Ells, Mark D. ed., (2009) "The Daily Life of an Ordinary American Soldier in World War II: The Letters of Wilbur C. Berget." Edwin Mellen Press, Lewiston. .
- Speed is the Password: The Story | 6,128,783 |
441253 | 12th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=12th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 12th Armored Division (United States)
ion, covers the division's experiences in Europe. The book has been called "one of the best five Allied memoirs of the World War II".
- Van Ells, Mark D. ed., (2009) "The Daily Life of an Ordinary American Soldier in World War II: The Letters of Wilbur C. Berget." Edwin Mellen Press, Lewiston. .
- Speed is the Password: The Story of the 12th Armored Division
- Ferguson, John C. (2004, 1st ed.) "Hellcats: The 12th Armored Division in World War II. (Military History of Texas Series)." State House Press, Abilene, Tex.
- Monroe-Jones, Edward (2010) "Crossing the Zorn: The January 1945 Battle at Herrlisheim as Told by the American and German Soldiers Who Fought It." McFarland, Jefferson, N.C. | 6,128,784 |
441300 | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cold%20Spring%20Harbor%20Laboratory | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) is a private, non-profit institution with research programs focusing on cancer, neuroscience, plant biology, genomics, and quantitative biology.
It is one of 68 institutions supported by the Cancer Centers Program of the U.S. National Cancer Institute (NCI) and has been an NCI-designated Cancer Center since 1987. The Laboratory is one of a handful of institutions that played a central role in the development of molecular genetics and molecular biology.
It has been home to eight scientists who have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. CSHL is ranked among the leading basic research institutions in molecular | 6,128,785 |
441300 | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cold%20Spring%20Harbor%20Laboratory | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
biology and genetics with Thomson Reuters ranking it #1 in the world. CSHL was also ranked #1 in research output worldwide by "Nature". The Laboratory is led by Bruce Stillman, a biochemist and cancer researcher.
Since its inception in 1890, the institution's campus on the North Shore of Long Island has also been a center of biology education. Current CSHL educational programs serve professional scientists, doctoral students in biology, teachers of biology in the K-12 system, and students from the elementary grades through high school. In the past 10 years CSHL conferences & courses have drawn over 81,000 scientists and students to the main campus. For this reason, many scientists consider | 6,128,786 |
441300 | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cold%20Spring%20Harbor%20Laboratory | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
CSHL a "crossroads of biological science." Since 2009 CSHL has partnered with the Suzhou Industrial Park in Suzhou, China to create Cold Spring Harbor Asia which annually draws some 3,000 scientists to its meetings and courses.
In 2015, CSHL announced a strategic affiliation with the nearby Northwell Health to advance cancer therapeutics research, develop a new clinical cancer research unit at Northwell Health in Lake Success, NY, to support early-phase clinical studies of new cancer therapies, and recruit and train more clinician-scientists in oncology.
CSHL hosts bioRxiv, the preprint repository for biologists.
# Research programs.
Research staff in CSHL's 52 laboratories numbers over | 6,128,787 |
441300 | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cold%20Spring%20Harbor%20Laboratory | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
600, including postdoctoral researchers; an additional 125 graduate students and 500 administrative and support personnel bring the total number of employees to over 1,200.
Cell biology and genomics
RNA interference (RNAi) and small-RNA biology; DNA replication; RNA splicing; signal transduction; genome structure; non-coding RNAs; deep sequencing; single-cell sequencing and analytics; chromatin dynamics; structural biology; advanced proteomics; mass spectrometry; advanced microscopy.
Cancer research
Principal cancer types under study: breast, prostate, blood (leukemia, lymphoma); melanoma; liver; ovarian and cervical; lung; brain; pancreas. Research foci: drug resistance; cancer genomics; | 6,128,788 |
441300 | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cold%20Spring%20Harbor%20Laboratory | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
tumor microenvironment; growth control in mammalian cells; transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene regulation.
Neuroscience
Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics employs deep sequencing and other tools to study genetics underlying schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression. Swartz Center for the Neural Mechanisms of Cognition studies cognition in the normal brain as a baseline for understanding dysfunction in psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Other research foci: autism genetics; mapping of the mammalian brain; neural correlates of decision making.
Plant biology
Plant genome sequencing; epigenetics and stem cell fate; stem cell signaling; plant-environment | 6,128,789 |
441300 | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cold%20Spring%20Harbor%20Laboratory | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
interactions; using genetic insights to increase yield of staple crops, e.g., maize, rice, wheat; increase fruit yield in flowering plants, e.g., tomato. Other initiatives: genetics of aquatic plants for biofuel development; lead role in building National Science Foundation's iPlant cyberinfrastructure. Much of this work takes place on 12 acres of farmland at the nearby CSHL Uplands Farm, where expert staff raise crops and "Arabidopsis" plants for studies. Seven CSHL faculty members conduct research primarily in plant biology - Drs. David Jackson, Zachary Lippman, Robert Martienssen, Richard McCombie, Ullas Pedmale, Doreen Ware, and Thomas Gingeras.
Simons Center for Quantitative Biology
Genome | 6,128,790 |
441300 | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cold%20Spring%20Harbor%20Laboratory | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
assembly and validation; mathematical modeling and algorithm development; population genetics; applied statistical and machine learning; biomedical text-mining; computational genomics; cloud computing and Big Data.
# Educational programs.
In addition to its research mission, CSHL has a broad educational mission. The Watson School of Biological Sciences (WSBS), established in 1998, awards the Ph.D. degree and fully funds the research program of every student. Students are challenged to obtain their doctoral degree in 4–5 years. The Undergraduate Research Program (URP) for gifted college students (established in 1959), and the Partners for the Future Program for advanced high school students | 6,128,791 |
441300 | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cold%20Spring%20Harbor%20Laboratory | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
(established in 1990) are now hosted at the WSBS.
The CSHL Meetings & Courses Program brings over 8,500 scientists from around the world to Cold Spring Harbor annually to share research results – mostly unpublished—in 60 meetings, most held biannually; and to learn new technologies in 30 to 35 professional courses, most offered annually. The Cold Spring Harbor Symposium series, held every year since 1933 with the exception of three years during the Second World War, has been a forum for researchers in genetics, genomics, neuroscience and plant biology. At the Banbury Center, about 25-30 discussion-style meetings are held yearly for a limited number of invited participants. As of 2016 a two-week | 6,128,792 |
441300 | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cold%20Spring%20Harbor%20Laboratory | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
course at CSHL costs between $3,700 and $4,700 per student and three-day conferences cost about $1,000 per attendee.
The DNA Learning Center (DNALC), founded in 1988, was among the early pioneers in developing hands-on genetics lab experiences for middle and high school students. In 2013, 31,000 students on Long Island and New York City were taught genetics labs at the DNALC and satellite facilities in New York. Over 9,000 high school biology teachers have participated in DNALC teacher-training programs.
The Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press has established a program consisting of seven journals, 190 books, laboratory manuals and protocols, and online services for research preprints.
# | 6,128,793 |
441300 | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cold%20Spring%20Harbor%20Laboratory | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Funding.
In 2015, CSHL had an operating budget of $150 million, over $100 million of which was spent on research. Half of the research budget was devoted to cancer; 25% to neuroscience; 15% to genomics and quantitative biology; and 10% to plant sciences. The sources of research funding in 2015 were: 34% Federal (primarily National Institutes of Health and National Science Foundation); 26% auxiliary activities; 22% private philanthropy; 10% endowment; 3% corporate.
# Founding and early years.
The institution took root as The Biological Laboratory in 1890, a summer program for the education of college and high school teachers studying zoology, botany, comparative anatomy and nature. The program | 6,128,794 |
441300 | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cold%20Spring%20Harbor%20Laboratory | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
began as an initiative of Eugene G. Blackford and Franklin Hooper, director of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, the founding institution of The Brooklyn Museum. In 1904, the Carnegie Institution of Washington established the Station for Experimental Evolution at Cold Spring Harbor on an adjacent parcel. In 1921, the station was reorganized as the Carnegie Institution Department of Genetics.
Between 1910 and 1939, the laboratory was the base of the Eugenics Record Office of biologist Charles B. Davenport and his assistant Harry H. Laughlin, two prominent American eugenicists of the period. Davenport was director of the Carnegie Station from its inception until his retirement in 1934. | 6,128,795 |
441300 | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cold%20Spring%20Harbor%20Laboratory | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
In 1935 the Carnegie Institution sent a team to review the ERO's work, and as a result the ERO was ordered to stop all work. In 1939 the Institution withdrew funding for the ERO entirely, leading to its closure. The ERO's reports, articles, charts, and pedigrees were considered scientific facts in their day, but have since been discredited. However, its closure came 15 years after its findings were incorporated into the National Origins Act (Immigration Act of 1924), which severely reduced the number of immigrants to America from southern and eastern Europe who, Harry Laughlin testified, were racially inferior to the Nordic immigrants from England and Germany. Charles Davenport was also the | 6,128,796 |
441300 | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cold%20Spring%20Harbor%20Laboratory | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
founder and the first director of the International Federation of Eugenics Organizations in 1925. Today, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory maintains the full historical records, communications and artifacts of the ERO for historical, teaching and research purposes. The documents are housed in a campus archive and can be accessed online and in a series of multimedia websites.
Carnegie Institution scientists at Cold Spring Harbor made many contributions to genetics and medicine. In 1908 George H. Shull discovered hybrid corn and the genetic principle behind it called heterosis, or "hybrid vigor." This would become the foundation of modern agricultural genetics. Clarence C. Little in 1916 was among | 6,128,797 |
441300 | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cold%20Spring%20Harbor%20Laboratory | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
the first scientists to demonstrate a genetic component of cancer. E. Carleton MacDowell in 1928 discovered a strain of mouse called C58 that developed spontaneous leukemia – an early mouse model of cancer. In 1933, Oscar Riddle isolated prolactin, the milk secretion hormone and Wilbur Swingle participated in the discovery of adrenocortical hormone, used to treat Addison's disease.
# History.
Milislav Demerec was named director of the Laboratory in 1941. Demerec shifted the Laboratory's research focus to the genetics of microbes, thus setting investigators on a course to study the biochemical function of the gene. During World War Two, Demerec directed efforts at Cold Spring Harbor that resulted | 6,128,798 |
441300 | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cold%20Spring%20Harbor%20Laboratory | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
in major increases in penicillin production.
Beginning in 1941, and annually from 1945, three of the seminal figures of molecular genetics convened summer meetings at Cold Spring Harbor of what they called the Phage Group. Salvador Luria, of Indiana University; Max Delbrück, then of Vanderbilt University; and Alfred Hershey, then of Washington University, St. Louis, sought to discover the nature of genes through study of viruses called bacteriophages that infect bacteria.
- In 1945, Delbrück's famous Phage Course was taught for the first time, inspiring, among others, a young James D. Watson; it was repeated for many years after. CSH Symposia important in the cross-fertilization of ideas among | 6,128,799 |
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