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441300 | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cold%20Spring%20Harbor%20Laboratory | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
molecular biology's pioneers were held in 1951, 1953, 1956, 1961, 1963, and 1966.
- At the CSH Symposium in summer 1953, Watson made the first public presentation of DNA's double-helix structure.
# Contemporary research.
- In 1973, Richard J. Roberts begins development and dissemination of a large library of restriction enzymes, basic tools for molecular biology;
- In 1981 Michael Wigler co-discovers "H-RAS", the first human cancer-causing gene, or oncogene;
- In 1988 Ed Harlow demonstrates that cancer-causing and cancer-preventing genes (oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes) interact;
- In 1994, Bruce Stillman reconstitutes DNA replication in a test tube;
- In 2002, Gregory Hannon's | 6,128,800 |
441300 | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cold%20Spring%20Harbor%20Laboratory | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
team develops technology to generate libraries of short-hairpin RNAs (shRNAs), giving researchers the ability to switch genes on and off in living cells;
- In 2004, Wigler and Jonathan Sebat discover that enhancements and deletions of genetic material called copy number variations are common across the human population;
- In 2007, Wigler and Sebat discover that spontaneous or "de novo" mutations are found in people with autism;
- In 2007, Hannon, Emily Hodges, Z. Xuan and W. Richard McCombie develop technology to sequence the exome, the small subset of protein-coding genes within the much larger genome—now a mainstay of identifying genetic mutations in disease;
- In 2011, Wigler, James Hicks | 6,128,801 |
441300 | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cold%20Spring%20Harbor%20Laboratory | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
and Nick Navin perform the first genomic profile of single cancer cells from a patient's tumor;
- In 2011, Christopher Vakoc discovers an important new drug target, BRD4, for a lethal form of Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML);
- In 2014, Phase 3 trials begin for drug to treat spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a neurodegenerative disease, based on Adrian Krainer's insights into alternative splicing.
- In 2014, Zachary Lippman publishes toolkit of gene variations in flowering plants, allowing breeders to maximize yield of tomato and other crops.
- In 2017, Anirban Paul and Josh Huang discovered that the biological identity of neurons are encoded in their transcriptional architecture that supports | 6,128,802 |
441300 | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cold%20Spring%20Harbor%20Laboratory | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
synaptic communication function.
# Leadership.
In 1962, the Department of Genetics, no longer supported by the Carnegie Institution of Washington, formally merged with the Biological Laboratory to form the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory of Quantitative Biology. In 1970, the name was simplified to Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
James D. Watson served as the Laboratory's director and president for 35 years. Upon taking charge in 1968, he focused the Laboratory on cancer research, creating a tumor virus group and successfully obtaining federal funds for an expansion of cancer research capabilities. Watson placed CSHL on a firm financial footing. Inspired by his Nobel collaborator, Francis Crick, | 6,128,803 |
441300 | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cold%20Spring%20Harbor%20Laboratory | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Watson initiated a major push to scale-up CSHL research on the brain and psychiatric disorders, beginning in the late 1980s. In 1990, work was completed on the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratory, and the Marks Neuroscience Building was opened in 1999. In 1994, Watson ceased being director of the Laboratory and assumed the title of president. In 2004 he was named chancellor, a position he held until October 2007, when he retired at the age of 79 after views attributed to him on race and intelligence appeared in the British press. In January 2019, CSHL severed all ties with Watson—and revoked his honorary titles—after he unequivocally restated these views in an American Masters television profile.
Since | 6,128,804 |
441300 | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cold%20Spring%20Harbor%20Laboratory | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
1994 biochemist and cancer biologist Bruce Stillman has led the Laboratory as director, and since 2003 as president. Stillman, a member of the National Academy of Sciences and a Fellow of the Royal Society, also continues to run a basic research lab, devoted to the study of DNA replication and chromosome maintenance. Stillman is credited with the 1991 discovery and elucidation of the mechanism of the Origin Recognition Complex (ORC), a highly conserved protein complex that recognizes and binds to specific DNA sequences, marking starting points for replication of the entire genome.
Stillman has presided over a major expansion of the Laboratory, its size growing threefold since he became director. | 6,128,805 |
441300 | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cold%20Spring%20Harbor%20Laboratory | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
With construction completed on six linked laboratory buildings on the Hillside Campus in 2009, CSHL added much-needed new laboratory space for cancer and neuroscience research, as well as space for a new program on quantitative biology to bring experts in mathematics, computer science, statistics, and physics to problems in biology.
# Notable faculty.
- Douglas Fearon, immunologist, Fellow of the Royal Society, member of the National Academy of Sciences
- Leemor Joshua-Tor, structural biologist, Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator, National Academy of Sciences member, AAAS
- Adrian R. Krainer, studies RNA splicing and developed nusinersen for treatment of spinal muscular atrophy | 6,128,806 |
441300 | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cold%20Spring%20Harbor%20Laboratory | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
(SMA).
- Robert Martienssen, studies epigenetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator and Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS).
- Bruce Stillman, molecular biologist, Fellow of the Royal Society, Member of the National Academy of Sciences, EMBO and AAAS.
- Michael Wigler, genetic engineering of animal cells and molecular biologist, Member of the National Academy of Sciences and AAAS.
- James Watson, co-discoverer of structure of DNA, Nobel Laureate.
- Scott Lowe (currently at MSKCC), research on p53, Member of the National Academy of Sciences and investigator of Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
- Gregory Hannon (currently at CRUK Cambridge Institute), research on RNA interference, | 6,128,807 |
441300 | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cold%20Spring%20Harbor%20Laboratory | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Member of the National Academy of Sciences.
- Barbara McClintock, awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1983 for her discovery of mobile genetic elements.
## Nobel Prize winners.
- Carol Greider, discovered relationship between cellular aging and damage to the ends of chromosomes, called telomeres, in 1992; won Nobel Prize in 2009 with Elizabeth Blackburn and Jack W. Szostak
- Barbara McClintock, discovered transposons ("jumping genes") in 1944; received Nobel Prize in 1983
- Martha Chase and Alfred Hershey, conducted "Waring blender experiments", confirmed DNA as the genetic material in 1952; won Nobel Prize with Salvador Luria and Max Delbrück in 1969
- James D. Watson, | 6,128,808 |
441300 | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cold%20Spring%20Harbor%20Laboratory | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
enetic material in 1952; won Nobel Prize with Salvador Luria and Max Delbrück in 1969
- James D. Watson, CSHL Director from 1968 to 1993, shared a Nobel Prize with Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins in 1962 for their discovery of the double helix structure of DNA.
- Richard J. Roberts and Phillip A. Sharp shared a Nobel in 1993 for the discovery of discontinuous, or "split" genes, which revealed the RNA splicing mechanism.
# See also.
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies
- Whitehead Institute
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Harvard University
- Rockefeller University
# External links.
- Dolan DNA Learning Center
- Eugenics Archive
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press | 6,128,809 |
441329 | LZ | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LZ | LZ
LZ
LZ may refer to:
# Computing.
- .lz, a filename extension for an lzip archive
- Abraham Lempel (born 1936) and Jacob Ziv (born 1931), Israeli computer scientists:
- Lempel-Ziv, prefix for family of data compression algorithms, sometimes used as beginning for file name extensions
- Lempel–Ziv–Markov chain algorithm
# Aviation.
- Republic of Bulgaria (aviation code)
- Balkan Bulgarian Airlines IATA code (1947-2002)
- Swiss Global Air Lines IATA code (2005-2018)
- Landing zone, an area where aircraft can land
- LZ-, prefix of the serial numbers of Zeppelin airships built by Ferdinand von Zeppelin
# Other uses.
- LUX-ZEPLIN, a dark matter detection experiment
- Lubrizol, a chemical | 6,128,810 |
441329 | LZ | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LZ | LZ
algorithms, sometimes used as beginning for file name extensions
- Lempel–Ziv–Markov chain algorithm
# Aviation.
- Republic of Bulgaria (aviation code)
- Balkan Bulgarian Airlines IATA code (1947-2002)
- Swiss Global Air Lines IATA code (2005-2018)
- Landing zone, an area where aircraft can land
- LZ-, prefix of the serial numbers of Zeppelin airships built by Ferdinand von Zeppelin
# Other uses.
- LUX-ZEPLIN, a dark matter detection experiment
- Lubrizol, a chemical manufacturer (NYSE symbol LZ)
- Lutz jump, a figure skating jump
- Led Zeppelin, an English rock band
# See also.
- Landing zone (disambiguation)
- ZL (disambiguation)
- IZ (disambiguation)
- 1Z (disambiguation) | 6,128,811 |
441323 | JA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JA | JA
JA
JA, Ja, jA, or ja may refer to:
# Arts and entertainment.
- "Ja" (novel), original German title of the novel "Yes", by Thomas Bernhard
- JA (TV series), a Danish television show
- Ja Rule, an American rapper
# Businesses and organizations.
- Jamiat Ahle Hadith a political party in Pakistan
- Japan Agricultural Cooperatives, in Japan
- Junior Achievement, a non-profit youth organization founded in 1919
- B&H Airlines (IATA airline designator JA)
- Yugoslav Action (Serbo-Croatian: "Jugoslovenska akcija"), a Yugoslav nationalist organization active between 1930 and 1935
# Linguistics.
- Ja, grammatical particle meaning "yes" in most Germanic languages (including informal English)
- | 6,128,812 |
441323 | JA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JA | JA
Ja, meaning "I" in many Slavic languages
- Я (Ya), a Cyrillic letter, pronounced /ja/
- Japanese language (ISO 639-1 alpha-2 code JA)
- Ja (Indic), a glyph in the Brahmic family of scripts
- Ja (Javanese) (ꦗ), a letter in the Javanese script
# Science and technology.
- "Ja" (genus), a genus of beetles in the family Carabidae
- Chrysler JA platform, a platform of vehicles made by Chrysler
- Jasmonic acid, a plant hormone
- British Rail Class 73/0 electro-diesel locomotives (Pre-TOPS classification JA)
# Other uses.
- Ja (unit), a unit of measurement of length in Korea
- Ja Morant (born 1999), American basketball player
- Ja Rule (born 1976), American rapper, singer, songwriter, and | 6,128,813 |
441323 | JA | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JA | JA
SO 639-1 alpha-2 code JA)
- Ja (Indic), a glyph in the Brahmic family of scripts
- Ja (Javanese) (ꦗ), a letter in the Javanese script
# Science and technology.
- "Ja" (genus), a genus of beetles in the family Carabidae
- Chrysler JA platform, a platform of vehicles made by Chrysler
- Jasmonic acid, a plant hormone
- British Rail Class 73/0 electro-diesel locomotives (Pre-TOPS classification JA)
# Other uses.
- Ja (unit), a unit of measurement of length in Korea
- Ja Morant (born 1999), American basketball player
- Ja Rule (born 1976), American rapper, singer, songwriter, and actor
- Japan (NATO country code)
- Judge Advocate
- Judge of Appeal
# See also.
- YA (disambiguation) | 6,128,814 |
441331 | KL | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KL | KL
KL
KL, kL, kl, or kl. may refer to:
# Businesses and organizations.
- KLM, a Dutch airline (IATA airline designator KL)
- Koninklijke Landmacht, the Royal Netherlands Army
- Kvenna Listin ("Women's List"), a political party in Iceland
- KL FM, a Malay language-regional radio station operated by Radio lllTelevisyen Malaysial
# Places.
- Kaiserslautern, Germany (license plate code KL)
- Kerala, India (ISO 3166-2:IN subcode KL)
- Kirkland Lake, Ontario, Canada
- Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
# Science, technology, and mathematics.
- KL engine, version of the Mazda K engine
- Klepton (kl.), a type of species in zoology
- Kiloliter (kL), a unit of volume
- Kullback–Leibler divergence in mathematics
- | 6,128,815 |
441331 | KL | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KL | KL
y (license plate code KL)
- Kerala, India (ISO 3166-2:IN subcode KL)
- Kirkland Lake, Ontario, Canada
- Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
# Science, technology, and mathematics.
- KL engine, version of the Mazda K engine
- Klepton (kl.), a type of species in zoology
- Kiloliter (kL), a unit of volume
- Kullback–Leibler divergence in mathematics
- KL (gene), a gene which encodes the klotho enzyme in humans
# Other uses.
- Jeep Cherokee (KL)
- Kalaallisut language (ISO 639 alpha-2 language code "kl")
- Kl (digraph), used in the Zulu language to write /kʟ̥ʼ/ or /kxʼ/
- Konzentrationslager, or concentration camp, abbreviated KZ or KL
# See also.
- "KL Gangster", a 2011 Malaysian action film | 6,128,816 |
441326 | VK | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VK | VK
VK
VK may refer to:
- VK (service), a Russian social network
- VK Mobile, a Korean mobile phone manufacturer
- Akai VK, a portable helical scan EIA video VTR
- Holden VK Commodore, a model of GM Holden's Commodore car, produced from 1984 to 1986
- Vasant Kunj, an upmarket residential colony in South West Delhi, India
- Virat Kohli, an Indian cricketer born (1988)
- Virgin Nigeria Airways (IATA airline designator VK)
- Visual kei, a movement among Japanese musicians featuring eccentric, sometimes flamboyant looks
- Vodka Kick, an alcoholic beverage sold in the UK
- Voight-Kampff machine, in the science fiction film "Blade Runner"
- "de Volkskrant", a Dutch daily newspaper
- "Vedanta | 6,128,817 |
441326 | VK | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VK | VK
work
- VK Mobile, a Korean mobile phone manufacturer
- Akai VK, a portable helical scan EIA video VTR
- Holden VK Commodore, a model of GM Holden's Commodore car, produced from 1984 to 1986
- Vasant Kunj, an upmarket residential colony in South West Delhi, India
- Virat Kohli, an Indian cricketer born (1988)
- Virgin Nigeria Airways (IATA airline designator VK)
- Visual kei, a movement among Japanese musicians featuring eccentric, sometimes flamboyant looks
- Vodka Kick, an alcoholic beverage sold in the UK
- Voight-Kampff machine, in the science fiction film "Blade Runner"
- "de Volkskrant", a Dutch daily newspaper
- "Vedanta Kesari", an English-language monthly magazine in India | 6,128,818 |
441303 | Chico Mendes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chico%20Mendes | Chico Mendes
Chico Mendes
Francisco Alves Mendes Filho, better known as Chico Mendes (December 15, 1944 – December 22, 1988), was a Brazilian rubber tapper, trade union leader and environmentalist. He fought to preserve the Amazon rainforest, and advocated for the human rights of Brazilian peasants and indigenous peoples. He was assassinated by a rancher on December 22, 1988. The Chico Mendes Institute for Conservation of Biodiversity (Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade), a body under the jurisdiction of the Brazilian Ministry of the Environment, is named in his honor.
# Early life.
Francisco "Chico" Alves Mendes Filho was born on December 15, 1944, in a rubber reserve called Seringal | 6,128,819 |
441303 | Chico Mendes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chico%20Mendes | Chico Mendes
Bom Futuro, outside of Xapuri, a small town in the state of Acre. He was the son of a second-generation rubber tapper, Francisco Mendes, and his wife, Iracê. Chico was one of 17 siblings—only six of whom survived childhood.
At age 9, Chico began work as a rubber tapper alongside his father. At the time, the rubber industry across the nation was in decline, and land was frequently sold and burned for cattle pastures. The government and cattle ranchers expelled many seringueiros from their land, including areas near Xapuri. Working conditions for remaining rubber tappers worsened under these circumstances, and Chico’s family was one of many in severe debt.
Rubber tappers additionally faced a | 6,128,820 |
441303 | Chico Mendes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chico%20Mendes | Chico Mendes
severe lack of education. Schools were frequently forbidden on and near plantations, as the owners did not want the workers to be able to read and do arithmetic. For this reason, Mendes did not learn to read until he was 18 years old, when he sought out help interpreting his bills.
Mendes was taught to read and write by a man named Euclides Fernando Távora, an activist turned rubber tapper. Most of his practice came from newspaper clippings on social and political issues within Brazil. These articles opened Chico’s eyes to the widespread injustices in society, adding to his dissatisfaction with the treatment of seringueiros.
After learning what he could from Távora, Mendes became a literacy | 6,128,821 |
441303 | Chico Mendes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chico%20Mendes | Chico Mendes
teacher in hopes of educating his community. As his fellow workers became more aware of unjust treatment, they formed the Rural Workers’ Union, and the more localized Xapuri Rubber Tappers Union. Both of these organizations worked through peaceful protest to stop the logging and burning of the rainforest that acted as their livelihood.
By the mid-1980s, Chico was known as both a radical unionist and an activist, though he also ran for several local political positions such as state deputy and city councilor .
# Activism.
To save the rainforest, Chico Mendes and the rubber workers union asked the government to set up reserves as they wanted people to use the forest without damaging it. They | 6,128,822 |
441303 | Chico Mendes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chico%20Mendes | Chico Mendes
also used a very effective technique they called the 'empate' where rubber tappers blocked the way into rubber reserves, preventing their destruction.
The Rubber Tappers' Union was created in 1975 in the nearby town of Brasileia, with Wilson Pinheiro elected as the union's president and Mendes as its secretary.
Mendes also played a central role in the creation of the National Council of Rubber Tappers in the mid-1980s. Mendes' group also had strong ties with the National Campaign for the Defence and Development of the Amazon, and helped organize local Workers' Party support.
When the first meeting of this new union was held in 1985 in the capital Brasilia, rubber tappers from all over the | 6,128,823 |
441303 | Chico Mendes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chico%20Mendes | Chico Mendes
country came. The discussion expanded from the threats to their own livelihoods to the larger issues of road paving, cattle ranching, and deforestation. The meeting also caught the attention of the international environmentalist movement, giving the rubber tappers a larger audience for their grievances. The group embraced a larger alliance with environmentalism, rather than strict Marxism, in spite of the bourgeois associations of the former. Another result of these discussions was the coining of the concept and the term "extractive reserves". In November of that year, Adrian Cowell, an English filmmaker, filmed much of the proceedings of this meeting as part of a documentary he was making about | 6,128,824 |
441303 | Chico Mendes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chico%20Mendes | Chico Mendes
Mendes, which aired in 1990.
Mendes believed that relying on rubber tapping alone was not sustainable, and that the "seringueiros" needed to develop more holistic, cooperative systems that used a variety of forest products, such as nuts, fruit, oil, and fibers; and that they needed to focus on building strong communities with quality education for their children.
In March 1987, the Environmental Defense Fund and National Wildlife Federation flew Mendes to Washington, D.C. in an attempt to convince the Inter-American Development Bank, World Bank, and U.S. Congress to support the creation of extractive reserves.
Mendes won several awards for his work, including the United Nations Environmental | 6,128,825 |
441303 | Chico Mendes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chico%20Mendes | Chico Mendes
Program Global 500 Roll of Honor Award in 1987, and the National Wildlife Federation's National Conservation Achievement Award in 1988.
In 1988 a man named Darly Alves da Silva bought part of a rubber reserve called Cachoeira, where relatives of Mendes lived, and which was affiliated to the local Rural Workers Union in Xapuri. While the sale of the section was disputed by the family of the vendor, who claimed he had no legal right to sell it, da Silva tried to drive them off their land and increase his ranch holdings. The rubber tappers of Cachoeira stood firm and set up road blocks to keep da Silva out.
In 1988, Mendes launched a campaign to stop da Silva from logging the area that its inhabitants | 6,128,826 |
441303 | Chico Mendes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chico%20Mendes | Chico Mendes
wanted demarcated as an extractive reserve. Mendes not only managed to stop the planned deforestation and create the reserve, but also gained a warrant for Darly's arrest for a murder committed in another state, Paraná. He delivered the warrant to the federal police, but it was never acted upon.
# Assassination.
Mendes had received death threats for years before his murder . However, in the months prior to his death, various pairs of gunmen hired by da Silva observed Mendes from a square near his house and the town union hall.
On the evening of Thursday, December 22, 1988, Mendes was assassinated in his Xapuri home by Darci, the son of Darly Alves da Silva. The shooting took place exactly | 6,128,827 |
441303 | Chico Mendes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chico%20Mendes | Chico Mendes
one week after Mendes' 44th birthday, when he had predicted he would "not live until Christmas".
Around his birthday, the gunmen who had been observing him disappeared completely. Their absence gave the community a sense of impending doom, as they had been constantly present since May of the same year. The timing of their disappearance led many to believe they had unsuccessfully attempted to kill Mendes on his birthday, but had failed because of numerous guests present at his house.
Mendes was the 90th rural activist murdered that year in Brazil. Many felt that although the trial was proceeding against Mendes' killers, the roles of the ranchers' union, the Rural Democratic Union, and the Brazilian | 6,128,828 |
441303 | Chico Mendes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chico%20Mendes | Chico Mendes
Federal Police in his death were ignored.
In December 1990, da Silva, his son Darci, and their employee Jerdeir Pereira were sentenced to 19 years in prison for their part in Mendes' assassination. In February 1992, they won a retrial, claiming that the prosecution's primary witness (Mendes' wife) was biased. The conviction was upheld, and they remained in prison. In 1993, they escaped from jail, along with seven other prisoners, by sawing through the bars of their prison window. All were recaptured, including Darly Jr., who served the remainder of his sentence with the other killers before returning to Xapuri.
Mendes' murder made international headlines and led to an outpouring of support | 6,128,829 |
441303 | Chico Mendes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chico%20Mendes | Chico Mendes
for the rubber tappers' and environmental movements. In March 1989, a third meeting was held for the National Council of Rubber Tappers, and the Alliance of Forest Peoples was created to protect rubber tappers, rural workers, and indigenous peoples from encroachment on traditional lands.
# Post-assassination impact.
Chico Mendes’ death legitimized the struggle for conservation and unionization in the Amazon for a global audience, and support for the movements poured in immediately following his death. The strides forward made by activists in the wake of Mendes’ death are multifaceted, encompassing Indigenous sovereignty and alliance, the formation of extractive reserves, and government support | 6,128,830 |
441303 | Chico Mendes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chico%20Mendes | Chico Mendes
for Mendes’ activism.
## Grassroots organizing.
The National Council of Rubber Tappers was founded in 1985 by Mendes and other union members; in March 1989, three months after Mendes’ murder, the council held their third meeting. The Council issued twenty-seven demands on environmental and human rights protection. They also issued the following statement, titled the Declaration of the Peoples of the Forest:“The traditional peoples who today trace on the Amazonian sky the rainbow of the Alliance of the Peoples of the Forest declare their wish to see their regions preserved. They know that the development of the potential of their people and of the regions they inhabit is to be found in the | 6,128,831 |
441303 | Chico Mendes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chico%20Mendes | Chico Mendes
future economy of their communities, and must be preserved for the whole Brazilian nation as part of its identity and self-esteem. This Alliance of the Peoples of the Forest, bringing together Indians, rubber tappers, and riverbank communities, and founded here in Acre, embraces all efforts to protect and preserve this immense but fragile life-system that involves out forests, lakes, rivers and springs, the source of our wealth and the basis of our cultures and traditions.”This indicates an increase in perceived support and an ensuing increase in demands by the National Council, responding to the context of Mendes’ death. 1986 marks the creation of the Alliance of Forest Peoples, tasked with | 6,128,832 |
441303 | Chico Mendes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chico%20Mendes | Chico Mendes
protecting rubber tappers, rural workers, and Indigenous peoples from encroachment on traditional lands, and this group also found new footholds in the wake of Mendes’ murder. This political leverage gave the people of the forest (largely rubber tappers and Indigenous people) access to important victories. One of the most important and tangible victories was the demarcation of Kayapo and Yanomami lands in November 1991, overseen by the Collor administration. However, despite the successes Indigenous peoples saw in land recognition during this time, the sovereign nations experienced intense violence within their borders by outsiders during the following years.
## Changes within the Brazilian | 6,128,833 |
441303 | Chico Mendes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chico%20Mendes | Chico Mendes
government.
The years after Mendes’ murder also saw a focus on Mendes’ personal advocacy projects. One of Mendes’ main ideas, and a lasting impact of his life and activism, is Brazil’s extractive reserves - forest land set aside by the Brazilian government to be managed cooperatively by locals, who keep it healthy while gathering its rubber, nuts, and other products to sell. These extractive reserves are funded in part by the World Bank, which once financed roads to make the Amazon easier to cut down. Their change of heart can be attributed to Mendes’ in-person, extensive lobbying of the organization. Following the increased pressure by the international community in the wake of the violence, | 6,128,834 |
441303 | Chico Mendes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chico%20Mendes | Chico Mendes
the Brazilian government agreed to create extractive reserves and to demarcate Indian lands. The increased local support for Mendes’ activism also saw several of Mendes’ co-campaigners were elected to important government offices over the next decade, which created a more receptive environment for legislation protecting the Amazon forests. Furthermore, The Brazilian government has declared him Patron of the Brazilian Environment. Institutions have been named after him, including the main state agency in charge of conservation – the Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade.
# Honors.
## Bird species.
In 2013 a species of bird, Chico's tyrannulet ("Zimmerius chicomendesi"), was | 6,128,835 |
441303 | Chico Mendes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chico%20Mendes | Chico Mendes
named after him.
## The Chico Mendes Extractive Reserve.
Following his death, the Chico Mendes Extractive Reserve was created in March 12, 1990 with the intention of maintaining sustainability of resources within the Amazon forests. The Chico Mendes Extractive Reserve is the largest extractive reserve within the Amazon, covering nearly one million hectares of land. Its creation marked a shift for reserves within the Amazon, after which many other extractive reserves were established. They now account for approximately 13% of the Amazon's total area.
# In popular culture.
## Music.
Songs inspired directly or in part by Mendes include:
- "Cuando los Ángeles Lloran" (1995) by Mexican rock | 6,128,836 |
441303 | Chico Mendes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chico%20Mendes | Chico Mendes
band Maná, from the album "Cuando los Ángeles Lloran" (1995).
- "How Many People" by Paul McCartney, from the album "Flowers in the Dirt" (1989).
- "Sacred Ground" by hard rock band Living Colour, from the album "Pride" (1995).
- "Xapurí" by Clare Fischer, from the album "Lembranças (Remembrances)" (1990) (the song is named after Xapuri, Mendes' home town).
- "Ambush" by Brazilian heavy metal band Sepultura, from the album "Roots" (1996).
- "The Tallest Tree" by Roy Harper, from the album "Death or Glory" (1992).
## Film.
- Mendes was portrayed by Raul Julia in the 1994 telemovie "The Burning Season".
# See also.
- Dorothy Stang
- Environment of Brazil
- List of peace activists
- | 6,128,837 |
441303 | Chico Mendes | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chico%20Mendes | Chico Mendes
from the album "Roots" (1996).
- "The Tallest Tree" by Roy Harper, from the album "Death or Glory" (1992).
## Film.
- Mendes was portrayed by Raul Julia in the 1994 telemovie "The Burning Season".
# See also.
- Dorothy Stang
- Environment of Brazil
- List of peace activists
- Rubber tree
- Vicente Canas
- Wilson Pinheiro
- José Cláudio Ribeiro da Silva
# External links.
- Website and documentary about Chico Mendes
- "Voice of the Amazon" —Award-winning documentary about Chico's life and death
- Children of the Amazon—Official website of the documentary film
- Living With Chico Mendes—Documentary from the BBC World Service
- Extractive Reserve Baixo Rio Branco – Rio Jauaperi | 6,128,838 |
441333 | JY | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JY | JY
JY
Jy or JY may refer to:
# People.
- Jimmy Young (broadcaster) (born 1921), former BBC radio broadcaster
- James Young (American musician) (born 1949), guitarist for Styx
- Joey Yung (born 1980), Hong Kong cantopop singer
- Kang Ji-young (born 1994), South Korea actress and singer
# Other uses.
- Air Turks and Caicos, IATA airline designator JY
- Jansky (symbol Jy), a non-SI unit of spectral flux density
- Japanese yen, a currency unit
- Jia Yu Channel, a 24-hour Mandarin subscription channel founded in Malaysia | 6,128,839 |
441334 | EX | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EX | EX
EX
EX, Ex or The Ex may refer to:
# Film and television.
- "Ex" (2009 film), a comedy directed by Fausto Brizzi
- "The Ex" (1997 film), a Canadian thriller film by Mark L. Lester
- "The Ex" (2006 film), a comedy film
- TV Asahi or EX, a TV station in Roppongi, Tokyo, Japan
- "Ex" (2010 film), a 2010 Hong Kong film starring Gillian Chung
- "The Ex", an episode of "Matlock"
# Music.
- The Ex (band), a Dutch punk band
- "EX" (Trigger album)
- "EX" (Plastikman album)
- "The Ex" (song), a song by Billy Talent
- "Ex", a song by Ty Dolla Sign from his 2017 album "Beach House 3"
- "Ex", a 2019 song by Kiana Ledé
# Computing.
- ex (text editor), a line editor for the UNIX operating system
- | 6,128,840 |
441334 | EX | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EX | EX
ex (typography), a unit of distance
# Mathematics.
- Exponential function or "e"
- Expected value or E(X)
- ex (function prefix) or exterior, a prefix for some trigonometric functions in mathematics
- EX (calculator key), a key to enter numbers in scientific or engineering notation
# Other sciences.
- Extinct or ex, a conservation status level
- ex, an author citation abbreviation indicating (in botany) that the first author described the taxon, but the second author provided the first valid formal description (in zoological author citations, the author providing the valid formal description precedes the author of the informally recognized description)
# Other uses.
- Ex (relationship), | 6,128,841 |
441334 | EX | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EX | EX
scription (in zoological author citations, the author providing the valid formal description precedes the author of the informally recognized description)
# Other uses.
- Ex (relationship), someone with whom a person was once associated, often romantically
- The Ex (target), a mannequin gun target
- EX postcode area, a postcode area for Exeter and surrounding areas, England
- Canadian National Exhibition or The Ex, an annual event at Exhibition Place in Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Endurocross or EX, a motorcycling discipline
- Thai Express Air's IATA airline code
- Ex, a safety mark for equipment; see Electrical equipment in hazardous areas
# See also.
- X (disambiguation)
- X mark | 6,128,842 |
441309 | Margaret Frazer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret%20Frazer | Margaret Frazer
Margaret Frazer
Margaret Frazer, born Gail Lynn Brown (November 26, 1946 – February 4, 2013), was an American historical novelist, best known for more than twenty historical mystery novels and a variety of short stories. The pen name was originally shared by Frazer and Mary Monica Pulver Kuhfeld in their collaboration on "The Novice's Tale", the first of the "Sister Frevisse" books featuring the Benedictine nun Dame Frevisse. Their collaboration came to an end with "The Murderer's Tale", the sixth book in the series. Starting with the Edgar Award-nominated "The Prioress' Tale", the Margaret Frazer pen name was used exclusively by Gail Frazer. She also wrote the "Player Joliffe" mysteries, starring | 6,128,843 |
441309 | Margaret Frazer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret%20Frazer | Margaret Frazer
the medieval actor Joliffe.
Frazer was born and grew up in Kewanee, Illinois. An actress and member of the Society for Creative Anachronism, she lived and worked in Elk River, Minnesota. Frazer died February 4, 2013 from breast cancer, aged 66.
# Overview.
The first six "Dame Frevisse" mysteries were written as a collaborative effort between Frazer and Mary Monica Pulver Kuhfeld. The rest of the series was written by Margaret Frazer alone. Frevisse is a nun at the small, fictional, 15th-century Oxfordshire convent of St. Frideswide's, with its ten (more or less) nuns; the neighboring village of Prior Byfield belongs partly to the priory and partly to Lord Lovell (an historical figure). Six | 6,128,844 |
441309 | Margaret Frazer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret%20Frazer | Margaret Frazer
of the novels are set entirely at the priory and/or village; in others Frevisse leaves the convent, either to accompany another nun on some family or convent business or on business of her own. Many of the novels have the quality of "English village" murder mysteries, in which we see at close hand the everyday material life (and the intellectual and spiritual life) of various classes of people and observe the tensions within and between them; but here, the "everyday" is of the 15th century, carefully researched. Some of the later novels are primarily historical novels, in which Frevisse serves as an observer of the well-documented events and characters which brought on the Wars of the Roses, | 6,128,845 |
441309 | Margaret Frazer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret%20Frazer | Margaret Frazer
though there is always a murder for her to solve.
Dame Frevisse is related to Geoffrey Chaucer, author of the "Canterbury Tales", by her aunt's marriage to Geoffrey's son, Thomas Chaucer. Titles of the Frevisse novels follow the format of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, e.g., "The Novice's Tale," "The Prioress's Tale." There is no relation between Frazer's title characters and Chaucer's, even when they have the same role in life (e.g. Chaucer's Prioress is a dainty, sentimental woman while Frazer's is an ambitious, domineering one). However, there is the same implication that we are offered a variety of points of view. Each book begins with a chapter or passage focusing on the title character; | 6,128,846 |
441309 | Margaret Frazer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret%20Frazer | Margaret Frazer
this is followed by a change to Frevisse's perspective, which dominates the novel, though we return from time to time to the point of view of the title character. The role of the title character varies from book to book: murderer, victim, a person in power or a victim of others’ power. Seven of the title characters in the Dame Frevisse mysteries have been women.
The novels of the series are set from 1431 to 1452, during the reign of Henry VI of England; they overlap William Shakespeare's "Henry VI, part 1" and "Henry VI, part 2". They proceed in chronological sequence, and the heroine ages from a thirtyish nun in 1431 through the next twenty years. In the early novels, Frevisse's uncle (by | 6,128,847 |
441309 | Margaret Frazer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret%20Frazer | Margaret Frazer
marriage) Thomas Chaucer, son of the poet, provides a contact point with historical events as he brings news of the world to St. Frideswide's; at his funeral ("The Bishop’s Tale"), Frevisse establishes a relationship with her cousin Alice Chaucer, who is, in her third marriage, united to William de la Pole, count/marquis/duke (as the novels progress) of Suffolk, one of the most ambitious men around the king. In the same novel, Frevisse also impresses Bishop Beaufort, one of the most powerful men in the country. Out of these relationships come various missions in which Frevisse must assist Alice, Beaufort, or both in protecting various interests at the royal court. A character who occasionally | 6,128,848 |
441309 | Margaret Frazer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret%20Frazer | Margaret Frazer
appears is Joliffe, a man with a mysterious past.
Frazer's second set of mysteries, also set in 15th-century England, feature "Joliffe the Player", a spin-off character from the Dame Frevisse series, appearing first in "The Servant's Tale" and crossing paths with Frevisse again in "The Prioress's Tale", "The Bastard's Tale", and "The Traitor's Tale". The Joliffe series is set in the mid-1430s; thus these novels sometimes feel like "prequels" to his appearances in Dame Frevisse novels set in a later decade.
The first three Joliffe novels present the life of an acting troupe traveling through the English countryside, with Lord Lovell as their patron after the end of the first novel. In the fourth, | 6,128,849 |
441309 | Margaret Frazer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret%20Frazer | Margaret Frazer
"A Play of Lords", Joliffe is recruited as a spy for Bishop Beaufort and becomes involved in the political intrigues leading up to the Wars of the Roses. The fifth book, "A Play of Treachery," takes him away from the players to France on behalf of Bishop Beaufort. When Joliffe again crosses paths with Dame Frevisse in "The Traitor's Tale", he is employed as a spy for the Duke of York, after the death of Bishop Beaufort.
The sixth Joliffe mystery, "A Play of Piety", is set in an English hospital where the actors' troup has taken refuge. In this setting, strong personalities contend: women against the men who are supposedly in charge; a female "medica" or herbalist versus the male physician; | 6,128,850 |
441309 | Margaret Frazer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret%20Frazer | Margaret Frazer
and a toxic narcissist against everyone else. Playing the atypical role of a servant to the nursing sisters who run the hospital in open defiance of those who would dominate them, Joliffe solves the mystery.
Margaret Frazer was a Herodotus award winner, two-time Minnesota Book Award nominee, and two-time Edgar award finalist.
# Bibliography.
## Dame Frevisse series.
- 1. "The Novice's Tale" (1992)
- 2. "The Servant's Tale" (1993)
- 3. "The Outlaw's Tale" (1994)
- 4. "The Bishop's Tale" (1994)
- 5. "The Boy's Tale" (1995)
- 6. "The Murderer's Tale" (1996)
- 7. "The Prioress' Tale" (1997)
- 8. "The Maiden's Tale" (1998)
- 9. "The Reeve's Tale" (1999)
- 10. "The Squire's Tale" (2000)
- | 6,128,851 |
441309 | Margaret Frazer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret%20Frazer | Margaret Frazer
11. "The Clerk's Tale" (2002)
- 12. "The Bastard's Tale" (2003)
- 13. "The Hunter's Tale" (2004)
- 14. "The Widow's Tale" (2005)
- 15. "The Sempster's Tale" (2006)
- 16. "The Traitor's Tale" (2007)
- 17. "The Apostate's Tale" (2008)
## Joliffe series.
- 1. "A Play of Isaac" (2004)
- 2. "A Play of Dux Moraud" (2005)
- 3. "A Play of Knaves" (2006)
- 4. "A Play of Lords" (2007)
- 5. "A Play of Treachery" (2009)
- 6. "A Play of Piety" (2010)
- 7. "A Play of Heresy" (2011)
## Other novels and short stories.
- 1. "Neither Pity, Love, Nor Fear" (1999)
- 2. "Strange Gods, Strange Men" (Nov 2003)
- 3. "The Witch's Tale" (1993)
- 4. "The Simple Logic of It" (2000)
- 5. "The Midwife's | 6,128,852 |
441309 | Margaret Frazer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret%20Frazer | Margaret Frazer
Tale" (1995)
- 6. "Volo te Habere" (2000)
- 7. "A Traveller's Tale" (2000)
- 8. "This World's Eternity" (2002)
- 9. "That Same Pit" (1998) (retitled "Shakespeare's Mousetrap" in 2010 for Kindle)
- 10. "The Death of Kings" (1997)
- 11. "The Stone-Worker's Tale" (2005)
- 12. "Winter Heart" (2011)
- 13. "Heretical Murder" (2001)
- 14. "Lowly Death" (2002)
- 15. "Circle of Witches" (2012)
## Awards.
The second in her Dame Frevisse series, "The Servant's Tale" received a nomination at the 1994 Edgar Awards in the "Best Paperback Original" category. The following year "The Bishop's Tale" received a "Best Novel" nomination at the 1995 Minnesota Book Awards convention. She was next nominated | 6,128,853 |
441309 | Margaret Frazer | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret%20Frazer | Margaret Frazer
(2012)
## Awards.
The second in her Dame Frevisse series, "The Servant's Tale" received a nomination at the 1994 Edgar Awards in the "Best Paperback Original" category. The following year "The Bishop's Tale" received a "Best Novel" nomination at the 1995 Minnesota Book Awards convention. She was next nominated in 1998 with the novel "The Prioress' Tale", again for the "Paperback Original" award at the Edgars. Her last novel to receive an award nomination was "The Reeve's Tale" which at the 2000 Minnesota Book Awards, again in the "Best Novel" category. She also received the Herodotus Award for "Best Short Story Historical Mystery" in 2000 for her short story "Neither Pity, Love, Nor Fear" | 6,128,854 |
441311 | Prince Eugen, Duke of Närke | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince%20Eugen,%20Duke%20of%20Närke | Prince Eugen, Duke of Närke
Prince Eugen, Duke of Närke
Prince Eugen Napoleon Nicolaus of Sweden and Norway, Duke of Närke (1 August 1865 – 17 August 1947) was a Swedish painter, art collector and patron of artists.
# Background.
Prince Eugen was born at Drottningholm Palace as the fourth and youngest son of Prince Oscar, Duke of Östergötland. His mother was Sophia of Nassau. The newborn prince was granted the title of Duke of Närke. Upon the Duke of Östergötland's accession to the thrones of Sweden and Norway as King Oscar II, the Duke of Närke became fourth in line to the throne. However, he was more interested in painting than in reigning.
# Norway.
The Duke of Närke was a great admirer of Norwegian nature and frequently | 6,128,855 |
441311 | Prince Eugen, Duke of Närke | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince%20Eugen,%20Duke%20of%20Närke | Prince Eugen, Duke of Närke
visited Christiania (later known as Oslo). His letters show that he preferred its artistic milieu to the more constrained Stockholm one. His most notable Norwegian friends were the painters Erik Werenskiold and Gerhard Munthe; he remained attached to them and to Norway until his death.
On 21 January 1904, Prince Eugen was appointed a Knight of the Norwegian Lion by his father. In 1905, however, the personal union between Norway and Sweden was broken by the Parliament of Norway. The writer Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson mentioned the possible candidature of Prince Eugen for the throne of Norway. Another writer, Knut Hamsun, had suggested the Prince as a suitable candidate already in 1893. His father, | 6,128,856 |
441311 | Prince Eugen, Duke of Närke | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince%20Eugen,%20Duke%20of%20Närke | Prince Eugen, Duke of Närke
however, refused to allow any of his sons to ascend the Norwegian throne.
Prince Eugen was the only Swede represented at an exhibition in Oslo in 1904. The explanation was that he was a prince of Norway until 1905 and that his relations with the Norwegian artists caused him to be seen as Norwegian until the dissolution of the union.
# Art.
After finishing high school, Prince Eugen studied art history at Uppsala University. Although supported by his parents, Prince Eugen did not make the decision to pursue a career in painting easily, not least because of his royal status. He was very open-minded and interested in the radical tendencies of the 1880s. The Duke became one of the era's most prominent | 6,128,857 |
441311 | Prince Eugen, Duke of Närke | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince%20Eugen,%20Duke%20of%20Närke | Prince Eugen, Duke of Närke
landscape painters. He was first trained in painting by Hans Gude and Wilhelm von Gegerfelt. Between 1887 and 1889, he studied in Paris under Léon Bonnat, Alfred Philippe Roll, Henri Gervex and Pierre Puvis de Chavannes. Puvis de Chavannes's classical simplicity had the greatest influence on Prince Eugen's work. The Duke devoted himself entirely to landscape painting, becoming one of the era's most prominent landscape painters. He was mainly interested in the lake Mälaren, the countryside of Stockholm (such as Tyresö, where he spent his summers), Västergötland (most notably Örgården, another summer residence) and Skåne (especially Österlen).
# Death and legacy.
Prince Eugen bought Waldemarsudde, | 6,128,858 |
441311 | Prince Eugen, Duke of Närke | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince%20Eugen,%20Duke%20of%20Närke | Prince Eugen, Duke of Närke
most prominent landscape painters. He was mainly interested in the lake Mälaren, the countryside of Stockholm (such as Tyresö, where he spent his summers), Västergötland (most notably Örgården, another summer residence) and Skåne (especially Österlen).
# Death and legacy.
Prince Eugen bought Waldemarsudde, on Djurgården in Stockholm, in 1899 and had a residence built there within a few years. After his death at Drottningholm Palace on 17 August 1947, the residence became an art museum and, in accordance with his will, property of the state. Eugen never married, in an era when royal princes almost always found princesses to wed. His homosexual orientation was unknown to the general public. | 6,128,859 |
441321 | Frithuswith | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frithuswith | Frithuswith
Frithuswith
Saint Frithuswith (c. 65019 October 727; ; also known as Frideswide, Frideswith, Fritheswithe, Frevisse, or simply Fris) was an English princess and abbess. She is credited with establishing a religious site later incorporated into Christ Church in Oxford – Frithuswith was the first abbess of this Oxford double monastery.
Frithuswith was the daughter of a Mercian sub-king named Dida of Eynsham, whose lands occupied western Oxfordshire and the upper reaches of the River Thames. Dida is known to have endowed churches in Bampton and Oxford.
# Life.
Two 12th-century Latin texts (edited by John Blair) were adapted into two Middle English accounts of the Life of Saint Frithuswith, which | 6,128,860 |
441321 | Frithuswith | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frithuswith | Frithuswith
are included in the "South English Legendary". The accounts differ slightly in their story. The shorter tale recounts that Frithuswith was born to Didan (an Anglo-Saxon sub-king) and his wife Safrida around 650. With the help of her father, Frithuswith founded a priory (now called Priory of St Frideswide, Oxford) while still young, but even though Fritheswith was bound to celibacy, Algar (that is, Æthelbald), a Mercian king, sought to marry her. When Frithuswith refused him, Algar tried to abduct her.
A longer tale is attributed to Robert of Cricklade, then prior of Oxford, and was later recorded by William of Malmesbury. According to this account (recorded in the "South English Legendary"), | 6,128,861 |
441321 | Frithuswith | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frithuswith | Frithuswith
Fritheswith flees to Oxford. There she finds a ship sent by God which takes her to Bampton. Meanwhile, the King searches for her in Oxford, but the people refuse to tell him where she is. When he has searched the whole town but cannot find her, he becomes blind. In the shorter version, Frithuswith hides in a forest outside Oxford, but when Algar comes to look for her, she sneaks back into the town. The king follows her, but just outside the Oxford city gates he falls off his horse and breaks his neck.
In the longer version, the nuns in Binsey complain of having to fetch water from the distant River Thames, so Frideswide prays to God and a well springs up. The well water has healing properties | 6,128,862 |
441321 | Frithuswith | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frithuswith | Frithuswith
and many people come to seek it out. This well can still be found today at the Church of Saint Margaret in Binsey, a few miles up river from Oxford.
Frithuswith remained abbess of the Oxford monastery, where she was later buried, until her death in about 727.
# The priory.
St Frideswide's Priory, a medieval Augustinian house (some of the buildings of which were incorporated into Christ Church, Oxford following the dissolution of the monasteries) is claimed to be the site of her abbey and relics. From early times the abbey appears to have been an important landowner in the area; however, it was destroyed in 1002 during the events of the St. Brice's Day massacre. A shrine was kept at the abbey | 6,128,863 |
441321 | Frithuswith | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frithuswith | Frithuswith
in Frithuswith's honour; later a monastery was built there for Augustinian canons. The authority on the subject, Dr. John Blair of Queen's College, Oxford, believes that Christ Church Cathedral is built on the site of her Saxon church.
In 1180, the Archbishop of Canterbury Richard of Dover translated Frithuswith's remains to a new shrine in the monastery church, an event that was attended by King Henry II of England. The later history of the monastery was chequered, and the shrine was repeatedly vandalised during the Dissolution of the Monasteries and beyond. In 1546 the monastery church became (and still remains) the cathedral church for the diocese of Oxford. Her shrine was reinstated by | 6,128,864 |
441321 | Frithuswith | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frithuswith | Frithuswith
Queen Mary in 1558, but was later desecrated by James Calfhill, the Calvinist canon of the church, who was intent on suppressing her cult. As a result, Frithuswith's remains were mixed with those of Catherine Dammartin, wife of Peter Martyr Vermigli, and they remain so to this day.
# In modern tradition.
Frithuswith is the patron saint of Oxford. She is also patron saint of Oxford University, which was declared by the Archbishop of Canterbury Henry Chichele in 1440. Her feast day is 19 October, the traditional day of her death; the date of her translation is also commemorated on 12 February. In art, she is depicted holding the pastoral staff of an abbess, a fountain springing up near her and | 6,128,865 |
441321 | Frithuswith | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frithuswith | Frithuswith
. Her feast day is 19 October, the traditional day of her death; the date of her translation is also commemorated on 12 February. In art, she is depicted holding the pastoral staff of an abbess, a fountain springing up near her and an ox at her feet. The fountain probably represents the holy well at Binsey. She appears in medieval stained glass, and in Pre-Raphaelite stained glass by Edward Burne-Jones in Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford, in the chapel where her shrine is also located.
# See also.
- Priory of St Frideswide, Oxford
- St Frideswide's Church, Oxford
- Frideswide Square in central Oxford
- Frithuwold of Chertsey, a purported ancestor of Frithuswith
- List of Catholic saints | 6,128,866 |
441332 | Simon Blackburn | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simon%20Blackburn | Simon Blackburn
Simon Blackburn
Simon Blackburn (born 12 July 1944) is an English academic philosopher known for his work in metaethics, where he defends quasi-realism, and in the philosophy of language; more recently, he has gained a large general audience from his efforts to popularise philosophy.
He retired as the professor of philosophy at the University of Cambridge in 2011, but remains a distinguished research professor of philosophy at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, teaching every fall semester. He is also a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, and a member of the professoriate of New College of the Humanities. He was previously a Fellow of Pembroke College, Oxford and has also taught | 6,128,867 |
441332 | Simon Blackburn | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simon%20Blackburn | Simon Blackburn
full-time at the University of North Carolina as an Edna J. Koury Professor. He is a former president of the Aristotelian Society, having served the 2009–2010 term. He was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 2002 and a Foreign Honorary Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences in 2008.
He has appeared in multiple episodes of the documentary series "Closer to Truth".
# Early life and education.
Blackburn was born on 12 July 1944 in Chipping Sodbury, England. He attended Clifton College and went on to receive his bachelor's degree in philosophy in 1965 from Trinity College, Cambridge. He obtained his doctorate in 1970 from Churchill College, Cambridge.
# Life and views.
In | 6,128,868 |
441332 | Simon Blackburn | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simon%20Blackburn | Simon Blackburn
philosophy, he is best known as the proponent of quasi-realism in meta-ethics and as a defender of neo-Humean views on a variety of topics. He is a former editor of the journal "Mind". He makes occasional appearances in the British media, such as on BBC Radio 4's "The Moral Maze". Blackburn was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2007.
He is a patron of Humanists UK (formerly the British Humanist Association), and when asked to define his atheism, he said he prefers the label "infidel" over "atheist":
In 2008 "The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy", which was authored by Blackburn, was published. He was one of 55 public figures to sign an open letter | 6,128,869 |
441332 | Simon Blackburn | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simon%20Blackburn | Simon Blackburn
published in "The Guardian" in September 2010, stating their opposition to Pope Benedict XVI's state visit to the UK, and has argued that "religionists" should have less influence in political affairs. At the same time, he has also argued, in a televised debate, against the position of the antitheist author and neuroscientist Sam Harris that morality can be derived from science.
# Books.
- "Reason and Prediction" (1973). .
- "Spreading the Word" (1984) – a text. .
- "Essays in Quasi-realism" (1993). – a defence of quasi-realism as applied to ethicsISBN 0-19-508041-6 and .
- "The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy" ([1994] 2015), 3rd ed. – compiled whole-handedly. .
- "Ruling Passions" (1998) | 6,128,870 |
441332 | Simon Blackburn | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simon%20Blackburn | Simon Blackburn
A defence of a NeoHumean theory of reasons and moral motivation. .
- "Truth" (1999) (edited with Keith Simmons) – from Oxford Readings in Philosophy series. .
- "". (1999) and .
- "Being Good" (2001) – an introduction to ethics. .
- Reprinted as "Ethics: A Very Short Introduction" in Oxford University Press' Very Short Introductions series. .
- "Lust" (2004) – one of an Oxford University Press series covering the Seven Deadly Sins. .
- "Truth: A Guide" (2005). .
- "Plato's Republic: A Biography" (2006) – from Atlantic Books' Books That Shook the World series. .
- "How to read Hume" (2008) – Granta Publications. .
- "What do we really know? -The Big Questions of Philosophy" – (2009) | 6,128,871 |
441332 | Simon Blackburn | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simon%20Blackburn | Simon Blackburn
ven Deadly Sins. .
- "Truth: A Guide" (2005). .
- "Plato's Republic: A Biography" (2006) – from Atlantic Books' Books That Shook the World series. .
- "How to read Hume" (2008) – Granta Publications. .
- "What do we really know? -The Big Questions of Philosophy" – (2009) from Quercus. .
- "Mirror, Mirror: The Uses and Abuses of Self-Love" (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2014)
- "On Truth" (2018)
# External links.
- Personal website
- Simon Blackburn talks with Jenny Attiyeh on Thoughtcast
- BBC News story
- Blackburn Essay 'In defence of lust' in The New Statesman
- Blackburn discusses Plato's Republic
- An interview with Simon Blackburn on "The Marketplace of Ideas" | 6,128,872 |
441236 | 8th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=8th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 8th Armored Division (United States)
8th Armored Division (United States)
The 8th Armored Division was an armored division of the United States Army that served in the European Theater of World War II.
# History.
## Stateside.
The successes of the German armored units in Poland and France underscored America's need for an effective armored force. The tank battles of North Africa and Russia in early 1942 caused the US Army to recognize the need to drastically increase the number of its armored units. The 8th Armored Division was activated on 1 April 1942 at Fort Knox, Kentucky, with "surplus" units of the recently-reorganized 4th Armored Division and newly-organized units. The division served as the first official military guardian | 6,128,873 |
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of the gold vault at Fort Knox. From 1942 to 1944 it functioned as a training command stationed at Camp Polk, Louisiana. During this period the 8th supplied trained personnel to the 9th through 14th Armored Divisions. In September 1943 the division completed reorganization from the old style triangular division to the new 'light' armored division, as per War Department Letter AG-322, in preparation for activation as a combat unit. The light format armored division was made up of three combat commands referred to as Combat Command A (CCA), Combat Command B (CCB) and a smaller unit called Combat Command Reserve (CCR). Units could be assigned to one of the combat commands at need, creating a very | 6,128,874 |
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flexible formation.
During December 1943, the division participated in the D Series of exercises in Texas. The D Series were small scale maneuver problems designed as a precursor to the full scale Sixth Louisiana Maneuver Period. The D Series included exercises to simulate contact with the enemy and included recon, movement to contact, engineering and minefield clearing problems. The 8th completed the D Series and participated in the Sixth Louisiana Maneuver Period from February through April 1944 as part of the Red Force.
From the period of April through October 1944, the division conducted post-maneuver training, losing a number of trained personnel to other units and absorbing and training | 6,128,875 |
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their replacements. At the end of October the 8th received movement orders to Camp Kilmer, New York in preparation for shipment overseas. On 6 November 1944 the division left Camp Kilmer and boarded ships in New Jersey for the United Kingdom. The ships arrived in Southampton on 18 November and the division moved to Tidworth Camp, joining the newly formed Fifteenth Army.
## England, France and 'The Bulge'.
After some additional training and acquisition of new equipment at Tidworth, England, the 8th Armored Division landed in France, 5 January 1945, at Le Havre and Rouen. The division assembled in the Bacqueville area of upper Normandy as part of the (then) still secret Fifteenth Army and was | 6,128,876 |
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placed in reserve. In mid-January the division was seconded to the Third Army and raced across France through heavy snow and ice to Pont-à-Mousson to help stem the German drive for Strasbourg, part of the German Operation Nordwind It was at this point that the division was assigned the call-sign 'Tornado'. A detachment of the 88th Armored Cavalry undertook the division's first combat action – a reconnaissance of the best route to contact with the enemy. The division, finding the enemy already halted and beginning to fall back, took part in the Third Army drive against the Moselle-Saar salient. The 8th supported the 94th Infantry Division's attack on Nennig, Berg and Sinz, 19–28 January 1945 | 6,128,877 |
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aimed at reducing the salient between the Saar and Moselle Rivers.
## Belgium and The Netherlands.
Nennig and Berg were defended by elements of the German 11th Panzer Division; specifically the 110th, 111th and elements of the 774th Panzer Grenadier Regiments. German losses in action against 8th Armored units were 5 Panzer IV tanks, 72 prisoners and many dead and wounded. 8th Armored losses were 3 M4A3 Sherman tanks, 4 Halftracks and heavy personnel casualties.
From Berg, the 8th continued their advance through Sinz and more heavy fighting. German losses were 8 tanks, 1 anti-aircraft gun, 1 anti-tank gun and 1 halftrack. Division losses were an additional 6 tanks destroyed and 4 disabled | 6,128,878 |
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as well as heavy personnel casualties. The week's action resulted in the loss of 50% of the personnel the 110th and 111th Panzer-Grenadier Divisions had brought into the Saar-Moselle triangle.
The division moved to Simpelveld, the Netherlands for rest and refitting absorbing approximately 200 replacements. The 8th was now part of the Ninth Army and continued refitting and replacing losses during the first half of February 1945. On 19 February the division moved to Roermond, the Netherlands to relieve the British 7th Armoured Division in the vicinity of Echt and launched a diversionary attack as part of Operation Grenade, pushing the enemy north of the Heide woods and east of the Roer River.
## | 6,128,879 |
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The Roer to the Rhine.
On 27 February, 8th Armored crossed the Roer River via the Hilfarth Bridge which had been captured by the 35th Infantry Division. CCA headed for the town of Wegberg. CCB moved through Sittard, Gangelt, Geilenkirchen, Randerath, and Brachelen to arrive at the Hilfarth Bridge and crossed after CCA. CCA tanks and infantry destroyed fifteen pillboxes, captured Tetelrath, and crossed the Schwalm river while CCB attacked and captured the towns of Arsbeck and Ober Kruchten.
On 2 March – CCA captured Lobberich, moved through the 35th Inf. Div. and secured the town of Wachtendonk at the confluence of Niers River and Nette River. Co. C of the 53rd Engineers worked through the | 6,128,880 |
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night to bridge the Niers River which was holding up the advance on Moers.
3 March CCB moved through CCA area and captured Aldekerk while CCR captured Saint Hubert, Vinnbruck and Saelhuysen in their advance toward Moers. The Division received orders to cease forward movement as it was 'pinched out' by the 35th Inf. on the right and the 84th Inf. on the left.
CCB was detached and assigned to the 35th Inf. Div. so an attack could be mounted in the direction of Rheinberg and Wesel to prevent the Germans from crossing the Rhine River. CCB attacked Lintfort and Rheinberg with the 35th. Heavy fighting, primarily against the 130th Panzer Division, took place in and around Rheinberg resulting in 199 | 6,128,881 |
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divisional casualties and the loss of 41 tanks while the Germans suffered 350 men killed and 512 taken prisoner. The area (nicknamed '88 Lane') was under direct anti-tank and heavy artillery fire so each house had to be cleared by dismounted infantry. By 7 March a foothold was secured at Grunthal, a road crossing (B 57/B 58) in the vicinity of Alpen.
The same day the US 9th Armored Division captured a bridge over the Rhine at Remagen. The 130th Panzer Division was pulled out of the Wesel area and moved south to counterattack. By 9 March CCB of the 8th secured the town of Ossenberg as well as the towns of Borth and Wallach. CCB was relieved at 2400 and ordered to the Venlo, the Netherlands, | 6,128,882 |
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rest area, the relief being completed on 10 and 11 March.
The division was assigned to cleanup operations in the rear areas of the Rhineland which had been bypassed during the movement to the Rhine River. During this period the division became the first US or British unit to uncover the existence of the secret Werwolf organization when several cleverly camouflaged bunkers were discovered, each containing 12 to 15 fully equipped German soldiers.
On 22 March division artillery units moved into firing positions in preparation for the assault on the east bank of the Rhine River as part of Operation Plunder. On 23 March all artillery units commenced firing over 130,000 rounds preceding the initial | 6,128,883 |
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crossing of the Rhine River to be made by the 30th Infantry Division.
## The Rhine to the Ruhr.
On 24 March 18 Tank Bn of the 8th Armored Division was ferried across in support of the 30th Infantry prior to the Division's crossing. An 18th tank was the first across the Rhine in the 9th Army area and assisted in the capture of Spellen, the first town captured east of the Rhine by 9th Army. The division was the first armored division to cross the Rhine in the 9th Army area, crossing at bridge sites 'G' and 'H'.
The 8th received orders on 27 March to secure the road running from Hamm to Soest. CCA attacked on the left flank and captured Im Loh then moved on to bypass Dorsten. Heavy house to | 6,128,884 |
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house fighting slowed the attack. New orders were received late in the next day to capture Dorsten so that the Lippe River could be bridged allowing armor to move northward.
In the meantime, CCR, located near Bruckhausen launched an attack on Zweckel and Kirchhellen to the south on 28 March. The 116th Panzer Division was defending both and the approaches had been heavily mined. CCR captured Zweckel in the afternoon and launched an attack on Kirchellen which was secured by nightfall. An advance unit of the 80th Tank battalion that had been surrounded in Kirchellen since early that morning was relieved.
CCA captured Dorsten early the next morning and CCB moved in to secure the area so CCA could | 6,128,885 |
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join CCR in their advance to the east towards the town of Marl. Marl was cleared by nightfall. CCA then swung southeast from Dorsten heading for Polsum. CCR attacked and captures the towns of Scholven and Feldhausen. On 29 March the German 180th Volks Grenadier Division and the 116th Panzer Division withdrew and set up new defensive lines running through the fortress town of Recklinghausen.
CCR crossed the Rappholtz-Muhlen Canal on 30 March and captured Buer-Hassel. Co. C, 53 Armored Engineers built a bridge across the canal in just 44 minutes. The next day CCR captured Kolonie Bertlich. Heading east, it passed through Westerholt and Langenbochum, engaging the German defenses in Recklinghausen | 6,128,886 |
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only away.
On 31 March the division was relieved by units of the 75th Inf. Div. The 8th crossed the Lippe River, and assembled at Selm. The 8th received orders on 1 April from XIX Corps to set up two spearheads for an attack to the east, the 2nd Armored and 30th Infantry in one and the 8th Armored and 83rd Infantry in the other. CCA was assigned to attack Delbrück, CCB to attack Paderborn.
The 8th launched its attack on schedule but CCB was soon stalled by fierce German resistance at Neuhaus. On 3 April fighter-bombers (known as Jabos by the troops) of the US 9th Air Corps provided close air support in the Teutoburg Forest and Neuhaus areas. CCR and moved up to attack Elsen to help CCB repel | 6,128,887 |
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a strong German counterattack launched from Sennelager. CCA attacked Sennelager directly in an attempt to reduce a German strongpoint.
At the end of 3 April the division was relieved by the 83rd Inf. Div. and received orders to attack towards the west to help reduce the Ruhr Pocket.
## Ruhr Pocket.
The success of the Rhine crossing operations by Allied forces encircled approximately 430,000 German soldiers of Army Group B comprising 21 divisions of the Wehrmacht, trapping them in an area that came to be known as the Ruhr Pocket. The Twelfth Army Group was tasked with reducing the pocket.
On 3 April 8 turned 180 degrees in response to orders into the Ruhr Pocket and CCR attacked west toward | 6,128,888 |
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Recklinghausen. CCR captured the towns of Stripe and Norddorf, and continued through Vollinghausen, Oberhagen, and Ebbinghausen before stopping for the night in front of Horne. The next day CCA attacked Erwitte. The US 9th Air Force continued to provide close air support as the division continued into the Ruhr Pocket through heavy fighting in the Lippstadt area.
Col. Wallace, the commander of CCR, was captured by German forces during the night of 4 April. On 5 April Col. Vesely assumed command of CCR and continued to attack westward capturing the towns of Horne, Klieve, Schmerlacke and Serlinghausen. At the end of the day, CCB relieved CCR and attacked westward toward Soest; capturing the towns | 6,128,889 |
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of Schallen and Lohne while CCA continued attacking south capturing the towns of Anroechte, Mensel, Drewer, and Altenruthen. On 6 April, CCB made a 'end run' around Soest to the outskirts of Ost Onnen to cut off a German breakout path from the Ruhr pocket.
While CCB blocked the German withdrawal near Ost Onnen, CCA cleared the area north of the Moehne River so glider troops could be landed in case of a break-out attempt in that area. They captured the towns of Wamel, Brullinggsen, Ellingsen, and Westendorf. CCR, in the meantime, outposted all roads northeast of Soest to facilitate an attack on the town by the 94th Inf. Div.
On 7 April the eastward movement of the US 2nd Armored Division and | 6,128,890 |
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the westward movement of the 8th Armored created a gap of between the two fronts. This would allow German forces to briefly cut off the US 2nd Armored. Troop A, 88th Reconnaissance Squadron captured the Moehne Talsperre Dam on the 7th to prevent the Germans from flooding the Moehne Valley. CCB began an attack on Werl in the afternoon and captured Gerlingen. The burgomeister of Ost Onnen surrendered the town later that day. The following day CCR moved to secure the road between Werl and Wickede and captured the towns of Parsit, Bremen, Vierhausen, Schluckingen and Wiehagen capturing 238 German soldiers, 1 Tiger tank, and 3 88 mm anti-tank guns. CCB captured Werl by late afternoon after heavy | 6,128,891 |
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resistance during the day. They then captured Ost Buederich by the end of the day.
By 9 April, The threat of a German breakout had passed due to the buildup of allied troops in the area. CCB moved on Unna capturing Holtun and Hemmerude. The following day CCB continued the attack on Unna and captured Lernen. A ten-minute air strike was laid on Unna to soften it up. The Germans moved reinforcements, including Hitler Youth into Unna from the Muelhausen garrison.
On 10 April CCR advanced in fierce fighting and secured Stentrop, Bausenhagen, Scheda, Beutrap Wemen, and Fromern. The following day CCA joined the attack on Unna and CCB went into reserve. CCB had suffered 198 casualties this period. | 6,128,892 |
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The next day CCR captured Hohenheide and Fröndenberg after an air strike drove 4 German tanks out of the town. The town of Billmerich was also captured. Unna finally fell that afternoon after another air strike. The Germans lost 160 personnel, 2 tanks and a battery of 88's. This surrender was the end of organized resistance from the 116th Panzer Division.
CCA continued cleaning up operations in Unna while CCR captured the towns of Hengsen, Ostendorf, Ottendorf, and Dellwig. CCA was relieved on 13 April and ordered to move east of Unna across the Weser River to the vicinity of Wolfenbüttel. CCA had lost 2 tanks, 1 halftrack and 1 jeep during these operations. CCB was assigned to protect right | 6,128,893 |
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flank of the 2nd Armored and the 83rd Inf. Div. as they moved east. They move to Wolfenbüttel. Later CCR was relieved and ordered to move to the vicinity of Denstorf. On the drive west, CCR suffered 203 casualties and lost 11 tanks, 3 jeeps, 9 halftracks. The German forces lost 6 Mark V Panther tanks, 4 20 mm guns, 1 large railroad gun, and 3 tons of small arms.
## Central Germany.
After leaving the Ruhr Pocket on 13 April the division moved east. The 8th participated in the liberation of the Halberstadt-Zwieberge concentration camps near Langenstein (see below). Most of CCB moved on to Halberstadt with some units remaining in Wolfenbüttel until the rest of the Division arrived. On 14 April | 6,128,894 |
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the remaining units of the Division began moving to an assembly area in the vicinity of Braunschweig with CCA going to Wolfenbüttel and CCR going to Denstorf.
For the period of 15–18 April CCB cleared the area near the Hartz Mountains of remnants of the 11th Panzer Army while CCA began moving to Seehausen to support the attack on Magdeburg by the XIX Corps. CCR moved from Denstorf to Braunschweig and continued screening the rear areas.
CCB completed clearing resistance from the edge of Forest Heimburg south of Derenburg while units of the 2nd Armored relieved CCR allowing it to move into the vicinity of Stroebeck in preparation for reducing resistance in Blankenburg.
On 19 April CCA was relieved | 6,128,895 |
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and returned to Wernigerode from Seehausen where it in turn relieved the 330th Inf. Reg. of the 83rd Inf. Div. CCB moved to Westerhausen and CCR moved to Aspenstedt to clear the remaining woods around Blankenburg. The next day the division began to attack Blankenburg. At 1000 hours a 13 plane squadron attacked Blankenburg and immediately afterward the burgomeister was contacted about surrendering after a show of force. By nightfall, most of Blankenburg had surrendered except for a few strongpoints that comprised fanatical resisters unwilling to lay down their arms or soldiers who had not yet received word to surrender.
On 21 April CCR cleared the woods south of Blankenburg and linked up with | 6,128,896 |
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elements of the 1st Inf. Div. of the First Army. By 22 April the last organized resistance ended with the capture of Gen. Heinz Kokott, commanding officer of the 26th Volks Grenadier Div and brother-in-law of Gestapo chief Heinrich Himmler.
During the period of 23 April through 8 May the division was assigned an area of 90 kilometers long by 30 kilometers wide and went into occupation duty. Some additional cleanup was required of small pockets of resistance as stragglers were found.
## Zwieberge concentration camps.
The 8th liberated Halberstadt-Zwieberge, a subcamp of the Buchenwald concentration camp, between 12 and 17 April 1945 during its drive through central Germany. The area around | 6,128,897 |
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the city of Halberstadt housed a number of Buchenwald subcamps that had been established in 1944 to provide labor for the German war effort, including Halberstadt-Zwieberge I and Halberstadt-Zwieberge II. More than 5,000 inmates were incarcerated in these two subcamps, where they were forced to hollow out massive tunnels and build underground factories for Junkers Aircraft of Aircraft Motors Construction Company, which produced military aircraft.
Buchenwald administered at least 87 subcamps located across Germany, from Düsseldorf in the Rhineland to the border with the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia in the east. Prisoners in the satellite camps were put to work mostly in armaments factories, | 6,128,898 |
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in stone quarries, and on construction projects. Periodically, prisoners throughout the Buchenwald camp system underwent selection. The SS staff sent those too weak or disabled to continue working to the Bernburg or Sonnenstein euthanasia killing centers, where they were killed by gas. Other weakened prisoners were killed by phenol injections administered by the camp doctor.
Of interest is that all details regarding the camp were sealed and classified by the US Government; presumably because of the camp's involvement with an improved version of the V-1 flying bomb. In 1997, the information was declassified through the efforts of a former 8th Armored Division officer, Dr. Bernard Metrick. The | 6,128,899 |
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