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441236 | 8th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=8th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 8th Armored Division (United States)
records confirmed the role of the division in liberating the camp and the division's flag was added to those on display at the U.S. Holocaust Museum honoring those who liberated the death camps.
The general end of hostilities unfortunately did not mean the end of casualties for the 8th Armored. On 1 May the 58th Inf. lost two men to snipers who had to be killed since they would not surrender. The next day the 58th Inf. lost an officer and three more men when a powder plant blew up in Munchshaf. Sabotage was suspected. It is believed that these were the last official wartime casualties of the division.
## Post war.
From 8 May through 30 May the division remained on occupation duty and continued | 6,128,900 |
441236 | 8th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=8th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 8th Armored Division (United States)
to clean up stragglers and small pockets of resistance. On 30 May the division was assigned to Third Army. It was relieved by units of the British Army and began its move to the city of Pilsen in western Czechoslovakia. From 1 June through 19 September, many men were sent home under the point system. Those remaining were sent to various I & E (Information and Education) training schools. Very little other training was done.
On 19 September the division began the trip to Camp Oklahoma City near Rheims, France for deployment home. On 26 October the division traveled from Camp Oklahoma City to Camp Phillip Morris at Le Havre, France and the Division was officially dismounted. The division was | 6,128,901 |
441236 | 8th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=8th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 8th Armored Division (United States)
inactivated on 13 November 1945 at Camp Patrick Henry, Virginia by Gen. Charles F. Colson.
There is an official 8th Armored Division memorial at the American Cemetery in the city of Margraten, The Netherlands
## Casualties.
- Total battle casualties: 2,011
- Killed in action: 393
- Wounded in action: 1,572
- Missing in action: 5
- Prisoner of war: 41
# Nickname.
The nickname of the 8th Armored Division, the "Thundering Herd", was coined before the division went to Europe in late 1944. It was also known as the "Iron Snake" late in the war, after a correspondent for Newsweek likened the 8th to a "great ironclad snake" as it crossed the Rhine River in late March 1945. The division is also | 6,128,902 |
441236 | 8th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=8th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 8th Armored Division (United States)
sometimes referred to as Tornado – its wartime tactical call sign.
# Commander.
Major General William Grimes 1942–1944
- Grimes left the division on 6 October 1944 just prior to the division's shipment overseas. Grimes went on to serve as Commandant of the Cavalry School at Fort Riley, Kansas.
Major General John Devine 1944–45
- Devine was personally selected by Gen. Eisenhower to command the 8th Armored. His prior assignment was Commanding General, Combat Command B, 7th Armored Division. He had been in combat continuously from D-Day plus 2 (8 June 1944) when he landed at Normandy as artillery commander of the 90th Infantry Division.
# Unit commanders and organization.
Combat command | 6,128,903 |
441236 | 8th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=8th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 8th Armored Division (United States)
organization, 1944–45
Combat Command A: Col. Charles F. Colsonbr
7th Armored Infantry Battalion: Lt. Col. A. D. Poinierbr
18th Tank Battalion: Lt. Col. G. B. Goodrichbr
398th Arm'd Field Artillery Battalion: Lt. Col R. H. Dawson
Combat Command B: Col. Edward A. Kimballbr
49th Armored Infantry Battalion: Lt. Col. M. G. Roseboroughbr
36th Tank Battalion: Lt. Col. J. H. Van Houtenbr
399th Arm'd Field Artillery Battalion: Lt. Col. R. M. Lilly
Combat Command R: Col. Robert J. Wallacebr
58th Armored Infantry Battalion: Maj. George Artmanbr
80th Tank Battalion: Maj. A. E. Walkerbr
405th Arm'd Field Artillery Battalion: Lt. Col. William McLynn
Service battalions:br
(attached by companies | 6,128,904 |
441236 | 8th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=8th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 8th Armored Division (United States)
to Combat Commands)br
53rd Armored Engineer Battalion: Lt. Col. E. T. Podufalybr
78th Armored Medical Battalion: Lt. Col. P. D. Marxbr
88th Armored Reconnaissance Battalion: Lt. Col. T. B. Harringtonbr
130th Armored Ordnance Battalion: Lt. Col. I. O. Drewry. Jr.br
148th Armored Signal Company: Capt W. C. Jacksonbr
508th CIC Detachment: Lt. A. J. Stanchickbr
Division Trains: Col. Y. D. Veselybr
Division Artillery: Col. W. H. Holtbr
Military Police Platoon: Maj. W. H. Burger
Temporarily attached unitsbr
473rd AAA AW (SP) Battalionbr
809th Tank Destroyer Battalion
Strength and casualties
- Total Authorized Strength: 10,937
- Total battle casualties: 2,011
- Total deaths in battle: | 6,128,905 |
441236 | 8th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=8th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 8th Armored Division (United States)
469
# Armor.
The primary striking force of the Armored Division was the tank. The 8th was composed of 3 tank battalions:
- 18th, 36th & 80th Tank Battalions
Each battalion comprised approximately 80 tanks and was organized as a headquarters unit and 6 companies:
- a Headquarters Company,
- a Service Company and
- 4 tank companies referred to as A, B, C and D companies
The headquarters unit was made up of the battalion command team and their vehicles; 3 M4A3 Sherman tanks (usually not used and held as a reserve) and various peeps (World War II US Armored divisions called the jeep a 'peep') and similar vehicles.
## Headquarters Company (HQ Co).
The HQ Co was usually made up of:
- 1 | 6,128,906 |
441236 | 8th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=8th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 8th Armored Division (United States)
platoon of 3 M4A3 Sherman tanks
- 1 platoon of 3 M4A3105 Sherman tanks.
- These were M4A3's fitted with a 105 mm cannon and used as an assault gun.
## Service Company.
The Service Company contained special units like:
- Tank retrievers for recovering damaged tanks
- Tanks with plows and flails for clearing obstacles
- Medical Units
## Tank companies.
Companies A, B and C generally consisted of 17 medium tanks as follows:
- 3 platoons of 5 M4A3 Sherman tanks
- 1 M4A3 105 tank
- 1 M4A3 tank for the company commander.
Company D consisted of 17 light tanks:
- 3 platoons of 5 M5A1 Stuart tanks
- 1 section of 2 M5A1 Stuart tanks
Shortly after arriving in Europe, the 8th swapped its | 6,128,907 |
441236 | 8th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=8th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 8th Armored Division (United States)
M5A1 tanks for the newer, more powerful M24 Chaffee light tank.
The M4A3 76 were M4A3 Shermans tanks fitted with a more powerful 76 mm cannon. Later in the war, more M4A3 76 tanks were added to the tank companies as replacements for older or damaged units. The 8th, along with many of the other armored units arriving in Europe in late 1944, was equipped with all 76 mm armed Shermans. The M4A3E8 76 or 'Easy Eight' version of the Sherman was also used by the 8th as it became available. In April 1945 the 8th began receiving the new M26 Pershing. None of the 8th Armored Pershing tanks engaged in combat before the close of hostilities.
# Armored infantry.
Early experience with armored warfare in | 6,128,908 |
441236 | 8th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=8th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 8th Armored Division (United States)
the First World War made it clear that tanks could not fight in isolation. It was essential that tanks be supported by infantry. The Armored Infantry was developed to fill that role.
The 8th was composed of 3 armored infantry battalions:
- 7th, 49th & 58th Armored Infantry Battalions
Each battalion was organized as follows:
- A battalion headquarters Unit
- 1 Headquarters Co (HQ Co)
- 3 armored infantry companies referred to as A,B and C Companies
- 1 Service Company
The battalion headquarters unit was made up of the battalion command team and their vehicles; 2 – 3 M2A1 or M3A1Halftracks and various peeps or similar vehicles.
## Headquarters Company (HQ Co).
The HQ Co was usually made | 6,128,909 |
441236 | 8th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=8th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 8th Armored Division (United States)
up of:
- An HQ platoon comprising the battalion staff and their vehicles; 2 – 3 M3A1Halftracks and various jeeps or similar vehicles.
- A machine gun platoon with 6 M1917A1 Heavy Machine Guns, 3 M2 Heavy Machine guns, their crews (30 men total) and 3 M3A1Halftracks
- A mortar platoon with 3 M4 mortar carriers (made up of an 81mm mortar mounted in a M2A1 halftrack and designed to fire over the rear of the vehicle) and their crews (30 men total)
- An assault gun platoon of 3 M4A3 105 tanks
- A Recon Platoon of 6 a href="jeeps"jeeps/a»
## Rifle companies.
The battalion was made of 3 armored infantry companies: A, B and C which in turn were made up of:
- A Headquarters Platoon comprising | 6,128,910 |
441236 | 8th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=8th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 8th Armored Division (United States)
the platoon staff and their vehicles: 2 M3A1Halftracks.
- 3 Rifle platoons of 36 riflemen divided into 3 squads of 12, 2 M1919A4 medium Machine Guns and their crews, 1 60mm mortar and its crew and the platoon's vehicles: 5 M3A1Halftracks.
## Service Company.
The Service Company was made up of:
- A Headquarters Platoon comprising the platoon staff and their vehicles: 2 M3A1Halftracks.
- An Anti-tank platoon with 9 bazooka rocket launchers, their crews (30 men in total) and their vehicles: 3 M3A1Halftracks.
- Medical units
- Other support units
Early in the war, the anti-tank platoon would have included a 37 mm anti-tank cannon but by the time the 8th entered combat in late 1944 the 37 mm | 6,128,911 |
441236 | 8th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=8th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 8th Armored Division (United States)
was deemed ineffective against German armor and was discarded from the TO & E.
The primary weapon of the armored infantryman was the M1 Garand rifle. Crew-served weapon crewmen were usually armed with the M1911A1 pistol or the M1 Carbine as a personal weapon. The armored infantrymen were not issued the Browning Automatic Rifle as each rifle platoon contained 2 M1919A4 medium machine guns as well as the 4 M1919A4's and 1 M2 mounted on the platoon's halftracks. These machine guns could be dismounted and used as needed.
# Armored field artillery.
The third side of the armored division's offensive triangle was the armored field artillery. The 8th Armored Division included the:
- 398th, 399th | 6,128,912 |
441236 | 8th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=8th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 8th Armored Division (United States)
& 405th Armored Field Artillery Battalions
Each battalion comprised 18 self-propelled cannon and supporting vehicles. The battalion was broken down into 5 batteries and usually organized as:
- 1 Headquarters Battery
- 3 firing batteries referred to as A, B and C Batteries
- 1 Service Battery
## Headquarters Battery (HQ Bat).
The HQ Bat was usually made up of:
- 1 Command Section of 3 M3A1Halftracks and 1 ¼ Ton Truck
- 2 observation sections of 1 M3A1Halftrack, 1 ¼ Ton truck and 1 Stinson L-5
Observation Airplane each.
- 3 M4A3 76 F.O. Forward Observer tanks, referenced as FO1, FO2 and FO3. These reported to the three armored artillery battalions, respectively. When not needed as direct | 6,128,913 |
441236 | 8th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=8th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 8th Armored Division (United States)
observers, they were employed in their secondary roles as fighting tanks. Their crews reflected their FO role by the addition of an officer/observer who took command when not in an active tank combat situation.
## Firing battery.
Batteries A, B and C consisted of 6 self-propelled guns and supporting vehicles broken out as follows:
- 2 sections of 3 M7 105 mm self-propelled guns and 3 M3A1Halftracks and 1 ¼ Ton Truck
- 1 Headquarters Section with 1 M3A1Halftrack and 1 ¼ Ton Truck
## Support Battery.
The Support Battery comprised:
- 1 Service Section with 1 2½ Ton Truck and 1 ¼ Ton Truck
- 1 Medical Section
# Reconnaissance.
Reconnaissance in the armored divisions was performed by the | 6,128,914 |
441236 | 8th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=8th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 8th Armored Division (United States)
Armored Reconnaissance Battalion in the old style heavy division or by the Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron, Mechanized in the light divisions such as the 8th.
These units were identical, except that the battalion was organized as companies, while the squadron as troops (although the light tank unit was a company in either organization).
- The 88th Armored Cavalry Recon Squadron served with the 8th Armored Division.
The squadron was organized in troops and equipped as follows:
## HQ Troop.
- 10 Jeeps
- 4 M8 Armored Cars
## Troops A, B, C & D.
- 12 M8 Armored Cars
- 23 Jeeps
## Troop E.
- 8 M8 HMC Assault Guns
## Company F.
- 17 M5A1 tanks (Later M24 Chaffee)
Recon units were often | 6,128,915 |
441236 | 8th Armored Division (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=8th%20Armored%20Division%20(United%20States) | 8th Armored Division (United States)
valry Recon Squadron served with the 8th Armored Division.
The squadron was organized in troops and equipped as follows:
## HQ Troop.
- 10 Jeeps
- 4 M8 Armored Cars
## Troops A, B, C & D.
- 12 M8 Armored Cars
- 23 Jeeps
## Troop E.
- 8 M8 HMC Assault Guns
## Company F.
- 17 M5A1 tanks (Later M24 Chaffee)
Recon units were often supported by tank destroyer units, in the case of the 8th the 809th Tank Destroyer Battalion. The 809th used the M18 Hellcat 76 mm GMC.
# External links.
- Tornado! The Story of the 8th Armored Division (WWII unit history booklet, 1945)
- 8th Armored Division Association
- US Holocaust Museum
- 8th Armored Division History
- US Army History of the 8th | 6,128,916 |
441342 | Juan Bautista Quirós Segura | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan%20Bautista%20Quirós%20Segura | Juan Bautista Quirós Segura
Juan Bautista Quirós Segura
Juan Bautista Quirós Segura (January 18, 1853 – November 7, 1934) was president of Costa Rica for two weeks, from August 12 to September 2, 1919, following the resignation of Federico Tinoco. His government was not recognized by the United States and he was forced to resign.
# Family and early life.
Juan Bautista Quirós Segura was born in San Juan de Tibás, Costa Rica on January 18, 1853 to his parents General Pablo Quirós Jiménez and Mercedes Segura Masís. He first married Teresa Aguilar Guzmán (who died in 1899), granddaughter of then head of state Manuel Aguilar Chacón, and on November 4, 1900 he married Clementina Quirós Fonseca (1880–1953), daughter of José | 6,128,917 |
441342 | Juan Bautista Quirós Segura | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan%20Bautista%20Quirós%20Segura | Juan Bautista Quirós Segura
Quirós Montero and Florinda Fonseca Guzmán.
# Military and private activities.
He pursued a military career and achieved the rank of General in the Costa Rican army. He was also a farmer and entrepreneur, and eventually earned a large capital.
# First public offices.
During Rafael Yglesias Castro's second administration he was designated second in line to the presidency and secretary of commerce, war, and navy as well as treasurer.
He later served as deputy, third in line to the presidency, president of the Constitutional Congress, and president of the International Bank of Costa Rica. On August 19, 1919, President Federico Tinoco's fall seemed imminent, Congress named him first in line | 6,128,918 |
441342 | Juan Bautista Quirós Segura | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan%20Bautista%20Quirós%20Segura | Juan Bautista Quirós Segura
to the presidency. On August 12, President Tinoco asked him to temporarily hold the office. His first orders were to reestablish all public liberties and to free all political prisoners.
# President of the Republic.
He officially took office on August 20, 1919 after Federico Tinoco's resignation was accepted. His period was scheduled to end on May 8, 1923 but, even though his government took a very prudent approach, the United States government refused to recognize him as a legitimate head of state. Being faced with a possible armed intervention, Quirós decided to quit the office and on September 20 was replaced by Francisco Aguilar Barquero.
# Other public offices.
He was briefly secretary | 6,128,919 |
441342 | Juan Bautista Quirós Segura | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan%20Bautista%20Quirós%20Segura | Juan Bautista Quirós Segura
8, 1923 but, even though his government took a very prudent approach, the United States government refused to recognize him as a legitimate head of state. Being faced with a possible armed intervention, Quirós decided to quit the office and on September 20 was replaced by Francisco Aguilar Barquero.
# Other public offices.
He was briefly secretary of war under President Aguilar. During Julio Acosta García's administration, and by Acosta's own recommendation, Congress designated him as the first head of the Control Office, which was in charge of government internal control.
He died in San José on November 7, 1934.
# Bibliography.
Ernesto Quirós Aguilar, "Los Quirós en Costa Rica" (1948) | 6,128,920 |
441315 | True Romance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=True%20Romance | True Romance
True Romance
True Romance is a 1993 American romantic crime film written by Quentin Tarantino and directed by Tony Scott. The film stars Christian Slater and Patricia Arquette with an ensemble cast including James Gandolfini, Dennis Hopper, Michael Rapaport, Bronson Pinchot, Val Kilmer, Gary Oldman, Brad Pitt, and Christopher Walken. The plot follows an ex-prostitute (Arquette) and her husband (Slater) on the run from the Mafia after stealing a shipment of drugs from her former pimp.
Beginning life as an early script by Tarantino, the film was the first of his films to be released following the smash success of "Reservoir Dogs," and was the first screenplay by the filmmaker to not be directed | 6,128,921 |
441315 | True Romance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=True%20Romance | True Romance
by himself. The film is regarded by proponents as a cross-section of writer Tarantino and director Scott's respective individual trademarks; including a Southern California setting, pop cultural references, and stylized violence punctuated by use of slow motion.
Upon initial release, the film received highly positive critical reviews, with critics praising its dialogue, characters, and off-beat style. Though initially a box-office failure, its positive reception earned it a cult following, and it is today considered one of Scott's best films, and one of the best American films of the 1990s.
# Plot.
At a Detroit theater showing kung fu films, Alabama Whitman strikes up a conversation with | 6,128,922 |
441315 | True Romance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=True%20Romance | True Romance
Elvis Presley fanatic Clarence Worley. They later have sex at Clarence's apartment in downtown Detroit. Alabama tearfully confesses that she is a call girl hired by Clarence's boss as a birthday present but has fallen in love with Clarence. They marry.
An apparition of Elvis visits Clarence and convinces him to kill Alabama's pimp Drexl. Clarence goes to the brothel where Alabama worked, shoots and kills Drexl, and takes a bag he assumes contains Alabama's belongings. Back at the apartment, he and Alabama discover the bag contains a large amount of cocaine.
The couple visit Clarence's estranged father, Clifford, a former cop and now a security guard, for help. Clifford tells Clarence that | 6,128,923 |
441315 | True Romance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=True%20Romance | True Romance
the police assume Drexl's murder is a gang killing. After the couple leave for Los Angeles, Clifford is interrogated by Don Vincenzo Coccotti, consigliere to a mobster named "Blue Lou Boyle", the mobster whom Drexl had been doing business with and who is now after the cocaine. Clifford, realizing he will die anyway, mockingly defies Coccotti. Infuriated, Coccotti shoots Clifford dead. A note on the refrigerator leads the mobsters to Clarence's Los Angeles address.
In Los Angeles, Clarence and Alabama meet Clarence's friend Dick, an aspiring actor. Dick introduces Clarence to a friend of his, actor Elliot Blitzer, who reluctantly agrees to broker the sale of the drugs to film producer Lee Donowitz. | 6,128,924 |
441315 | True Romance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=True%20Romance | True Romance
While Clarence is out buying lunch, Coccotti's underboss, Virgil, finds Alabama in her motel room and beats her for information. She fights back and kills him with his shotgun.
Elliot is pulled over for speeding and arrested for drug possession. To stay out of jail, he agrees to record the drug deal between Clarence and Donowitz for the police. Coccotti's crew learn where the deal will take place from Dick's roommate Floyd. Clarence, Alabama, Dick, and Elliot go to Donowitz's suite at the Ambassador Hotel with the drugs. In the elevator, a suspicious Clarence threatens Elliot at gunpoint, but is persuaded by Elliot's pleading.
Clarence fabricates a story for Donowitz that the drugs were given | 6,128,925 |
441315 | True Romance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=True%20Romance | True Romance
to him by a corrupt cop, and Donowitz agrees to the sale. Clarence excuses himself to the bathroom, where a vision of Elvis reassures him that things are going well. Donowitz and his bodyguards are ambushed by the cops and mobsters and a shootout begins after Elliot accidentally reveals himself as an informant. Dick abandons the drugs and flees. Almost everyone is killed in the gun battle, and Clarence is wounded as he exits the bathroom. He and Alabama escape with Donowitz's money as more police arrive. They flee to Mexico where Alabama gives birth to a son, whom she names Elvis.
# Production.
The title and plot are a play on the titles of romance comic books such as "True Life Secrets", | 6,128,926 |
441315 | True Romance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=True%20Romance | True Romance
"True Stories of Romance", "Romance Tales", "Untamed Love" and "Strange Love".
The film was a breakthrough for Tarantino. Released after "Reservoir Dogs", it was his first screenplay for a major motion picture, and Tarantino contends that it is his most autobiographical film to date. He had hoped to also direct the film, but lost interest in directing and sold the script. According to Tarantino's audio commentary on the DVD release, he was happy with the way it turned out. Apart from changing the nonlinear narrative he wrote to a more conventional linear structure, it was largely faithful to his original screenplay. He initially opposed director Tony Scott's decision to change the ending (which | 6,128,927 |
441315 | True Romance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=True%20Romance | True Romance
Scott maintained was of his own volition, not the studio's, saying "I just fell in love with these two characters and didn’t want to see them die"). When seeing the completed film, he realized Scott's happy ending was more appropriate to the film as Scott directed it. The film's first act, as well as some fragments of dialogue, were repurposed from Tarantino's 1987 amateur film "My Best Friend's Birthday".
The film's score by Hans Zimmer is a theme based on Gassenhauer from Carl Orff's "Schulwerk". This theme, combined with a voiceover spoken by Arquette, is an homage to Terrence Malick's 1973 crime film "Badlands", in which Sissy Spacek speaks the voiceover, and that also shares similar dramatic | 6,128,928 |
441315 | True Romance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=True%20Romance | True Romance
motifs.
# Reception.
## Critical reception.
Reviews for the film were largely positive. It holds a "Certified Fresh" score of 92% on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, with an average rating of 7.54/10, based on 53 reviews. The site's consensus states: "Fueled by Quentin Tarantino's savvy screenplay and a gallery of oddball performances, Tony Scott's "True Romance" is a funny and violent action jaunt in the best sense". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B-" on an A+ to F scale.
Phil Villarreal of the "Arizona Daily Star" called it "one of the most dynamic action films of the 1990s". Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" gave it three stars, saying | 6,128,929 |
441315 | True Romance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=True%20Romance | True Romance
"it's Tarantino's gutter poetry that detonates "True Romance". This movie is dynamite."
Roger Ebert gave the film a positive review remarking that "the energy and style of the movie are exhilarating", and that "the supporting cast is superb, a roll call of actors at home in these violent waters: Christopher Walken, Dennis Hopper, and Brad Pitt, for example". A negative review by "The Washington Post"s Richard Harrington claimed the film was "stylistically visceral" yet "aesthetically corrupt".
Janet Maslin of "The New York Times" wrote, ""True Romance", a vibrant, grisly, gleefully amoral road movie directed by Tony Scott and dominated by the machismo of Quentin Tarantino (who wrote this screenplay | 6,128,930 |
441315 | True Romance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=True%20Romance | True Romance
before he directed "Reservoir Dogs"), is sure to offend a good-sized segment of the moviegoing population".
## Box office performance.
Although a critical success, "True Romance" was a box office failure. It was given a domestic release and earned $12.3 million on a $12.5 million budget. Despite this, the film developed a cult following over the years.
## Legacy.
"Empire" ranked "True Romance" the 83rd greatest film of all time in 2017, writing: "Tony Scott's handling of Quentin Tarantino's script came off like the cinematic equivalent of cocaine-flavoured bubble-gum: a bright, flavoursome confection that had an intoxicatingly violent kick. It also drew some tremendous big names to its supporting | 6,128,931 |
441315 | True Romance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=True%20Romance | True Romance
cast."
The Hopper/Walken scene, colloquially named "The Sicilian scene", was praised by Oliver Lyttelton of IndieWire, who called it "one of the most beautiful tête-à-têtes in contemporary cinema, wonderfully written and made utterly iconic by the two virtuoso actors". Tarantino himself has named it as one of his proudest moments. "I had heard that whole speech about the Sicilians a long time ago, from a black guy living in my house. One day I was talking with a friend who was Sicilian and I just started telling that speech. And I thought: 'Wow, that is a great scene, I gotta remember that'."
Oldman's villain also garnered acclaim. MSN Movies wrote: "With just a few minutes of screen time, | 6,128,932 |
441315 | True Romance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=True%20Romance | True Romance
Gary Oldman crafts one of cinema's most memorable villains: the brutal, dreadlocked pimp Drexl Spivey. Even in a movie jammed with memorable cameos from screen luminaries [...] Oldman's scar-faced, dead-eyed, lethal gangster stood out." Jason Serafino of "Complex" named Spivey as one of the top five coolest drug dealers in movie history, writing: "He's not in the film for a long time, but the few scant moments that Gary Oldman plays the psychotic dealer Drexl Spivey make "True Romance" a classic ... Oldman gave us a glimpse at one of cinema's most unfiltered sociopaths." "Maxim" journalist Thomas Freeman ranked Spivey as the greatest performance of Oldman's career.
"Robbers", a song by the | 6,128,933 |
441315 | True Romance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=True%20Romance | True Romance
English indie rock band The 1975 from their 2013 debut album, was inspired by the film. Vocalist Matthew Healy explained: "I got really obsessed with the idea behind Patricia Arquette's character in "True Romance" when I was about eighteen. That craving for the bad boy in that film [is] so sexualized."
Brad Pitt's stoner character in "True Romance", Floyd, was the inspiration for making the film "Pineapple Express", according to producer Judd Apatow, who "thought it would be funny to make a movie in which you follow that character out of his apartment and watch him get chased by bad guys".
# Soundtrack.
The soundtrack consists of a wide variety of music, ranging from rock to dance music. | 6,128,934 |
441315 | True Romance | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=True%20Romance | True Romance
as about eighteen. That craving for the bad boy in that film [is] so sexualized."
Brad Pitt's stoner character in "True Romance", Floyd, was the inspiration for making the film "Pineapple Express", according to producer Judd Apatow, who "thought it would be funny to make a movie in which you follow that character out of his apartment and watch him get chased by bad guys".
# Soundtrack.
The soundtrack consists of a wide variety of music, ranging from rock to dance music. The album listing is as follows:
# Home media.
"True Romance" was first released on VHS. It was then on DVD. It was later released on Blu-ray.
# See also.
- Cinema of the United States
- List of American films of 1993 | 6,128,935 |
441350 | Forest Principles | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forest%20Principles | Forest Principles
Forest Principles
The Forest Principles (also "Rio Forest Principles") is the informal name given to the "Non-Legally Binding Authoritative Statement of Principles for a Global Consensus on the Management, Conservation and Sustainable Development of All Types of Forests" (1992), a document produced at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), informally known as the Earth Summit. It is a non-legally binding document that makes several recommendations for conservation and sustainable development forestry.
At the Earth Summit, the negotiation of the document was complicated by demands by developing nations in the Group of 77 for increased foreign aid in order to pay | 6,128,936 |
441350 | Forest Principles | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forest%20Principles | Forest Principles
for the setting aside of forest reserves. Developed nations resisted those demands, and the final document was a compromise.
The FOREST EUROPE process (Ministerial Conferences on the Protection of Forests in Europe, MCPFE) was started by Strasbourg Conference in 1990 and the Forest Principles were adopted and incorporated into the agenda by Helsinki Conference in 1993. The process covers Pan-European region consisting of 47 signatories (46 European countries and the European Union) that partially overlaps with Montréal Process region (Russia is a signatory of both processes).
The Montréal Process, also known as the "Working Group on Criteria and Indicators for the Conservation and Sustainable | 6,128,937 |
441350 | Forest Principles | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forest%20Principles | Forest Principles
nd the Forest Principles were adopted and incorporated into the agenda by Helsinki Conference in 1993. The process covers Pan-European region consisting of 47 signatories (46 European countries and the European Union) that partially overlaps with Montréal Process region (Russia is a signatory of both processes).
The Montréal Process, also known as the "Working Group on Criteria and Indicators for the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Temperate and Boreal Forests", was started in 1994 as a result of the Forest Principles.
# See also.
- Ecology
- Montréal Process
- Natural environment
- United Nations Forum on Forests
# External links.
- Forest Principles at the United Nations | 6,128,938 |
441302 | Miami Orange Bowl | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miami%20Orange%20Bowl | Miami Orange Bowl
Miami Orange Bowl
The Miami Orange Bowl was an outdoor athletic stadium in the southeastern United States, located in Miami, Florida, west of downtown in Little Havana. Considered a landmark, it was the home stadium for the Miami Hurricanes college football team, and the professional Miami Dolphins for their first 21 seasons, until the opening of Joe Robbie Stadium (now Hard Rock Stadium) in nearby Miami Gardens in 1987. The stadium was the temporary home of the FIU Golden Panthers while its FIU Stadium underwent expansion during the 2007 season.
Originally known as Burdine Stadium when opened in 1937, it was renamed in 1959 for the Orange Bowl college football bowl game which was played at | 6,128,939 |
441302 | Miami Orange Bowl | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miami%20Orange%20Bowl | Miami Orange Bowl
the venue following every season from 1938 to 1996. The event was moved to Pro Player Stadium (now Hard Rock Stadium) beginning on December 31, 1996. In January 1999, it returned to the Orange Bowl for one final time due to a scheduling conflict. The minor league Miami Marlins baseball team occasionally played games in the Orange Bowl from 1956 to 1960.
The stadium was on a large block bounded by Northwest 3rd Street (south), Northwest 16th Avenue (west), Northwest 6th Street (north) and Northwest 14th Avenue (east, the open end of the stadium).
The Orange Bowl was demolished in 2008 and the site is now Marlins Park, the home ballpark of the current incarnation of the Miami Marlins (formerly | 6,128,940 |
441302 | Miami Orange Bowl | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miami%20Orange%20Bowl | Miami Orange Bowl
the Florida Marlins), which opened in 2012.
# History.
The stadium was built by the City of Miami Public Works Department. Construction began in 1936 and was completed in December 1937 and featured stadium lights. Prior to completion, the first game was a high school contest on September 24 which saw Edison shut out Ponce de Leon, 36–0 with new lights partially going out, leaving mid-field dark with five minutes remaining in the fourth quarter. The stadium opened for Miami Hurricanes football on December 10, 1937. From 1926 to 1937 the University of Miami played in a stadium near Tamiami Park and also at Moore Park until the Orange Bowl was built.
The Orange Bowl was originally named Burdine | 6,128,941 |
441302 | Miami Orange Bowl | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miami%20Orange%20Bowl | Miami Orange Bowl
Stadium after Roddy Burdine, one of Miami's pioneers and the owner of the Burdines department store chain. It originally seated 23,739 people along the sidelines—roughly corresponding to the lower level of the sideline seats in the stadium's final configuration. Attendance for its first Orange Bowl in January 1938 was under 19,000, but the following year saw over 32,000 in attendance. Seating was added in the end zones in the 1940s, and by the end of the 1950s the stadium was double-decked on the sidelines. In 1966, the AFL expansion Miami Dolphins played their first-ever regular season game in the stadium on September 2. The west end zone upper deck section was then added in the 1960s, bringing | 6,128,942 |
441302 | Miami Orange Bowl | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miami%20Orange%20Bowl | Miami Orange Bowl
the stadium to its peak capacity of 80,010. On January 1, 1965, the Orange Bowl was the first college bowl game to be televised in prime time.
From 1966 to 1968, and again in the 1970s, a live dolphin was situated in a water tank in the open (east) end of the Orange Bowl. He would jump in the tank to celebrate touchdowns and field goals. The tank that was set up in the 1970s was manufactured by Evan Bush and maintained during the games by Evan Bush and Dene Whitaker. Flipper was removed from the Orange Bowl after 1968 to save costs and the 1970s due to stress. In the film "", Snowflake, a live dolphin who does special behaviors after the Dolphins score a touchdown, was the basis of the film | 6,128,943 |
441302 | Miami Orange Bowl | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miami%20Orange%20Bowl | Miami Orange Bowl
after he is kidnapped as part of a revenge plot against Dan Marino.
In 1977, the permanent seats in the east end zone were removed, and further upgrades brought the stadium to its final capacity and design. The city skyline was visible to the east through the open end, over the modern scoreboard and palm trees. The surface was natural grass, except for six seasons in the 1970s. Poly-Turf, an artificial turf similar to AstroTurf, was installed for the 1970 football season. It was removed and replaced with a type of natural grass known as "Prescription Athletic Turf" after Super Bowl X in January 1976.
Under the leadership of Hall of Fame head coach Don Shula, the Miami Dolphins enjoyed a winning | 6,128,944 |
441302 | Miami Orange Bowl | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miami%20Orange%20Bowl | Miami Orange Bowl
record in the Orange Bowl against rival teams in the AFC Eastern Division. Under Shula, the Dolphins were an impressive 57–9–1 (60–10–1 including playoff contests) against the Baltimore/Indianapolis Colts (15–3), the Boston/New England Patriots (15–1), the Buffalo Bills (16–1) and the New York Jets (13–4–1). They have also beaten every visiting franchise at least once, enjoying perfect records against 11 of them. The playoff results against AFC East opponents are: AFC Championship games: (1971, Miami 21, Baltimore 0); (1982, Miami 14, New York Jets 0) and (1985, New England 31, Miami 14) and AFC First round game (1982 strike shortened season, Miami 28, New England 13).
Notable winning streaks | 6,128,945 |
441302 | Miami Orange Bowl | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miami%20Orange%20Bowl | Miami Orange Bowl
during the Shula-era in the Orange Bowl include a 13–0 streak against the Buffalo Bills and a 15–0 streak against the New England Patriots, Also of note, the Miami Dolphins enjoyed a record 31-game home winning streak from 1971–75, which includes four playoff wins and the perfect season of 1972. The Dolphins have not enjoyed the same level of success at Hard Rock Stadium. While much of this lack of success at Hard Rock Stadium is obviously attributable to a diminished level of talent and organizational stability, it is also widely recognized that the homefield advantage that the Dolphins enjoyed in the Orange Bowl was exponentially greater than in their newer home. This was in great part due | 6,128,946 |
441302 | Miami Orange Bowl | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miami%20Orange%20Bowl | Miami Orange Bowl
to the atmosphere of the Bowl. The closeness of the seats to the field, along with the closed West End Zone, metal bleachers, and steel structure (and of course the team's success and its status as Miami's only professional sports team for so many years), gave the venue one of the loudest and most electric homefield environments in the NFL. Visiting team quarterbacks often complained to referees or were forced to call time out as their teammates could not hear them barking out the signals due to the unbearable noise, especially when the Dolphins were making a goal-line stand in the closed West End Zone. While Hard Rock Stadium is much newer and cleaner and is considered one of the top facilities | 6,128,947 |
441302 | Miami Orange Bowl | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miami%20Orange%20Bowl | Miami Orange Bowl
in the NFL, with top-notch amenities, the seats are much farther from the field, and even at its loudest, Hard Rock Stadium doesn't come close to comparing to that of the Orange Bowl.
The Orange Bowl was also the site of the NCAA's longest college football home field winning streak. Between 1985 and 1994, the Miami Hurricanes won 58 straight home games at the Bowl, until ended by the Washington Huskies. The stadium's home field advantage used to include a steel structure that fans would set to rumbling by stomping their feet. Concrete reinforcement had silenced the rumble. There was still the advantage of the West End Zone, which had a relatively narrow radius that amplified fan noise. The | 6,128,948 |
441302 | Miami Orange Bowl | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miami%20Orange%20Bowl | Miami Orange Bowl
West End Zone was a factor in the Wide Right curse, in which the Florida State Seminoles lost a series of close games due to missed field goals. This section was so raucous that some football announcers often confused it with the student section.
In addition to football, the stadium also hosted concerts and other public events. The stadium had a regular capacity of 74,476 orange seats, and could seat up to 82,000 for concerts and other events where additional seating would have been placed on the playing field.
The last professional football game to be played in the Orange Bowl took place on April 29, 2000 and matched the Miami Tropics against the San Antonio Matadors of the short-lived Spring | 6,128,949 |
441302 | Miami Orange Bowl | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miami%20Orange%20Bowl | Miami Orange Bowl
Football League. The Matadors won 16–13.
## College Football.
The City of Miami embarked on a plan to extensively renovate the stadium. However, those plans fell by the wayside as Miami focused on keeping the Florida Marlins in town, forcing the Hurricanes to threaten a move to Dolphin Stadium (now Hard Rock Stadium) in suburban Miami Gardens if a plan to renovate the stadium were not in place within 45 days. Some feared that Miami would permit the college to leave, only to tear down the Orange Bowl and replace it with the new stadium for the Marlins.
That fear became reality as Paul Dee, Athletic Director for the University of Miami, announced that the Hurricanes would be moving to Dolphin | 6,128,950 |
441302 | Miami Orange Bowl | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miami%20Orange%20Bowl | Miami Orange Bowl
Stadium for the 2008 season. Dee and university president Donna Shalala made the announcement during a press conference at the Hecht Athletic Center on August 21, 2007. The University agreed to a 25-year contract to play at then Dolphin Stadium. According to Miami City Manager Pete Hernandez, this put the Orange Bowl back in the forefront as a possible site for a new Marlins stadium. The hope that talks would resume soon on that possibility vanished after only a short while.
Many Hurricane fans vocally opposed the decision to move stadium locations and preferred maintaining the Orange Bowl as the Hurricanes' home field, out of concern of Dolphin Stadium's extra distance from campus, the severing | 6,128,951 |
441302 | Miami Orange Bowl | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miami%20Orange%20Bowl | Miami Orange Bowl
of an icon of the Hurricanes' historical successes on the field, and potentially more expensive parking costs.
Many fans have even stated to various broadcast, print and internet-based media outlets that they will no longer attend the games of Hurricanes football, once the team abandoned the Orange Bowl. Some speculate that the decision to leave the Orange Bowl might have cursed the Miami Hurricanes and would cite the Miami Dolphins as a precedent. Indeed, a common explanation for the Miami Hurricanes' poor performance during the 2007 season is that "they've never been the same since they left the Orange Bowl."
The University of Miami lost their final Orange Bowl game to the University of | 6,128,952 |
441302 | Miami Orange Bowl | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miami%20Orange%20Bowl | Miami Orange Bowl
Virginia, 48–0, in front of a live ESPN audience. This was the most lopsided home shutout loss in the program's history, until Clemson beat Miami 58-0 in 2015.
The last home game of college football in the Orange Bowl was a home win for the Florida International University Golden Panthers against the North Texas Mean Green. FIU had been using the Orange Bowl as home field for the season due to renovations to their home stadium. UM and FIU had engaged in a bench clearing brawl at the Orange Bowl the previous year during the first of two scheduled games between the two schools.
# Motorcycle fatality.
On February 8, 1997, the Miami Orange Bowl was host to a U.S. Hot Rod Monster Jam. As part | 6,128,953 |
441302 | Miami Orange Bowl | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miami%20Orange%20Bowl | Miami Orange Bowl
of the show, motorcycle stunt rider, Corey Scott, attempted a stunt that required him to drive up a ramp and land into a net hoisted into the air. Scott missed the net, bounced out, and fell to the ground below. He later died at Jackson Memorial Hospital and his fatality was witnessed by a crowd of around 30,000 spectators.
# Hurricane Wilma.
In 2005, Hurricane Wilma caused structural damage to the stadium, which rekindled discussion of tearing down the aging facility. The damage was subsequently repaired after the 2005 college football season. The stadium served as a FEMA relief center in the aftermath of the hurricane.
# Final year and demolition.
The Orange Bowl was demolished in May | 6,128,954 |
441302 | Miami Orange Bowl | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miami%20Orange%20Bowl | Miami Orange Bowl
2008, and Marlins Park is now on the site. Despite some protests, the historic stadium had been earmarked for demolition when the University of Miami announced that they were moving out of the Orange Bowl after the 2007 season to begin play at Sun Life Stadium in 2008 in a 25-year deal. On November 10, 2007, the University of Miami Hurricanes lost their final game at the Orange Bowl when the Virginia Cavaliers defeated Miami 48–0 in the Hurricanes' second worst home shutout loss in school history.
The FIU Golden Panthers (now Panthers) won their last game at the Orange Bowl against the North Texas Mean Green on December 1, 2007 by a score of 38–19, snapping a 23-game losing streak that many | 6,128,955 |
441302 | Miami Orange Bowl | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miami%20Orange%20Bowl | Miami Orange Bowl
attributed to the consequences of suspensions following the UM-FIU brawl the year before. Since the Golden Panthers had been using the Orange Bowl as their home field during the construction of FIU Stadium, this win allowed the FIU team to boast that it was they who officially closed the Orange Bowl's college football career with a home win.
A high school all-star game, "The Offense-Defense All-American Bowl", took place on January 4, 2008 and was the last game before the closing events.
On Saturday, January 26, 2008 a "Farewell to the Orange Bowl Stadium" flag football game was held. The game featured former Dolphin and Hall of Fame quarterback Dan Marino, plus Mark Duper, Mercury Morris, | 6,128,956 |
441302 | Miami Orange Bowl | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miami%20Orange%20Bowl | Miami Orange Bowl
Dwight Stephenson, A. J. Duhe, Don Strock, Jim Kiick, John Offerdahl, Jim Kelly, Bernie Kosar, Melvin Bratton, Brian Blades, Bennie Blades and Eddie Brown. The NFL's winningest coach Don Shula coached the Dolphin players while Florida Atlantic University and former Hurricanes coach (and former Dolphins assistant) Howard Schnellenberger coached the UM players.
The Orange Bowl was open to the public for the last time February 8–10, 2008 when a public auction of stadium artifacts and memorabilia was held. The stadium was stripped and pieces were sold by a company called Mounted Memories. Demolition of the Orange Bowl began on March 3, 2008, and was completed on May 14, 2008.
The Orange Bowl is | 6,128,957 |
441302 | Miami Orange Bowl | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miami%20Orange%20Bowl | Miami Orange Bowl
one of seven stadiums that had hosted a Super Bowl that are no longer standing, along with Tulane Stadium (hosted three Super Bowls; demolished in 1980), Tampa Stadium (hosted two Super Bowls; demolished in 1999), Stanford Stadium (hosted one Super Bowl; demolished and redeveloped in 2006), the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome (hosted one Super Bowl; demolished in 2014), the Georgia Dome (hosted two Super Bowls; demolished in 2017), and the Pontiac Silverdome (hosted one Super Bowl; demolished in 2017).
# Commemorative marker.
As part of the new Marlins Park, Miami-Dade County Art in Public Places have commissioned Daniel Arsham/Snarkitecture to design a public artwork to commemorate the Miami | 6,128,958 |
441302 | Miami Orange Bowl | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miami%20Orange%20Bowl | Miami Orange Bowl
Orange Bowl. Their project uses the letters from the original "Miami Orange Bowl" sign as the basis for the orange concrete letters rearranged across the east plaza of the new ballpark so that they form new words as visitors move around them.
# Stadium events.
## Football.
- Miami Hurricanes – home stadium from 1937–2007
- Orange Bowl game 1938–1995, 1999
- Miami Seahawks – home stadium in 1946
- North–South Shrine Game – college football all-stars – 1948–1973
- Playoff Bowl (NFL) – game for 3rd place – (1961–70)
- Miami Dolphins – home stadium from 1966–1986
- 1975 NFL Pro Bowl Game
- 1995 CFL exhibition game – Birmingham Barracudas vs. Baltimore Stallions
- Miami Tropics (football) | 6,128,959 |
441302 | Miami Orange Bowl | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miami%20Orange%20Bowl | Miami Orange Bowl
– home stadium in 2000 Spring Football League
- FIU Golden Panthers – 2007 home games due to FIU Stadium renovations
### Super Bowls.
The Orange Bowl hosted five Super Bowls:
- Super Bowl II – Green Bay Packers 33, Oakland Raiders 14
- Super Bowl III – New York Jets 16, Baltimore Colts 7
- (Super Bowls II and III are the only two Super Bowls to be played in back-to-back years in the same stadium)
- Super Bowl V – Baltimore Colts 16, Dallas Cowboys 13
- (first Super Bowl played on artificial turf)
- Super Bowl X – Pittsburgh Steelers 21, Dallas Cowboys 17
- (last game in Orange Bowl played on artificial turf)
- Super Bowl XIII – Pittsburgh Steelers 35, Dallas Cowboys 31
## Baseball.
- | 6,128,960 |
441302 | Miami Orange Bowl | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miami%20Orange%20Bowl | Miami Orange Bowl
Miami Marlins – An estimated 57,000 fans watched 50-year-old Satchel Paige pitch there for the Marlins on Aug. 7, 1956. On that occasion, the diamond was tucked into the southeast corner of the stadium, with a high temporary fence in front of the right field seating area. The minor league Marlins played occasional other games there between 1956–60.
- 1990 Caribbean Series – The 20th edition of the second stage of the Caribbean Series was held at the Orange Bowl, which had not hosted baseball in decades. Many considered the series a botched experiment, especially since the stadium, by 1990, was ill-suited for baseball. Only about 50,000 fans attended during the seven-day Series, which featured | 6,128,961 |
441302 | Miami Orange Bowl | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miami%20Orange%20Bowl | Miami Orange Bowl
teams from the Dominican Republic, Venezuela, Mexico, and Puerto Rico. The Leones del Escogido of the Dominican League won the title, led by manager Felipe Rojas Alou and series MVP Gerónimo Berroa.
### Miami Field.
From 1940–65, the University of Miami baseball team played their games at a field in the southwest corner of the block where the stadium sat. The diamond and a small covered seating were in that corner, with the center field fence running along the periphery of the football stadium's outer concourse, and the right field fence bordering a driveway leading up the big stadium. There was also a softball field to the east across the driveway—during football season, the baseball and | 6,128,962 |
441302 | Miami Orange Bowl | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miami%20Orange%20Bowl | Miami Orange Bowl
softball fields were both used for parking. The Hurricanes opened a new ballpark in 1973, and Miami Field's small seating area was demolished, with the land occupied by the two fields reconfigured into full-time parking areas.
## Soccer.
- The United States men's national soccer team played 19 international matches from 1984 to 2004. The team has a 2–10–7 record at the venue, the worst record in all stadiums in the country.
- NASL Miami Gatos (1972) / Miami Toros (1973–1976)
- ASL Miami Americans (1976–1980), Miami Sharks / Miami Freedom (1988–1992)
- Marlboro Cup (1987–1988)
- Final of the 1990 Recopa Sudamericana Boca Juniors 1 Atlético Nacional 0
- Millennium Cup: Rangers (Glasgow) | 6,128,963 |
441302 | Miami Orange Bowl | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miami%20Orange%20Bowl | Miami Orange Bowl
2-2 (extra time: 3-4) Atlético (Belo Horizonte) (Jan 17, 1999)
- USL-1 Team Miami FC played 2 games in 2007 at the Orange Bowl.
- Various friendly and pre-season matches with A.C. Milan, Real Madrid, Manchester United and Brazil national football team
- 1996 Summer Olympics football preliminaries.
- FIFA World Cup 2002 CONCACAF Qualifiers Play-off, Costa Rica vs. Guatemala (5–2, January 6, 2001)
- River Plate 2–1 Boca Juniors, June 15, 2002
- CONCACAF Gold Cup
- 1996 Summer Olympics – soccer games
- Boca Juniors 2 Haiti 0
- Mexico 3 Peru 1
- The stadium was used by the Haiti national team for their "home" matches, due to violent flare-ups in Haiti resulting from political instability.
## | 6,128,964 |
441302 | Miami Orange Bowl | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miami%20Orange%20Bowl | Miami Orange Bowl
Popular boxing bouts.
- Archie Moore defeated Joey Maxim by UD 15 rounds on 1/27/1954
- Roberto Durán defeated Jimmy Batten by UD 10 rounds on 11/12/1982
- Aaron Pryor defeated Alexis Argüello by TKO 14 out of 15 on 11/12/1982
## Non-athletic events.
- Monster Jam
- Enchanted Dreamz Hip-Hop Car Show Bash
- World Championships of Senior Citizen Dancing. 1984.
- Drum Corps International World Championships August 1983.
### Concerts.
- Foreigner, UFO, Pat Travers & Bryan Adams – "Rock Super Bowl" – 1982
- Jimmy Buffett – "Homecoming Tour" – October 29, 1982
- The Police – "Synchronicity Tour" – October 28, 1983
- The Jacksons – "Victory Tour" – November 2–3, 1984, 66.000 attendance.
- | 6,128,965 |
441302 | Miami Orange Bowl | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miami%20Orange%20Bowl | Miami Orange Bowl
Prince – "Purple Rain Tour", with The Revolution, Apollonia 6 & Sheila E. – April 7, 1985 (In honor of the occasion, the stadium was renamed "The Purple Bowl.")
- Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band – "Born in the U.S.A. Tour" – September 9–10, 1985
- Genesis – March 1, 1987
- Madonna – "Who's That Girl World Tour", with Level 42 – June 27, 1987
- David Bowie – "Glass Spider Tour" – September 18, 1987
- Pink Floyd – "A Momentary Lapse of Reason Tour" – November 1, 1987
- U2 – "The Joshua Tree Tour" – December 3, 1987
- Monsters of Rock Festival – Van Halen, Scorpions, Metallica, Dokken & Kingdom Come – June 4, 1988
- George Michael – "Faith World Tour" – October 29, 1988
- The Rolling | 6,128,966 |
441302 | Miami Orange Bowl | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miami%20Orange%20Bowl | Miami Orange Bowl
Stones – "Steel Wheels Tour" – November 15–16, 1989 & "Bridges To Babylon Tour"Dave Matthews Band Opening Act – December 5, 1997
- Metallica – "M2K Tour" – December 28, 1999
- AC/DC
- The Eagles
## Professional wrestling.
- 1987 NWA The Great American Bash supercard
## Films – TV – Video games.
- The Orange Bowl was a central location in the 1977 film "Black Sunday". A significant portion of the filming was done during Super Bowl X on January 18, 1976. A significant portion of the 1999 movie "Any Given Sunday" was filmed at the Orange Bowl.
- Two episodes of Spike TV's "Pros vs. Joes" third season series were filmed here. Those episodes were the South Regional playoffs.
- Much of the | 6,128,967 |
441302 | Miami Orange Bowl | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miami%20Orange%20Bowl | Miami Orange Bowl
on-field scenes for the 1994 comedy "" were filmed at the Orange Bowl.
- The stadium's role during the Mariel boatlift in 1980 is featured in the 1995 film "The Perez Family".
- A scene from the 1980 film sequel "Smokey and the Bandit II" was shot on the field at the Orange Bowl, and included cameo appearances by Terry Bradshaw and "Mean" Joe Greene of the Pittsburgh Steelers.
- In the video game "Driv3r", Tanner, the main character, can enter into the ground and the stands of the Miami Orange Bowl, where he finds an enemy to be dealt with.
- A few scenes from "Miami Vice" were shot there in 1988 (Indian Wars) and 1989 (Hard Knocks).
- The Orange Bowl was a location in the 1977 film "Crime | 6,128,968 |
441302 | Miami Orange Bowl | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miami%20Orange%20Bowl | Miami Orange Bowl
Busters" with Bud Spencer and Terence Hill.
- The Orange Bowl was a location in the 1980 film "Super Fuzz" with Ernest Borgnine and Terence Hill.
- The Orange Bowl served as the home of the fictional Miami Sharks in the 1999 Oliver Stone film Any Given Sunday, with several football scenes being filmed there.
# External links.
- Orange Bowl stadium
- University of Miami Hurricanes Orange Bowl Page
- Aerial Views of Miami Orange Bowl
- Orange Bowl Seating Chart
- Future of the Stadium after the Hurricanes leave
- Commemorative Marker on the Official Snarkitecture Site
- Aerial photo from 1947, showing Miami Field and Burdine Stadium (Orange Bowl Stadium)
- Discussion and photo of the | 6,128,969 |
441302 | Miami Orange Bowl | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miami%20Orange%20Bowl | Miami Orange Bowl
nce Hill.
- The Orange Bowl was a location in the 1980 film "Super Fuzz" with Ernest Borgnine and Terence Hill.
- The Orange Bowl served as the home of the fictional Miami Sharks in the 1999 Oliver Stone film Any Given Sunday, with several football scenes being filmed there.
# External links.
- Orange Bowl stadium
- University of Miami Hurricanes Orange Bowl Page
- Aerial Views of Miami Orange Bowl
- Orange Bowl Seating Chart
- Future of the Stadium after the Hurricanes leave
- Commemorative Marker on the Official Snarkitecture Site
- Aerial photo from 1947, showing Miami Field and Burdine Stadium (Orange Bowl Stadium)
- Discussion and photo of the 1956 Satchel Paige baseball game | 6,128,970 |
441352 | Ibero-America | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibero-America | Ibero-America
Ibero-America
Ibero-America (, ) or Iberian America is a region in the Americas comprising countries or territories where Spanish or Portuguese are predominant languages, usually former territories of Portugal or Spain. Portugal and Spain are themselves included in some definitions, such as that of the Ibero-American Summit and the Organization of Ibero-American States. The Organization of Ibero-American States also includes Spanish-speaking Equatorial Guinea, in Central Africa, but not the Portuguese-speaking African countries.
The prefix "Ibero-" and the adjective "Iberian" refer to the Iberian Peninsula in Europe, which includes Portugal and Spain. Ibero-America includes all Spanish-speaking | 6,128,971 |
441352 | Ibero-America | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibero-America | Ibero-America
countries in North, Central, and South America, plus the Portuguese-speaking country of Brazil. Ibero-America is differentiated from Latin America by the exclusion of the French-speaking country of Haiti, the French-speaking Canadian province of Quebec, the French overseas departments of French Guiana, Martinique and Guadeloupe, and the French collectivities of Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy. In addition, the countries of Belize, Guyana and Suriname, whose official languages are English and Dutch, respectively, are not considered to be either Ibero-American or Latin American.
Since 1991, the Iberoamerican Community of Nations organized a yearly Ibero-American Summit meeting of the heads | 6,128,972 |
441352 | Ibero-America | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibero-America | Ibero-America
of state and governments of the Ibero-American countries, including Spain, Portugal and Andorra, this has since changed to biannually from 2014.
# Countries and population in Europe and the Americas.
- Spanish-speaking: (430,567,462 speakers)
- Portuguese-speaking: (211,520,003 speakers)
- Catalan-speaking: (4,079,420 speakers)
# See also.
- Iberian Peninsula
- Hispanic America
- Organization of Ibero-American States
- Organización de Telecomunicaciones de Iberoamérica (OTI)
- Spanish colonization of the Americas
- Portuguese colonization of the Americas
- Postal Union of the Americas, Spain and Portugal
# External links.
- Official website of the Organization of Ibero-American | 6,128,973 |
441352 | Ibero-America | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibero-America | Ibero-America
anización de Telecomunicaciones de Iberoamérica (OTI)
- Spanish colonization of the Americas
- Portuguese colonization of the Americas
- Postal Union of the Americas, Spain and Portugal
# External links.
- Official website of the Organization of Ibero-American States (OEI)
- Official website of Ibero-America's Secretariat General (SEGIB)
- Official website of the Organization of Ibero-American Youth (OIJ)
- Digital history of Ibero-America from the 14th to the 18th century
- "La Insignia", news about Ibero-America
- "Pensar Iberoamerica", cultural magazine about Ibero-America
- Official website of El Ojo de Iberoamerica, one of the most important festivals devoted to Ibero-America | 6,128,974 |
441274 | Westland Sea King | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westland%20Sea%20King | Westland Sea King
Westland Sea King
The Westland WS-61 Sea King is a British licence-built version of the American Sikorsky S-61 helicopter of the same name, built by Westland Helicopters. The aircraft differs considerably from the American version, with Rolls-Royce Gnome engines (derived from the US General Electric T58), British-made anti-submarine warfare systems and a fully computerised flight control system. The Sea King was primarily designed for performing anti-submarine warfare (ASW) missions. A Sea King variant was adapted by Westland as troop transport known as the Commando.
In British service, the Westland Sea King provided a wide range of services in both the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force. As | 6,128,975 |
441274 | Westland Sea King | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westland%20Sea%20King | Westland Sea King
well as wartime roles in the Falklands War, the Gulf War, the Balkans conflict, the Iraq War and the Afghanistan War, the Sea King is perhaps most well known in its capacity as a Royal Navy Search and Rescue (red and grey livery) and RAF Search and Rescue Force (yellow livery) helicopter. The Sea King was also adapted to meet the Royal Navy's requirement for a ship-based airborne early warning platform.
On 26 September 2018, the last remaining Sea King variant in Royal Navy service was retired. Most operators have replaced, or are planning to replace, the Sea King with more modern helicopters, such as the NHIndustries NH90 and the AgustaWestland AW101. HeliOperations continue to operate the | 6,128,976 |
441274 | Westland Sea King | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westland%20Sea%20King | Westland Sea King
Mk 5 Sea Kings, based at RNAS Portland, training Federal German Navy pilots
# Design and development.
## Origins.
Westland Helicopters, which had a long-standing licence agreement with Sikorsky Aircraft to allow it to build Sikorsky's helicopters, extended the agreement to cover the Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King soon after the Sea King's first flight in 1959. Westland proceeded to independently develop the Sea King, integrating a significant proportion of components from British suppliers; key changes include the use of a pair of Rolls-Royce Gnome turboshaft engines and the implementation of an automatic flight control system. On this matter, authors Jim Thorn and Gerald Frawley stated that: "Despite | 6,128,977 |
441274 | Westland Sea King | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westland%20Sea%20King | Westland Sea King
appearances, Westland's Sea King [is a] very different aircraft from Sikorsky's". Many of the differences between the Westland-built Sea King and the original helicopter were as a result of differing operational doctrine. While the U.S. Navy Sea Kings were intended to be under tactical control of the carrier from which they operated, the Royal Navy intended its helicopters to be much more autonomous, capable of operating alone, or co-ordinating with other aircraft or surface vessels. This resulted in a different crew arrangement, with operations being controlled by an observer rather than the pilot, as well as fitting a search radar.
The Royal Navy selected the Sea King to meet a requirement | 6,128,978 |
441274 | Westland Sea King | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westland%20Sea%20King | Westland Sea King
for an anti-submarine warfare (ASW) helicopter to replace the Westland Wessex, placing an order with Westland for 60 SH-3D Sea Kings in June 1966. The prototype and three pre-production aircraft were built by Sikorsky at Stratford, Connecticut and shipped to the United Kingdom to act as trials and pattern aircraft. The first of the SH-3Ds was initially fitted with General Electric T58s and, after being shipped from the United States, was flown in October 1966 from the dockside at Avonmouth to Yeovil airfield. The other three were delivered from the docks, by road to Yeovil, for completion with British systems and Rolls-Royce Gnome engines. The first Westland-built helicopter, designated Sea | 6,128,979 |
441274 | Westland Sea King | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westland%20Sea%20King | Westland Sea King
King HAS1, flew on 7 May 1969 at Yeovil. The first two helicopters were used for trials and evaluation by Westland and the Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment; subsequent production Sea Kings were delivered to the Royal Navy's 700 Naval Air Squadron from August 1969 onwards.
By 1979, the Royal Navy had ordered 56 HAS1s and 21 HAS2s to meet the anti-submarine requirements, these were also configured for the secondary anti-ship role. The Westland Sea King was updated and adapted for numerous roles, subsequent variants include the "HAS2", "HAS5" and "HAS6". Changes from initial production aircraft included an expansion of the cabin and upgraded engines.
## Commando and further developments.
One | 6,128,980 |
441274 | Westland Sea King | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westland%20Sea%20King | Westland Sea King
of the most extensively modified variants was the Westland Commando, operated by the Royal Navy as the HC4. The Commando had capacity for up to 28 fully equipped troops and had originally been developed to meet an Egyptian Air Force requirement. Due to the deletion of the amphibious capability, not required in the Egyptian desert, the most noticeable change from the Sea King was the deletion of the side floats, the main undercarriage being carried on stub sponsons. An improved variant of the Egyptian Commando, with changes including the fitting of folding blades common to the ASW variants, was designated as the Sea King HC4 by the Royal Navy and all the aircraft were new build. First flying | 6,128,981 |
441274 | Westland Sea King | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westland%20Sea%20King | Westland Sea King
on 26 September 1979, due to its operational range of up to 600 nautical miles without refuelling, the HC4 'Commando' became an important asset for amphibious warfare and troop transport duties, in particular. Several Royal Naval Air Squadrons have operated the Commando variant, such as 845 Naval Air Squadron, 846 Naval Air Squadron and 848 Naval Air Squadron. In British service, the Sea King HC4 was deployed on operations in the Falklands, the Balkans, both Gulf Wars, Sierra Leone, Lebanon and Afghanistan. Towards the end of the Sea King's operational life, several HAS6s were repurposed by the removal of the ASW equipment, as troop transports. In 2010, the last of the UK's converted ASW Sea | 6,128,982 |
441274 | Westland Sea King | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westland%20Sea%20King | Westland Sea King
Kings to troop transports were retired.
In the 1970s, Westland's experience with the Sea King led the company to conduct the British Experimental Rotor Program (BERP), in coordination with the Royal Aircraft Establishment, which applied innovations in composite materials and new design principles to the helicopter rotor. Initial trials carried out with active Sea Kings found several advantages to the BERP rotor, including a longer fatigue life and improved aerodynamic characteristics. Subsequent Westland helicopters, such as the record-breaking Lynx and the AgustaWestland AW101 Merlin, took advantage of BERP rotors for greater performance. Westland equipped later-built Sea Kings with the new | 6,128,983 |
441274 | Westland Sea King | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westland%20Sea%20King | Westland Sea King
composite rotors as well.
Westland has produced a total of 330 Sea Kings; export customers include the Indian Naval Air Arm, the German Navy, the Royal Australian Navy, and the Royal Norwegian Air Force. The last of the Royal Navy's Sea Kings in the ASW role was retired in 2003, being replaced by the AgustaWestland Merlin HM1. The Sea King Airborne Surveillance and Control (ASaC) variant is expected to be replaced around the introduction of the two "Queen Elizabeth"-class aircraft carriers. The UK has also planned to retire the HC4 and search and rescue variants in March 2016.
## Search and rescue.
A dedicated search and rescue (SAR) version, the HAR3, was developed for the RAF Search and | 6,128,984 |
441274 | Westland Sea King | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westland%20Sea%20King | Westland Sea King
Rescue Force. The type entered service in 1978 to replace the Westland Whirlwind HAR.10. A 16th helicopter was ordered shortly after, and following the Falklands War of 1982, three more examples were purchased to enable operation of a SAR flight in the islands, initially from Navy Point on the north side of Stanley harbour, and later from RAF Mount Pleasant. In 1992, six further helicopters were ordered to replace the last remaining Westland Wessex helicopters in the SAR role, entering service in 1996. The six Sea King HAR3As featured updated systems, including a digital navigation system and more modern avionics.
Westland also manufactured SAR versions of the Sea King for the Royal Norwegian | 6,128,985 |
441274 | Westland Sea King | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westland%20Sea%20King | Westland Sea King
Air Force, the German Navy and the Belgian Air Force. On SAR variants, the cabin was enlarged by a stretch of the fuselage behind the door; another key feature, used for additional flotation in the unusual event of a water landing, inflatable buoyancy bags were housed inside the aircraft's sponsons. Upgrades and changes made to SAR Sea Kings include the addition of radar warning receivers, a cargo hook for the underslung carriage of goods, and the redesigning of the cockpit for compatibility with night vision goggles.
, up to 12 HAR3/3As were dispersed across the UK, a further two HAR3s were attached to the Falkland Islands, providing 24-hour rescue coverage. Some Royal Navy HAS5 ASW variants | 6,128,986 |
441274 | Westland Sea King | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westland%20Sea%20King | Westland Sea King
were adapted for the SAR role and served with 771 Naval Air Squadron, Culdrose and HMS Gannet SAR Flight at Prestwick Airport in Scotland. , they are expected to remain in service until 2016, being replaced with civilian operated SAR rotorcraft. Both Prince Andrew, Duke of York and Prince William, Duke of Cambridge have flown SAR Sea Kings in front-line roles.
## Airborne early warning.
The Royal Navy's airborne early warning (AEW) capability had been lost when the Fairey Gannet aeroplane was withdrawn after the last of the RN's fleet carriers was decommissioned in 1978. During the Falklands War, a number of warships were lost and casualties suffered due to the lack of an AEW platform. The | 6,128,987 |
441274 | Westland Sea King | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westland%20Sea%20King | Westland Sea King
proposed fleet cover by the RAF Shackleton AEW.2 was too unresponsive and at too great a distance to be practical. Consequently, two Sea King HAS2s were modified in 1982 with the addition of the Thorn-EMI ARI 5980/3 Searchwater LAST radar attached to the fuselage on a swivel arm and protected by an inflatable dome. This allowed the radar to be lowered below the fuselage during flight and for it to be raised for landing. These prototypes, designated HAS2(AEW), were both flying within 11 weeks and deployed with 824 "D" Flight on HMS "Illustrious", serving in the Falklands after the cessation of hostilities. A further eight HAS2s were modified to a production standard, known as the AEW2. Two remained | 6,128,988 |
441274 | Westland Sea King | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westland%20Sea%20King | Westland Sea King
"fitted for but not with". These entered operational service in 1985, being deployed by 849 Naval Air Squadron. Three Sea King HAS5/6s were later converted as part of the ASaC Mk7 programme, bringing the Mk7 fleet to 13; still 3 below the requirement.
The upgrade programme resulted in the Sea King AEW fleet being upgraded with a new mission system, Comms, NavAids, JTIDS, Active Noise Reduction and Videographic recording. The Mission System Upgrade (MSU) component (Radar and partial JTIDS integration) was based around the improved Searchwater 2000AEW radar, with an all-new man Machine Interface. This MSU component was later termed "Project Cerberus" by Thales, after successful integration was | 6,128,989 |
441274 | Westland Sea King | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westland%20Sea%20King | Westland Sea King
conducted by Westland and GEC-Marconi. This variant was initially referred to as the "Sea King AEW7", but renamed "ASaC7" just before In Service Date. (Airborne Surveillance and Control Mk.7). The main role of the Sea King ASaC7 is detection of low-flying attack aircraft; it also provides interception/attack control and over-the-horizon targeting for surface-launched weapon systems. In comparison to older versions, the new radar enables the ASaC7 to simultaneously track up to 400 targets, instead of an earlier limit of 250 targets. The effectiveness of the AEW7 was greatly increased via the addition of a Link 16 data link, allowing gathered radar information to be analysed and rapidly put to | 6,128,990 |
441274 | Westland Sea King | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westland%20Sea%20King | Westland Sea King
use by multiple allied platforms in range.
The ASaC7s will remain in service until they are replaced under the "Crowsnest" programme; intended as a podded capability onboard Merlins. Previous proposed replacement programmes, Future Organic Airborne Early Warning (FOAEW) and MASC (Maritime Airborne Surveillance and Control) were initiated and then cancelled, due largely to the erroneous assumption that the entire ASaC Mk7 system could simply be lifted and plugged into another aircraft type. However, as a result of the time gap between the planned out of service date of the Sea King in 2016, and the introduction of "Crowsnest" seven Sea King ASaC.7 helicopters will remain in service with the | 6,128,991 |
441274 | Westland Sea King | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westland%20Sea%20King | Westland Sea King
RN through to the second half of 2018.
# Operational history.
## United Kingdom.
### Falklands War.
A number of Sea Kings were deployed during the Falklands War. They were transported to the combat zone and operated from the decks of various ships of the Royal Navy, such as the landing platform dock . In the theatre, they performed a wide range of missions, from anti-submarine patrols and reconnaissance flights to replenishment operations and the insertion of special forces. Support provided by the Sea Kings in the form of transport for men and supplies has been viewed as vital to the success of the British operation. Sea Kings also protected the fleet by acting as decoys against incoming | 6,128,992 |
441274 | Westland Sea King | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westland%20Sea%20King | Westland Sea King
Exocet missiles, with some missions being flown by Prince Andrew, Duke of York.
Anti-Submarine Sea Kings of 820 Naval Air Squadron were embarked in . With 11 HAS.5s, the squadron operated anti-submarine and search and rescue sorties with one helicopter always airborne on surface search duties. On 14 June, an 820 NAS Sea King HAS.5 was used to transport Major General Jeremy Moore to Port Stanley to accept the surrender of Argentine troops on the island. The squadron flew 1,650 sorties during the war. "A" Flight of 824 Naval Air Squadron embarked two Sea King HAS.2As aboard and were used to move supplies to other ships on the way south and later anti-submarine patrols. "C" Flight had three Sea | 6,128,993 |
441274 | Westland Sea King | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westland%20Sea%20King | Westland Sea King
King HAS.2As on board which were used for replenishment duties, supplying over 2,000 tons of stores.
825 Naval Air Squadron was formed for the war with 10 Sea King HAS.2s modified as utility variants to support ground forces. The anti-submarine equipment was removed and the helicopters fitted with troop seats. Two aircraft embarked in "Queen Elizabeth 2" and were later used for moving troops from "QE2" to other ships, the remainder embarked in "Atlantic Causeway" and were used for troop movements around the islands. Embarked in was 826 Naval Air Squadron with nine HAS.5s, which carried out continuous anti-submarine sorties. From the departure of "Hermes" from Ascension in April until the Argentine | 6,128,994 |
441274 | Westland Sea King | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westland%20Sea%20King | Westland Sea King
surrender, the squadron operated at least three helicopters airborne continuously for fleet protection.
On 23 April 1982, a Sea King HC4 was ditched while performing a risky transfer of supplies to a ship at night, operating from the flagship HMS "Hermes". On 12 May, a Sea King operating from "Hermes" crashed into the sea due to an altimeter problem; all crew were rescued. On 19 May 1982 a Sea King, in the process of transporting SAS troops to from "Hermes", crashed into the sea while attempting to land on "Intrepid". Twenty-two men were killed and nine survived. Bird feathers were found in the debris, suggesting a bird strike, although the accident's cause is inconclusive. The SAS lost 18 | 6,128,995 |
441274 | Westland Sea King | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westland%20Sea%20King | Westland Sea King
men in the crash, their highest number of casualties on one day since the Second World War. The Royal Signals lost one man and the RAF one man.
### Gulf War.
During the 1991 Gulf War Sea Kings from several nations, including Canada, Britain, and the U.S., were present in the coalition forces against Saddam Hussein's Iraq regime. Due to the threat of potential use of any Iraqi weapons of mass destruction, it was standard practice for Sea King crews to wear fully enclosed NBC (nuclear, biological, chemical) protective suits. Britain's Sea Kings primarily engaged in inter-ship transport duties, including ferrying troops between the fleet and land. Six Sea King Mk4 helicopters from 845 Naval Air | 6,128,996 |
441274 | Westland Sea King | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westland%20Sea%20King | Westland Sea King
Squadron and six of 848 Squadron, which had been reformed to meet this operational demand, worked in support of the ground advance. There was thorough radar coverage by U.S. airborne early warning and control (AWACS) aircraft; British AEW Sea Kings were not deployed.
Following the end of hostilities, the available Sea Kings remained on deployment in the region to conduct transport missions to relocate people displaced by the conflict to refugee camps and repatriate citizens to their home countries.
### Balkans.
The Sea King participated in the UN's intervention in Bosnia. 845 Naval Air Squadron and their Sea Kings had been dispatched to the region in late 1992 in response to escalating tensions | 6,128,997 |
441274 | Westland Sea King | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westland%20Sea%20King | Westland Sea King
in the region. They performed various logistical and transport missions, such as the repositioning of Royal Artillery L118 Light Guns in the region and in the evacuation of casualties. In one incident on 24 March 1993, during an attempt to establish an air evacuation route to a UN-declared safe zone, a flight of French Aérospatiale Pumas and Sea King HC4 helicopters were shelled while taking off from an improvised landing zone. Two further Sea Kings arrived to evacuate several UN casualties, managing to fly the wounded to the Bosnian city of Tuzla, where they came under further enemy fire while unloading.
During NATO's intervention in Kosovo, Sea Kings of 814 Naval Air Squadron, operating from | 6,128,998 |
441274 | Westland Sea King | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westland%20Sea%20King | Westland Sea King
numerous Royal Navy vessels in the Adriatic, including the aircraft carrier HMS "Invincible", maintained a patrol of the Balkans' coast. The Sea Kings were also heavily used in the transport role during the preparations for a ground invasion of Kosovo.
### 2000s.
In 2000, Sea King HC.4s of 846 NAS participated in Operation Palliser in Sierra Leone.
During the 2003 invasion of Iraq, multiple Sea King ASaC7 from 849 NAS were operated from HMS "Ark Royal". On 22 March 2003, two AEW Sea Kings from 849 NAS operating from "Ark Royal" collided over the Persian Gulf, resulting in the death of seven personnel. A report into the collision called for Sea Kings to be outfitted with night vision goggles, | 6,128,999 |
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