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1643230 | Lennart Skoglund | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lennart%20Skoglund | Lennart Skoglund
to endure some difficult years. The club had been bought by Angelo Moratti in late 1955, who made seven managerial changes during the first three years of his presidency. During this period, Internazionale failed to produce any sort of challenge in Serie A.
Skoglund enjoyed a revival at Internazionale during his later years at the club. Ahead of the 1958 FIFA World Cup on Swedish home soil, the club management offered him a 10,000 Swedish crowns – or 700 pounds – bonus if he won the tournament. The reason cited was Internazionale sensing the potential benefits of Skoglund's increased box-office appeal.
In all, Skoglund played 246 competitive matches for Internazionale, scoring 57 goals, before | 6,141,300 |
1643230 | Lennart Skoglund | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lennart%20Skoglund | Lennart Skoglund
leaving in the summer of 1959, at age 29.
## Sampdoria and Palermo.
Ahead of the 1959-60 season, Skoglund was signed by Sampdoria. The reported transfer fee was set at 30 million lire, or 17,250 pounds. Warmly received by the fans, Skoglund played as a regular for the next three seasons whilst putting on decent performances. The Genoa-based club was however far away from contending of any domestic titles during Skoglund's years at the club.
During the summer of 1962, Skoglund signed with Palermo. His time in Sicily was however disastrous from the outset, with the player being accommodated in a utility room beneath the stands of the Stadio Della Favorita. Skoglund also found himself bored | 6,141,301 |
1643230 | Lennart Skoglund | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lennart%20Skoglund | Lennart Skoglund
and frustrated in the city and quickly sought a move elsewhere.
In October the same year, Skoglund trained with Juventus, stating he would be "honoured to end my career with such a club". He however failed to impress the Torino-based club officials during his trial and soon returned to Palermo, only appearing six times over the course of the season. Hence, his long lasting career in Italy and the Serie A effectively came to its end in July 1963.
## Return to Sweden.
In late 1963, he contacted the management of his former club Hammarby IF, now competing in the Swedish second tier, and offered his services. Skoglund made his competitive comeback in a match against Karlstad BK at Johanneshovs | 6,141,302 |
1643230 | Lennart Skoglund | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lennart%20Skoglund | Lennart Skoglund
IP on 8 May 1964. Within minutes of his debut, he scored perhaps the most famous goal of his career, curling home direct from a corner in a 4-1–win.
Back at his favoured club and native Södermalm, Skoglund revived his footballing career as Hammarby won promotion to Allsvenskan the same year. Goalkeeper Ronnie Hellström, who later would win the prize Guldbollen as Sweden's best footballer, said the following on his teammate:
Skoglund eventually opted to retire from top-flight football. He marked an end to his second stint at Hammarby after the 1967 season, scoring 7 goals in 56 appearances in total. The year after he enjoyed a short stint at the amateur club Kärrtorps IK, a fourth tier side | 6,141,303 |
1643230 | Lennart Skoglund | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lennart%20Skoglund | Lennart Skoglund
managed by his older brother, Georg "Jojje" Skoglund.
# International career.
Lennart Skoglund made his international debut for Sweden on 8 May 1950, in a 4-1 friendly win against The Netherlands.
A month later, he was part of the Swedish squad in the 1950 FIFA World Cup in Brazil. The Swedish Football Association had insisted that the squad entirely would consist of amateur players. Those who had gone abroad and turned professional – most notably Gunnar Gren, Gunnar Nordahl and Nils Liedholm at A.C. Milan – were therefore unavailable for a call up.
On 25 June 1950, Sweden faced Italy in the first game of the tournament. Skoglund played the whole game as Sweden surprisingly won 3-2 with | 6,141,304 |
1643230 | Lennart Skoglund | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lennart%20Skoglund | Lennart Skoglund
one Italian newspaper labelling him as Sweden's "best asset". Skoglund's efforts also earned him a new nickname: "The swaying corn-cob", as a reference to his blond hair and running style. However, Skoglund did not appear again after a 7-1 defeat to hosts Brazil in the final group stage. After a controversy with the national team coach Putte Kock regarding issues related to behaviour, Skoglund got deemed surplus to requirements along with Stellan Nilsson ahead of the team's two remaining matches against Uruguay and Spain. Sweden would eventually secure a third place at the tournament and win their first World Cup medal throughout history.
Skoglund was not called up to the national team again | 6,141,305 |
1643230 | Lennart Skoglund | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lennart%20Skoglund | Lennart Skoglund
until the 1958 World Cup on home soil, in accordance with the Swedish Football Association's policy to ban professional players from representing the side. Ahead of said tournament they, however, had a change of heart and opted to recall exiles like Skoglund. Skoglund appeared in all six of Sweden's games and in the semifinal against West Germany, Skoglund scored his first and only goal for his country in a 3–1 win, as he slid home the equaliser from a tight angle.
During the early stages of the tournament Skoglund had, however, launched an astonishing attack on his coach George Raynor. Skoglund criticised the manager's training methods and said:
In the final against Brazil at Råsunda Stadium, | 6,141,306 |
1643230 | Lennart Skoglund | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lennart%20Skoglund | Lennart Skoglund
Skoglund was neutralized by defender Djalma Santos as Sweden lost 2–5. Sweden finished runners-up to a team inspired by the genius of young talents like Pelé and Garrincha. Skoglund was, however, voted as the best left winger in the whole tournament.
Skoglund would not win another cap for his country until several years later. His good friend Agne Simonsson, a teammate from the 1958 World Cup, had convinced the Swedish Football Association on calling up Skoglund for a friendly against Poland in October 1964. Aged 34, Skoglund played his 11th and last international game as Sweden drew 3–3.
# Style of play.
Lennart Skoglund's fine ball-control, excellent left foot and fine distribution made | 6,141,307 |
1643230 | Lennart Skoglund | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lennart%20Skoglund | Lennart Skoglund
him a big favourite with the fans. During his transformation from a young inside-left to a mature left winger, Skoglund managed to balance his astonishing individual dribbling skills with a great perception of the game. He also possessed a powerful shot with fine scoring efficiency. Skoglund was known as a set-piece specialist throughout his career.
He was though sometimes considered as a selfish player, or a "soloist". Amongst his weaknesses were also a limited physical durability, inconsistency and lack of stamina.
During his early years, Skoglund's style of play was compared to the likes of Sven Rydell and Henry "Garvis" Carlsson, both celebrated star players in the Swedish national team | 6,141,308 |
1643230 | Lennart Skoglund | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lennart%20Skoglund | Lennart Skoglund
at the time.
# Personal life.
## Family and relationships.
Both of Skoglund's brothers would later move on to represent Hammarby IF at senior level. His older brother Georg "Jojje" Skoglund briefly played for the club in the Swedish second tier. The youngest sibling, Karl-Evert "Ya" Skoglund, would however enjoy a far more successful career, also winning one cap for the Swedish national team. As a forward, Karl-Evert played 132 games for Hammarby between 1956 and 1965, scoring 43 goals. During the later years of their respective careers, Lennart and Karl-Evert played together at said club in Allsvenskan.
In August 1952, Lennart Skoglund married the Italian model Nuccia Zirelli – a former | 6,141,309 |
1643230 | Lennart Skoglund | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lennart%20Skoglund | Lennart Skoglund
Miss Italy runner-up – in Milano. The couple had two sons, Evert (b. 1953) and Giorgio (b. 1957). Both of them would later pursue a career in football, with Evert Skoglund representing Internazionale during the 1970s and the younger son, Giorgio, briefly playing for city rivals A.C. Milan. To distinguish them, Evert was known as Skoglund I and Giorgio as Skoglund II. Skoglund had another son outside the marriage, Peter, who was born in 1959 and raised in Sweden.
In the early 1960s, Zirelli and Skoglund divorced. Just before his return to Sweden and Hammarby in 1963, Skoglund was involved in a serious car accident. Driving to Florence along with his two sons, his vehicle left the road and went | 6,141,310 |
1643230 | Lennart Skoglund | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lennart%20Skoglund | Lennart Skoglund
down an escarpment. The family had to be rescued by passing motorists, and the children spent around three weeks in a hospital.
Several of Skoglund's later descendants also became professional athletes. His grandson Jimmie Ölvestad played ice hockey in the National Hockey League (NHL) and represented Sweden at international level. Albin Skoglund, the grandson of Skoglunds's brother "Ya", is also a professional footballer.
## Outside football.
In his early years, before turning professional, Skoglund earned his living from working as an electrician. He, however, had trouble keeping jobs since he enjoyed a festive lifestyle, being a frequent guest at different night clubs and dance halls at | 6,141,311 |
1643230 | Lennart Skoglund | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lennart%20Skoglund | Lennart Skoglund
Södermalm.
During his tenure at Internazionale, Skoglund earned approximately 2 million Swedish crowns in total. Still, Skoglund often struggled with his finances. The unsuspecting Skoglund reportedly got scammed from the major part of his funds by friends and acquaintances. Together with his wife Nuccia, Skoglund opened a restaurant in Milano. The establishment was named "Bar Nacka" and provided some economic stability for his family during the 1950s. But in 1958, the couple sued their financial adviser since the bar they owned at Via Paolo Sapri was heavily in the red.
Skoglund also pursued a career in music, mainly because he was in dire need of money. In the aftermath of his success at | 6,141,312 |
1643230 | Lennart Skoglund | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lennart%20Skoglund | Lennart Skoglund
the 1958 FIFA World Cup, Skoglund released the record "Vi hänger med" (in English: ""We are tagging along""). The song was written and produced by Stig "Stikkan" Anderson, who later would become the manager of the highly successful Swedish pop band ABBA. The song reached No. 7 at the Swedish charts and became the first of Skoglund's six musical releases.
During the summer breaks in Sweden, Skoglund used to tour around folkparks in Sweden, singing his songs and doing his famed "Two-Crown"-stint – where he would drop a coin from his hand and kick it into his shirt pocket.
Upon his return to Sweden and Hammarby in 1964, Skoglund struggled both financially and socially, which affected his performances | 6,141,313 |
1643230 | Lennart Skoglund | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lennart%20Skoglund | Lennart Skoglund
on the pitch. To help him out, the club's manager, also the owner of a carpet shop, offered him a job. For two months during the late 1960s, Skoglund worked as a carpet salesman.
## Health problems.
During his whole life, Skoglund suffered from severe alcoholism. In Italy, Skoglund also developed a pill abuse. Even before his arrival in Milan, the club's board had started raising questions about his lifestyle, and his quick rise to stardom appeared to exacerbate the problem. Skoglund reportedly began to keep a bottle of whisky in his locker at Internazionale to ensure he could drink during the day. Francesco Morini, his teammate at Sampdoria, also discovered that Skoglund kept a small bottle | 6,141,314 |
1643230 | Lennart Skoglund | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lennart%20Skoglund | Lennart Skoglund
of whisky by the corner flag. When Skoglund took a corner he would, according to Morini, kneel down as though tying his shoelace and have a drink.
His drinking also brought some legal issues. In January 1952, Skoglund got into an argument with a taxi driver who later took him to court in Milan, complaining that he had vandalised his cab. Back in Sweden, after his retirement from football, Skoglund lost his driver's license due to drunk driving when en route to promote his music recordings.
# Later years and death.
After retiring from football, in 1968, Skoglund struggled to find meaning in his life. He got hesitant to be seen in public and mostly stayed inside his small apartment at Katarina | 6,141,315 |
1643230 | Lennart Skoglund | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lennart%20Skoglund | Lennart Skoglund
Bangata in Södermalm. In 1970, he sought help from the sobriety organization Länkarna in Solna. But his efforts to quit drinking kept failing. Skoglund's former teammate Ronnie Hellström said that he had "become hugely agoraphobic" as the "self-confidence had drained out of him". At age 42, Skoglund went into early retirement, forced to live on social welfare.
To provide for himself, Skoglund took on a job shovelling snow. In 1972, he met a young girl with whom he fell in love. Seeking to give him a future, she secured him work in a bookshop. She battled to save him but when she discovered he was drinking in secret, he was left alone again. His mother, Linnéa, soon became his most regular companion. | 6,141,316 |
1643230 | Lennart Skoglund | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lennart%20Skoglund | Lennart Skoglund
She would later say the following on her son's last years in life:
On 8 July 1975, Skoglund was found dead on his kitchen floor, aged 45. Around 2,000 people attended his funeral at Skogskyrkogården in southern Stockholm.
# Legacy.
Skoglund is a recipient of the honorary award "Big boy", which is handed out by the Swedish Football Association.
In 2004, he was voted as Hammarby's biggest profile throughout the history of the club. He also got inducted as a member of the Swedish football Hall of Fame in 2006. In 2017, Skoglund was named as the single best player to have originated from Stockholm during the last century, in a vote held by the county's football association and Sveriges Radio.
A | 6,141,317 |
1643230 | Lennart Skoglund | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lennart%20Skoglund | Lennart Skoglund
statue was raised in his honour outside his childhood home at Katarina Bangata in 1984. The monument was designed by artist Olle Aldrin and got named "Vi ses vid målet" (in English: ""See you at the goal""). In 2000, the square in Södermalm where the statue is located officially got named "Nackas Hörna" (in English: ""Nacka's Corner"") – a play with words with reference to his famous goal in his comeback for Hammarby, where he shot a corner kick straight into goal.
Every 24 December, on Skoglund's birthday, hundreds of people gather at the statue to celebrate his memory. At this date the Swedes also celebrate Christmas and during the gathering, who mostly is visited by supporters of Hammarby, | 6,141,318 |
1643230 | Lennart Skoglund | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lennart%20Skoglund | Lennart Skoglund
statue to celebrate his memory. At this date the Swedes also celebrate Christmas and during the gathering, who mostly is visited by supporters of Hammarby, a speech is held to commemorate and remember Skoglund's performances on the football pitch.
Massimo Moratti, chairman of Internazionale between 1995 and 2013, dubbed Skoglund as one of the club's biggest profiles throughout its history, together with Antonio Valentín Angelillo and Ronaldo. Moratti said the following regarding the talent of the Swedish winger:
# Honours.
## Club.
- AIK
- Swedish Cup: 1950
- Internazionale
- Serie A: 1952–53, 1953–54
## International.
- Sweden
- FIFA World Cup: 1958 (runner-up), 1950 (third place) | 6,141,319 |
1643282 | QF 2-pounder naval gun | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=QF%202-pounder%20naval%20gun | QF 2-pounder naval gun
QF 2-pounder naval gun
The 2-pounder gun, officially designated the QF 2-pounder (QF denoting "quick firing") and universally known as the pom-pom, was a British autocannon, used as an anti-aircraft gun by the Royal Navy. The name came from the sound that the original models make when firing. This QF 2-pounder was not the same gun as the Ordnance QF 2 pounder, used by the British Army as an anti-tank gun and a tank gun, although they both fired , projectiles.
# Predecessors - Boer War and the Great War.
## QF 1 pounder.
The first gun to be called a pom-pom was the 37 mm Nordenfelt-Maxim or "QF 1-pounder" introduced during the Second Boer War, the smallest artillery piece of that war. It fired | 6,141,320 |
1643282 | QF 2-pounder naval gun | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=QF%202-pounder%20naval%20gun | QF 2-pounder naval gun
a shell one pound in weight accurately over a distance of . The barrel was water-cooled, and the shells were belt-fed from a 25-round fabric belt. The Boers used them against the British, who, seeing their utility, had the design copied by Vickers, who were already producing Maxim guns.
During the First World War, it was used in the trenches of the Western Front against aircraft.
## QF 1½ pounder.
The first naval pom-pom was the QF 1.5-pdr Mark I, a piece with a calibre of and a barrel 43 calibres long. This was trialed in the "Arethusa"-class light cruisers and , but did not enter full service, being replaced instead by a larger weapon, the QF 2-pdr Mark II (see below).
# QF 2-pounder Mark | 6,141,321 |
1643282 | QF 2-pounder naval gun | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=QF%202-pounder%20naval%20gun | QF 2-pounder naval gun
II.
The QF 2-pounder Mark II was essentially a scaled-up version of the QF 1 pounder Maxim gun produced by Vickers. It was a 40 mm calibre gun with a water-cooled barrel and a Vickers-Maxim mechanism. It was ordered in 1915 by the Royal Navy as an anti-aircraft weapon for ships of cruiser size and below. The original models fired from hand-loaded fabric belts, although these were later replaced by steel-link belts. This "scaling-up" process was not entirely successful, as it left the mechanism rather light and prone to faults such as rounds falling out of the belts. In 1918, one example of this weapon was experimentally mounted on the upper envelope of His Majesty's Airship 23r.
Surviving | 6,141,322 |
1643282 | QF 2-pounder naval gun | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=QF%202-pounder%20naval%20gun | QF 2-pounder naval gun
weapons were brought out of storage to see service in World War II, mainly on board ships such as naval trawlers, Motor Boats and "armed yachts". It was used almost exclusively in the single-barrel, unpowered pedestal mountings P Mark II (Royal Navy nomenclature gave mountings and guns their own distinct Mark numbers) except for a small number of weapons on the mounting Mark XV, which was a twin-barreled, powered mount. These were too heavy to be of any use at sea, and were therefore mounted ashore. All were scrapped by 1944.
- Calibre: 40 mm L/39
- Total length: 96 inches.
- Length of bore: 62 inches
- Rifling: Polygroove, plain section, 54.84 inches, uniform twist 1 in 30 inch, 12 grooves.
- | 6,141,323 |
1643282 | QF 2-pounder naval gun | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=QF%202-pounder%20naval%20gun | QF 2-pounder naval gun
Weight of gun & breech assembly: 527 lb
- Shell Weight: 2 lb (980 g). HE.
- Rate of Fire: 200 rpm
- Effective Range: 1,200 yd (1,000 m)
- Muzzle Velocity: 1920 ft/s (585 m/s)
Some 7,000 guns were made. The gun was also used by the Japanese as the 40 mm/62 "HI" Shiki. The Regia Marina also used it from the Great War throughout World War II, although it was superseded in the 1930s as a primary AA weapon on Italian warships by more modern guns such as the Cannone-Mitragliera da 37/54 (Breda).
# QF 2-pounder Mark VIII.
The Royal Navy had identified the need for a rapid-firing, multi-barrelled close-range anti-aircraft weapon at an early stage. Design work for such a weapon began in 1923 based | 6,141,324 |
1643282 | QF 2-pounder naval gun | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=QF%202-pounder%20naval%20gun | QF 2-pounder naval gun
on the earlier Mark II, undoubtedly to utilise the enormous stocks of 2-pounder ammunition left over from the First World War. Lack of funding led to a convoluted and drawn-out design and trials history, and it was not until 1930 that these weapons began to enter service. Known as the QF 2-pounder Mark VIII, it is usually referred to as the "multiple pom-pom".
The initial mounting was the 11.8 to 17.35 ton, eight-barrelled mounting Mark V (later Mark VI), suitable for ships of cruiser and aircraft carrier size upward. From 1935, the quadruple mounting Mark VII, essentially half a Mark V or VI, entered service for ships of destroyer and cruiser size. These multiple gun mounts required four different | 6,141,325 |
1643282 | QF 2-pounder naval gun | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=QF%202-pounder%20naval%20gun | QF 2-pounder naval gun
guns and were nicknamed the "Chicago Piano". The mount had two rows each of two or four guns. Guns were produced in both right- and left-hand and "inner" and "outer" so that the feed and ejector mechanisms matched.
Single-barrelled mounts, the Mark VIII (manual) and Mark XVI (power operated), were also widely used, mainly in small escorts (such as the Flower-class corvettes) and coastal craft (especially early Fairmile 'D' motor gunboats). The Mark XVI mounting was related to the twin mounting Mark V for the Oerlikon 20 mm cannon and the "Boffin" mounting for the Bofors 40 mm gun. An interesting feature was the very large magazine, from 140 rounds per gun for the eight-barrelled mount, to 56 | 6,141,326 |
1643282 | QF 2-pounder naval gun | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=QF%202-pounder%20naval%20gun | QF 2-pounder naval gun
rounds for the single mounts. This large ammunition capacity gave the eight-barrelled mount the ability to fire continuously for 73 seconds without reloading. A high velocity (HV), 1.8 lb. (820 g), round was developed for the pom-pom, just prior to World War II, which raised the new gun muzzle velocity from 2,040 ft/s (622 m/s) to 2400 ft/s (732 m/s).
Many older mountings were modified with conversion kits to fire HV ammunition, while most newly manufactured mounts were factory built to fire HV ammunition. A mount modified or designed for HV ammunition was given a '*' designation; for example a Mk V mount modified for HV ammunition would be designated Mk V*.
# The pom-pom and the US Navy.
The | 6,141,327 |
1643282 | QF 2-pounder naval gun | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=QF%202-pounder%20naval%20gun | QF 2-pounder naval gun
United States Navy also considered adopting the pom-pom gun prior to its entry into the Second World War, and conducted a series of trials between their own 1.1" gun, the U.S. Army 37 mm Gun, the Vickers 40 mm pom-pom, and the Bofors 40 mm:
# Wartime use.
An advanced weapon when introduced, by the outbreak of World War II advances in aircraft would have made it obsolete but for the introduction of the high-velocity round and new director designs. It was intended that the curtain of fire it threw up would be sufficient to deter attacking aircraft, which it did, but was hampered by the ineffective Mk III director. The MK IV Director with a Gyro Rate Unit and Type 282 radar was a great advance | 6,141,328 |
1643282 | QF 2-pounder naval gun | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=QF%202-pounder%20naval%20gun | QF 2-pounder naval gun
and was introduced on the "King George V"-class battleships. In January 1941, ′s Mk VIII (HV) mountings performed flawlessly firing 30,000 rounds with very few stoppages. When was attacked and sunk by Japanese aircraft near Singapore, the subsequent report judged that a single 40 mm Bofors gun firing tracer was a more effective anti-aircraft weapon than a multiple pom-pom in director control, as the pom-poms did not have tracer ammunition and the pom-pom ammunition had deteriorated badly in its ready use lockers, while the Type 282 radar units also failed in the equatorial heat. In the same action, the Commissioned Gunner of spent the whole action running from one pom-pom mount to another trying | 6,141,329 |
1643282 | QF 2-pounder naval gun | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=QF%202-pounder%20naval%20gun | QF 2-pounder naval gun
to keep them operational due to the faulty ammunition. The pom-poms on "Repulse" shot down two of the four confirmed kills made by Force Z, while "Prince of Wales" pom-poms did record hits on enemy aircraft.
The Royal Navy judged the pom-pom's effectiveness to range from about half that of the Bofors, per gun, against torpedo planes to about equal against Kamikaze attackers. It was a ubiquitous weapon that outnumbered the Bofors gun in Commonwealth naval service up to the end of World War II and it shot down many Axis aircraft. Later innovations such as Remote Power Control (RPC) coupled to a radar-equipped tachymetric (speed predicting) director increased the accuracy enormously and problems | 6,141,330 |
1643282 | QF 2-pounder naval gun | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=QF%202-pounder%20naval%20gun | QF 2-pounder naval gun
with the fuses and reliability were also remedied. The single mountings received a reprieve toward the end of the war as the 20 mm Oerlikon guns had insufficient stopping power to counter Japanese "kamikaze" aircraft and there were insufficient numbers of Bofors guns to meet demand.
- Calibre: 40 mm L/39
- Shell Weight: 2 lb. (980 g) or 1.8 lb. (820 g) for High-Velocity (HV) round
- Rate of Fire: 115 rpm fully automatic
- Effective Range: 3,800 yards (3,475 m) or 5,000 yards (4,572 m) HV
- Effective Ceiling (HV): 13,300 feet (3,960 m)
- Muzzle Velocity: 2,040 ft/s (622 m/s) or 2400 ft/s (732 m/s) for HV
For more extensive technical data, see 2-pdr Mark VIII at Navweaps.com
# QF 2-pounder | 6,141,331 |
1643282 | QF 2-pounder naval gun | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=QF%202-pounder%20naval%20gun | QF 2-pounder naval gun
Mark XIV.
The QF 2-pounder Mark XIV, or Rolls 2 pounder, was developed by Rolls-Royce as a competitor to the 40 mm "Vickers S" gun as an aircraft weapon. The latter was the more successful design, and found some use as an anti-tank weapon. A reworked version was adopted by the Royal Navy as a weapon for Motor Gun Boats, being adopted in the Fairmile C type. It had a semi-automatic horizontally sliding breech block, and was shipped on a manually trained pedestal mount. The weapon was not a success, and of the 1,200 ordered only some 600 were delivered. It was replaced by the Molins 6-pounder gun, the British Army's Ordnance QF 6 pounder gun (57 mm) with an auto-loader.
# See also.
- QF 1 pounder | 6,141,332 |
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pom-pom
- List of anti-aircraft guns
# Bibliography.
- Louis Brown, A radar history of World War II: technical and military imperatives. Institute of Physics Publishing, 1999. .
- John Campbell, Naval Weapons of World War Two. Naval Institute Press, 1986. .
- Rowland and Boyd, U. S. NAVY BUREAU OF ORDNANCE IN WORLD WAR II, USN Bureau of Ordnance
- Garzke and Dulin, Battleships: Allied Battleships of World War II. Naval Institute Press, 1980. .
- I.V. Hogg & L.F. Thurston, British Artillery Weapons & Ammunition 1914-1918. London: Ian Allan, 1972
- Martin Middlebrook and Patrick Mahoney, Battleship: The Loss of the Prince of Wales and the Repulse. Penguin Classic Military History, 2001. | 6,141,333 |
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.
- Alan Raven and John Roberts, British Cruisers of World War Two. Naval Institute Press, 1980. .
# External links.
- THE 2-PDR. MARK VIII GUN ON THE MARK VII MOUNTING. in The Gunnery Pocket Book, B.R. 224/45, 1945 placed online courtesy of maritime.org
- Tony DiGiulian, British 2-pdr (4 cm/39 (1.575")) Mark II
- Tony DiGiulian, Britain 2-pdr (4 cm/39 (1.575")) Mark VIII
- Tony DiGiulian, Japanese 40 mm/62 (1.575") "HI" Type 91
- Anthony G Williams, 37MM AND 40MM GUNS IN BRITISH SERVICE
- Convoy to Malta; video footage of the pom pom in action.
- Malta Convoy; more video and audio footage of the pom-pom in action.
- Newsreel video of HMS Scylla's quad pom-pom fighting the Luftwaffe | 6,141,334 |
1643282 | QF 2-pounder naval gun | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=QF%202-pounder%20naval%20gun | QF 2-pounder naval gun
ts, British Cruisers of World War Two. Naval Institute Press, 1980. .
# External links.
- THE 2-PDR. MARK VIII GUN ON THE MARK VII MOUNTING. in The Gunnery Pocket Book, B.R. 224/45, 1945 placed online courtesy of maritime.org
- Tony DiGiulian, British 2-pdr (4 cm/39 (1.575")) Mark II
- Tony DiGiulian, Britain 2-pdr (4 cm/39 (1.575")) Mark VIII
- Tony DiGiulian, Japanese 40 mm/62 (1.575") "HI" Type 91
- Anthony G Williams, 37MM AND 40MM GUNS IN BRITISH SERVICE
- Convoy to Malta; video footage of the pom pom in action.
- Malta Convoy; more video and audio footage of the pom-pom in action.
- Newsreel video of HMS Scylla's quad pom-pom fighting the Luftwaffe while protecting convoy PQ18 | 6,141,335 |
1643338 | De Carlo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De%20Carlo | De Carlo
De Carlo
De Carlo is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
- Andrea De Carlo (born 1952), Italian writer
- Antonio De Carlo (born 1952), Mexican actor
- Giancarlo De Carlo (1919–2005), Italian architect
- Lapo De Carlo (born 1968), Italian sports journalist and presenter
- Massimo De Carlo (1919–2005), Italian art dealer
- Yvonne De Carlo (1922–2007), Canadian actress
- Angelo DeCarlo (1902–1973), American Mafioso
- Art DeCarlo (1931–2013), American football player
- Dan DeCarlo (1919–2001), American cartoonist
- Joe DeCarlo (d. 1928), American bootlegger
- John DeCarlo (born 1952), American professor
- Josie DeCarlo (1923–2012), French-born model and wife | 6,141,336 |
1643338 | De Carlo | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De%20Carlo | De Carlo
an sports journalist and presenter
- Massimo De Carlo (1919–2005), Italian art dealer
- Yvonne De Carlo (1922–2007), Canadian actress
- Angelo DeCarlo (1902–1973), American Mafioso
- Art DeCarlo (1931–2013), American football player
- Dan DeCarlo (1919–2001), American cartoonist
- Joe DeCarlo (d. 1928), American bootlegger
- John DeCarlo (born 1952), American professor
- Josie DeCarlo (1923–2012), French-born model and wife of Dan DeCarlo
- Mark DeCarlo (born 1962), American actor, television host and comedian
- Michael DeCarlo, Canadian television director
- Mike DeCarlo (born 1957), American comic book artist
- Tommy DeCarlo (born 1965), American singer
# See also.
- Di Carlo | 6,141,337 |
1643318 | Teagan Presley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teagan%20Presley | Teagan Presley
Teagan Presley
Teagan Presley (born Ashley Ann Erickson on July 24, 1985) is an American pornographic actress. Her stage name in part comes from her parents initially wanting to call her "Teagan" and in part as an homage to Lisa Marie Presley.
# Early life.
Presley was born in Texas and raised in California.
# Career.
Presley began her career stripping to help financially support herself and her live-in boyfriend. Despite his disapproval of her actions, she delved further into the adult entertainment industry and sought out an agent online to do pornography. At 18 years old, she did her first scene with Joel Lawrence in "Just Over Eighteen #10" from Red Light District Video.
She performed | 6,141,338 |
1643318 | Teagan Presley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teagan%20Presley | Teagan Presley
in 70 pornographic film scenes over the next eight months, many of which included anal scenes.
In late 2004, she signed an exclusive, three-year contract with porn production studio Digital Playground. Presley later claimed that she first became involved in pornography as revenge against her ex-boyfriend.
Teagan Presley left Digital Playground to start her own web site and production company with her husband, adult performer Tyler Durden (AKA Tyler Wood). She complained that Digital Playground was not allowing her to perform for her new company. However, Digital Playground refuted the complaint and said that Teagan was free to work as lawyers were resolving her contract status. While there | 6,141,339 |
1643318 | Teagan Presley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teagan%20Presley | Teagan Presley
were reports that her surname "Presley" was owned by the studio Digital Playground, a representative of the studio has denied those reports as false. In October 2008, she was invited by Digital Playground to host the red carpet at the premiere of "", a film produced by the firm.
In July 2008, she announced that she had her breast implants replaced and that she would be auctioning them on eBay, with 20% of the proceeds going to Susan G. Komen for the Cure, the remaining proceeds of which were to fund her divorce and custody cases. She also announced that she would completely stop performing boy/girl sex scenes.
In October 2008, Presley was named Best Feature Dancer by Nightmoves magazine. In | 6,141,340 |
1643318 | Teagan Presley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teagan%20Presley | Teagan Presley
November 2008, she was named the Penthouse Pet of the Month for January 2009.
Presley and her boyfriend Josh Lehman launched their own studio called SkinWorxxx in early 2009, with their first production called "The Search for Sun Goddess XXX". In November 2009, Presley signed with Adam and Eve Pictures as an exclusive performer, with her first film to be "Bree & Teagan", appearing with Bree Olson.
In 2010, she was named by "Maxim" as one of the 12 top female stars in porn.
She retired from performing in 2013.
She came back from retirement on November 19, 2017 with a scene for Brazzers Network.
# Personal life.
By November 2007, she had married Tyler Durden, but she had filed for divorce | 6,141,341 |
1643318 | Teagan Presley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teagan%20Presley | Teagan Presley
as of July 2008. In September 2008, she was first reported to be dating Josh Lehman; she had married him by April 2010. Presley remarried in March 2018.
# Awards.
- 2004 F.O.X.E. Award – Vixen
- 2005 XRCO Award – Best New Starlet
- 2005 XRCO Award – Teen Cream Dream
- 2005 XRCO Award – Best 3-Way – "Flesh Hunter 7"
- 2005 Adam Film World Guide Award – Best New Starlet
- 2007 F.A.M.E. Award – Favorite Ass
- 2008 NightMoves Adult Entertainment Award – Best Feature Dancer (Editors' Choice)
- 2009 AVN Award – Best Solo Sex Scene – "Not Bewitched XXX"
- 2009 F.A.M.E. Award – Favorite Ass
- 2009 NightMoves Adult Entertainment Award – Best Feature Dancer (Fan's Choice)
- 2010 AVN Award | 6,141,342 |
1643318 | Teagan Presley | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teagan%20Presley | Teagan Presley
Film World Guide Award – Best New Starlet
- 2007 F.A.M.E. Award – Favorite Ass
- 2008 NightMoves Adult Entertainment Award – Best Feature Dancer (Editors' Choice)
- 2009 AVN Award – Best Solo Sex Scene – "Not Bewitched XXX"
- 2009 F.A.M.E. Award – Favorite Ass
- 2009 NightMoves Adult Entertainment Award – Best Feature Dancer (Fan's Choice)
- 2010 AVN Award – Best All-Girl Group Sex Scene – "Deviance"
- 2010 AVN Award – Best Solo Sex Scene – "Not the Bradys XXX"
- 2010 XBIZ Award – Female Porn Star of the Year (People's Choice)
- 2010 F.A.M.E. Award – Hottest Body
- 2010 NightMoves Adult Entertainment Award – Best Female Performer (Editor's Choice)
- 2016 AVN Hall of Fame inductee | 6,141,343 |
1643345 | Perama (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perama%20(disambiguation) | Perama (disambiguation)
Perama (disambiguation)
Perama may refer to:
- Perama, a city near Athens, Greece
- Perama, Ioannina, a municipal unit in the Ioannina regional unit, Greece
- Perama, Rethymno, a village in the Rethymno regional unit, Greece, part of Geropotamos
- Perama (plant), a plant genus from the madder family (Rubiaceae) | 6,141,344 |
1643320 | Jean de la Vallée | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean%20de%20la%20Vallée | Jean de la Vallée
Jean de la Vallée
Jean de la Vallée (ca 1620 – March 12, 1696) was a Swedish architect.
# Biography.
Born in France, he was the son of architect Simon de la Vallée (ca 1595-1642).
He made early trips in France and Italy where he studied the new baroque forms of architecture. In 1637, he came to Sweden with his father Simon who was killed by a Swedish nobleman in 1642. The father had started the planning of the House of Knights in Stockholm, and in 1660 his son finished his father's work. Prior to this, Jean de la Vallée had planned two major churches in central Stockholm, Katarina kyrka in 1656 and Hedvig Eleonora Church in 1658.
In 1646, he received a royal scholarship for three years and | 6,141,345 |
1643320 | Jean de la Vallée | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean%20de%20la%20Vallée | Jean de la Vallée
began an international trip to study architecture. The journey went over the Netherlands to Paris where he arrived in August 1646. It continued to Italy and Rome, which he first left in the spring of 1650.
He also worked on the commission of many noblemen. For Magnus Gabriel de la Gardie he planned the remodeling of the Karlberg Castle in the capital. Other notable examples of his work are the castle of Skokloster, the Palace of Bonde (now the seat of the Supreme Court) and the remodeling of the Wrangel Palace (now the seat of "Svea Hovrätt", the Svea Court of Appeal), both on Riddarholmen in central Stockholm.
In 1680 he was awarded the title "Royal and City Architect" and from 1680-1688 | 6,141,346 |
1643320 | Jean de la Vallée | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean%20de%20la%20Vallée | Jean de la Vallée
l de la Gardie he planned the remodeling of the Karlberg Castle in the capital. Other notable examples of his work are the castle of Skokloster, the Palace of Bonde (now the seat of the Supreme Court) and the remodeling of the Wrangel Palace (now the seat of "Svea Hovrätt", the Svea Court of Appeal), both on Riddarholmen in central Stockholm.
In 1680 he was awarded the title "Royal and City Architect" and from 1680-1688 he was a state architect in Stockholm. In 1692 he was knighted.
# Personal life.
In November 1654, he married Anna Maria Böös. His daughter, Margaret de la Vallée, was married to architect and master builder Mathias Spieler (c. 1640–1691). He died in Stockholm during 1696. | 6,141,347 |
1643328 | BMW 132 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BMW%20132 | BMW 132
BMW 132
The BMW 132 was a nine-cylinder radial aircraft engine produced by BMW starting in 1933.
# Design and development.
BMW took over a license for manufacturing air-cooled radial engines from Pratt & Whitney on 3 January 1928. The nine-cylinder model Pratt & Whitney R-1690 Hornet was initially manufactured virtually unchanged under the designation BMW Hornet.
Soon BMW embarked on its own development. The result was the BMW 132 that went into production in 1933, which was essentially an improved version of the Hornet engine. A number of different versions were built. Aside from the carburetor designs used mainly in civilian aircraft, versions with direct fuel injection were manufactured | 6,141,348 |
1643328 | BMW 132 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BMW%20132 | BMW 132
for the German "Luftwaffe". The engines had a displacement of and generated up to depending on model.
The 132 found widespread use in the transport role, remaining the primary powerplant of the Junkers Ju 52 for much of its life, turning the BMW 132 into one of the most important aircraft engines for civilian aircraft during the 1930s.
Numerous pioneering flights were undertaken with the BMW 132. The most impressive was the first direct flight from Berlin to New York in a four-engined Focke-Wulf 200 S-1 Condor. It covered the distance to New York in 24 hours and 57 minutes on 10 August 1938.
# Variants.
- 132A:725 PS (715 hp, 533 kW)
- 132Dc:850 PS (838 hp, 625 kW)
- 132De:880 PS (868 hp, | 6,141,349 |
1643328 | BMW 132 | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BMW%20132 | BMW 132
. It covered the distance to New York in 24 hours and 57 minutes on 10 August 1938.
# Variants.
- 132A:725 PS (715 hp, 533 kW)
- 132Dc:850 PS (838 hp, 625 kW)
- 132De:880 PS (868 hp, 647 kW)
- 132J/K:960 PS (947 hp, 706 kW)
- 132N:865 PS (853 hp, 636 kW)
- 132T:730 PS (720 hp, 537 kW)
- ENMA Beta B-4 (Spanish license-built version):(9E-C29-775) 785 PS (775 hp, 578 kW)
# Applications.
- Arado Ar 196
- Arado Ar 197
- Blohm & Voss Ha 140
- Blohm & Voss BV 141
- Blohm & Voss BV 142
- Dornier Do 17P
- Fieseler Fi 98
- Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor
- Heinkel He 114
- Heinkel He 115
- Henschel Hs 123
- Junkers Ju 160
- Junkers Ju 52
- Junkers Ju 86
- Junkers Ju 90
- Junkers W 34 | 6,141,350 |
1643331 | White House, Bishkek | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White%20House,%20Bishkek | White House, Bishkek
White House, Bishkek
The White House is the presidential office building in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. The White House was the site of riots during both the 2005 Tulip Revolution and the 2010 Kyrgyzstani riots. During the 2010 riots a fire broke out and damaged portions of the building and destroyed the hard copies of many government records.
# The building.
The building is a seven story tall building built in Stalinist modern style, with the STO (Gosplan, Duma) building in Moscow as a model. The exterior is covered in marble. In front of the building is a large bed of red flowers representing the countries Soviet ties. In 1985, the building was built to be the location of the Communist Party's | 6,141,351 |
1643331 | White House, Bishkek | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White%20House,%20Bishkek | White House, Bishkek
Central Committee headquarters. It is supposedly in this building where Askar Akayev studied "the situation" during the collapse of communism. There is, "said to be" an underground complex under the Ala-Too Square (Formerly the Lenin Square) connected to the White House via an underground series of tunnels. On the front of the building, there is the crest of the nation. Before communism fell, the location was covered by the crest that was in use during communist times.
# 2005 riots.
The Tulip Revolution refers to a series of protests that eventually overthrew the President Askar Akayev and his government. On Thursday, 24 March 2005 protests spread to Bishkek, where a large crowd of tens of | 6,141,352 |
1643331 | White House, Bishkek | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White%20House,%20Bishkek | White House, Bishkek
thousands of people gathered in front of the White House. When security forces and pro-government provocateurs began beating a number of youthful demonstrators in the front ranks, the main crowd behind them closed ranks and a large number of the young swept past the security forces and stormed into the government headquarters. Just when a compromise appeared to have been agreed between the demonstrators and the security services, a mounted charge by government cavalry dispersed the crowd. President Akayev used this time and fled with his family by helicopter to Kazakhstan, from where he subsequently flew to Moscow.
# 2010 riots.
In 2010, the building became the center of the 2010 Kyrgyzstani | 6,141,353 |
1643331 | White House, Bishkek | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White%20House,%20Bishkek | White House, Bishkek
.
# 2010 riots.
In 2010, the building became the center of the 2010 Kyrgyzstani riots. On 7 April, protesters in Bishkek filled Ala-Too Square and surrounded the White House. The police at first used non-lethal methods like teargas but after two trucks tried to ram down the gate live ammunition was used. At least forty-one protesters were killed in the ensuing engagement. After the protests subsided, the building was taken over by the provisional government. In the aftermath of the riots, it was determined that a fire that swept the building had destroyed records that were housed in the building. This destruction will likely complicate the prosecution of former president Kurmanbek Bakiyev. | 6,141,354 |
1643348 | Tracy Chamoun | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tracy%20Chamoun | Tracy Chamoun
Tracy Chamoun
Tracy Chamoun (born 1962) is a Lebanese author and political activist of Lebanese and European descent. She was appointed as ambassador of Lebanon to Jordan on 19 June, 2017. She is one of two surviving children of Dany Chamoun, the assassinated former leader of the National Liberal Party and son of former President Camille Chamoun; her mother is the late Patti Morgan Chamoun, an Australian fashion model and actress.
# Life and career.
## Dany Chamoun Foundation.
Through the Dany Chamoun Foundation, Tracy Chamoun has sought to perpetuate the legacy of her father, who, on October 21, 1990, was assassinated together with his second wife and two young sons allegedly by Samir Geagea | 6,141,355 |
1643348 | Tracy Chamoun | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tracy%20Chamoun | Tracy Chamoun
after the Syrian armed forces occupied the Eastern (Christian) area of Beirut. Her autobiography, "Au Nom du Pere," centered on her relationship with her father and his life and work. In it, she recounts the harrowing experience in which she and her mother were kidnapped in 1980 during a surprise attack on the National Liberal Party headquarters by Phalangist militiamen under the command of Bachir Gemayel, her father's former ally.
## Syrian occupation.
Chamoun was an outspoken critic of the former Syrian occupation of Lebanon. She has described her country's independence as a "myth". Before the Independence Day celebrations in 1990 she asked rhetorically:
To what extent does the establishment | 6,141,356 |
1643348 | Tracy Chamoun | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tracy%20Chamoun | Tracy Chamoun
believe that the population is so blind that it cannot see that the nation is far from independent? Like the myth of the emperor with no clothes, it is a charade that only the sycophants see and celebrate.
## Political views.
Chamoun is known for her moderate political views. She favors the building of a modern democracy, and has spoken out against what she sees as the feudal political system in which clan loyalties often play a more significant role than ideology in politics. She is critical of her uncle, Dory Chamoun, head of the National Liberal Party, for his alliance with Samir Geagea, the man convicted of allegedly killing her family. Publicly, however, she has defended her uncle, and | 6,141,357 |
1643348 | Tracy Chamoun | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tracy%20Chamoun | Tracy Chamoun
, for his alliance with Samir Geagea, the man convicted of allegedly killing her family. Publicly, however, she has defended her uncle, and has refused to enter into discussions with those critical of him.
## Legacy.
Chamoun has vowed to continue to remind people of the truth behind the assassination of her slain father which she writes about in her books Le Sang De la Paix published by Lattes in France and ثمن السلم published by Antoine in Lebanon.
# See also.
- Dany Chamoun
- Samir Geagea
# References.
- "Declaration on the anniversary of Dany Chamoun’s assassination", October 2008, Tayyar.org
- "Warlord gets life, but plans his vacation" Robert Fisk, The Independent, June 25, 1995 | 6,141,358 |
1643324 | Prairie madness | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prairie%20madness | Prairie madness
Prairie madness
Prairie madness or prairie fever was an affliction that affected European settlers in the Great Plains during the migration to, and settlement of, the Canadian Prairies and the Western United States in the nineteenth century. Settlers moving from urbanized or relatively settled areas in the East faced the risk of mental breakdown caused by the harsh living conditions and the extreme levels of isolation on the prairie. Symptoms of prairie madness included depression, withdrawal, changes in character and habit, and violence. Prairie madness sometimes resulted in the afflicted person moving back East or, in extreme cases, suicide.
Prairie madness is not a clinical condition; rather, | 6,141,359 |
1643324 | Prairie madness | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prairie%20madness | Prairie madness
it is a pervasive subject in writings of fiction and non-fiction from the period to describe a fairly common phenomenon. It was described by E.V. Smalley in 1893: "an alarming amount of insanity occurs in the new Prairie States among farmers and their wives."
# Causes and risk factors.
Prairie madness was caused by the isolation and tough living conditions on the Prairie. The level of isolation depended on the topography and geography of the region. Most examples of prairie madness come from the Great Plains region. One explanation for these high levels of isolation was the Homestead Act of 1862. This act stipulated that a person would be given a tract of 160 acres if they were able to live | 6,141,360 |
1643324 | Prairie madness | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prairie%20madness | Prairie madness
on it and make something out of it in a five-year period. The farms of the Homestead Act were at least half a mile apart, but usually much more. There was little settlement and community on the Plains and settlers had to be almost completely self-sufficient.
The lack of quick and easily available transportation was also a cause of prairie madness; settlers were far apart from one another and they could not see their neighbors or get to town easily. Those who had family back on the East coast could not visit their families without embarking on a long journey. Settlers were very alone. This isolation also caused problems with medical care; it took such a long time to get to the farms that when | 6,141,361 |
1643324 | Prairie madness | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prairie%20madness | Prairie madness
children fell sick they frequently died. This caused a lot of trauma for the parents, and contributed to prairie madness.
Another major cause of prairie madness was the harsh weather and environment of the Plains, including long, cold winters filled with blizzards followed by short, hot summers. Once winter came, it seemed that all signs of life such as plants, and animals had disappeared. Farmers would be stuck in their houses under several feet of snow when the blizzards struck, and the family would be cramped inside for days at a time. There were few trees, and the flat land stretched out for miles and miles. Some settlers specifically spoke of the wind that rushed through the prairie, which | 6,141,362 |
1643324 | Prairie madness | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prairie%20madness | Prairie madness
was loud, forceful, and alien compared to what settlers had experienced in their former lives.
Many stayed very attached to their way of life back East, and their attempts to make their new homes in the West adhere to the old ways, sometimes triggered prairie madness. Others tried to adapt to the entirely new way of life, and abandoned the old ways, but still fell victim to madness. Some coping mechanisms to escape the emotional trauma of moving to the prairie was to continually move around to new locations, or to move back East.
Immigrants were particularly at risk for prairie madness. Immigrant families not only had to suffer from isolation, but the settlers who lived in their area often | 6,141,363 |
1643324 | Prairie madness | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prairie%20madness | Prairie madness
had different languages and customs. As such, this was an even further separation from society. Immigrant families were also hard-hit by prairie madness because they came from communities in Europe that were very close-knit small villages and life on the prairie was a terrible shock for them.
There is a debate between scholars as to whether the condition affected women more than men, although there is documentation of both cases in both fiction and non-fiction from the nineteenth century. Women and men each had different manifestations of the disease, women turning towards social withdrawal and men to violence.
# Symptoms.
Since prairie madness does not refer to a clinical term, there is | 6,141,364 |
1643324 | Prairie madness | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prairie%20madness | Prairie madness
no specific set of symptoms of the affliction. However, the descriptions of prairie madness in historical writing, personal accounts, and Western literature elucidate what some of the effects of the disease were.
The symptoms of prairie madness were similar to those of depression. The women affected by prairie madness were said to show symptoms such as crying, slovenly dress, and withdrawal from social interactions. Men also showed signs of depression, which sometimes manifested in violence. Prairie madness was not unique from other types of depression, but the harsh conditions on the prairie triggered this depression, and it was difficult to overcome without getting off of the prairie.
In | 6,141,365 |
1643324 | Prairie madness | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prairie%20madness | Prairie madness
extreme cases, the depression would lead to mental breakdown. This could lead to suicide. There are theories that the suicides caused by prairie madness were typically committed by women, and performed in an exhibitionist fashion. Prairie madness did not typically lead to suicide, and this is depicted more in fictional stories than it is seen in the historical record.
# In fiction.
Prairie madness is used in literature of the period as a dramatic device, or to move the plot along. The madness is depicted in many different novels, some of the most notable include Willa Cather’s "O Pioneers!" and "My Antonia", Amelia Meuller’s "There Have to be Six", Sonora Babb’s "An Owl on Every Post", O. | 6,141,366 |
1643324 | Prairie madness | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prairie%20madness | Prairie madness
E. Rolvaag’s "Giants in the Earth", Dorothy Sarborough’s "The Wind", and most recently, "The Homesman" by Glendon Swarthout.
Each of these novels contains characters that are affected by prairie madness. Rolvaag's 1927 "Giants in the Earth" chronicles the story of Norwegian immigrants settling in the Dakotas in the 1870s. One of the characters, Beret, is a young girl who has a typical case of prairie madness. She feels guilty for leaving her parents in Norway, and is frightened by life on the Plains. She believes that she has sinned by leaving her home to start this new life and that God is using the Plains to punish her. Beret becomes depressed and withdraws from social life. Her husband Per | 6,141,367 |
1643324 | Prairie madness | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prairie%20madness | Prairie madness
Hansa specifically mentions the terrible effect the weather of the Plains, especially blizzards, had on Beret's mental health.
Cather's 1913 work, "O Pioneers!", tells a story of the effect of prairie madness on men, in this case a Swedish immigrant family living on the Plains. The book depicts the life of Frank Shabata, a settler. Shabata's downfall begins when he moves from his city life onto a farm, and he is frustrated by the life he is forced to live. Over time, he becomes angered by minor issues and gets to the point where everyone is frightened by his instability. Shabata's illness culminates when he murders his wife and her lover, and has a complete breakdown.
In Cather's "My Antonia", | 6,141,368 |
1643324 | Prairie madness | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prairie%20madness | Prairie madness
the pressures of the new life are too much for Mr. Shimerda, who kills himself before the winter is finished. The nearest Catholic priest is too far away for last rites. He is buried without formal rites at the corner marker of their homestead, a place that is left alone when the territory is later marked out with section lines and roads.
Scarborough's 1925 novel "The Wind" depicts a woman affected by prairie madness triggered by incessant wind, blinding blizzards, and social isolation of a new wife uncommitted to her marriage in a brutally masculine social milieu.
# In non-fiction.
The prairie madness of non-fiction, seen in diaries and historical accounts, is not the same as is depicted | 6,141,369 |
1643324 | Prairie madness | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prairie%20madness | Prairie madness
in fiction. Rather than a long brewing madness it is a short, fleeting depression. It is more prevalent and more complex in non-fiction, though rarely fatal. Examples of prairie madness in non-fiction include Adela Orpen’s account "Memories of the Old Emigrant Days in Kansas, 1862-1865", and "Mollie: The Journal of Mollie Dorsey Sanford in Nebraska and Colorado Territories". Descriptions of prairie madness in accounts by historians are found in Daniel J. Boorstin's "" and Walter Prescott Webb’s "The Great Plains".
# The decline of prairie madness.
Prairie madness virtually disappears from the historical and literary record during the 20th century. This was likely the result of new modes of | 6,141,370 |
1643324 | Prairie madness | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prairie%20madness | Prairie madness
dness.
Prairie madness virtually disappears from the historical and literary record during the 20th century. This was likely the result of new modes of communication and transportation that arose during the late 19th and early 20th century. These included the increase in railroad lines, the invention and increasing usage of both the telephone and automobile, and further settlement leading to the "closing of the frontier", as described by renowned American Western historian Frederick Jackson Turner.
# Popular culture.
Despite the phenomenon's ambiguous history, it features as a vital plot element in "Prairie Fever" 2008) and "The Homesman" (2014).
# See also.
- Agoraphobia
- Cabin fever | 6,141,371 |
1643364 | Phyllis (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phyllis%20(disambiguation) | Phyllis (disambiguation)
Phyllis (disambiguation)
Phyllis, princess of Thrace, is a character in Greek mythology.
Phyllis may also refer to:
- Phyllis (river god), a river god of Bithynia
- Phyllis Township, a township in Ontario, Canada
- Phyllis Province, Greece
- Phyllis, Kentucky, U.S.
- Phyllis Lindstrom, a character on "The Mary Tyler Moore Show"
- "Phyllis" (TV series), a 1970s TV spin-off featuring the character
- Phyllis ("Passions"), a minor character on "Passions"
- Phyllis (ship), a British 1795 shipwreck
- Phyllis, consort of Ereuthalion
- Phyllis, mother of the Trojan Alcaeus
- Phyllis, who rides on Aristotle's back in medieval legend, in some accounts the mistress of Alexander the Great.
- | 6,141,372 |
1643364 | Phyllis (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phyllis%20(disambiguation) | Phyllis (disambiguation)
"Phyllis" (plant), a genus of plants in the Rubiaceae family
# People with the given name.
- Phyllis Bartholomew (born 1914), English long jumper
- Phyllis Drummond Bethune (née Sharpe, 1899–1982), New Zealand artist
- Phyllis Calvert (1915–2002), British actress
- Phyllis M. Christian (born 1956), Ghanaian lawyer and consultant
- Phyllis Coates (born 1927), American actress
- Phyllis Diller (1917–2012), American actress/comedian
- Phyllis Dillon (1944–2004), rocksteady singer
- Phyllis Gotlieb (1926–2009), Canadian writer
- Phyllis Hyman (1949–1995), American jazz singer
- Phyllis Newman (born 1933), American actress
- Phyllis Schlafly (1924–2016), American writer
- Phyllis Smith | 6,141,373 |
1643364 | Phyllis (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phyllis%20(disambiguation) | Phyllis (disambiguation)
American writer
- Phyllis Smith (born 1951), American actress
- Phyllis Taloikwai, senior government official in the Solomon Islands
- Phyllis Thaxter (1919–2012), American actress
- Phyllis A. Whitney (1903–2008), writer
- Phyllis Pearsall (1906–1996), British creator of the "A to Z" map of London
## Fictional.
- Phyllis Lindstrom, a character featured on "The Mary Tyler Moore Show" played by Cloris Leachman
- Phyllis Summers Newman, a character on "The Young and the Restless"
- Phyllis Vance (née Lapin), a character on TV series "The Office" played by Phyllis Smith
# See also.
- Jennifer Jones (1919–2009), American film actress, born Phylis Lee Isley
- Phillis (disambiguation) | 6,141,374 |
1643360 | Andesite line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andesite%20line | Andesite line
Andesite line
The andesite line is the most significant regional geologic distinction in the Pacific Ocean basin. It separates the mafic basaltic volcanic rocks of the Central Pacific Basin from the partially submerged continental areas of more felsic andesitic volcanic rock on its margins. The andesite line parallels the subduction zones and deep oceanic trenches around the Pacific basin. It is the surface expression of melting within and above the plunging subducting slab. It follows the western edge of the islands off California and passes south of the Aleutian Arc, along the eastern edge of the Kamchatka Peninsula, the Kuril Islands, Japan, the Mariana Islands, Yap, Palau, the Solomon Islands, | 6,141,375 |
1643360 | Andesite line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andesite%20line | Andesite line
Fiji, Tonga, and New Zealand's North Island. The dissimilarity continues northeastward along the western edge of the Andes mountains of South America to Mexico, returning then to the islands off California. Indonesia, the Philippines, Japan, New Guinea, and New Zealand lie outside the andesite line.
Within the closed loop of the andesite line are most of the deep troughs, submerged volcanic mountains, and oceanic volcanic islands that characterize the Pacific basin. It is here that basaltic lavas gently flow out of rifts to build huge dome-shaped volcanic mountains whose eroded summits form island arcs, chains, and clusters. Outside the andesite line, volcanism is of the explosive type. The | 6,141,376 |
1643360 | Andesite line | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andesite%20line | Andesite line
its form island arcs, chains, and clusters. Outside the andesite line, volcanism is of the explosive type. The Pacific Ring of Fire runs parallel to the line and is the world's foremost belt of explosive volcanism.
The term "andesite line" predates the geologic understanding of plate tectonics. The term was first used in 1912 by New Zealand geologist Patrick Marshall to describe the distinct structural and volcanologic boundary extending from east of New Zealand to Fiji and north of the New Hebrides and the Solomon Islands.
# See also.
- Ring of Fire
- Pacific Plate
# References.
- Watters, W. A. 'Marshall, Patrick 1869 - 1950'. Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, updated 7 April 2006 | 6,141,377 |
1643363 | Induction loop | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Induction%20loop | Induction loop
Induction loop
An induction or inductive loop is an electromagnetic communication or detection system which uses a moving magnet or an alternating current to induce an electric current in a nearby wire. Induction loops are used for transmission and reception of communication signals, or for detection of metal objects in metal detectors or vehicle presence indicators. A common modern use for induction loops is to provide hearing assistance to hearing-aid users.
# Applications.
## Audio.
An audio induction loop provides assistance to hearing aid users. The system has one or more loops in the area in which a hearing aid user would be present. Many different configurations can be used depending | 6,141,378 |
1643363 | Induction loop | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Induction%20loop | Induction loop
on the application. Such an induction loop receiver is classically a very small iron-cored inductor (telecoil). The system commonly uses an analog power amplifier matched to the low impedance of the transmission loop. The transmission is normally direct rather than superimposed or modulated upon a carrier, though multi-channel systems have been implemented using modulation. Many hearing aids contain a telecoil which allows the user to receive and hear the magnetic field and remove the normal audio signal provided from the hearing aid microphone site. These loops are often referred to as a hearing loop or audio induction loop.
Since there is no "tuning" available, as the telecoil directly picks | 6,141,379 |
1643363 | Induction loop | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Induction%20loop | Induction loop
up all audio-frequency magnetic fields, careful system design is required where more than one induction loop is used in a building; for example, adjacent movie theatres or lecture halls. Telecoils may also pick up noise from non-audio sources such as power lines, lamps, or CRT monitors.
## Vehicle detection.
Vehicle detection loops, called "inductive-loop traffic detectors", can detect vehicles passing or arriving at a certain point, for instance approaching a traffic light or in motorway traffic. An insulated, electrically conducting loop is installed in the pavement. The electronics unit applies alternating current electrical energy onto the wire loops at frequencies between 10 kHz to 200 kHz, | 6,141,380 |
1643363 | Induction loop | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Induction%20loop | Induction loop
depending on the model. The inductive-loop system behaves as a tuned electrical circuit in which the loop wire and lead-in cable are the inductive elements. When a vehicle passes over the loop or is stopped within the loop, some of the vehicle's ferrous body material increases the loop's inductance, in the same principle as including a metal core within a solenoid coil. However, the peripheral metal of the vehicle has an opposite effect on the inductance due to eddy currents that are produced. The decrease in inductance from the eddy currents more than offsets the increase from the ferrous mass of the engine, and the net effect is an overall reduction in the inductance of the wire loop. The | 6,141,381 |
1643363 | Induction loop | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Induction%20loop | Induction loop
decrease in inductance tends to decrease the electrical impedance of the wire to alternating current. The decrease in impedance actuates the electronics unit output relay or solid-state optically isolated output, which sends a pulse to the traffic signal controller signifying the passage or presence of a vehicle. Parking structures for automobiles may use inductive loops to track traffic (occupancy) in and out or may be used by access gates or ticketing systems to detect vehicles while others use Parking guidance and information systems. Railways may use an induction loop to detect the passage of trains past a given point, as an electronic treadle.
The relatively crude nature of the loop's | 6,141,382 |
1643363 | Induction loop | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Induction%20loop | Induction loop
structure means that only metal masses above a certain size are capable of triggering the relay. This is good in that the loop does not thus produce very many "false positive" triggers (say, for example, by a pedestrian crossing the loop with a pocket full of loose metal change) but it sometimes also means that bicycles, scooters, and motorcycles stopped at such intersections may never be detected by them (and therefore risk being ignored by the switch/signal). Most loops can be manually adjusted to consistently detect the presence of scooters and motorcycles at the least.
## Vehicle classification.
Inductance loops have also been used to classify types of vehicles. Sampling the loop at a | 6,141,383 |
1643363 | Induction loop | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Induction%20loop | Induction loop
high frequency results in a unique signature for each vehicle allowing for classification of the body type.
## Metal detector.
A different sort of "induction loop" is applied to metal detectors, where a large coil, which forms part of a resonant circuit, is effectively "detuned" by the coil's proximity to a conductive object.
The detected object may be metallic (metal and cable detection) or conductive/capacitive (stud/cavity detection).
Other configurations of this equipment use two or more receiving coils, and the detected object modifies the inductive coupling or alters the phase angle of the voltage induced in the receiving coils relative to the oscillator coil.
An anti-submarine indicator | 6,141,384 |
1643363 | Induction loop | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Induction%20loop | Induction loop
/capacitive (stud/cavity detection).
Other configurations of this equipment use two or more receiving coils, and the detected object modifies the inductive coupling or alters the phase angle of the voltage induced in the receiving coils relative to the oscillator coil.
An anti-submarine indicator loop was a device used to detect submarines and surface vessels using specially designed submerged cables connected to a galvanometer.
# See also.
- Induction coil
- Inductive sensor
# External links.
- Loop and infrared systems - for deaf and hard of hearing people (fact sheet) A practical guide from the Royal National Institute for the Deaf in the UK.
- Traffic sensor from How Stuff Works. | 6,141,385 |
1643372 | Portlandia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portlandia | Portlandia
Portlandia
Portlandia may refer to:
# Media.
- "Portlandia" (statue), a sculpture by Raymond Kaskey
- "Portlandia" (TV series), a sketch comedy television series
# Science.
- 757 Portlandia, a main-belt asteroid in diameter
- "Portlandia", a mollusk genus in the family Yoldiidae
- "Portlandia" (plant), a genus of flowering plants in the coffee family, Rubiaceae
# See also.
- Portland, Oregon | 6,141,386 |
1643375 | Jacqueline Ripstein | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacqueline%20Ripstein | Jacqueline Ripstein
Jacqueline Ripstein
Jacqueline Ripstein is an artist from Mexico City, Mexico. She created the "Invisible Art and Light Technique" for which she holds two patents. | 6,141,387 |
1643368 | Council of Assiniboia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Council%20of%20Assiniboia | Council of Assiniboia
Council of Assiniboia
The Council of Assiniboia () was, from 1821 until 1870, the appointed administrative body of Rupert's Land.
# History.
This Council was created by the Hudson's Bay Company to govern the territory following its merger with the North West Company, and the death of Lord Selkirk. Both the Protestant and Roman Catholic clergy were represented on the council, as were both Francophone, Métis, and Anglophone country borns. However, it was not a form of responsible government, since there were no elections, and the council was primarily composed of factors and traders of the Hudson's Bay Company.
The Council of Assiniboia was replaced by the short lived Legislative Assembly of | 6,141,388 |
1643368 | Council of Assiniboia | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Council%20of%20Assiniboia | Council of Assiniboia
f Lord Selkirk. Both the Protestant and Roman Catholic clergy were represented on the council, as were both Francophone, Métis, and Anglophone country borns. However, it was not a form of responsible government, since there were no elections, and the council was primarily composed of factors and traders of the Hudson's Bay Company.
The Council of Assiniboia was replaced by the short lived Legislative Assembly of Assiniboia after the Red River Rebellion.
# Members.
- Pascal Breland
- William Cowan 1853 to ?
- William Fraser 1868 to 1870.
- William Hemmings Cook 1839 to ?
- Andrew McDermot
- James McKay
- John Sutherland
- John Inkster 1857 to 1868
- William Inkster
- Charles Nolin | 6,141,389 |
1643361 | Independent Women | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Independent%20Women | Independent Women
Independent Women
"Independent Women" is a song by American girl group Destiny's Child. The song first appeared as the soundtrack to the 2000 film adaption of "Charlie's Angels", and was later included on the group's third studio album, "Survivor" (2001). It is also the first single with Farrah Franklin and Michelle Williams on vocals, though Franklin was no longer in the group's lineup when the video was filmed. Originally, Part 2 of the song was the actual song and Part 1 was known as the Pasadena remix, but it was chosen over the original.
Released as the soundtrack's lead single in September 2000, the song held the number one spot on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart for eleven consecutive | 6,141,390 |
1643361 | Independent Women | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Independent%20Women | Independent Women
weeks from November 2000 to February 2001. "Billboard" likened the song's release strategy to being influenced by Janet Jackson's "Doesn't Really Matter," saying the group "began planting the seeds for the upcoming release" in a similar vein. The song appeared in "The Proud Family" episode "Don't Leave Home Without It." Most recently in 2014, a Target back to school commercial featured this song performed with classroom instruments.
"Billboard" named the song #77 on their list of 100 Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time.
# Background.
"Independent Women" was used as a lead single for both the "Charlie's Angels" soundtrack, and the group's third album, "Survivor". It was revealed that Knowles' | 6,141,391 |
1643361 | Independent Women | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Independent%20Women | Independent Women
father and then-manager, Mathew, submitted the track to the "Charlie's Angels" soundtrack without her knowledge.
The song is the first to feature Michelle Williams' vocals, and the only single to feature Farrah Franklin's vocals.
# Reception.
The song was nominated for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media at the 2001 Grammy Awards.
It was also ranked at number 85 on the list of Britain's favorite 100 songs, published in May 2002. It was also named the 18th most successful song of the 2000s, on the "Billboard" Hot 100 Songs of the Decade.
The song was the 25th best selling of 2000 in the UK.
# Music video.
The music video was shot in Los Angeles from | 6,141,392 |
1643361 | Independent Women | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Independent%20Women | Independent Women
August 27 to September 1, 2000 and directed by Francis Lawrence. Destiny's Child take part of a futuristic "Charlie's Angels" boot camp and sit in a classroom to watch footage of "Charlie's Angels". They learn from them and try out the challenges in several steps: agility (dancing), altitude (skydiving), combat (martial arts fighting) and speed (motorbike). At the end, the women are greeted by the ever-mysterious "Charlie". The band also performs in a huge disco set in between the scenes.
The music video premiered on MTV's "Making the Video" and is featured on the DualDisc edition of the album "#1's" and on the DVD release of "Charlie's Angels".
# Chart performance.
## US chart history.
"Independent | 6,141,393 |
1643361 | Independent Women | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Independent%20Women | Independent Women
Women" was a chart success in the United States. The single reached number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100. The single held the top position in the following week, which was seen as buoyed by the strong box office performance of the film and the heavy rotation it received. The song had a massive radio airplay, staying almost ten weeks at the top of the "Billboard" Hot 100 Airplay, significantly contributing to the performance of the single on the main chart. Subsequently, the single spent eleven consecutive weeks on the "Billboard" Hot 100 top position. During its tenth week at the top spot, the music press had expected that the single would fall off the top position because of strong competition | 6,141,394 |
1643361 | Independent Women | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Independent%20Women | Independent Women
at retail; however, it sustained due to the high sales of the single's maxi version, released in December 2000. It was in the 2000–2001 edition of the "Guinness Book of World Records" for longest-running song by a female group. "Independent Women" also topped the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks chart for three weeks, becoming Destiny's Child fourth number one single on this chart.
"Independent Women" had entered the Billboard Hot 100 top 40 at number 33 on October 14, three weeks after its release. It climbed steadily, week on week, before overtaking their previous hit "Jumpin' Jumpin'" and reaching number one on November 18. The song's 11-week run at the top lasted through to February 3 2001. | 6,141,395 |
1643361 | Independent Women | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Independent%20Women | Independent Women
It managed to fend off strong challenges by Mýa ("Case of the Ex") and Dream ("He Loves U Not") before making way for Shaggy's "It Wasn't Me". "Independent Women" dropped to no.2 and culminated its top 40 run on March 31 after 28 weeks ( as their follow-up "Survivor" was ascending to no.2).
## UK chart history.
"Independent Women" debuted at number one in the United Kingdom in the week of December 2, 2000. The British Phonographic Industry has certified the single platinum for sales of over 600,000 physical singles. The song spent just one week at the top (deposed by S Club 7´s "Never Had a Dream Come True"). It eventually managed 11 weeks in the UK top 40 - including 7 in the top 10 - before | 6,141,396 |
1643361 | Independent Women | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Independent%20Women | Independent Women
dropping out on February 17 2001.
It also reached the number one position in Canada and New Zealand. It is also Destiny's Child's most successful single to date.
# Track listings.
European CD single
- 1. "Independent Women" (Part 1) (album version) – 3:41
- 2. "Independent Women" (Joe Smooth 200 Proof 2 Step Mix) – 4:17
- 3. "Independent Women" (Maurice's Radio Mix) – 3:54
- 4. "Independent Women" (Victor Calderone Club Mix) – 9:36
UK CD single part 1
- 1. "Independent Women" (Part 1) (album version) – 3:41
- 2. "Independent Women" (Victor Calderone Club Mix) – 9:36
- 3. "Independent Women" (Maurice's Radio Mix) – 3:54
UK CD single part 2
- 1. "Independent Women" (Part 2)
- 2. | 6,141,397 |
1643361 | Independent Women | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Independent%20Women | Independent Women
"Say My Name" (Timbaland remix)
- 3. "So Good"
US CD single
- 1. "Independent Women" (Part 1) (album version) – 3:41
- 2. "Independent Women" (Victor Calderone Drum Dub Mix) – 5:30
- 3. "Independent Women" (Victor Calderone Club Mix) – 9:36
- 4. "Independent Women" (Maurice's Independent Man Remix) – 7:30
- 5. "8 Days of Christmas" – 3:29
- Notes
- "These remixes contain newly recorded vocals, arranged by Maurice Joshua."
# Credits and personnel.
- Lead vocals: Beyoncé Knowles, Kelly Rowland (2 bridges)
- Background vocals: Kelly Rowland, Michelle Williams, Farrah Franklin
- Vocal production: Beyoncé Knowles, Kelly Rowland
- Recorded by: Manelich Sotolongo at Lobo Studios, Deer | 6,141,398 |
1643361 | Independent Women | https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Independent%20Women | Independent Women
tor Calderone Drum Dub Mix) – 5:30
- 3. "Independent Women" (Victor Calderone Club Mix) – 9:36
- 4. "Independent Women" (Maurice's Independent Man Remix) – 7:30
- 5. "8 Days of Christmas" – 3:29
- Notes
- "These remixes contain newly recorded vocals, arranged by Maurice Joshua."
# Credits and personnel.
- Lead vocals: Beyoncé Knowles, Kelly Rowland (2 bridges)
- Background vocals: Kelly Rowland, Michelle Williams, Farrah Franklin
- Vocal production: Beyoncé Knowles, Kelly Rowland
- Recorded by: Manelich Sotolongo at Lobo Studios, Deer Park, New York
- Additional recording by: Troy Gonzalez, Ramon Morales at TK Studios, Hawaii
- Audio mixing: Rich Travali
- Mastered by: Tom Coyne | 6,141,399 |
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