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Margalo may refer to:
Margalo Gillmore (1897–1986), American actress
Margalo, a fictional canary in the novel Stuart Little and in the movie Stuart Little 2 | wiki |
Pepe & Fifi () is a 1994 Romanian drama film directed by Dan Pița. The film was selected as the Romanian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 67th Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee.
Cast
Cristian Iacob as Pepe
Irina Movila as Fifi
See also
List of submissions to the 67th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
List of Romanian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
References
External links
1994 films
1994 drama films
Romanian drama films
1990s Romanian-language films
Films directed by Dan Pița | wiki |
A History may refer to:
A History (1982–1985), a compilation album by The Golden Palominos
A History (1986–1989), a compilation album by The Golden Palominos | wiki |
Common root rot may refer to:
Common root rot (barley)
Common root rot (wheat)
Root rot | wiki |
Cymbidium mastersii, the Master's cymbidium, is a species of orchid.
mastersii | wiki |
The Shake may refer to:
The Shake (American rock band)
"The Shake" (Kisschasy song)
"The Shake" (Neal McCoy song)
The Shake (Laurie Johnson), an LP by Laurie Johnson, the base of what is now known as "The Avengers Theme"
The Shake (dance), a fad dance of the 1960s
See also
Shake (disambiguation) | wiki |
Unspoken may refer to:
Film and television
Unspoken, a 2006 film starring William Sadler
Unspoken (film), a 2008 drama film directed by Fien Troch
"Unspoken" (CSI: NY), a 2012 episode of crime drama CSI: NY
Music
Unspoken (band), an American Christian band
Unspoken (Jaci Velasquez album), 2003
Unspoken (Unspoken album), 2014
Unspoken (Chris Potter album), 1997
Unspoken, a 2001 album by Mezarkabul
"Unspoken", a song by Cascada from their 2011 album Original Me
"Unspoken", a song by Four Tet from the 2003 album Rounds
"Unspoken", a song by The Ghost Inside from their 2010 album Returners
"Unspoken", a song by Lacuna Coil from their 2002 album Comalies
"Unspoken", a song by Weezer from their 2010 album Hurley
"Unspoken", a song by Hurts
Other uses
The Unspoken, a fantasy multiplayer game by Insomniac Games
The Unspoken, a Marvel Comics supervillain
Unspoken (play), a 2005 Australian play by Rebecca Clarke | wiki |
Night Warriors: Darkstalkers' Revenge — videogioco picchiaduro del 1995
Night Warriors: Darkstalkers' Revenge — anime di 4 episodi pubblicato come OAV nel 1997 | wiki |
The Road Home may refer to:
Film and television
The Road Home (1996 film), an American film directed by Bo Svenson
The Road Home (1999 film), a Chinese film directed by Zhang Yimou, featuring Zhang Ziyi in her film debut
The Road Home (2003 film), an American film directed by Drew Johnson
The Road Home (American TV series), a 1994 TV series starring Karen Allen
The Road Home (South Korean TV series), a 2009 South Korean TV series starring Lee Sang-woo and Jang Shin-young
"The Road Home" (Voltron: Legendary Defender), a 2018 episode
Music
The Road Home (Heart album), 1995
The Road Home (Jordan Rudess album), 2007
"The Road Home", a song by Travis Tritt from Country Club
Other uses
Road Home, a U.S. government program for hurricane disaster aid in Louisiana
The Road Home (novel), a 2007 novel by Rose Tremain
See also
The Road Back Home, a 2007 album by The Flower Kings
The Road from Home, a 1979 children's book by David Kherdian
The Long Road Home (disambiguation)
Bruce Wayne: The Road Home, a 2010 Batman comic event | wiki |
Impressione – riflesso suscitato nell'anima da percezioni e sensazioni (termine usato soprattutto in filosofia)
Stampa per impressione – metodo di stampa
Impressione, levar del sole – dipinto di Claude Monet
Impression management – metodo psicosociologico
Pagine correlate
Imprinting | wiki |
The 2015–16 Navy Midshipmen men's basketball team represents the United States Naval Academy during the 2015–16 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Midshipmen, led by fifth year head coach Ed DeChellis, play their home games at Alumni Hall and were members of the Patriot League. They finished the season 19–14, 9–9 in Patriot League play to finish in a four way tie for fourth place. They defeated Lafayette in the first round of the Patriot League tournament to advance to the quarterfinals where they lost to Lehigh. Despite having 19 wins, they did not participate in a postseason tournament.
Previous season
The Midshipmen finished the season 13–19, 8–10 in Patriot League play to finish in a three way tie for sixth place. They advanced to the quarterfinals of the Patriot League tournament where they lost to Colgate.
Departures
Incoming recruits
2016 class recruits
Roster
Schedule
|-
!colspan=9 style="background:#00005D; color:white;"| Non-conference regular season
|-
!colspan=9 style="background:#00005D; color:white;"| Patriot League regular season
|-
!colspan=9 style="background:#00005D; color:white;"| Patriot League tournament
References
Navy Midshipmen men's basketball seasons
Navy
Navy
Navy | wiki |
Elizabeth Taylor peut désigner :
Elizabeth Taylor (1932-2011), actrice britannico-américaine ;
Elizabeth Taylor (1912-1975), écrivain britannique, romancière et auteur de nouvelles, moins connue en France ;
Elizabeth Taylor (1916-1977), athlète canadienne.
Voir aussi
Elizabeth Atwood Taylor, écrivain américaine, auteur de romans policiers. | wiki |
In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: , plural ) is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end subfamily botanical names with "-oideae", and zoological names with "-inae".
See also
International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
Rank (botany)
Rank (zoology)
Sources | wiki |
Hellenism () in a religious context refers to the modern pluralistic religion practiced in Greece and around the world by several communities derived from the beliefs, mythology and rituals from antiquity through and up to today. It is a system of thought and spirituality with a shared culture and values, and common ritualistic, linguistic and literary tradition. More broadly, Hellenism centers itself on the worship of Hellenic deities, namely the twelve Olympians.
Greeks that identify their religion and way of life with Hellenism are commonly referred to as Εθνικοί Έλληνες (Ethnic Hellenes). Non-Greek devotees of the Greek gods who embody Hellenic ideals are commonly referred to as Hellenists. More generally, someone who worships the Greek gods but does not necessarily adhere to Hellenic ideals, ethos or ritual may be referred to as a "Hellenic" polytheist or pagan. Pagan and Paganism are insulting terms to use when referring to ethnic Hellenes and Hellenic Ethnic Religion respectively. Olympianismos (Olympianism) and Neopaganismos (Neopaganism) are used by the Greek Orthodox Church in a derogatory manner, while the term Dodekatheismos (religion of twelve gods) is used by both Christian critics and some polytheists."
Some academics use the term 'ancient Greek religion' as a catch-all term in Greece, in order to differentiate it from the Orthodox religion which is also sometimes presented as the 'national religion'. Followers of "ancient Greek religion" in Greece argue that the term "ancient" is not appropriate, as their beliefs have been continuously practiced, sometimes secretly, and are still alive today. They also tend to avoid referring to their beliefs as a "religion" in the traditional sense, instead preferring terms such as "religious tradition," "cult," or "worldview," as they do not have sacred texts or dogmas. Even among those who identify as followers of ancient Greek religion, there is a variety of terms used, such as "Hellenic religion," "Hellenic tradition," "Hellenic polytheism," "Hellenic cult," and "Hellenic national religion." The various names can describe groups, and individuals who "reinterpret and reinvent ancient Greek religious practices and identities." within Greece.
Ancient Greek religion has manifested itself as 'known religion' (γνωστή θρησκεία) in Greece through the names two religious names, Hellenic Ethnic Religion and Ancient Hellenic Religion. Hellenic Ethnic Religion is represented by the Supreme Council of Ethnic Hellenes (Greek: Ύπατο Συμβούλιο των Ελλήνων Εθνικών) while Ancient Hellenic Religion is represented by HELLIN.A.I.S (Hellenic Ancient-Religious Holy Society) (Greek: ΕΛΛΗΝ.Α.Ι.Σ - Ελλήνων Αρχαιοθρήσκων Ιερόν Σωματείον)
Various religious movements reviving or reconstructing ancient Greek religious practices have been publicly emerging since the 1990s. In 2006, Ancient Hellenic Religion, was granted "known religion" status by Greece. In 2017, Greece legally recognized Hellenic Religion as a "known religion." With the status of "known religion" both religions attained certain religious freedoms in Greece, including the freedom to open houses of worship and for clergy to officiate at weddings.
Naming and terminology
There are no official naming practices for labeling religious expressions deriving themselves from the Hellenic or Hellenistic culture and history in one form or another. The ancient Hellenes did not have a word for 'religion' in the modern sense. Likewise, no known Greek writer classifies either the gods or the cult practices into separate 'religions'. Modern scholarship that speaks of religions of the ancient Greeks, is applying a modern category in a modern way. Instead, for example, Herodotus speaks of the Hellenes as having "common shrines of the gods and sacrifices, and the same kinds of customs."
Some informal naming conventions have developed since the formation of the first Hellenic religious organizations in the 1990s, based on academically accepted descriptive definitions. Hellenism has been employed as a religious identifier for Hellenic Religion in the same manner as Christianity is understood to mean Christian religion. This conflation of Hellenism with or as Hellenic religion in the Anglosphere is the result of English translations of primary sources from Antiquity.
The word Ἑλληνισμός appears in writings of three authors, Sextus Empiricus (), Diogenes Laërtius (3rd century CE), and Roman Emperor Julian (331 – 26 June 363). In Sextus Empiricus' "Against the Professors", a criticism of professors of all arts and sciences, Ἑλληνισμός is translated by Robert Gregg Bury as "hellenism". Ἑλληνισμός is not employed in a religious manner, but is used in the context of proper Greek grammar. Likewise in Diogenes Laërtius' "Lives of Eminent Philosophers 7.1. Zeno", Ἑλληνισμός is once again used to talk about Greek language, not religion. In the English translation by Robert Drew Hicks it is rendered as "pure Greek" and "good Greek":
"Ἀρεταὶ δὲ λόγου εἰσὶ πέντε, Ἑλληνισμός, σαφήνεια, συντομία, πρέπον, κατασκευή. Ἑλληνισμὸς μὲν οὖν ἐστι φράσις ἀδιάπτωτος ἐν τῇ...."
There are five excellences of speech—pure Greek, lucidity, conciseness, appropriateness, distinction. By good Greek is meant language faultless in point...
Understanding Julian's usage of Ἑλληνισμός arguably has been lost in translation. The word appears in his letter to Arsacius, High-priest of Galatia. The translator, Wilmer Cave Wright rendered Ἑλληνισμός as "Hellenic religion" in the opening sentence where Julian complains that "The Hellenic religion does not prosper" like he desires. The explicit religious nature of the letter, could be the reason why Ἑλληνισμός was translated as "Hellenic religion" for textual comprehensibility, it is inconclusive at this time. Because of the choice in translation, English speaking polytheists claim Julian used the term to define Ἑλληνισμός as traditional Graeco-Roman religion.
The phrase Hellenic Polytheistic Reconstructionism refers specifically to the methodology used by some practitioners to recreate the religion based on academic sources, rather than the religion itself, and not all Hellenic Polytheists are reconstructionists. Other organizations, such as (), the (Societas Hellenica Antiquariorum), and the () use a combination of terms interchangeably, including (, 'Hellenic religion'), Hellenic polytheistic religion, and Hellenism.
Other terms in common usage by Hellenic polytheists include "Greek reconstructionism" and "Hellenic Traditionalism", but the two are not synonymous. The American group Elaion uses the term "Dodekatheism" (, , 'twelve' + , , 'belief in the gods') to describe their approach to the Hellenic religion, stating that the term "has been used for some time within and outside Greece to refer to ancient Greek religion and we feel that it is important for those of us outside Greece share a common name and identity with our co-religiosts in the homeland of our spirituality", and that the term 'Hellenism' is linked too closely in current use to the modern Greek nation.
Theology & Values
When discussing theology, opinions are divided. Some argue that theology is a fundamental part of the ancient tradition and an integral part of ancient philosophy. They argue that the philosophical texts of ancient philosophers discussing religion and the existence of gods form the theology of Hellenic religion. Some groups, such as YSEE, have published materials about the ancient Greek religion that include a section on theology and praxis, but without specific reference to philosophers or philosophical movements. Others disagree that theology is a central part of the ancient religion and practice. They argue that since they do not have any dogmas or holy books, theology only relates to philosophical movements such as Epicureanism, and that at the community level, they reject any association with specific philosophical paths. They see any such choice as a personal one, not one that should be endorsed by a group or the community, as is the case with monotheistic religions. They consider the rituals based on mythology, with myths forming the basis of their festivals, and there is no theology behind them.
This perspective does not mean that members of the community or broader Hellenic religious milieu can do whatever they please. It is acknowledged that there are certain principles, rooted in tradition, that should be followed and accepted by members. As one follower stated, "you can't be dogmatic in our circles, because we don't have a dogma [laughing], … there are of course some guiding principles that one needs to follow because they are based on tradition, these are things that you need to follow". This means that values are still present and should be adhered to. In some cases, they are openly stated in the group’s texts:“The values that govern and guide Labrys religious community are: Eusebia (Piety), in our relationship with the Gods; Organikotis (Kinship), in our relationships within the Community; Dikaiosyne (Justice), in terms of members’ relations within the Community and also as a guiding principle in the conduct of the community as a whole towards third parties. The members of Labrys religious community also aim at achieving Eudaimonia [happiness] through attaining freedom, autonomy and self-sufficiency”.It is clear that certain values are held in common within the community and should be accepted by members, but there is no such requirement for theological or philosophical beliefs. As one member stated, "it doesn't matter if you have read Homer or Hesiod. The most important is piety. To be possessed by Gods and be pious is the A and Z." Piety was mentioned by most, if not all, members as one of the most important values that people should follow in their everyday lives.
Prominent concepts include, but are not restricted to: Eusebeia (piety), Arete (virtue), and Xenia (hospitality). These are rooted in the various ancient Greek values concepts that they look to for guidance and inspiration from the Tenets of Solon, the Delphic maxims, the Golden verses of Pythagoras, Epicurean philosophy, the ethics of Aristotle, Stoic philosophy and more.
Eusebeia
Eusebeia (Εὐσέβεια) is often translated as piety or reverent conduct (towards gods or parents), reverence, respect. Eusebeia is the basic practice of Hellenic Religion, fundamental in every way. Eusebeia is the attitude and practice of showing respect and reverence to the Gods and parents. The Delphic Maxims say "Follow God" (Έπου θεώ), "Worship the Gods" (Θεούς σέβου), and "Respect Your Parents" (Γονείς αίδου).
Arete
Arete (Ἀρετή) is often translated as excellence or moral virtue. Arete is intrinsic to the concept of living up to one's potential. For modern Hellenists, arete is one of the most important virtues, and it is believed that cultivating it will lead to a good life of happiness and prosperity. Cultivating arete is not limited to just one domain, but also refers to the improvement of all aspects of one's existence.
In the Iliad and Odyssey of Homer, "arete" is used mainly to describe heroes and nobles and their mobile dexterity, with special reference to strength and courage, but it is not limited to this. Penelope's arete, for example, relates to co-operation, for which she is praised by Agamemnon. The excellence of the gods generally included their power, but, in the Odyssey (13.42), the gods can grant excellence to a life, which is contextually understood to mean prosperity.
Xenia
Xenia (Ξενία) is the concept of hospitality and is sometimes translated as 'guest-friendship' or 'ritualized friendship'. It is an institutionalized relationship, rooted in generosity, gift exchange, and reciprocity; fundamental aspects of xenia. Historically, hospitality towards foreigners (Hellenes not of your polis) and guests was a moral obligation. Hospitality towards foreign Hellenes honored Zeus Xenios (and Athene Xenia) patrons of foreigners. In aristocratic circles, as early as the Homeric epics, it was as a sort of fictitious kinship, cemented not only by ties of hospitality and gift exchange but by an obligation to promote the interests of the xenos. Theoxenia is a theme in Greek mythology in which human beings demonstrate their virtue or piety by extending hospitality to a humble stranger (xenos), who turns out to be a disguised deity (theos) with the capacity to bestow rewards.
Offerings and rituals
Offerings and libations are considered sacred integral acts within worship. There are several types of offerings that are performed, sacrifices, votive offerings and Libations.
Devotees are divided upon the question of animal sacrifice. Some are fine with the practice, while others do not engage in the practice at all. Some instead offer symbolic food of the animal that is sacrificed instead of the animal, often though not exclusively fruit, bread, or cakes.
Beliefs
Hellenism has historically been a pluralistic religion with beliefs ranging between polytheism, animism and monism, although a Hellenist may hold beliefs that fall into all of these categories. Additionally, there are other interpretations of divinity in line with Hellenistic philosophies, like Epicureanism. Hellenism is, in practice, primarily centered around polytheistic and animistic worship.
Devotees worship the Greek gods, which are the Olympians, divinities and spirits of nature (such as nymphs), underworld deities (chthonic gods) and heroes. Both physical and spiritual ancestors are greatly honored. The gods exhibit both universal and local qualities. For the Greeks, "their gods were at the same time universal, found everywhere and powerful over the whole world, and intensely local, manifesting themselves in particular places."
Festivals
There are many festivals throughout the year that many seek to celebrate, where the dates are often set by the lunisolar Attic calendar. The festivals typically commemorate events in Greek history, honoring deities that the festivals celebrate, and connote spiritual themes. The celebrations incorporate religious themes, arts, sacrifices and offerings, family get togethers and feasts. Popular sacred days are Deipnon, Noumenia and Agathos Daimon.
Hellenic festivals include:
Anthesteria
Lenaia
Dionysia
Thargelia
Arrephoria
Kronia
Aphrodisia
Panathanaia
Herakleia
Genesia
Pyanepsia
Thesmophoria
Khalkeia
Rural Dionysia
Haloa
Elaphebolia
City Dionysia
Relationship to ancient Greek religion
The majority of modern historians agree that the religion practiced by the ancient Greeks had been extinguished by the 9th century CE at the latest and that there is little to no evidence that it survived (in public form at least) past the Middle Ages. (In certain isolated areas it survived until the 12th century, see Tsakonia and Maniots) Greek member Panagiotis Marinis, has claimed that the religion of ancient Greece survived throughout the intervening centuries, and some claim they were raised in families that practiced this religion.
The revival of Hellenic religious identity is typically only part of a larger social movement of re-Hellenizing Greek identity in a comprehensive way, not only religious. This re-Hellenization movement is the current iteration of previous attempts to revive Hellenism. The first to promote such efforts was the late Byzantine philosopher Georgios Gemistus Plethon in the 15th century. It was in Mystras, in the Despotate of the Morea, that Plethon formed a 'circle' of students. It is through Plethon and his students, that many ethnic Greeks today trace their teachings and practices and give credit for tradition's survival to the present day.
Two notable students of Plethon include the historian Laonikos Chalkokondyles and Bessarion. Bessarion, educated in neoplatonism, was considered for the papacy twice. In a letter recounting the news of his teacher's death, Bessarion says that Plethon has left to "dance with the Olympian Gods" (να χορέψει μαζί με τους Ολυμπίους Θεούς) and honors Plethon by claiming him to be the reincarnation of Plato based on the "teachings of the Pythagoreans and Plato about the endless ascent and descent of souls" (διδαχές των Πυθαγορείων και του Πλάτωνα περί ατέλειωτης ανόδου και καθόδου των ψυχών).
In 1458, just a few years after the death of Plethon, Michael Tarchaniota Marullus was born near the site of ancient Sparta in the Despotate of the Morea or in Constantinople. Both of Marullus's parents were Greek exiles who had fled from Constantinople when it fell to the Turks in 1453, and he always proudly called himself a Greek. Marullus was a poet and stratioti-soldier. Among his works, Marullus composed a collection of hymns, the Hymni naturales, in which he celebrates the Olympian pantheon. Bartolomeo Scala, his father-in-law, was a member of the Platonic Academy in Florence, Italy.So, my good king of the gods,
the gloomy fate, unfortunately, I could not escape,
to practice as a Hellene
the cult of my fathers
in a non-Hellenic language,
(Hymn to Hermes)Validating the relationship between Hellenic Ethnic Religion and the Ancient Greek Religion for 'continuity' is difficult as an outsider to the tradition, argued Vlassis G. Rassias. In the 19th century, many, especially German scholars, who were otherwise remarkable scholars, made the huge mistake of reconstructing a theology from the works of Homeros, who is only a poet. Hesiodos, on the other hand, who also engages in theogony, can also be seen as theology. But his works are not set in stone either. We see that when we look at Georgios Gemistos-Plethon, at the beginning of the 15th century who is the link between the ancients and us, and who demonstrates an underground continuation that has never been broken. In one of his invocations to Zeus, Plethon presents him – to the surprise of all who see things statically – as the father of Poseidon and Kronos. The German scholar of the 19th century or modern man, who doesn't even know what tradition means, begins at this point to muse and wonder over Plethon's words. In the end, many of them come to the crazy conclusion that Plethon must be assessed as a heretic. Though when Plethon's presentation of Zeus as the 'father' of Poseidon and Kronos is compared to the Derveni papyrus (discovered in 1962), Plethon appears less the heretic. The Derveni Papyrus recounts an Orphic cosmology, one in which the world of today is Zeus’ creation. The new order of the world arises from Zeus after he swallows the severed phallus, the last act in a series of overthrowings of the ruling figure. In doing this, Zeus contained all things within himself and remade the world and regenerated all the Gods and Goddess once more, being King and 'father' to all things. This aligns with the writings of Plethon. In the Book of Laws, Zeus "existed from all eternity," "not born of any other...he is self-father [αὐτοπάτορα]...has no other father than himself...he is the father and the eldest creator [δημιουργὸν] of all things." The other gods in the Greek pantheon are divided according "to divine nature [θεότητι] into the second and third orders, the first of which are the children of Zeus, his creations, and the second are the children of his children, the creations of his creations."
Emically speaking, "revival" accurately describes the religious activity occurring in Greece and around the world since one of the main hallmarks is group gatherings and public festival celebrations. Etic observations from a distance by classical scholars, describe contemporary practices as inauthentic and therefore irrelevant or remain open on the issue. British classicist Mary Beard criticized Greek Hellenists worshippers, saying, "until these eager neo-pagans get real and slaughter a bull or two in central Athens, I shan’t worry that they have much to do with ancient religion at all", later commented that, "I think I was really responding to the claims made by this group that they were reviving ancient paganism. I am absolutely ok with the idea that religions change. I was reacting to their claims to be a modern version of ancient 'paganism'." American classicist, Sarah Iles Johnston affirmed contemporary practice. "The bricolage and re-imaginings of contemporary Pagans is not entirely different from that of ancient Greek religious culture and that even classical scholars inevitably re-imagine the gods." Revivalists view the tradition as a living, changing religion. Hellenic Revivalism allows room for practitioners to decide what feels right to them, and to adapt historical religious practices to modern life.
Hellenists and other self described pagans/polytheists typically engage in reconstructionism, a methodology that attempts to accurately base modern religious practice on the imitation of culturally and historically genuine examples of ancient religious practices. The term is frequently used in the United States to differentiate between syncretic and eclectic Neopagan movements, and those based on the traditions, writings, history, and mythology of a specific ancient polytheistic culture. The Supreme Council of Ethnic Hellenes have made a clear distinction between themselves and the Neopagan movements, and identify some 'Hellenic' groups as "simply disguised as 'Hellenes' for reasons that exist hidden within the depths of their own minds."
History
18th century
During the 18th century, several notable authors and freethinkers embraced Ancient Greek religion to some extent, studying and translating ancient works of theology and philosophy, and in some cases composing original hymns and devotionals to the Ancient Greek pantheon. The English author John Fransham (1730–1810) was one example, considered an eccentric by his peers, who was also referred to as a pagan and a polytheist. In Fransham's 1769 book The Oestrum of Orpheus, he advanced a theology similar to that of the Neoplatonists: that the first cause of existence is uncreated and indestructible, but not intelligent, and that the universe is shaped by "innumerable intelligent powers or forces, 'plastic and designing,' who ruled all sublunary affairs, and may most fitly be designated by the nomenclature of the Hellenic theology." Despite his apparent belief in the Hellenic gods, Fransham does not seem to have been particularly devoted to their worship. According to an 1875 profile in Fraser's Magazine, Franshem's "libations to the Penates found their way down his own throat, and when he sacrificed a fowl to 'Esculapius it was usually in the form of chicken-broth for his supper."
Another example of an 18th-century literary figure who may have considered himself a Hellenist was Thomas Taylor (1758–1835), who produced the first English translations of many neoplatonic philosophical and religious texts. Taylor was widely known as the "English Platonist", and rumors existed that he had produced anonymous pamphlets advocating a return to a sort of pagan religion (these rumors have been debunked by modern scholars). Though the extent of his actual devotion to Ancient Greek spirituality remains unknown, brief descriptions written by others about him tend to portray him as a sincerely devout polytheist. One such sketch, written by Isaac D'Israeli, describes Taylor delaying answering his door until he has finished his mid-day hymn to Apollo, and reports that his study contained a hanging globe of clear glass, representing Zeus, that scattered sunbeams he would use to read and write, shifting his position in the room to follow them throughout the day.
In 1779, the German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe wrote in his diary that “the beautiful gods continue to visit me.” He did not profess a literal belief in the deities of Classical Greece, rather perceiving them to be poetic symbols of his own deepest experience.
His work inspired a limited number devotees. The most notable was Godefroi Izarn, the Marquis de Valadi, a young member of a wealthy French family who adopted a "Pythagorean mode of life". In 1788, Valadi traveled to England in order to convince an unnamed "gentleman of eminence in the literary world" to become the head of a new Pythagorean sect, assuring him that Valadi would help him find numerous followers. He refused, and suggested Valadi learn Greek and become the head of the sect himself. Valadi began his studies at Glasgow, where he learned of Taylor, to whom he wrote in a letter:
"My determination was to go and live in North America, and there to keep a school of temperance and love, in order to preserve so many men from the prevailing vices of brutal intemperance and selfish cupidity ... There I would devoutly erect altars to my favourite Gods: Dioscuri, Hector, Aristomenes, Pan, Orpheus, Epaminondas, Pythagoras, Pluto, Timoleon, Marcus Brutus and his Portia, and above all, Phoebus, the God of my hero Julian ..."
Valadi paid Taylor to live in his house and study under him, but his tenure as Taylor's disciple was short lived. He returned to France to fight in the French Revolution in 1789 (he reportedly said, "I came over Diogenes. I am going back Alexander."), and was executed by guillotine in December 1793.
19th century
The literary and artistic movement known as Romanticism promoted notions of the masterless personal soul, a heightened regard for nature and an interest in supernatural themes, including both magic and Pagan, especially Classical Greek, religion. Many proponents of Romanticism wrote poems inspired by figures of Greek mythology and in 1821 the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley wrote to his friend Thomas Jefferson Hogg:
I am glad that you do not neglect the rites of the true religion. Your letter awoke my sleeping devotions, and the same evening I ascended alone the high mountain behind my house, and suspended a garland, and raised a small turf altar to the mountain-walking Pan.
20th century
In the early 20th century, several neopagan groups were formed, often incorporating elements of ancient Greek religion and honoring Greek gods, but with heavily syncretic elements drawn from Hermeticism and 19th century folklore studies. Most prominent of these modern traditions are Thelema and Wicca, though Feraferia (an American tradition founded in the 1970s by Fred Adams) places heavier emphasis on a more Hellenistic style of worship and on the Greco-Roman pantheon of gods. One Wiccan organization in the United States, the Aquarian Tabernacle Church, began to host a spring festival based on the Eleusinian Mysteries in 1985, which has continued to be held every year through the present day.
During the 1970s, some began to reject the influence of Hermeticism and other heavily syncretic forms of Greek religion in preference of practices reconstructing earlier or more original forms of Hellenic worship. Early revivalists of Hellenic religion tended to be individuals working alone, and early attempts to organize adherents into larger groups failed. The first successful revival attempt was made by the Supreme Council of Ethnikoi Hellenes (or YSEE). In 1993, a variety of adherents to the Hellenic religion in Greece and elsewhere came together and began the process of organization. This resulted in a "Hellenic National Assembly", initiated at a gathering in southern Olympus on 9 September 1995. The process culminated with the formal establishment of the YSEE as a non-profit in Greece, in June 1997.
In the 1990s and 2000s, as the practice of the ancient Greek religion (also known as Hellenic religion) began to increase in popularity, the Orthodox Church viewed it as a significant threat and established a special committee, composed of Orthodox Metropolitans, priests, and university professors from divinity schools, to study ancient cults and neopaganism. They also organized conferences, published articles and texts, and uploaded information to the internet, all with the goal of arguing that the ancient Greek religion is a dangerous, idolatrous cult with strange beliefs and practices, possibly even having connections to Satanism, and that Greek people should avoid it at all costs. The Orthodox Church also emphasized that the only true and accepted traditional religion in Greece is and should be Orthodox Christianity, the religion of the forefathers.
21st century and official recognition
2004 Olympics controversy
The 2004 Summer Olympics stirred up several disputes concerning Hellenic polytheistic religion.
Professor Giorgos Dontas, president of the Archaeological Society of Athens expressed public outrage at the destruction of ancient archaeological sites around the Parthenon and Acropolis in preparation for the games.
Prior to the Olympic Games, MSNBC correspondent Rehema Ellis in a story called It's Greek to Me: Group Tries to Restore Pagan Worship documented the vandalism and arson of a bookstore in Athens which sold books promoting ancient Greek religion. She also interviewed several adherents who were upset about the current state of affairs in Greece. Ellis said: "A contrast in this place where the Olympic Games were created to honour Zeus – now those praying to the ancient gods are criticized for putting too much faith in the past."
The Greek Society of the Friends of the Ancients objected to the commercial use of Athena and Phevos as the official mascots of the 2004 Summer Olympics held in Athens. They felt that the caricatured representations of the Greek gods Athena and Phoebus were disrespectful and culturally insensitive. In a BBC Radio interview on 26 June 2004, Dr. Pan. Marinis President of the Societas Hellenica Antiquariorum said that the mascots "mock the spiritual values of the Hellenic civilization by degrading these same holy personalities that were revered during the ancient Olympic Games. For these reasons we have proceeded to legal action demanding the punishment of those responsible."
Recognition and places of worship
In May 2006 an Athens court granted official recognition to the veneration of the Ancient Greek pantheon. Soon afterwards, on 22 January 2007, the Hellenist group Ellinais held a ceremony at the historic Temple of Olympian Zeus in Athens. It was the first such rite performed at the temple since the ancient Greek religion was outlawed by the Roman government in the late 4th century. The ceremony involved participants dressed as ancient warriors who left their swords and spears outside the sacred site, to represent the laying down of arms before the Olympic games. The BBC referred to the event as a show of "intentional publicity". The event caught the attention of the Greek Orthodox Church. Reporters at the event suggested the church might step up their opposition to the legitimizing of Hellenism. Father Eustathios Kollas, who presided over a community of Greek Orthodox priests, said: "They are a handful of miserable resuscitators of a degenerate dead religion who wish to return to the monstrous dark delusions of the past." Despite the 2006 court ruling, the Greek Ministry of Culture and Sports continued to disallow ceremonies of any kind at archaeological sites, and some early 21st century Hellenic rituals therefore took the form of protests. In August 2008, a group of adherents, again organized by Ellinais, gathered at the Acropolis both to give libations and other offerings to the goddess Athena, and to protest the removal of architectural pieces from the temples to a new museum at the site.
The first modern Hellenic temple dedicated to the Hellenic gods was started in 1994 just outside Thessaloniki in the village of Oraiokastro and completed in 2009. Another temple, dedicated to Alexander and the Earth opened in the nearby village of Mesaia in 2019.
A modern Hellenic temple in Athens is still in the planning stages, and worshippers meet at a temporary temple at the headquarters of the Supreme Council of Ethnikoi Hellenes (YSEE) at an apartment building on Aristotelous street in central Athens.
Organizations in Greece and demographics
Ancient Greek religion originated in and is practiced in Greece and has inspired religious worship in other countries. Leaders of the movement claimed in 2005 that there are as many as 2,000 adherents to the Hellenic tradition in Greece, with an additional 100,000 who have "some sort of interest". No official estimates exist for devotees worldwide. Outside Greece, religious organizations began to emerge around 1998, with some individuals claiming to have been engaging in some form of traditional practice since the 1970s.
The first Greek organization to openly support the religious revival of Hellenic religion was Ύπατο Συμβούλιο των Ελλήνων Εθνικών (Supreme Council of Ethnikoi Hellenes or YSEE), established in 1997, and is publicly active. YSEE is a founding member of the World Congress of Ethnic Religions (now European Congress of Ethnic Religions) and hosted the seventh annual WCER Congress in June 2004. With branches also in the United States, Canada, Australia, and Germany, their level of real world public activity, and actual membership levels, the Supreme Council of Ethnikoi Hellenes can be argued to be the defining lead organization for the public revival movement. YSEE is also a member of the European Union's action program to combat discrimination. The organization primarily refers to the religion as the "Ethnic Polytheistic" or "genuine Hellenism" and its practitioners as Ethnikoi Hellenes, "Ethnic [National] Hellenes". YSEE uses the terms "traditional", "ethnic", and "genuine" to refer to their religious practices. Hellenic polytheist author Vlassis G. Rassias has written a popular series of books on "Christian persecutions against the Hellenes," while the Athens-based group Ellinais emphasizes "world peace and the brotherhood of man."
Another active organization based in Greece, the (, ) religious community was founded in 2008. Labrys has focused primarily on the religious aspects of Hellenism or Hellenic polytheism, avoiding anti-Christian rhetoric and politics, establishing weekly public rituals and engaging in other aspects of practical promotion of polytheism like theater and music. Labrys has also promoted among Hellenes worldwide the need to actively practice household worship and the idea that family and community should be the starting points of religious practice. The community has been organizing since 2008 the largest festival in Athens and also actively participates and supports the religious aspects of the oldest Hellenic festival in Greece, Prometheia which is held every year on Mount Olympus. The Labrys religious community has published a book.
Other organizations
Founded in the United States in 2001, Hellenion identifies its practices as "Hellenic Pagan Reconstructionism" and emphasizes historical accuracy in its mission statement. Hellenion does not provide official membership numbers to the public, but an unofficial estimate of 43 members was made for 2007 and approximately 100 members for 2017. though this number can only give the roughest approximation, as Hellenion offers hardship waivers to those who cannot afford the typical membership fees. In early 2010, the organization reported 1 demos (fully chartered local congregation) and 6 proto-demoi (start-up congregations not fully chartered with less than 3 members) established, which offer rituals and other events for members and frequently for the public as well. Two of the six proto-demoi cannot be independently verified to exist. Hellenion offers legal clergy training, basic adult religious education classes, and other educational/training courses for its members.
Another American group, Elaion, was founded in 2005 after members of other groups grew dissatisfied with what was, in their view, a de-emphasis on Hellenic ethics, philosophy, poetry, and art, and a re-emergence of "occult" doctrines among some practitioners. Elaion aimed to create an organization that emphasized ethics, piety, and "right-living", which they initially termed "Traditionalist Hellenismos". No reported numbers for current membership levels are known to exist. Among the various modern Stoic philosophical groups, many equate Zeus with Divine Providence, or Divine Logos. Among the modern Epicurean philosophical groups, Society of Epicurus accepts the ancient, naturalistic, polytheistic view of the Epicurean gods as one of three legitimate modern interpretations of Epicurean theology.
In Brazil, there are some religious groups, in different states. In addition, in Portuguese language, there is the website of RHB – Reconstrucionismo Helênico no Brasil, built since 2003 by Brazilian members of Hellenion and other international groups, such as the American Neokoroi and the Greek Thyrsos.
See also
Hellenism
Athenian calendar
Dionysian Mysteries
Ellinais
Epicureanism
Family tree of the Greek gods
Gemistus Pletho
Greco-Roman mysteries
Greek deities
Greek hero cult
Greek mythology in popular culture
Hellenistic philosophy
Hellenistic religion
Homeric Hymns
Interpretatio graeca
I Still Worship Zeus
List of Ancient Greek temples
Orphism (religion)
Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire
Platonism
Pyrrhonism
Pythagoreanism
Religion in Modern Greece
Stoicism
Supreme Council of Ethnic Hellenes
Twelve Olympians
Related systems and religions
European Congress of Ethnic Religions
Feraferia
Gaianism
Greco-Buddhism
Hermeticism
Indo-Greek religions
Kemetism
List of modern pagan temples
Milinda Pañha
Modern paganism
Mos maiorum
Neopaganism in Latin Europe
Old Norse religion
Polytheistic reconstructionism
Reconstructionist Roman religion
Religion in ancient Rome
Roman imperial cult
Wicca
References
Notes
Citations
Further reading
External links
Greek organizations
Ancient Hellenic Religion (Greek)
Thyrsos – Hellenes Ethnikoi (Greek and English)
Labrys (available in Greek only with some text in English)
Elaion
Orphism (English)
Supreme Council of Ethnikoi Hellenes (YSEE) (English version)
Australian Ethnikoi Hellenes (branch of YSEE)
Hellenes Ethnikoi in Canada (branch of YSEE)
Supreme Council of National Greeks America (branch of YSEE)
American organizations
Hellenion
FAQs and articles
Hellenic Household Worship by Christos Pandion Panopoulos for LABRYS polytheistic community
The Cauldron Hellenic polytheism FAQ by Andrew Campbell
Kalash: The Lost Tribe of Alexander the Great – a possible continuous Hellenic Polytheistic tradition.
Tropaion: researching ancient Greek religion – an academic-based weblog studying and researching Hellenic polytheism.
Frequently asked questions about the Ethnic Hellenic religion and tradition by YSEE
1990s establishments in Greece
Modern paganism in Greece
Polytheism | wiki |
Sarah or Sara Hart may refer to:
Sara Hart (writer) (pseudonym of Maureen Child; born 1951), American romance novelist
Sarah Hart (columnist), British/Dutch columnist, born 1950
Sarah Hart, murder victim of 19th-century criminal John Tawell
Sarah B. Hart, British mathematician
Sarah Hart, one of the perpetrators of the Hart family murders
Sarah Hart, character from the 1982 science-fiction thriller film Anna to the Infinite Power
Sarah Hart, character from the 2010 young adult science fiction novel I Am Number Four
Sarah Hart (musician), American musician and songwriter | wiki |
An assignment cover sheet is a paper used by students when completing assignments at university for their courses. These coversheets generally contain metadata about the assignment (such as the name of the student and the course number). This aids the efficient handling of assignments. Other types of data may be included, depending on the needs of the course.
Some universities require and/or provide cover sheets in standardized formats. These are often in the form of computer files which a student can download, print, and personalize.
Cover sheets are also required by some educational entities that are not universities.
References
Educational materials | wiki |
A Tag team is a professional wrestling match between teams of two or more wrestlers. It may also refer to:
Tag Team (group), an American hip hop group
"Tag-Team" (Land of the Lost episode), an episode of the 1974 series Land of the Lost
The developers of the video game Tag: The Power of Paint | wiki |
The Test may refer to:
"The Test" (short story), short story by Franz Kafka
The Test (Wright novel), novel by Mary Tappan Wright
The Test (Applegate novel), a 2000 novel in the Animorphs series
"Come with Us"/"The Test", a 2002 single by The Chemical Brothers
The Test (play), a 2007 Lukas Bärfuss play
The Test (1914 film), an American short film starring Wallace Reid and Frank Lloyd
The Test (1916 film), an American silent drama film
The Test (1935 film), an American film directed by Bernard B. Ray
The Test (talk show), an American syndicated talk show
The Test (Australian TV series), an Australian docu-series
The Test (greyhound competition), England
Television episodes
"The Test" (Dad's Army), an episode of the British comedy series Dad's Army
"The Test" (Land of the Lost), an episode of the American television series Land of the Lost
"The Test", an episode of The O.C.
See also
Test (disambiguation) | wiki |
Newhaven may refer to:
Places
Newhaven, Derbyshire, England, a hamlet
Newhaven, East Sussex, England, a port town
Newhaven, Edinburgh, Scotland
Newhaven Sanctuary, Northern Territory, Australia
Newhaven, Victoria, Australia
Other uses
Newhaven (horse), the 1896 Melbourne Cup winner
Newhaven College, on Phillip Island, Victoria, Australia
Viscount Newhaven, a title in the Peerage of Scotland
Newhaven, a bombing marking technique used by the Pathfinders
Newhaven F.C., a football club
See also
New Haven (disambiguation) | wiki |
AMB peut faire référence à :
;
AMB Generali, une entreprise allemande.
Amb peut faire référence à :
Amb, une ancienne principauté des Indes. | wiki |
Todo may refer to:
Todo Bichig, Kalmyk ‘Clear Script’
To-do list, a time management implementation
TODO (tag), a computer programming comment tag
Todo (album)
Tōdō may refer to:
Tōkyūjutsu () or Tōdō (), a Japanese divination (fortune telling) method
Tōdōza () or Tōdō (), a Japanese guild for blind male musicians
Tōdō Heisuke (, 1844–1867), samurai
Tōdō Takatora (, 1556–1630), daimyō
Tōdō Takayuki (, 1813–1895), daimyō
Izumi Todo (), pseudonym for the staff at Toei Animation
See also
To do
Toto (disambiguation) | wiki |
The People's Choice Awards for Favorite Band is one of the awards handed out at the People's Choice Awards. It was first awarded to Maroon 5 in 2012. The band is the most-nominated artist in the category together with Imagine Dragons. Both acts have earned a total of six nominations each. BTS is the most-awarded group in the category, having won four times.
Recipients
Artists with multiple nominations
6 nominations
Maroon 5
Imagine Dragons
5 nominations
BTS
Coldplay
4 nominations
Twenty One Pilots
Panic! at the Disco
5 Seconds of Summer
3 nominations
One Direction
Jonas Brothers
Blackpink
2 nominations
Linkin Park
OneRepublic
Fifth Harmony
The Chainsmokers
CNCO
Dan + Shay
References
Band | wiki |
Hispanic American Studies may refer to:
Chicana/o studies
Latin American Studies
La Raza and La Raza Studies (disambiguation) | wiki |
The discography of English singer-songwriter Ben Howard consists of four studio albums, six extended plays, sixteen singles and eleven music videos. Howard signed to Island Records in 2011, due to the label's history of UK folk singers, including Nick Drake and John Martyn. After singles "Old Pine" and "The Wolves" were released in 2011, Howard recorded his debut album titled Every Kingdom, which was released on 3 October 2011. He was nominated for the 2012 Mercury Prize.
In 2012, Howard launched his music in the United States, with Every Kingdom being released on 3 April 2012. In November 2012, Howard released The Burgh Island EP produced by Chris Bond, which featured four new tracks. Once again released to critical acclaim, the EP had a darker, more menacing tone than most of Howard's previous work, with Howard also playing electric guitar, rather than his traditional acoustic.
In 2014, his second studio album I Forget Where We Were became his first to reach number one in the UK. Howard released his third studio album Noonday Dream in June 2018 which peaked at number four in the UK and was met with critical acclaim. In January 2021, Howard released "What a Day", the first single from his fourth studio album Collections from the Whiteout that was released on 26 March 2021.
Studio albums
Extended plays
Singles
Other charted songs
Music videos
References
Howard, Ben | wiki |
Common rock crab may refer to any of the following species of crab:
Cancer irroratus
Hemigrapsus sexdentatus
Romaleon antennarium (formerly Cancer antennarius)
See also
Red rock crab (disambiguation)
Animal common name disambiguation pages | wiki |
Charles Kenny McClatchy (March 25, 1927 – April 16, 1989) was an American newspaper publisher. He was a son of Carlos K. McClatchy, the first editor of The Fresno Bee. He became president of McClatchy Newspapers upon the death of his aunt, Eleanor McClatchy in 1980. Over the next decade, until his death, he guided the family-owned media company on a course that led toward The McClatchy Company, a major, nationwide newspaper chain.
References
1989 deaths
American publishers (people)
American male journalists
20th-century American journalists
1927 births
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American male writers | wiki |
Tayla Bresland (born 4 February 1996) is a retired Australian rules footballer who played for Fremantle and West Coast in the AFL Women's (AFLW) competition.
AFLW career
Fremantle
Bresland was drafted by Fremantle with their seventh selection and fifty-second overall in the 2016 AFL Women's draft. She made her debut in the thirty-two point loss to the Western Bulldogs at VU Whitten Oval in the opening round of the 2017 season. She played every match in her debut season to finish with seven matches.
West Coast
In August 2020, Bresland was traded to West Coast for the 46th pick of the 2020 AFL Women's draft. In March 2022, Bresland retired to focus on her career as a carpenter and Air Force Reservist.
References
External links
1996 births
Living people
Fremantle Football Club (AFLW) players
West Coast Eagles (AFLW) players
Australian rules footballers from Western Australia | wiki |
A permit room in India is a section of a restaurant where it is permitted to serve alcoholic drinks.
Indian cuisine | wiki |
El término Black Mesa puede hacer referencia a:
la Mesa de las Vacas o Black Mesa, ubicada en Navajo, Arizona, Estados Unidos.
Black Mesa (2019), nueva versión del videojuego Half-Life desarrollado por Crowbar Collective. | wiki |
Le padak (en ) est un plat de poulet sud-coréen à base de et de ciboule.
Notes et références
Cuisine coréenne
Spécialité à base de poulet | wiki |
Lake Shore or Lakeshore may refer to:
the shore of a lake
Places
Lakeshore, Ontario, Canada
Lakeshore (provincial electoral district)
Lakeshore, California (disambiguation), the name of several places in the U.S.
Lakeshore, Florida, U.S.
Lake Shore, Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.
Lakeshore, Louisiana, U.S.
Lake Shore, Maryland, U.S.
Lake Shore, Minnesota, U.S.
Lakeshore, Mississippi, U.S.
Lakeshore/Lake Vista, New Orleans, U.S.
Lake Shore, Utah, U.S.
Lake Shore, Washington, U.S.
Lake Shore Drive, an expressway in Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
Lake Shore Boulevard, a road in Toronto, Ontario, U.S.
Lake Shore Mine, a gold mine in Kirkland Lake, Ontario, Canada
Businesses and organisations
Lakeshore Entertainment, an American film company
Lakeshore Records
Lakeshore High School, in Mandeville, Louisiana
Lake Shore High School, in St. Clair Shores, Michigan
Lake Shore High School (Angola, New York)
Lakeshore Hospital, in Kochi, Kerala, India
Other uses
Lake Shore, a long-distance passenger train between Chicago and New York
Lakeshore, Bristol, a building in England
Lakeshore SC, a Canadian soccer club
See also
Lake Shore Drive (disambiguation)
Lake Shore Railway (disambiguation)
List of national lakeshores and seashores of the United States | wiki |
The Office of Tax Policy is an agency of the United States Department of the Treasury headed by the Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Tax Policy.
The Office assists the Secretary in developing and implementing tax policies and programs; provides the official estimates of all Government receipts for the President's budget, fiscal policy decisions, and Treasury cash management decisions; establishes policy criteria reflected in regulations and rulings and guides preparation of them with the Internal Revenue Service to implement and administer the Internal Revenue Code; negotiates tax treaties for the United States and represents the United States in meetings and work of multilateral organizations dealing with tax policy matters; and provides economic and legal policy analysis for domestic and international tax policy decisions.
Sources
Office of Tax Policy website
Tax Policy | wiki |
Fateless () is a Hungarian film directed by Lajos Koltai, released in 2005. It is based on the semi-autobiographical novel Fatelessness by the Nobel Prize-winner Imre Kertész, who also wrote the screenplay. It tells the story of a teenage boy who is sent to Auschwitz and Buchenwald.
The film's music was composed by Ennio Morricone, and one of its songs was sung by Lisa Gerrard. The film is one of the most expensive movies ever produced in Hungary, with a cost of $12 million.
The film also features British actor Daniel Craig, who plays a cameo as a United States Army sergeant.
The film was screened in Hungary and Germany (at Berlinale), at the Telluride Film Festival in Telluride, Colorado as well as the Toronto International Film Festival.
Awards and nominations
Nominated – Golden Berlin Bear – Lajos Koltai
Nominated – European Film Award – Best Cinematographer – Gyula Pados
Nominated – European Film Award – Best Composer – Ennio Morricone
Official Selection – Berlin Film Festival 2005
Official Selection – Telluride Film Festival 2005
Official Selection – Karlovy Vary International Film Festival
Gala Presentation – Edinburgh International Film Festival
Special Presentation – Toronto International Film Festival
Chicago International Film Festival 2005
AFI Los Angeles Film Festival 2005
External links
References
2005 films
2005 drama films
2000s English-language films
English-language German films
English-language Hungarian films
2000s German-language films
Holocaust films
2000s Hungarian-language films
Films based on Hungarian novels
Films scored by Ennio Morricone
British drama films
German multilingual films
Hungarian multilingual films
2005 multilingual films
German prison films
2000s British films
2000s German films | wiki |
Travel is the movement between distant locations. Travelling or traveling may refer to:
Traveling (basketball), a specific rule violation in the sport of basketball
Travelling (Roxette album), 2012
Travelling (Steve Howe album), 2010
"Traveling" (song), by Utada Hikaru | wiki |
The abstinence theory of interest asserts that the money used for lending purposes is the money not used for consumption – which means, earning interest by abstaining from spending makes the funds possible and available for borrowers.
The originator of the theory is Nassau William Senior.
Notes
Interest | wiki |
United Hebrew Congregation may refer to:
England
Blackpool United Hebrew Congregation, Blackpool, England
Newcastle United Hebrew Congregation, in the former Leazes Park Synagogue, Newcastle upon Tyne, England
United Hebrew Congregation (closed in 2000), Torquay, England
Other places
United Hebrew Congregation (UHC Singapore), part of the History of the Jews in Singapore
United Hebrew Congregation (Johannesburg, South Africa); see Oxford Shul
United Hebrew Congregation (Chesterfield, Missouri), United States
See also
United Synagogue, a union of British Orthodox Jewish synagogues | wiki |
The annual migration of red crabs in Australia begins in October/November each year. Millions of red crabs migrate from the Australian islands to the Indian Ocean during this one to two-week-long period. The purpose of migration is to go underwater and lay eggs and breeding has to be made possible. During this migration season, the routes of arrival and departure of crabs are closed with barriers so that they can be protected from any kind of damage.
References
External links
Red crab migration by parksaustralia.gov.au
Fauna of Christmas Island
Animal migration
October events
November events | wiki |
Named after Swedish economist Knut Wicksell (1851-1926), Wicksell's theory of capital examines factor prices as derived from the value of the marginal product.
Wicksell pointed out that in an equilibrium situation, the interest rate would exceed the value of the marginal product of capital because the aggregate stock of capital would be revalued due to changes in the interest rate.
References
Finance theories | wiki |
Cachou may refer to:
Throat lozenge, a breath freshener
Dragée, small candies that can be used for decoration
Catechu, a medicinal aromatic drug; the same as gambier, also called Terra Japonica | wiki |
An encrypting PIN pad is an apparatus for encrypting an identifier such as a PIN entered on a keypad. These are used in automated teller machines to ensure that the unencrypted PIN is not stored or transmitted anywhere in the rest of the system and thus cannot be revealed accidentally or through manipulations of the system.
Apparatus
The apparatus includes a pad, an encrypting circuit that is adjacent the pad and a link coupling the pad and the encrypting circuit. The pad is for entering an identifier, and the circuit for encrypting the entered identifier. The pad may be a physical touch pad such as an N-wire technology touch pad. Alternatively, the pad may be a virtual touch screen. The encrypting circuit may be a CPU along with a memory coupled to the CPU and programmed to encrypt. The CPU and programmed memory may be the first CPU programmable to encrypt the entered identifier, through which the identifier passes. The encrypting circuit may be a micro controller programmed to encrypt. In still another variation, the encrypting circuit may be an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC). The apparatus may include a housing that encloses the encrypting circuit and link. The housing would be resistant to access, tampering or tapping. The housing may be at least partially of chip-on-glass technology. The encrypting circuit may be embedded in the housing, as may the link. A method for encrypting an identifier includes placing a pad for entering an identifier, a circuit for encrypting an identifier and a link communicative coupling the pad and the circuit adjacent in an access-resistant housing. An identifier is entered on the pad and communicated to the encrypting circuit. The encrypting circuit encrypts the identifier. The encrypted identifier may be forwarded for verification.
References
Encryption devices | wiki |
Esther Hart may refer to:
Esther Hart (singer) (born 1970), Dutch singer
Esther Hart (Titanic survivor) (1863–1928), survivor of the sinking of the RMS Titanic
Hart, Esther | wiki |
Constitution Park may refer to a park or location in the United States:
Constitution Park (Delaware), a park in Dover, Delaware
Constitution Park (Maryland), a public park in Cumberland
Constitution Park (New Hampshire), a hotel proposed in 2005 in New Hampshire in response to legal rulings around the concept of eminent domain | wiki |
Aspidoconcha is een geslacht van kreeftachtigen uit de klasse van de Ostracoda (mosselkreeftjes).
Soorten
Aspidoconcha humilis (Brady & Norman, 1889) Mckenzie, 1972
Aspidoconcha limnoriae de Vos, 1953
Aspidoconcha nasserae
Keysercytheridae | wiki |
ThunderPad Digital is a game controller by computer peripherals company Logitech. The drivers only supports Windows 95 to Windows 98 and will not work on Windows XP or later operating systems. The button outlay is a look-alike to the Super Nintendo Entertainment System controller.
Specifications
8 bindable buttons
8 way directional pad, so called D-pad
15-pin game controller/MIDI connector
"Logitech Entertainment Control Center" drivers for bindings and such
System requirements
IBM PC with an i386 CPU or higher
DOS 5.0 or higher (Windows 95 recommended)
15-pin game controller/MIDI connector port
CD-ROM drive for the driver disk
Thunderpad Digital
Computer peripherals | wiki |
The fourth and penultimate season of Food Wars!: Shokugeki no Soma anime television series, subtitled , was produced by J.C.Staff and directed by Yoshitomo Yonetani. The series was first broadcast in Japan on Tokyo MX. It aired from October 12, 2019 to December 28, 2019, with additional broadcasts on BS11 and Animax. In addition, AbemaTV streamed the season. Stereo Dive Foundation performed the opening theme song "Chronos", while the ending theme song is by Nano Ripe.
In the United States, Adult Swim's Toonami programming block began airing the English dub on August 22, 2021.
Episode list
Home video releases
Japanese
English
Notes
References
External links
Food Wars!: Shokugeki no Soma episode lists
2019 Japanese television seasons | wiki |
One Nation (lett., dall'inglese: Una Nazione), ufficialmente Pauline Hanson's One Nation, è un partito politico australiano di orientamento nazionalista e conservatore fondato nel 1997 da Pauline Hanson.
Nel 2007, la stessa Hanson fuoriuscì dal partito per fondare il Pauline's United Australia Party, operativo fino al 2010; nel 2013 rientrò in One Nation.
Risultati
Note
Altri progetti
Collegamenti esterni | wiki |
Wilmington Council may be:
District Council of Wilmington
Wilmington Council (Delaware)
Wilmington Council (North Carolina) | wiki |
The Wonderful World of The Osmond Brothers is the debut album released by the Osmonds in 1968. Four singles were released from the album: "I've Got Lovin' on My Mind", "Clouds" (a cover version of "Both Sides, Now"), "Groove with What You've Got", and "Make the Music Flow".
Track listing
Charts
References
The Osmonds albums
1968 albums
albums produced by Gary Klein (producer) | wiki |
You're in the Army Now may refer to:
You're in the Army Now, 1941 comedy film directed by Lewis Seiler
O.H.M.S. (film), 1937 British film, known as You're in the Army Now in the US
"You're in the Army Now" (song), also known as "We're in the Army Now", an American song written in 1917 by Isham Jones with lyrics written by Tell Taylor and Ole Olsen
"You're in the Army Now" (Bolland & Bolland song), 1982 song by Dutch duo Bolland & Bolland, made famous later by Status Quo as "In the Army Now"
See also
You're in the Navy Now, 1951 film directed by Henry Hathaway
In the Army Now (disambiguation) | wiki |
Operation Finch was a series of operations undertaken by the Services Reconnaissance Department in World War II.
References
Finch | wiki |
A pelvic examination is the physical examination of the external and internal female pelvic organs. It is frequently used in gynecology for the evaluation of symptoms affecting the female reproductive and urinary tract, such as pain, bleeding, discharge, urinary incontinence, or trauma (e.g. sexual assault). It can also be used to assess a woman's anatomy in preparation for procedures. The exam can be done awake in the clinic and emergency department, or under anesthesia in the operating room. The most commonly performed components of the exam are 1) the external exam, to evaluate the external genitalia 2) the internal exam with palpation (commonly called the bimanual exam) to examine the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes, and 3) the internal exam using the speculum to visualize the vaginal walls and cervix. During the pelvic exam, sample of cells and fluids may be collected to screen for sexually transmitted infections or cancer.
Some clinicians perform a pelvic exam as part of routine preventive care. However, in 2014, the American College of Physicians published guidelines against routine pelvic examination in adult women who are not pregnant and lack symptoms, with the exception of pelvic exams done as part of cervical cancer screening.
Medical guidelines
Previous to July 2014, the benefits of routine pelvic examinations were not clear and there was no consensus. Since then, American College of Physicians (ACP) issued a guideline that recommended against performing this examination to screen for conditions in asymptomatic, nonpregnant, adult women. (The guideline did not consider pap smears.) The ACP said that there was no evidence of benefit in support of the examination, but there was evidence of harm, including distress and unnecessary surgery. This was a strong recommendation, based on moderate-quality evidence. In 2018, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) issued a committee opinion that pelvic exams should be performed for 1) symptoms of gynecologic disease, 2) screening for cervical dysplasia, or 3) management of gynecologic disorders or malignancy, using shared decision-making with the patient. ACOG concluded there is inadequate data to support recommendations for or against routine screening pelvic examination for asymptomatic, non-pregnant women with average risk for gynecologic disease.
Annual "well-woman exams" are an occasion for gynecologists to recognize issues like incontinence and sexual dysfunction, and discuss patient concerns, and an exam can be done if indicated by the clinical history.
Preparation, communication, and trauma-informed care
The examination can be emotionally and physically uncomfortable for women. Preparation, good communication, thoughtful technique, and trauma-informed care can help mitigate this discomfort.
Careful preparation is helpful for an efficient and comfortable exam. Prior to asking the patient to position herself on the exam table, the examiner should collect all the instruments needed for the exam and any planned procedures, including the speculum, light source, lubricant, gloves, drapes, and specimen collection media. Warming the speculum with warm tap water will also increase comfort. The patient should be given the opportunity to have a chaperone or support person in the room during the exam. In general, male examiners should always be accompanied by a female chaperone.
Prior to the exam, before the patient is undressed and lying on the table, examiners should ask the patient if she has had a pelvic exam in the past and whether she has any questions or concerns about the exam. Women may be concerned about pain, or they may be embarrassed about the examination of sensitive areas of the body. They may have experienced sexual assault or negative experiences with pelvic examination in the past, which may lead to the exam triggering strong emotional and physical symptoms. Additionally, patients may have concern about odor or menstruation during exam, neither of which should impact the examiner's ability to perform a thorough, respectful exam. Patients generally prefer to be asked about past experiences and are often helpful in suggesting ways to mitigate the discomfort of the exam.
Prior to the exam, the examiner should offer to show the patient models or diagrams of the pelvic anatomy and any instruments that will be used during the exam. The examiner should explain each step of the exam and its purpose, should address and normalize any concerns, should assert that the patient has full control over the exam, and should ask permission before each step of the exam. The examiner should keep as much of the patient's body covered as possible during the exam. Relaxation of the pelvic muscles can reduce discomfort during the exam. Rather than telling the patient to "relax", which can trigger strong emotions for women who are survivors of assault, patients can be told to breathe slowly and deeply into their abdomens, which is a more instructive way of describing how to relax the pelvic muscles.
The patient should be informed that she can stop the procedure at any time. If the patient does not want to continue the exam, the examiner should stop, speak with the patient about her concerns and how to mitigate them, and only continue when the patient is ready to do so. However, in all but seven states in the United States, it is legal for pelvic exams to be done under anesthesia without the patient's consent.
External examination
The pelvic exam begins with an explanation of the procedure. The patient is asked to put on an examination gown, get on the examination table, and lay on her back with her feet in footholds. Sliding down toward the end of the table is the best position for the clinician to do a visual examination. A pelvic exam begins with an assessment of the reproductive organs that can be seen without the use of a speculum. Many women may want to 'prepare' for the procedure. One possible reason for delaying an exam is if it is to be done during menstruation, but this is a preference of some patients and not a requirement of the clinician. The clinician may want to perform pelvic examination and assessment of the vagina because there are unexplained symptoms of vaginal discharge, pelvic pain, unexpected bleeding, or urinary problems.
The typical external examination begins with making sure that the patient is in a comfortable position and her privacy respected.
In some instances, different positioning and assistance may be required to keep tissue from blocking the view of the perineal area.
The pubic hair is inspected for pubic lice and hair growth patterns. Sparse hair patterns can exist in older and in some Asian patients.
The labia majora are evaluated. Their position and symmetry are assessed. The expected finding in older patients is that the labia majora can be thinner and smaller. The examiner is looking for ulcers, inflammation, warts and rashes. If drainage is present from these structures, its color, location and other characteristics are noted. Infection control is accomplished by frequent glove changes.
The labia minora are then evaluated. They should appear moist, smooth in texture and pink. The presence of tearing, inflammation and swelling is noted. Thinner and smaller labia minora are an expected finding in older patients.
The clitoris is assessed for size, position, symmetry, and inflammation.
The urethral opening is inspected. No urine should leak when the patient is asked to cough. Urine leakage may indicate stress incontinence and the weakening of pelvic structures. The opening should be midline, pink, and smooth. The presence of inflammation or discharge may indicate an infection. Excoriation can be present in obese patients due to urinary incontinence.
The vaginal opening is inspected for position, presence of the hymen, and shape. The examiner should look for the presence of bruising, tearing, inflammation and discharge. Pelvic examinations are usually procedures that are designed to obtain objective, measurable descriptions of what is observed. If sexual abuse is suspected, questions regarding this are discussed after the examination and not during it. When the patient is requested to 'bear down', the presence of prolapsed structures such as the bladder (cystocele), rectum (rectocele) or uterus are documented. Prolapsed structures can appear when abdominal pressure increases or they can protrude without bearing down.
The perineum, the space between the vagina and the anus, is inspected. It should be smooth, firm, and free of disease. Scars from episiotomies are visible on women who have had the procedure during childbirth.
The anus is assessed for lesions, inflammation or trauma. It should appear dark, continuous and moist. In some patients, excoriation may be present, and can be a sign of fecal incontinence.
Internal examination
Before inserting the speculum, the vaginal wall, urethra, Skene's glands and Bartholin's glands are palpated through the vaginal wall. During the internal exam, the examiner describes the procedure while doing the assessment, making sure that the patient can anticipate where she will feel the palpations.
The patient is first informed that the examiner will insert their finger into the vagina. The palpation of the vagina is done by evaluating the condition of the vaginal walls. These should feel smooth, consistent and soft. The rugae can also be assessed by palpation.
The patient is again asked to bear down while the examiner continues the internal examination. The presence of bulging is assessed.
The position of the urethra is assessed by palpation with a finger through the vaginal wall.
The Skene's glands, located on each side of the urethra, are palpated to produce secretion from the glands.
The Bartholin glands are also assessed internally by gently squeezing them with one finger placed externally, on the posterior labia majora and the other finger in the vagina.
At this point of the pelvic exam, the examiner will insert the speculum to visualize other internal structures: the cervix, uterus, and ovaries. If this is the first pelvic exam of the patient, the examiner will show the speculum to the patient, explain its use and answer any questions.
The appropriate sized speculum is selected. The speculum is slowly inserted in its collapsed state at a 45 degree angle to match the slope of the vagina. The blades are then expanded until the cervix comes into view. If the speculum is transparent, the vaginal walls can be seen.
The cervix is then assessed. It should look moist, round, pink, and centered to the middle. The secretions of the cervix should be clear or whitish with no odor. The presence or absence of polyps, ulcers, and inflammation are noted.
A swab or cytobrush will be used to collect or scrape cervical cells off of the surface of the cervix to be evaluated for changes. Other vaginal swabs can be taken at this time to test for sexually transmitted diseases.
The next part of the pelvic exam is the bimanual palpation and begins after the speculum is removed.
The examiner informs and explains this part of the exam. Two fingers are used to palpate the cervix.
The cervix and fornices are assessed for mobility and the presence of lumps.
The uterus is palpated and evaluated to determine its position by leaving the fingers of one hand in the vagina while pressure to the abdomen is applied with the other hand. If the body tissue is too thick due to obesity, an ultrasound may be performed instead.
If the examiner can feel the fallopian tubes, this is not a normal finding.
The examiner removes their hands and puts on clean gloves to assess the rectum, and explains this part of the exam to the patient.
The rectum is assessed by having one finger in the vagina and the other in the rectum. The rectum should be smooth.
The examiner removes their fingers, discards their gloves, washes their hands and helps the patient get into an upright position. Any deviations from what is considered normal will be discussed.
During pregnancy
Prenatal care includes pelvic exams during the pregnancy. Women with high risk pregnancies see their obstetrician more often. These are:
Very young age or older than 35
Overweight or underweight
Problems in previous pregnancy
Health conditions present before the start of pregnancy, such as high blood pressure, diabetes, autoimmune disorders, cancer, and HIV
Pregnancy with twins or other multiples
The pelvic exam during pregnancy is similar to the exam for non-pregnant women. One difference is that more attention is give to the uterus and cervix. The growth of the uterus is measured each visit, although this does not require a pelvic exam. As the due date approaches, the assessment of the cervix will indicate whether labor has begun or is progressing. Much time is spent determining the health of the fetus. A normal finding during the exam on the pregnant patient is that the cervix has a bluish tinge in early pregnancy. If a bluish tinge is observed in non-pregnant women, this is a sign of hypoxia.
See also
Well-woman examination
Pap test
Trauma-Informed Care
References
Female genital procedures | wiki |
Morton Garden Village railway station is a proposed railway station in Bassetlaw District, Nottinghamshire, England, near the A1 and A57 junction and the site of the former Checker House railway station.
The station would be on the Sheffield–Lincoln line, an existing line between Lincoln and Sheffield that now has hourly passenger train service.
Notes
References
External links
Railway stations in Nottinghamshire
Bassetlaw District | wiki |
Henry Ashurst (1669–1705) was the Town Clerk of London from 1700 to 1705. He served as Member of Parliament for Preston from 1698 to 1702.
References
Town Clerks of London
1669 births
1705 deaths | wiki |
Glyptocephalus is a genus of righteye flounders found in the North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans
Etymology
The word Glytocephalus is derived from the Greek γλύφειν (glyphein), meaning "to carve", and κεφαλή (kephalē), meaning "head".
Species
There are currently three recognized species in this genus:
References
Pleuronectidae
Marine fish genera
Taxa named by Carl Moritz Gottsche | wiki |
Cycas cupida is a species of cycad native to Queensland.
References
cupida
Flora of Queensland
Plants described in 2001
Taxa named by Paul Irwin Forster | wiki |
Georgian passports are issued to citizens of Georgia to facilitate international travel.
Visa requirements
As of January 10, 2023, Georgian citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 116 countries and territories, ranking the Georgian passport 50th in terms of travel freedom according to the Henley Passport Index.
See also
Visa requirements for Georgian citizens
Visa policy of Georgia
List of passports
E.U. Eastern Partnership Program
References
Passports by country
Government of Georgia (country)
Foreign relations of Georgia (country) | wiki |
Pioneer Days may refer to:
Pioneer Days (Chico, California), an annual community event
Pioneer Days (1930 film), a Mickey Mouse short
Pioneer Days (1940 film), a Western film by Harry S. Webb
Pioneer Days, an annual festival held in Kalida, Ohio
See also
Pioneer Day, a Utah state holiday | wiki |
In grammar, the perlative case (abbreviated ) is a grammatical case which expresses that something moved "through", "across", or "along" the referent of the noun that is marked. The case is found in a number of Australian Aboriginal languages such as Kuku-Yalanji and Kaurna, as well as in Aymara, Inuktitut, and the extinct Tocharian languages.
See also
Prolative case
References
Grammatical cases | wiki |
The 5K run is a long-distance road running competition over a distance of . Also referred to as the 5K road race, 5 km, or simply 5K, it is the shortest of the most common road running distances. It is usually distinguished from the 5000 metres track running event by stating the distance in kilometres, rather than metres.
Among road running events, the 5K distance is mostly popular with novice or infrequent runners or joggers, as it is comparatively easier to complete the distance without endurance training. The 5K distance also makes the distance suitable for people looking to improve or maintain their general physical fitness, rather than develop long-distance running abilities. The brevity of the distance means that less time is required to take part in the activity and that people from a wide range of ages and abilities may participate. From a physiological perspective, five kilometres is towards the low end of endurance running.
The combination of the activity's simplicity, its low cost, and medium exercise intensity mean that it is often recommended by medical organisations and healthcare professionals. Like all physical activity, regular 5K runs can improve cardiovascular function and reduce body fat, as well as having mental health benefits (see runner's high).
Events
Similar to other road running events, many organised 5K running events incorporate an element of charity running. Runners may elect to raise money for a chosen charity on the condition of their completion of the race. Raising money for charity is typically optional, with other participants running for pleasure. The 5K distance is particularly popular among women and a number of annual women-only races are organised over the 5K distance. Running USA's 2012 analysis of participation in American road races showed that 58% of participants in 5K races were women. The race participation contrasts with women's participation in sport in general and in longer distance races particularly, where the same report showed the gender bias was reversed.
The Hot Chocolate 5K in Chicago and the Mercedes-Benz Corporate Run in Miami are the largest organised 5K runs in the United States, having attracted over 20,000 and over 16,000 runners, respectively, in 2012. The number of runners ranked the Hot Chocolate 5K as the 20th largest road running event of any distance in the United States that year. There are several prominent 5K race series, including The Color Run, an international, mass participation, city-based series involving coloured water showers, and the parkrun series, which is a worldwide network of free-to-enter, volunteer-led races occurring each weekend, originating in the United Kingdom.
Unlike longer road races, such as the 10K run and marathon, the 5K distance is not commonly contested by elite distance runners. The Carlsbad 5000 is one of the few races that attract competitive elite fields and has seen several world bests for the distance (prior to the IAAF's 2018 decision to begin recognising world records for the 5K). The IAAF, now World Athletics did not go back to recognise the world best performances set at Carlsbad, which left a dilemma of known superior performances at Carlsbad and inferior world records that will last until the performances at Carlsbad are recognised or surpassed.
Another annual American race, Freihofer's Run for Women, also regularly has elite women competing in the road distance, as does the BOClassic in Italy. Elite racing almost exclusively takes place on the track for this distance.
There is no official world championship event organised for the 5 km road distance. Championships over 5 km are held nationally in some areas, including the United States and England. An annual North American 5K Championships was created in 2002, but the competition ceased after 2005.
Records
The 5 km road distance was introduced by IAAF as a world record event in November 2017, with the inaugural record to be recognised after 1 January 2018 if the performances were equal to or better than 13:10 for men and 14:45 for women. Other statistical organisations, including the Association of Road Racing Statisticians, record best times for the event. Records for the 5K are often noted in national records in athletics.
All-time top 25
+ = en route to longer performance
Men
Correct as of February 2023.
Notes
Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 13:17:
Berihu Aregawi also ran 12:52 (2021).
Joshua Cheptegei also ran 13:13 (2021), 13:16 (2022).
Women
Correct as of December 2022.
Notes
Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 14:48:
Ejgayehu Taye also ran 14:21 (2022).
Senbere Teferi also ran 14:37 (2022).
Yalemzerf Yehualaw also ran 14:44 (2022), 14:47 (2023).
Norah Jeruto also ran 14:46 (2019) and 14:48 (2021).
Eilish McColgan also ran 14:48 (2022).
Notes
References
List of world bests
World Best Progressions- Road. Association of Road Racing Statisticians (2013-12-21). Retrieved on 2014-01-18.
External links
5K run training from About.com
Road running distances
Long-distance running distances | wiki |
Thiotetrabarbital (INN; Thionarcex) is a drug which is a short-acting barbiturate derivative that is used as an anesthetic. It has been used in veterinary medicine.
See also
Barbiturate
References
General anesthetics
Thiobarbiturates
GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators | wiki |
Ring chromosome 14 syndrome is a very rare human chromosome abnormality. It occurs when one or both of the telomeres that mark the ends of chromosome 14 are lost allowing the now uncapped ends to fuse together forming a ring chromosome. It causes a number of serious health issues.
Symptoms and signs
The most common symptoms are intellectual disability and recurrent seizures developing in infancy or early childhood. Typically the seizures are resistant to treatment with anti-epileptic drugs. Other symptoms may include:
Microcephaly
Lymphedema
Facial abnormalities
Immune deficiencies
Abnormalities of retina
Slow growth
Short stature
Cause
The syndrome is caused by the loss of genetic material near the end of the long arm (q) of chromosome 14 . The break that causes the telomere(s) to be lost occurs near the end of the chromosome, and is called a constitutional ring. These rings arise spontaneously ( it is rarely inherited).
The genetic abnormality occurs randomly in sperm or egg cells or it may occur in early embryonic growth, if it occurs during embryonic growth the ring chromosome may be present in only some of a person's cells.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is achieved by examining the structure of the chromosomes through karyotyping; while once born, one can do the following to ascertain a diagnosis of the condition:
MRI
EEG
Management
In terms of the management of ring chromosome 14 syndrome, anticonvulsive medication for seizures, as well as, proper therapy to help prevent respiratory infections in the affected individual are management measures that can be taken.
Epidemiology
Ring chromosome 14 syndrome is extremely rare, the true rate of occurrence is unknown (as it is less than 1 per 1,000,000), but there are at least 50 documented cases in the literature.
See also
Ring chromosome 18 syndrome
Ring chromosome 20 syndrome
References
Further reading
External links
Congenital disorders
Rare diseases
Syndromes
Genetic disorders with no OMIM
Ring chromosomes | wiki |
Free spin may refer to:
A dance move, see Glossary of dance moves § Free spin
A type of 4D rollercoaster by S&S Worldwide, see 4th Dimension roller coaster § S&S Free Spin
A type of bonus in slot machines | wiki |
"Where Are You" is a song written by Maurice Gibb. It marked his debut as a lead vocalist and solo composer. It was included on the Bee Gees' 1966 album Spicks and Specks. In 1968, it was released in the US.
Origin
It was written by Maurice Gibb in 1966 and was his first to appear on any Bee Gees albums. It was recorded around April and May 1966.
Another Maurice composition from that year, "All by Myself" was released in 1970 on Inception/Nostalgia.
The song had drawn Kipner's attention to Maurice's potential as a more than competent songwriter, Maurice generally felt more comfortable writing the music than the words.
Personnel
Maurice Gibb — lead vocals, acoustic guitar, bass guitar
Barry Gibb — acoustic guitar, backing vocals
Robin Gibb — backing vocals
Colin Petersen — drums
John Robinson — bass guitar
Releases
Mike Furber version
The Mike Furber version of "Where Are You" credits Barry Gibb as the songwriter (instead of the original songwriter Maurice Gibb). Furber's version was released in December 1966 by Kommotion Records only in Australia and was released on the EP of the same name. The backing band was Max Merritt and the Meteors, with the Gibb brothers singing backup vocals. Furber's version reached No. 93 in the Australia Kent Music Report charts.
References
Bee Gees songs
1966 songs
Songs written by Maurice Gibb
1966 singles | wiki |
Germ or germs may refer to:
Science
Germ (microorganism), an informal word for a pathogen
Germ cell, cell that gives rise to the gametes of an organism that reproduces sexually
Germ layer, a primary layer of cells that forms during embryonic development
Cereal germ, the reproductive part of a cereal grain
Tooth germ, an aggregation of cells that eventually forms a tooth
Germ theory of disease, which states that some diseases are caused by microorganisms
Germ (mathematics), an object in a topological space that captures local properties
Art and media
Music
Germs (band), an American punk rock band
Germ (musician), a stage name of Tim Wright
Germ (rapper), an American rapper affiliated with Suicideboys and Pouya
"Germs" (song), by "Weird Al" Yankovic
The Germ (album), by Victim's Family
Others
"Germs" (Invader Zim), an episode of Invader Zim
The Germ (periodical), a British art magazine published in 1850
The Germs (comics), a comic strip
"The Germ", an episode of G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero
Other uses
Germ, Hautes-Pyrénées, a commune in the Hautes-Pyrénées department of southwestern France
Germ Hofma (born 1925), Dutch football player in the 1940s and 1950s
See also
Germination, the process by which an organism grows from a seed or similar structure
Stem cell, biological cells that can differentiate into other types of cells
Germans, people from Germany | wiki |
Harrisville – jednostka osadnicza w Stanach Zjednoczonych, w stanie Rhode Island, w hrabstwie Providence.
CDP w stanie Rhode Island | wiki |
Little America may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
Little America (band), a group with Geffen Records
Little America (film), a 1935 Paramount Pictures film
Little America (TV series), an American anthology television series on Apple TV+
Little America (video), a live concert DVD by Alphaville
Little Amerricka, an amusement park in Marshall, Wisconsin, United States
Hotels and resorts
Grand America Hotels & Resorts (formerly Little America)
Little America Hotel (Salt Lake City), in Utah, United States
Little America Hotel & Resort Cheyenne, in Wyoming, United States
Little America Wyoming, near Green River, Wyoming, United States
Places
Little America (exploration base), an Antarctic exploration base
Little America, Illinois, an unincorporated community in Fulton County, Illinois, United States
Little America, Wyoming, a census-designated place in Sweetwater County, Wyoming, United States
"Little America", a nickname for Helmand Province
See also
Little American | wiki |
Full Throttle is an energy drink brand produced by Monster Beverage. It debuted in late 2004 in the United States and Canada under its former owner The Coca-Cola Company. It is known for its sponsorship of National Hot Rod Association competitions from 2008 to 2012.
On June 12, 2015, Monster Beverage closed on the deal to acquire The Coca-Cola Company's energy drinks line. Coca-Cola transferred ownership of all of its worldwide energy businesses including NOS, Full Throttle and nine smaller brands to Monster. Monster transferred all of its non-energy drink businesses to Coca-Cola, including Hansen's natural sodas, Peace Tea, Hubert's Lemonade, and Hansen's juice products.
Full Throttle Coffee
Full Throttle released three coffee energy drinks of its own in the flavors Caramel, Vanilla, and Mocha in Southeast and Pacific Northwest markets. Coca-Cola claims it was made with "100% premium Arabica coffee", and it was available in 15oz cans, just like Monster's Java line and Rockstar's Roasted line. The drink's tagline was "Coffee. Fully Charged" prior to it being discontinued.
Current drinks
Full Throttle Original Citrus
Full Throttle Blue Agave/Blue Demon
Full Throttle True Blue
Discontinued drinks
Full Throttle Orange
Full Throttle Red Berry
Full Throttle Original Citrus Sugar Free
Full Throttle Night
Full Throttle Fury Berry
Full Throttle Fury Orange
Full Throttle Fury Blue
Full Throttle Fury Berry Sugar Free
Full Throttle Mother
Full Throttle Unleaded
Full Throttle Hydration
Full Throttle Coffee Vanilla
Full Throttle Coffee Mocha
Full Throttle Coffee Caramel
Full Throttle Twisted (Fountain Exclusive)
References
Coca-Cola brands
Energy drinks
Food and drink introduced in 2004
it:Burn (energy drink) | wiki |
Lobophytum schoedei is a species of the genus Lobophytum.
References
Alcyoniidae
Animals described in 1919 | wiki |
Petrine privilege, also known as the privilege of the faith or favor of the faith, is a ground recognized in Catholic canon law allowing for dissolution by the Pope of a valid natural marriage between a baptized and a non-baptized person for the sake of the salvation of the soul of someone who is thus enabled to marry in the Church.
In essence, it is an extension to marriages between a baptised and a non-baptized person of the logic of the Pauline privilege, the latter being dissolution of a marriage between two non-baptized persons to enable one of them, on becoming a Christian, to enter a Christian marriage.
According to Canon 1150 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law, the privilege of the faith "possesses the favor of law." In other words, whenever it is possible that the privilege is applicable, the law favors its granting. Nevertheless, dissolution of a marriage in favor of the faith, which is seen as having a biblical precedent in Jews putting away their non-Jewish wives recounted in , is rarely used.
Terminology
While the Pauline privilege is so named in reference to the instructions of Saint Paul in , the term "Petrine privilege", which was coined by Franz Hürth in his 1946 lectures on the Holy See's norms and practice, refers not to any rule given by Saint Peter, but to an exercise of authority by the Pope as successor of Saint Peter.<ref name=Primetshofer>[http://brillonline.nl/entries/religion-past-and-present/petrine-privilege-SIM_024690?s.num=0 Bruno Primetshofer, "Petrine Privilege]</ref>
Canonists now generally consider inappropriate the term "Petrine privilege" (as opposed to "privilege or favour of the faith"), but it remains in common use.
Natural marriage
The kind of marriage to which the "favor of the faith" applies is a valid natural marriage. Baptism is required for valid reception of the other sacraments, and because in marriage two people are involved together, if either of them is not baptized, there is no sacrament. A natural marriage, while recognized as valid, is classified as not confirmed (non ratum) and can be dissolved for the sake of the higher good of a person's faith.
If at any time, even after separation, the non-baptized party receives baptism, the marriage becomes sacramental and the "favor of the faith" no longer applies. However, if the husband and wife do not have marital intercourse after both become baptized persons, a marriage thus confirmed but not consummated (ratum sed non consummatum) can still, for a just cause, be dissolved in accordance with canon 1142 of the Code of Canon Law.
History
In response to the missionary growth of the 16th century, the popes (primarily Paul III, Altitudo, 1 June 1537; St Pius V, Romani Pontifices, 2 August 1571; and Gregory XIII, Populis, 25 January 1585) developed new norms in order to deal with polygamists, whereby a number of new "privileges" were approved that went well beyond those provided for by the Pauline privilege. The 1917 Code of Canon Law extended these to the whole Church, and the great increase of mixed marriages and of divorce in the 20th century has greatly increased pastoral needs in relation to marriage. Accordingly, the governing norms have continued to undergo development.
A precedent was set when in 1924 Pope Pius XI dissolved the 1919 marriage of Gerard G. Marsh (unbaptized) and Frances E. Groom (a baptized Anglican) of Helena, Montana, who were civilly divorced a year later. This was done to favor Marsh's marriage to Lulu LaHood, a Catholic. Cases became so numerous that, in 1934, the Holy Office issued "Norms for the Dissolution of Marriage in Favor of the Faith by the Supreme Authority of the Sovereign Pontiff". These applied even when the baptized party was a Catholic who had married a non-baptized person after obtaining a dispensation so as to enter into a valid natural marriage. On 6 December 1973, new norms were issued revising those of 1934. These in turn were replaced by a revised text on 30 April 2001.
Conditions
The petitioner (one of the parties in the marriage to be dissolved):
if baptized and Catholic at the time of the marriage in question, must intend to marry a baptized Christian (soon after or in the future).
if non-baptized or baptized in another Christian Church, must either
intend to enter the Catholic Church or be baptized in it, or
intend to marry a baptized practicing Catholic.
See also
Christian views on divorce
Pauline privilege
References
External links
Archdiocese of Chicago Metropolitan Tribunal FAQ: Question 40
Noonan, John T., JR. A Church that Can and Cannot Change''. University of Notre Dame Press. Notre Dame, Indiana. 2005. Chapters 24-26.
Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Vatican, Norms on the Preparation of the Process for the Dissolution of the Marriage Bond in Favor of the Faith, 30 April 2001
Catholic matrimonial canon law
Christian terminology
Marriage in Christianity | wiki |
Ruschia leucosperma är en isörtsväxtart som beskrevs av L. Bol. Ruschia leucosperma ingår i släktet Ruschia och familjen isörtsväxter. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.
Källor
Isörtsväxter
leucosperma | wiki |
Elizabeth Hughes may refer to:
Elizabeth Hughes Gossett (1907–1981), née Elizabeth Hughes, early patient treated with insulin
Elizabeth Hughes (legislator)
Elizabeth Phillips Hughes (1851–1925), Welsh scholar, teacher, and promoter of women's education
Elizabeth Josephine Brawley Hughes (1839–1926), advocate of women's rights in the United States
See also | wiki |
The Promotion Marketing Association (PMA) is an advocacy group and trade association for the promotion and integrated marketing sector.
The PMA is headquartered in New York City with its affiliate, the PMA Educational Foundation, Inc. Its president is Bonnie J. Carlson. The past president, Claire Rosenzweig, is now president of the Better Business Bureau of New York.
Councils
It comprises a number of councils, including:
Couponing
Event Marketing
Government/Law
Shopper Marketing
Interactive Promotions
Entertainment Marketing
Product Sampling & Demonstration
External links
Advertising organizations
Organizations established in 1911
Trade associations based in the United States
Organizations based in New York City
1911 establishments in New York (state) | wiki |
This article presents top ten lists of female singles tennis players, as ranked by various official and non-official ranking authorities throughout the history of the sport.
The article is split into two sections: 1921–1974, and since 1975 when the first official WTA rankings were published, for ease of navigation.
Top ten rankings by year
1921–1974
1975
The official WTA rankings were introduced in November 1975.
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
Last Tingay ranking before his death.
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
See also
World number 1 ranked female tennis players
List of WTA number 1 ranked singles tennis players
Top ten ranked male tennis players
Top ten ranked male tennis players (1912–1972)
References
Women's tennis
10
10 | wiki |
An emoji domain is a domain name with one or more emoji in it, for example 😉..
Function
With the exception of the information emoji (), the trademark emoji () and the "m" emoji (), for an emoji to work as a domain name, it must be converted into so-called "Punycode". Punycode is a character encoding method used for internationalized domain names (IDNs). This representation is used when registering domains containing special characters. The ASCII representation starts with the prefix "xn--" and is followed by the emoji-containing domain name encoded as Punycode, for example "xn--i-7iq" is "i❤" when converted back to Unicode.
Each emoji has a unique Punycode representation. For example, "😉" in an IDN is represented as "xn--n28h". There are several generators on the Internet that allow one to convert emoji to Punycode and back.
Availability and registration
, there are 11 top-level domains for which emoji domain registration is possible: .cf, .fm, .ga, .gq, .kz, .ml, .st, .tk, .to, .uz, and .ws; as well as 14 second-level domains: .radio.am, .radio.fm, .co.il, .org.il, .com.kz, .org.kz, .biz.ua, .co.ua, .pp.ua, .co.uz, .com.uz, .com.ws, .net.ws, and .org.ws.
The registration of an emoji domain can be more difficult than with normal domain names using only ASCII characters, since it is sometimes not possible to enter emoji into the online registration forms of domain name registrars, and instead the Punycode representation must be entered.
The availability of an emoji domain can be verified by using an emoji domain search engine or by checking the WHOIS data of the punycoded domain.
History
At least four emoji domains were created on April 19, 2001:☻.com (xn--84h.com), ♨️.com (xn--j6h.com), ♨️.net (xn--j6h.net), and ☮️.com (xn--v4h.com). In 2005, ♌️.com (xn--q5h.com) was registered. Cabel Sasser of Panic created 💩.la (xn--ls8h.la), "The World's First Emoji Domain", on April 13, 2011. In February 2015, Coca-Cola used a domain name containing a smiley emoji in an advertising campaign aimed at mobile users in Puerto Rico. A 2018 survey of the .ws TLD recorded approximately 25,000 registered emoji domains.
On June 26, 2020, an online collective called It Is What It Is employed the 👁️👄👁️.fm (xn--mp8hai.fm) emoji domain to raise money for various social justice causes. The viral campaign, which relied on people's fear of missing out, caused thousands of Twitter users to post both the emoji domain and the phrase "It Is What It Is" in hopes of getting access to a rumored exclusive social network. In the end, It Is What It Is turned out to be a hoax designed to redirect attention to social issues; it ultimately raised over $200,000 and was featured in Wired, Forbes, Business Insider, The Verge, and Gizmodo, among other publications.
Issues
Support among domain name registrars for emoji domains is limited.
It has been speculated that emoji domains, especially on mobile devices, may be used to lure victims into phishing scams.
Another problem is that emojis can look different depending on the operating system, applications, and fonts used. Not all browsers support emoji domains. On Google Chrome and Firefox, emoji display as Punycode in the address bar. In Safari, on the other hand, emoji are visible in the address bar. Emoji domains are also visible in Google and Bing search results.
There are also issues with using emoji domains in social media. While they are well supported on Twitter and LinkedIn, Facebook and Instagram have imposed serious restrictions. Support varies on messaging platforms.
At present, only Punycode encoding is advised in e-mail addresses, e.g. "mail@xn--n28h.tld", as many MTAs and MUAs don't support SMTPUTF8 which would allow SMTP commands with non-ASCII characters.
Emoji subdomains
Emoji subdomains are like normal subdomains, except that they begin with emoji. Emoji subdomains are possible with many popular TLDs, including .com. As with any other emoji domain, emoji subdomains have to be converted into Punycode and can then be used as regular subdomains. Thus, domain combinations like 👍.example.org (xn--yp8h.example.org) are possible. This allows a wide scope of emoji domains outside of ccTLDs.
References
Emoji
Domain Name System
Domain names | wiki |
Red Sindhi cattle are the most popular of all Zebu dairy breeds. The breed originated in the Sindh province of Pakistan, they are widely kept for milk production across Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and other countries. Their milk production is about 12 to 15 kg per day They have been used for crossbreeding with temperate (European) origin dairy breeds in many countries to combine their tropical adaptations (heat tolerance, tick resistance, disease resistance, fertility at higher temperatures, etc.) with the higher milk production found in temperate regions. It has been crossed with Jerseys in many places, including India, the United States, Australia, Sri Lanka, etc.
Description
The Red Sindhi range in color from a deep reddish brown to a yellowish red, but most commonly a deep red. They are distinguished from the other dairy breed of Sindh, the Tharparkar or White Sindhi, both by color and form, the Red Sindhi is smaller, rounder, with a more typical dairy form, and with short, curved horns, while the Tharparkar are taller with a shape more typical of Zebu draft breeds, and with longer, lyre shaped horns. The bulls are usually of a darker color than the cows.
Breeding
It has been crossed with include Holstein-Friesian, Brown Swiss and Danish Red. It has also been used to improve beef and dual purpose cattle in many tropical countries, as it is sufficiently meaty to produce good beef calves in such crosses and the high milk production helps give a fast-growing calf which is ready for market at one year. It is somewhat smaller than the very similar Sahiwal and produces a little less milk per animal as a result. This has caused it to lose favor with some commercial dairies in India and Pakistan, which have been phasing out their Red Sindhi herds by breeding to Sahiwal bulls for a few generations. The resulting cows, which are three-quarters Sahiwal and one-quarter Red Sindhi, can not be distinguished from pure Sahiwal cattle.
Red Sindhi cattle are also used for milk production in Brazil, but this race of zebu is not popular as others.
Brazilian Red Sindhi Cattle
Some Red Sindhi cows were imported to the Brazil in the middle of 20th century.
See also
Tharparkar cattle
Sahiwal cattle
Zebu
References
External links
STATUS, CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE OF RED SINDHI CATTLE
Cattle breeds
Cattle breeds originating in Pakistan
Animal breeds originating in Sindh
Red cattle
Cattle breeds originating in India | wiki |
Seminal, ultimately from Latin semen, "seed", may refer to:
Relating to seeds
Relating to semen
(Of a work, event, or person) Having much social influence on later developments | wiki |
George Messier (1896–1933) was a French inventor who is best known as the pioneer of hydraulically-operated landing gear for aircraft. He also specialized in hydropneumatic suspensions.
Notes
External links
History of the Messier Company (In French)
1896 births
1933 deaths
20th-century French inventors | wiki |
6Q6 is a small portion of a scroll from Cave 6 at Qumran, containing Song of Songs 1:1-7 in Hebrew. Together with three scroll portions found in Cave 4, they comprise the total witness to the Song from the Dead Sea Scrolls. It is dated to about 50 CE.
See also
List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts
4Q106 = 4QCanta
4Q107 = 4QCantb
4Q108 = 4QCantc
Biblical manuscript
Tanakh at Qumran
References
External links
Emanuel Tov 'A Categorized List of All the "Biblical Texts" Found in the Judean Desert.' Dead Sea Discoveries 8 (2001): 67–84.
6Q6 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
Dead Sea Scrolls
1st-century BC biblical manuscripts | wiki |
A passphrase is a sequence of words or other text used to control access to a computer system, program or data. It is similar to a password in usage, but a passphrase is generally longer for added security. Passphrases are often used to control both access to, and the operation of, cryptographic programs and systems, especially those that derive an encryption key from a passphrase. The origin of the term is by analogy with password. The modern concept of passphrases is believed to have been invented by Sigmund N. Porter in 1982.
Security
Considering that the entropy of written English is less than 1.1 bits per character, passphrases can be relatively weak. NIST has estimated that the 23-character passphrase "IamtheCapitanofthePina4" contains a 45-bit strength. The equation employed here is:
4 bits (1st character) + 14 bits (characters 2–8) + 18 bits (characters 9–20) + 3 bits (characters 21–23) + 6 bits (bonus for upper case, lower case, and alphanumeric) = 45 bits
(This calculation does not take into account that this is a well-known quote from the operetta H.M.S. Pinafore. An MD5 hash of this passphrase can be cracked in 4 seconds using crackstation.net, indicating that the phrase is found in password cracking databases.)
Using this guideline, to achieve the 80-bit strength recommended for high security (non-military) by NIST, a passphrase would need to be 58 characters long, assuming a composition that includes uppercase and alphanumeric.
There is room for debate regarding the applicability of this equation, depending on the number of bits of entropy assigned. For example, the characters in five-letter words each contain 2.3 bits of entropy, which would mean only a 35-character passphrase is necessary to achieve 80 bit strength.
If the words or components of a passphrase may be found in a language dictionary—especially one available as electronic input to a software program—the passphrase is rendered more vulnerable to dictionary attack. This is a particular issue if the entire phrase can be found in a book of quotations or phrase compilations. However, the required effort (in time and cost) can be made impracticably high if there are enough words in the passphrase and if they are randomly chosen and ordered in the passphrase. The number of combinations which would have to be tested under sufficient conditions make a dictionary attack so difficult as to be infeasible. These are difficult conditions to meet, and selecting at least one word that cannot be found in any dictionary significantly increases passphrase strength.
If passphrases are chosen by humans, they are usually biased by the frequency of particular words in natural language. In the case of four word phrases, actual entropy rarely exceeds 30 bits. On the other hand, user-selected passwords tend to be much weaker than that, and encouraging users to use even 2-word passphrases may be able to raise entropy from below 10 bits to over 20 bits.
For example, the widely used cryptography standard OpenPGP requires that a user make up a passphrase that must be entered whenever decrypting or signing messages. Internet services like Hushmail provide free encrypted e-mail or file sharing services, but the security present depends almost entirely on the quality of the chosen passphrase.
Compared to passwords
Passphrases differ from passwords. A password is usually short—six to ten characters. Such passwords may be adequate for various applications (if frequently changed, if chosen using an appropriate policy, if not found in dictionaries, if sufficiently random, and/or if the system prevents online guessing, etc.) such as:
Logging onto computer systems
Negotiating keys in an interactive setting (e.g. using password-authenticated key agreement)
Enabling a smart-card or PIN for an ATM card (e.g. where the password data (hopefully) cannot be extracted)
But passwords are typically not safe to use as keys for standalone security systems (e.g., encryption systems) that expose data to enable offline password guessing by an attacker. Passphrases are theoretically stronger, and so should make a better choice in these cases. First, they usually are (and always should be) much longer—20 to 30 characters or more is typical—making some kinds of brute force attacks entirely impractical. Second, if well chosen, they will not be found in any phrase or quote dictionary, so such dictionary attacks will be almost impossible. Third, they can be structured to be more easily memorable than passwords without being written down, reducing the risk of hardcopy theft. However, if a passphrase is not protected appropriately by the authenticator and the clear-text passphrase is revealed its use is no better than other passwords. For this reason it is recommended that passphrases not be reused across different or unique sites and services.
In 2012, two Cambridge University researchers analyzed passphrases from the Amazon PayPhrase system and found that a significant percentage are easy to guess due to common cultural references such as movie names and sports teams, losing much of the potential of using long passwords.
When used in cryptography, commonly the passphrase protects a long (machine generated) key, and the key protects the data. The key is so long a brute force attack (directly on the data) is impossible. A key derivation function is used, involving many thousands of iterations (salted & hashed), to slow down password cracking attacks.
Passphrases selection
Typical advice about choosing a passphrase includes suggestions that it should be:
Long enough to be hard to guess
Not a famous quotation from literature, holy books, et cetera
Hard to guess by intuition—even by someone who knows the user well
Easy to remember and type accurately
For better security, any easily memorable encoding at the user's own level can be applied.
Not reused between sites, applications and other different sources
Example methods
One method to create a strong passphrase is to use dice to select words at random from a long list, a technique often referred to as diceware. While such a collection of words might appear to violate the "not from any dictionary" rule, the security is based entirely on the large number of possible ways to choose from the list of words and not from any secrecy about the words themselves. For example, if there are 7776 words in the list and six words are chosen randomly, then there are 7,7766 = 221,073,919,720,733,357,899,776 combinations, providing about 78 bits of entropy. (The number 7776 was chosen to allow words to be selected by throwing five dice. 7776 = 65) Random word sequences may then be memorized using techniques such as the memory palace.
Another is to choose two phrases, turn one into an acronym, and include it in the second, making the final passphrase. For instance, using two English language typing exercises, we have the following. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog, becomes tqbfjotld. Including it in, Now is the time for all good men to come to the aid of their country, might produce, Now is the time for all good tqbfjotld to come to the aid of their country as the passphrase.
There are several points to note here, all relating to why this example passphrase is not a good one.
It has appeared in public and so should be avoided by everyone.
It is long (which is a considerable virtue in theory) and requires a good typist as typing errors are much more likely for extended phrases.
Individuals and organizations serious about cracking computer security have compiled lists of passwords derived in this manner from the most common quotations, song lyrics, and so on.
The PGP Passphrase FAQ suggests a procedure that attempts a better balance between theoretical security and practicality than this example. All procedures for picking a passphrase involve a tradeoff between security and ease of use; security should be at least "adequate" while not "too seriously" annoying users. Both criteria should be evaluated to match particular situations.
Another supplementary approach to frustrating brute-force attacks is to derive the key from the passphrase using a deliberately slow hash function, such as PBKDF2 as described in RFC 2898.
Windows support
If backward compatibility with Microsoft LAN Manager is not needed, in versions of Windows NT (including Windows 2000, Windows XP and later), a passphrase can be used as a substitute for a Windows password. If the passphrase is longer than 14 characters, this will also avoid the generation of a very weak LM hash.
Unix support
In recent versions of Unix-like operating systems such as Linux, OpenBSD, NetBSD, Solaris and FreeBSD, up to 255-character passphrases can be used.
See also
Keyfile
Password-based cryptography
Password psychology
References
External links
Diceware page
xkcd Password Strength common-viewed explanation of concept
Cryptography
Password authentication | wiki |
Bay Times may refer to:
San Francisco Bay Times
The Kent Island Bay Times | wiki |
A video recorder may be any of several related devices:
Digital video recorder (DVR); Personal video recorder (PVR)
DVD recorder
Videocassette recorder (VCR)
Video tape recorder (VTR) | wiki |
Energy saving lamps are sources of artificial light that employ advanced technology to reduce the amount of electricity used to generate light, relative to traditional filament-burning light bulbs.
Examples of energy saving lamps include:
Fluorescent lamps; i.e. regular and compact
a Light-emitting diode bulb
a Light-emitting Electrochemical Cell
Magnetic induction lamps
Energy-saving lighting | wiki |
Windows:
Microsoft Windows — семейство проприетарных операционных систем корпорации Microsoft.
Windows — клавиша на клавиатурах ПК-совместимых компьютеров, появившаяся после выхода Windows 95.
Windows — альбом Джона Лорда.
См. также
Windows-nnnn — семейство 8-битных кодировок (таких, как Windows-1251), разработанных и используемых в ОС Windows.
Окна | wiki |
The Canada–Quebec Accord relating to Immigration and Temporary Admission of Aliens is a legal agreement concerning immigration issues between the federal Government of Canada and the provincial Government of Quebec.
The arrangement gives Quebec the exclusive responsibility of choosing immigrants and refugees still living in their own countries but wishing to relocate to the province. The agreement was signed by Federal Ministers Barbara McDougall and Benoît Bouchard, and included an immediate transfer of $332 million to Quebec to help integrate newcomers. Quebec has also been given assurances by the Government of Canada to receive a number of immigrants proportional to its demographic weight within the confederation.
The broad accord signed in 1991 preceded similar agreements with other provinces including British Columbia and Manitoba. Under this agreement, selected applicants are issued a "certificat de sélection du Québec". Immigrants who settle also can be required by Québec's provincial government, to send their children to French-language schools. Citizenship and Immigration Canada issues the actual visa after background and health verifications. Other provinces also have agreements with the federal government in that they can nominate individuals for immigration purposes, similar to the way Quebec does.
New immigrants are entitled to settlement assistance such as free language training under provincial government administered programs usually called Language Instruction for Newcomers to Canada (LINC), for which the federal government has budgeted about $350 million to give to the provinces for the fiscal year 2006-2007. The majority of the $350 million is allocated to Quebec under the Canada–Quebec Accord, at $196 million per year, even though immigration to Quebec represented only 16.5% of all immigration to Canada in 2005. The $350 million is budgeted to increase by an additional $90 million by 2009.
Proposed reform
During the 2022 Quebec general election, the Coalition Avenir Québec (CAQ) government of François Legault which increased its majority ran on getting more immigration powers from Canada to the Province of Quebec. Legault has raised the idea of even having referendum on immigration powers.
After their election win they repeated their pledge for Quebec getting more immigration powers.
See also
Ministry of Immigration, Francisation and Integration
References
External links
Library of Parliament: Immigration - the Canada-Quebec Accord
Immigration-Québec - Obtenir un certificat de sélection du Québec
Immigration to Quebec | wiki |
Family Meeting is a 2019 Kenyan feature film produced by Betty Kathungu Furet and written and directed by Simiyu Barasa. The film became popular in Kenya after the producers successfully crowdfunded the budget through Facebook.
Synopsis
Jesse (Gitura Kamau), Moses (Abubakar Muindi) & his fiancée Alison (Maureen Koech) and Barbara (Akinyi Aluoch) meet at their Parents’ home (Raymond Ofula & Florence Nduta), to celebrate their 40th Wedding Anniversary but the celebration is turns into a fighting match of siblings, Conflict and untold secrets that threaten to tear a once happy family apart.
References
Kenyan drama films
2019 films | wiki |
In neuroanatomy, the optic nerve, also known as the second cranial nerve, cranial nerve II, or simply CN II, is a paired cranial nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain. In humans, the optic nerve is derived from optic stalks during the seventh week of development and is composed of retinal ganglion cell axons and glial cells; it extends from the optic disc to the optic chiasma and continues as the optic tract to the lateral geniculate nucleus, pretectal nuclei, and superior colliculus.
Structure
The optic nerve has been classified as the second of twelve paired cranial nerves, but it is technically a myelinated tract of the central nervous system, rather than a classical nerve of the peripheral nervous system because it is derived from an out-pouching of the diencephalon (optic stalks) during embryonic development. As a consequence, the fibers of the optic nerve are covered with myelin produced by oligodendrocytes, rather than Schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system, and are encased within the meninges. Peripheral neuropathies like Guillain–Barré syndrome do not affect the optic nerve. However, most typically, the optic nerve is grouped with the other eleven cranial nerves and is considered to be part of the peripheral nervous system.
The optic nerve is ensheathed in all three meningeal layers (dura, arachnoid, and pia mater) rather than the epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium found in peripheral nerves. Fiber tracts of the mammalian central nervous system have only limited regenerative capabilities compared to the peripheral nervous system. Therefore, in most mammals, optic nerve damage results in irreversible blindness. The fibers from the retina run along the optic nerve to nine primary visual nuclei in the brain, from which a major relay inputs into the primary visual cortex.
The optic nerve is composed of retinal ganglion cell axons and glia. Each human optic nerve contains between 770,000 and 1.7 million nerve fibers, which are axons of the retinal ganglion cells of one retina. In the fovea, which has high acuity, these ganglion cells connect to as few as 5 photoreceptor cells; in other areas of the retina, they connect to thousands of photoreceptors.
The optic nerve leaves the orbit (eye socket) via the optic canal, running postero-medially towards the optic chiasm, where there is a partial decussation (crossing) of fibers from the temporal visual fields (the nasal hemi-retina) of both eyes. The proportion of decussating fibers varies between species, and is correlated with the degree of binocular vision enjoyed by a species. Most of the axons of the optic nerve terminate in the lateral geniculate nucleus from where information is relayed to the visual cortex, while other axons terminate in the pretectal area and are involved in reflexive eye movements. Other axons terminate in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and are involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle. Its diameter increases from about 1.6 mm within the eye to 3.5 mm in the orbit to 4.5 mm within the cranial space. The optic nerve component lengths are 1 mm in the globe, 24 mm in the orbit, 9 mm in the optic canal, and 16 mm in the cranial space before joining the optic chiasm. There, partial decussation occurs, and about 53% of the fibers cross to form the optic tracts. Most of these fibers terminate in the lateral geniculate body.
Based on this anatomy, the optic nerve may be divided in the four parts as indicated in the image at the top of this section (this view is from above as if you were looking into the orbit after the top of the skull had been removed): 1. the optic head (which is where it begins in the eyeball (globe) with fibers from the retina); 2. orbital part (which is the part within the orbit); 3. intracanicular part (which is the part within a bony canal known as the optic canal); and, 4. cranial part (the part within the cranial cavity, which ends at the optic chiasm).
From the lateral geniculate body, fibers of the optic radiation pass to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe of the brain. In more specific terms, fibers carrying information from the contralateral superior visual field traverse Meyer's loop to terminate in the lingual gyrus below the calcarine fissure in the occipital lobe, and fibers carrying information from the contralateral inferior visual field terminate more superiorly, to the cuneus.
Function
The optic nerve transmits all visual information including brightness perception, color perception and contrast (visual acuity). It also conducts the visual impulses that are responsible for two important neurological reflexes: the light reflex and the accommodation reflex. The light reflex refers to the constriction of both pupils that occurs when light is shone into either eye. The accommodation reflex refers to the swelling of the lens of the eye that occurs when one looks at a near object (for example: when reading, the lens adjusts to near vision).
The eye's blind spot is a result of the absence of photoreceptors in the area of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye.
Clinical significance
Disease
Damage to the optic nerve typically causes permanent and potentially severe loss of vision, as well as an abnormal pupillary reflex, which is important for the diagnosis of nerve damage.
The type of visual field loss will depend on which portions of the optic nerve were damaged. In general, the location of the damage in relation to the optic chiasm (see diagram above) will affect the areas of vision loss. Damage to the optic nerve that is anterior, or in front of the optic chiasm (toward the face) causes loss of vision in the eye on the same side as the damage. Damage at the optic chiasm itself typically causes loss of vision laterally in both visual fields or bitemporal hemianopsia (see image to the right). Such damage may occur with large pituitary tumors, such as pituitary adenoma. Finally, damage to the optic tract, which is posterior to, or behind the chiasm, causes loss of the entire visual field from the side opposite the damage, e.g. if the left optic tract were cut, there would be a loss of vision from the entire right visual field.
Injury to the optic nerve can be the result of congenital or inheritable problems like Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, glaucoma, trauma, toxicity, inflammation, ischemia, infection (very rarely), or compression from tumors or aneurysms. By far, the three most common injuries to the optic nerve are from glaucoma; optic neuritis, especially in those younger than 50 years of age; and anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, usually in those older than 50.
Glaucoma is a group of diseases involving loss of retinal ganglion cells causing optic neuropathy in a pattern of peripheral vision loss, initially sparing central vision. Glaucoma is frequently associated with increased intraocular pressure that damages the optic nerve as it exits the eyeball. The trabecular meshwork assists the drainage of aqueous humor fluid. The presence of excess aqueous humor, increases IOP, yielding the diagnosis and symptoms of glaucoma.
Optic neuritis is inflammation of the optic nerve. It is associated with a number of diseases, the most notable one being multiple sclerosis. The patient will likely experience varying vision loss and eye pain. The condition tends to be episodic.
Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy is commonly known as "stroke of the optic nerve" and affects the optic nerve head (where the nerve exits the eyeball). There is usually a sudden loss of blood supply and nutrients to the optic nerve head. Vision loss is typically sudden and most commonly occurs upon waking up in the morning. This condition is most common in diabetic patients 40–70 years old.
Other optic nerve problems are less common. Optic nerve hypoplasia is the underdevelopment of the optic nerve resulting in little to no vision in the affected eye. Tumors, especially those of the pituitary gland, can put pressure on the optic nerve causing various forms of visual loss. Similarly, cerebral aneurysms, a swelling of blood vessel(s), can also affect the nerve. Trauma can cause serious injury to the nerve. Direct optic nerve injury can occur from a penetrating injury to the orbit, but the nerve can also be injured by indirect trauma in which severe head impact or movement stretches or even tears the nerve.
Ophthalmologists and optometrists can detect and diagnose some optic nerve diseases but neuro-ophthalmologists are often best suited to diagnose and treat diseases of the optic nerve. The International Foundation for Optic Nerve Diseases (IFOND) sponsors research and provides information on a variety of optic nerve disorders.
Additional images
See also
Cranial nerve
References
External links
The optic nerve on MRI
IFOND
online case history – Optic nerve analysis with both scanning laser polarimetry with variable corneal compensation (GDx VCC) and confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (HRT II - Heidelberg Retina Tomograph). Also includes actual fundus photos.
Animations of extraocular cranial nerve and muscle function and damage (University of Liverpool)
()
()
Visual system
Cranial nerves | wiki |
The Madness Fall Tour was the fourth concert tour and first arena tour by Canadian singer the Weeknd, in support of his second studio album Beauty Behind the Madness (2015). The tour was announced on August 20, 2015 with 20 dates, and began on November 3, 2015, in Toronto at the Air Canada Centre and concluded on December 19, 2015, in Miami at the American Airlines Arena.
Commercial reception
In January 2016, the tour placed at number 43 on Pollstars "2015 Year-End Top 200 North American Tours" list, grossing $24.3 million from 23 shows with a total attendance of 318,104.
Set list
This set list is representative of the show on November 16, 2015, in New York City. It is not representative of all concerts for the duration of the tour.
"Real Life"
"Losers"
"Acquainted"
"Often"
"High for This"
"The Party"
"King of the Fall"
"Crew Love"
"Or Nah"
"Professional"
"The Morning"
"House of Balloons" / "Glass Table Girls"
"Tell Your Friends"
"The Birds Part 1″
"Shameless"
"Earned It"
"Dark Times"
"As You Are"
"Angel"
"Dirty Diana" / "In the Night"
"Can't Feel My Face"
"Prisoner"
"The Hills"Encore'
"Wicked Games"
Shows
References
External links
The Weeknd official website
2015 concert tours
Concert tours of North America
The Weeknd concert tours | wiki |
Rojões also known as rojões à moda do Minho is a typical fried pork dish of Portuguese cuisine, in particular, of the Minho Province in the wider Norte region of northern Portugal but with several regional variants across the country. Rojões is also the name for boneless pieces of pork meat, but with some fat (for example, from the leg). In the North of Portugal, rojões are pork cuts from the leg, shoulder or belly, fried in lard in a pan, preferably made of iron, which is a typical regional dish well-known across the entire country and easily found also in almost all parts of Portugal. There are variants like those from Bairrada (rojões da Bairrada), Porto (rojões à moda do Porto) and Minho Province (rojões à minhota or rojões à moda do Minho). The nationally-famous carne de porco à alentejana, which always has clams as an ingredient and is named after the region of Alentejo, is indeed a dish of rojões with clams, also called rojões [de porco] à Alentejana, with or without clams.
References
Portuguese cuisine
Pork dishes | wiki |
The Men's individual kata competition at the 2021 World Karate Championships was held from 18 to 20 November 2021.
Results
Round 1
Round 2
Round 3
Finals
References
External links
Draw
Men's individual kata | wiki |
The Constitution of Ireland (, ) is the fundamental law of Ireland. It asserts the national sovereignty of the Irish people. The constitution, based on a system of representative democracy, is broadly within the tradition of liberal democracy. It guarantees certain fundamental rights, along with a popularly elected non-executive president, a bicameral parliament, a separation of powers and judicial review.
It is the second constitution of the Irish state since independence, replacing the 1922 Constitution of the Irish Free State. It came into force on 29 December 1937 following a statewide plebiscite held on 1 July 1937. The Constitution may be amended solely by a national referendum. It is the longest continually operating republican constitution within the European Union.
Background
The Constitution of Ireland replaced the Constitution of the Irish Free State which had been in effect since the independence, as a dominion, of the Irish state from the United Kingdom on 6 December 1922. There were two main motivations for replacing the constitution in 1937. Firstly, the Statute of Westminster 1931 granted parliamentary autonomy to the six British Dominions (now known as Commonwealth realms) within a British Commonwealth of Nations. This had the effect of making the dominions sovereign nations in their own right. The Irish Free State constitution of 1922 was, in the eyes of many, associated with the controversial Anglo-Irish Treaty. The anti-treaty faction, who opposed the treaty initially by force of arms, was so opposed to the institutions of the new Irish Free State that it initially took an abstentionist line toward them, boycotting them altogether. However, the largest element of this faction became convinced that abstentionism could not be maintained forever. This element, led by Éamon de Valera, formed the Fianna Fáil party in 1926, which entered into government following the 1932 general election.
After 1932, under the provisions of the Statute of Westminster, some of the articles of the original Constitution which were required by the Anglo-Irish Treaty were dismantled by acts of the Oireachtas of the Irish Free State. Such amendments removed references to the Oath of Allegiance, appeals to the United Kingdom's Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, the British Crown and the Governor-General. The sudden abdication of Edward VIII in December 1936 was quickly used to redefine the Royal connection. Nevertheless, the Fianna Fáil government still desired to replace the constitutional document they saw as having been imposed by the British government in 1922.
The second motive for replacing the original constitution was primarily symbolic. De Valera wanted to put an Irish stamp on the institutions of government, and chose to do this in particular through the use of Irish language nomenclature.
Drafting process
De Valera personally supervised the writing of the Constitution. It was drafted initially by John Hearne, legal adviser to the Department of External Affairs (now called the Department of Foreign Affairs). It was translated into Irish over a number of drafts by a group headed by Micheál Ó Gríobhtha (assisted by Risteárd Ó Foghludha), who worked in the Irish Department of Education. De Valera served as his own External Affairs Minister, hence the use of the Department's Legal Advisor, with whom he had previously worked closely, as opposed to the Attorney General or someone from the Department of the President of the Executive Council. He also received significant input from John Charles McQuaid, the then President of Blackrock College, on religious, educational, family and social welfare issues. McQuaid later became, in 1940, the Catholic Archbishop of Dublin. Other religious leaders who were consulted were Archbishop Edward Byrne (Roman Catholic), Archbishop John Gregg (Church of Ireland), William Massey (Methodist) and James Irwin (Presbyterian).
There are a number of instances where the texts in English and Irish clash, a potential dilemma which the Constitution resolves by favouring the Irish text even though English is more commonly used in the official sphere.
A draft of the constitution was presented personally to the Vatican for review and comment on two occasions by the Department Head at External Relations, Joseph P. Walsh. Prior to its tabling in Dáil Éireann and presentation to the Irish electorate in a plebiscite, Vatican Secretary of State Eugenio Cardinal Pacelli, the future Pope Pius XII, said of the final amended draft: "We do not approve, neither do we disapprove; We shall maintain silence." The quid pro quo for this indulgence of the Catholic Church's interests in Ireland was the degree of respectability which it conferred on De Valera's formerly denounced republican faction and its reputation as the 'semi-constitutional' political wing of the 'irregular' anti-treaty forces.
During the Great Depression, as social polarisation generated campaigns and strikes, Catholic social jurists aimed to forestall class conflict. Taoiseach Éamon de Valera and clericalist advisors such as John Charles McQuaid considered constitutional provisions to incorporate land redistribution, credit system regulation, and welfare rights. Late in the drafting process, however, de Valera re-wrote these initially robust socio-economic rights as non-binding 'directive principles', primarily to satisfy the Department of Finance's preferences for minimal state spending. In line with Ireland's banks and grazier farming interests, the final wording thus preserved the state's existing currency and cattle trading relations with the United Kingdom.
Adoption
The text of the draft constitution, with minor amendments, was approved on 14 June 1937 by Dáil Éireann (then the sole house of parliament, the Seanad having been abolished the previous year).
The draft constitution was then put to a plebiscite on 1 July 1937 (the same day as the 1937 general election), when it was passed by a plurality. 56% of voters were in favour, comprising 38.6% of the whole electorate. The constitution formally came into force on 29 December 1937 and, to mark the occasion, the Minister for Posts and Telegraphs issued two commemorative stamps on that date.
Among the groups who opposed the constitution were supporters of Fine Gael and the Labour Party, Unionists, and some independents and feminists. The question put to voters was simply "Do you approve of the Draft Constitution which is the subject of this plebiscite?".
Response
When the draft new constitution was published, the Irish Independent described it as one of De Valera's "finest tributes to his predecessors". The Irish Times criticised the constitution's assertion of a territorial claim on Northern Ireland, and the absence in its text of any reference to the British Commonwealth. The London-based Daily Telegraph included in its criticism the special position assigned to the Church of Rome under the new constitution. The Sunday Times concluded it would only help to "perpetuate division" between Dublin and Belfast. The Irish Catholic concluded it was a "noble document in harmony with papal teachings".
When the new constitution was enacted, the British government, according to The New York Times, "contented itself with a legalistic protest". Its protest took the form of a communiqué on 30 December 1937, in which the British stated:
The other governments of the British Commonwealth countries chose to continue to regard Ireland as a member of the British Commonwealth. A proposal by the Northern Ireland government that Northern Ireland be renamed "Ulster" in response to the new Irish constitution was aborted after it was determined that this would require Westminster legislation.
The Irish government received a message of goodwill from 268 United States congressmen, including eight senators. The signatories expressed "their ardent congratulations on the birth of the State of Ireland and the consequent coming into effect of the new constitution", adding that "We regard the adoption of the new constitution and the emergence of the State of Ireland as events of the utmost importance."
Feminists such as Hannah Sheehy Skeffington claimed that certain articles threatened their rights as citizens and as workers. Article 41.2, for example, equated womanhood with motherhood and further specified a woman's 'life within the home'. The Women Graduates' Association, the Joint Committee of Women's Societies and Social Workers, together with the Irish Women Workers' Union mobilised a two-month campaign seeking the provisions' amendment or deletion.
The Republican Congress also critiqued the constitution's "stone-age conception of womanhood". Writing in the Irish Democrat, Peadar O'Donnell and Frank Ryan condemned the 1937 Constitution for upholding private property as a sacred, 'natural right' and declaring that capitalism was 'something ordained by Providence forever, amen!' The Congress further opposed the Roman Catholic Church's position as a 'State or semi-State church' in violation of republican principles and an offence to Protestants throughout the island. The 'Roman Catholic Bishops of the South', O'Donnell claimed, now functioned as 'the watchdogs of the private property classes'.
Main provisions
The official text of the Constitution consists of a Preamble and fifty Articles arranged under sixteen headings. Its overall length is approximately 16,000 words. The headings are:
The Nation (Arts. 1–3)
The State (Arts. 4–11)
The President (Arts. 12–14)
The National Parliament (Arts. 15–27)
The Government (Art. 28)
Local Government (Art. 28A)
International Relations (Art. 29)
The Attorney General (Art. 30)
The Council of State (Arts. 31–32)
The Comptroller and Auditor General (Art. 33)
The Courts (Arts. 34–37)
Trial of Offences (Arts. 38–39)
Fundamental Rights (Arts. 40–44)
Directive Principles of Social Policy (Art. 45)
Amendment of the Constitution (Art. 46)
The Referendum (Art. 47)
Repeal of Constitution of Saorstát Éireann and Continuance of Laws (Arts. 48–50)
Establishment of Court of Appeal: Transitional Provisions (Art. 64)
The Constitution also includes a number of "Transitory Provisions" (Arts. 51–63) which have, in accordance with their terms, been omitted from all official texts since 1941. These provisions are still in force but are now mostly spent.
Preamble (full text)
In the Name of the Most Holy Trinity, from Whom is all authority and to Whom, as our final end, all actions both of men and States must be referred,
We, the people of Éire,
Humbly acknowledging all our obligations to our Divine Lord, Jesus Christ, Who sustained our fathers through centuries of trial,
Gratefully remembering their heroic and unremitting struggle to regain the rightful independence of our Nation,
And seeking to promote the common good, with due observance of Prudence, Justice and Charity, so that the dignity and freedom of the individual may be assured, true social order attained, the unity of our country restored, and concord established with other nations,
Do hereby adopt, enact, and give to ourselves this Constitution.
Characteristics of the nation and state
National sovereignty: The constitution asserts the "inalienable, indefeasible, and sovereign right" of the Irish people to self-determination (Article 1). The state is declared to be "sovereign, independent, [and] democratic" (Article 5).
Popular sovereignty: It is stated that all powers of government "derive, under God, from the people" (Article 6.1). However, it is also stated that those powers "are exercisable only by or on the authority of the organs of State" established by the Constitution (Article 6.2).
Name of the state: The Constitution declares that "[the] name of the State is Éire, or, in the English language, Ireland" (Article 4). Under The Republic of Ireland Act 1948 the term "Republic of Ireland" is the official "description" of the state; the Oireachtas, however, has left unaltered "Ireland" as the formal name of the state as defined by the Constitution.
United Ireland: Article 2, as substituted after the Good Friday Agreement, asserts that "every person born in the island of Ireland" has the right "to be part of the Irish Nation"; however, Article 9.2 now limits this to persons having at least one parent as an Irish citizen. Article 3 declares that it is the "firm will of the Irish Nation" to bring about a united Ireland, provided that this occurs "only by peaceful means", and only with the express consent of the majority of the people in both jurisdictions of Ireland.
National flag: The national flag is defined as "the tricolour of green, white and orange" (Article 7).
Capital city: The Houses of the Oireachtas (parliament) must usually meet in or near Dublin (Article 15.1.3°) ("or in such other place as they may from time to time determine"), and the President's official residence must be in or near the city (Article 12.11.1°).
Languages
Article 8 of the Constitution states:
Interpretation of these provisions has been contentious. The Constitution itself is enrolled in both languages, and in case of conflict the Irish language version takes precedence, even though in practice the Irish text is a translation of the English rather than vice versa. The 1937 Constitution introduced some Irish-language terms into English, such as Taoiseach and Tánaiste, while others, such as Oireachtas, had been used in the Free State Constitution. The use in English of Éire, the Irish-language name of the state, is deprecated.
Organs of government
The Constitution establishes a government under a parliamentary system. It provides for a directly elected, largely ceremonial President of Ireland (Article 12), a head of government called the Taoiseach (Article 28), and a national parliament called the Oireachtas (Article 15). The Oireachtas has a dominant directly elected lower house known as Dáil Éireann (Article 16) and an upper house Seanad Éireann (Article 18), which is partly appointed, partly indirectly elected and partly elected by a limited electorate. There is also an independent judiciary headed by the Supreme Court (Article 34).
National emergency
Under Article 28.3.3° the Constitution grants the state sweeping powers "in time of war or armed rebellion", which may (if so resolved by both Houses of the Oireachtas) include an armed conflict in which the state is not a direct participant. During a national emergency the Oireachtas may pass laws that would otherwise be unconstitutional, and the actions of the executive cannot be found to be ultra vires or unconstitutional provided they at least "purport" to be in pursuance of such a law. However, the constitutional prohibition on the death penalty (Article 15.5.2°), introduced by an amendment made in 2001, is an absolute exception to these powers.
There have been two national emergencies since 1937: an emergency declared in 1939 to cover the threat to national security posed as a consequence of World War II (although the state remained formally neutral throughout that conflict), and an emergency declared in 1976 to deal with the threat to the security of the state posed by the Provisional IRA.
International relations
European Union: Under Article 29.4.6° EU law takes precedence over the Constitution if there is a conflict between the two, but only to the extent that such EU law is "necessitated" by Ireland's membership. The Supreme Court has ruled that any EU Treaty that substantially alters the character of the Union must be approved by a constitutional amendment. For this reason separate provisions of Article 29 have permitted the state to ratify the Single European Act, Maastricht Treaty, Amsterdam Treaty, Nice Treaty and Treaty of Lisbon.
International law: Under Article 29.6 international treaties to which the state is a party are not to be considered part of Ireland's domestic law unless the Oireachtas has so provided. Under Article 29.3 it is declared that the state "accepts the generally recognised principles of international law as its rule of conduct in its relations with other States", but the High Court has ruled that this provision is merely aspirational, and not enforceable.
Individual rights
As enumerated under the heading "Fundamental Rights"
Equality before the law: Equality of all citizens before the law is guaranteed by Article 40.1.
Prohibition on titles of nobility: The state may not confer titles of nobility, and no citizen may accept such a title without the permission of the Government (Article 40.2). In practice, governmental approval is usually a formality.
Personal rights: The state is bound to protect "the personal rights of the citizen", and in particular to defend "the life, person, good name, and property rights of every citizen" (Article 40.3).
Unenumerated rights: The language used in Article 40.3.1° has been interpreted by the courts as implying the existence of unenumerated rights afforded to Irish citizens under natural law. Such rights upheld by the courts have included the right to marital privacy and the right of the unmarried mother to custody of her child.
Abortion law: Pregnancy termination may be regulated by law (Article 40.3.3°). (Abortion had been prohibited by the previous Article 40.3.3°, which the Irish public repealed and replaced in a 2018 referendum.)
Habeas corpus: The citizen's right to personal liberty is guaranteed by Article 40.4, which section also sets out in detail the procedure for obtaining habeas corpus. However, these rights are specifically excepted from applying to the actions of the Defence Forces during a "state of war or armed rebellion" (Article 40.4.5°). Since the Sixteenth Amendment it has also been constitutional for a court to deny bail to someone charged with a crime where "it is reasonably considered necessary", to prevent that person from committing a "serious offence" (Article 40.4.6°).
Inviolability of the home: A citizen's home may not be forcibly entered, except as permitted by law (Article 40.5).
Freedom of speech: Subject to "public order and morality", a qualified right of freedom of speech is guaranteed by Article 40.6.1°. However, "the State shall endeavour to ensure that organs of public opinion" (such as the news media) "shall not be used to undermine public order or morality or the authority of the State". Furthermore, "the publication or utterance of seditious or indecent matter" is specifically stated to be a criminal offence. This also prohibited blasphemy until it was removed by referendum in 2018. In Corway v. Independent Newspapers (1999), the Supreme Court dismissed an attempt to bring a prosecution for blasphemy on the basis that, amongst other things, no coherent definition of the offence was provided by law. Such a definition was subsequently provided by the Defamation Act 2009, which defined it as the publication of matter "grossly abusive or insulting in relation to matters held sacred by any religion, thereby [intentionally] causing outrage among a substantial number of the adherents of that religion". There was never a prosecution under this Act.
Freedom of peaceful assembly: Subject to "public order and morality", the right of citizens to peaceful assembly "without arms" is guaranteed by Article 40.6.1°. However, the Oireachtas is empowered to limit this right by law when a meeting may be "calculated to cause a breach of the peace or to be a danger or nuisance to the general public"; the Oireachtas is similarly empowered to limit this right in relation to meetings held "in the vicinity" of either House.
Freedom of association: Subject to "public order and morality", the right of citizens "to form associations and unions" is also guaranteed by Article 40.6.1°; however, the exercise of this right may be regulated by law "in the public interest".
Family and home life: Under Article 41.1 the state promises to "protect the Family", and recognises the family as having "inalienable and imprescriptible rights, antecedent and superior to all positive law". Under Article 41.2 the state is required to ensure that "economic necessity" does not oblige a mother "to engage in labour to the neglect of [her] duties in the home". Article 41.3 sets out conditions that must be fulfilled before a court may grant a divorce, including that adequate financial provision has been made for both spouses and any of their children.
Education: Article 42 guarantees parents the right to determine where their children shall be educated (including at home), provided a minimum standard is met. Under the same article the state must provide for free primary level education. Currently Irish law also guarantees free second and third level education.
Private property: The right to own and transfer private property is guaranteed by Article 43, subject to "the principles of social justice", and in accordance with laws passed reconciling the right "with the exigencies of the common good" (Article 43).
Religious freedom: A citizen's freedom of religious conscience, practice, and worship is guaranteed, "subject to public order and morality", by Article 44.2.1°. The state may not "endow" any religion (Article 44.2.2°), nor discriminate on religious grounds (Article 44.2.3°).
As enumerated under other headings
Prohibition of the death penalty: Since the enactment of the twenty-first amendment, signed into law in 2002, the Oireachtas is prohibited from enacting any law that imposes the death penalty (Article 15.5.2°); this restriction even applies during a time of war or armed rebellion (Article 28.3.3°).
Prohibition of ex post facto laws: The Oireachtas may not enact ex post facto criminal laws (Article 15.5.1°).
Due process and trial by jury: Trial for any alleged criminal offence may only be "in due course of law" (Article 38.1). All trials for a serious offence of a person not subject to military law must be before a jury (Article 38.5), except where "special courts" have been established by law because "the ordinary courts are inadequate to secure the effective administration of justice, and the preservation of public peace and order", and except where military tribunals have been established by law "to deal with a state of war or armed rebellion".
Sexual discrimination: The sex of an individual cannot be a reason to deny them the right to citizenship (Article 9.1.3°), nor to deny them a vote for (or membership of) Dáil Éireann (Article 16.1).
Directive Principles of Social Policy
Article 45 outlines a number of broad principles of social and economic policy. Its provisions are, however, intended solely "for the general guidance of the Oireachtas", and "shall not be cognisable by any Court under any of the provisions of this Constitution" (preamble to Article 45).
The "Directive Principles of Social Policy" feature little in contemporary parliamentary debates. However, no proposals have yet been made for their repeal or amendment.
The principles require, in summary, that:
"justice and charity" must "inform all the institutions of the national life".
Everyone has the right to an adequate occupation.
The free market and private property must be regulated in the interests of the common good.
The state must prevent a destructive concentration of essential commodities in the hands of a few.
The state must supplement private industry where necessary.
The state should ensure efficiency in private industry and protect the public against economic exploitation.
The state must protect the vulnerable, such as orphans and the aged.
No one may be forced into an occupation unsuited to their age, sex or strength.
The "Directive Principles" have influenced other constitutions. Notably, the famous "Indian Directive Principles of State Policy" contained in the Constitution of India are influenced by the Constitution of Ireland. Moreover, the previous Constitution of Nepal adopted in 1962 and in force for 28 years and commonly called Panchayat Constitution contained a verbatim translation of the "Directive Principles" of the Irish constitution.
Transitory provisions
The transitory provisions of the constitution consist of thirteen articles that provide for a smooth transition from the state's pre-existing institutions to the newly established state. Article 51 provides for the transitional amendment of the constitution by ordinary legislation. The remaining twelve deal with such matters as the transition and reconstitution of the executive and legislature, the continuance of the civil service, the entry into office of the first president, the temporary continuance of the courts, and with the continuance of the attorney general, the comptroller and auditor general, the Defence Forces and the police.
Under their own terms the transitory provisions are today omitted from all official texts of the constitution. The provisions required that Article 51 be omitted from 1941 onwards and the remainder from 1938. However, paradoxically, under their own provisions Articles 52 to 63 continue to have the full force of law and so may be considered to remain an integral part of the constitution, even though invisible. This created the anomalous situation that, in 1941, it was deemed necessary, by means of the Second Amendment, to make changes to Article 56 despite the fact that it was no longer a part of the official text.
The precise requirements of the transitory provisions were that Articles 52 to 63 would be omitted from all texts published after the day on which the first president assumed office (this was Douglas Hyde who was inaugurated in 1938) and that Article 51 would be omitted from the third anniversary of this inauguration (1941). Unlike the other articles, Article 51 expressly provides that it would cease to have legal effect once it was removed from the document.
Amendments
Any part of the Constitution may be amended, but only by referendum.
The procedure for amendment of the Constitution is set out in Article 46. An amendment must first be passed by both Houses of the Oireachtas, then be submitted to a referendum, and then finally must be signed into law by the President.
Amendments are sometimes proposed to address a new social problem or phenomenon not considered at the time of the Constitution being drafted (e.g. children's rights, same-sex marriage), to address outmoded provisions in the Constitution (e.g. special position of the Roman Catholic Church, prohibition on abortion), or to attempt to reverse or alter an interpretation of the court through a corrective referendum (e.g. Oireachtas enquiries). Usually referendums are only proposed when there is wide political support for the proposed change.
Enrollment of the Constitution
Article 25.5 provides that from time to time, the Taoiseach may cause an up to date text of the Constitution to be prepared in Irish and in English, embodying all of the amendments made so far. Once this new text has been signed by the Taoiseach, the Chief Justice and the President, it is enrolled on vellum and deposited with the office of the Registrar of the Supreme Court. Once enrolled, the new text becomes conclusive evidence of the Constitution, and supersedes earlier enrolled copies. The Constitution has been enrolled six times: in 1938, 1942, 1980, 1990, 1999, and 2019.
Judicial review of laws
The Constitution states that it is the highest law of the land and grants the Supreme Court of Ireland authority to interpret its provisions, and to strike down the laws of the Oireachtas and activities of the Government it finds to be unconstitutional. Under judicial review the quite broad meaning of certain articles has come to be explored and expanded upon since 1937.
The Supreme Court ruled that Articles 2 and 3, before their alteration in 1999, did not impose a positive obligation upon the state that could be enforced in a court of law. The reference in Article 41 to the family's "imprescriptible rights, antecedent and superior to all positive law" has been interpreted by the Supreme Court as conferring upon spouses a broad right to privacy in marital affairs. In McGee v. The Attorney General (1974) the court invoked this right to strike down laws banning the sale of contraceptives. The court also issued a controversial interpretation of Article 40.3.3°, which before its replacement in 2018 prohibited abortion. In Attorney General v. X (1992), commonly known as the "X case", the Supreme Court ruled that the state must permit an abortion where there is a danger to her life, including a risk of suicide.
Issues of controversy
The "national territory"
As originally enacted in 1937, Article 2 asserted that "the whole island of Ireland, its islands and the territorial seas" formed a single "national territory", while Article 3 asserted that the Oireachtas had a right "to exercise jurisdiction over the whole of that territory". These articles offended Unionists in Northern Ireland, who considered them tantamount to an illegal extraterritorial claim.
Under the terms of the 1998 Good Friday Agreement, Articles 2 and 3 were amended to remove any reference to a "national territory", and to state that a united Ireland should only come about with the consent of majorities in both the jurisdictions on the island of Ireland. The amended Articles also guarantee the people of Northern Ireland the right to be a "part of the Irish Nation", and to Irish citizenship.
Religion
The Constitution guarantees freedom of worship, and forbids the state from creating an established church.
Article 44.1 as originally enacted explicitly "recognised" a number of Christian denominations, such as the Anglican Church of Ireland, the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, as well as "the Jewish Congregations". It also recognised the "special position" of the Catholic Church. These provisions were removed by the Fifth Amendment in 1973 (see below). Nevertheless, the constitution still contains a number of explicit religious references, such as in the preamble, the declaration made by the President, and the remaining text of Article 44.1, which reads:
A number of ideas found in the Constitution reflect the Catholic social teachings when the original text was drafted. Such teachings informed the provisions of the (non-binding) Directive Principles of Social Policy, as well as the system of vocational panels used to elect the Senate. The Constitution also grants very broadly worded rights to the institution of the family.
The remaining religious provisions of the Constitution, including the wording of the Preamble, remain controversial and widely debated.
As originally enacted, the Constitution also included a prohibition on divorce. The ban on divorce was not removed until 1996.
Incorporating Catholic social teaching into law was common to many predominantly Catholic countries in the 1930s. Divorce, for example, was banned in other states such as Italy, which repealed its ban in the 1970s.
The reference to the Catholic Church's special position was of no legal effect and there was significance in the fact that the "special position" of Catholicism was held to derive merely from its greater number of adherents. Notably, Éamon De Valera resisted pressure from right-wing Catholic groups such as Maria Duce to make Catholicism an established church or to declare it the "one true religion".
The prohibition on divorce was supported by senior members of the Protestant Church of Ireland.
The Constitution's explicit recognition of the Jewish community was progressive in the climate of the 1930s.
Abortion
The Constitution had, from 1983 to 2018, contained a prohibition of abortion. From 1992 the constitution did not prohibit the distribution of information about abortion services in other countries or the right of freedom of travel to procure an abortion. In theory, the prohibition of abortion did not apply in cases where there was a threat to the life of the mother (including from risk of suicide), though the 2012 death of Savita Halappanavar suggested that the practical position was a total prohibition.
Status of women
The Constitution guarantees women the right to vote and to nationality and citizenship on an equal basis with men. It also contains a provision, Article 41.2, which states:
Head of state
In 1949 the Irish state abandoned its few remaining constitutional ties with the British monarchy, and it was declared by an Act of the Oireachtas that the term "Republic of Ireland" could be used as a "description" for the Irish state. However, there is debate as to whether or not the state was a republic in the period 1937–1949; between these dates the state was not described in any law as a republic. The current text of the Constitution does not mention the word "republic", but does for example assert that all power is derived, "under God, from the people" (Article 6.1).
Debate largely focuses on the question of whether, before 1949, the head of state was the President of Ireland or King George VI. The Constitution did not directly refer to the King, but also did not (and still does not) state that the President was head of state. The President exercised most of the usual internal functions of a head of state, such as formally appointing the Government, and promulgating laws.
In 1936, before the enactment of the existing Constitution, George VI had been declared "By the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India" and, under the External Relations Act of the same year, it was this King who formally represented the state in its foreign affairs. Treaties, for example, were signed in the name of the King, who also accredited ambassadors and received the letters of credence of foreign diplomats. Representing a state abroad is seen by many scholars as the key characteristic of a head of state. This role meant, in any case, that George VI was the Head of State in the eyes of foreign nations.
Section 3(1) of the Act stipulated that:
However, the removal of the King's constitutional position within Ireland was brought about in 1948 not by any change to the Constitution but by ordinary law (The Republic of Ireland Act 1948). Since the Irish state was unambiguously a republic after 1949 (when the 1948 Act came into operation) and the same Constitution was in force prior to that time, some have argued that the Irish state was in reality a republic from the Constitution's enactment in 1937.
Name of the state
The constitution begins with words "We, the people of Éire". It then declares, in Article 4, that the name of the state is "Éire, or, in the English language, Ireland". The text of the draft constitution as originally introduced into the Dáil had simply stated that the state was to be called Éire, and that term was used throughout the text of the draft constitution. However, the English text of the draft constitution was amended during the parliamentary debates to replace "Éire" with "Ireland". (The only exceptions were the preamble, in which "Éire" is used alone, and Article 4, which was amended so as to refer to both "Éire" and the alternative English language name of "Ireland".) The name of the state was the subject of a long dispute between the British and Irish governments, which has since been resolved.
Non-traditional family units
Article 41.1.1° of the Constitution "recognises the Family as the natural primary and fundamental unit group of Society, and as a moral institution possessing inalienable and imprescriptible rights, antecedent and superior to all positive law", and guarantees its protection by the state. As of 29 August 2015, Article 41.4 states "Marriage may be contracted in accordance with law by two persons without distinction as to their sex", thereby allowing both opposite and same-sex partners to marry. However, these rights and protections are not extended to every family unit, such as single parents or unmarried opposite-sex or same-sex co-habiters.
The institution of marriage enjoys a privileged position in the Constitution. A family exclusively based on marriage is envisaged: Article 41.3.1° states that "[t]he State pledges itself to guard with special care the institution of Marriage, on which the Family is founded". The effect is that non-marital unit members are not entitled to any of the encompassed protections, including those under the realms of tax, inheritance, and social welfare, granted by Article 41. For example, in State (Nicolaou) v. An Bord Uchtála [1966] IR 567, where an unmarried father, who had become estranged from the mother of his child some months after living and caring for the same child together, was prevented from invoking the provisions of Article 41 to halt the mother's wishes of putting the child up for adoption. The then Mr. Justice Walsh of the Supreme Court stated that "the family referred to in [Article 41 was] the family which is founded on the institution of marriage".
The Eighth Amendment
Article 40.3.3° was inserted into the Constitution in 1983 by the Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland. The Eighth Amendment recognised "the unborn" as having a right to life equal to that of "the mother". Accordingly, abortions could only be legally conducted in Ireland as part of a medical intervention performed to save the life of the pregnant woman, including a pregnant woman at risk of suicide. On 25 May 2018, a referendum was held asking whether the Eighth Amendment should be repealed. A majority voted to repeal, and the Eighth Amendment was subsequently repealed on 18 September 2018 via the passage of the Thirty-sixth Amendment.
Economic and social rights
Recent polls suggest that more than 70 percent of the Irish public believe that the Irish Constitution should be amended to protect human rights like the right to health and social security.
In February 2014, the Convention on the Irish Constitution (2014) voted to constitutionalise rights to health, housing, and adequate living standards. Successive Irish governments, however, have thus far not acted upon its recommendations to constitutionalise new economic and social rights.
Civil society groups have articulated and mobilised for socio-economic rights in response to the state's handling of the 2008 crisis, particularly its nationalising of private banking debts and imposition of austerity. The Right2Water campaign (2015) mobilised tens of thousands of people in support of the constitutional recognition of a right to water, as well as rights to decent work, health, housing, education, debt justice, and democratic reform. Civil society organisations continue to call for a constitutional right to housing to address homelessness.
Discrepancies between the Irish and English texts
A number of discrepancies have been identified between the Irish language and English language texts of the Constitution. According to Article 25.5.4° the Irish text prevails in such cases. The second amendment resolved some of these in 1941 with changes to the Irish language texts of Articles 11, 13, 15, 18, 20, 28 and 34 which had no corresponding change to the English language text.
Perhaps the most significant remaining discrepancy between the two texts of the Constitution is to be found in the subsection stipulating the minimum age for a candidate to be eligible for election as President (Art. 12.4.1°). According to the English text, an eligible candidate "has reached his thirty-fifth year of age", whereas the Irish text has this as "ag a bhfuil cúig bliana tríochad slán" ("has completed his thirty-five years").
A person's first year begins when they are born and ends the day before their first birthday. A first birthday is the beginning of their second year. Accordingly, the thirty-fifth year of age is reached on a person's thirty-fourth birthday. In contrast a person has completed their first year on their first birthday and their thirty-fifth year on their thirty-fifth birthday. This can be contrasted with Article 16.1.2˚ regarding the entitlement to vote for Dáil Éireann which states this as those "who have reached the age of eighteen years".
Constitutional reviews
The Constitution has been subjected to a series of formal reviews.
1966 The then Taoiseach, Seán Lemass, encouraged the establishment of an informal Oireachtas committee, which undertook a general review of the Constitution and issued a report in 1967.
1968 A draft report was produced by a legal committee, chaired by the Attorney General Colm Condon. No final report was published.
1972 The Inter-Party Committee on the Implications of Irish Unity addressed constitutional issues in relation to Northern Ireland. Its work was continued by the 1973 All-Party Oireachtas Committee on Irish Relations and later by the 1982 Constitution Review Body, a group of legal experts under the chairmanship of the Attorney General. Neither of the 1972 groups published a report.
1983–1984 The New Ireland Forum was established in 1983, and its report in 1984 covered some constitutional issues.
1988 The Progressive Democrats published a review entitled Constitution for a New Republic.
1994–1997 In October 1994, the government established a Forum for Peace and Reconciliation, which considered some constitutional issues relating to Northern Ireland. The Forum suspended its work in February 1996 but met once more in December 1997.
1995–1996 The Constitution Review Group was an expert group established by the government in 1995, and chaired by Dr T.K. Whitaker. Its 700-page report, published in July 1996, was described as "the most thorough analysis of the Constitution from the legal, political science, administrative, social and economic perspectives ever made".
1996–2007 The All-Party Oireachtas Committee on the Constitution was set up in 1996, running in three stages until it completed its work in 2007.
2012–2014 A Constitutional Convention composed both of citizen members and elected representatives examined a number of specific measures and proposed their amendment
All-Party Oireachtas Committee
The All-Party Oireachtas Committee on the Constitution was established in 1996.
First committee
The First All-Party Committee (1996–1997), chaired by Fine Gael TD Jim O'Keeffe, published two progress reports in 1997:
1st Progress Report, 1997
2nd Progress Report, 1997
Second committee
The Second All-Party Oireachtas Committee on the Constitution (1997–2002) was chaired by Fianna Fáil TD Brian Lenihan. It published five progress reports:
3rd Progress Report: The President, 1998
4th Progress Report: the courts and judiciary, 1999
5th Progress Report: abortion, 2000
6th Progress Report: the referendum, 2001
7th Progress Report: Parliament, 2002
The second committee also published two commissioned works:
A new electoral system for Ireland?, by Michael Laver (1998)
Bunreacht na hÉireann: a study of the Irish text, by Micheál Ó Cearúil (1999)
Third committee
The Third All-Party Oireachtas Committee on the Constitution (2002–2007) was chaired by Fianna Fáil TD Denis O'Donovan. It described its task as being to "complete the programme of constitutional amendments begun by the earlier committees, aimed at renewing the Constitution in all its parts, for implementation over a number of years". It described the job as "unprecedented", noting that "no other state with the referendum as its sole mechanism for constitutional change has set itself so ambitious an objective".
The committee divided its work into considering three types of amendment:
technical/editorial: changes in form but not in substance, for example changing "he" to "he or she" where it is clear that a provision in the Constitution applies to both men and women.
non-contentious: changes in substance generally agreeable to the people, for example describing the President as Head of State.
contentious: changes in substance which of their nature divide people, for example changes in the character and scope of human rights.
The Third All-Party Committee published three reports:
8th Progress Report: Government, 2003
9th Progress Report: Private Property, 2004
10th Progress Report: The Family, 2006
See also
Politics of the Republic of Ireland
History of the Republic of Ireland
List of Ireland-related topics
References
Further reading
Brian Farrell, De Valera's Constitution and Ours
Brian Doolan, Constitutional Law and Constitutional Rights in Ireland
Jim Duffy, "Overseas studies: Ireland" in An Australian Republic: The Options – The Appendices (Republic Advisory Committee, Vol II, Commonwealth of Australia, 1993)
Michael Forde, Constitutional Law of Ireland
John M. Kelly, The Irish Constitution
Dermot Keogh and Andrew McCarthy, 'The making of the Irish Constitution 1937', Mercier Press, Cork, 2007,
Tim Murphy & Patrick Twomey, Ireland's Evolving Constitution 1937–1997: Collected Essays
Thomas Murray (2016) Contesting Economic and Social Rights in Ireland: Constitution, State and Society, 1848–2016 Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316652862
Thomas Murray (2015) "Socio-Economic Rights and the Making of the 1937 Irish Constitution", Irish Political Studies,Vol 31 (4), pp. 502–524. DOI: 10.1080/07907184.2015.1095738
Micheál Ó Cearúil, Bunreacht na hÉireann: A Study of the Irish Text (published by the All Party Oireachtas Committee on the Constitution, The Stationery Office, 1999).
James Casey, "Constitutional Law in Ireland"
Séamas Ó Tuathail, "Gaeilge agus Bunreacht"
Oran Doyle and Eoin Carolan (eds), The Irish Constitution : Governance and Values, (Thomson Round Hall, 2008).
Fiona de Londras and Mairead Enright, "Repealing the 8th: Reforming Abortion Law in Ireland" (Policy press, 2018)
External links
Text of the constitution
Irish Statute Book: English text Irish text
Department of the Taoiseach: The Constitution
Original text:
Original text of the Constitution of Ireland – Full text of the document as it was adopted in 1937, from Wikisource
Transitory Provisions – Excluded from the official text, but still having the force of law, excepting Article 51. From Wikisource
The Unabridged Constitution of Ireland – An unofficial variorum edition with amendments alongside the original text. Only accurate up until the Twentieth Amendment in 1999.
Other
constitution.ie (Constitutional Convention)
Constitution (links to official reports on the Constitution since 1996)
The Origins of the Irish Constitution project of the Royal Irish Academy with documents covering the period 1929 to 1941.
1937 in Ireland
1937 in law
History of the Republic of Ireland
Irish constitutional law
Ireland and the Commonwealth of Nations
Politics of the Republic of Ireland
Éamon de Valera
1937 establishments in Ireland
1937 documents | wiki |
Taxation of costs is a ministerial function performed by a court upon the resolution of case. It involves entering the various costs and their amounts against the party (either the claimant or defendant) against whom those costs have been awarded by the court. The itemisation of costs or the subsequent determination of the costs that should be allowed is not a determination of the outcome of the litigation.
This is now known as detailed assessment in English law following the Civil Procedure Act 1997.
In early common law costs were unknown, but as early as 1278 an English statute was passed whereby costs could be awarded to the prevailing party (Brown v. Consolidated Fisheries Co., 18 F.R.D. 433).
Such costs can include items such as witness fees, mileage and subsistence, marshal's fees, attorney's and other docket fees, and a reporter's charge for transcript.
Civil procedure
Legal costs | wiki |
Embraer Phenom may refer to:
Embraer Phenom 100, a 4-6 passenger very light jet aircraft
Embraer Phenom 300, a 6-8 passenger light jet aircraft
Set index articles on vehicles | wiki |
A dynamic compression plate (DCP) is a metallic plate used in orthopedics for internal fixation of bone, typically after fractures. As the name implies, it is designed to exert dynamic pressure between the bone fragments to be transfixed. Dynamic compression is achieved either by attaching a tension device to a plate or by using a special dynamic compression plate. However, compression plating requires a longer surgical incision to allow insertion of the tension device and the possibility of refracture after the plate is removed. A neutralization plate is used to bridge a comminuted fracture; it also transmits bending or torsional forces from the proximal to the distal fragment. Plates used for buttressing prevent collapse by supporting an area of thin cortex or cancellous bone graft.
When plates are used, atrophy of the bone beneath the plate may predispose the bone to fracture. After removal of plates, fractures may occur through the screw holes.
Sliding screw plate
The sliding screw plate (dynamic compression screw, dynamic hip screw) may be used to treat intertrochanteric fractures as well as other injuries. This device consists of a lag screw and a side plate with a barrel. The sliding screw telescopes and provides fixation while allowing impaction to occur at the fracture during healing and weight bearing. Among the complications of sliding screw plate fixation are "cutting out" of the nail, penetration of the screw into the joint, bending or breaking of the nail, and disengagement of the screw from the barrel and even protrusion of the screw into the vertebrae.
References
Orthopedic implants
Orthopedic surgical procedures | wiki |
Burra Burra Mine may refer to:
The Burra Burra Mine — an historic (1845 – 1877) copper mine located in Burra, South Australia
The Burra Burra Mine (Tennessee) — a copper mine located in Ducktown, Tennessee, United States, and named after the Australian mine | wiki |
Runoff voting can refer to:
Two-round system, a voting system used to elect a single winner, whereby only two candidates from the first round continue to the second round, where one candidate will win.
Instant-runoff voting, an electoral system whereby voters rank the candidates in order of preference.
Contingent vote, an instant-runoff (preferential, single round) version of the two-round system.
Exhaustive ballot, a reiterative voting system, whereby rounds of voting continue (with or without elimination) until one candidate achieves a majority, also called repeated balloting. | wiki |
Swansea Festival may refer to a number of festivals that take place in Swansea, Wales.:
Swansea Festival of Music and the Arts, an annual event during October.
Swansea Bay Summer Festival, an annual event that runs during summer, from May to September.
Swansea Film Festival | wiki |
Radiology ( ) is the medical discipline that uses medical imaging to diagnose diseases and guide their treatment, within the bodies of humans and other animals. It began with radiography (which is why its name has a root referring to radiation), but today it includes all imaging modalities, including those that use no electromagnetic radiation (such as ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging), as well as others that do, such as computed tomography (CT), fluoroscopy, and nuclear medicine including positron emission tomography (PET). Interventional radiology is the performance of usually minimally invasive medical procedures with the guidance of imaging technologies such as those mentioned above.
The modern practice of radiology involves several different healthcare professions working as a team. The radiologist is a medical doctor who has completed the appropriate post-graduate training and interprets medical images, communicates these findings to other physicians by means of a report or verbally, and uses imaging to perform minimally invasive medical procedures. The nurse is involved in the care of patients before and after imaging or procedures, including administration of medications, monitoring of vital signs and monitoring of sedated patients. The radiographer, also known as a "radiologic technologist" in some countries such as the United States and Canada, is a specially trained healthcare professional that uses sophisticated technology and positioning techniques to produce medical images for the radiologist to interpret. Depending on the individual's training and country of practice, the radiographer may specialize in one of the above-mentioned imaging modalities or have expanded roles in image reporting.
Diagnostic imaging modalities
Projection (plain) radiography
Radiographs (originally called roentgenographs, named after the discoverer of X-rays, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen) are produced by transmitting X-rays through a patient. The X-rays are projected through the body onto a detector; an image is formed based on which rays pass through (and are detected) versus those that are absorbed or scattered in the patient (and thus are not detected). Röntgen discovered X-rays on November 8, 1895, and received the first Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery in 1901.
In film-screen radiography, an X-ray tube generates a beam of X-rays, which is aimed at the patient. The X-rays that pass through the patient are filtered through a device called a grid or X-ray filter, to reduce scatter, and strike an undeveloped film, which is held tightly to a screen of light-emitting phosphors in a light-tight cassette. The film is then developed chemically and an image appears on the film. Film-screen radiography is being replaced by phosphor plate radiography but more recently by digital radiography (DR) and the EOS imaging. In the two latest systems, the X-rays strike sensors that converts the signals generated into digital information, which is transmitted and converted into an image displayed on a computer screen. In digital radiography the sensors shape a plate, but in the EOS system, which is a slot-scanning system, a linear sensor vertically scans the patient.
Plain radiography was the only imaging modality available during the first 50 years of radiology. Due to its availability, speed, and lower costs compared to other modalities, radiography is often the first-line test of choice in radiologic diagnosis. Also despite the large amount of data in CT scans, MR scans and other digital-based imaging, there are many disease entities in which the classic diagnosis is obtained by plain radiographs. Examples include various types of arthritis and pneumonia, bone tumors (especially benign bone tumors), fractures, congenital skeletal anomalies, and certain kidney stones.
Mammography and DXA are two applications of low energy projectional radiography, used for the evaluation for breast cancer and osteoporosis, respectively.
Fluoroscopy
Fluoroscopy and angiography are special applications of X-ray imaging, in which a fluorescent screen and image intensifier tube is connected to a closed-circuit television system. This allows real-time imaging of structures in motion or augmented with a radiocontrast agent. Radiocontrast agents are usually administered by swallowing or injecting into the body of the patient to delineate anatomy and functioning of the blood vessels, the genitourinary system, or the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract). Two radiocontrast agents are presently in common use. Barium sulfate (BaSO4) is given orally or rectally for evaluation of the GI tract. Iodine, in multiple proprietary forms, is given by oral, rectal, vaginal, intra-arterial or intravenous routes. These radiocontrast agents strongly absorb or scatter X-rays, and in conjunction with the real-time imaging, allow demonstration of dynamic processes, such as peristalsis in the digestive tract or blood flow in arteries and veins. Iodine contrast may also be concentrated in abnormal areas more or less than in normal tissues and make abnormalities (tumors, cysts, inflammation) more conspicuous. Additionally, in specific circumstances, air can be used as a contrast agent for the gastrointestinal system and carbon dioxide can be used as a contrast agent in the venous system; in these cases, the contrast agent attenuates the X-ray radiation less than the surrounding tissues.
Computed tomography
CT imaging uses X-rays in conjunction with computing algorithms to image the body.
In CT, an X-ray tube opposite an X-ray detector (or detectors) in a ring-shaped apparatus rotate around a patient, producing a computer-generated cross-sectional image (tomogram). CT is acquired in the axial plane, with coronal and sagittal images produced by computer reconstruction. Radiocontrast agents are often used with CT for enhanced delineation of anatomy. Although radiographs provide higher spatial resolution, CT can detect more subtle variations in attenuation of X-rays (higher contrast resolution). CT exposes the patient to significantly more ionizing radiation than a radiograph.
Spiral multidetector CT uses 16, 64, 254 or more detectors during continuous motion of the patient through the radiation beam to obtain fine detail images in a short exam time. With rapid administration of intravenous contrast during the CT scan, these fine detail images can be reconstructed into three-dimensional (3D) images of carotid, cerebral, coronary or other arteries.
The introduction of computed tomography in the early 1970s revolutionized diagnostic radiology by providing Clinicians with images of real three-dimensional anatomic structures. CT scanning has become the test of choice in diagnosing some urgent and emergent conditions, such as cerebral hemorrhage, pulmonary embolism (clots in the arteries of the lungs), aortic dissection (tearing of the aortic wall), appendicitis, diverticulitis, and obstructing kidney stones. Continuing improvements in CT technology, including faster scanning times and improved resolution, have dramatically increased the accuracy and usefulness of CT scanning, which may partially account for increased use in medical diagnosis.
Ultrasound
Medical ultrasonography uses ultrasound (high-frequency sound waves) to visualize soft tissue structures in the body in real time. No ionizing radiation is involved, but the quality of the images obtained using ultrasound is highly dependent on the skill of the person (ultrasonographer) performing the exam and the patient's body size. Examinations of larger, overweight patients may have a decrease in image quality as their subcutaneous fat absorbs more of the sound waves. This results in fewer sound waves penetrating to organs and reflecting back to the transducer, resulting in loss of information and a poorer quality image. Ultrasound is also limited by its inability to image through air pockets (lungs, bowel loops) or bone. Its use in medical imaging has developed mostly within the last 30 years. The first ultrasound images were static and two-dimensional (2D), but with modern ultrasonography, 3D reconstructions can be observed in real time, effectively becoming "4D".
Because ultrasound imaging techniques do not employ ionizing radiation to generate images (unlike radiography, and CT scans), they are generally considered safer and are therefore more common in obstetrical imaging. The progression of pregnancies can be thoroughly evaluated with less concern about damage from the techniques employed, allowing early detection and diagnosis of many fetal anomalies. Growth can be assessed over time, important in patients with chronic disease or pregnancy-induced disease, and in multiple pregnancies (twins, triplets, etc.). Color-flow Doppler ultrasound measures the severity of peripheral vascular disease and is used by cardiologists for dynamic evaluation of the heart, heart valves and major vessels. Stenosis, for example, of the carotid arteries may be a warning sign for an impending stroke. A clot, embedded deep in one of the inner veins of the legs, can be found via ultrasound before it dislodges and travels to the lungs, resulting in a potentially fatal pulmonary embolism. Ultrasound is useful as a guide to performing biopsies to minimize damage to surrounding tissues and in drainages such as thoracentesis. Small, portable ultrasound devices now replace peritoneal lavage in trauma wards by non-invasively assessing for the presence of internal bleeding and any internal organ damage. Extensive internal bleeding or injury to the major organs may require surgery and repair.
Magnetic resonance imaging
MRI uses strong magnetic fields to align atomic nuclei (usually hydrogen protons) within body tissues, then uses a radio signal to disturb the axis of rotation of these nuclei and observes the radio frequency signal generated as the nuclei return to their baseline states. The radio signals are collected by small antennae, called coils, placed near the area of interest. An advantage of MRI is its ability to produce images in axial, coronal, sagittal and multiple oblique planes with equal ease. MRI scans give the best soft tissue contrast of all the imaging modalities. With advances in scanning speed and spatial resolution, and improvements in computer 3D algorithms and hardware, MRI has become an important tool in musculoskeletal radiology and neuroradiology.
One disadvantage is the patient has to hold still for long periods of time in a noisy, cramped space while the imaging is performed. Claustrophobia (fear of closed spaces) severe enough to terminate the MRI exam is reported in up to 5% of patients. Recent improvements in magnet design including stronger magnetic fields (3 teslas), shortening exam times, wider, shorter magnet bores and more open magnet designs, have brought some relief for claustrophobic patients. However, for magnets with equivalent field strengths, there is often a trade-off between image quality and open design. MRI has great benefit in imaging the brain, spine, and musculoskeletal system. The use of MRI is currently contraindicated for patients with pacemakers, cochlear implants, some indwelling medication pumps, certain types of cerebral aneurysm clips, metal fragments in the eyes and some metallic hardware due to the powerful magnetic fields and strong fluctuating radio signals to which the body is exposed. Areas of potential advancement include functional imaging, cardiovascular MRI, and MRI-guided therapy.
Nuclear medicine
Nuclear medicine imaging involves the administration into the patient of radiopharmaceuticals consisting of substances with affinity for certain body tissues labeled with radioactive tracer. The most commonly used tracers are technetium-99m, iodine-123, iodine-131, gallium-67, indium-111, thallium-201 and fludeoxyglucose (18F) (18F-FDG). The heart, lungs, thyroid, liver, brain, gallbladder, and bones are commonly evaluated for particular conditions using these techniques. While anatomical detail is limited in these studies, nuclear medicine is useful in displaying physiological function. The excretory function of the kidneys, iodine-concentrating ability of the thyroid, blood flow to heart muscle, etc. can be measured. The principal imaging devices are the gamma camera and the PET Scanner, which detect the radiation emitted by the tracer in the body and display it as an image. With computer processing, the information can be displayed as axial, coronal and sagittal images (single-photon emission computed tomography - SPECT or Positron-emission tomography - PET). In the most modern devices, nuclear medicine images can be fused with a CT scan taken quasisimultaneously, so the physiological information can be overlaid or coregistered with the anatomical structures to improve diagnostic accuracy.
Positron emission tomography (PET) scanning deals with positrons instead of gamma rays detected by gamma cameras. The positrons annihilate to produce two opposite traveling gamma rays to be detected coincidentally, thus improving resolution. In PET scanning, a radioactive, biologically active substance, most often 18F-FDG, is injected into a patient and the radiation emitted by the patient is detected to produce multiplanar images of the body. Metabolically more active tissues, such as cancer, concentrate the active substance more than normal tissues. PET images can be combined (or "fused") with anatomic (CT) imaging, to more accurately localize PET findings and thereby improve diagnostic accuracy.
The fusion technology has gone further to combine PET and MRI similar to PET and CT. PET/MRI fusion, largely practiced in academic and research settings, could potentially play a crucial role in fine detail of brain imaging, breast cancer screening, and small joint imaging of the foot. The technology recently blossomed after passing the technical hurdle of altered positron movement in strong magnetic field thus affecting the resolution of PET images and attenuation correction.
Interventional radiology
Interventional radiology (IR or sometimes VIR for vascular and interventional radiology) is a subspecialty of radiology in which minimally invasive procedures are performed using image guidance. Some of these procedures are done for purely diagnostic purposes (e.g., angiogram), while others are done for treatment purposes (e.g., angioplasty).
The basic concept behind interventional radiology is to diagnose or treat pathologies, with the most minimally invasive technique possible. Minimally invasive procedures are currently performed more than ever before. These procedures are often performed with the patient fully awake, with little or no sedation required. Interventional radiologists and interventional radiographers diagnose and treat several disorders, including peripheral vascular disease, renal artery stenosis, inferior vena cava filter placement, gastrostomy tube placements, biliary stents and hepatic interventions. Radiographic images, fluoroscopy, and ultrasound modalities are used for guidance, and the primary instruments used during the procedure are specialized needles and catheters. The images provide maps that allow the clinician to guide these instruments through the body to the areas containing disease. By minimizing the physical trauma to the patient, peripheral interventions can reduce infection rates and recovery times, as well as hospital stays. To be a trained interventionalist in the United States, an individual completes a five-year residency in radiology and a one- or two-year fellowship in IR.
Analysis of images
Plain, or general, radiography
The basic technique is optical density evaluation (i.e. histogram analysis). It is then described that a region has a different optical density, e.g. a cancer metastasis to bone can cause radiolucency. The development of this is the digital radiological subtraction. It consists in overlapping two radiographs of the same examined region and subtracting the optical densities . The resultant image only contains the time-dependent differences between the two examined radiographs. The advantage of this technique is the precise determination of the dynamics of density changes and the place of their occurrence. However, beforehand the geometrical adjustment and general alignment of optical density should be done .
Another possibility of radiographic image analysis is to study second order features, e.g. digital texture analysis or fractal dimension . On this basis, it is possible to assess the places where bio-materials are implanted into the bone for the purpose of guided bone regeneration. They take an intact bone image sample (region of interest, ROI, reference site) and a sample of the implantation site (second ROI, test site) can be assessed numerically/objectively to what extent the implantation site imitates a healthy bone and how advanced is the process of bone regeneration . It is also possible to check whether the bone healing process is influenced by some systemic factors .
Teleradiology
Teleradiology is the transmission of radiographic images from one location to another for interpretation by an appropriately trained professional, usually a radiologist or reporting radiographer. It is most often used to allow rapid interpretation of emergency room, ICU and other emergent examinations after hours of usual operation, at night and on weekends. In these cases, the images can be sent across time zones (e.g. to Spain, Australia, India) with the receiving Clinician working his normal daylight hours. However, at present, large private teleradiology companies in the U.S. currently provide most after-hours coverage employing night-working radiologists in the U.S. Teleradiology can also be used to obtain consultation with an expert or subspecialist about a complicated or puzzling case. In the U.S., many hospitals outsource their radiology departments to radiologists in India due to the lowered cost and availability of high speed internet access.
Teleradiology requires a sending station, a high-speed internet connection, and a high-quality receiving station. At the transmission station, plain radiographs are passed through a digitizing machine before transmission, while CT, MRI, ultrasound and nuclear medicine scans can be sent directly, as they are already digital data. The computer at the receiving end will need to have a high-quality display screen that has been tested and cleared for clinical purposes. Reports are then transmitted to the requesting clinician.
The major advantage of teleradiology is the ability to use different time zones to provide real-time emergency radiology services around-the-clock. The disadvantages include higher costs, limited contact between the referrer and the reporting Clinician, and the inability to cover for procedures requiring an onsite reporting Clinician. Laws and regulations concerning the use of teleradiology vary among the states, with some requiring a license to practice medicine in the state sending the radiologic exam. In the U.S., some states require the teleradiology report to be preliminary with the official report issued by a hospital staff radiologist. Lastly, a benefit of teleradiology is that it might be automated with modern machine learning techniques.
Professional training
United States
Radiology is a field in medicine that has expanded rapidly after 2000 due to advances in computer technology, which is closely linked to modern imaging techniques. Applying for residency positions in radiology is relatively competitive. Applicants are often near the top of their medical school classes, with high USMLE (board) examination scores. Diagnostic radiologists must complete prerequisite undergraduate education, four years of medical school to earn a medical degree (D.O. or M.D.), one year of internship, and four years of residency training. After residency, radiologists may pursue one or two years of additional specialty fellowship training.
The American Board of Radiology (ABR) administers professional certification in Diagnostic Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Medical Physics as well as subspecialty certification in neuroradiology, nuclear radiology, pediatric radiology and vascular and interventional radiology. "Board Certification" in diagnostic radiology requires successful completion of two examinations. The Core Exam is given after 36 months of residency. Although previously taken in Chicago or Tucson, Arizona, beginning in February 2021, the computer test transitioned permanently to a remote format. It encompasses 18 categories. A passing score is 350 or above. A fail on one to five categories was previously a Conditioned exam, however beginning in June 2021, the conditioned category will no longer exist and the test will be graded as a whole. The Certification Exam, can be taken 15 months after completion of the Radiology residency. This computer-based examination consists of five modules and graded pass-fail. It is given twice a year in Chicago and Tucson. Recertification examinations are taken every 10 years, with additional required continuing medical education as outlined in the Maintenance of Certification document.
Certification may also be obtained from the American Osteopathic Board of Radiology (AOBR) and the American Board of Physician Specialties.
Following completion of residency training, radiologists may either begin practicing as a general diagnostic radiologist or enter into subspecialty training programs known as fellowships. Examples of subspeciality training in radiology include abdominal imaging, thoracic imaging, cross-sectional/ultrasound, MRI, musculoskeletal imaging, interventional radiology, neuroradiology, interventional neuroradiology, paediatric radiology, nuclear medicine, emergency radiology, breast imaging and women's imaging. Fellowship training programs in radiology are usually one or two years in length.
Some medical schools in the US have started to incorporate a basic radiology introduction into their core MD training. New York Medical College, the Wayne State University School of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, the Uniformed Services University, and the University of South Carolina School of Medicine offer an introduction to radiology during their respective MD programs. Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine also integrates imaging material into their curriculum early in the first year.
Radiographic exams are usually performed by radiographers. Qualifications for radiographers vary by country, but many radiographers now are required to hold a degree.
Veterinary radiologists are veterinarians who specialize in the use of X-rays, ultrasound, MRI and nuclear medicine for diagnostic imaging or treatment of disease in animals. They are certified in either diagnostic radiology or radiation oncology by the American College of Veterinary Radiology.
United Kingdom
Radiology is an extremely competitive speciality in the UK, attracting applicants from a broad range of backgrounds. Applicants are welcomed directly from the Foundation Programme, as well as those who have completed higher training. Recruitment and selection into training post in clinical radiology posts in England, Scotland and Wales is done by an annual nationally coordinated process lasting from November to March. In this process, all applicants are required to pass a Specialty Recruitment Assessment (SRA) test. Those with a test score above a certain threshold are offered a single interview at the London and the South East Recruitment Office. At a later stage, applicants declare what programs they prefer, but may in some cases be placed in a neighbouring region.
The training programme lasts for a total of five years. During this time, doctors rotate into different subspecialities, such as paediatrics, musculoskeletal or neuroradiology, and breast imaging. During the first year of training, radiology trainees are expected to pass the first part of the Fellowship of the Royal College of Radiologists (FRCR) exam. This comprises a medical physics and anatomy examination. Following completion of their part 1 exam, they are then required to pass six written exams (part 2A), which cover all the subspecialities. Successful completion of these allows them to complete the FRCR by completing part 2B, which includes rapid reporting, and a long case discussion.
After achieving a certificate of completion of training (CCT), many fellowship posts exist in specialities such as neurointervention and vascular intervention, which would allow the doctor to work as an Interventional radiologist. In some cases, the CCT date can be deferred by a year to include these fellowship programmes.
UK radiology registrars are represented by the Society of Radiologists in Training (SRT), which was founded in 1993 under the auspices of the Royal College of Radiologists. The society is a nonprofit organisation, run by radiology registrars specifically to promote radiology training and education in the UK. Annual meetings are held by which trainees across the country are encouraged to attend.
Currently, a shortage of radiologists in the UK has created opportunities in all specialities, and with the increased reliance on imaging, demand is expected to increase in the future. Radiographers, and less frequently Nurses, are often trained to undertake many of these opportunities in order to help meet demand. Radiographers often may control a "list" of a particular set of procedures after being approved locally and signed off by a consultant radiologist. Similarly, radiographers may simply operate a list for a radiologist or other physician on their behalf. Most often if a radiographer operates a list autonomously then they are acting as the operator and practitioner under the Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposures) Regulations 2000. Radiographers are represented by a variety of bodies; most often this is the Society and College of Radiographers. Collaboration with nurses is also common, where a list may be jointly organised between the nurse and radiographer.
Germany
After obtaining medical licensure, German radiologists complete a five-year residency, culminating with a board examination (known as Facharztprüfung).
Italy
Italian radiologists complete a four-year residency program after completing the six-year MD program.
The Netherlands
Dutch radiologists complete a five-year residency program after completing the six-year MD program.
India
In India a medical graduate must obtain a bachelors degree which requires 4.5 year of training along with 1 year internship followed by NEET PG examination which is one of the hardest examination in India .Then on the merit basis one must get into Radio diagnosis .previous rank data shows only top rankers take radiology means if your score is less you might get other branches but not radiology.The radiology training course is a post graduate 3-year program (MD/DNB Radiology) or a 2-year diploma (DMRD).
Singapore
Radiologists in Singapore complete a five-year undergraduate medicine degree followed by a one-year internship and then a five-year residency program. Some radiologists may elect to complete a one or two-year fellowship for further sub-specialization in fields such as interventional radiology.
Slovenia
After finishing a 6-year study of medicine and passing the emergency medicine internship, MDs can apply for radiology residency. Radiology is a 5-year post-graduate programme that involves all fields of radiology with final board exam.
Specialty training for interventional radiology
United States
Training for interventional radiology occurs in the residency portion of medical education, and has gone through developments.
In 2000, the Society of Interventional Radiology (SIR) created a program named "Clinical Pathway in IR", which modified the "Holman Pathway" that was already accepted by the American Board of Radiology to including training in IR; this was accepted by ABR but was not widely adopted. In 2005 SIR proposed and ABR accepted another pathway called "DIRECT (Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Enhanced Clinical Training) Pathway" to help trainees coming from other specialities learn IR; this too was not widely adopted. In 2006 SIR proposed a pathway resulting in certification in IR as a speciality; this was eventually accepted by the ABR in 2007 and was presented to the American Board of Medical Specialities (ABMS) in 2009, which rejected it because it did not include enough diagnostic radiology (DR) training. The proposal was reworked, at the same time that overall DR training was being revamped, and a new proposal that would lead to a dual DR/IR specialization was presented to the ABMS and was accepted in 2012 and eventually was implemented in 2014. By 2016 the field had determined that the old IR fellowships would be terminated by 2020.
A handful of programs have offered interventional radiology fellowships that focus on training in the treatment of children.
Europe
In Europe the field followed its own pathway; for example in Germany the parallel interventional society began to break free of the DR society in 2008. In the UK, interventional radiology was approved as a sub-specialty of clinical radiology in 2010. While many countries have an interventional radiology society, there is also the European-wide Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe, whose aim is to support teaching, science, research and clinical practice in the field by hosting meetings, educational workshops and promoting patient safety initiatives. Furthermore, the Society provides an examination, the European Board of Interventional Radiology (EBIR), which is a highly valuable qualification in interventional radiology based on the European Curriculum and Syllabus for IR.
See also
Digital mammography: use of a computer to produce images of the breast
Global radiology: improving access to radiology resources in poor and developing countries
Medical radiography: the use of ionizing electromagnetic radiation, such as X-rays, in medicine
Radiation protection: the science of preventing people and the environment from suffering harmful effects from ionizing radiation
Radiologists Without Borders
Radiosensitivity: measure of the susceptibility of organic tissues to the harmful effects of radiation
X-ray image intensifier: equipment that uses x-rays to produce an image feed displayed on a TV screen
International Day of Radiology: an awareness day for medical imaging
Electrogram
References
External links
Medical imaging
Medical physics | wiki |
Federal law is the body of law created by the federal government of a country.
Federal law may also refer to:
Federal Law (United States), a body of law which originates with the Constitution
Federal Law (Russia)
See also
Federal common law, a term of United States law
Federal Constitutional Law (disambiguation)
Federation#Federal governments | wiki |
Shooting the Mafia is a documentary film directed by Kim Longinotto about Italian photographer Letizia Battaglia and her career documenting the life and crimes of the Mafia in and around Palermo. Battaglia offers a glimpse into life under Mafia rule and those who live through it.
It won the Audience Award at the 2019 Brussels International Film Festival (BRIFF).
References
External links
2019 documentary films
2019 films
Documentary films about organized crime
Films about the Sicilian Mafia
Cultural depictions of Italian women | wiki |
This is a list of ice hockey players who have accumulated at least 2,000 penalties in minutes (PIMs) in the National Hockey League (NHL) through the end of the 2018–19 NHL regular season.
3,000 or more PIMs
2,500-2,999 PIMs
2,499-2,250 PIMs
2,249-2,000 PIMs
External links
All-time penalty minute leaders from Stats Hockey
All-time penalty minute leaders from Sports City
2000 PIMs
2000 PIMs | wiki |
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