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A blood gill is a gill like structure restricted to organs with spacious lumen and poorly developed/absent trachea, found in larvae of aquatic insects. Specific research questions the functionality of this gill to respiration, and concludes it exists more likely to absorb water.
References
Insect anatomy | wiki |
Telemarketing (sometimes known as inside sales, or telesales in the UK and Ireland) is a method of direct marketing in which a salesperson solicits prospective customers to buy products or services, either over the phone or through a subsequent face to face or web conferencing appointment scheduled during the call. Telemarketing can also include recorded sales pitches programmed to be played over the phone via automatic dialing.
Telemarketing is defined as contacting, qualifying, and canvassing prospective customers using telecommunications devices such as telephone, fax, and internet. It does not include direct mail marketing.
History
The term telemarketing was first used extensively in the late 1970s to describe Bell System communications which related to new uses for the outbound WATS and inbound Toll-free services.
Telephonists
The rise of telemarketing can be traced back to the 19th century telephonists, or switchboard operators. Trans-cultural hiring of switchboard operators (mostly women) became especially popular in North America throughout the 20th century, partially due to popularity gained through advertising. After the shift from public switched telephone network to computer-based electronic switching system, the job of switchboard operators gradually diminished. However, with the rise of advertising and with the popularity of the telephone use, new jobs, including telemarketing jobs, were created.
Women in telemarketing
Telemarketing, as was the case with telephone operators, is one of the fields known to be occupied mostly by women. The central reason for hiring women operators lay in the fact that women's work was considered a form of cheap labor: female telemarketers earned about one-half to one-quarter of men's wages. Women were also considered as more polite and well mannered than male operators. Moreover, the calming, more delicate nature of a woman's voice was considered to be women's natural quality, although no scientific evidence supports this statement. This naturalization led to normalizing the perception of women as telephone operators and consultants, which is currently reflected in the telemarketing industry.
Categories
The two major categories of telemarketing are business-to-business and business-to-consumer.
Subcategories
Lead generation, the gathering of information and contacts.
Sales, using persuasion to sell a product or service.
Outbound, proactive marketing in which prospective and preexisting customers are contacted directly,
Inbound, reception of incoming orders and requests for information. Demand is generally created by advertising, publicity, or the efforts of outside salespeople.
Service Styles
Call to Action, the implementation of outbound telemarketing to "activate" or elicit an action or response from prospects (i.e., entice prospects to visit a client's website).
Appointment Setting, utilizing inbound or outbound telemarketing to create face-to-face or telephone appointments for sales purposes.
Database Cleansing, the outbound calling of databases with the particular purpose to clean and prepare data (i.e. removing outdated and incorrect data) and contact details for future telemarketing campaigns.
Surveys, the implementation of telemarketing (can be inbound or outbound) with the particular purpose of collecting data and information from specific target markets for qualitative research purposes.
Telesales, telemarketing (inbound or outbound) with the specific intention of making an actual sale/transaction over the phone. Often includes the collection of credit card details over the phone for payment purposes, which allows for faster sales cycles and payment confirmation.
Procedure
Telemarketing may be done from a company office, from a call center, or from home. It may involve a live operator voice broadcasting which is most frequently associated with political messages.
An effective telemarketing campaign often involves two or more calls. The first call (or series of calls) determines the customer's needs. The final call (or series of calls) motivates the customer to make a purchase. Prospective customers are identified by various means, including past purchase history, previous requests for information, credit limit, competition entry forms, and application forms. Names may also be purchased from another company's consumer database or obtained from a telephone directory or another public list. The qualification process is intended to determine which customers are most likely to purchase the product or service.
In business-to-business lead generation scenarios, telemarketing often targets perceived decision-makers who might be good prospects for a business product or service. The telemarketing approach is often combined with outreach via email or social media, typically referred to as a cadence. Calls are usually made by sales development representatives with the goal of this outreach being a subsequent meeting—often with an account executive at the vendor organization.
Charitable organizations, alumni associations, and political parties often use telemarketing to solicit donations. Marketing research companies use telemarketing techniques to survey the prospective or past customers of a client's business in order to assess market acceptance of or satisfaction with a particular product, service, brand, or company. Public opinion polls are conducted in a similar manner.
Telemarketing techniques are also applied to other forms of electronic marketing using e-mail or fax messages, in which case they are frequently considered spam by receivers.
Negative perceptions and criticism
Telemarketing has been negatively associated with various scams and frauds, such as pyramid schemes, and with deceptively overpriced products and services. Fraudulent telemarketing companies are frequently referred to as "telemarketing boiler rooms" or simply "boiler rooms". Telemarketing is often criticized as an unethical business practice due to the perception of high-pressure sales techniques during unsolicited calls. Telemarketers marketing telephone companies may participate in telephone slamming, the practice of switching a customer's telephone service without their knowledge or authorization.
Telemarketing calls are often considered an annoyance, especially when they occur during the dinner hour, early in the morning, or late in the evening. Some companies have capitalized on these negative emotions. Since 2007 several forums have sprouted and act as complaint boards where consumers can voice their concerns and criticism. In response some telemarketing companies have filed lawsuits against these portals. The current legal system in the U.S grants such forums a certain degree of protection through "Communications Decency Act, 47 U.S.C 230" and California's Anti-SLAPP law.
Robotic telemarketing and ringless voicemail
A recent trend in telemarketing is to use robocalls: automated telephone calls that use both computerized autodialers and computer-delivered pre-recorded messages in a sales pitch. Some can simulate a personalized phone call through personalized pre-recorded messages.
Telemarketing has recently been advanced to implement a programmed women's voice as the operator instead of hiring a real woman to perform the task (see example of Samantha West).
This attempt has been shown to be unsuccessful. However, some scholars argue that such technological advancements reinforce commoditization of a woman's speech as a marketable entity and lead to "gendered hierarchy of communication".
Others tactics, such as ringless voicemail, can directly deliver a voice message directly to a landline's or cellphone's voicemail. Its original purpose was to provide a nonintrusive method of delivering valuable messages. There has been debate on ringless voicemail causing issues relating to "hijacking" of the voicemail by companies, which would disallow family and friends to access the voicemail.
Regulations
In some countries telemarketing is subject to regulatory and legislative controls related to consumer privacy and protection.
United States
Telemarketing in the United States of America is restricted at the federal level by the Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991 (TCPA) () and the FTC's Telemarketing Sales Rule (TSR). The FCC derives regulatory authority from the TCPA, adopted as CFR 64.1200 and the Telemarketing and Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention Act, 15 U.S.C. 6101–6108. Many professional associations of telemarketers have codes of ethics and standards that member businesses follow to encourage public confidence.
Some jurisdictions have implemented "Do Not Call" lists through industry organizations or legislation; telemarketers are restricted from initiating contact with participating consumers. Legislative versions often provide for heavy penalties on companies which call individuals on these listings. The U.S. Federal Trade Commission has implemented a National Do Not Call Registry in an attempt to reduce intrusive telemarketing nationwide. Telemarketing corporations and trade groups challenged this as a violation of commercial speech rights. However, the U.S. 10th Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the National Do Not Call Registry on February 17, 2004.
Companies that use telemarketing as a sales tool are governed by the United States Federal regulations outlined in the TSR (amended on January 29, 2003 originally issued in 1995) and the TCPA. In addition to these Federal regulations, telemarketers calling nationally must also adhere to separate state regulations. Most states have adapted "do not call" files of their own, of which only some states share with the U.S. Federal Do Not Call registry. Each U.S. state also has its own regulations concerning: permission to record, permission to continue, no rebuttaling statutes, Sunday and Holiday calls; as well as the fines and punishments exacted for violations.
September 1, 2009, FTC regulations banning most robocalls went into effect.
Since many telemarketing calls now originate offshore, beyond the reach of US legal or regulatory agencies, the National Do Not Call Registry is usually ignored, as well as FTC regulations, and every possible number is called in an area code block. Some automated services are sophisticated enough to analyze the audio from the answering party, and if it determines that a human did not respond, will call repeatedly until one does or a limit is reached. This may be coupled with a fake Caller ID display ("spoofing") to mislead the call recipient into answering, or even thinking it is a local number calling. These are not actions of legitimate businesses.
Telemarketing techniques are increasingly used in political campaigns. Because of free-speech issues, the laws governing political phone calls are much less stringent than those applying to commercial messages. Even so, a number of states have barred or restricted political robocalls.
The National Do Not Call Registry has helped to substantially curb telemarketing calls to landlines and has also helped with the increasing trend for telemarketers to target mobile phones. As a result, there has been a greater push for mobile applications to help with unwanted calls from telemarketers, like PrivacyStar. These companies have helped to log thousands of complaints to the DNC Registry, since the inception of the registry itself.
Canada
Telemarketing in Canada is regulated by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC), an agency of the federal department Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada. Canadians can register with the National Do Not Call List (DNCL) to reduce the number of telemarketing calls received. Anyone who has received a telemarketing call which is in violation of one or more of the Unsolicited Telecommunications Rules may file a complaint to the national DNCL. The national DNCL operator then forwards all complaints to the CRTC, which determines whether a complaint warrants further investigation, based on their initial assessment.
Australia
Telemarketing in Australia is restricted by the Australian Federal Government and policed by the Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA). Australian Federal legislation provides for a restriction in calling hours for both Research and Marketing calls.
In 2007 a Do Not Call Register was established for Australian inbound telephone numbers. The register allows a user to register private use telephone numbers. Australian Federal Legislation limits the types of marketing calls that can be made to these registered telephone numbers; however, research calls are allowed. Other exemptions include calls made by charities and political members, parties and candidates however any organisation that is instructed by the recipient of a telemarketing call, not to call that number again, is legally obliged to comply, and must remove the phone number from the organisations calling list(s).
Inbound telemarketing is another major industry. It involves both live operators and IVR—Interactive Voice Response. IVR is also known as audio text or automated call processing. Usually, major television campaigns and advertisers use toll-free telephone number that are answered by IVR service bureaus. Such service bureaus have the technology and call capacity to process the large amounts of simultaneous calls that occur when a toll-free telephone number is advertised on television.
England/UK
British police, after noting the high rate of pensioners affected, recommended use of do-not-call registry enrollment to enhance "phone security." Specific mention was also made of calls from "overseas companies."
Restrictions
Telemarketing restrictions in the UK are in place to protect consumers from unwanted and intrusive marketing calls. The use of predictive dialers, which are computer programs that dial telephone numbers automatically and connect the calls to an available agent, can make compliance with these restrictions more challenging. The Information Commissioner's Office (ICO), the UK's independent regulator for data protection and privacy, has issued guidelines on the use of predictive dialers for telemarketing, which require explicit consent from individuals, clear information about the purpose of the call and the business making the call, an option for individuals to opt-out of future calls, and an accurate and up-to-date call list. Additionally, businesses must ensure that their predictive dialer does not generate abandoned calls at a rate higher than 3% of live calls and must comply with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) when processing personal data for marketing purposes. Failure to comply with these regulations can result in severe penalties, including fines and damage to a business's reputation.
Finland
In Finland, call centers employ an estimated 100,000 people, but most work with customer relations in larger companies. 10,000 people are working for companies involved with telemarketing. Telemarketing often is the first job young people get. But it is also a way out or back to the labour market for handicapped, immigrants and pensioners, In Finland, the profession has had a bad reputation because of work-related injuries. The strain on neck, shoulders, eyes and ears can be considerable. Health problems have however been reduced considerably thanks to lightweight headsets, ergonomic working stations and more tasks, like documentation, done automatically by computers.
France
The ability to cause a French phone number to appear on a Caller ID display, when the call originates outside of France was removed by a law passed in July 2018; implementation was delayed until August 1 of the following year.
Technology
Agent-assisted automation
Autodialer
Automatic call distributor
Customer relationship management
Predictive dialer
Private Branch eXchange
Teleblock
Natural predictive dialing
Ringless voicemail
See also
Boiler room (business)
Call centre
Cold calling
Direct marketing
List of call centre companies
Marketing
Reloading scam
Spamming
Sucker list
Nuisance call
References
External links
File a Complaint to the Do Not Call Registry
Federal Trade Commission Do Not Call Registry
Laws Regulating Telemarketers
Telephone Preference Service – UK Do Not Call Registry
Direct marketing
Non-store retailing | wiki |
Doctor Doctor is an Australian drama series that premiered on Nine Network on 16 September 2016. It is known internationally as The Heart Guy.
The series, including its cast, have been nominated for several awards including the AACTA Awards, the Casting Guild of Australia, the Screen Producers Australia, and multiple nominations at the Logie Awards. As of 2021, it has not been the recipient of any awards.
AACTA Awards
Casting Guild of Australia
Logie Awards
Screen Producers Australia
TV Tonight Awards
Notes
References
Lists of awards by television series | wiki |
Dan W. Hester (born November 8, 1948) is a retired professional basketball center who played one season in the American Basketball Association (ABA) as a member of the Denver Rockets and the Kentucky Colonels during the 1970–71 season. He was drafted from Louisiana State University by the Atlanta Hawks during the second round of the 1970 NBA draft, but he never played for them.
References
External links
1948 births
Living people
American men's basketball players
Atlanta Hawks draft picks
Basketball players from Illinois
Centers (basketball)
Denver Rockets players
Junior college men's basketball players in the United States
Kentucky Colonels players
LSU Tigers basketball players
People from Mount Vernon, Illinois | wiki |
Hell's Kitchen, also known as Clinton, is a neighborhood on the West Side of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. It is considered to be bordered by 34th Street (or 41st Street) to the south, 59th Street to the north, Eighth Avenue to the east, and the Hudson River to the west.
Hell's Kitchen has long been a bastion of poor and working-class Irish Americans, though significant demographic changes have occurred especially from the late 1970s to early 2000s and present. Though its gritty reputation has long held real-estate prices below those of most other areas of Manhattan, even by 1969, the City Planning Commission's Plan for New York City reported that development pressures related to its Midtown location were driving people of modest means from the area.
Since the early 1980s, the area has been gentrifying, and rents have risen rapidly. Home of the Actors Studio training school, and adjacent to Broadway theatres, Hell's Kitchen has long been a home to fledgling and working actors. Today, in addition to the long-established Irish-American and Hispanic-American populations in the neighborhood, the area has a large LGBTQ population and is home to a large number of LGBTQ bars and businesses.
Hell's Kitchen is part of Manhattan Community District 4. It is patrolled by the 10th and Midtown North Precincts of the New York City Police Department. The area provides transport, medical, and warehouse-infrastructure support to the business district of Manhattan. It is also known for its extensive selection of multiethnic, small, and relatively inexpensive restaurants, delicatessens, bodegas, bars, and associated nightlife.
Boundaries
The name "Hell's Kitchen" generally refers to the area between 34th to the south and 59th Street to the north. Starting west of Eighth Avenue and the north side of 43rd Street, city zoning regulations generally limit buildings to six stories. As a result, most of the buildings are older, and are often walk-up apartments. For the most part, the neighborhood encompasses the ZIP Codes 10019 and 10036. The post office for 10019 is called Radio City Station, the original name for Rockefeller Center on Sixth Avenue.
The neighborhood overlaps Times Square and the Theater District to the east at Eighth Avenue. On its southeast border, it overlaps the Garment District also on Eighth Avenue. Two landmarks are located here – the New Yorker Hotel at 481 Eighth Avenue, and the Manhattan Center building at the northwest corner of 34th Street and Eighth Avenue. Included in the transition area on Eighth Avenue are the Port Authority Bus Terminal at 42nd Street, the Pride of Midtown fire station (from which an entire shift, 15 firefighters, died at the World Trade Center), several theatres including Studio 54, the original soup stand of Seinfelds "The Soup Nazi"' and the Hearst Tower.
The northern edge of Hell's Kitchen borders the southern edge of the Upper West Side, though the section west of Ninth Avenue and south of 57th Street is also part of the Columbus Circle neighborhood. 57th Street was traditionally the boundary between the Upper West Side and Hell's Kitchen, but another interpretation puts the northern border at 59th Street, where the names of the north–south avenues change. Included between 57th and 59th Streets the Time Warner Center at Columbus Circle; Hudson Hotel; Mount Sinai West, where John Lennon died in 1980 after being shot; and John Jay College.
Beyond the southern boundary is Chelsea. The Hudson Yards neighborhood overlaps with Hell's Kitchen, and the areas are often lumped together as "West Midtown", given their proximity to the Midtown Manhattan business district. The traditional dividing line with Chelsea is 34th Street. The area between the rail corridor at Pennsylvania Station and the West Side Yard and 42nd Street, and east of the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center, is also known as Hell's Kitchen South.
The western border of the neighborhood is the Hudson River at the Hudson River Park and West Side Highway.
Name
Several explanations exist for the original name. An early use of the phrase appears in a comment Davy Crockett made about another notorious Irish slum in Manhattan, Five Points. According to the Irish Cultural Society of the Garden City Area:
According to an article by Kirkley Greenwell, published online by the Hell's Kitchen Neighborhood Association:
Local historian Mary Clark explained the name thus:
The 1929 book Manna-Hatin: The Story of New York states that the Panic of 1857 led to the formation of gangs "in the notorious 'Gas House District' at Twenty-First Street and the East River, or in 'Hell's Kitchen', in the West Thirties."
Hell's Kitchen has become the most frequently used name of the neighborhood, even though real estate developers have offered alternatives of "Clinton" and "Midtown West", or even "the Mid-West". The "Clinton" name, used by the municipality of New York City, originated in 1959 in an attempt to link the area to DeWitt Clinton Park at 52nd and Eleventh Avenue, named after the 19th century New York governor.
History
Early history and development
On the island of Manhattan as it was when Europeans first saw it, the Great Kill formed from three small streams that united near present-day Tenth Avenue and 40th Street, and then wound through the low-lying Reed Valley, renowned for fish and waterfowl, to empty into the Hudson River at a deep bay on the river at the present 42nd Street. The name was retained in a tiny hamlet called Great Kill, which became a center for carriage-making, while the upland to the south and east became known as Longacre, the predecessor of Longacre Square (now Times Square).
One of the large farms of the colonial era in this neighborhood was that of Andreas Hopper and his descendants, extending from today's 48th Street nearly to 59th Street and from the river east to what is now Sixth Avenue. One of the Hopper farmhouses, built in 1752 for John Hopper the younger, stood near 53rd Street and Eleventh Avenue; christened "Rosevale" for its extensive gardens, it was the home of the War of 1812 veteran, Gen. Garrit Hopper Striker, and lasted until 1896, when it was demolished. The site was purchased for the city and naturalistically landscaped by Samuel Parsons Jr. as DeWitt Clinton Park. In 1911, New York Hospital bought a full city block largely of the Hopper property, between 54th and 55th Streets, Eleventh and Twelfth Avenues. Beyond the railroad track, projecting into the river at 54th Street, was Mott's Point, with an 18th-century Mott family house surrounded by gardens, that was inhabited by members of the family until 1884 and survived until 1895.
A lone surviving structure that dates from the time this area was open farmland and suburban villas is a pre-1800s carriage house that once belonged to a villa owned by former Vice President and New York State governor George Clinton, now in a narrow court behind 422 West 46th Street. From 1811 until it was officially de-mapped in 1857, the diminutive Bloomingdale Square was part of the city's intended future; it extended from 53rd to 57th Streets between Eighth and Ninth Avenues. It was eliminated after the establishment of Central Park, and the name shifted to the junction of Broadway, West End Avenue, and 106th Street, now Straus Park. In 1825, the City purchased for $10 clear title to a right-of-way through John Leake Norton's farm, "The Hermitage", to lay out 42nd Street clear to the river. Before long, cattle ferried from Weehawken were being driven along the unpaved route to slaughterhouses on the East Side. Seventy acres of the Leakes' (later the Nortons') property, extending north from 42nd to 46th Street and from Broadway to the river, had been purchased before 1807 by John Jacob Astor and William Cutting, who held it before dividing it into building lots as the district became more suburban.
The West Side later had its own slaughterhouses, which went out of business in the middle 20th century.
Unity with the city and deterioration
There were multiple changes that helped Hell's Kitchen integrate with New York City proper. The first was construction of the Hudson River Railroad, whose initial leg – the to Peekskill – was completed on September 29, 1849, By the end of 1849, it stretched to Poughkeepsie and in 1851 it extended to Albany. The track ran at a steep grade up Eleventh Avenue, as far as 60th Street.
The formerly rural riverfront was industrialized by businesses, such as tanneries, that used the river for shipping products and dumping waste.
The neighborhood that would later be known as Hell's Kitchen started forming in the southern part of the 22nd Ward in the mid-19th century. Irish immigrants – mostly refugees from the Great Famine – found work on the docks and railroad along the Hudson River and established shantytowns there.
After the American Civil War, there was an influx of people who moved to New York City. The tenements that were built became overcrowded quickly. Many who lived in this congested, poverty-stricken area turned to gang life. Following Prohibition, implemented in 1919, the district's many warehouses were ideal locations for bootleg distilleries for the rumrunners who controlled illicit liquor. At the start of the 20th century, the neighborhood was controlled by gangs, including the violent Gopher Gang led by One Lung Curran and later by Owney Madden.
Early gangs, like the Hell's Kitchen Gang, transformed into organized crime entities, around the same time that Owney Madden became one of the most powerful mobsters in New York. It became known as the "most dangerous area on the American Continent".
By the 1930s, when the McGraw-Hill Building was constructed in Hell's Kitchen, the surrounding area was still largely tenements. After the repeal of Prohibition, many of the organized crime elements moved into other rackets, such as illegal gambling and union shakedowns. The postwar era was characterized by a flourishing waterfront, and longshoreman work was plentiful. By the end of the 1950s, however, the implementation of containerized shipping led to the decline of the West Side piers and many longshoremen found themselves out of work. In addition, construction of the Lincoln Tunnel, Lincoln Tunnel access roads, and the Port Authority Bus Terminal and ramps destroyed much of Hell's Kitchen south of 41st Street.
In 1959, an aborted rumble between rival Irish and Puerto Rican gangs led to the notorious "Capeman" murders in which two innocent teenagers were killed. By 1965, Hell's Kitchen was the home base of the Westies, an Irish mob aligned with the Gambino crime family. It was not until the early 1980s that widespread gentrification began to alter the demographics of the longtime working-class Irish American neighborhood. The 1980s also saw an end to the Westies' reign of terror, when the gang lost all of its power after the RICO convictions of most of its principals in 1986.
First wave of gentrification
Special Clinton zoning district
Although the neighborhood is immediately west of New York's main business district, large-scale redevelopment has been kept in check for more than 40 years by strict zoning rules in a Special Clinton District designed to protect the neighborhood's residents and its low-rise character.
In part to qualify for federal aid, New York developed a comprehensive Plan for New York City in 1969–70. While for almost all neighborhoods, the master plan contained few proposals, it was very explicit about the bright future of Hell's Kitchen. The plan called for 2,000 to 3,000 new hotel rooms, 25,000 apartments, of office space, a new super liner terminal, a subway along 48th Street, and a convention center to replace what the plan described as "blocks of antiquated and deteriorating structures of every sort." However, outrage at the massive residential displacement that this development project would have caused, and the failure of the City to complete any replacement housing, led to opposition to the first project – a new convention center to replace the New York Coliseum.
To prevent the convention center from sparking a development boom that would beget the rest of the master plan with its consequent displacement, the Clinton Planning Council and Daniel Gutman, their environmental planner, proposed that the convention center and all major development be located south of 42nd Street where public policy had already left tracts of vacant land.
Nevertheless, in 1973 the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center was approved for a 44th Street site that would replace piers 84 and 86. But in exchange, and after the defeat of a bond issue that would have funded a 48th Street "people mover," the City first abandoned the rest of the 1969–70 master plan and then gave the neighborhood a special zoning district to restrict further redevelopment. Since then, limited new development has filled in the many empty lots and rejuvenated existing buildings. Later, in 1978, when the city could not afford the higher cost of constructing the 44th Street convention center over water, the Mayor and Governor chose the rail yard site originally proposed by the local community.
The SCD was originally split into four areas:
Preservation Area: 43rd to 56th Streets between Eighth and Tenth Avenues. R-7 density, 6-story height limit on new buildings, suggested average apartment size of two bedrooms (this was a response to the fact that between 1960 and 1970 developers had torn down 2,300 family-sized units and replaced them with 1,500 smaller units).
Perimeter Area: Eighth Avenue, 42nd and 57th Streets. Bulkier development permitted to counterbalance the downzoning in the preservation area.
Mixed Use Area: Tenth and Eleventh Avenues between 43rd and 50th Streets. Mixed residential and manufacturing. New residential development only permitted in conjunction with manufacturing areas. Later combined into "Other Areas".
Other Areas: West of Eleventh Avenue. Industrial and waterfront uses. Later combined with "Mixed Use Area"
Special permits are required for all demolition and construction in the SCD, including demolition of "any sound housing in the District" and any rehabilitation that increases the number of dwellings in a structure. In the original provisions, no building could be demolished unless it was unsound. New developments, conversions, or alterations that create new units or zero bedroom units must contain at least 20% two bedroom apartments with a minimum room size of . Alterations that reduce the percentage of two-bedroom units are not permitted unless the resulting building meets the 20% two-bedroom requirement. Finally, building height in the Preservation Area cannot exceed or seven stories, whichever is less.
Windermere
As the gentrification pace increased, there were numerous reports of problems between landlords and tenants. The most extreme example was the eight-story Windermere Apartments complex at the southwest corner of Ninth Avenue and 57th Street. Built in 1881, it is the second-oldest large apartment house in Manhattan.
In 1980, the owner, Alan B. Weissman, tried to empty the building of its tenants. According to former tenants and court papers, rooms were ransacked, doors were ripped out, prostitutes were moved in, and tenants received death threats in the campaign to empty the building. All the major New York newspapers covered the trials that sent the Windermere's managers to jail. Although Weissman was never linked to the harassment, he and his wife made top billing in the 1985 edition of The Village Voice annual list, "The Dirty Dozen: New York's Worst Landlords." Most of the tenants eventually settled and moved out of the building. As of May 2006, seven tenants remained and court orders protecting the tenants and the building allowed it to remain in derelict condition even as the surrounding neighborhood was experiencing a dramatic burst of demolition and redevelopment. Finally, in September 2007, the fire department evacuated those remaining seven residents from the building, citing dangerous conditions, and padlocked the front door. In 2008 the New York Supreme Court ruled that the owners of the building, who include the TOA Construction Corporation of Japan, must repair it.
Failed rezoning attempts
By the 1980s the area south of 42nd Street was in decline. Both the state and the city hoped that the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center would renew the area. Hotels, restaurants, apartment buildings, and television studios were proposed. One proposal included apartments and hotels on a pier jutting out onto Hudson River, which also included a marina, ferry slip, stores, restaurants, and a performing arts center. At Ninth Avenue and 33rd Street, a 32-story office tower would be built. Hotels, apartment buildings, and a Madison Square Garden would be built over the tracks west of Pennsylvania Station. North of the Javits Center, a "Television City" would be developed by Larry Silverstein in conjunction with NBC.
One impediment to development was the lack of mass transit in the area, which is far from Penn Station, and none of the proposals for a link to Penn Station was pursued successfully (for example, the ill-fated West Side Transitway). No changes to the zoning policy happened until 1990, when the city rezoned a small segment of 11th Avenue near the Javits Center. In 1993, part of 9th Avenue between 35th and 41st Streets was also rezoned. However, neither of these rezonings was particularly significant, as most of the area was still zoned as a manufacturing district with low-rise apartment buildings.
By the early 1990s, there was a recession, which scuttled plans for rezoning and severely reduced the amount of development in the area. After the recession was over, developers invested in areas like Times Square, eastern Hell's Kitchen, and Chelsea, but mostly skipped the Far West Side.
September 11, 2001
While most fire stations in Manhattan lost firefighters in the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, the station with the greatest loss of firefighters was Engine Co. 54/Ladder Co. 4/Battalion 9 at 48th Street and Eighth Avenue, which lost 15 firefighters. Given its proximity to Midtown, the station has specialized in skyscraper fires and rescues; in 2007, it was the second-busiest firehouse in New York City, with 9,685 runs between the two companies. Its patch reads "Pride of Midtown" and "Never Missed a Performance". Memorials dot the station's exterior walls and a granite memorial is in a park to its north. Ladder 21, the "Pride of Hell's Kitchen", located on 38th Street between Ninth and Tenth Avenues, and stationed with Engine Co. 34, lost seven firefighters on September 11. In addition, on September 11, Engine Co. 26 was temporarily stationed with Engine Co. 34/Ladder Co. 21 and lost many firefighters themselves.
Redevelopment and second wave of gentrification
Hell's Kitchen has become an increasingly upscale neighborhood of affluent young professionals as well as residents from the "old days", with rents in the neighborhood having increased dramatically above the average in Manhattan. It has also acquired a large and diverse community as residents have moved north from Chelsea. Zoning has long restricted the extension of Midtown Manhattan's skyscraper development into Hell's Kitchen, at least north of 42nd Street. The David Childs- and Frank Williams-designed Worldwide Plaza established a beachhead when it was built in 1989 at the former Madison Square Garden site, a full city block between 49th and 50th Streets and between Eighth and Ninth Avenues that was exempt from special district zoning rules. This project led a real-estate building boom on Eighth Avenue, including the Hearst Tower at 56th Street and Eighth Avenue.
An indication of how fast real estate prices rose in the neighborhood was a 2004 transaction involving the Howard Johnson's Motel at 52nd Street and Eighth Avenue. In June, Vikram Chatwal's Hampshire Hotel Group bought the motel and adjoining Studio Instrument Rental building for $9 million. In August, they sold the property to Elad Properties for about $43 million. Elad, which formerly owned the Plaza Hotel, built The Link, a luxury 44-story building, at that location.
Hudson Yards
In 2003, the New York City Department of City Planning issued a master plan that envisioned the creation of of commercial and residential development, two corridors of open space. Dubbed the Hudson Yards Master Plan, the area covered is bordered on the east by Seventh and Eighth Avenues, on the south by West 28th and 30th Streets, on the north by West 43rd Street, and on the west by Hudson River Park and the Hudson River. The City's plan was similar to a neighborhood plan produced by architect Meta Brunzema and environmental planner Daniel Gutman for the Hell's Kitchen Neighborhood Association (HKNA). The main concept of the HKNA plan was to allow major new development while protecting the existing residential core area between Ninth and Tenth avenues.
As plans developed, they included a mixed-use real estate development by Related Companies and Oxford Properties over the MTA's West Side Yard; a renovation of the Javits Convention Center; and the 7 Subway Extension to the 34th Street–Hudson Yards station at 34th Street and 11th Avenue, which opened on September 13, 2015. The first phase of the Related project, completed in March 2019, comprises The Shops & Restaurants at Hudson Yards, a public space centered around the Vessel structure, the Shed arts center, and several skyscrapers. By the 2010s, the neighborhood had become home to young Wall Street financiers.
Demographics
Based on data from the 2020 United States census, the population of Hell's Kitchen (Clinton) was 49,758, an increase of 3,874 (8.4%) from the 45,884 counted in 2010. Covering an area of 0.841 sq mi (2.18 km2), the neighborhood had a population density of 59,165/sq. mi (22,825/sq. km). The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 52.8% White, 5.5% African American, 21.1% Hispanic or Latino, 17.5% Asian, and 3.2% from other races.
The entirety of Community District 4, which comprises Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea, had 122,119 inhabitants as of NYC Health's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 83.1 years. This is higher than the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods. Most inhabitants are adults: a plurality (45%) are between the ages of 25–44, while 26% are between 45–64, and 13% are 65 or older. The ratio of youth and college-aged residents was lower, at 9% and 8% respectively.
As of 2017, the median household income in Community Districts 4 and 5 (including Midtown Manhattan) was $101,981, though the median income in Hell's Kitchen individually was $98,727. In 2018, an estimated 11% of Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea residents lived in poverty, compared to 14% in all of Manhattan and 20% in all of New York City. One in twenty residents (5%) was unemployed, compared to 7% in Manhattan and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 41% in Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea, compared to the boroughwide and citywide rates of 45% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, , Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea are considered to be high-income relative to the rest of the city and not gentrifying.
Culture
Entertainment industry
Hell's Kitchen's gritty reputation had made its housing prices lower than elsewhere in Manhattan. Given the lower costs in the past and its proximity to Broadway theatres, the neighborhood is a haven for aspiring actors. Many famous actors and entertainers have resided there, including Burt Reynolds, Rip Torn, Bob Hope, Charlton Heston, James Dean, Madonna, Jerry Seinfeld, Larry David, Alicia Keys, and Sylvester Stallone. This is due in large part to the Actors Studio on West 44th at which Lee Strasberg taught and developed method acting.
With the opening of the original Improv by Budd Friedman in 1963, the club became a hangout for singers to perform but quickly attracted comedians, as well, turning it into the reigning comedy club of its time. Once located at 358 West 44th Street and Ninth Avenue, it has since closed.
Manhattan Plaza at 43rd Street between Ninth and Tenth Avenues was built in the 1970s to house artists. It consists of two 46-story towers with 70% of the apartments set aside for rent discounts for those who work in the arts. The Actors' Temple and St. Malachy Roman Catholic Church with its Actors' Chapel also testify to the long-time presence of show business people.
The neighborhood is also home to a number of broadcast and music-recording studios, including the CBS Broadcast Center at 524 West 57th Street, where the CBS television network records many of its news and sports programs such as 60 Minutes and The NFL Today; the former Sony Music Studios at 460 West 54th Street, which closed in 2007; Manhattan Center Studios at 311 West 34th Street; and Right Track Recording's Studio A509 orchestral recording facility at West 38th Street and Tenth Avenue. The syndicated Montel Williams Show was also taped at the Unitel Studios, 433 West 53rd Street, between Ninth and Tenth Avenues. In 2016, rock music singer and songwriter Sting recorded his album entitled 57th & 9th at Avatar Studios, a music studio located near the intersection of 57th Street and Ninth Avenue in Hell's Kitchen. The progressive metal band Dream Theater recorded their fourth studio album Falling into Infinity at Avatar Studios. Their song Hell's Kitchen is named after this area.
The Comedy Central satirical news program The Daily Show was taped in Hell's Kitchen since its debut until late 2021 when it moved to Times Square. In 2005, it moved from its quarters at 54th Street and Tenth Avenue to a new studio in the neighborhood, at 733 Eleventh Avenue, between 51st and 52nd Streets. The 54th and 10th location was used for The Colbert Report throughout its entire run from 2005 until 2014. Until its cancellation, the studio was used for The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore, following Stephen Colbert's departure from Comedy Central. The studio was later used for Tha God's Honest Truth, produced by Colbert. Next door at 511 West 54th Street is Ars Nova theater, home to emerging artists Joe Iconis and breakout star Jesse Eisenberg, among others.
The headquarters of Troma studios was located in Hell's Kitchen before their move to Long Island City in Queens. The Baryshnikov Arts Center opened at 37 Arts on 37th Street in 2005, the Orchestra of St. Luke's opened the DiMenna Center for Classical Music in the same building in 2011. The Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater opened at 55th Street and Ninth Avenue in 2006. The Metropolitan Community Church of New York, geared toward an LGBTQ membership, is located in Hell's Kitchen.
Food
Ninth Avenue is noted for its many ethnic restaurants. The Ninth Avenue Association's International Food Festival stretches through the Kitchen from 42nd to 57th Streets every May, usually on the third weekend of the month. It has been going on since 1974 and is one of the oldest street fairs in the city. There are Caribbean, Chinese, French, German, Greek, Italian, Irish, Mexican, and Thai restaurants as well as multiple Afghan, Argentine, Ethiopian, Peruvian, Turkish, Indian, Pakistani, and Vietnamese restaurants. Restaurant Row, so-called because of the abundance of restaurants, is located on West 46th Street between Eighth and Ninth Avenues. Notable establishments on Ninth Avenue include Mickey Spillane's, part-owned by the mobster's son, who also owns Mr. Biggs on Tenth Avenue/43rd Street. There are more restaurants and food carts and trucks on Tenth Avenue between 43rd and 47th Streets.
USS Intrepid Museum
The Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum is located at Hudson River Pier 86, 46th Street. Besides the aircraft carrier , the museum exhibits the cruise missile submarine , a Concorde SST, a Lockheed A-12 supersonic reconnaissance plane, the Space Shuttle Enterprise, a Soyuz descent module, and other items.
Parks and recreation
Hell's Kitchen's side streets are mostly lined with trees. The neighborhood does not have many parks or recreational areas, though smaller plots have been converted into green spaces.
One such park is DeWitt Clinton Park on Eleventh Avenue between 52nd and 54th Streets. It is across the West Side Highway from Clinton Cove Park. Another is Hell's Kitchen Park, built in the 1970s on a former parking lot on 10th Avenue between 47th and 48th Streets.
A newer park in Hell's Kitchen is the Hudson Park and Boulevard, which is part of the Hudson Yards Redevelopment Project.
The Clinton Community Garden is located on West 48th Street between Ninth and Tenth Avenues, and consists of 108 plots. Previously a haven for illegal activity, in 1978 the West 48th Street Block Association joined with the Green Guerillas to secure a lease for the site to renovate it for community use. When the city put it up for auction in 1981, residents formed the Committee to Save Clinton Community Garden, through both appeals to Mayor Ed Koch and unsuccessful efforts to purchase the site. In 1984, one month before the auction, the garden was transferred to the city's Parks Department, making it the first community garden to become parkland. It is open from dawn to dusk, and over 2,000 residents have keys to the park, which is used by an average of 500–600 people, including over 100 children, during the warm months. Recreational programs provide for events that include an annual Summer Solstice event, art shows, chamber music picnics, gardening seminars, and dance recitals. Residents have also held weddings in the park, and photographers have used it for photo shoots.
Police and crime
Hell's Kitchen is patrolled by two precincts of the NYPD. The area south of 42nd Street is patrolled by the 10th Precinct of the NYPD, located at 230 West 20th Street in Chelsea, while the area north of 42nd Street is patrolled by the 18th (Midtown North) Precinct, located at 306 West 54th Street. The 10th Precinct ranked 61st safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime in 2010, while the Midtown North and Midtown South precincts ranked 69th safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime. , with a non-fatal assault rate of 34 per 100,000 people, Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea's rate of violent crimes per capita is less than that of the city as a whole. The incarceration rate of 313 per 100,000 people is lower than that of the city as a whole.
The 10th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 74.8% between 1990 and 2018. The precinct reported 1 murder, 19 rapes, 81 robberies, 103 felony assaults, 78 burglaries, 744 grand larcenies, and 26 grand larcenies auto in 2018. The 18th Precinct also has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 84.2% between 1990 and 2018. The precinct reported 3 murders, 21 rapes, 130 robberies, 190 felony assaults, 175 burglaries, 1,875 grand larcenies, and 31 grand larcenies auto in 2018.
Fire safety
Hell's Kitchen is served by four New York City Fire Department (FDNY) fire stations:
Rescue 1 – 530 West 43rd Street
Engine Company 26 – 222 West 37th Street
Engine Company 34/Ladder Company 21 – 440 West 38th Street
Engine Company 54/Ladder Company 4/Battalion 9 – 782 8th Avenue
Health
, preterm births in Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea are the same as the city average, though births to teenage mothers are less common. In Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea, there were 87 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 9.9 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide). Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea have a low population of residents who are uninsured. In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 11%, slightly less than the citywide rate of 12%.
The concentration of fine particulate matter, the deadliest type of air pollutant, in Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea is , more than the city average. Eleven percent of Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea residents are smokers, which is less than the city average of 14% of residents being smokers. In Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea, 10% of residents are obese, 5% are diabetic, and 18% have high blood pressure—compared to the citywide averages of 24%, 11%, and 28% respectively. In addition, 14% of children are obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%.
Ninety-one percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is higher than the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 86% of residents described their health as "good," "very good," or "excellent," more than the city's average of 78%. For every supermarket in Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea, there are 7 bodegas.
The nearest major hospitals are Mount Sinai West in Hell's Kitchen, Bellevue Hospital Center and NYU Langone Medical Center in Kips Bay, and NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital in the Upper East Side.
Post offices and ZIP Codes
Hell's Kitchen is located within three primary ZIP Codes. From north to south they are 10018 between 34th and 41st Streets, 10036 between 41st and 48th Streets, and 10019 between 48th and 59th Streets. The United States Postal Service operates three post offices in Hell's Kitchen:
Radio City Station – 322 West 52nd Street
RCU Annex Station – 340 West 42nd Street
Midtown Station – 223 West 38th Street
In addition, the James A. Farley Station, the main post office for New York City, is located at 421 8th Avenue.
Education
Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea generally have a higher rate of college-educated residents than the rest of the city . A majority of residents age 25 and older (78%) have a college education or higher, while 6% have less than a high school education and 17% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 64% of Manhattan residents and 43% of city residents have a college education or higher. The percentage of Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea students excelling in math rose from 61% in 2000 to 80% in 2011, and reading achievement increased from 66% to 68% during the same time period.
Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea's rate of elementary school student absenteeism is lower than the rest of New York City. In Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea, 16% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per school year, less than the citywide average of 20%. Additionally, 81% of high school students in Hell's Kitchen and Chelsea graduate on time, more than the citywide average of 75%.
Schools
The New York City Department of Education operates the following public elementary schools in Hell's Kitchen as part of Community School District 2:
P.S. 35 (grades K, 2-12)
P.S. 51 Elias Howe (grades PK-5)
P.S. 111 Adolph S Ochs (grades PK-5, 7-8)
The following high schools are located in Hell's Kitchen, serving grades 9-12 unless otherwise indicated:
Business of Sports School
Facing History School
Food and Finance High School
High School for Environmental Studies
High School of Hospitality Management
Independence High School
Manhattan Bridges High School
Professional Performing Arts School (grades 6-12)
Urban Assembly Gateway School For Technology
Urban Assembly School of Design and Construction
The Beacon School
The Success Academy Charter Schools group opened an elementary school, Success Academy Hell's Kitchen, in the High School of Graphic Communication Arts building in 2013.
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York operates Catholic schools in Manhattan. The Holy Cross School served the Hells Kitchen/Times Square area. Circa 2011 it had about 300 students. Some students originated from areas outside of New York City and outside New York State. In 2013 the archdiocese announced that the school was to close. The school had the possibility of remaining open if $720,000 in pledges to the school were obtained, and the school community almost got to the number; however, the school was to be closed anyway.
Library
The New York Public Library (NYPL) operates the Columbus branch at 742 10th Avenue. The Columbus branch was founded in 1901 as the Columbus Catholic Club's collection, and it became an NYPL branch four years later. The current Carnegie library building opened in 1909 and was renovated in 2004–2005.
Transportation
Public transport
Hell's Kitchen is bounded on the east by the New York City Subway's IND Eighth Avenue Line (). The MTA built the 7 Subway Extension () for the aforementioned Hudson Yards development. The extension to 34th Street–Hudson Yards opened on September 13, 2015, making the IRT Flushing Line the westernmost New York City Subway line within Midtown.
Several New York City Bus routes (namely the , as well as express bus routes) also service the area.
Ferry operations in the neighborhood include Circle Line Sightseeing Cruises at West 42nd Street. NY Waterway service is available at the West Midtown Ferry Terminal at 38th Street. Service on the St. George route of the NYC Ferry system will also begin serving 38th Street in 2020.
Private transport
The Lincoln Tunnel connects New York City to New Jersey. The tunnel consists of three vehicular tubes of varying lengths, with two traffic lanes in each tube. The center tube contains reversible lanes.
Parking lots dot the neighborhood but are dwindling in quantity as developments are being built. Eleventh Avenue is lined with car dealerships, many of which claim to have the highest volume among all dealerships for their brands in the country.
Many of the horse-drawn carriages from Central Park stay in stables just off the West Side Highway. It is not uncommon to hear the sound of horses in the neighborhood. There have been calls for banning horse-drawn carriages, especially from Mayor of New York City Bill de Blasio following a handful of collisions between cars and carriages. The carriage horses live in stables originally built in the 19th century, but today contain modern design features such as fans, misting systems, box stalls, and sprinkler systems. The carriage horses live upstairs in their stables while the carriages are parked below on the ground floor.
Intercity and long-distance transport
The massive Port Authority Bus Terminal is between 40th and 42nd Streets and Eighth and Ninth Avenues. It serves numerous commuter and intercity routes, as well as airport shuttles and tour buses.
Cruise ships frequently dock at the New York Passenger Ship Terminal in the 48th to 52nd Street piers, respectively numbered Piers 88, 90, and 92. The piers originally built in 1930 are now considered small, and some cruise traffic uses other locations.
Located just southeast of Hell's Kitchen is Penn Station. It is the busiest railroad station in North America, with 600,000 Long Island Rail Road, NJ Transit Rail, and Amtrak passengers using the station on an average weekday . One railroad line to Penn Station runs through the neighborhood, the Empire Connection, which is located in the sunken West Side Line west of Tenth Avenue. Parts of the trench have been covered over.
In popular culture
Comics
The Kitchen, an eight-issue Vertigo Comics miniseries, is a female-driven crime drama set in Hell's Kitchen.
The Marvel superhero Matt Murdock / Daredevil was born and raised in Hell's Kitchen, and most of the comic's run takes place in the area.
Books
The character Gail Wynand in Ayn Rand's 1943 novel The Fountainhead grew up in Hell's Kitchen. Several chapters in the book are extensive flashbacks to his childhood and youth there. At the end of the book he buys up several blocks of Hell's Kitchen, in which to build the world's tallest skyscraper.
Apollo, the protagonist from Rick Riordan's 2016 novel The Hidden Oracle, crashes in a Hell's Kitchen dumpster after being turned mortal, and meets and is saved from muggers by his companion Meg McCaffrey there.
The titular character in Taylor Jenkins Reid's 2017 novel The Seven Husbands of Evelyn Hugo was born in Hell's Kitchen.
City of Girls (2019) by Elizabeth Gilbert is set in Hell's Kitchen in the 1940s.
Patrick Bateman in Bret Easton Ellis' "American Psycho" (1991) regularly disposed of his victims in Hell's Kitchen, as well as picking up several prostitutes, such as the returning character Christie.
Television
Route 66 (1960–63), TV show – Buz Murdock, one of the lead characters, grew up in Hell's Kitchen.
Marvel's Daredevil, an adaptation of the comic series and character of the same name, is set in Hell's Kitchen. Matt Murdock's alter ego as a secretive and intimidating vigilante is first known to the public and various crime organizations as "The Man in Black" and later "The Devil of Hell's Kitchen" before his official branding as "Daredevil".
Film
The Devil's Party (1938), film by Ray McCarey, based on the novel Hell's Kitchen Has a Pantry by Borden Chase, is set in Hell's Kitchen.
Fail Safe (1964), film by Sidney Lumet.
Taxi Driver (1976), film by Martin Scorsese, filmed and set largely in Hell's Kitchen.
State of Grace (1990), film by Phil Joanou set in Hell's Kitchen
Sleepers (1996), film by Barry Levinson based on Lorenzo Carcaterra's 1995 novel of the same name.
In America (2002), film by Jim Sheridan, set in 1985. The family settles in Hell's Kitchen.
Ash Wednesday (2002), by Edward Burns, set in the Hell's Kitchen of the early 1980s
The Kitchen (2019), by Andrea Berloff, set in the Hell's Kitchen of the late 1970s.
Video games
Deus Ex (2000) features a level set in Hell's Kitchen.
Music
The album Falling into Infinity by Dream Theater contains an instrumental named "Hell's Kitchen".
Notable residents
Notable current and former residents of Hell's Kitchen include:
Michael Alig, founder of the Club Kids, lived at Riverbank West (560 West 43rd Street), Apartment 3K, at 11th Avenue, which he described as "the place where I lived as part of my salary at Limelight"; it was the address where he and his roommate, Robert "Freeze" Riggs, killed Andre "Angel" Melendez
Carmelo Anthony (born 1984), basketball player
Benjamin Appel (1907–1977), crime novelist
Lewis Black, comic
Anthony Bourdain (1956–2018), chef and author
James J. Braddock ("Cinderella Man"), boxer, lived on West 48th Street
James Cagney, actor
George Cain (1943–2010), author of Blueschild Baby.
Lorenzo Carcaterra, author, born and raised in Hell's Kitchen, which is featured in his autobiographical story "A Safe Place" as well as the novel and later film Sleepers.
Vanessa Carlton (born 1980), singer-songwriter
Paul Cavonis (born 1937), actor
Timothée Chalamet (born 1995), actor, born and raised in Hell's Kitchen
Richard Christy (born 1974), comedian, radio personality, and musician
James Coonan (born 1946), mobster
Marlon Craft (born 1993), rapper
Larry David (born 1947), actor, producer of Seinfeld and Curb Your Enthusiasm.
Marcelo Gomes (born 1979), Brazilian ballet dancer
Tom Gorman (1919–1986), Major League Baseball umpire.
Charlton Heston, (1923-2008), Academy Award Winning Actor.
Alicia Keys (born 1981), singer and pianist
Mako Komuro and Kei, former Japanese Imperial family and her husband.
Kenny Kramer (born 1943), comedian, lived in a Hell's Kitchen apartment across the hall from Larry David and became the inspiration for the Cosmo Kramer character on Seinfeld.
Stanley Kramer (1913–2001), film director and producer
Daniel Patrick Moynihan (1927–2003), politician, sociologist, and diplomat.
Hasan Minhaj (born 1985) comedian, writer, and political commentator
Brian Mullen (born 1962), NHL hockey player
Joe Mullen (born 1957), NHL hockey player
Joakim Noah (born 1985), NBA basketball player
Trevor Noah (born 1984), actor
Paul O'Neill (1956–2017), producer and founder of Trans-Siberian Orchestra
Jerry Orbach (1935–2004), actor. Kept an apartment on Eighth Avenue between 53rd and 54th Streets.
Tony Orlando (born 1944), singer
Ilka Tanya Payán (1943–1996), actress and AIDS activist
Josh Peck (born 1986), actor, was born and raised in Hell's Kitchen.
Mario Puzo (1920–1999), author of The Godfather
George Raft (1901–1980), actor
John Reed (born 1969), author
Mickey Rourke (born 1953), actor
Max Schneider (born 1992), American singer-songwriter and actor
Kevin Spacey (born 1959), actor
Mickey Spillane (1933–1977), mobster
Sylvester Stallone (born 1946), actor who was born and raised in the area.
Lisa Velez (born 1966), singer of Lisa Lisa and Cult Jam
Bruce Willis (born 1955), actor, lived at West 49th Street and Tenth Avenue as a struggling actor.
Yvette Calderon, Professor of Emergency Medicine
Notes
References
External links
Hell's Kitchen Neighborhood Association
Hell's Kitchen South Coalition
New York magazine neighborhood profile
"Turf of Gangs and Gangsters" by John Strausbaugh, The New York Times, August 17, 2007
Hell's Kitchen Neighborhood Business and Services Directory
Ethnic enclaves in New York (state)
Gay villages in New York (state)
Irish-American culture in New York City
Irish-American neighborhoods
Neighborhoods in Manhattan | wiki |
A quiet room or silent room is a room, typically in an office, built with regard to silence by shielding noise from or towards the surroundings. In an office setting, they are often made for one person, and differs from a meeting room which typically are larger and can accommodate several people. Quiet rooms have been described as necessity in office landscapes in addition to telephone rooms and meeting rooms. Some have suggested that an office landscape should have at least one quiet room per six employees.
Use
A quiet room can both shield against noise from the surroundings, and shield the surroundings from noise from inside the quiet room.
For concentration
In one sense, the quiet room is a place of silence where one can stay without noise disturbance from others, for example in order to perform work requiring concentration or which is confidential in nature. An example of use can be if a person is seated in a noisy office landscape and is handed a task which requires special concentration.
There are also examples of quiet rooms being installed in small private homes which otherwise lack the space or number of rooms to give the occupants privacy (see also man cave).
For noisy work
In another sense, a quiet room can be used to shield the surroundings from noisy work. This may be relevant, for example, if a person in an office landscape is to have a video meeting, and especially if the meeting is longer or if the person will be having an active role in the meeting. In this context, a distinction is often made between a quiet room and a meeting room; a quiet room is usually used when one person in the office is having a longer conversation, while meeting rooms are used for accommodating several meeting participants in the same room.
Other meanings
A quiet room can, depending on context, be used as an euphemism for special types of rooms. Multifaith spaces are sometimes called quiet rooms. Breastfeeding rooms are also sometimes called quiet rooms. Quiet room or rest room can also refer to sensory rooms, for example for recovering stroke patients.
Quiet rooms can also refer to a "sanctuary" or a place where you can rest and let the mind fly, or even perform yoga. In some cases, quiet rooms have been set up temporarily as a place where people can mourn.
See also
Anechoic chamber, a room designed to be completely echo free
Organizational culture, hereunder office culture
Remote work
Safe room
References
Office work
Rooms | wiki |
The 1997–98 Scottish League Cup was the 52nd staging of Scotland's second most prestigious football knockout competition. The competition was won by Celtic, who defeated Dundee United 3–0 in the Final. The Final was played at Ibrox Stadium because Hampden Park was being redeveloped, work which was completed in time for the 1999 Scottish Cup Final.
First round
Second round
Third round
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
Final
External links
Scottish League Cup 1997/1998
Scottish League Cup seasons
League Cup | wiki |
The sand gerbil (Gerbillus syrticus) is distributed mainly in northeastern Libya. Less than 250 individuals are thought to be left in existence. It is sometimes considered a subspecies of the pygmy gerbil.
References
Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is listed as data deficient
Gerbillus
Rodents of North Africa
Endemic fauna of Libya
Mammals described in 1974 | wiki |
Rael may refer to:
People
Given name
Raël (born 1946), French UFO-religion leader and racing driver
Rael Artel (born 1980), Estonian art writer, curator and gallerist
Rael Dornfest, American computer programmer and author
Rael Levitt (born 1971), South African businessman
Rael Toffolo (born 1976), Brazilian musician, composer and musicologist
Characters
Rael, the protagonist of the 1974 concept album The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway by Genesis
Rael, a character in the 1968 Star Trek episode "Wink of an Eye", played by actor Jason Evers
Surname
Chris Rael, American musician and composer
James Rael (born 1992), Irish rugby union player
Joseph Rael (born 1935), Native American ceremonial dancer and shamanism writer
Juan Bautista Rael (1900–1993), American linguist and folklorist
Nguriatukei Rael Kiyara (born 1984), Kenyan long-distance runner
Places
Rael, Syria
Rael Kedam
Other uses
"Rael", a song by The Who from the 1967 album The Who Sell Out
Renewable and Appropriate Energy Laboratory (RAEL), at the University of California, Berkeley
See also
Raëlism
Real (disambiguation) | wiki |
Red-eye gravy is a thin sauce often seen in the cuisine of the Southern United States and associated with the country ham of that region. Other names for this sauce include poor man's gravy, bird-eye gravy, bottom sop, cedar gravy, and red ham gravy. The gravy is made from the drippings of pan-fried country ham mixed with black coffee. Red-eye gravy is often served over ham, grits or biscuits.
A common practice is to dip the inner sides of a split biscuit into the gravy in order to add flavor and keep the biscuit from being too dry when a piece of country ham is added between the two halves, sometimes called the Southern "ham biscuit". (The Appalachian ham biscuit is simply a biscuit with country ham.) Another popular way to serve red-eye gravy, especially in parts of Alabama, is with mustard or ketchup mixed in with the gravy. Biscuits are then dipped ("sopped" in Southern English) in the gravy.
In Louisiana, Cajun cuisine-style gravy is made with a roast beef instead of ham. Black coffee is always used, and it is frequently a strongly brewed coffee substitute made from chicory. The gravy is ladled over the meat on a bed of rice, staining the rice a dark brown color. Often, French bread and some kind of beans, like butter beans, lima beans, or peas, are served as side dishes.
Origin
Red-eye gravy's name comes from its distinct appearance. Prepared traditionally, with coffee and grease combined in the final step (see Preparation below), a heterogeneous mixture forms with the water-based coffee sinking to the bottom and the oil-based grease forming the top layer. In a round bowl the mixture looks much like a red human eye. Use of red pepper enhances the redness of the appearance.
Less traditional preparation techniques do not always result in the "red eye" appearance, leading to folk legends surrounding the origin of the name. For instance, one story is that former United States President Andrew Jackson requested ham with gravy as red as his cook's eyes, which were bloodshot from drinking the night before, or that the black coffee in the gravy will keep people awake.
Preparation
After a ham has been cooked, the grease is removed from the pan. Black coffee is then used to deglaze the pan. The coffee and grease are then poured into the same container in a one-to-one ratio.
Other recipes exist, using water instead of coffee, or adding coffee with grease still present in the pan. When the coffee is added to the grease in this manner, a heterogeneous mixture may result that lacks the "red eye" appearance.
Florida Crackers referred to tomato gravy as red-eye gravy, and prepare it in much the same way by adding flour and tomatoes to bacon grease. This is served with fried catfish or other fish.
See also
Coffee sauce
List of coffee dishes
List of gravies
Red gravy
Sawmill gravy, which is sometimes confused with red-eye gravy.
References
External links
Track That Word! listing for 'red-eye gravy' on the Do You Speak American? website
Coffee dishes
Cuisine of the Southern United States
Sauces | wiki |
Sara Lawrence was a beauty pageant contestant.
Sara Lawrence may also refer to:
Sara Lawrence (writer)
Sara Lawrence-Lightfoot
See also
Sarah Lawrence (disambiguation) | wiki |
Heir property, or heirs' property, refers to a home or land that passes from generation to generation through inheritance, usually without a will or formal estate strategy. This unstable form of ownership limits a family’s ability to build generational wealth and hampers the efforts of nonprofits and cities to revitalize neighborhoods.
Heirs' property disproportionately impacts racial and ethnic minority populations, low-income and low-wealth families, and rural and distressed urban areas. Research in several states shows heirs' property is a cross-cutting issue common to all communities. Specific research has focused on land loss among African Americans, Latinx communities in the Southwest, Indigenous communities on reservations, and white communities in Appalachia.
Background
Heirs' property is created when the original owner of the home or land dies without a will or dies with a will leaving the property to multiple beneficiaries. The number of owners increases as additional heirs/owners die. The recorded deed for the real property is typically in the name of the deceased relative. This results in “fractured” or “tangled” titles shared among multiple family members that are difficult to use in order to prove ownership of the land.
Heirs' property owners are considered tenants in common. Each heir has equal rights to full use and possession. Each heir is legally responsible for taxes and other real property-related expenses. Each heir may transfer interest in real property to another heir or outsider. Each heir may seek a partition of the real property. Each heir must agree to any major decisions about the real property.
Heirs' property has a negative effect on families and communities. Individuals living on heirs property face an increased risk of forced sale and eviction. Heirs cannot sell, mortgage or lease the heirs property without agreement of all heirs. Heirs have more difficulty farming, qualifying for agriculture loans, and selling agriculture products. Heirs cannot qualify for most rehab programs or secure financing for needed repairs for their heirs property. Heirs may not be able to participate in government programs offered by USDA, HUD, FEMA, and other federal and state agencies. Heirs cannot qualify for loan modifications and other loss mitigation programs when facing foreclosure. Heirs may not be able to qualify for conservation use tax reductions, homestead exemptions or other real property tax exemptions.
In this system, the land is held in common. After several generations, it can be difficult to determine who the legal owners are, and the legal owners might not have paid their share of taxes, lived on the land, or helped maintain it. African Americans were more likely to let land become heirs’ property due to a lack of access to government services and a distrust of the legal system during periods of systemic discrimination against African-Americans.
Impact of heirs property on African American communities
According to the United States Department of Agriculture, since 1910, the heir property system has been responsible for African Americans landowners losing 80% of the farming land owned by previous generations. In 1910, 16 million acres were operated by African American farmers, or 14% of farms. In 2023, under 3 million acres are operated African American farmers, and 1.5% of farms.
Within the Southern United States, about a third of the land owned by African Americans, amounting to about 3.5 million acres, is held in the heirs property system. Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, Texas, North Carolina, Virginia, Florida, and Louisiana are the states most affected by the confusion of heirs' property.
Research from other states
In Georgia, a 2017 USDA and UGA Carl Vinson study determined that 11-25% of parcels in every county are probable heirs property. The total tax appraised value of probable heirs property in Georgia is more than $34 billion. The negative impacts of heirs property affect families and every aspect of community including the functioning of local government, court systems, state departments, banks, businesses, and nonprofits.
Legislation
Uniform Partition of Heirs Property Act
The Uniform Partition of Heirs Property Act is being adopted by a number of states in order to help families preserve their wealth in the face of partition sales. Among other things, it requires improved procedures for serving notice on heirs and determining fair market value if the co-owners of the property are unable to agree. The UPHPA restructures partition sales with three major reforms:
If a co-owner brings a partition action in court, the court must provide an opportunity to the other co-owners to buy out the co-owner who brought the action.
If there is no buyout, then the law provides a preference for the court to order a partition in kind and divide the property, rather than order a sale.
If a partition in kind is not ordered, the UPHPA requires the court to sell the property at a market sale, not at an auction sale, and specifies a process for the property to be appraised and sold for its fair market value.
As of January 2023, 22 states and the Virgin Islands have passed the UPHPA.
2018 Farm Bill
The 2018 Farm Bill, a piece of omnibus legislation that governs much of agricultural policy in the United States, required the USDA's Farm Service Agency to develop rules allowing heirs' property owners to obtain a farm and tract number, even with cloudy property title.
Federal Emergency Management Agency
In October 2022, FEMA developed guidelines for its agents to accept heirs' property documentation to qualify for disaster relief.
References
American legal terminology
South Carolina law
External links
Heirs' Property and Land Fractionation: Fostering Stable Ownership to Prevent Land Loss and Abandonment -Publication from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.
Heirs' Property - National Agricultural Law Information Partnership, U.S. Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Library | wiki |
Amerikai Egyesült Államok
Antelope (Dél-Dakota)
Antelope (Kalifornia)
Dunnigan (Kalifornia), régi neve Antelope
Antelope (Kansas)
Antelope (Montana)
Antelope (Oregon)
Antelope (Texas)
Kanada
Canada
Antelope (Új-Fundland és Labrador) | wiki |
Le Serpent may refer to:
French films
Le Serpent (1973 film), released in English as Night Flight from Moscow
Le Serpent (2006 film), released in English as The Serpent
See also
Serpent (disambiguation) | wiki |
A telephone directory, commonly called a telephone book, telephone address book, phonebook, or the white and yellow pages, is a listing of telephone subscribers in a geographical area or subscribers to services provided by the organization that publishes the directory. Its purpose is to allow the telephone number of a subscriber identified by name and address to be found.
The advent of the Internet and smartphones in the 21st century greatly reduced the need for a paper phone book. Some communities, such as Seattle and San Francisco, sought to ban their unsolicited distribution as wasteful, unwanted and harmful to the environment.
The slogan "Let Your Fingers Do the Walking" refers to use of phone books.
Content
Subscriber names are generally listed in alphabetical order, together with their postal or street address and telephone number. In principle every subscriber in the geographical coverage area is listed, but subscribers may request the exclusion of their number from the directory, often for a fee; their number is then said to be "unlisted" (US and Canada), "ex-directory" (British English), or "private" (Australia and New Zealand).
A telephone directory may also provide instructions: how to use the telephone service, how to dial a particular number, be it local or international, what numbers to access important and emergency services, utilities, hospitals, doctors, and organizations who can provide support in times of crisis. It may also have civil defense or emergency management information. There may be transit maps, postal code/zip code guides, international dialing codes or stadium seating charts, as well as advertising.
In the US, under current rules and practices, mobile phone and voice over IP listings are not included in telephone directories. Efforts to create cellular directories have met stiff opposition from several fronts, including those who seek to avoid telemarketers.
Types
A telephone directory and its content may be known by the colour of the paper it is printed on.
White pages generally indicates personal or alphabetic listings.
Yellow pages, golden pages, A2Z, or classified directory is usually a "business directory", where businesses are listed alphabetically within each of many classifications (e.g., "lawyers"), almost always with paid advertising.
Grey pages, sometimes called a "reverse telephone directory", allowing subscriber details to be found for a given number. Not available in all jurisdictions. (These listings are often published separately, in a city directory, or under another name, for a price, and made available to commercial and government agencies.)
Other colors may have other meanings; for example, information on government agencies is often printed on blue pages or green pages.
Publication
Telephone directories can be published in hard copy or in electronic form. In the latter case, the directory can be on physical media such as CD-ROM, or using an online service through proprietary terminals or over the Internet.
In many countries directories are both published in book form and also available over the Internet. Printed directories were usually supplied free of charge.
CD ROM
Selectphone (ProCD) Inc.) and PhoneDisc (Digital Directory Assistance Inc) were among the earliest such proucts. These were not a matter of a single click: PhoneDisc, depending on the mix of Residential, Business or both, involved up to eight CD-ROMs. SelectPhone is fewer CD-ROMs: five.
Both provide a reverse lookup feature (by phone number or by address), albeit involving up to five CD-ROMs.
Internet
The combination of phone number lookups, along with Internet access, was offered by some service providers; VoIP (Voice over IP) was an additional feature.
History
Telephone directories are a type of city directory. Books listing the inhabitants of an entire city were widely published starting in the 18th century, before the invention of the telephone.
The first telephone directory, consisting of a single piece of cardboard, was issued on 21 February 1878; it listed 50 individuals, businesses, and other offices in New Haven, Connecticut that had telephones. The directory was not alphabetized and no numbers were associated with the people included in it. In 1879, Dr. Moses Greeley Parker suggested the format of the telephone directory be changed so that subscribers appeared in alphabetical order and each telephone be identified with a number. Parker came to this idea out of fear that Lowell, Massachusetts's four operators would contract measles and be unable to connect telephone subscribers to one another.
The first British telephone directory was published on 15 January 1880 by The Telephone Company. It contained 248 names and addresses of individuals and businesses in London; telephone numbers were not used at the time as subscribers were asked for by name at the exchange. The directory is preserved as part of the British phone book collection by BT Archives.
The Reuben H. Donnelly company asserts that it published the first classified directory, or yellow pages, for Chicago, Illinois, in 1886.
In 1938, AT&T commissioned the creation of a new typeface, known as Bell Gothic, the purpose of which was to be readable at very small font sizes when printed on newsprint where small imperfections were common.
In 1981, France became the first country to have an electronic directory on a system called Minitel. The directory is called "11" after its telephone access number.
In 1991, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled (in Feist v. Rural) that telephone companies do not have a copyright on telephone listings, because copyright protects creativity and not the mere labor of collecting existing information.
In 1996, the first telephone directories went online in the US. Yellowpages.com and Whitepages.com both saw their start in April. In 1999, the first online telephone directories and people-finding sites such as LookupUK.com went online in the UK. In 2003, more advanced UK searching including Electoral Roll became available on LocateFirst.com.
In the 21st century, printed telephone directories are increasingly criticized as waste. In 2012, after some North American cities passed laws banning the distribution of telephone books, an industry group sued and obtained a court ruling permitting the distribution to continue. Manufacture and distribution of telephone directories produces over 1,400,000 metric tons of greenhouse gases and consumes over 600,000 tons of paper annually.
Reverse directories
A reverse telephone directory is sorted by number, which can be looked up to give the name and address of the subscriber.
See also
Silent number
City directory
References
Further reading
External links
Phone Book of the World.com
LookupAmerica.com
Telephone numbers
Directories
History of the telephone
American inventions
1878 introductions | wiki |
In entomology, the term labellum has been applied variously and in partly contradictory ways. One usage is in referring to a elongation of the labrum that covers the base of the rostrum in certain Coleoptera and Hemiptera.
In contrast, the most common current use of the term is in the anatomy of the mouthparts of Diptera, particularly those in which the labium forms the bulk of the proboscis, such as in the housefly family. Typically, the labium is expanded distally into a pair of fleshy labella. In the early twentieth century it was argued that the labella are the modified labial palps, and that point of view still is seen as having merit. In flies such as the mosquitoes, that have long antennae, the labella are two separate organs, attached to the proboscis only at their bases, but in the flies with short antennae, such as the house fly, they are more or less fused to form a single structure. Flies with fused labella have food channels in the surface of the labella. These are called pseudotracheae. They form the "spongy" part of a housefly's "tongue".
References
Insect anatomy | wiki |
Dune 7 is the highest dune in Namibia.
The dune has been measured at over and is named Dune 7 because it is the seventh dune one encounters after crossing the river Tsauchab.
References
Dunes of Namibia
Walvis Bay | wiki |
The following is a list of all team-to-team transactions that have occurred in the National Hockey League (NHL) during the 1942–43 NHL season. It lists which team each player has been traded to and for which player(s) or other consideration(s), if applicable.
Transactions
References
Transactions
National Hockey League transactions | wiki |
Jack Robinson was a British racehorse trainer. He was Champion Trainer in 1905.
British racehorse trainers | wiki |
The women's skeleton event at the 2014 Winter Olympics took place at the Sliding Center Sanki on 13–14 February. In the first run, Lizzy Yarnold established the track record of 58.43 seconds and the start record of 4.95 seconds. The start record was improved to 4.89 seconds in the same run by Elena Nikitina. In the third run, Yarnold improved her own track record to 57.91. Winning all four runs, Yarnold became the Olympic champion; Noelle Pikus-Pace of the United States won silver, and Nikitina became the bronze medalist. Each of them won their first Olympic medal. Yarnold's medal was the first gold medal for Great Britain at the 2014 Olympics.
Standing records
While the IOC does not consider skeleton times eligible for Olympic records, the FIBT does maintain records for both the start and a complete run at each track it competes.
Results
TR – Track Record (in italics for previous marks). Top finish in each run is in boldface. For the second and fourth runs, athletes start in reverse order in relation to their current standings.
On 22 November 2017, bronze medalist Elena Nikitina was stripped of her medal and Olga Potylitsina and Maria Orlova were also disqualified. On 1 February 2018, their results were restored as a result of the successful appeal.
References
Skeleton at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Women's events at the 2014 Winter Olympics | wiki |
Woodcut is a relief printing technique in printmaking. An artist carves an image into the surface of a block of wood—typically with gouges—leaving the printing parts level with the surface while removing the non-printing parts. Areas that the artist cuts away carry no ink, while characters or images at surface level carry the ink to produce the print. The block is cut along the wood grain (unlike wood engraving, where the block is cut in the end-grain). The surface is covered with ink by rolling over the surface with an ink-covered roller (brayer), leaving ink upon the flat surface but not in the non-printing areas.
Multiple colours can be printed by keying the paper to a frame around the woodblocks (using a different block for each colour). The art of carving the woodcut can be called "xylography", but this is rarely used in English for images alone, although that and "xylographic" are used in connection with block books, which are small books containing text and images in the same block. They became popular in Europe during the latter half of the 15th century. A single-sheet woodcut is a woodcut presented as a single image or print, as opposed to a book illustration.
Since its origins in China, the practice of woodcut has spread around the world from Europe to other parts of Asia, and to Latin America.
Division of labour
In both Europe and East Asia, traditionally the artist only designed the woodcut, and the block-carving was left to specialist craftsmen, called or block-cutters, some of whom became well known in their own right. Among these, the best-known are the 16th-century Hieronymus Andreae (who also used "Formschneider" as his surname), Hans Lützelburger and Jost de Negker, all of whom ran workshops and also operated as printers and publishers. The in turn handed the block on to specialist printers. There were further specialists who made the blank blocks.
This is why woodcuts are sometimes described by museums or books as "designed by" rather than "by" an artist; but most authorities do not use this distinction. The division of labour had the advantage that a trained artist could adapt to the medium relatively easily, without needing to learn the use of woodworking tools.
There were various methods of transferring the artist's drawn design onto the block for the cutter to follow. Either the drawing would be made directly onto the block (often whitened first), or a drawing on paper was glued to the block. Either way, the artist's drawing was destroyed during the cutting process. Other methods were used, including tracing.
In both Europe and East Asia in the early 20th century, some artists began to do the whole process themselves. In Japan, this movement was called , as opposed to , a movement that retained traditional methods. In the West, many artists used the easier technique of linocut instead.
Methods of printing
Compared to intaglio techniques like etching and engraving, only low pressure is required to print. As a relief method, it is only necessary to ink the block and bring it into firm and even contact with the paper or cloth to achieve an acceptable print. In Europe, a variety of woods including boxwood and several nut and fruit woods like pear or cherry were commonly used; in Japan, the wood of the cherry species Prunus serrulata was preferred.
There are three methods of printing to consider:
Stamping: Used for many fabrics and most early European woodcuts (1400–40). These were printed by putting the paper/fabric on a table or other flat surface with the block on top, and pressing or hammering the back of the block.
Rubbing: Apparently the most common method for Far Eastern printing on paper at all times. Used for European woodcuts and block-books later in the fifteenth century, and very widely for cloth. Also used for many Western woodcuts from about 1910 to the present. The block goes face up on a table, with the paper or fabric on top. The back is rubbed with a "hard pad, a flat piece of wood, a burnisher, or a leather frotton". A traditional Japanese tool used for this is called a baren. Later in Japan, complex wooden mechanisms were used to help hold the woodblock perfectly still and to apply proper pressure in the printing process. This was especially helpful once multiple colours were introduced and had to be applied with precision atop previous ink layers.
Printing in a press: presses only seem to have been used in Asia in relatively recent times. Printing-presses were used from about 1480 for European prints and block-books, and before that for woodcut book illustrations. Simple weighted presses may have been used in Europe before the print-press, but firm evidence is lacking. A deceased Abbess of Mechelen in 1465 had "unum instrumentum ad imprintendum scripturas et ymagines ... cum 14 aliis lapideis printis"—"an instrument for printing texts and pictures ... with 14 stones for printing". This is probably too early to be a Gutenberg-type printing press in that location.
History
Main articles Old master print for Europe, Woodblock printing in Japan for Japan, and Lubok for Russia
Woodcut originated in China in antiquity as a method of printing on textiles and later on paper. The earliest woodblock printed fragments to survive are from China, from the Han dynasty (before 220), and are of silk printed with flowers in three colours. "In the 13th century the Chinese technique of blockprinting was transmitted to Europe." Paper arrived in Europe, also from China via al-Andalus, slightly later, and was being manufactured in Italy by the end of the thirteenth century, and in Burgundy and Germany by the end of the fourteenth.
In Europe, woodcut is the oldest technique used for old master prints, developing about 1400, by using, on paper, existing techniques for printing. One of the more ancient woodcuts on paper that can be seen today is The Fire Madonna (Madonna del Fuoco, in the Italian language), in the Cathedral of Forlì, in Italy.
The explosion of sales of cheap woodcuts in the middle of the century led to a fall in standards, and many popular prints were very crude. The development of hatching followed on rather later than engraving. Michael Wolgemut was significant in making German woodcuts more sophisticated from about 1475, and Erhard Reuwich was the first to use cross-hatching (far harder to do than engraving or etching). Both of these produced mainly book-illustrations, as did various Italian artists who were also raising standards there at the same period. At the end of the century Albrecht Dürer brought the Western woodcut to a level that, arguably, has never been surpassed, and greatly increased the status of the "single-leaf" woodcut (i.e. an image sold separately).
Because woodcuts and movable type are both relief-printed, they can easily be printed together. Consequently, woodcut was the main medium for book illustrations until the late sixteenth century. The first woodcut book illustration dates to about 1461, only a few years after the beginning of printing with movable type, printed by Albrecht Pfister in Bamberg. Woodcut was used less often for individual ("single-leaf") fine-art prints from about 1550 until the late nineteenth century, when interest revived. It remained important for popular prints until the nineteenth century in most of Europe, and later in some places.
The art reached a high level of technical and artistic development in East Asia and Iran. Woodblock printing in Japan is called moku-hanga and was introduced in the seventeenth century for both books and art. The popular "floating world" genre of ukiyo-e originated in the second half of the seventeenth century, with prints in monochrome or two colours. Sometimes these were hand-coloured after printing. Later, prints with many colours were developed. Japanese woodcut became a major artistic form, although at the time it was accorded a much lower status than painting. It continued to develop through to the twentieth century.
White-line woodcut
This technique just carves the image in mostly thin lines, similar to a rather crude engraving. The block is printed in the normal way, so that most of the print is black with the image created by white lines. This process was invented by the sixteenth-century Swiss artist Urs Graf, but became most popular in the nineteenth and twentieth century, often in a modified form where images used large areas of white-line contrasted with areas in the normal black-line style. This was pioneered by Félix Vallotton.
Japonism
In the 1860s, just as the Japanese themselves were becoming aware of Western art in general, Japanese prints began to reach Europe in considerable numbers and became very fashionable, especially in France. They had a great influence on many artists, notably Édouard Manet, Pierre Bonnard, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Edgar Degas, Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh, Félix Vallotton and Mary Cassatt. In 1872, Jules Claretie dubbed the trend "Le Japonisme".
Though the Japanese influence was reflected in many artistic media, including painting, it did lead to a revival of the woodcut in Europe, which had been in danger of extinction as a serious art medium. Most of the artists above, except for Félix Vallotton and Paul Gauguin, in fact used lithography, especially for coloured prints. See below for Japanese influence in illustrations for children's books.
Artists, notably Edvard Munch and Franz Masereel, continued to use the medium, which in Modernism came to appeal because it was relatively easy to complete the whole process, including printing, in a studio with little special equipment. The German Expressionists used woodcut a good deal.
Colour
Coloured woodcuts first appeared in ancient China. The oldest known are three Buddhist images dating to the 10th century. European woodcut prints with coloured blocks were invented in Germany in 1508, and are known as chiaroscuro woodcuts (see below). However, colour did not become the norm, as it did in Japan in the ukiyo-e and other forms.
In Europe and Japan, colour woodcuts were normally only used for prints rather than book illustrations. In China, where the individual print did not develop until the nineteenth century, the reverse is true, and early colour woodcuts mostly occur in luxury books about art, especially the more prestigious medium of painting. The first known example is a book on ink-cakes printed in 1606, and colour technique reached its height in books on painting published in the seventeenth century. Notable examples are Hu Zhengyan's Treatise on the Paintings and Writings of the Ten Bamboo Studio of 1633, and the Mustard Seed Garden Painting Manual published in 1679 and 1701.
In Japan colour technique, called nishiki-e in its fully developed form, spread more widely, and was used for prints, from the 1760s on. Text was nearly always monochrome, as were images in books, but the growth of the popularity of ukiyo-e brought with it demand for ever-increasing numbers of colours and complexity of techniques. By the nineteenth century most artists worked in colour. The stages of this development were:
Sumizuri-e (墨摺り絵, "ink printed pictures") – monochrome printing using only black ink
Benizuri-e (紅摺り絵, "crimson printed pictures") – red ink details or highlights added by hand after the printing process；green was sometimes used as well
Tan-e (丹絵) – orange highlights using a red pigment called tan
Aizuri-e (藍摺り絵, "indigo printed pictures"), Murasaki-e (紫絵, "purple pictures"), and other styles that used a single colour in addition to, or instead of, black ink
Urushi-e (漆絵) – a method that used glue to thicken the ink, emboldening the image; gold, mica and other substances were often used to enhance the image further. Urushi-e can also refer to paintings using lacquer instead of paint; lacquer was very rarely if ever used on prints.
Nishiki-e (錦絵, "brocade pictures") – a method that used multiple blocks for separate portions of the image, so a number of colours could achieve incredibly complex and detailed images; a separate block was carved to apply only to the portion of the image designated for a single colour. Registration marks called kentō (見当) ensured correspondence between the application of each block.
A number of different methods of colour printing using woodcut (technically Chromoxylography) were developed in Europe in the 19th century. In 1835, George Baxter patented a method using an intaglio line plate (or occasionally a lithograph), printed in black or a dark colour, and then overprinted with up to twenty different colours from woodblocks. Edmund Evans used relief and wood throughout, with up to eleven different colours, and latterly specialized in illustrations for children's books, using fewer blocks but overprinting non-solid areas of colour to achieve blended colours. Artists such as Randolph Caldecott, Walter Crane and Kate Greenaway were influenced by the Japanese prints now available and fashionable in Europe to create a suitable style, with flat areas of colour.
In the 20th century, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner of the Die Brücke group developed a process of producing coloured woodcut prints using a single block applying different colours to the block with a brush à la poupée and then printing (halfway between a woodcut and a monotype). A remarkable example of this technique is the 1915 Portrait of Otto Müller woodcut print from the collection of the British Museum.
Gallery of Asian woodcuts
Chiaroscuro woodcuts
Chiaroscuro woodcuts are old master prints in woodcut using two or more blocks printed in different colours; they do not necessarily feature strong contrasts of light and dark. They were first produced to achieve similar effects to chiaroscuro drawings. After some early experiments in book-printing, the true chiaroscuro woodcut conceived for two blocks was probably first invented by Lucas Cranach the Elder in Germany in 1508 or 1509, though he backdated some of his first prints and added tone blocks to some prints first produced for monochrome printing, swiftly followed by Hans Burgkmair. Despite Giorgio Vasari's claim for Italian precedence in Ugo da Carpi, it is clear that his, the first Italian examples, date to around 1516.
Other printmakers to use the technique include Hans Baldung and Parmigianino. In the German states the technique was in use largely during the first decades of the sixteenth century, but Italians continued to use it throughout the century, and later artists like Hendrik Goltzius sometimes made use of it. In the German style, one block usually had only lines and is called the "line block", whilst the other block or blocks had flat areas of colour and are called "tone blocks". The Italians usually used only tone blocks, for a very different effect, much closer to the chiaroscuro drawings the term was originally used for, or to watercolour paintings.
The Swedish printmaker Torsten Billman (1909–1989) developed during the 1930s and 1940s a variant chiaroscuro technique with several gray tones from ordinary printing ink. The art historian Gunnar Jungmarker (1902–1983) at Stockholm's Nationalmuseum called this technique "grisaille woodcut". It is a time-consuming printing process, exclusively for hand printing, with several grey-wood blocks aside from the black-and-white key block.
Modern woodcut printing in Mexico
Woodcut printmaking became a popular form of art in Mexico during the early to mid 20th century. The medium in Mexico was used to convey political unrest and was a form of political activism, especially after the Mexican Revolution (1910–1920). In Europe, Russia, and China, woodcut art was being used during this time as well to spread leftist politics such as socialism, communism, and anti-fascism. In Mexico, the art style was made popular by José Guadalupe Posada, who was known as the father of graphic art and printmaking in Mexico and is considered the first Mexican modern artist. He was a satirical cartoonist and an engraver before and during the Mexican Revolution and he popularized Mexican folk and indigenous art. He created the woodcut engravings of the iconic skeleton (calaveras) figures that are prominent in Mexican arts and culture today (such as in Disney Pixar's Coco). See La Calavera Catrina for more on Posada's calaveras.
In 1921, Jean Charlot, a French printmaker moved to Mexico City. Recognizing the importance of Posada's woodcut engravings, he started teaching woodcut techniques in Coyoacán's open-air art schools. Many young Mexican artists attended these lessons including the Fernando Leal.
After the Mexican Revolution, the country was in political and social upheaval - there were worker strikes, protests, and marches. These events needed cheap, mass-produced visual prints to be pasted on walls or handed out during protests. Information needed to be spread quickly and cheaply to the general public. Many people were still illiterate during this time and there was push after the Revolution for widespread education. In 1910 when the Revolution began, only 20% of Mexican people could read. Art was considered to be highly important in this cause and political artists were using journals and newspapers to communicate their ideas through illustration. El Machete (1924–29) was a popular communist journal that used woodcut prints. The woodcut art served well because it was a popular style that many could understand.
Artists and activists created collectives such as the Taller de Gráfica Popular (TGP) (1937–present) and The Treintatreintistas (1928–1930) to create prints (many of them woodcut prints) that reflected their socialist and communist values. The TGP attracted artists from all around the world including African American printmaker Elizabeth Catlett, whose woodcut prints later influenced the art of social movements in the US in the 1960s and 1970s. The Treintatreintistas even taught workers and children. The tools for woodcut are easily attainable and the techniques were simple to learn. It was considered an art for the people.
Mexico at this time was trying to discover its identity and develop itself as a unified nation. The form and style of woodcut aesthetic allowed a diverse range of topics and visual culture to look unified. Traditional, folk images and avant-garde, modern images, shared a similar aesthetic when it was engraved into wood. An image of the countryside and a traditional farmer appeared similar to the image of a city. This symbolism was beneficial for politicians who wanted a unified nation. The physical actions of carving and printing woodcuts also supported the values many held about manual labour and supporting worker's rights.
Current woodcut practices in Mexico
Today, in Mexico the activist woodcut tradition is still alive. In Oaxaca, a collective called the Asamblea De Artistas Revolucionarios De Oaxaca (ASARO) was formed during the 2006 Oaxaca protests. They are committed to social change through woodcut art. Their prints are made into wheat-paste posters which are secretly put up around the city. Artermio Rodriguez is another artist who lives in Tacambaro, Michoacán who makes politically charged woodcut prints about contemporary issues.
Famous works in woodcut
Europe
Ars moriendi
Dürer's Rhinoceros
Emblem books
Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
Hypnerotomachia Poliphili
Just So Stories
Lubok prints
Nuremberg Chronicle
Japan (Ukiyo-e)
Takiyasha the Witch and the Skeleton Spectre
The Dream of the Fisherman's Wife
Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji (includes The Great Wave off Kanagawa)
Notable artists
Stonecut
In parts of the world (such as the arctic) where wood is rare and expensive, the woodcut technique is used with stone as the medium for the engraved image.
See also
Notes
References
Bartrum, Giulia; German Renaissance Prints, 1490–1550; British Museum Press, 1995,
David Landau & Peter Parshall, The Renaissance Print, Yale, 1996,
External links
Ukiyo-e from the Metropolitan Museum of Art Timeline of Art History
Woodcut in Europe from the Metropolitan Museum of Art Timeline of Art History
Italian Renaissance Woodcut Book Illustration from the Metropolitan Museum of Art Timeline of Art History
Prints & People: A Social History of Printed Pictures, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on woodcuts
Museum of Modern Art information on printing techniques and examples of prints.
Woodcut in early printed books (online exhibition from the Library of Congress)
A collection of woodcuts images can be found at the University of Houston Digital Library ()
Meditations, or the Contemplations of the Most Devout is a 15th-century publication that is considered the first Italian illustrated book, using early woodcut techniques.
Relief printing
fi:Taidegrafiikka#Puupiirros | wiki |
Gentle frying or low-temperature frying is an oil- or fat-based cooking method used for relatively fragile or starchy foods. While gentle frying is most notably used to cook fried eggs, it is also used for delicate fish, tender cuts of meat, sausages, and as a first step in fried potatoes.
Benefits
Low-temperature frying is useful if the frying fat scorches at higher heat levels (e.g. butter), or if the frying fat has flavor that the cook wants to preserve (e.g. olive oil). Overheated oils can produce unhealthy, even carcinogenic, compounds.
In starchy foods, low-temperature frying gives the starch in the food a chance to migrate and caramelize, producing a sweeter outcome.
In fragile foods such as eggs, gentle frying prevents the food from scorching or falling apart.
Disadvantages
In deep-fat frying, if done incorrectly, low temperatures may substantially increase oil absorption, leaving the food greasy, soggy, and unappetizing. However, Cook's Illustrated developed a recipe where French Fries are left in cold oil for 25 minutes as the oil is slowly heated to 138°C (280°F), and this was found to contain 30% less oil than French Fries cooked by the traditional method with oil between 163° and 177°C (325° and 350°F).
Bibliography
Cooking techniques
Culinary terminology
Fried foods | wiki |
France–Lebanon relations are the international relations between France and Lebanon. France, the former colonial power, enjoys friendly relations with Lebanon and has often provided support to the Lebanese. The French language is widely spoken fluently throughout Lebanon and is taught as well as used as a medium of education in many Lebanese schools. Both nations are members of the Francophonie.
History
French Colonialism
In 1920, soon after the end of World War I, the League of Nations mandated that Lebanon would be administered by France after the Partition of the Ottoman Empire. Lebanon officially became part of the French colonial empire, as part of the French Mandate for Syria and Lebanon, and was administered from Damascus. From November 1929 to November 1931, Charles de Gaulle was posted as General Staff of the Levant Troops in Beirut.
During World War II, Lebanon was initially administered by Vichy France. By 1942, the territory came under Free France. In August of that same year, General De Gaulle returned to Lebanon, to meet with the occupying British forces who had entered the territory to prevent German advances into the Levant. In March 1943, using the 1932 census, France distributed seats in the Lebanese parliament on a ratio of six-to-five in favor of Christians. This was later extended to other public offices. The president was to be a Maronite Christian, the prime minister a Sunni Muslim, and the Speaker of the Chamber of Deputies a Shia Muslim. In January 1944, France agreed to transfer power to the Lebanese government, thus granting the territory independence.
Lebanese Civil War
During the Lebanese Civil War, France was an active member in the creation of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon and voted in favor of numerous UN Resolutions regarding Lebanon such as Resolution 501, Resolution 508, Resolution 511, Resolution 511, Resolution 594 and Resolution 599. France was also a member of the Multinational Force in Lebanon and in 1982, during Operation Épaulard I, headquartered from the Beirut Internal Airport, French Armed Forces and Paratroopers were sent to the coastal parts of West Beirut and the seaport to ensure peace in those regions. From 1982 to 1984, France was tasked with training the Lebanese Armed Forces. During that same period, France lost more than 89 soldiers out of which 58 French Paratroopers were killed in the 1983 Beirut barracks bombings.
Post civil war
After 1990, France continued to give Lebanon a modest military assistance. Since the end of the Lebanese civil war, relations between both nations have improved and strengthened. With regards to policy of cooperation and development between both nations, there are five main objectives: the consolidation of the rule of law, economic and social development, protection of the environment and heritage, university cooperation and research, cultural exchanges and the debate of ideas. There have been numerous high-level visits between leaders of both nations. After the Cedar Revolution in 2005, Syria withdrew its troops from the country. In April 2009, French and Lebanese officials approved the framework of a security agreement that besides improving bilateral relations include drugs and arms trafficking, illegal immigration and cyber-crime.
On 4 November 2017, Lebanese Prime Minister Saad Hariri resigned in a televised statement from Saudi Arabia, citing Iran's and Hezbollah's political over-extension in the Middle East region and fears of assassination. Later that month, with the intervention by French President Emmanuel Macron, Hariri was allowed to leave Saudi Arabia (where he also holds citizenship) and travelled to Paris. On 5 December 2017, Hariri rescinded his resignation and stated:
All (the government’s) political components decided to dissociate themselves from all conflicts, disputes, wars or the internal affairs of brother Arab countries, in order to preserve Lebanon’s economic and political relations.
French President Emmanuel Macron's intervention was aimed in part to put pressure on Saudi Arabia and Iran to desist from interference in Lebanon. Later on, President Macron visited Lebanon following the 2020 Beirut explosion.
Migration
Since the French Mandate of Lebanon, several thousands Lebanese immigrated to France. Initially, most Lebanese people who migrated to France were Christians. However, most of those who migrate from Lebanon to France are now Muslim. Many left Lebanon due to religious tension in the country and due to the civil wars and invasion from Israel into the country. There are over 200,000 people of Lebanese origin currently residing in France today.
Transportation
There are direct flights between France and Lebanon with the following airlines: Aigle Azur, Air France, Middle East Airlines and Transavia France.
Trade
In 2016, trade between France and Lebanon totaled €934 million. France is one of Lebanon's main trading partners, and more than 4,500 French companies export to Lebanon. In 2015, French direct investment in Lebanon totaled €534 million. Nearly a hundred French companies operate in Lebanon in various sectors such as in the agricultural, telecommunications, retail, petroleum industry and financial services.
Resident diplomatic missions
France has an embassy in Beirut.
Lebanon has an embassy in Paris and a consulate-general in Marseille.
See also
French mandate of Lebanon
French language in Lebanon
French people in Lebanon
Grand Lycée Franco-Libanais
Lebanese people in France
List of Ambassadors of France to Lebanon
Lycée Franco-Libanais Habbouche-Nabatieh
References
Bibliography
Marc Baronnet, Les relations franco-libanaises, 1997, published in 2008 by Lulu.com, .
External links
Relations Franco-Libanaises sur le site du Ministère des Affaires étrangères et des Émigrants
Page sur le Liban sur le site FRANCE diplomatie
History of France-Lebanon
Lebanon
Bilateral relations of Lebanon
Relations of colonizer and former colony | wiki |
The swarthy gerbil (Gerbillus aquilus) is distributed mainly in eastern Iran, southern Afghanistan, and western Pakistan.
References
Gerbillus
Mammals of Asia
Mammals of Afghanistan
Mammals of Pakistan
Gerbil, Swarthy
Mammals described in 1972 | wiki |
The 2017 Greater Western Sydney Giants season is the 6th season in the Australian Football League contested by the Greater Western Sydney Giants.
2017 season squad
Season summary
Pre-season
Home and Away Season
Finals
Ladder
References
Greater Western Sydney Giants seasons
Greater Western Sydney | wiki |
Julie Bishop (1914–2001) amerikai színésznő
Julie Bishop (1956–) ausztrál politikus, külügyminiszter
hasonló néven
Julia Bishop – (?) angol hegedűművész | wiki |
PASS ID () is a proposed U.S. law intended to replace REAL ID. Like REAL ID, it implements federal standards for state identification documents. Currently, states are not obligated to follow the standards, but if PASS ID takes full effect, federal agencies will only accept identification from states that materially comply with the law. Citizens from non-compliant states would need to provide federally issued documents such as a social security card or U.S. passport in order to enter federally owned buildings.
PASS ID would eliminate REAL ID requirements that are considered excessive, such as the obligation to verify birth certificates with the issuing department, and shared national databases. However, critics charge PASS ID will still require the storage of digital records of documents proving citizenship, such as birth certificates. It may also permit technology like RFID to be incorporated into drivers' licenses.
Further reading
References
External links
Information privacy
Privacy law in the United States
Proposed legislation of the 111th United States Congress | wiki |
The Lion and the Mouse (1914), een film van Barry O'Neil
The Lion and the Mouse (1919), een film van Tom Terriss
The Lion and the Mouse (1928), een film van Lloyd Bacon | wiki |
Out of Sight is a 1996 crime fiction novel by Elmore Leonard.
Plot
Jack Foley, a "gentleman bank robber," arranges a break-out from a Florida jail. The plan is interrupted by shotgun toting Federal Marshal Karen Sisco. The pair end up in the trunk of the getaway car, where they find they have a mutual interest: classic Hollywood movies.
Movie adaptation
The novel was adapted to a 1998 movie of the same name directed by Steven Soderbergh, starring George Clooney as Foley and Jennifer Lopez as Sisco. In 2003-04, an ABC-TV series followed, Karen Sisco, starring Carla Gugino as Sisco.
Foley's character returned in Leonard's 2009 novel, Road Dogs.
References
1996 American novels
American crime novels
Novels by Elmore Leonard
American novels adapted into films
United States Marshals Service in fiction
Novels set in Detroit
Novels set in Miami | wiki |
The piledriver is a sexual position. Named after the downward motion of an actual pile driver, the position is executed by the receiving partner lying supine bent into a front bend in a pose similar to the yoga plow pose, bottom up, with legs bent over head, while the inserting partner stands above and inserts a penis or other object downwards into the receptive partner's vagina or anus.
Though the position is quite strenuous for both participants, it is particularly so for the receptive partner, who is severely constrained by the front bend.
References
Sex positions | wiki |
Wolf Patrol is a wildlife conservation organization seeking to protect the grey wolves of the contiguous United States.
References
External links
Wolf organizations
Organizations based in the United States | wiki |
General Silva may refer to:
Gratian Silva (1933–2015), Sri Lankan Army major general
Henry Rangel Silva (born 1961), Venezuelan Armed Forces general-in-chief
Lucius Flavius Silva (fl. late 1st century), Roman general
Shavendra Silva (fl. 1980s–2020s), Sri Lanka Army general
See also
Attorney General Silva (disambiguation) | wiki |
Kokrobite is a town along the Atlantic coast, to the west of Accra the capital city of Ghana. It is known for traditional sea fishing, its white-sand beaches and its lively nightlife. Kokrobite is a popular destination for tourists, backpackers and international volunteers seeking beaches and a break from the busy capital city.
Kokrobite has a population of between 4000 and 6000 according to the Ghana Statistics Department 2003 Survey. The main local dialect is Ga, but Twi and English are also widely spoken.\
Mustapha Tetty Addy's Academy of African Music and Arts (AAMA) is located at Kokrobite.
Tourism
Year-round on weekends, and particularly on public holidays, people from all over Ghana descend on Kokrobite to enjoy food, dance and music on the beach. However, in the month of May local people observe the traditional festival of 'Homowo', during which time noise making and large social events are banned.
References
Populated places in the Greater Accra Region | wiki |
The Breast Cancer Alliance (BCA) is a non-profit organization that supports breast cancer research, breast cancer-related training for medical professionals and efforts to increase access to cancer screenings and treatment for low-income women. As of 2011, it was the fourth-largest private funder of breast cancer research in the U.S. It was founded in 1996 by Mary Waterman, and its headquarters are in Greenwich, Connecticut.
The mission of the BCA is to fund innovative breast cancer research and to promote breast health through education and outreach. As of 2015, the organization had awarded over $20 million to fund research and educational and outreach programs since its inception.
The corporate sponsors of the BCA include many Fortune 500 companies, including J.P. Morgan Chase & Co. and PepsiCo.
The annual luncheon for the BCA attracts over 800 people, including many celebrities, and raises close to $2 million.
Sources
External links
The Breast Cancer Alliance official website
Breast cancer organizations
Cancer charities in the United States
Charities based in Connecticut
Medical and health organizations based in Connecticut | wiki |
Anneli Martini (born 21 December 1948) is a Swedish actress. Since 1977, she has appeared in more than thirty films over four decades.
Selected filmography
References
External links
1948 births
Living people
People from Malmö
Swedish film actresses
Swedish television actresses | wiki |
Hugger Mugger is the 27th book in Robert B. Parker's Spenser series and first published in 2000.
Spenser investigates who is threatening a horse named Hugger Mugger.
References
2000 American novels
American detective novels
Spenser (novel series)
Horse racing novels | wiki |
Traditional mining, also known as old-school mining, is a mining method involving the use of simple manual tools, such as shovels, pickaxes, hammers, chisels and pans. It is done in both surface and underground environments. Until the early 1900s, traditional mining was widely used throughout the world. It is still a used mining method in some countries, including Colombia and Peru in South America and Niger in Africa.
In traditional surface and underground mining, hammers and chisels with pickaxes and shovels are used. Minecarts are used to move ore and other materials in the process of mining. Pans are used for placer mining operations, such as gold panning.
The traditional method of cracking rock was fire-setting, which involved heating the rock with fire to expand it. Once the rock was heated by fire it was quenched with water to break it. Fire-setting was one of the most effective rock breaking methods until 1867 when Alfred Nobel invented dynamite.
Traditional mining operations have created some of the largest handmade features on Earth, such as the Big Hole open pit mine in South Africa, which is claimed to be the largest hole on Earth excavated by hand.
References | wiki |
Extortion is the practice of obtaining benefit through coercion. In most jurisdictions it is likely to constitute a criminal offence; the bulk of this article deals with such cases. Robbery is the simplest and most common form of extortion, although making unfounded threats in order to obtain an unfair business advantage is also a form of extortion.
Extortion is sometimes called the "protection racket" because the racketeers often phrase their demands as payment for "protection" from (real or hypothetical) threats from unspecified other parties; though often, and almost always, such "protection" is simply abstinence of harm from the same party, and such is implied in the "protection" offer. Extortion is commonly practiced by organized crime. In some jurisdictions, actually obtaining the benefit is not required to commit the offense, and making a threat of violence which refers to a requirement of a payment of money or property to halt future violence is sufficient to commit the offense. Exaction refers not only to extortion or the demanding and obtaining of something through force, but additionally, in its formal definition, means the infliction of something such as pain and suffering or making somebody endure something unpleasant.
The term extortion is often used metaphorically to refer to usury or to price-gouging, though neither is legally considered extortion. It is also often used loosely to refer to everyday situations where one person feels indebted against their will, to another, in order to receive an essential service or avoid legal consequences. Neither extortion nor blackmail requires a threat of a criminal act, such as violence, merely a threat used to elicit actions, money, or property from the object of the extortion. Such threats include the filing of reports (true or not) of criminal behavior to the police, revelation of damaging facts (such as pictures of the object of the extortion in a compromising position), etc.
In law extortion can refer to political corruption, such as selling one's office or influence peddling, but in general vocabulary the word usually first brings to mind blackmail or protection rackets. The logical connection between the corruption sense of the word and the other senses is that to demand bribes in one's official capacity is blackmail or racketeering in essence (that is, "you need access to this resource, the government restricts access to it through my office, and I will charge you unfairly and unlawfully for such access"). Extortion is also known as shakedown, and occasionally exaction.
United States
Extortion is distinguished from robbery. In robbery, whether armed or not, the offender takes property from the victim by the immediate use of force or fear that force will be immediately used. Extortion, which is not limited to the taking of property, involves the verbal or written instillation of fear that something will happen to the victim if they do not comply with the extortionist's will. Another key distinction is that extortion always involves a verbal or written threat, whereas robbery may not. In United States federal law, extortion can be committed with or without the use of force and with or without the use of a weapon. Violation of many state extortion statutes constitutes "racketeering activity" under Section 1961 of the federal Racketeering Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, 18 USC
In blackmail, which always involves extortion, the extortionist threatens to reveal information about a victim or their family members that is potentially embarrassing, socially damaging, or incriminating unless a demand for money, property, or services is met.
In the United States, extortion may also be committed as a federal crime across a computer system, phone, by mail, or in using any instrument of interstate commerce. Extortion requires that the individual sent the message willingly and knowingly as elements of the crime. The message only has to be sent (but does not have to reach the intended recipient) to commit the crime of extortion.
United Kingdom
England and Wales
In England and Wales extorting property and money by coercion is the offence of blackmail which covers any "unwarranted demand with menaces" including physical threats. See section 21 of the Theft Act 1968 plus sections 29 and 30 of the Larceny Act 1916. A group of people may also be committing conspiracy.
Scotland
Extortion is a common law crime in Scotland of using threat of harm to demand money, property or some advantage from another person. It does not matter whether the demand itself is legitimate (such as for money owed) as the crime can still be committed when illegitimate threats of harm are used.
Cyber extortion
Cyber extortion is when an individual or group uses the internet as a mean of demanding some sort of material gain. The group or individual usually sends a company a threatening email stating that they have received confidential information about their company and will exploit a security leak or launch an attack that will harm the company's network. The message sent through the email usually demands money in exchange for the prevention of the attack.
Cases
In March 2008, Anthony Digati was arrested on federal charges of extortion through interstate communication. Digati put $50,000 into a variable life insurance policy by New York Life Insurance Company and wanted a return of $198,303.88. When the firm did not comply, he threatened to send out 6 million spam emails. He registered a domain in February 2008 that contained New York Life's name in the URL to display false public statements about the company and increased his demand to $3 million. According to prosecutors, Digati's intent was not to inform or educate but he wanted to "damage the reputation of New York Life and cost the company millions of dollars in revenue,". New York Life contacted the Federal Bureau of Investigation and Digati was apprehended.
On February 15, 2011, Spanish police apprehended a man who attempted to blackmail Nintendo over customer information he had stolen. The man stole personal information about 4,000 users and emailed Nintendo Ibérica, Nintendo's Spanish division, and accused the company of data negligence. He threatened the company that he would make the information public and complain to the Spanish Data Agency if his demands were not met. After Nintendo ignored his demands, he published some of the information on an Internet forum. Nintendo notified authorities and the man was arrested in Málaga. No information has been revealed as to what the man demanded from Nintendo.
On February 7, 2019, Jeffrey P. Bezos, owner of Amazon and The Washington Post and currently one of the world's wealthiest people, accused the National Enquirer and its parent company American Media, Inc., of attempting to extort him by threatening to reveal nude pictures of him unless he publicly stated that he "[has] no knowledge or basis for suggesting that AMI's coverage was politically motivated or influenced by political forces." This threat was in response to Bezos investigating the tabloid for publishing details about his relationship with Lauren Sanchez, which led to Bezos and his wife Mackenzie announcing their divorce on January 9 of that year. Bezos refused and posted the threat on Medium.
On October 21, 2020, the news sources reported roughly 40,000 patients' records having been stolen from the Finnish private health care provider Vastaamo. The extorters demanded 40 bitcoins, roughly 450,000 euros, or threatened to publish the records. The extorters published hundred patient records a day on a Tor message board to add pressure for their demands. The leaked patient records contained patient's full names, home addresses, social security numbers, and the therapists' and doctors' notes from each session. After the extortation of the company failed, the extorters sent victims an email demanding them to pay 200 euros in 24 hours or 500 euros in 48 hours in order to avoid publishing their sensitive personal data. The company's security practices were found to be inadequate: the sensitive data was not encrypted and apparently the system root password was very weak. The patient records were first accessed by intruders in November 2018, while the security flaws continued to exist until March 2019. The president of Finland saw the cyber attack being "relentlessly cruel."
Similar crimes
Badger game: The victim or "mark"—for example, such as a married person—is tricked into a compromising position to make them vulnerable to blackmail.
Clip joint: A clip joint or fleshpot is an establishment, usually a strip club or entertainment bar, typically one claiming to offer adult entertainment or bottle service, in which customers are tricked into paying money and receive poor goods or services, or none, in return. An example of this is portrayed in the comedy film Porky's.
Coercion: the practice of compelling a person or manipulating them to behave in an involuntary way (whether through action or inaction) by use of threats, intimidation, trickery, or some other form of pressure or force. These are used as leverage, to force the victim to act in the desired way.
Confidence trick (also known as a bunko, con, flim flam, gaffle, grift, hustle, scam, scheme, swindle, bamboozle or finesse): an attempt to defraud a person or group by gaining their confidence.
Cryptovirology: a software scam in which a public-key cryptography system crafts fake keys which encrypt the user's data, but cannot decrypt them unless the user pays for the real key.
Dognapping: The crime of taking a dog from its owner, which usually occurs in purebred dogs, the profit from which can run up to thousands of dollars.
Loan sharking: A loan shark is a person or body that offers unsecured loans at high interest rates to individuals, often backed by blackmail or threats of violence.
Price gouging: a pejorative term for a seller pricing much higher than is considered reasonable or fair. In precise, legal usage, it is the name of a felony that applies in some of the United States only during civil emergencies.
Racket: A service that is fraudulently offered to solve a problem, such as for a problem that does not actually exist, will not be affected, or would not otherwise exist.
Sextortion: Forcing individuals to send sexual images or perform sexual services.
Terrorism: most simply, policy intended to intimidate or cause terror. It is more commonly understood as an act which is intended to create fear (terror), is perpetrated for an ideological goal (as opposed to a materialistic goal or a lone attack), and deliberately target or disregard the safety of non-combatants. Some definitions also include acts of unlawful violence or unconventional warfare, but at present, the international community has been unable to formulate a universally agreed, legally binding, criminal law definition of terrorism.
Tiger kidnapping: the taking of an innocent hostage to make a loved one or associate of the victim do something, e.g. a child is taken hostage to force the shopkeeper to open the safe; the term originates from the prior observation of the victim, like a tiger does with its prey. Ransoms are often used alongside these.
See also
Abusive power and control
Bid rigging
Blackmail
Bribery
UK Bribery Act 2010
Conflict of interest
Corruption in India
Financial abuse
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
Group of States Against Corruption (GRECO) of the Council of Europe
Influence peddling
Kompromat
Money trail - Money loop
Organized crime
Pay to play
Political corruption
Principal–agent problem
Ransomware
Tariff
Taxation as slavery
Taxation as theft
Tax protester constitutional arguments
Throffer
Transparency International
References
External links
Crimes
Illegal occupations
Organized crime activity
Property crimes | wiki |
Rough Weather is the 36th book in Robert B. Parker's Spenser series and first published in 2008.
Spenser is hired as a bodyguard at an exclusive wedding, and witnesses the kidnapping of the bride.
References
2008 American novels
American detective novels
Spenser (novel series)
Novels about kidnapping | wiki |
A mix-in is a type of dessert made of ice cream and another flavoring such as candy. Mix-in desserts are traditionally sold in an ice cream parlor and are made at the time of ordering. Popular examples of this dessert include Dairy Queen's Blizzard and McDonald's McFlurry.
Product description
A mix-in is a type of dessert made with ice cream and another product that is either blended or folded in.
History
The concept of mixing in additional flavors at the time of ordering was created by Steve Herrell in 1973. Mr. Herrell founded Steve's Ice Cream, near Boston, where they would crush Heath Bars and other candies or confections and mix them into ice cream. Another term for the concept is "smoosh-ins". His system spread across the industry from his store, and became the model for many other ice cream businesses and desserts.
References
See also
Amy's Ice Creams Texas based company founded by former Steve's employee
Cold Stone Creamery
Dairy Queen
Ice cream | wiki |
Sixkill is the 40th book in Robert B. Parker's Spenser series and first published in 2011. It's the final book in the Spenser series written by Parker, who had died in 2010, before the book's release.
Spenser investigates actor Jumbo Nelson, who is accused of rape and murder.
References
2011 American novels
American detective novels
Spenser (novel series)
Novels about actors
G. P. Putnam's Sons books | wiki |
The South Summit is a subsidiary peak to the primary peak of Mount Everest in the Himalayas. Although the South Summit's elevation above sea level of is higher than the second-highest mountain on Earth, K2 (whose summit is above sea level), it is not considered a separate mountain as its prominence is only 11 meters. The primary peak of Mount Everest is elevation above sea level.
Overview
The peak is a dome-shaped peak of snow and ice, and is connected to the summit of Mount Everest by the Cornice Traverse and Hillary Step, approximately from the higher peak. It was first climbed by Charles Evans and Tom Bourdillon of the 1953 British Mount Everest expedition on 26 May 1953. They arrived at 1 pm, too late to continue on to the primary summit, because of problems with Evans' oxygen set. Three days later, on 29 May, Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay passed over the south summit to achieve the main peak.
History
On reaching the South Col in 1953, expedition leader John Hunt was struck by the sight, writing "Above us rose the South Summit of Everest ... an elegant snow spire, breathtakingly close yet nearly 3000 feet above our heads ... none of us had been prepared for any spectacle quite so sharp, quite so beautiful as this. To me it seemed that a new and unsuspected peak of alpine stature stood above the South Col."
A geologist with a 1965 Indian Everest expedition discovered a deposit of fossils of seashells in limestone about 100 feet above the South Summit. This expedition put nine climbers on the main summit.
Describing his first ascent of Mount Everest without supplemental oxygen in 1978, Reinhold Messner described the South Summit as "quite a milestone for me".
During the 1996 Mount Everest disaster, mountain guide Rob Hall and three other people died at the South Summit while descending from the main summit in an unexpected blizzard. Hall survived overnight, and established radio contact the following day, but froze to death later that day, May 11, 1996. His body remains on the South Summit.
The south summit is a popular place for climbers to stop for various reasons, and to turn around if necessary. From this location the cornice traverse, Hillary Step, and summit can be seen in clear weather and for modern climbers using bottled oxygen, it is a favored spot to change oxygen bottles.
References
External links
PBS article about different locations on Everest including the South summit
Mount Everest
Mountains of Koshi Province
Mountains of Tibet
Eight-thousanders of the Himalayas | wiki |
The name Nestor has been used for two tropical cyclones worldwide.
In the Atlantic Ocean:
Tropical Storm Nestor (2019), a short lived tropical storm that affected the Southeastern United States.
In the Western Pacific Ocean:
Typhoon Nestor (1997) (T9706, 07W), a Category 5 super typhoon that affected the Northern Mariana Islands.
Atlantic hurricane set index articles
Pacific typhoon set index articles | wiki |
ChatSecure is a messaging application for iOS which allows OTR and OMEMO encryption for the XMPP protocol. ChatSecure is free and open source software available under the GPL-3.0-or-later license.
ChatSecure has been used by international individuals and governments, businesses, and those spreading jihadi propaganda.
History
ChatSecure was originally released in 2011, and was the first iOS application to support OTR messaging. In 2012, ChatSecure formed a partnership with The Guardian Project and the Gibberbot app was rebranded to "ChatSecure Android".
In late 2016, the Android branding partnership was ended, with ChatSecure Android becoming 'Zom', and ChatSecure iOS remaining as ChatSecure. ChatSecure iOS remains in active development and is unaffected by this change. Version 4.0 was released on January 17, 2017.
ChatSecure is censored from the App Store in China.
Reception
In November 2014, "ChatSecure + Orbot" received a perfect score on the Electronic Frontier Foundation's "Secure Messaging Scorecard"; the combination received points for having communications encrypted in transit, having communications encrypted with keys the provider doesn't have access to (end-to-end encryption), making it possible for users to independently verify their correspondents' identities, having past communications secure if the keys are stolen (forward secrecy), having the code open to independent review (open source), having the security designs well-documented, and having a recent independent security audit.
See also
Comparison of instant messaging clients
List of free and open-source iOS applications
References
External links
IOS software
Free software
Free mobile software
Free XMPP clients | wiki |
Charles John "Jake" Schuehle, Jr. (September 28, 1917 – January 8, 2001) was an American football halfback who played for the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League (NFL) for one season in 1939. He played college football for Rice and he was drafted by the Eagles in the sixth round of the 1939 NFL Draft.
References
1917 births
2001 deaths
American football halfbacks
Rice Owls football players
Philadelphia Eagles players
Players of American football from Texas
People from Hondo, Texas | wiki |
High Fidelity Pure Audio, occasionally abbreviated as HFPA, is a marketing initiative, spearheaded by Sony Music Universal Music Group, for audio-only Blu-ray optical discs. Launched in 2013 as a potential successor to the compact disc (CD), it has been compared with DVD-Audio and SACD, which had similar aims.
HFPA is encoded as 24-bit/96 kHz or 24-bit/192 kHz linear PCM ("high-resolution audio"), optionally losslessly compressed with Dolby TrueHD or DTS-HD Master Audio.
HFPA discs are compatible with existing Blu-Ray players.
Pure Audio Blu-ray refers to a different initiative (but with some goals in common) launched by msm-studios in Germany in 2009.
As of November 2019, Deutsche Grammophon is the most prolific publisher on the format, with Beethoven 250 having three Blu-Ray audio discs.
References
External links
Audio storage
Blu-ray Disc
Audiovisual introductions in 2013 | wiki |
Corvidae is a cosmopolitan family of oscine passerine birds that contains the crows, ravens, rooks, jackdaws, jays, treepies, choughs, and nutcrackers. In colloquial English, they are known as the crow family or corvids. Currently, 133 species are included in this family. The genus Corvus, including the crows, rooks, and ravens, makes up over a third of the entire family. Corvids (ravens) are the largest passerines.
Corvids display remarkable intelligence for animals of their size, and are among the most intelligent birds thus far studied. Specifically, members of the family have demonstrated self-awareness in mirror tests (Eurasian magpies) and tool-making ability (e.g. crows and rooks), skills which until recently were thought to be possessed only by humans and a few other higher mammals. Their total brain-to-body mass ratio is equal to that of non-human great apes and cetaceans, and only slightly lower than that of humans.
They are medium to large in size, with strong feet and bills, rictal bristles, and a single moult each year (most passerines moult twice). Corvids are found worldwide, except for the southern tip of South America and the polar ice caps. The majority of the species are found in tropical South and Central America and in southern Asia, with fewer than 10 species each in Africa and Australasia. The genus Corvus has re-entered Australia in relatively recent geological prehistory, with five species and one subspecies there. Several species of raven have reached oceanic islands, and some of these species are now highly threatened with extinction, or have already become extinct.
Systematics, taxonomy, and evolution
The name Corvidae for the family was introduced by the English zoologist William Elford Leach in a guide to the contents of the British Museum published in 1820. Over the years, much disagreement has arisen on the exact evolutionary relationships of the corvid family and their relatives. What eventually seemed clear was that corvids are derived from Australasian ancestors, and spread throughout the world from there. Other lineages derived from these ancestors evolved into ecologically diverse, but often Australasian, groups. In the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s, Sibley and Ahlquist united the corvids with other taxa in the Corvida, based on DNA–DNA hybridization. The presumed corvid relatives included: currawongs, birds of paradise, whipbirds, quail-thrushes, whistlers, monarch flycatchers and drongos, shrikes, vireos, and vangas, but current research favors the theory that this grouping is partly artificial. The corvids constitute the core group of the Corvoidea, together with their closest relatives (the birds of paradise, Australian mud-nesters, and shrikes). They are also the core group of the Corvida, which includes the related groups, such as Old World orioles and vireos.
Clarification of the interrelationships of the corvids has been achieved based on cladistic analysis of several DNA sequences. The jays and magpies do not constitute monophyletic lineages, but rather seem to split up into an American and Old World lineage, and an Holarctic and Oriental lineage, respectively. These are not closely related among each other. The position of the azure-winged magpie, which has always been of undistinguished lineage, is less clear than previously thought.
The crested jayshrike (Platylophus galericulatus) is traditionally included in the Corvidae, but is not a true member of this family, being closer to the helmetshrikes (Malaconotidae) or shrikes (Laniidae). Likewise, the Hume's ground "jay" (Pseudopodoces humilis) is, in fact, a member of the tit family, Paridae. The following tree represents current insights in the phylogeny of the Crow family, according to J. Boyd:
Fossil record
The earliest corvid fossils date to mid-Miocene Europe, about 17 million years ago; Miocorvus and Miopica may be ancestral to crows and some of the magpie lineage, respectively, or similar to the living forms, due to convergent evolution. The known prehistoric corvid genera appear to be mainly of the New World and Old World jay and Holarctic magpie lineages:
Miocorvus (Middle Miocene of Sansan, Gers in southwestern France)
Miopica (Middle Miocene of SW Ukraine)
Miocitta (Pawnee Creek Late Miocene of Logan County, US)
Corvidae gen. et sp. indet. (Edson Early Pliocene of Sherman County, Kansas, USA)
Protocitta (Early Pleistocene of Reddick, US)
Corvidae gen. et sp. indet. (Early/Middle Pleistocene of Sicily) - probably belongs in an extant genus
Henocitta (Arredondo Clay Middle Pleistocene of Williston, US)
In addition, there are numerous fossil species of extant genera since the Mio–Pliocene, mainly European Corvus.
Morphology
Corvids are large to very large passerines with a robust build and strong legs; all species, except the pinyon jay, have nostrils covered by bristle-like feathers. Many corvids of temperate zones have mainly black or blue coloured plumage; however, some are pied black and white, some have a blue-purple iridescence, and many tropical species are brightly coloured. The sexes are very similar in color and size. Corvids have strong, stout bills and large wingspans. The family includes the largest members of the passerine order.
The smallest corvid is the dwarf jay (Aphelocoma nana), at and . The largest corvids are the common raven (Corvus corax) and the thick-billed raven (Corvus crassirostris), both of which regularly exceed and .
Species can be identified based on size, shape, and geography; however, some, especially the Australian crows, are best identified by their raucous calls.
Ecology
Corvids occur in most climatic zones. Most are sedentary, and do not migrate significantly. However, during a shortage of food, irruptive migration can occur. When species are migratory, they will form large flocks in the fall (around August in the Northern Hemisphere) and travel south.
One reason for the success of crows, compared to ravens, is their ability to overlap breeding territory. During breeding season, crows were shown to overlap breeding territory six times as much as ravens. This invasion of breeding ranges allowed a related increase in local population density.
Since crows and magpies have benefited and even increased in numbers due to human development, it was suggested that this might cause increased rates of nest predation of smaller bird species, leading to declines. Several studies have shown this concern to be unfounded. One study examined American crows, which had increased in numbers, were a suspect in nest predation of threatened marbled murrelets. However, Steller's jays, which are successful independently of human development, are more efficient in plundering small birds' nests than American crows and common ravens. Therefore, the human relationship with crows and ravens did not significantly increase nest predation when compared to other factors, such as habitat destruction. Similarly, a study examining the decline of British songbirds found no link between Eurasian magpie numbers and population changes of 23 songbird species.
Behaviour
Some corvids have strong organization and community groups. Jackdaws, for example, have a strong social hierarchy, and are facultatively colonial during breeding. Providing mutual aid has also been recorded within many of the corvid species.
Young corvids have been known to play and take part in elaborate social games. Documented group games follow "king of the mountain" or "follow the leader" patterns. Other play involves the manipulation, passing, and balancing of sticks. Corvids also take part in other activities, such as sliding down smooth surfaces. These games are understood to play a large role in the adaptive and survival ability of the birds.
Mate selection is quite complex, and accompanied with much social play in the Corvidae. Youngsters of social corvid species undergo a series of tests, including aerobatic feats, before being accepted as a mate by the opposite sex.
Some corvids can be aggressive. Blue jays, for example, are well known to attack anything that threatens their nest. Crows have been known to attack dogs, cats, ravens, and birds of prey. Most of the time, these assaults take place as a distraction long enough to allow an opportunity for stealing food.
Food and feeding
The natural diet of many corvid species is omnivorous, consisting of invertebrates, nestlings, small mammals, berries, fruits, seeds, and carrion. However, some corvids, especially the crows, have adapted well to human conditions, and have come to rely on human food sources. In a US study of American crows, common ravens, and Steller's jays around campgrounds and human settlements, the crows appeared to have the most diverse diet of all, taking anthropogenic foods, such as: bread, spaghetti, fried potatoes, dog food, sandwiches, and livestock feed. The increase in available human food sources is contributing to population rises in some corvid species.
Some corvids are predators of other birds. During the wintering months, corvids typically form foraging flocks. However, some crows also eat many agricultural pests, including cutworms, wireworms, grasshoppers, and harmful weeds. Some corvids will eat carrion, and since they lack a specialized beak for tearing into flesh, they must wait until animals are opened, whether by other predators or as roadkill.
Reproduction
Many species of corvid are territorial, protecting territories throughout the year, or simply during the breeding season. In some cases, territories may only be guarded during the day, with the pair joining off-territory roosts at night. Some corvids are well-known communal roosters. Some groups of roosting corvids can be very large, with a roost of 65,000 rooks counted in Scotland. Some, including the rook and the jackdaw, are also communal nesters.
The partner bond in corvids is extremely strong, and even lifelong in some species. This monogamous lifestyle, however, can still contain extra-pair copulations. Males and females build large nests together in trees or on ledges; jackdaws are known to breed in buildings and in rabbit warrens. The male will also feed the female during incubation. The nests are constructed of a mass of bulky twigs lined with grass and bark. Corvids can lay between 3 and 10 eggs, typically ranging between 4 and 7. The eggs are usually greenish in colour with brown blotches. Once hatched, the young remain in the nests for up to 6–10 weeks depending on the species.
Corvids use several different forms of parental care, including bi-parental care and cooperative breeding. Cooperative breeding takes place when parents are helped in raising their offspring, usually by relatives, but also sometimes by non-related adults. Such helpers at the nest in most cooperatively-breeding birds are males, while females join other groups. White-throated magpie-jays are cooperatively-breeding corvids where the helpers are mostly female.
Intelligence
Jerison (1973) has suggested that the degree of brain encephalization (the ratio of brain size to body size, EQ) may correlate with an animal's intelligence and cognitive skills. Corvids and psittacids have higher EQ than other bird families, similar to that of the apes. Among the Corvidae, ravens possess the largest brain to body size ratio. In addition to the high EQ, the Corvid's intelligence is boosted by their living environment. Firstly, Corvids are found in some of the harshest environments on Earth, where surviving requires higher intelligence and better adaptations. Secondly, most of the Corvids are omnivorous, suggesting that they are exposed to more different stimuli and environments. Furthermore, many corvid species live in a large family group, and demonstrate high social complexities.
Their intelligence is boosted by the long growing period of the young. By remaining with the parents, the young have more opportunities to learn necessary skills.
When compared to dogs and cats in an experiment testing the ability to seek out food according to three-dimensional clues, corvids out-performed the mammals. A meta-analysis testing how often birds invented new ways to acquire food in the wild found corvids to be the most innovative birds. A 2004 review suggested that their cognitive abilities are on par with those of non-human great apes. Despite structural differences, the brains of corvids and great apes both evolved the ability to make geometrical measurements.
Empathy-consolation
Ravens are found to show bystander affiliation, and solicited bystander affiliation after aggressive conflicts. Most of the time, bystanders already sharing a valuable relationship with the victim are more likely to affiliate with the victim to alleviate the victim's distress ("consolation") as a representation of empathy. Ravens are believed to be able to be sensitive to other's emotions.
Empathy-emotional contagion
Emotion contagion refers to the emotional state matching between individuals. Adriaense et al. (2018) used a bias paradigm to quantify emotional valence, which along with emotional arousal, define emotions. They manipulated the positive and negative affective states in the demonstrator ravens, which showed significantly different responses to the two states: behaving pessimism to the negative states, and optimism to the positive states. Then, the researchers trained another observer raven to first observe the demonstrator's responses. The observer raven was then presented with ambiguous stimuli. The experiment results confirmed the existence of negative emotional contagions in ravens, while the positive emotional contagion remained unclear. Therefore, ravens are capable of both discerning the negative emotions in their conspecifics and showing signs of empathy.
Interspecific communications
Interspecific communications are evolutionarily beneficial for species living in the same environment. Facial expressions are the most widely used method to express emotions by humans. Tate et al. (2006) explored the issue of non-human mammals processing the visual cues from faces to achieve interspecific communication with humans. Researchers also examined the avian species' capabilities to interpret this non-verbal communication, and their extent of sensitivity to human emotions. Based on the experimental subject of American Crows' behavioral changes to varying human gazes and facial expressions, Clucas et al. (2013) identified that crows are able to change their behaviors to human emotions. They further suggested that the high intelligence of the crows enables them to adapt well to human-dominated environments.
Personality conformity
It is considered difficult to study emotions in animals when humans could not communicate with them. One way to identify animal personality traits is to observe the consistency of the individual's behavior over time and circumstances. For group-living species, there are two opposing hypotheses regarding the assortment of personalities within a group: the social niche specialization hypothesis, and the conformity hypothesis. To test these two hypotheses, McCune et al. (2018) performed an experiment on the boldness of two species in Corvidae: the Mexican Jay and California Scrub-Jay. Their results confirmed the conformity hypothesis, supported by the significant differences in the group effects.
Social construction
The individual personality is both determined by genetics and shaped by social contexts. Miller et al. (2016) examined the role of the developmental and social environment in personality formation in common ravens and carrion crows, which are highly social corvids. The researchers highlighted the correlation between social contexts and an individual's consistent behavior over time (personality), by showing that conspecific presence promoted the behavioral similarities between individuals. Therefore, the researchers demonstrated that social contexts had a significant impact on the development of the raven's and crow's personalities.
Social complexity
The social complexity hypothesis suggests that living in a social group enhances the cognitive abilities of animals. Corvid ingenuity is represented through their feeding skills, memorization abilities, use of tools, and group behaviour. Living in large social groups has long been connected with high cognitive ability. To live in a large group, a member must be able to recognize individuals, and track the social position and foraging of other members over time. Members must also be able to distinguish between sex, age, reproductive status, and dominance, and to update this information constantly. It might be that social complexity corresponds to their high cognition, as well as contributing to the spread of information between members of the group.
Consciousness, culture-rudiments, and neurology
The Eurasian magpie is the only non-mammal species known to be able to recognize itself in a mirror test, although later research could not replicate this finding. Studies using very similar setups could not find such behaviour in other corvids (e.g., Carrion crows). Magpies have been observed taking part in elaborate grieving rituals, which have been likened to human funerals, including laying grass wreaths. Marc Bekoff, at the University of Colorado, argues that it shows that they are capable of feeling complex emotions, including grief. Furthermore, carrion crows show a neuronal response that correlates with their perception of a stimulus, which some scientists have argued to be an empirical marker of (avian/corvid) sensory consciousness—the conscious perception of sensory input—in the crows which do not have a cerebral cortex. A related study shows that the birds' pallium's neuroarchitecture is reminiscent of the mammalian cortex.
Tool use, memory, and complex rational thought
There are also specific examples of corvid cleverness. One carrion crow was documented cracking nuts by placing them on a crosswalk, letting the passing cars crack the shell, waiting for the light to turn red, and then safely retrieving the contents. A group of crows in England took turns lifting garbage bin lids while their companions collected food.
Members of the corvid family have been known to watch other birds, remember where they hide their food, then return once the owner leaves. Corvids also move their food around between hiding places to avoid thievery—but only if they have previously been thieves themselves (that is, they remember previous relevant social contexts, use their own experience of having been a thief to predict the behavior of a pilferer, and can determine the safest course to protect their caches from being pilfered). Studies to assess similar cognitive abilities in apes have been inconclusive.
The ability to hide food requires highly accurate spatial memories. Corvids have been recorded to recall their food's hiding places up to nine months later. It is suggested that vertical landmarks (like trees) are used to remember locations. There has also been evidence that California scrub jays, which store perishable foods, not only remember where they stored their food, but for how long. This has been compared to episodic memory, previously thought unique to humans.
New Caledonian crows (Corvus moneduloides) are notable for their highly developed tool fabrication. They make angling tools of twigs and leaves trimmed into hooks, and then subsequently use the hooks to pull insect larvae from tree holes. Tools are engineered according to task, and apparently, also to learned preferences. Recent studies revealed abilities to solve complicated problems, which suggested high levels of innovation of a complex nature. Other corvids that have been observed using tools include: the American crow, blue jay, and green jay. Researchers have discovered that New Caledonian crows don't just use single objects as tools—they can also construct novel compound tools through assemblage of otherwise non-functional elements. Diversity in tool design among corvids suggests cultural variation. Again, great apes are the only other animals known to use tools in such a fashion.
Clark's nutcrackers and jackdaws were compared in a 2002 study based on geometric rule learning. The corvids, along with a domestic pigeon, had to locate a target between two landmarks, while distances and landmarks were altered. The nutcrackers were more accurate in their searches than the jackdaws and pigeons.
Implications and specific comparisons with other animals
The scarecrow is an archetypal scare tactic in the agricultural business. However, due to corvids' quick wit, scarecrows are soon ignored, and used as perches. Despite farmers' efforts to rid themselves of corvid pests, their attempts have only expanded corvid territories, and strengthened their numbers.
Contrary to earlier teleological classifications, in which they were seen as "highest" songbirds due to their intelligence, current systematics might place corvids—based on their total number of physical characteristics, instead of just their brains (which are the most developed of birds)—in the lower middle of the passerine evolutionary tree, dependent on which subgroup is chosen as the most derived. As per one observer:
The other major group of highly intelligent birds of the order Psittaciformes (which includes 'true' parrots, cockatoos, and New Zealand parrots) is not closely related to corvids.
A study found that four-months-old ravens can have physical and social cognitive skills similar to that of adult great apes, and concluded that the “dynamic of the different influences that, during ontogeny, contributes to adult cognition” is required for the study of cognition.
Disease
Corvids are reservoirs (carriers) for the West Nile virus in the United States. They are infected by mosquitoes (the vectors), primarily of the Culex species. Crows and ravens are quickly killed by this disease, so their deaths are an early-warning system when West Nile virus arrives in an area (as are horses and other bird-species deaths). One of the first signs that West Nile virus first arrived in the US in 1999 was the death of crows in New York.
Relationship with humans
Several different corvids, particularly ravens, have occasionally served as pets, although they are not able to speak as readily as parrots, and are not suited to a caged environment.
It is illegal to own corvids, or any other migratory bird, without a permit in North America, due to the Migratory Bird Act.
Humans have been able to coexist with many members of the Corvidae family throughout history, most notably crows and ravens (see: “Role in myth and culture” section below). These positive interactions have extended into modern times.
Role in myth and culture
Folklore often represents corvids as clever, and even mystical, animals. Some Native Americans, such as the Haida, believed that a raven created the earth, and despite being a trickster spirit, ravens were popular on totems, credited with creating man, and considered responsible for placing the Sun in the sky.
Due to their carrion diet, the Celtic peoples strongly associated corvids with war, death, and the battlefield; their great intelligence meant that they were often considered messengers, or manifestations of the gods, such as Bendigeidfran (Welsh for “Blessed Crow”) or the Irish Morrigan (Middle Irish for “Great Queen”), both who were underworld deities that may be related to the later Arthurian Fisher King. The Welsh Dream of Rhonabwy illustrates well the association of ravens with war. In many parts of Britain, gatherings of crows, or more often magpies, are counted using the divination rhyme: “one for sorrow, two for joy, three for a girl, four for a boy, five for silver, six for gold, seven for a secret never to be told.” Another rhyme is: “one for sorrow, two for mirth, three for a funeral, four for a birth, five for heaven, six for hell, and seven for the Devil, his own sel.” Cornish superstition holds that when a lone magpie is encountered, it must be loudly greeted with respect.
Various Germanic peoples highly revered the raven, and the raven was often depicted as a motif on shields or other war gear in Anglo-Saxon art, such as the Sutton Hoo burial, and Vendel period art. The major deity, Odin, was so commonly associated with ravens throughout history that he gained the kenning “Raven God,” and the raven banner was the flag of various Viking Age Scandinavian chieftains. Odin was also attended by Hugin and Munin, two ravens who flew all over the world, and whispered information they acquired into his ears. The Valravn sometimes appeared in modern Scandinavian folklore. On a shield and purse lid excavated among the Sutton Hoo treasures, imagery of stylised corvids with scrolled beaks are meticulously detailed in the decorative enamel work. The corvid symbolism reflected their common totemic status to the Anglo-Saxons, whose pre-Christian indigenous beliefs were of the same origin as that of the aforementioned Vikings.
The sixth century BCE Greek scribe Aesop featured corvids as intelligent antagonists in many fables. Later, in western literature, popularized by American poet Edgar Allan Poe's work "The Raven", the common raven becomes a symbol of the main character's descent into madness.
The children's book Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH and its animated film adaptation features a protagonist crow named Jeremy.
Status and conservation
Unlike many other bird families, corvid fitness and reproduction, especially with many crows, has increased due to human development. The survival and reproductive success of certain crows and ravens is assisted by their close relationship with humans.
Human development provides additional resources by clearing land, creating shrublands rich in berries and insects. When the cleared land naturally replenishes, jays and crows use the young dense trees for nesting sites. Ravens typically use larger trees in denser forest.
Despite the fact that most corvids are not threatened (many even increasing due to human activity) a few species are in danger. For example, the destruction of the Southeast Asian rainforest is endangering mixed-species feeding flocks with members from the family Corvidae. Also, since its semiarid scrubland habitat is an endangered ecosystem, the Florida scrub jay has a small and declining population. A number of island species, which are more vulnerable to introduced species and habitat loss, have been driven to extinction, such as the New Zealand raven, or are threatened, like the Mariana crow.
The American crow population of the United States has grown over the years. It is possible that the American crow, due to humans increasing suitable habitat, will cause Northwestern crows and fish crows to decline.
Species
FAMILY CORVIDAE
Choughs
Genus Pyrrhocorax
Alpine chough, Pyrrhocorax graculus
Red-billed chough, Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax
Treepies
Genus Crypsirina
Hooded treepie, Crypsirina cucullata
Racket-tailed treepie, Crypsirina temia
Genus Dendrocitta
Andaman treepie, Dendrocitta bayleyi
Bornean treepie, Dendrocitta cinerascens
Grey treepie, Dendrocitta formosae
Collared treepie, Dendrocitta frontalis
White-bellied treepie, Dendrocitta leucogastra
Sumatran treepie, Dendrocitta occipitalis
Rufous treepie, Dendrocitta vagabunda
Genus Platysmurus
Malayan black magpie, Platysmurus leucopterus
Bornean black magpie, Platysmurus aterrimus
Genus Temnurus
Ratchet-tailed treepie, Temnurus temnurus
Oriental magpies
Genus Cissa
Common green magpie, Cissa chinensis
Indochinese green magpie, Cissa hypoleuca
Javan green magpie, Cissa thalassina
Bornean green magpie, Cissa jefferyi
Genus Urocissa
Taiwan blue magpie, Urocissa caerulea
Red-billed blue magpie, Urocissa erythrorhyncha
Yellow-billed blue magpie, Urocissa flavirostris
Sri Lanka blue magpie, Urocissa ornata
White-winged magpie, Urocissa whiteheadi
Old World jays
Genus Garrulus
Eurasian jay, Garrulus glandarius
Black-headed jay, Garrulus lanceolatus
Lidth's jay, Garrulus lidthi
Genus Podoces – ground jays
Xinjiang ground jay, Podoces biddulphi
Mongolian ground jay, Podoces hendersoni
Turkestan ground jay, Podoces panderi
Iranian ground jay, Podoces pleskei
Piapiac
Genus Ptilostomus
Piapiac, Ptilostomus afer
Stresemann's bushcrow
Genus Zavattariornis
Stresemann's bushcrow, Zavattariornis stresemanni
Nutcrackers
Genus Nucifraga
Spotted nutcracker, Nucifraga caryocatactes
Kashmir nutcracker, Nucifraga multipunctata
Clark's nutcracker, Nucifraga columbiana
Holarctic magpies
Genus Pica
Black-billed magpie, Pica hudsonia
Yellow-billed magpie, Pica nuttalli
Eurasian magpie, Pica pica
Korean magpie, Pica (pica) serica
Genus Cyanopica
Azure-winged magpie, Cyanopica cyanus
Iberian magpie, Cyanopica cooki
True crows (crows, ravens, jackdaws and rooks)
Genus Corvus
Australian and Melanesian species
Little crow, Corvus bennetti
Australian raven, Corvus coronoides
Bismarck crow, Corvus insularis
Brown-headed crow, Corvus fuscicapillus
Bougainville crow, Corvus meeki
Little raven, Corvus mellori
New Caledonian crow, Corvus moneduloides
Torresian crow, Corvus orru
Forest raven, Corvus tasmanicus
Relict raven, Corvus (tasmanicus) boreus
Grey crow, Corvus tristis
Long-billed crow, Corvus validus
White-billed crow, Corvus woodfordi
Pacific island species
Alalā (Hawaiian crow), Corvus hawaiiensis (formerly Corvus tropicus) (extinct in the wild)
Mariana crow, Corvus kubaryi
Tropical Asian species
Daurian jackdaw, Corvus dauuricus
Slender-billed crow, Corvus enca
Palawan crow, Corvus pusillus
Flores crow, Corvus florensis
Large-billed crow, Corvus macrorhynchos
Eastern jungle crow, Corvus levaillantii
Indian jungle crow, Corvus culminatus
House crow, Corvus splendens
Collared crow, Corvus torquatus
Piping crow, Corvus typicus
Banggai crow, Corvus unicolor
Eurasian and North African species
Hooded crow, Corvus cornix
Mesopotamian crow, Corvus (cornix) capellanus
Carrion crow (western carrion crow), Corvus corone
Eastern carrion crow, Corvus (corone) orientalis
Rook, Corvus frugilegus
Western jackdaw, Corvus monedula
Fan-tailed raven, Corvus rhipidurus
Brown-necked raven, Corvus ruficollis
Holarctic species
Common raven, Corvus corax (see also next section)
Pied raven, Corvus corax varius morpha leucophaeus (an extinct color variant)
North and Central American species
American crow, Corvus brachyrhynchos
Northwestern crow, Corvus brachyrhynchos caurinus
Chihuahuan raven, Corvus cryptoleucus
Tamaulipas crow, Corvus imparatus
Jamaican crow, Corvus jamaicensis
White-necked crow, Corvus leucognaphalus
Cuban crow, Corvus nasicus
Fish crow, Corvus ossifragus
Palm crow, Corvus palmarum
Sinaloa crow, Corvus sinaloae
Western raven, Corvus (corax) sinuatus
Tropical African species
White-necked raven, Corvus albicollis
Pied crow, Corvus albus
Cape crow, Corvus capensis
Thick-billed raven, Corvus crassirostris
Somali crow (dwarf raven), Corvus edithae
Boreal jays
Genus Perisoreus
Canada jay, Perisoreus canadensis
Siberian jay, Perisoreus infaustus
Sichuan jay, Perisoreus internigrans
New World jays
Genus Aphelocoma – scrub-jays
California scrub jay, Aphelocoma californica
Island scrub jay, Aphelocoma insularis
Woodhouse's scrub jay, Aphelocoma woodhouseii
Florida scrub jay, Aphelocoma coerulescens
Mexican jay, Aphelocoma wollweberi
Transvolcanic jay, Aphelocoma ultramarina
Unicolored jay, Aphelocoma unicolor
Genus Calocitta – magpie-jays
Black-throated magpie-jay, Calocitta colliei
White-throated magpie-jay, Calocitta formosa
Genus Cyanocitta
Blue jay, Cyanocitta cristata
Steller's jay, Cyanocitta stelleri
Genus Cyanocorax
Black-chested jay, Cyanocorax affinis
Purplish-backed jay, Cyanocorax beecheii
Azure jay, Cyanocorax caeruleus
Cayenne jay, Cyanocorax cayanus
Plush-crested jay, Cyanocorax chrysops
Curl-crested jay, Cyanocorax cristatellus
Purplish jay, Cyanocorax cyanomelas
White-naped jay, Cyanocorax cyanopogon
Tufted jay, Cyanocorax dickeyi
Azure-naped jay, Cyanocorax heilprini
Bushy-crested jay, Cyanocorax melanocyaneus
White-tailed jay, Cyanocorax mystacalis
San Blas jay, Cyanocorax sanblasianus
Violaceous jay, Cyanocorax violaceus
Green jay, Cyanocorax luxuosus
Inca jay, Cyanocorax yncas
Yucatan jay, Cyanocorax yucatanicus
Genus Psilorhinus
Brown jay, Psilorhinus morio
Genus Cyanolyca
Silvery-throated jay, Cyanolyca argentigula
Black-collared jay, Cyanolyca armillata
Azure-hooded jay, Cyanolyca cucullata
White-throated jay, Cyanolyca mirabilis
Dwarf jay, Cyanolyca nana
Beautiful jay, Cyanolyca pulchra
Black-throated jay, Cyanolyca pumilo
Turquoise jay, Cyanolyca turcosa
White-collared jay, Cyanolyca viridicyana
Genus Gymnorhinus
Pinyon jay, Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus
Explanatory notes
References
Further reading
Charles Sibley & Jon Edward Ahlquist (1991): Phylogeny and Classification of Birds: A Study in Molecular Evolution. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. .
External links
Corvidae videos on the Internet Bird Collection
corvids.de – Corvids-Literature-Database
Corvid Corner A site about the Corvidae
AvesNoir A site about corvids in art, culture, and literature.
Discovery of species-wide tool use in the Hawaiian crow
Rooks reveal remarkable tool use
Clever New Caledonian crows can use three tools
Talking Eurasian magpie Pica pica
Rare crow shows a talent for tool use
Bird families
Extant Miocene first appearances | wiki |
Sansui kyō (), rendered in English as Mountains and Waters Sutra, is a book of the Shōbōgenzō by the 13th century Sōtō Zen monk Eihei Dōgen. It is widely considered to be one of the most beautiful of all of the 95 books of the Shōbōgenzō according to Stanford University professor Carl Bielefeldt. The text was written in the fall of 1240 at Dōgen's monastery Kōshōhōrin-ji in Kyoto, and the manuscript from that time in Dōgen's own hand survives. This year saw a marked increase in the output of his essays for the Shōbōgenzō, including the closely related work Keisei sanshoku written a few months before and covering essentially the same theme, namely the mountains and rivers as equivalent to the body and speech of the Buddha. The book appears as the 29th in the 75 fascicle versions of the Shōbōgenzō, and it is ordered 14th in the later chronological 95 fascicle Honzan edition. It was also included as the 14th book of the 28 fascicle "Eiheiji manuscript" Shōbōgenzō. Gudō Nishijima, a modern Zen priest, sums up the essay as follows: "Buddhism is basically a religion of belief in the universe, and nature is the universe showing its real form. So to look at nature is to look at the Buddhist truth itself. For this reason, Master Dōgen believed that nature is just Buddhist sutras."
References
Soto Zen
Zen texts | wiki |
Bansin Pier (German: Seebrücke Bansin) – is a pier located in the coastal resort of Bansin, on the island of Usedom; in Germany. The pier stretches out from the Imperial Beach for into the Baltic Sea. The pier has a length of 285 meters; 50 meters of which extends over the beach. The original pier existed before World War II, however storms and the poor upkeep of the pier caused the authorities to demolish it. The current pier was built in the second half of 1990.
References
Piers in Germany | wiki |
This is a list of Surinamese Hoofdklasse top scorers, that enumerates all players that have finished a season as top goalscorers in the top level of the Surinamese football league system from 1914 (the year that the first championship was disputed) to date.
Top scorers by year
Below is the incomplete list of topscorers from 1964 to date:
Records
Robert "Muis" Lawrence (Laurens) previously held the record for scoring the most goals in a single calendar year, with 30 in the 1998–99 season, but that long-standing record was broken in the 2018–19 season by Renzo Akrosie from Sportvereniging Nationaal Leger (SNL) with 33 goals.
See also
Surinamese Footballer of the Year
References
External links
RSSSF: List of Top scorers - Suriname
Suriname
Association football player non-biographical articles | wiki |
In physics, the term simplicial manifold commonly refers to one of several loosely defined objects, commonly appearing in the study of Regge calculus. These objects combine attributes of a simplex with those of a manifold. There is no standard usage of this term in mathematics, and so the concept can refer to a triangulation in topology, or a piecewise linear manifold, or one of several different functors from either the category of sets or the category of simplicial sets to the category of manifolds.
A manifold made out of simplices
A simplicial manifold is a simplicial complex for which the geometric realization is homeomorphic to a topological manifold. This is essentially the concept of a triangulation in topology. This can mean simply that a neighborhood of each vertex (i.e. the set of simplices that contain that point as a vertex) is homeomorphic to a n-dimensional ball.
A simplicial object built from manifolds
A simplicial manifold is also a simplicial object in the category of manifolds. This is a special case of a simplicial space in which, for each n, the space of n-simplices is a manifold.
For example, if G is a Lie group, then the simplicial nerve of G has the manifold as its space of n-simplices. More generally, G can be a Lie groupoid.
Structures on manifolds
Simplicial sets | wiki |
Pakistani spices () The following is a partial list of spices commonly used in Pakistani cuisine:
Other herbs with their Urdu names:
External links
Spices | wiki |
17-Dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-DMAG) is a chemical compound which is a semi-synthetic derivative of the antibiotic geldanamycin. It is being studied for the possibility of treating cancer.
References
Antibiotics
Macrocycles
1,4-Benzoquinones
Carbamates
Lactams
Ethers
Secondary alcohols
Conjugated dienes | wiki |
Celebrity Big Brother, also known as Big Brother: Celebrity Edition, is a spin-off series of the American version of the Dutch reality television franchise Big Brother. This season aired during the winter of the 2017–18 network television season on CBS and was the second U.S. Big Brother season to air outside the usual summer television season, the first being Big Brother 9 in 2008. Julie Chen returned as host, with Allison Grodner and Rich Meehan returning as executive producers. The series is produced by Fly on the Wall Entertainment in association with Endemol Shine North America. The first season premiered on February 7, 2018.
The promotional logo was released on December 20, 2017. The logo is similar to that used for Big Brother 19, with the word "celebrity" added. The first teaser was also released the same day. In January 2018 official photos of the house and backyard were released through a press release and an Instagram livestream with Julie Chen. On January 28, 2018, the official cast was announced during the 60th Annual Grammy Awards.
The first season officially concluded on February 25, 2018 when Marissa Jaret Winokur beat Ross Mathews by a final jury vote of 6 to 3. Ross was also later named America's Favorite HouseGuest.
On May 12, 2018, CBS renewed the spin-off for a second season.
Background
After the first season of the British version of Big Brother proved to be a success in the ratings for Channel 4, the network collaborated with the BBC for the first British season of Celebrity Big Brother in aid of Comic Relief. The season ran for a condensed run of eight days and featured six British celebrities moving into the house used for the first British season. Due to the success of the first celebrity edition, a second season was ordered and shown exclusively on Channel 4 in November 2002. The celebrity version took a two-year break before returning for its third season in 2005, and became a regular staple alongside the regular British version. Starting with the third season, the show began to feature celebrities outside the United Kingdom alongside well known British celebrities. Many notable American celebrities have since taken part in the British version of Celebrity Big Brother. American actor Gary Busey took part in the fourteenth season in the summer of 2014 and became the first American celebrity to win Celebrity Big Brother in the United Kingdom.
An American version of Celebrity Big Brother has been speculated since 2002, along with a celebrity version of Survivor. In an interview, Julie Chen and CBS CEO Leslie Moonves revealed talks of a celebrity edition of Big Brother as far back as Big Brother 2. It was rumored that CBS was looking to air a celebrity edition in the fall after Big Brother 3 with radio personality Howard Stern speculated as a possible houseguest. Chen revealed that Paris Hilton had agreed to do it and Roseanne Barr initially agreed to take part, but then backed out. Barr would later take part in another celebrity spin-off of Big Brother called Big Brother: Celebrity Hijack in the United Kingdom in 2008, where she watched over a group of non-celebrity housemates for a day, set tasks and talked to them in the Diary Room.
Julie Chen announced on September 7, 2017, during a live double eviction episode of Big Brother 19 that Celebrity Big Brother would air sometime during the winter, before the twentieth season of Big Brother in the summer of 2018. CBS later confirmed via a press release that Julie Chen would return to host the new season, and Allison Grodner and Rich Meehan will be executive producers. The season will be produced by Fly on the Wall Entertainment in association with Endemol Shine North America.
On September 13, 2017, it was revealed by Chen that her husband, CBS chief executive Leslie Moonves, forced her to take a pay cut for the celebrity edition to happen. Moonves stated, "You shouldn't be expected to be paid as if it's a full series. It's a condensed version."
Production
The format of the show remained similar to the American version of Big Brother. Competitions for Head of Household and Power of Veto had been confirmed to returned for this edition along with live evictions. On December 1, 2017, CBS revealed that the series would premiere on February 7, 2018 and wrap on February 25, 2018.
Series changes
Celebrity Big Brother was a condensed version of the game and would not last as long as a regular season of Big Brother, with episodes only shown over two weeks instead of three months. Unlike the parent series Jury members were not sequestered separately and were allowed to return to the outside world as well as watch the show. Beginning with an incident that led to a lawsuit in Big Brother 2 when HouseGuest Justin Sebik got drunk and threatened fellow HouseGuest Krista Stegall by holding a knife to her throat, there has been an alcohol restriction in the house. The alcohol restriction was lifted for the Celebrity HouseGuests. The space in the backyard was reduced to allow production to constantly perform construction for competitions but still allow 24/7 access for the HouseGuests. For the celebrity version of America's Favorite HouseGuest, the term Favorite Celebrity HouseGuest was also being used interchangeably. For the first time since the beginning of the U.S. series, five players were featured in the season's finale night versus the usual three.
Broadcasts
The main television coverage of Celebrity Big Brother was screened on CBS during the winter of the 2017–18 network television season. CBS decided to schedule the spin-off during the February 2018 sweeps period to counterprogram NBC's coverage of the 2018 Winter Olympics. Episodes aired on Sundays, Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays with two special episodes on Thursday, February 8 and Saturday, February 24. Most episodes aired for one hour and aired from 8:00–9:00 p.m. EST; the Friday episodes and the season finale, however, ran for two hours each (from 8:00–10:00 p.m. EST). The live Internet feeds returned for the American version of Celebrity Big Brother as part of CBS All Access. Alongside the weekly shows on CBS, the companion series Big Brother: After Dark returned on Pop under the title Celebrity Big Brother: After Dark. The show provided live coverage nightly from inside the House.
International broadcasts
Global announced on December 20, 2017 that the broadcaster had acquired the rights to air Celebrity Big Brother in Canada. Global has broadcast the American version of Big Brother since its launch in 2000. Nine Network confirmed they would air the season in Australia under the name Celebrity Big Brother U.S.. Nine created a special logo for the show resembling the eye logo of the ninth through eleventh seasons of Australian adaption that previously aired on the network. Episodes were "fast-tracked" and available on their streaming service 9Now shortly after their American airing with televised broadcast on 9Go! starting February 11, 2018. Due to low ratings episodes were moved from the 9:30pm timeslot to 11:30pm effective February 14, 2018.
Endemol Shine also screened the season on their YouTube channel Big Brother Universe outside the United States. The program was not available on the platform in Africa, Australia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Germany, India, United Kingdom, and the United States due to existing contractual agreements in those territories.
Prize
The HouseGuests competed for the main grand prize of $250,000.
HouseGuests
The HouseGuests were revealed during a live pre-show of the 2018 Grammy Awards on January 28, 2018.
Notes
Future appearances
For the twentieth season of the regular edition Ross Mathews and Marissa Jaret Winokur began hosting an aftershow entitled Off the Block with Ross and Marissa. Marissa Jaret Winokur, Omarosa, Ross Mathews, Metta World Peace, and Mark McGrath all appeared in the second celebrity season; Omarosa hosted a Head of Household competition while Ross and Metta participated in a Power of Veto competition. Mark appeared in the recap episode as a special guest. In 2021, Omarosa competed on Big Brother VIP, the celebrity edition of Australian Big Brother.
Episodes
Voting history
Notes
Viewing figures
References
External links
2018 American television seasons
Big Brother (American TV series)
United States 01 | wiki |
Assisted suicide is suicide undertaken with the aid of another person. The term usually refers to physician-assisted suicide (PAS), which is suicide that is assisted by a physician or another healthcare provider. Once it is determined that the person's situation qualifies under the physician-assisted suicide laws for that location, the physician's assistance is usually limited to writing a prescription for a lethal dose of drugs.
In many jurisdictions, helping a person die by suicide is a crime. People who support legalizing physician-assisted suicide want the people who assist in a voluntary death to be exempt from criminal prosecution for manslaughter or similar crimes. Physician-assisted suicide is legal in some countries, under certain circumstances, including Austria, Belgium, Canada, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Spain, Switzerland, parts of the United States and all six states of Australia. The constitutional courts of Colombia, Germany and Italy legalized assisted suicide, but their governments have not legislated or regulated the practice yet.
In most of those states or countries, to qualify for legal assistance, individuals who seek a physician-assisted suicide must meet certain criteria, including: having a terminal illness, proving they are of sound mind, voluntarily and repeatedly expressing their wish to die, and taking the specified, lethal dose by their own hand. The laws vary in scope from place to place. In the United States, PAS is limited to those who have a prognosis of six months or less to live. In other countries such as Germany, Canada, Switzerland, Spain, Italy, Austria, Belgium and the Netherlands, a terminal diagnosis is not a requirement and voluntary euthanasia is additionally allowed.
Terminology
Suicide is the act of killing oneself. Assisted suicide is when another person materially helps an individual person die by suicide, such as providing tools or equipment, while physician-assisted suicide involves a physician (doctor) "knowingly and intentionally providing a person with the knowledge or means or both required to commit suicide, including counseling about lethal doses of drugs, prescribing such lethal doses or supplying the drugs".
Assisted suicide is contrasted to euthanasia, sometimes referred to as mercy killing, where the person dying does not directly bring about their own death, but is killed in order to stop the person from experiencing further suffering. Euthanasia can occur with or without consent, and can be classified as voluntary, non-voluntary or involuntary. Killing a person who is suffering and who consents is called voluntary euthanasia. This is currently legal in some regions. If the person is unable to provide consent it is referred to as non-voluntary euthanasia. Killing a person who does not want to die, or who is capable of giving consent and whose consent has not been solicited, is the crime of involuntary euthanasia, and is regarded as murder.
Right to die is the belief that people have a right to die, either through various forms of suicide, euthanasia, or refusing life-saving medical treatment.
Suicidism can be defined as "the quality or state of being suicidal" or as "... an oppressive system (stemming from non-suicidal perspectives) functioning at the normative, discursive, medical, legal, social, political, economic, and epistemic levels in which suicidal people experience multiple forms of injustice and violence ..."
Assisted dying versus assisted suicide
Some advocates for assisted suicide strongly oppose the use of "assisted suicide" and "suicide" when referring to physician-assisted suicide, and prefer phrases like "medical aid in dying" or "assisted dying". The motivation for this is to distance the debate from the suicides commonly performed by those not terminally ill and not eligible for assistance where it is legal. They feel those cases have negatively impacted the word "suicide" to the point that it should not be used to refer to the practice of a physician prescribing lethal drugs to a person with a terminal illness. However, in certain jurisdictions, like Canada, "aid in dying" does not require a person's natural death to be reasonably foreseeable in order to be eligible for MAiD. Moreover, the term "assisted dying" is also used to refer to other practices like voluntary euthanasia and terminal sedation
Physician-assisted suicide
Support
Arguments for
Arguments in support of assisted death include respect for patient autonomy, equal treatment of terminally ill patients on and off life support, compassion, personal liberty, transparency and ethics of responsibility. When death is imminent (half a year or less) patients can choose to have assisted death as a medical option to shorten what the person perceives to be an unbearable dying process.
Death With Dignity is coined as the United States national leader in end of life advocacy and policy reform. The organization has been advocating for physician assisted suicide and euthanasia since 1994.
Pain is mostly not reported as the primary motivation for seeking physician-assisted suicide in the United States; the three most frequently mentioned end‐of‐life concerns reported by Oregon residents who took advantage of the Death With Dignity Act in 2015 were: decreasing ability to participate in activities that made life enjoyable (96.2%), loss of autonomy (92.4%), and loss of dignity (75.4%).
Oregon statistics
A study of hospice nurses and social workers in Oregon reported that symptoms of pain, depression, anxiety, extreme air hunger and fear of the process of dying were more pronounced among hospice patients who did not request a lethal prescription for barbiturates, the drug used for physician assisted death.
A Journal of Palliative Medicine report on patterns of hospice use noted that Oregon was in both the highest quartile of hospice use and the lowest quartile of potentially concerning patterns of hospice use. A similar trend was found in Vermont, where aid-in-dying (AiD) was authorized in 2013.
In February 2016, Oregon released a report on their 2015 numbers. During 2015, there were 218 people in the state who were approved and received the lethal drugs to end their own life. Of that 218, 132 terminally ill patients ultimately made the decision to ingest drugs, resulting in their death. According to the state of Oregon Public Health Division's survey, the majority of the participants, 78%, were 65 years of age or older and predominantly white, 93.1%. 72% of the terminally ill patients who opted for ending their own lives had been diagnosed with some form of cancer. In the state of Oregon's 2015 survey, they asked the terminally ill who were participating in medical aid in dying, what their biggest end-of-life concerns were: 96.2% of those people mentioned the loss of the ability to participate in activities that once made them enjoy life, 92.4% mentioned the loss of autonomy, or their independence of their own thoughts or actions, and 75.4% stated loss of their dignity.
Washington State statistics
An increasing trend in deaths caused from ingesting lethal doses of medications prescribed by physicians was also noted in Washington: from 64 deaths in 2009 to 202 deaths in 2015. Among the deceased, 72% had terminal cancer and 8% had neurodegenerative diseases (including ALS).
U.S. polls
Polls conducted by Gallup dating back to 1947 positing the question, "When a person has a disease that cannot be cured, do you think doctors should be allowed to end the patient's life by some painless means if the patient and his family request it?" show support for the practice increasing from 37% in 1947 to a plateau of approximately 75% lasting from approximately 1990 to 2005. When the polling question was modified as such so the question posits "severe pain" as opposed to an incurable disease, "legalization" as opposed to generally allowing doctors, and "patient suicide" rather than physician-administered voluntary euthanasia, public support was substantially lower, by approximately 10% to 15%.
A poll conducted by National Journal and Regence Foundation found that both Oregonians and Washingtonians were more familiar with the terminology "end-of-life care" than the rest of the country and residents of both states are slightly more aware of the terms palliative and hospice care.
A survey from the Journal of Palliative Medicine found that family caregivers of patients who chose assisted death were more likely to find positive meaning in caring for a patient and were more prepared for accepting a patient's death than the family caregivers of patients who did not request assisted death.
Safeguards
Many current assisted death laws contain provisions that are intended to provide oversight and investigative processes to prevent abuse. This includes eligibility and qualification processes, mandatory state reporting by the medical team, and medical board oversight. In Oregon and other states, two doctors and two witnesses must assert that a person's request for a lethal prescription was not coerced or under undue influence.
These safeguards include proving one's residency and eligibility. The patient must meet with two physicians and they must confirm the diagnoses before one can continue the procedure; in some cases, they do include a psychiatric evaluation as well to determine whether or not the patient is making this decision on their own. The next steps are two oral requests, a waiting period of a minimum of 15 days before making the next request. A written request which must be witnessed by two different people, one of which cannot be a family member, and then another waiting period by the patient's doctor in which they say whether they are eligible for the drugs or not ("Death with Dignity").
The debate about whether these safeguards work is debated between opponents and proponents.
A 1996 survey of Oregon emergency physicians found that "Only 37% indicated that the Oregon initiative has enough safeguards to protect vulnerable persons." 83% agreed that patients "Might feel pressure because of burden to others" and 70% agreed that patients "Might feel pressure because of financial concerns".
Religious stances in favor
Unitarian Universalism
According to a 1988 General Resolution, "Unitarian Universalists advocate the right to self-determination in dying, and the release from civil or criminal penalties of those who, under proper safeguards, act to honor the right of terminally ill patients to select the time of their own deaths".
Opposition
Medical ethics
Hippocratic Oath
Some doctors remind that physician-assisted suicide is contrary to the Hippocratic Oath, which is the oath historically taken by physicians. It states "I will not give a lethal drug to anyone if I am asked, nor will I advise such a plan.". The original oath however has been modified many times and, contrary to popular belief, is not required by most modern medical schools, nor confers any legal obligations on individuals who choose to take it. There are also procedures forbidden by the Hippocratic Oath which are in common practice today, such as abortion and execution.
Declaration of Geneva
The Declaration of Geneva is a revision of the Hippocratic Oath, first drafted in 1948 by the World Medical Association in response to forced (involuntary) euthanasia, eugenics and other medical crimes performed in Nazi Germany. It contains, "I will maintain the utmost respect for human life."
International Code of Medical Ethics
The International Code of Medical Ethics, last revised in 2006, includes "A physician shall always bear in mind the obligation to respect human life" in the section "Duties of physicians to patients".
Statement of Marbella
The Statement of Marbella was adopted by the 44th World Medical Assembly in Marbella, Spain, in 1992. It provides that "physician-assisted suicide, like voluntary euthanasia, is unethical and must be condemned by the medical profession."
Concerns of expansion to people with chronic disorders
A concern present among health care professionals who are opposed to PAS, are the detrimental effects that the procedure can have with regard to vulnerable populations. This argument is known as the "slippery slope". This argument encompasses the apprehension that once PAS is initiated for the terminally ill it will progress to other vulnerable communities, namely disabled people, and may begin to be used by those who feel less worthy based on their demographic or socioeconomic status. In addition, vulnerable populations are more at risk of untimely deaths because, "patients might be subjected to PAS without their genuine consent".
Religious stances in opposition
Catholicism
The Roman Catholic Church acknowledges the fact that moral decisions regarding a person's life must be made according to one's own conscience and faith. Catholic tradition has said that one's concern for the suffering of another is not a sufficient reason to decide whether it is appropriate to act upon voluntary euthanasia. According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church, "God is the creator and author of all life." In this belief system God created human life, therefore God is the judge of when to end life. From the Roman Catholic Church's perspective, deliberately ending one's life or the life of another is morally wrong and defies the Catholic doctrine. Furthermore, ending one's life deprives that person and his or her loved ones of the time left in life and causes grief and sorrow for those left behind.
Pope Francis is the current dominant figure of the Catholic Church. He affirms that death is a glorious event and should not be decided for by anyone other than God. Pope Francis insinuates that defending life means defending its sacredness. The Roman Catholic Church teaches its followers that the act of euthanasia is unacceptable because it is perceived as a sin, as it goes against one of the Ten Commandments. As implied by the sixth commandment, "Thou shalt not kill (You shall not kill)," the act of assisted suicide contradicts the dignity of human life as well as the respect one has for God. Additionally, the Roman Catholic Church recommends that terminally ill patients should receive palliative care, which deals with physical pain while treating psychological and spiritual suffering as well, instead of physician-assisted suicide.
Judaism
While preservation of life is one of the greatest values in Judaism, there are instances of suicide and assisted suicide appearing in the Bible and Rabbinic literature. The medieval authorities debate the legitimacy of those measures and in what limited circumstances they might apply. The conclusion of the majority of later rabbinic authorities, and accepted normative practice within Judaism, is that suicide and assisted suicide can not be sanctioned even for a terminal patient in intractable pain.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) is against assisted suicide and euthanasia, and anyone who takes part in either is regarded as having violated the commandments of God. However the church recognizes that when a person is in the final stages of terminal illness there may be difficult decisions to be taken. The church states that "When dying becomes inevitable, death should be looked upon as a blessing and a purposeful part of an eternal existence. Members should not feel obligated to extend mortal life by means that are unreasonable".
Neutrality
There have been calls for organisations representing medical professionals to take a neutral stance on PAS, rather than a position of opposition. The reasoning is that this supposedly would better reflect the views of medical professionals and that of wider society, and prevent those bodies from exerting undue influence over the debate.
The UK Royal College of Nursing voted in July 2009 to move to a neutral position on PAS.
The California Medical Association dropped its long-standing opposition in 2015 during the debate over whether a Physician Assisted Suicide bill should be introduced there, prompted in part by cancer sufferer Brittany Maynard. The California End of Life Option Act was signed into law later that year.
In December 2017, the Massachusetts Medical Society (MMS) voted to repeal their opposition to physician-assisted suicide and adopt a position of neutrality.
In October 2018, the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) voted to adopt a position of neutrality from one of opposition. This is contrary to the position taken by the American Medical Association (AMA), who oppose it.
In January 2019 the British Royal College of Physicians announced it would adopt a position of neutrality until two-thirds of its members thinks it should either support or oppose the legalization of PAS.
In September 2021, the largest doctors union in the United Kingdom, the British Medical Association, adopted a neutral stance towards a change in the law on assisted dying, replacing their position of opposition which had been in place since 2006.
American Medical Association Code of Ethics
The American Medical Association (AMA) opposes physician assisted suicide. In response to the ongoing debate about PAS, the AMA has issued guidance for both those who support and oppose physician-assisted suicide. The AMA Code of Ethics Opinion 5.7 reads that "Physician-assisted suicide is fundamentally incompatible with the physician's role as healer" and that it would be "difficult or impossible to control, and would pose serious societal risks" but does not explicitly prohibit the practice. In the AMA Code of Ethics Opinion 1.1.7, which the AMA states "articulates the thoughtful moral basis for those who support assisted suicide", it is written that outside of specific situations in which physicians have clear obligations, such as emergency care or respect for civil rights, "physicians may be able to act (or refrain from acting) in accordance with the dictates of their conscience without violating their professional obligations."
Attitudes of healthcare professionals
It is widely believed that physicians should play a significant role, usually expressed as "gatekeeper", in the process of assisted suicide and voluntary euthanasia (as evident in the name "physician-assisted suicide"), often putting them at the forefront of the issue. Decades of opinion research shows that physicians in the US and several European countries are less supportive of legalization of PAS than the general public. In the US, although "about two-thirds of the American public since the 1970s" have supported legalization, surveys of physicians "rarely show as much as half supporting a move". However, physician and other healthcare professional opinions vary widely on the issue of physician-assisted suicide, as shown in the following tables.
A 2019 survey of US physicians found that 60% of physicians answered 'yes' to the question "Should PAS be legalized in your state?" The survey discovered that physicians are concerned about a possible "slippery slope". 30% agreed that "PAS/AID would lead to the legalization of euthanasia" and 46% agreed that "Health insurance companies would cover PAS/AID over more expensive, possibly life-saving treatments, like chemotherapy". The survey also found that physicians generally misunderstand why patients seek PAS. 49% of physicians agreed that "Most patients who seek PAS/AID do so because of physical pain", whereas studies in Oregon found that "the three most frequently mentioned end-of-life concerns were loss of autonomy (89.5%), decreasing ability to participate in activities that made life enjoyable (89.5%), and loss of dignity (65.4%)." In addition, the survey found uncertainty about the adequacy of safeguards. While 59% agreed that "Current PAS laws provide adequate safeguards", there was greater concern with respect to specific safeguards. 60% disagreed that "Physicians who are not psychiatrists are sufficiently trained to screen for depression in patients who are seeking PAS" and 60% disagreed that "Most physicians can predict with certainty whether a patient seeking PAS/AID has 6 months or less to live". The concern about adequate safeguards is even greater among Oregon emergency physicians, among whom one study found that “Only 37% indicated that the Oregon initiative has enough safeguards to protect vulnerable persons."
Attitudes toward PAS vary by health profession as well; an extensive survey of 3733 medical physicians was sponsored by the National Council for Palliative Care, Age Concern, Help the Hospices, Macmillan Cancer Support, the Motor Neurone Disease Association, the MS Society and Sue Ryder Care showed that opposition to voluntary euthanasia and PAS was highest among Palliative Care and Care of the Elderly specialists, with more than 90% of palliative care specialists against a change in the law.
In a 1997 study by Glasgow University's Institute of Law & Ethics in Medicine found pharmacists (72%) and anaesthetists (56%) to be generally in favor of legalizing PAS. Pharmacists were twice as likely as medical GPs to endorse the view that "if a patient has decided to end their own life then doctors should be allowed in law to assist". A report published in January 2017 by NPR suggests that the thoroughness of protections that allow physicians to refrain from participating in the municipalities that legalized assisted suicide within the United States presently creates a lack of access by those who would otherwise be eligible for the practice.
A poll in the United Kingdom showed that 54% of General Practitioners are either supportive or neutral towards the introduction of assisted dying laws. A similar poll on Doctors.net.uk published in the BMJ said that 55% of doctors would support it. In contrast the BMA, which represents doctors in the UK, opposes it.
An anonymous, confidential postal survey of all General Practitioners in Northern Ireland, conducted in the year 2000, found that over 70% of responding GPs were opposed to physician-assisted suicide and voluntary active euthanasia.
Legality
Physician-assisted suicide is legal in some countries, under certain circumstances, including Austria, Belgium, Canada, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Spain, Switzerland and parts of the United States (California, Colorado, Hawaii, Maine, Montana, New Jersey, New Mexico, Oregon, Vermont, Washington and Washington DC) and Australia (New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia). The Constitutional Courts of Colombia, Germany and Italy legalized assisted suicide, but their governments have not legislated or regulated the practice yet.
Australia
Laws regarding assisted suicide in Australia are a matter for state and territory governments. Physician assisted suicide is currently legal in all Australian states: New South Wales, Victoria, Western Australia, Tasmania and Queensland. It remains illegal in all Australian territories.
Under Victorian law, patients can ask medical practitioners regarding voluntary assisted dying, and doctors, including conscientious objectors, should refer to appropriately trained colleagues who do not conscientiously object. Health practitioners are restricted from initiating conversation or suggesting voluntary assisted dying to a patient unprompted.
Voluntary euthanasia was legal in the Northern Territory for a short time under the Rights of the Terminally Ill Act 1995, until this law was overturned by the Federal Government who also removed the ability for territories to pass legislation relating to assisted dying, however this was repealed in December 2022 with the passing of Restoring Territory Rights Act. The highly controversial 'Euthanasia Machine', the first invented voluntary assisted dying machine of its kind, created by Philip Nitschke, utilised during this period is presently held at London's Science Museum.
Austria
In December 2020, the Austrian Constitutional Court ruled that the prohibition of assisted suicide was unconstitutional. In December 2021, the Austrian Parliament legalized assisted suicide for those who are terminally ill or have a permanent, debilitating condition.
Belgium
The Euthanasia Act legalized voluntary euthanasia in Belgium in 2002, but it did not cover physician-assisted suicide.
Canada
In Canada, physician-assisted suicide was first legalized in the Province of Quebec on 5 June 2014. It was declared nationally legal by the Supreme Court of Canada on 6 February 2015, in Carter v. Canada (Attorney General).
National legislation formalizing physician-assisted suicide passed in mid-June 2016, for patients facing an estimated death within six months. Eligibility criteria have been progressively expanded over time. As of March 2021, individuals no longer need to be terminally ill in order to qualify for assisted suicide. Legislation allowing for assisted suicide for mental illness was expected to come into force on March 17 2023, but has since been postponed until 2024.
Between 10 December 2015 and 30 June 2017, 2,149 medically assisted deaths were documented in Canada. Research published by Health Canada illustrates physician preference for physician-administered voluntary euthanasia, citing concerns of effective administration and prevention of the potential complications of self-administration by patients.
China
In China, assisted suicide is illegal under Articles 232 and 233 of the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China. In China, suicide or neglect is considered homicide and can be punished by three to seven years in prison.
In May 2011, Zhong Yichun, a farmer, was sentenced two years' imprisonment by the People's Court of Longnan County, in China's Jiangxi Province for assisting Zeng Qianxiang to commit suicide. Zeng had mental illness and repeatedly asked Zhong to help him commit suicide. In October 2010, Zeng took excessive sleeping pills and lay in a cave. As planned, Zhong called him 15 minutes later to confirm that he was dead and buried him. However, according to the autopsy report, the cause of death was from suffocation, not an overdose. Zhong was convicted of criminal negligence. In August 2011, Zhong appealed the court sentence, but it was rejected.
In 1992, a physician was accused of murdering a patient with advanced cancer by lethal injection. He was eventually acquitted.
Colombia
In May 1997 the Colombian Constitutional Court allowed for the voluntary euthanasia of sick patients who requested to end their lives, by passing Article 326 of the 1980 Penal Code. This ruling owes its success to the efforts of a group that strongly opposed voluntary euthanasia. When one of its members brought a lawsuit to the Colombian Supreme Court against it, the court issued a 6 to 3 decision that "spelled out the rights of a terminally ill person to engage in voluntary euthanasia".
Publicized cases
In January 2022 Victor Escobar became the first person in the Andean country with a non-terminal illness to die by legally regulated euthanasia. The 60-year-old Escobar had end-stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Denmark
Assisted suicide is illegal in Denmark. Passive euthanasia, or the refusal to accept treatment, is not illegal. A survey from 2014 found that 71% of Denmark's population was in favor of legalizing voluntary euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide.
France
Assisted suicide is not legal in France. The controversy over legalising voluntary euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide is not as big as in the United States because of the country's "well developed hospice care programme". However, in 2000 the controversy over the topic was ignited with Vincent Humbert. After a car crash that left him "unable to 'walk, see, speak, smell or taste'", he used the movement of his right thumb to write a book, I Ask the Right to Die (Je vous demande le droit de mourir), in which he voiced his desire to "die legally". After his appeal was denied, his mother assisted in killing him by injecting him with an overdose of barbiturates that put him into a coma, killing him two days later. Though his mother was arrested for aiding in her son's death and later acquitted, the case did jump-start new legislation which states that when medicine serves "no other purpose than the artificial support of life" it can be "suspended or not undertaken".
Germany
Killing somebody in accordance with their demands is always illegal under the German criminal code (Paragraph 216, "Killing at the request of the victim").
Assisting suicide is generally legal and the Federal Constitutional Court has ruled that it is generally protected under the Basic Law; in 2020, it overturned a ban on commercialization of assisted suicide. Since suicide itself is legal, assistance or encouragement is not punishable by the usual legal mechanisms dealing with complicity and incitement (German criminal law follows the idea of "accessories of complicity" which states that "the motives of a person who incites another person to commit suicide, or who assists in its commission, are irrelevant").
Travel to Switzerland
Between 1998 and 2018 around 1250 German citizens (almost three times the number of any other nationality) travelled to Dignitas in Zurich, Switzerland, for an assisted suicide, where this has been legal since 1998. Switzerland is one of the few countries that permits assisted suicide for non-resident foreigners.
Physician-assisted suicide
Physician-assisted suicide was formally legalised on 26 February 2020 when Germany's top court removed the prohibition of "professionally assisted suicide".
Iceland
Assisted suicide is illegal.
Ireland
Assisted suicide is illegal. "Both euthanasia and assisted suicide are illegal under Irish law. Depending on the circumstances, euthanasia is regarded as either manslaughter or murder and is punishable by up to life imprisonment."
Italy
On 25 September 2019, the Italian Constitutional Court ruling 242/2019 declared that article 580 of the criminal code was unconstitutional; the decriminalisation of assisted suicide in the case of those who aid people who suffer of an irreversible pathology to die, effectively legalised assisted suicide. The Italian Parliament has not yet passed a law regulating assisted suicide. On 16 June 2022, the first assisted suicide was performed.
Jersey
On 25 November 2021, the States Assembly voted to legalise assisted dying and a law legalising it will be drafted in due course. The Channel Island is the first country in the British Islands to approve the measure. The proposition, which was lodged by the Council of Ministers, proposes that a legal assisted dying service should be set up for residents over the age of 18 with a terminal illness or other incurable suffering. The service will be voluntary and methods are either physician-assisted suicide or euthanasia.
This follows a campaign and overwhelming public support. Paul Gazzard and his late husband Alain du Chemin were key actors in the campaign in favour of legalising assisted dying. A citizen's jury was established, which recommended that assisted dying be legalised in the island.
Luxembourg
After again failing to get royal assent for legalizing voluntary euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide, in December 2008 Luxembourg's parliament amended the country's constitution to take this power away from the monarch, the Grand Duke of Luxembourg. Voluntary euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide were legalized in the country in April 2009.
Netherlands
The Netherlands was the first country in the world to formally legalise voluntary euthanasia. Physician-assisted suicide is legal under the same conditions as voluntary euthanasia. Physician-assisted suicide became allowed under the Act of 2001 which states the specific procedures and requirements needed in order to provide such assistance. Assisted suicide in the Netherlands follows a medical model which means that only doctors of patients who are suffering "unbearably without hope" are allowed to grant a request for an assisted suicide. The Netherlands allows people over the age of 12 to pursue an assisted suicide when deemed necessary.
New Zealand
Assisted suicide was decriminalised after a binding referendum in 2020 on New Zealand's End of Life Choice Act 2019. The legislation provided for a year long delay before it took effect on 6 November 2021. Under Section 179 of the Crimes Act 1961, it is illegal to 'aid and abet suicide' and this will remain the case outside the framework established under the End of Life Choice Act.
Norway
Assisted suicide is illegal in Norway. It is considered as murder, and is punishable by up to 21 years imprisonment.
South Africa
South Africa is struggling with the debate over legalizing voluntary euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide. Owing to the underdeveloped health care system that pervades the majority of the country, Willem Landman, "a member of the South African Law Commission, at a symposium on euthanasia at the World Congress of Family Doctors" stated that many South African doctors would be willing to perform acts of voluntary euthanasia when it became legalized in the country. He feels that because of the lack of doctors in the country, "[legalizing] euthanasia in South Africa would be premature and difficult to put into practice ...".
On 30 April 2015 the High Court in Pretoria granted Advocate Robin Stransham-Ford an order that would allow a doctor to assist him in taking his own life without the threat of prosecution. On 6 December 2016 the Supreme Court of Appeal overturned the High Court ruling.
Switzerland
Though it is illegal to assist a patient in dying in some circumstances, there are others where there is no offence committed. The relevant provision of the Swiss Criminal Code refers to "a person who, for selfish reasons, incites someone to commit suicide or who assists that person in doing so will, if the suicide was carried out or attempted, be sentenced to a term of imprisonment (Zuchthaus) of up to 5 years or a term of imprisonment (Gefängnis)."
A person brought to court on a charge could presumably avoid conviction by proving that they were "motivated by the good intentions of bringing about a requested death for the purposes of relieving "suffering" rather than for "selfish" reasons. In order to avoid conviction, the person has to prove that the deceased knew what he or she was doing, had capacity to make the decision, and had made an "earnest" request, meaning they asked for death several times. The person helping also has to avoid actually doing the act that leads to death, lest they be convicted under Article 114: Killing on request (Tötung auf Verlangen) –
A person who, for decent reasons, especially compassion, kills a person on the basis of his or her serious and insistent request, will be sentenced to a term of imprisonment (Gefängnis). For instance, it should be the suicide subject who actually presses the syringe or takes the pill, after the helper had prepared the setup. This way the country can criminalise certain controversial acts, which many of its people would oppose, while legalising a narrow range of assistive acts for some of those seeking help to end their lives.
Switzerland is one of only a handful of countries in the world which permits assisted suicide for non-resident foreigners, causing what some critics have described as suicide tourism. Between 1998 and 2018 around 1250 German citizens (almost three times the number of any other nationality) travelled to Dignitas in Zurich, Switzerland, for an assisted suicide. During the same period over 400 British citizens also opted to end their life at the same clinic.
In May 2011, Zurich held a referendum that asked voters whether (i) assisted suicide should be prohibited outright; and (ii) whether Dignitas and other assisted suicide providers should not admit overseas users. Zurich voters heavily rejected both bans, despite anti-euthanasia lobbying from two Swiss social conservative political parties, the Evangelical People's Party of Switzerland and Federal Democratic Union. The outright ban proposal was rejected by 84% of voters, while 78% voted to keep services open should overseas users require them.
In Switzerland non-physician-assisted suicide is legal, the assistance mostly being provided by volunteers, whereas in Belgium and the Netherlands, a physician must be present. In Switzerland, the doctors are primarily there to assess the patient's decision capacity and prescribe the lethal drugs. Additionally, unlike cases in the United States, a person is not required to have a terminal illness but only the capacity to make decisions. About 25% of people in Switzerland who take advantage of assisted suicide do not have a terminal illness but are simply old or "tired of life".
Publicized cases
In January 2006 British doctor Anne Turner took her own life in a Zurich clinic having developed an incurable degenerative disease. Her story was reported by the BBC and later, in 2009, made into a TV film A Short Stay in Switzerland starring Julie Walters.
In July 2009, British conductor Sir Edward Downes and his wife Joan died together at a suicide clinic outside Zürich "under circumstances of their own choosing". Sir Edward was not terminally ill, but his wife was diagnosed with rapidly developing cancer.
In March 2010, the American PBS TV program Frontline showed a documentary called The Suicide Tourist which told the story of Professor Craig Ewert, his family, and Dignitas, and their decision to commit assisted suicide using sodium pentobarbital in Switzerland after he was diagnosed and suffering with ALS (Lou Gehrig's disease).
In June 2011, the BBC televised the assisted suicide of Peter Smedley, a canning factory owner, who was suffering from motor neurone disease. The programme – Sir Terry Pratchett's Choosing To Die – told the story of Smedley's journey to the end where he used The Dignitas Clinic, a voluntary euthanasia clinic in Switzerland, to assist him in carrying out his suicide. The programme shows Smedley eating chocolates to counter the unpalatable taste of the liquid he drinks to end his life. Moments after drinking the liquid, Smedley begged for water, gasped for breath and became red, he then fell into a deep sleep where he snored heavily while holding his wife's hand. Minutes later, Smedley stopped breathing and his heart stopped beating.
Uruguay
Assisted suicide, while criminal, does not appear to have caused any convictions, as article 37 of the Penal Code (effective 1934) states: "The judges are authorized to forego punishment of a person whose previous life has been honorable where he commits a homicide motivated by compassion, induced by repeated requests of the victim."
United Kingdom
England and Wales
Deliberately assisting a suicide is illegal. Between 2003 and 2006, Lord Joffe made four attempts to introduce bills that would have legalised physician-assisted suicide in England and Wales. All were rejected by the UK Parliament. In the meantime, the Director of Public Prosecutions has clarified the criteria under which an individual will be prosecuted in England and Wales for assisting in another person's suicide. These have not been tested by an appellate court as yet.
In 2014, Lord Falconer of Thoroton tabled an Assisted Dying Bill in the House of Lords which passed its Second Reading but ran out of time before the General Election. During its passage peers voted down two amendments which were proposed by opponents of the Bill. In 2015, Labour MP Rob Marris introduced another Bill, based on the Falconer proposals, in the House of Commons. The Second Reading was the first time the House was able to vote on the issue since 1997. A Populus poll had found that 82% of the British public agreed with the proposals of Lord Falconer's Assisted Dying Bill. However, in a free vote on 11 September 2015, only 118 MPs were in favour and 330 against, thus defeating the bill.
Scotland
Unlike the other jurisdictions in the United Kingdom, suicide was not illegal in Scotland before 1961 (and still is not) thus no associated offences were created in imitation. Depending on the actual nature of any assistance given to a suicide, the offences of murder or culpable homicide might be committed or there might be no offence at all; the nearest modern prosecutions bearing comparison might be those where a culpable homicide conviction has been obtained when drug addicts have died unintentionally after being given "hands on" non-medical assistance with an injection. Modern law regarding the assistance of someone who intends to die has a lack of certainty as well as a lack of relevant case law; this has led to attempts to introduce statutes providing more certainty.
Independent MSP Margo MacDonald's "End of Life Assistance Bill" was brought before the Scottish Parliament to permit physician-assisted suicide in January 2010. The Catholic Church and the Church of Scotland, the largest denomination in Scotland, opposed the bill. The bill was rejected by a vote of 85–16 (with 2 abstentions) in December 2010.
The Assisted Suicide (Scotland) Bill was introduced on 13 November 2013 by the late Margo MacDonald MSP and was taken up by Patrick Harvie MSP on Ms MacDonald's death. The Bill entered the main committee scrutiny stage in January 2015 and reached a vote in Parliament several months later; however the bill was again rejected.
Northern Ireland
Health is a devolved matter in the United Kingdom and as such it would be for the Northern Ireland Assembly to legislate for assisted dying as it sees fit. As of 2018, there has been no such bill tabled in the Assembly.
Assisted Dying Coalition
A coalition of assisted dying organizations working in favour of legal recognition of the right to die was formed in early 2019.
United States
Assisted death is legal in the American states of California (via the California End of Life Option Act of 2015, enacted June 2016), Colorado (End of Life Options Act of 2016), Hawaii (Death with Dignity Act of 2018), Oregon (via the Oregon Death with Dignity Act, 1994), Washington (state) (Washington Death with Dignity Act of 2008), Washington, DC (District of Columbia Death with Dignity Act of 2016), New Jersey (New Jersey Dignity in Dying Bill of Rights Act of 2019), New Mexico (Elizabeth Whitefield End-of-Life Options Act, 2021), Maine (eff. 1 January 2020 – Maine Death with Dignity Act of 2019) and Vermont (Patient Choice and Control at End of Life Act of 2013). In Montana]], the Montana Supreme Court ruled in Baxter v. Montana (2009) that it found no law or public policy reason that would prohibit physician-assisted dying. Oregon and Washington specify some restrictions. It was briefly legal in New Mexico from 2014 due to a court decision, but this verdict was overturned in 2015. New Mexico is the most recent state to legalize physician-assisted suicide, with the Elizabeth Whitefield End-of-Life Options Act being signed by Governor Michelle Lujan Grisham on 8 April 2021, and scheduled to go into effect on 18 June 2021.
Oregon requires a physician to prescribe drugs and they must be self-administered. In order to be eligible, the patient must be diagnosed by an attending physician as well as by a consulting physician, with a terminal illness that will cause the death of the individual within six months. The law states that, in order to participate, a patient must be: 1) 18 years of age or older, 2) a resident of Oregon, 3) capable of making and communicating health care decisions for him/herself, and 4) diagnosed with a terminal illness that will lead to death within six months. It is up to the attending physician to determine whether these criteria have been met. It is required the patient orally request the medication at least twice and contribute at least one (1) written request. The physician must notify the patient of alternatives; such as palliative care, hospice and pain management. Lastly the physician is to request but not require the patient to notify their next of kin that they are requesting a prescription for a lethal dose of medication. Assuming all guidelines are met and the patient is deemed competent and completely sure they wish to end their life, the physician will prescribe the drugs.
The law was passed in 1997. As of 2013, a total of 1,173 people had DWDA prescriptions written and 752 patients had died from ingesting drugs prescribed under the DWDA. In 2013, there were approximately 22 assisted deaths per 10,000 total deaths in Oregon.
Washington's rules and restrictions are similar, if not exactly the same, as Oregon's. Not only does the patient have to meet the above criteria, they also have to be examined by not one, but two doctors licensed in their state of residence. Both doctors must come to the same conclusion about the patient's prognosis. If one doctor does not see the patient fit for the prescription, then the patient must undergo psychological inspection to tell whether or not the patient is in fact capable and mentally fit to make the decision of assisted death or not.
In May 2013, Vermont became the fourth state in the union to legalize medical aid-in-dying. Vermont's House of Representatives voted 75–65 to approve the bill, Patient Choice and Control at End of Life Act. This bill states that the qualifying patient must be at least 18, a Vermont resident and suffering from an incurable and irreversible disease, with less than six months to live. Also, two physicians, including the prescribing doctor must make the medical determination. In August 2022, a Connecticut resident with end-stage cancer sued Vermont to remove their residency requirement for medical aid-in-dying, arguing that it was unconstitutional. The case has not yet been ruled on.
In January 2014, it seemed as though New Mexico had inched closer to being the fifth state in the United States to legalize physician-assisted suicide via a court ruling. "This court cannot envision a right more fundamental, more private or more integral to the liberty, safety and happiness of a New Mexican than the right of a competent, terminally ill patient to choose aid in dying," wrote Judge Nan G. Nash of the Second District Court in Albuquerque. The NM attorney general's office said it was studying the decision and whether to appeal to the State Supreme Court. However, this was overturned on 11 August 2015 by the New Mexico Court of Appeals, in a 2–1 ruling, that overturned the Bernalillo County District Court Ruling. The Court gave the verdict: "We conclude that aid in dying is not a fundamental liberty interest under the New Mexico Constitution". On 8 April 2021, the Governor of New Mexico signed the Elizabeth Whitefield End-of-Life Options Act, legalizing assisted suicide in the state. The law is set to take effect on 18 June 2021.
In November 2016, the citizens of Colorado approved Proposition 106, the Colorado End of Life Options Act, with 65% in favor. This made it the third state to legalize medical aid-in-dying by a vote of the people, raising the total to six states.
The punishment for participating in physician-assisted death (PAD) varies throughout many states. The state of Wyoming does not "recognize common law crimes and does not have a statute specifically prohibiting physician-assisted suicide". In Florida, "every person deliberately assisting another in the commission of self-murder shall be guilty of manslaughter, a felony of the second degree".
States currently considering physician-assisted suicide laws
Arizona, Connecticut, Indiana, New York, and Virginia.
Washington vs. Glucksberg
In Washington, physician-assisted suicide did not become legal until 2008. In 1997, four Washington physicians and three terminally ill patients brought forth a lawsuit that would challenge the ban on medical aid in dying that was in place at the time. This lawsuit was first part of a district court hearing, where it ruled in favor of Glucksberg, which was the group of physicians and terminally ill patients. The lawsuit was then affirmed by the Ninth Circuit. Thus, it was taken to the Supreme Court, and there the Supreme Court decided to grant Washington certiorari. Eventually, the Supreme Court decided, with a unanimous vote, that medical aid in dying was not a protected right under the constitution as of the time of this case.
Brittany Maynard
A highly publicized case in the United States was the death of Brittany Maynard in 2014. After being diagnosed with terminal brain cancer, Maynard decided that instead of suffering with the side effects the cancer would bring, she wanted to choose when she would die. She was residing in California when she was diagnosed, where assisted death was not legal. She and her husband moved to Oregon where assisted death was legal, so she could take advantage of the program. Before her death, she started the Brittany Maynard Fund, which works to legalize the choice of ending one's life in cases of a terminal illness. Her public advocacy motivated her family to continue to try and get assisted death laws passed in all 50 states.
In California
Assisted suicide became legalized on 9 June 2016 under the California End of Life Option Act. This bill gave terminally-ill patients the ability to make decisions regarding time and means of death into their own hands. This medication is prescribed by a licensed physician to a patient who is over the age of 18, living with a chronic and life altering condition that is irreversible, and must be of sound mind to make these decisions. However, once passed in 2016, the bill was only valid for a period of 10 years and was set to need renewal by 2026. On 5 October 2021, California Governor Gavin Newsom signed on to extend the use of the bill until 1 January 2031. The revised bill also shorted the waiting period of approval from 15 days to 48 hours and required health care providers to publish information regarding end of life care on their website. These types of legal changes have been largely beneficial and general acceptance towards assisted suicide has grown. Between 1990 and 1995, physicians became increasingly more receptive to the concept of assisted suicide.
See also
Bioethics
Betty and George Coumbias
Consensual homicide
Euthanasia device
Jack Kevorkian
Legality of euthanasia
List of deaths from legal euthanasia and assisted suicide
Brittany Maynard
Philip Nitschke
Right to Die? (2008 film)
Senicide
A Short Stay in Switzerland (2009 film)
Suicide by cop
Suicide legislation
Voluntary Assisted Dying Act 2017 (Victoria)
You Don't Know Jack (2010, film)
Explanatory notes
References
Further reading
Disability rights
Euthanasia
Suicide methods | wiki |
iemand die een blog schrijft
Blogger (website), een internetdienst van Google om weblogs bij te houden | wiki |
A braided river, or braided channel, consists of a network of river channels separated by small, often temporary, islands called braid bars or, in British English usage, aits or eyots.
Braided streams tend to occur in rivers with high sediment loads or coarse grain sizes, and in rivers with steeper slopes than typical rivers with straight or meandering channel patterns. They are also associated with rivers with rapid and frequent variation in the amount of water they carry, i.e., with "flashy" rivers, and with rivers with weak banks.
Braided channels are found in a variety of environments all over the world, including gravelly mountain streams, sand bed rivers, on alluvial fans, on river deltas, and across depositional plains.
Description
A braided river consists of a network of multiple shallow channels that diverge and rejoin around ephemeral braid bars. This gives the river a fancied resemblance to the interweaved strands of a braid. The braid bars, also known as channel bars, branch islands, or accreting islands, are usually unstable and may be completely covered at times of high water. The channels and braid bars are usually highly mobile, with the river layout often changing significantly during flood events. When the islets separating channels are stabilized by vegetation, so that they are more permanent features, they are sometimes called aits or eyots.
A braided river differs from a meandering river, which has a single sinuous channel. It is also distinct from an anastomosing river. Anastomosing rivers are similar to braided rivers in that they consist of multiple interweaving channels. However, anastomosing rivers consist of semi-permanent channels which are separated by floodplain rather than channel bars. These channels may themselves be braided.
Formation
The physical processes that determine whether a river will be braided or meandering are not fully understood. However, there is wide agreement that a river becomes braided when it carries an abundant supply of sediments.
Experiments with flumes suggest that a river becomes braided when a threshold level of sediment load or slope is reached. On timescales long enough for the river to evolve, a sustained increase in sediment load will increase the bed slope of the river, so that a variation of slope is equivalent to a variation in sediment load, provided the amount of water carried by the river is unchanged. A threshold slope was experimentally determined to be 0.016 (ft/ft) for a stream with poorly sorted coarse sand. Any slope over this threshold created a braided stream, while any slope under the threshold created a meandering stream or – for very low slopes – a straight channel. Also important to channel development is the proportion of suspended load sediment to bed load. An increase in suspended sediment allowed for the deposition of fine erosion-resistant material on the inside of a curve, which accentuated the curve and in some instances, caused a river to shift from a braided to a meandering profile.
These experimental results were expressed in formulas relating the critical slope for braiding to the discharge and grain size. The higher the discharge, the lower the critical slope, while larger grain size yields a higher critical slope. However, these give only an incomplete picture, and numerical simulations have become increasingly important for understanding braided rivers.
Aggradation (net deposition of sediments) favors braided rivers, but is not essential. For example, the Rakaia and Waitaki Rivers of New Zealand are not aggrading, due to retreating shorelines, but are nonetheless braided rivers. Variable discharge has also been identified as important in braided rivers, but this may be primarily due to the tendency for frequent floods to reduce bank vegetation and destabilize the banks, rather than because variable discharge is an essential part of braided river formation.
Numerical models suggest that bedload transport (movement of sediment particles by rolling or bouncing along the river bottom) is essential to formation of braided rivers, with net erosion of sediments at channel divergences and net deposition at convergences. Braiding is reliably reproduced in simulations whenever there is little lateral constraint on flow and there is significant bedload transport. Braiding is not observed in simulations of the extreme cases of pure scour (no deposition taking place), which produces a dendritic system, or of cohesive sediments with no bedload transport. Meanders fully develop only when the river banks are sufficiently stabilized to limit lateral flow. An increase in suspended sediment relative to bedload allows the deposition of fine erosion-resistant material on the inside of a curve, which accentuated the curve and in some instances, causes a river to shift from a braided to a meandering profile. A stream with cohesive banks that are resistant to erosion will form narrow, deep, meandering channels, whereas a stream with highly erodible banks will form wide, shallow channels, preventing the helical flow of the water necessary for meandering and resulting in the formation of braided channels.
Occurrences
Braided rivers occur in many environments, but are most common in wide valleys associated with mountainous regions or their piedmonts or in areas of coarse-grained sediments and limited growth of vegetation near the river banks. They are also found on fluvial (stream-dominated) alluvial fans. Extensive braided river systems are found in Alaska, Canada, New Zealand's South Island, and the Himalayas, which all contain young, rapidly eroding mountains.
The enormous Brahmaputra-Jamuna River in Asia is a classic example of a braided river.
A notable example of a large braided stream in the contiguous United States is the Platte River in central and western Nebraska. Platte-type braided rivers are characterized by abundant linguoid (tonguelike) bar and dune deposits.
The Scott River of southern Alaska is the type for braided glacial outwash rivers characterized by longitudinal gravel bars and by sand lenses deposited in scours from times of high water.
The Donjek River of the Yukon is the type for braided rivers showing repeated cycles of deposition, with finer sediments towards the top of each cycle.
The Bijou Creek of Colorado is the type for braided rivers characterized by laminated sand deposits emplaced during floods.
A portion of the lower Yellow River takes a braided form.
The Sewanee Conglomerate, a Pennsylvanian coarse sandstone and conglomerate unit present on the Cumberland Plateau near the University of the South, may have been deposited by an ancient braided and meandering river that once existed in the eastern United States. Others have interpreted the depositional environment for this unit as a tidal delta.
The Tagliamento of Italy is an example of a gravel bed braided river.
The Piave, also in Italy, is an example of a river that is transitioning from braided to meandering due to human interventions.
The Waimakariri River of New Zealand is an example of a braided river with an extensive floodplain.
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Rivers
Geomorphology
Fluvial landforms
Sedimentology
Water streams | wiki |
Rubber pants or rubber panties were the predecessor to plastic pants and served the purpose of a diaper cover, replacing the woolen garment. However, "rubber pants" is still a generic term for any pull-on or snap-on incontinence protective garment.
Lacking a fly front, the traditional variant is a true panty. As an infants' garment they had fallen out of favor in the 1950s, but were still the primary adult incontinence protective garment and in that role were called "rubber bloomers".
Rubber pants for infants' wear over cloth diapers fell into two categories. Some were made of natural rubber and had rubber gathers at the waist and legs. The rubber pant itself was sized generously so the stretchy characteristic of rubber was not utilized and some air circulation took place within the oversized pants. Some were made of latex rubber that utilized the stretchy characteristic and fit very snugly over the diaper, leaving no air space.
Perhaps the best known of these stretchy latex pants were introduced by Playtex. Playtex baby pants stretched over the diaper much like rubber gloves are stretched over a hand. Undersized leg holes and waist opening allowed the stretchy latex rubber to seal against the skin to contain diaper wetness and therefore protect what ever the baby was placed upon. Ventilation was supposedly provided by two slots (holes) in the front of the pants up near the waist but they did little more than allow leakage onto the bed when baby slept on its stomach.
Stretchy, molded latex pants for adults are mostly limited to the fetish market, being supplied primarily as wear for "rubberists", who enjoy wearing rubber and latex. Molded latex pants for incontinent wear are not common but can be ordered over the Internet.
They have now been almost entirely replaced by plastic or waterproof textile panties as an infants' garment, when such is used over a diaper at all. Today they exist mainly in the adult incontinence market.
Modern Rubber Pants
Parents opting to cloth diaper their children now have several options in a diaper cover. They can use a wool cover, a polyurethane PUL or a breathable polar fleece cover. These modern rubber pants are plentiful and can be found all over the internet and at several large chain stores.
See also
Plastic pants
Cloth diaper
Undergarments | wiki |
Chokusaisha () is a shrine where an imperial envoy Chokushi () performs rituals: chokushi sankō no jinja ().
The following table shows sixteen shrines designated as Chokusaisha.
Notes
External links
Shinto shrines in Japan | wiki |
Askari Bank Ltd (), formerly Askari Commercial Bank, is a commercial and retail bank in Pakistan and is owned by Fauji Foundation, part of Pakistan Army.
History
It was founded on October 9, 1991, as a public limited company.
On June 21, 2013, the bank was acquired by Fauji Group.
In September 2020, Askari Bank it acquired Askari Securities which is now a wholly-owned subsidiary.
Branches
Askari Bank has 560 branches across Pakistan and a wholesale bank branch in Bahrain.
Awards and recognitions
The Asian Banker awarded twice as “Best Retail Bank in Pakistan” in 2004 and 2005.
Askari Bank also has been given the “Best Consumer Internet Bank” award by Global Finance magazine for the years 2002 and 2003.
See also
List of banks in Pakistan
References
External links
Askari Bank, official website
Banks established in 1991
Banks of Pakistan
Companies listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange
Companies based in Rawalpindi
2013 mergers and acquisitions
Fauji Foundation
Pakistani companies established in 1991 | wiki |
A serial rapist is someone who commits multiple rapes, whether with multiple victims or a single victim repeatedly over a period of time. This list does not include serial killers who raped their victims then killed them; only serial rapists who non-fatally attacked their victims and raped them should be included here. This list should include serial rapists with at least three victims. Serial killers who raped at least three victims without murdering them are also included.
See also
Serial rapist
List of serial killers by number of victims
Victimology
References
Serial
Serial Rapists
Lists of criminals | wiki |
David Jenkins may refer to:
Entertainment
David Jenkins (composer) (1848–1915), Welsh composer
David Jenkins (musician) (born 1947), singer for the band Pablo Cruise
David Jenkins (television writer), creator of People of Earth
Politics
David Jenkins (North Carolina), 18th Century North Carolina politician, delegate at the First North Carolina Provincial Congress
David Jenkins (abolitionist) (1811–1876), Mississippi politician and abolitionist
David A. Jenkins (1822–1886), North Carolina State Treasurer, 1868–1876
David James Jenkins (1824–1891), British MP for Penryn and Falmouth, 1874–1885
David Jenkins (Georgia politician), American politician from Georgia
Religion
David Jenkins (bishop) (1925–2016), of Durham
David Jenkins (Archdeacon of Westmorland and Furness) (1929–2014), Anglican priest
David Jenkins (archdeacon of Sudbury) (born 1961), Anglican priest
Sports
David Morgan Jenkins (1901–1968), rugby union and rugby league footballer for Wales
David Jenkins (rugby, born 1904) (1904–1951), rugby union and rugby league footballer for Wales
David Jenkins (rugby, born 1914) (1914–1979), rugby union and rugby league footballer for Cardiff
David Jenkins (figure skater) (born 1936), American figure skater
David Jenkins (footballer) (born 1946), English footballer for Arsenal and Tottenham Hotspur
David Jenkins (sprinter) (born 1952), Scottish athlete
Ab Jenkins (1883–1956), American racing car driver
Other
David Jenkins (Royalist) (1582–1663), Welsh judge and Royalist during the English Civil War
David P. Jenkins (1823–1915), American Civil War colonel
David Jenkins, Baron Jenkins (1899–1969), British Law Lord
David Jenkins (librarian) (1912–2002), Welsh librarian
David Jenkins (British Army officer), British Army major general
David J. Jenkins, professor of nutrition at the University of Toronto | wiki |
Oxyurichthys lonchotus, commonly known as the speartail mudgoby, is a species of goby found in Hawaii and Indonesia. This species reaches a length of .
References
lonchotus
Fish of the Pacific Ocean
Fish of Hawaii
Fish of Indonesia
Taxa named by Oliver Peebles Jenkins
Fish described in 1903 | wiki |
National One Day Cup may refer to any one of the following domestic limited overs cricket competitions:
Australian domestic limited-overs cricket tournament
ECB National Club Cricket Championship, England and Wales
National One Day Championship, Pakistan
Royal London One-Day Cup, England and Wales | wiki |
Factor Income is the flow of income that is derived from the factors of production, i.e., the general inputs required to produce goods and services. Factor Income on the use of land is called rent, income generated from labor is called wages, and income generated from capital is called profit. The factor income of all normal residents of a country is referred to as the national income, while factor income and current transfers together are referred to as private income.
Factor income is used to analyze macroeconomic situations and to find out the difference between Gross Domestic Product and Gross Domestic Income which is also the difference between the total value of the goods and services produced in a country and the net income of the citizens of the country. This helps the government understand the magnitude of income of the country's citizens and the citizens living abroad.
The applicability of the concept of Factor Income can be seen in developing countries where large portion of their Income is through foreign direct investment which creates a massive gap between gross domestic product (GDP) and gross national income (GNI).
References
Factor income distribution | wiki |
Edwin Leroy Combs (born January 1, 1961 in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma) is a retired professional basketball small forward who spent one season in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the Indiana Pacers during the 1983–84 season. He was drafted during the second round of the 1983 NBA Draft by the Pacers.
References
External links
1961 births
Living people
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Oklahoma
Cincinnati Slammers players
Detroit Spirits players
Indiana Pacers draft picks
Indiana Pacers players
Oklahoma State Cowboys basketball players
Quad City Thunder players
Sportspeople from Oklahoma City
Small forwards | wiki |
To compromise is to make a deal between different parties where each party gives up part of their demand.
Compromise, compromised, or compromising may also refer to:
Arts, media, and entertainment
Compromise (film), a 1925 American silent drama film
Compromised (book), a 2020 American non-fiction book
Compromised (film), a 1931 American drama film
"Compromised" (Legends of Tomorrow), the fifth episode of the second season of Legends of Tomorrow
Computing
Compromising, in hacking computers or networks; see computer security
Business email compromise, a cyber crime that uses email fraud to attack businesses and organizations
Other uses
Compromise agreement, a specific type of contract regulated by statute in the United Kingdom
Compromise Township, Champaign County, Illinois, United States, a township
See also
No Compromise (disambiguation)
Southern Compromise (disambiguation)
The Great Compromise (disambiguation) | wiki |
Breathing is the process that moves air in and out of the lungs or oxygen through other breathing organs.
Breathing may also refer to:
One of two Greek diacritics:
Rough breathing, which represents h
Smooth breathing, which represents the absence of h
Breathing, aeration of wine, as by use of a decanter
Breathing, as a technique for meditation
Anapanasati, Buddhist breathing meditation
Pranayama, Yoga breathing meditation
Breathing (lens), an effect in some photographic lenses
Breathing (noise reduction), an unwanted audible artifact of some noise reduction systems
Breathing (memorial sculpture), a 2008 memorial sculpture in London
Breathing (film), a 2011 Austrian art-house film
Music
Breathing (band), a Chinese rock music band
"Breathing" (Kate Bush song), 1980
"Breathing" (Lifehouse song), 2001
"Breathing" (Bryan Rice song), during the Dansk Melodi Grand Prix 2010
"Breathing" (Jason Derulo song), 2011
"Breathing" (Triptykon song), 2014
"Breathing", a song by Anne-Marie from Therapy
"Breathing", a song by Nightingale from their 2000 album I
"Breathing", a song by Yellowcard from their 2003 album Ocean Avenue
"Breathin", a 2018 song by Ariana Grande
"Breathing", a 2017 "original motion picture soundtrack from a lost film" by Canadian synth-pop duo Electric Youth
See also
Breath (disambiguation)
Breathe (disambiguation)
Exhale (disambiguation) | wiki |
Running Deer may refer to:
100 metre running deer, a discontinued ISSF shooting event
Running Deer (film), a 2013 short narrative film
Running Deer, Virginia, unincorporated community
Dave Running Deer (fl. 1922–1923), American football player
Jack Nason (1899–1977), aka Running Deer, American football player
Chief Running Deer (disambiguation), a name for a Native American chief
See also
Running After Deer, 2008 album by Alix Lambert and Travis Dickerson | wiki |
Start a Fire is the second single from Ryan Star's debut album 11:59. It debuted at #36 on the Adult Pop Songs chart and peaked at #17.
Charts (2010)
References
2010 singles
2010 songs
Atlantic Records singles
Songs written by Ido Zmishlany | wiki |
Balkánský sýr () is a type of white brined cheese produced from cow's milk in Czech Republic and Slovakia. It is a salty semi-hard white cheese, analogous to Bulgarian sirene and Greek feta. It is usually not matured ().
It is mainly used as a substitute of sirene in the Bulgarian shopska salad or instead of feta in greek salad.
See also
References
Czech cheeses
Slovak cheeses
Brined cheeses | wiki |
Convenience technologies enable viewers and users of television, Internet, mobile devices, Digital Video Recorders (DVR), Video on Demand (VOD) and Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) to more easily seek out specific content and view it in individualized patterns. These technologies increase viewers’ ability to choose when they want to watch a program with the use of DVR, VOD and DVD, and where to watch a program with the use of DVD, iPOD, TiVo ToGo and mobile phones. These technological enhancers provide the most comprehensive and varied adjustments in the technological potential of the medium (Amanda D. Lotz, 2007, p. 59).
Convenience Technologies encourage active selection instead of generally watching what “comes on next” or “is on”. Because of this, consequently, viewers focused more on programs they wanted to watch than on the networks that supplied them (Lotz, 2007, p. 59)
The main problem for networks is that the DVR using audience appears, by basically every measure that's vital to advertisers, more wanted than the non-DVR crowds. According to a Horizon Media Study, early adopters of technology are usually above the national average in income, in a “well-off” set. They are typically college graduates and white-collar workers (Lowry, 2010).
References
Consumer behaviour
Entertainment | wiki |
An angle bracket or angle brace or angle cleat is an L-shaped fastener used to join two parts generally at a 90 degree angle. It is typically made of metal but it can also be made of wood or plastic. The metallic angle brackets feature holes in them for screws. Its typical use is to join a wooden shelf to a wall or to join two furniture parts together.
Retailers also use names like corner brace, corner bracket brace, shelf bracket, or L bracket.
When the holes are enlarged for allowing adjustments, the name is angle stretcher plates or angle shrinkage.
Types
There are different sizes available, varying in length, width and angle.
See also
Shelf supports have many variations, including angle brackets
Fasteners
Furniture components | wiki |
L'affare Bonnard è un film del 2010 diretto da Annamaria Panzera.
Collegamenti esterni
Film thriller | wiki |
In Canada, a treaty Indian is an Indian who belongs to a band that is party to one of the eleven Numbered Treaties signed by Canada with various First Nations between 1871 and 1922. It contrasts with Indians whose bands are not party to a treaty (primarily in British Columbia) and with "non-status Indians", that is, people of Indian heritage who are not recognized legally as Indians.
See also
Treaty rights
References
First Nations
Aboriginal title in Canada
Numbered Treaties | wiki |
In civil engineering, a reverse curve (or "S" curve) is a section of the horizontal alignment of a highway or railroad route in which a curve to the left or right is followed immediately by a curve in the opposite direction.
On highways in the United States reverse curves are often announced by the posting of a W1-4L sign (left-right reverse curve) or a W1-4R sign (right-left reverse curve), as called for in the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices.
Reverse curves on the Northeast Corridor in the USA hinder the development of high-speed rail.
Reverse curves cause buffer-locking.
See also
S bridge
Road curve
Track geometry
References
Railway track layouts | wiki |
The HP CalcPad series were calculators sold by Hewlett-Packard.
HP CalcPad 100
The keypad layout of the HP CalcPad 100 (NW226AA) is similar to the standard PC 10-key numeric pad. The keypad includes basic mathematical functions: addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. It is compatible with Microsoft Windows, Apple MacOS and other operating systems that support the USB protocol.
Has four hotkeys to access: Microsoft Excel, Word, clear desktop, HP CalcPad calculator.
The CalcPad 100 has two additional USB 2.0 ports and may be used as a hub for any USB-compatible PC peripherals.
HP CalcPad 200
The keypad layout of the HP CalcPad 200 (NW227AA) is similar to the standard PC 10-key numeric pad. The keypad includes basic mathematical functions: addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, percent, constant and 00 key. It is compatible with Microsoft Windows, Apple MacOS and other operating systems that support the USB protocol.
Has four hotkeys to access: Microsoft Excel, Word, clear desktop, HP CalcPad calculator.
Unlike the CalcPad 100, the CalcPad 200 can work as a standalone basic business calculator, with a 12 digit LCD display, powered by a solar cell with battery back-up and automatic shut off.
The CalcPad 200 has two additional USB 2.0 ports and may be used as a hub for any USB-compatible PC peripherals.
See also
List of HP calculators
External links
HP CalcPad 100 datasheet
HP CalcPad 100 guia do usuário
HP CalcPad 200 datasheet
HP CalcPad 200 user guide
CalcPad series | wiki |
Choreocolax is a genus of red algae in the order Ceramiales
References
Red algae genera
Ceramiales
Parasitic eukaryotes | wiki |
National Zoo, National Zoological Garden, or National Zoological Park may refer to:
Chilean National Zoo, Santiago, Chile
National Zoo & Aquarium, Canberra, Australia
National Zoo (Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
National Zoological Gardens (Sri Lanka), Dehiwala, Sri Lanka
National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
National Zoological Park (India), Delhi, India
National Zoological Park (United States), Washington D.C., United States
Scottish National Zoological Park (usually called the Edinburgh Zoo), Edinburgh, Scotland | wiki |
Chronologie des chemins de fer
1992 dans les chemins de fer - 1993 - 1994 dans les chemins de fer
Évènements
23 mai, France : mise en service de la LGV Nord entre Paris et Lille.
21 décembre, France : déraillement d'un TGV sur cette même ligne.
Chemins de fer
1993 | wiki |
Jennifer Davidson may refer to:
Jennifer Davidson (bobsledder), American bobsledder who competed in the early 2000s
Jennifer Davidson (executive) (1969–2007), television executive who was part of Cartoon Network | wiki |
General Bacon may refer to:
Anthony Bacon (British Army officer) (1796–1864), British Army major general
Don Bacon (born 1963), U.S. Air Force brigadier general
John M. Bacon (1844–1913), U.S. Volunteers brigadier general | wiki |
The Albright special or Albright knot is a bend used in angling. It is a strong knot used to tie two different diameters of line together, for instance to tie monofilament to braid. The Albright is relatively smooth and passes through guides when required. Some anglers coat the knot with a rubber based cement to make it even smoother and more secure.
As this is an angling bend, it is appropriate for use in fishing line such as monofilament, which is finer, more rigid, and more slippery than 'conventional' cords (e.g. braided rope or paracord). Regular knots tied in such cord tend to behave unreliably; hence, one must take additional care when tying many fishing and surgical knots to prevent them from unraveling and spilling. For the Albright special, it is important to wind the turns neatly around the loop of larger line and dress the knot so that each turn sits tight.
For a more general-purpose bend to join more conventional lines of different diameters, see sheet bend (which, again, can be made more secure by adding turns).
See also
Sheet bend
Surgical knot
List of bend knots
List of knots
References
External links
Animated Albright knot video and Step by Step Procedure
Video instructions on how to tie an Albright knot
Fishing knots | wiki |
Corallus grenadensis est une espèce de serpents de la famille des Boidae.
Répartition
Cette espèce est endémique de la Grenade.
Étymologie
Son nom d'espèce, composé de grenad[a] et du suffixe latin , « qui vit dans, qui habite », lui a été donné en référence au lieu de sa découverte.
Publication originale
Barbour, 1914 : A Contribution to the Zoögeography of the West Indies, with Especial Reference to Amphibians and Reptiles. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy, , n. 2, (texte intégral).
Liens externes
Notes et références
Boinae
Serpent (nom scientifique)
Faune endémique de la Grenade | wiki |
The 1927–28 British Home Championship was an international football tournament played during the 1927–28 season between the British Home Nations. The competition was won by Wales who did not lose a game and only dropped a single point during the tournament. This championship is most notable for what became known as the "Wembley Wizards" when a scratch Scottish team crushed a highly regarded England side 5–1 at the English national stadium of Wembley. Neither England nor Scotland placed in the top two, something that would not happen again for 56 years, until the final British Home Championship in 1984.
England had endured a dreadful run of form in the years following the First World War, only managing to even share the trophy once in the previous eight years. This trend reached its nadir in 1928, as they began the campaign with a 2–0 defeat to Ireland in Belfast. Wales and Scotland both began well, with a competitive 2–2 draw in Wrexham, Wales following this by defeating England 2–1 in Burnley to take the lead in the competition, a position they made unassailable by beating Ireland by the same scoreline in their final match. Ireland nevertheless still claimed second place by beating the Scots by a single goal in their own final match. In the last game, between England and Scotland at Wembley, Scotland decimated England with powerful attacking football from a team only recently brought together following the defeat to Ireland. This defeat gave England their lowest ELO Rating (1681) in their history.
Table
Results
References
1928 British Home Championship 1919-20 to 1938-1939 - dates, results, tables and top scorers at RSSSF
World Football Elo Ratings: England
1927–28 in English football
1927–28 in Scottish football
Brit7
1928 in British sport
1927-28
1927 in British sport
1927–28 in Northern Ireland association football | wiki |
In economics, profit maximization is the short run or long run process by which a firm may determine the price, input and output levels that will lead to the highest possible total profit (or just profit in short). In neoclassical economics, which is currently the mainstream approach to microeconomics, the firm is assumed to be a "rational agent" (whether operating in a perfectly competitive market or otherwise) which wants to maximize its total profit, which is the difference between its total revenue and its total cost.
Measuring the total cost and total revenue is often impractical, as the firms do not have the necessary reliable information to determine costs at all levels of production. Instead, they take a more practical approach by examining how small changes in production influence revenues and costs. When a firm produces an extra unit of product, the additional revenue gained from selling it is called the marginal revenue (), and the additional cost to produce that unit is called the marginal cost (). When the level of output is such that the marginal revenue is equal to the marginal cost (), then the firm's total profit is said to be maximized. If the marginal revenue is greater than the marginal cost (), then its total profit is not maximized, because the firm can produce additional units to earn additional profit. In other words, in this case, it is in the "rational" interest of the firm to increase its output level until its total profit is maximized. On the other hand, if the marginal revenue is less than the marginal cost (), then too its total profit is not maximized, because producing one unit less will reduce total cost more than total revenue gained, thus giving the firm more total profit. In this case, a "rational" firm has an incentive to reduce its output level until its total profit is maximized.
There are several perspectives one can take on profit maximization. First, since profit equals revenue minus cost, one can plot graphically each of the variables revenue and cost as functions of the level of output and find the output level that maximizes the difference (or this can be done with a table of values instead of a graph). Second, if specific functional forms are known for revenue and cost in terms of output, one can use calculus to maximize profit with respect to the output level. Third, since the first order condition for the optimization equates marginal revenue and marginal cost, if marginal revenue () and marginal cost () functions in terms of output are directly available one can equate these, using either equations or a graph. Fourth, rather than a function giving the cost of producing each potential output level, the firm may have input cost functions giving the cost of acquiring any amount of each input, along with a production function showing how much output results from using any combination of input quantities. In this case one can use calculus to maximize profit with respect to input usage levels, subject to the input cost functions and the production function. The first order condition for each input equates the marginal revenue product of the input (the increment to revenue from selling the product caused by an increment to the amount of the input used) to the marginal cost of the input.
For a firm in a perfectly competitive market for its output, the revenue function will simply equal the market price times the quantity produced and sold, whereas for a monopolist, which chooses its level of output simultaneously with its selling price. In the case of monopoly, the company will produce more products because it can still make normal profits. To get the most profit, you need to set higher prices and lower quantities than the competitive market. However, the revenue function takes into account the fact that higher levels of output require a lower price in order to be sold. An analogous feature holds for the input markets: in a perfectly competitive input market the firm's cost of the input is simply the amount purchased for use in production times the market-determined unit input cost, whereas a monopsonist’s input price per unit is higher for higher amounts of the input purchased.
The principal difference between short run and long run profit maximization is that in the long run the quantities of all inputs, including physical capital, are choice variables, while in the short run the amount of capital is predetermined by past investment decisions. In either case, there are inputs of labor and raw materials.
Basic definitions
Any costs incurred by a firm may be classified into two groups: fixed costs and variable costs. Fixed costs, which occur only in the short run, are incurred by the business at any level of output, including zero output. These may include equipment maintenance, rent, wages of employees whose numbers cannot be increased or decreased in the short run, and general upkeep. Variable costs change with the level of output, increasing as more product is generated. Materials consumed during production often have the largest impact on this category, which also includes the wages of employees who can be hired and laid off in the short run span of time under consideration. Fixed cost and variable cost, combined, equal total cost.
Revenue is the amount of money that a company receives from its normal business activities, usually from the sale of goods and services (as opposed to monies from security sales such as equity shares or debt issuances).
The five ways formula is to increase leads, conversation rates, average dollar sales, the average number of sales, and average product profit. Profits can be increased by up to 1,000 percent, this is important for sole traders and small businesses let alone big businesses but none the less all profit maximization is a matter of each business stage and greater returns for profit sharing thus higher wages and motivation.
Marginal cost and marginal revenue, depending on whether the calculus approach is taken or not, are defined as either the change in cost or revenue as each additional unit is produced or the derivative of cost or revenue with respect to the quantity of output. For instance, taking the first definition, if it costs a firm $400 to produce 5 units and $480 to produce 6, the marginal cost of the sixth unit is 80 dollars. Conversely, the marginal income from the production of 6 units is the income from the production of 6 units minus the income from the production of 5 units (the latter item minus the preceding item).
Total revenue – total cost perspective
To obtain the profit maximizing output quantity, we start by recognizing that profit is equal to total revenue () minus total cost (). Given a table of costs and revenues at each quantity, we can either compute equations or plot the data directly on a graph. The profit-maximizing output is the one at which this difference reaches its maximum.
In the accompanying diagram, the linear total revenue curve represents the case in which the firm is a perfect competitor in the goods market, and thus cannot set its own selling price. The profit-maximizing output level is represented as the one at which total revenue is the height of and total cost is the height of ; the maximal profit is measured as the length of the segment . This output level is also the one at which the total profit curve is at its maximum.
If, contrary to what is assumed in the graph, the firm is not a perfect competitor in the output market, the price to sell the product at can be read off the demand curve at the firm's optimal quantity of output. This optimal quantity of output is the quantity at which marginal revenue equals marginal cost.
Marginal revenue – marginal cost perspective
An equivalent perspective relies on the relationship that, for each unit sold, marginal profit () equals marginal revenue () minus marginal cost (). Then, if marginal revenue is greater than marginal cost at some level of output, marginal profit is positive and thus a greater quantity should be produced, and if marginal revenue is less than marginal cost, marginal profit is negative and a lesser quantity should be produced. At the output level at which marginal revenue equals marginal cost, marginal profit is zero and this quantity is the one that maximizes profit. Since total profit increases when marginal profit is positive and total profit decreases when marginal profit is negative, it must reach a maximum where marginal profit is zero—where marginal cost equals marginal revenue—and where lower or higher output levels give lower profit levels. In calculus terms, the requirement that the optimal output have higher profit than adjacent output levels is that:
The intersection of and is shown in the next diagram as point . If the industry is perfectly competitive (as is assumed in the diagram), the firm faces a demand curve () that is identical to its marginal revenue curve (), and this is a horizontal line at a price determined by industry supply and demand. Average total costs are represented by curve . Total economic profit is represented by the area of the rectangle . The optimum quantity () is the same as the optimum quantity in the first diagram.
If the firm is a monopolist, the marginal revenue curve would have a negative slope as shown in the next graph, because it would be based on the downward-sloping market demand curve. The optimal output, shown in the graph as , is the level of output at which marginal cost equals marginal revenue. The price that induces that quantity of output is the height of the demand curve at that quantity (denoted ).
A generic derivation of the profit maximisation level of output is given by the following steps. Firstly, suppose a representative firm has perfect information about its profit, given by:
where denotes total revenue and denotes total costs. The above expression can be re-written as:
where denotes price (marginal revenue), quantity, and marginal cost. The firm maximises their profit with respect to quantity to yield the profit maximisation level of output:
As such, the profit maximisation level of output is marginal revenue equating to marginal cost .
In an environment that is competitive but not perfectly so, more complicated profit maximization solutions involve the use of game theory.
Case in which maximizing revenue is equivalent
In some cases a firm's demand and cost conditions are such that marginal profits are greater than zero for all levels of production up to a certain maximum. In this case marginal profit plunges to zero immediately after that maximum is reached; hence the rule implies that output should be produced at the maximum level, which also happens to be the level that maximizes revenue. In other words, the profit-maximizing quantity and price can be determined by setting marginal revenue equal to zero, which occurs at the maximal level of output. Marginal revenue equals zero when the total revenue curve has reached its maximum value. An example would be a scheduled airline flight. The marginal costs of flying one more passenger on the flight are negligible until all the seats are filled. The airline would maximize profit by filling all the seats.
Maximizing profits in the real world
In the real world, it is not easy to achieve profit maximization. The company must accurately know the marginal income and the marginal cost of the last commodity sold because of MR.
The price elasticity of demand for goods depends on the response of other companies. When it is the only company raising prices, demand will be elastic. If one family raises prices and others follow, demand may be inelastic.
However, companies can seek to maximize profits through estimation. When the price increase leads to a small decline in demand, the company can increase the price as much as possible before the demand becomes elastic. Generally, it is difficult to change the impact of the price according to the demand, because the demand may occur due to many other factors besides the price. Variety. The company may also have other goals and considerations. For example, companies may choose to earn less than the maximum profit in pursuit of higher market share. Because price increases maximize profits in the short term, they will attract more companies to enter the market.
Habitually record and analyze the business costs of all your products/services sold. When you can know all the costs of each successful sale, accurate costs are conducive to profit analysis. However, there are many miscellaneous items in the cost including labor, materials, transportation, advertising, storage, etc. These miscellaneous items often become small expenses of the enterprise and are related to any goods or services sold.
Business intelligence tools may be needed to integrate all financial information to record expense reports so that the business can clearly understand all costs related to operations and their accuracy
Check monthly or quarterly, write down any changes and their reasons, or if possible, record problems and vulnerabilities for improvement. This information can help you improve business optimization and thereby increase profits.
Forecasting demand to optimize sales, many large companies will minimize costs by shifting production to foreign locations with cheap labor (e.g. Nike, Inc.). However, moving the production line to a foreign location may cause unnecessary transportation costs. On the other hand, close market locations for producing and selling products can improve demand optimization, but when the production cost is much higher, it is not a good choice.
Carry out operation management forecasts and use sales data to predict demand increase, stagnation or decline, in order to increase or decrease the production of a specific product series.
Use standardized demand optimization functions to enhance the demand planning process to determine the direction of the organization's needs to maximize profits.
Planning and actual execution, when implementing a "what if" solution to help you in the sales and operation planning process, you need to be familiar with the company's operations, including the supply chain, inventory management and sales process. Use constraints to prevent corporate plans from becoming unfeasible. Use the above information to better predict possible solutions for financial and supply chain management plans.
Changes in total costs and profit maximization
A firm maximizes profit by operating where marginal revenue equals marginal cost. This is stipulated under neoclassical theory, in which a firm maximizes profit in order to determine a level of output and inputs, which provides the price equals marginal cost condition. In the short run, a change in fixed costs has no effect on the profit maximizing output or price. The firm merely treats short term fixed costs as sunk costs and continues to operate as before. This can be confirmed graphically. Using the diagram illustrating the total cost–total revenue perspective, the firm maximizes profit at the point where the slopes of the total cost line and total revenue line are equal. An increase in fixed cost would cause the total cost curve to shift up rigidly by the amount of the change. There would be no effect on the total revenue curve or the shape of the total cost curve. Consequently, the profit maximizing output would remain the same. This point can also be illustrated using the diagram for the marginal revenue–marginal cost perspective. A change in fixed cost would have no effect on the position or shape of these curves. In simple terms, although profit is related to total cost, , the enterprise can maximize profit by producing to the maximum profit (the maximum value of ) to maximize profit. But when the total cost increases, it does not mean maximizing profit Will change, because the increase in total cost does not necessarily change the marginal cost. If the marginal cost remains the same, the enterprise can still produce to the unit of () to maximize profit. In the long run, a firm will theoretically have zero expected profits under the competitive equilibrium. The market should adjust to clear any profits if there is perfect competition. In situations where there are non-zero profits, we should expect to see either some form of long run disequilibrium or non-competitive conditions, such as barriers to entry, where there is not perfect competition between firms.
Markup pricing
In addition to using methods to determine a firm's optimal level of output, a firm that is not perfectly competitive can equivalently set price to maximize profit (since setting price along a given demand curve involves picking a preferred point on that curve, which is equivalent to picking a preferred quantity to produce and sell). The profit maximization conditions can be expressed in a "more easily applicable" form or rule of thumb than the above perspectives use. The first step is to rewrite the expression for marginal revenue as
, where and refer to the midpoints between the old and new values of price and quantity respectively. The marginal revenue from an incremental unit of output has two parts: first, the revenue the firm gains from selling the additional units or, giving the term . The additional units are called the marginal units. Producing one extra unit and selling it at price brings in revenue of . Moreover, one must consider "the revenue the firm loses on the units it could have sold at the higher price"—that is, if the price of all units had not been pulled down by the effort to sell more units. These units that have lost revenue are called the infra-marginal units. That is, selling the extra unit results in a small drop in price which reduces the revenue for all units sold by the amount . Thus, , where is the price elasticity of demand characterizing the demand curve of the firms' customers, which is negative. Then setting gives so and . Thus, the optimal markup rule is:
or equivalently
.
In other words, the rule is that the size of the markup of price over the marginal cost is inversely related to the absolute value of the price elasticity of demand for the good.
The optimal markup rule also implies that a non-competitive firm will produce on the elastic region of its market demand curve. Marginal cost is positive. The term would be positive so only if is between and (that is, if demand is elastic at that level of output). The intuition behind this result is that, if demand is inelastic at some value then a decrease in would increase more than proportionately, thereby increasing revenue ; since lower would also lead to lower total cost, profit would go up due to the combination of increased revenue and decreased cost. Thus, does not give the highest possible profit.
Marginal product of labor, marginal revenue product of labor, and profit maximization
The general rule is that the firm maximizes profit by producing that quantity of output where marginal revenue equals marginal cost. The profit maximization issue can also be approached from the input side. That is, what is the profit maximizing usage of the variable input? To maximize profit the firm should increase usage of the input "up to the point where the input's marginal revenue product equals its marginal costs". Mathematically, the profit-maximizing rule is , where the subscript refers to the commonly assumed variable input, labor.
The marginal revenue product is the change in total revenue per unit change in the variable input, that is, .
is the product of marginal revenue and the marginal product of labor or .
Sub-optimal Profit maximization
Oftentimes, businesses will attempt to maximize their profits even though their optimization strategy typically leads to a sub-optimal quantity of goods produced for the consumers. When deciding a given quantity to produce, a firm will often try to maximize its own producer surplus, at the expense of decreasing the overall social surplus. As a result of this decrease in social surplus, consumer surplus is also minimized, as compared to if the firm did not elect to maximize their own producer surplus.
Government Regulation
Market quotas reflect the power of a firm in the market, a firm dominating a market is very common, and too much power often becomes the motive for non-Hong behavior. predatory pricing, tying, price gouging and other behaviors are reflecting the crisis of excessive power of monopolists in the market. In an attempt to prevent businesses from abusing their power to maximize their own profits, governments often intervene to stop them in their tracks. A major example of this is through anti-trust regulation which effectively outlaws most industry monopolies. Through this regulation, consumers enjoy a better relationship with the companies that serve them, even though the company itself may suffer, financially speaking.
See also
Business organization
Corporation
Duality (optimization)
Market structure
Microeconomics
Pricing
Outline of industrial organization
Rational choice theory
Supply and demand
Marginal revenue
Total revenue
Marginal cost
Notes
References
External links
Profit Maximization in Perfect Competition by Fiona Maclachlan, Wolfram Demonstrations Project.
Profit Maximization: The Comprehensive Guide by Richard Gulle, Techfunnel Project.
Profit Maximisation by Tejvan Pettinger.
[https://www.riverlogic.com/blog/three-steps-to-mastering-profit-maximization/ Three Steps to Mastering Prescriptive Profit Maximization} by Riverlogic.
Profit
Pricing
Financial management | wiki |
The 1890 Kentucky Derby was the 16th running of the Kentucky Derby. The race took place on May 14, 1890.
Full results
Payout
The winner received a purse of $5,460.
Second place received $300.
Third place received $150.
References
1890
Kentucky Derby
Derby
May 1890 sports events
1890 in American sports | wiki |
List of all the songs by British-Irish boy band The Wanted.
Wanted
Wanted | wiki |
Tights are a kind of cloth garment, most often sheathing the body from the waist to the toe tips with a tight fit, hence the name. They come in absolute opaque, opaque, sheer and fishnet styles — or a combination, such as the original concept of the American term pantyhose with sheer legs and opaque panty.
Terminology and related clothing
When made of fine silk, this hosiery was considered to be a stocking. When nylon fibers were developed and introduced in the 1940s, these stockings were referred to as nylons. When the separate legs were woven together with a panty that covered the lower torso up to the waist in a single, integrated format, the term pantyhose was coined, since it was a one piece construction of a panty with a pair of separate hose, one for each leg. This joining together eliminated any need for garters for holding up each separate leg covering.
In American English, the difference between pantyhose and tights is determined in the weight of the yarn used and the density or tightness of weaving to which the garment is knitted. Generally, anything up to forty denier in the leg or overall is known as pantyhose and anything over that can be classified as tights, as for example 'running tights' and 'cycling tights'. In the United Kingdom, the word "tights" is used in all cases when referring to both pantyhose and "leggings", for footed or footless tights of heavier, normally opaque material. Tights can be sheer yet solid in colour, whereas leggings are practically or absolutely opaque, not sheer. Thus, the almost-opaque tights are sometimes labelled as semi-opaque and are not considered suitable as pants due to being too revealing or immodest.
There are many sub-classifications of tights or pantyhose that describe the precise construction (such as control top, seamless, support and sheer). Although most tights are mainly nylon or cotton, lycra is normally included in modern blends to improve fit. Athletic tights are absolute opaque and often footless, although they may have a "stirrup" that goes under the foot to hold the cuff down near the ankle.
Historical background
Originally, leggings covered only the legs (not the lower torso); were two separate pieces; and did not contain elastic fibres, so were cut close fitting (to use less fabric) and were loose, not tight.
Originally derived from the hose worn by European men several centuries ago, tights were made as close fitting as possible for practical reasons when riding horseback. For men of nobility, the material would be made of silk or fine wool rather than the coarser fabrics used by the lower classes. At the time of King Henry VIII of England, such was the male fashion for displaying a well turned leg that even the king padded the calf area under his hose. Portrait paintings of him and other nobility often portray the wearing of a cod piece covering the groin.
In both historic and modern times, the wearing of tight hosiery by males has been associated with an accompanying garment fitted at the groin over the male genitalia. In the 15th century, some men wore an elaborate and decorative cod piece to accentuate their genital endowment, and as a symbol of their virility. In modern times, male ballet dancers generally wear a dance belt beneath their tights both to provide support to the genitalia and to promote a smooth, regular appearance. Even though tights intended for dancers are usually opaque, their form-fitting nature can still reveal the exact contours of the genitals. Wearing two pairs of tights is a common practice among male dancers to guard against the combination of stretched fabric and bright stage lights turning the tights translucent, particularly around the genitals and buttocks.
Wearing of tights has a history going back several centuries, when they were worn by both men and women. Today, they are worn primarily by women and girls. In recent years, they have been sometimes offered as men's fashion.
Current use
Tights are most commonly worn with a skirt or dress by women.
In the world of theater tights are also common, especially in Renaissance-era costumes, and dance, particularly in ballet.
The term "tights" has been used to try to ridicule certain traditional British uniform. Most famously the Serjeants-at-Arms at the Palace of Westminster, after a protester got past the security, were described in the media as "middle aged men in tights."
Athletic use
For horseback riding, "tights" in some equestrian circles can refer to tightly fitting riding pants of light material that extend all the way down to the rider's ankle and worn with a 'paddock' style (ankle height) boot. Such pants are worn in summer or as an undergarment in winter. In warm climates they can be worn all year round. These "riding tights" are cheaper to buy than jodhpurs or breeches which are a type of riding pant made of heavier material and which extends only to mid calf length and are intended to be worn with tall riding boots.
Tights can also describe the leg coverings worn in bicycling in cold weather and in other athletic activities, especially by runners. These tights are usually a thicker spandex-blend, and are usually footless. It has also been advocated by some sport scientists that the wearing of tights can reduce muscle tissue vibration. Tights are popular use of dancers, especially in ballet. Modern dancers also may wear tights.
Athletic tights received some publicity during the 2005–2006 basketball season, when players started wearing the ankle-length tights under their uniform shorts. A prominent NBA player, Kobe Bryant, was one of the first to wear tights, and the style was subsequently adopted by several other NBA players, as well as some college and high school players. The style sparked controversy, leading to proposals to prohibit wearing tights with basketball uniforms.
In colder temperatures outdoors, American football players sometimes wear spandex tights next to their skin beneath their normal padded stretchy, tightly fitted pants.
Athletic tights are considered unisex.
Health and beauty use
Because the fabric used in tights is made of interwoven fabric such as nylon or cotton, there are pores in the fabric where modern manufacturers have been able to place other items which benefit the skin. They can use microencapsulation techniques to place substances such as moisturizers and other skin creams in the tights.
Design features
Tights are manufactured in many different varieties for stylistic and comfort reasons. Certain leg wear designs include a darker brief or no visible brief at all, the former being used to create extra support or a shaping effect.
One area where design is vastly different from model to model is in the toe area. There are several varieties of toe type, such as sandal toes, open toes and reinforced, all offering different effects. Whilst some descriptions of the difference between open toe and sandal toe can cause confusion, the industry standard is that a sandal toe covers the whole foot and open toe tights use either a silicone band or toe loops to anchor the garment whilst leaving the toes exposed.
Gallery
See also
Compression garment
Leggings
Stocking
Pantyhose
Underwear fetishism
References
External links
Dancewear
History of clothing
Hosiery
Sportswear
Undergarments | wiki |
Diamantino
Diamantino (film) | wiki |
Gary Myers (born 22 July 1941 at Wiluna, Western Australia) is a model and actor, best known as the original "Milk Tray Man" in the long-running television advertising campaign for the Cadbury chocolates that ran from 1968 until 1984. His other notable role was that of Captain Lew Waterman in Gerry Anderson's cult TV series, UFO.
References
External links
Gary Myers at the Internet Movie Database
British male television actors
Living people
1941 births | wiki |
General Burger may refer to:
Joseph C. Burger (1902–1982), U.S. Marine Corps lieutenant general
Matthew J. Burger (fl. 1990s–2020s), U.S. Air Force major general
Schalk Willem Burger (1852–1918), South African Republic general
See also
General Berger (disambiguation) | wiki |
The Suzuki Eiger 400 is an all-terrain vehicle (4-wheel motorcycle) from Suzuki. It has a 376 cc, single overhead cam, four-stroke, single cylinder, air/oil-cooled engine, weighs , has a gas tank, and offers two wheel or four wheel drive. There is a choice of a 5-speed semi-automatic transmission with an automatic clutch, or a fully-automatic continuously variable transmission. The CVT transmission model delivers about for a usable cruising range of about 50 to 60 miles (80 to 100 km) on a tank.
The drive system is a hybrid belt-shaft system. The engine powers the drive belt, which in turn provides the power to the shaft as its final drive train to the axles.
The Suzuki Eiger has a torque-sensing differential in the front on the 4x4 model.
Suzuki ATVs | wiki |
An experiment is a set of observations performed in the context of solving a particular problem or question.
Experiment may also refer to:
Experiment (probability theory), a repeatable process with a fixed set of possible outcomes
Experiment, Arkansas, an unincorporated community in the United States
Experiment, Georgia, a census-designated place in the United States
Experiment (1943 film), a Czech film
Experiment (1988 film), a short Soviet film
Experiment (game), a dedicated deck card game
Experiment (Lilo & Stitch), any one of a series of fictional genetically engineered characters from the Lilo & Stitch franchise
Experiment (locomotive), an 1833 steam locomotive
Experiment, an 1835 railway coach used at the Stockton and Darlington Railway's opening
Experiment (ship), any one of a number of vessels, naval and mercantile
Experiment (website), a crowdfunding website
Experiment (album), a 2018 album by Kane Brown
See also
Experimentalism
Experiment Farm
The Experiment (disambiguation) | wiki |
General Berger may refer to:
David H. Berger (born 1959), U.S. Marine Corps four-star general
Gottlob Berger (1896–1975), German Waffen-SS lieutenant general
Lothar Berger (1900–1971), German Wehrmacht major general
See also
General Burger (disambiguation) | wiki |
Blue water sailing peut faire référence à :
Blue water sailing, un des noms en anglais qui peut désigner une croisière.
Blue Water Sailing, un magazine américain. | wiki |
The racking bend is a knot for joining two ropes of different diameter. "Racking" refers to the figure eight weaving that binds the bight of the larger rope together.
It serves a somewhat similar purpose as a Sheet bend, a Double sheet bend or a Heaving line bend, and may be used to throw a thick line over with the help of a thinner line at the end of which there may be a weight such as a Monkey fist or a Heaving line knot.
See also
List of bend knots
List of knots | wiki |
Gymnastics competitions at the 2015 European Games were held in the National Gymnastics Arena, Baku between 15–21 June 2015.
In all, five different gymnastics disciplines were contested. In addition to the existing Olympic programme, additional events were held in both the rhythmic gymnastics and trampolining disciplines. In addition, events in two non-Olympic disciplines, aerobic gymnastics and acrobatic gymnastics were included.
Qualification
A total of 425 athletes qualified for the gymnastics competitions. Qualification was based on the results from the World or European Championships in each discipline.
Medal summary
Acrobatic
Women's groups
Mixed pairs
Aerobic
Artistic gymnastics
Men's events
Women's events
Rhythmic gymnastics
Individual
Group
Trampoline
Medal table
References
External links
Results Book – Gymnastics Acrobatic
Results Book – Gymnastics Aerobic
Results Book – Gymnastics Artistic
Results Book – Gymnastics Rhythmic
Results Book – Gymnastics Trampoline
Sports at the 2015 European Games
European Games
2015 | wiki |
East Montpelier – jednostka osadnicza w Stanach Zjednoczonych, w stanie Vermont, w hrabstwie Washington.
CDP w stanie Vermont | wiki |
Long jump world record progression may refer to:
Men's long jump world record progression
Women's long jump world record progression | wiki |
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