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Trophies named the Lamar Hunt Trophy are given to the winners of the following American football games:
AFC Championship Game in the National Football League
Border War (Kansas–Missouri rivalry) college football game
See also
Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup, the oldest national soccer tournament in the US | wiki |
Statistiche
Doppio
Vittorie (4)
Finali Perse (3)
Risultati in progressione
Doppio
Doppio misto
Altri progetti
Collegamenti esterni | wiki |
The George Halas Trophy may refer to:
The trophy given to the winner of the NFC Championship Game in the National Football League.
Newspaper Enterprise Association NFL Defensive Player of the Year Award
See also
George Halas Award, awarded by the Pro Football Writers Association for person who overcomes adversity to succeed | wiki |
Microsoft Outlook is a personal information manager software system from Microsoft, available as a part of the Microsoft Office and Microsoft 365 software suites. Though primarily an email client, Outlook also includes such functions as calendaring, task managing, contact managing, note-taking, journal logging and web browsing, and has also become a popular email client for many businesses.
Individuals can use Outlook as a stand-alone application; organizations can deploy it as multi-user software (through Microsoft Exchange Server or SharePoint) for such shared functions as mailboxes, calendars, folders, data aggregation (i.e., SharePoint lists), and appointment scheduling. Apps of Outlook for mobile platforms are also offered.
Web applications
Outlook.com is a free webmail version of Microsoft Outlook, using a similar user interface. Originally known as Hotmail, it was rebranded as Outlook.com in 2012.
Outlook on the web (previously called Exchange Web Connect, Outlook Web Access, and Outlook Web App) is a web business version of Microsoft Outlook, and is included in Office 365, Exchange Server, and Exchange Online.
Versions
Outlook has replaced Microsoft's previous scheduling and email clients, Schedule+ and Exchange Client.
Outlook 98 and Outlook 2000 offer two configurations:
Internet Mail Only (aka IMO mode): A lighter application mode with specific emphasis on POP3 and IMAP accounts, including a lightweight Fax application.
Corporate Work group (aka CW mode): A full MAPI client with specific emphasis on Microsoft Exchange accounts.
Perpetual versions of Microsoft Outlook include:
Microsoft Outlook
Microsoft Outlook is a part of Office Suite that can be used as a standalone application. It helps you to access Microsoft Exchange Server email. Additionally, it provides contacts, calendaring, and task management functionality. This advanced email application is widely used for business purposes. Many organizations integrate Outlook with the Microsoft Sharepoint platform for sharing crucial file data. Also, It stores a local copy of the information on your system, when you configure an email account with Outlook.
Outlook 2002
Outlook 2002 introduced these new features:
Autocomplete for email addresses
Colored categories for calendar items
Group schedules
Hyperlink support in email subject lines
Native support for Outlook.com (formerly Hotmail)
Improved search functionality, including the ability to stop a search and resume it later
Lunar calendar support
MSN Messenger integration
Performance improvements
Preview pane improvements, including the ability to:
open hyperlinks;
respond to meeting requests; and
display email properties without opening a message
Reminder window that consolidates all reminders for appointments and tasks in a single view
Retention policies for documents and email
Security improvements, including the automatic blocking of potentially unsafe attachments and of programmatic access to information in Outlook:
SP1 introduced the ability to view all non-digitally signed email or unencrypted email as plain text;
SP2 allows users to—through the Registry—prevent the addition of new email accounts or the creation of new Personal Storage Tables;
SP3 updates the object model guard security for applications that access messages and other items.
Smart tags when Word is configured as the default email editor. This option was available only when the versions of Outlook and Word were the same, i.e. both were 2002.
Outlook 2003
Outlook 2003 introduced these new features:
Autocomplete suggestions for a single character
Cached Exchange mode
Colored (quick) flags
Desktop Alert
Email filtering to combat spam
Images in HTML mail are blocked by default to prevent spammers from determining whether an email address is active via web beacon;
SP1 introduced the ability to block email based on country code top-level domains;
SP2 introduced anti-phishing functionality that automatically disables hyperlinks present in spam
Expandable distribution lists
Information rights management
Intrinsic support for tablet PC functionality (e.g., handwriting recognition)
Reading pane
Search folders
Unicode support
Outlook 2007
Features that debuted in Outlook 2007 include:
Attachment preview, with which the contents of attachments can be previewed before opening
Supported file types include Excel, PowerPoint, Visio, and Word files. If Outlook 2007 is installed on Windows Vista, then audio and video files can be previewed. If a compatible PDF reader such as Adobe Acrobat 8.1 is installed, PDF files can also be previewed.
Auto Account Setup, which allows users to enter a username and password for an email account without entering a server name, port number, or other information
Calendar sharing improvements including the ability to export a calendar as an HTML file—for viewing by users without Outlook—and the ability to publish calendars to an external service (e.g., Office Web Apps) with an online provider (e.g., Microsoft account)
Colored categories with support for user roaming, which replace colored (quick) flags introduced in Outlook 2003
Improved email spam filtering and anti-phishing features
Postmark intends to reduce spam by making it difficult and time-consuming to send it
Information rights management improvements with Windows Rights Management Services and managed policy compliance integration with Exchange Server 2007
Japanese Yomi name support for contacts
Multiple calendars can be overlaid with one another to assess details such as potential scheduling conflicts
Ribbon (Office Fluent) interface
Outlook Mobile Service support, which allowed multimedia and SMS text messages to be sent directly to mobile phones
Instant search through Windows Search, an index-based desktop search platform
Instant search functionality is also available in Outlook 2002 and Outlook 2003 if these versions are installed alongside Windows Search
Integrated RSS aggregation
Support for Windows SideShow with the introduction of a calendar gadget
To-Do Bar that consolidates calendar information, flagged email, and tasks from OneNote 2007, Outlook 2007, Project 2007, and Windows SharePoint Services 3.0 websites within a central location.
The ability to export items as PDF or XPS files
Unified messaging support with Exchange Server 2007, including features such as missed-call notifications, and voicemail with voicemail preview and Windows Media Player
Word 2007 replaces Internet Explorer as the default viewer for HTML email, and becomes the default email editor in this and all subsequent versions.
Outlook 2010
Features that debuted in Outlook 2010 include:
Additional command-line switches
An improved conversation view that groups messages based on different criteria regardless of originating folders
IMAP messages are sent to the Deleted Items folder, eliminating the need to mark messages for future deletion
Notification when an email is about to be sent without a subject
Quick Steps, individual collections of commands that allow users to perform multiple actions simultaneously
Ribbon interface in all views
Search Tools contextual tab on the ribbon that appears when performing searches and that includes basic or advanced criteria filters
Social Connector to connect to various social networks and aggregate appointments, contacts, communication history, and file attachments
Spell check-in additional areas of the user interface
Support for multiple Exchange accounts in a single Outlook profile
The ability to schedule a meeting with a contact by replying to an email message
To-Do Bar enhancements including visual indicators for conflicts and unanswered meeting requests
Voicemail transcripts for Unified Messaging communications
Zooming user interface for calendar and mail views
Outlook 2013
Features that debuted in Outlook 2013, which was released on January 29, 2013, include:
Attachment reminder
Exchange ActiveSync (EAS)
Add-in resiliency
Cached Exchange mode improvements
IMAP improvements
Outlook data file (.ost) compression
People hub
Startup performance improvements
Outlook 2016
Features that debuted in Outlook 2016, include:
Attachment link to cloud resource
Groups redesign
Search cloud
Clutter folder
Email Address Internationalization
Scalable Vector Graphics
Outlook 2019
Features that debuted in Outlook 2019, include:
Focused Inbox
Add multiple time zones
Listen to your emails
Easier email sorting
Automatic download of cloud attachments
True Dark Mode (version 1907 onward)
Macintosh
Microsoft also released several versions of Outlook for classic Mac OS, though it was only for use with Exchange servers. It was not provided as a component of Microsoft Office for Mac but instead made available to users from administrators or by download. The final version was Outlook for Mac 2001, which was fairly similar to Outlook 2000 and 2002 apart from being exclusively for Exchange users.
Microsoft Entourage was introduced as an Outlook-like application for Mac OS in Office 2001, but it lacked Exchange connectivity. Partial support for Exchange server became available natively in Mac OS X with Entourage 2004 Service Pack 2. Entourage is not directly equivalent to Outlook in terms of design or operation; rather, it is a distinct application that has several overlapping features including Exchange client capabilities. Somewhat improved Exchange support was added in Entourage 2008 Web Services Edition.
Entourage was replaced by Outlook for Mac 2011, which features greater compatibility and parity with Outlook for Windows than Entourage offered. It is the first native version of Outlook for MacOS.
Outlook 2011 initially supported Mac OS X's Sync Services only for contacts, not events, tasks or notes. It also does not have a Project Manager equivalent to that in Entourage. With Service Pack 1 (v 14.1.0), published on April 12, 2011, Outlook can now sync calendar, notes and tasks with Exchange 2007 and Exchange 2010.
On October 31, 2014, Microsoft released Outlook for Mac (v15.3 build 141024) with Office 365 (a software as a service licensing program that makes Office programs available as soon as they are developed). Outlook for Mac 15.3 improves upon its predecessors with:
Better performance and reliability as a result of a new threading model and database improvements.
A new modern user interface with improved scrolling and agility when switching between Ribbon tabs.
Online archive support for searching Exchange (online or on-premises) archived mail.
Master Category List support and enhancements delivering access to category lists (name and color) and sync between Mac, Microsoft Windows and OWA clients.
Office 365 push email support for real-time email delivery.
Faster first-run and email download experience with improved Exchange Web Services syncing.
The "New Outlook for Mac" client, included with version 16.42 and above, became available for "Early Insider" testers in the fall of 2019, with a public "Insider" debut in October 2020. It requires macOS 10.14 or greater and introduces a redesigned interface with significantly changed internals, including native search within the client that no longer depends on macOS Spotlight. Some Outlook features are still missing from the New Outlook client as it continues in development.
To date, the Macintosh client has never had the capability of syncing Contact Groups/Personal Distribution Lists from Exchange, Microsoft 365 or Outlook.com accounts, something that the Windows and web clients have always supported. A UserVoice post created in December 2019 suggesting that the missing functionality be added has shown a "Planned" tag since October 2020.
In March 2023, Microsoft announced that Outlook for Mac will be available for free. This means that users will no longer need a Microsoft 365 subscription or an Office licence to use the program.
Phones and tablets
First released in April 2014 by the venture capital-backed startup Acompli, the company was acquired by Microsoft in December 2014. On January 29, 2015, Acompli was re-branded as Outlook Mobile—sharing its name with the Microsoft Outlook desktop personal information manager and Outlook.com email service. In January 2015, Microsoft released Outlook for phones and for tablets (v1.3 build) with Office 365.
This was the first Outlook for these platforms with email, calendar, and contacts.
On February 4, 2015, Microsoft acquired Sunrise Calendar; on September 13, 2016, Sunrise ceased to operate, and an update was released to Outlook Mobile that contained enhancements to its calendar functions.
Similar to its desktop counterpart, Outlook mobile offers an aggregation of attachments and files stored on cloud storage platforms; a "focused inbox" highlights messages from frequent contacts, and calendar events, files, and locations can be embedded in messages without switching apps. The app supports a number of email platforms and services, including Outlook.com, Microsoft Exchange and Google Workspace (formerly G Suite) among others.
Outlook mobile is designed to consolidate functionality that would normally be found in separate apps on mobile devices, similarly to personal information managers on personal computers. is designed around four "hubs" for different tasks, including "Mail", "Calendar," "Files" and "People". The "People" hub lists frequently and recently used contacts and aggregates recent communications with them, and the "Files" hub aggregates recent attachments from messages, and can also integrate with other online storage services such as Dropbox, Google Drive, and OneDrive. To facility indexing of content for search and other features, emails and other information are stored on external servers.
Outlook mobile supports a large number of different e-mail services and platforms, including Exchange, iCloud, GMail, Google Workspace (formerly G Suite), Outlook.com, and Yahoo! Mail. The app supports multiple email accounts at once.
Emails are divided into two inboxes: the "Focused" inbox displays messages of high importance, and those from frequent contacts. All other messages are displayed within an "Other" section. Files, locations, and calendar events can be embedded into email messages. Swiping gestures can be used for deleting messages.
Like the desktop Outlook, Outlook mobile allows users to see appointment details, respond to Exchange meeting invites, and schedule meetings. It also incorporates the three-day view and "Interesting Calendars" features from Sunrise.
Files in the Files tab are not stored offline; they require Internet access to view.
Security
Outlook mobile temporarily stores and indexes user data (including email, attachments, calendar information, and contacts), along with login credentials, in a "secure" form on Microsoft Azure servers located in the United States. On Exchange accounts, these servers identify as a single Exchange ActiveSync user in order to fetch e-mail. Additionally, the app does not support mobile device management, nor allows administrators to control how third-party cloud storage services are used with the app to interact with their users. Concerns surrounding these security issues have prompted some firms, including the European Parliament, to block the app on their Exchange servers. Microsoft maintains a separate, pre-existing Outlook Web Access app for Android and iOS.
Outlook Groups
Outlook Groups was a mobile application for Windows Phone, Windows 10 Mobile, Android and iOS that could be used with an Office 365 domain Microsoft Account, e.g. a work or school account. It is designed to take existing email threads and turn them into a group-style conversation. The app lets users create groups, mention their contacts, share Office documents via OneDrive and work on them together, and participate in an email conversation. The app also allows the finding and joining of other Outlook Groups. It was tested internally at Microsoft and launched September 18, 2015 for Windows Phone 8.1 and Windows 10 Mobile users.
After its initial launch on Microsoft's own platforms they launched the application for Android and iOS on September 23, 2015.
Outlook Groups was updated on September 30, 2015, that introduced a deep linking feature as well as fixing a bug that blocked the "send" button from working. In March 2016 Microsoft added the ability to attach multiple images, and the most recently used document to group messages as well as the option to delete conversations within the application programme.
Outlook Groups was retired by Microsoft on May 1, 2018.
The functionality was replaced by adding the "Groups node" to the folder list within the Outlook mobile app.
Internet standards compliance
HTML rendering
Outlook 2007 was the first Outlook to switch from Internet Explorer rendering engine to Microsoft Word 2007's. This meant that HTML and Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) items not handled by Word were no longer supported. On the other hand, HTML messages composed in Word look as they appeared to the author. This affects publishing newsletters and reports, because they frequently use intricate HTML and CSS to form their layout. For example, forms can no longer be embedded in an Outlook email.
Support of CSS properties and HTML attributes
Outlook for Windows has very limited CSS support compared to various other e-mail clients. Neither CSS1 (1996) nor CSS2 (1998) specifications are fully implemented and many CSS properties can only to be used with certain HTML elements for the desired effect. Some HTML attributes help achieve proper rendering of e-mails in Outlook, but most of these attributes are already deprecated in the HTML 4.0 specifications (1997). In order to achieve the best compatibility with Outlook, most HTML e-mails are created using multiple boxed tables, as the table element and its sub-elements support the width and height property in Outlook. No improvements have been made towards a more standards-compliant email client since the release of Outlook 2007.
Transport Neutral Encapsulation Format
Outlook and Exchange Server internally handle messages, appointments, and items as objects in a data model which is derived from the old proprietary Microsoft Mail system, the Rich Text Format from Microsoft Word and the complex OLE general data model. When these programs interface with other protocols such as the various Internet and X.400 protocols, they try to map this internal model onto those protocols in a way that can be reversed if the ultimate recipient is also running Outlook or Exchange.
This focus on the possibility that emails and other items will ultimately be converted back to Microsoft Mail format is so extreme that if Outlook/Exchange cannot figure out a way to encode the complete data in the standard format, it simply encodes the entire message/item in a proprietary binary format called Transport Neutral Encapsulation Format (TNEF) and sends this as an attached file (usually named "winmail.dat") to an otherwise incomplete rendering of the mail/item. If the recipient is Outlook/Exchange it can simply discard the incomplete outer message and use the encapsulated data directly, but if the recipient is any other program, the message received will be incomplete because the data in the TNEF attachment will be of little use without the Microsoft software for which it was created. As a workaround, numerous tools for partially decoding TNEF files exist.
Calendar compatibility
Outlook does not fully support data and syncing specifications for calendaring and contacts, such as iCalendar, CalDAV, SyncML, and vCard 3.0. Outlook 2007 claims to be fully iCalendar compliant; however, it does not support all core objects, such as VTODO or VJOURNAL. Also, Outlook supports vCard 2.1 and does not support multiple contacts in the vCard format as a single file. Outlook has also been criticized for having proprietary "Outlook extensions" to these Internet standards.
.msg format
Outlook (both the web version and recent non-web versions) promotes the usage of a proprietary .msg format to save individual emails, instead of the standard .eml format. Messages use .msg by default when saved to disk or forwarded as attachments. Compatibility with past or future Outlook versions is not documented nor guaranteed; the format saw over 10 versions released since version 1 in 2008.
The standard .eml format replicates the format of emails as used for transmission and is therefore compatible with any email client which uses the normal protocols. Standard-compliant email clients, like Mozilla Thunderbird, use additional headers to store software-specific information related e.g. to the local storage of the email, while keeping the file plain-text, so that it can be read in any text editor and searched or indexed like any document by any other software.
Security concerns
As part of its Trustworthy Computing initiative, Microsoft took corrective steps to fix Outlook's reputation in Office Outlook 2003. Among the most publicized security features are that Office Outlook 2003 does not automatically load images in HTML emails or permit opening executable attachments by default, and includes a built-in Junk Mail filter. Service Pack 2 has augmented these features and adds an anti-phishing filter.
Outlook add-ins
Outlook add-ins are small additional programs for the Microsoft Outlook application, mainly purposed to add new functional capabilities into Outlook and automate various routine operations. The term also refers to programs where the main function is to work on Outlook files, such as synchronization or backup utilities. Outlook add-ins may be developed in Microsoft Visual Studio or third-party tools such as Add-in Express. Outlook add-ins are not supported in Outlook Web App.
From Outlook 97 on, Exchange Client Extensions are supported in Outlook. Outlook 2000 and later support specific COM components called Outlook Add-Ins. The exact supported features (such as .NET components) for later generations were extended with each release.
SalesforceIQ Inbox for Outlook
In March 2016, Salesforce announced that its relationship intelligence platform, SalesforceIQ, would be able to seamlessly integrate with Outlook. SalesforceIQ works from inside the Outlook inbox providing data from CRM, email, and customer social profiles. It also provides recommendations within the inbox on various aspects like appointment scheduling, contacts, responses, etc.
Hotmail Connector
Microsoft Outlook Hotmail Connector (formerly Microsoft Office Outlook Connector), is a discontinued and defunct free add-in for Microsoft Outlook 2003, 2007 and 2010, intended to integrate Outlook.com (formerly Hotmail) into Microsoft Outlook. It uses DeltaSync, a proprietary Microsoft communications protocol that Hotmail formerly used.
In version 12, access to tasks and notes and online synchronization with MSN Calendar is only available to MSN subscribers of paid premium accounts. Version 12.1, released in December 2008 as an optional upgrade, uses Windows Live Calendar instead of the former MSN Calendar. This meant that calendar features became free for all users, except for task synchronization which became unavailable. In April 2008, version 12.1 became a required upgrade to continue using the service as part of a migration from MSN Calendar to Windows Live Calendar.
Microsoft Outlook 2013 and later have intrinsic support for accessing Outlook.com and its calendar over the Exchange ActiveSync (EAS) protocol, while older versions of Microsoft Outlook can read and synchronize Outlook.com emails over the IMAP protocol.
Social Connector
Outlook Social Connector was a free add-in for Microsoft Outlook 2003 and 2007 by Microsoft that allowed integration of social networks such as Facebook, LinkedIn and Windows Live Messenger into Microsoft Outlook. It was first introduced on November 18, 2009. Starting with Microsoft Office 2010, Outlook Social Connector is an integral part of Outlook.
CardDAV and CalDAV Connector
Since Microsoft Outlook does not support CalDAV and CardDAV protocol along the way, various third-party software vendors developed Outlook add-ins to enable users synchronizing with CalDAV and CardDAV servers. CalConnect has a list of software that enable users to synchronize their calendars with CalDAV servers/contacts with CardDAV servers.
Importing from other email clients
Traditionally, Outlook supported importing messages from Outlook Express and Lotus Notes. In addition, Microsoft Outlook supports POP3 and IMAP protocols, enabling users to import emails from servers that support these protocols. Microsoft Hotmail Connector add-in (described above) helps importing emails from Hotmail accounts. Outlook 2013 later integrated the functionality of this add-in and added the ability to import email (as well as a calendar) through Exchange ActiveSync protocol.
There are some ways to get the emails from Thunderbird; the first is to use a tool that can convert a Thunderbird folder to a format that can be imported from Outlook Express. This method must be processed folder by folder. The other method is to use a couple of free tools that keep the original folder structure. If Exchange is available, an easier method is to connect the old mail client (Thunderbird) to Exchange using IMAP, and upload the original mail from the client to the Exchange account.
See also
Address book
Calendar (Apple)—iCal
Comparison of email clients
Comparison of feed aggregators
Comparison of office suites
GNOME Evolution
Kontact
List of personal information managers
Personal Storage Table (.pst file)
Windows Contacts
References
Notes
Citations
External links
Outlook Developer Center
1997 software
Calendaring software
Computer-related introductions in 1997
Outlook
Outlook
News aggregator software
Personal information managers
Windows email clients
Android (operating system) software
IOS software | wiki |
Assurance may refer to:
Assurance (computer networking)
Assurance (theology), a Protestant Christian doctrine
Assurance services, offered by accountancy firms
Life assurance, an insurance on human life
Quality assurance
Assurance IQ, Inc., a subsidiary of Prudential Financial
Places
Assurance, West Virginia, an unincorporated community in the United States
Mount Assurance, New Hampshire, United States
Ships
See also
Insurance | wiki |
O Cool Runnings Football Club é um clube anguilano de futebol feminino.
Disputou as edições de 2002–03 e 2004 da divisão masculina.
Clubes de futebol de Anguila | wiki |
Outlook Express, formerly known as Microsoft Internet Mail and News, is a discontinued email and news client included with Internet Explorer versions 3.0 through to 6.0. As such, it was bundled with several versions of Microsoft Windows, from Windows 98 to Windows Server 2003, and was available for Windows 3.x, Windows NT 3.51, Windows 95, Mac System 7, Mac OS 8, and Mac OS 9. In Windows Vista, Outlook Express was superseded by Windows Mail.
Outlook Express is a different application from Microsoft Outlook. The two programs do not share a common codebase, but they do share a common architectural philosophy. The similar names lead many people to conclude incorrectly that Outlook Express is a stripped-down version of Microsoft Outlook. Outlook Express uses the Windows Address Book to store contact information and integrates tightly with it. On Windows XP, it also integrates with Windows Messenger.
History
Version 1.0 was released as Microsoft Internet Mail and News in 1996 following the Internet Explorer 3 release. This add-on precedes the Internet Mail profile for Microsoft Exchange 4.0 bundled in Windows 95. Version 2.0 was released at the end of 1996. Internet Mail and News handled only plain text and rich text (RTF) email, lacking HTML email.
In 1997 the program was changed and renamed to Outlook Express and bundled with Internet Explorer 4. The Windows executable file for Outlook Express, msimn.exe, is a holdover from the Internet Mail and News era. Like Internet Explorer, Outlook Express 4 can run on Mac System 7, OS 8, and OS 9.
At one point, in a later beta version of Outlook Express 5, Outlook Express contained a sophisticated and adaptive spam filtering system; however this feature was removed shortly before launch. It was speculated on various websites and newsgroups at that time, that the feature was not stable enough for the mass market. Nearly two years later, a similar system, using a similar method of adaptive filtering, appeared as a feature of Microsoft Outlook.
Internet Explorer 5 required Outlook Express 5 to save Web Archive files (see MHTML).
Outlook Express 6 is the last version of the software with Outlook branding. It has a similar layout to Outlook Express 5. It was included with Windows XP.
Supported file formats
.DBX – Outlook Express Email Folder
.EMAIL - Outlook Express Email Message
.EML - E-Mail Message
.IDX - Outlook Express Mailbox Index File
.MBX - Outlook Express Mailbox
.MIM - Multi-Purpose Internet Mail Message File
.MIME - Multi-Purpose Internet Mail Extension
.MS-TNEF - MS Transport Neutral Encapsulation Format
.NCH - Outlook Express Folder File
.ODS - Outlook Express 5 Mailbox (not to be confused with OpenDocument spreadsheet file)
.OEB - Outlook Express Backup Wizard File
.PAB - Personal Address Book
.PST - Outlook Personal Information Store File
.SIG - Signature File
.VCF - vCard File
.WAB - Windows Address Book
Versions for Windows
Microsoft Internet Mail and News 1.0 was released in 1996 with Internet Explorer 3.
Microsoft Internet Mail and News 2.0 was released later in 1996.
Outlook Express 4.0, which was included in Windows 98 (June 1998) and integrated with Internet Explorer 4, stored messages in *.mbx files (similar to the Mbox format used in Unix-based systems).
Outlook Express 5.0, which was included in Windows 98 Second Edition (SE) (June 1999) and integrated with Internet Explorer 5, switched to *.dbx files, with a separate file for each mailbox folder.
Outlook Express 5.01 was included in Windows 2000 (February 2000) and integrated with Internet Explorer 5.01.
Outlook Express 5.5 was included in Windows Me (June 2000) and integrated with Internet Explorer 5.5.
Outlook Express 6.0 was included in Windows XP (October 2001) and integrated with Internet Explorer 6.
Versions for Mac
Outlook Express 4.0 was included in Microsoft Office 98 Macintosh Edition.
Outlook Express 5.01 was integrated with Internet Explorer 5.
Outlook Express 5.01 was bundled with Internet Explorer 5.01.
Outlook Express 5.5 was bundled with Internet Explorer 5.5.
Replacements
Builds of "Outlook Express 7" appeared in early builds of Windows Vista when in development as "Longhorn". It relied on WinFS for the management and storage of contacts and other data.
The final version of Vista included a successor to Outlook Express known as Windows Mail (Vista).
Criticism
Email standards
Beginning with the text-based Unix Mail command, email traditionally used the inline or bottom posting styles when replying to messages. Outlook Express, as well as Lotus Notes and Microsoft Outlook, top-post (show replies newest to oldest) by default.
Microsoft Outlook and Microsoft Exchange use a proprietary email attachment format called Transport Neutral Encapsulation Format (TNEF) to handle formatting and other features specific to Outlook such as meeting requests. Outlook Express and other email clients are unable to read this format. This can be confusing to Outlook Express users (as well as those who use other email clients) who receive attachments sent from Outlook.
Database corruption
Outlook Express has been prone to a number of problems which can corrupt its files database, especially when the database increases in size due to an increasing number of stored emails and during database compaction. This has led to a thriving market for software that can back up, restore and recover corrupted files. An open-source project called UnDBX was also created, which seems to be successful in recovering corrupt databases. Microsoft has also released documentation which may be able to correct some non-severe problems and restore access to email messages, without resorting to third-party solutions.
However, with the latest updates applied, Outlook Express now makes backup copies of DBX files prior to compaction. They are stored in the Recycle Bin. If an error occurs during compaction and messages are lost, the DBX files can be copied from the recycle bin.
Security issues
Outlook Express was one of the earlier email clients to support HTML email and scripts. As a result, emails were commonly infected with viruses. Previously, another security flaw was that a script could automatically be opened as an attachment. Another bug was in Outlook Express's attachment handling that allowed an executable to appear to be a harmless attachment such as a graphics file. Opening or previewing the email could cause code to run without the user's knowledge or consent. Outlook Express uses Internet Explorer to render HTML email. Internet Explorer has been subjected to many security vulnerabilities and concerns.
With Outlook Express SP2 (part of Windows XP SP2), Microsoft has tried to correct the security holes. Outlook Express now blocks images inside emails by default. It uses only the restricted security zone for HTML email, which disables scripts and imposes restrictions on what web content can be rendered. It also warns when opening potentially malicious attachments.
Handling of PGP/MIME signed messages
Outlook Express does not correctly handle MIME, and will not display the body of signed messages inline. Users get a filled email and one attachment (one of the message text and one of the signature) and therefore need to open an attachment to see the email. If the email has been forwarded several times, users need to open attached email messages one inside the other multiple times to reach the parent email message. This bug has still not been rectified. The proper behavior is described in RFC 1847.
When replying or forwarding a message to a user who has a digital signature, Outlook Express gives an error and does not allow the user to continue if there is no digital signature installed for the sender.
Extensibility
Outlook Express does not have a documented object model like Microsoft Outlook. Programmatic access to, or control of Outlook Express for custom messaging applications or plugins is not officially documented or supported by Microsoft. IStoreNamespace and IStoreFolder interfaces were documented in 2003, but they are only related to the storage.
Some companies have managed to create their plugins hacking the interface using Windows hooks. A significant one was the PGP plugin because it was the only example of a working plugin whose source code was available (licensed under GPL). By 2003, some companies provided commercial solutions to develop add-ins.
Office 2007 spell checker incompatibility
Outlook Express does not have a dedicated spell checker. It can use the spell checkers from Microsoft Office if Office is also installed. However, the Office 2007 spell checkers, except for the French spell checker, are incompatible with Outlook Express. Microsoft has acknowledged this problem, but does not provide any sort of remedy. A solution is to install any pre-Office 2007 proofing tools or use a third party spell-checking app for Outlook Express. Windows Live Mail, which is based on Windows Mail's source code, contains built-in spell checking support (now for US English and numerous other languages) and is freely downloadable for Windows XP.
Glitches and other unusual aspects
Cancelling sending an email while it is being sent does not effectively prevent it from being sent. Similarly, when importing .PST files, cancelling the import while it is in progress merely cancels the import of the current folder and the import resumes with the next folder. Furthermore, Outlook Express only supports .dbx files that are smaller than 2 GB, and may have performance problems when dealing with files approaching that limit.
See also
List of Usenet newsreaders
Comparison of Usenet newsreaders
Microsoft Mail
Windows Messaging
Windows Mail
Windows Live Mail
Apple Mail
Windows 95
References
External links
Internet Explorer
Internet Explorer add-ons
Windows email clients
Classic Mac OS email clients
Usenet clients
Microsoft email software
1996 software
1997 software
Discontinued Windows components | wiki |
Mtusa may refer to:
Miss Teen USA
MT-USA, a 1980s music TV series from Ireland | wiki |
In insurance, an adjustment clause in a contract specifies how the amount of a claim (particularly a claim against an insurance company) will be determined for the purposes of a settlement, giving consideration to objections made by the debtor or insurance company, as well as the allegations of the claimant in support of his claim.
For example:
In fire insurance, an adjustment clause provides that in the event of loss or damage at any location mentioned in the policy, the amount of insurance in force at that location shall be prorated to the burned and unburned portions of the property. Also known as a burned and unburned clause.
In life insurance, an age adjustment clause specifies that if the age of the insured has been understated, the amount payable upon his death shall be that amount which the premium charged would have purchased for the insured's correct age.
Adjustment of claims is not confined to claims against insurance companies. An allowance made by a creditor, particularly a storekeeper, in response to a complaint by the debtor respecting the accuracy of the account or other claim, or a reduction in the claim or account made to induce a prompt payment, is in a proper sense an adjustment.
References
Insurance law | wiki |
In geology a collage is a tectonostratigraphic unit characterized by its heterogeneity in terms of its lithology, rock ages, or both. The term is usually applied to Precambrian tectonostratigraphic units. Collages form by plate tectonic processes like accretion and continental collision.
Geology | wiki |
Punakʽa (dżong. སྤུ་ན་ཁ་རྫོང་ཁག་) – jeden z 20 dzongkhagów w Bhutanie. Znajduje się w centralnej części kraju.
Galeria
Przypisy
Punakha | wiki |
An after acquired property clause is a provision in a legal contract allowing property acquired after the contract is signed to be covered by the agreement.
Examples of uses
In a mortgage (of real property) or security agreement (of personal property), an after acquired property clause provides that any additional property acquired by the borrower after the mortgage or security agreement is signed will be additional collateral for the obligation. While such provisions can help give these obligations a good rating, they make it difficult to finance growth through new borrowing.
In the insurance industry, an after acquired property clause allows insurance coverage for property the insured obtains after ratification of the policy or contract. This clause may operate only for a temporary period of time during which the insured must notify the insurer of the property so that the insurer can adjust the premiums accordingly. An example is the purchase of a new vehicle; the clause allows the vehicle to be covered for a short period of time until the owner can notify the insurance company of the purchase and provide the vehicle information (along with any vehicles that were traded in and thus to be removed from the policy).
Contract clauses | wiki |
Chocolate Brown may refer to:
Brown HT (also Chocolate Brown HT), a brown synthetic coal tar diazo dye
Chocolate (color), a shade of brown
"Chocolate Brown", a song from The Cranberries' 2001 album Wake Up and Smell the Coffee
Irene Scruggs (1901–1981; also Chocolate Brown), American Piedmont blues and country blues singer
See also
Chocolate brownie | wiki |
Clownfish or anemonefish are fishes from the subfamily Amphiprioninae in the family Pomacentridae. Thirty species of clownfish are recognized: one in the genus Premnas, while the remaining are in the genus Amphiprion. In the wild, they all form symbiotic mutualisms with sea anemones. Depending on the species, anemonefish are overall yellow, orange, or a reddish or blackish color, and many show white bars or patches. The largest can reach a length of , while the smallest barely achieve .
Distribution and habitat
Anemonefish are endemic to the warmer waters of the Indian Ocean, including the Red Sea, and Pacific Ocean, the Great Barrier Reef, Southeast Asia, Japan, and the Indo-Malaysian region. While most species have restricted distributions, others are widespread. Anemonefish typically live at the bottom of shallow seas in sheltered reefs or in shallow lagoons. No anemonefish are found in the Atlantic.
Diet
Anemonefish are omnivorous and can feed on undigested food from their host anemones, and the fecal matter from the anemonefish provides nutrients to the sea anemone. Anemonefish primarily feed on small zooplankton from the water column, such as copepods and tunicate larvae, with a small portion of their diet coming from algae, with the exception of Amphiprion perideraion, which primarily feeds on algae.
Symbiosis and mutualism
Anemonefish and sea anemones have a symbiotic, mutualistic relationship, each providing many benefits to the other. The individual species are generally highly host specific. The sea anemone protects the anemonefish from predators, as well as providing food through the scraps left from the anemone's meals and occasional dead anemone tentacles, and functions as a safe nest site. In return, the anemonefish defends the anemone from its predators and parasites. The anemone also picks up nutrients from the anemonefish's excrement. The nitrogen excreted from anemonefish increases the number of algae incorporated into the tissue of their hosts, which aids the anemone in tissue growth and regeneration. The activity of the anemonefish results in greater water circulation around the sea anemone, and it has been suggested that their bright coloring might lure small fish to the anemone, which then catches them. Studies on anemonefish have found that they alter the flow of water around sea anemone tentacles by certain behaviors and movements such as "wedging" and "switching". Aeration of the host anemone tentacles allows for benefits to the metabolism of both partners, mainly by increasing anemone body size and both anemonefish and anemone respiration.
Bleaching of the host anemone can occur when warm temperatures cause a reduction in algal symbionts within the anemone. Bleaching of the host can cause a short-term increase in the metabolic rate of resident anemonefish, probably as a result of acute stress. Over time, however, there appears to be a down-regulation of metabolism and a reduced growth rate for fish associated with bleached anemones. These effects may stem from reduced food availability (e.g. anemone waste products, symbiotic algae) for the anemonefish.
Several theories are given about how they can survive the sea anemone poison:
The mucus coating of the fish may be based on sugars rather than proteins. This would mean that anemones fail to recognize the fish as a potential food source and do not fire their nematocysts, or sting organelles.
The coevolution of certain species of anemonefish with specific anemone host species may have allowed the fish to evolve an immunity to the nematocysts and toxins of their hosts. Amphiprion percula may develop resistance to the toxin from Heteractis magnifica, but it is not totally protected since it was shown experimentally to die when its skin, devoid of mucus, was exposed to the nematocysts of its host.
Anemonefish are the best known example of fish that are able to live among the venomous sea anemone tentacles, but several others occur, including juvenile threespot dascyllus, certain cardinalfish (such as Banggai cardinalfish), incognito (or anemone) goby, and juvenile painted greenling.
Reproduction
In a group of anemonefish, a strict dominance hierarchy exists. The largest and most aggressive female is found at the top. Only two anemonefish, a male and a female, in a group reproduce – through external fertilization. Anemonefish are protandrous sequential hermaphrodites, meaning they develop into males first, and when they mature, they become females. If the female anemonefish is removed from the group, such as by death, one of the largest and most dominant males becomes a female. The remaining males move up a rank in the hierarchy. Clownfish live in a hierarchy, like Hyenas, except smaller and based on size not gender, and order of joining/birth.
Anemonefish lay eggs on any flat surface close to their host anemones. In the wild, anemonefish spawn around the time of the full moon. Depending on the species, they can lay hundreds or thousands of eggs. The male parent guards the eggs until they hatch about 6–10 days later, typically two hours after dusk.
Parental investment
Anemonefish colonies usually consist of the reproductive male and female and a few male juveniles, which help tend the colony. Although multiple males cohabit an environment with a single female, polygamy does not occur and only the adult pair exhibits reproductive behavior. However, if the female dies, the social hierarchy shifts with the breeding male exhibiting protandrous sex reversal to become the breeding female. The largest juvenile then becomes the new breeding male after a period of rapid growth. The existence of protandry in anemonefish may rest on the case that nonbreeders modulate their phenotype in a way that causes breeders to tolerate them. This strategy prevents conflict by reducing competition between males for one female. For example, by purposefully modifying their growth rate to remain small and submissive, the juveniles in a colony present no threat to the fitness of the adult male, thereby protecting themselves from being evicted by the dominant fish.
The reproductive cycle of anemonefish is often correlated with the lunar cycle. Rates of spawning for anemonefish peak around the first and third quarters of the moon. The timing of this spawn means that the eggs hatch around the full moon or new moon periods. One explanation for this lunar clock is that spring tides produce the highest tides during full or new moons. Nocturnal hatching during high tide may reduce predation by allowing for a greater capacity for escape. Namely, the stronger currents and greater water volume during high tide protect the hatchlings by effectively sweeping them to safety. Before spawning, anemonefish exhibit increased rates of anemone and substrate biting, which help prepare and clean the nest for the spawn.
Before making the clutch, the parents often clear an oval-shaped clutch varying in diameter for the spawn. Fecundity, or reproductive rate, of the females, usually ranges from 600 to 1500 eggs depending on her size. In contrast to most animal species, the female only occasionally takes responsibility for the eggs, with males expending most of the time and effort. Male anemonefish care for their eggs by fanning and guarding them for 6 to 10 days until they hatch. In general, eggs develop more rapidly in a clutch when males fan properly, and fanning represents a crucial mechanism of successfully developing eggs. This suggests that males can control the success of hatching an egg clutch by investing different amounts of time and energy towards the eggs. For example, a male could choose to fan less in times of scarcity or fan more in times of abundance. Furthermore, males display increased alertness when guarding more valuable broods, or eggs in which paternity was guaranteed. Females, though, display generally less preference for parental behavior than males. All these suggest that males have increased parental investment towards the eggs compared to females.
Taxonomy
Historically, anemonefish have been identified by morphological features and color pattern in the field, while in a laboratory, other features such as scalation of the head, tooth shape, and body proportions are used. These features have been used to group species into six complexes: percula, tomato, skunk, clarkii, saddleback, and maroon. As can be seen from the gallery, each of the fish in these complexes has a similar appearance. Genetic analysis has shown that these complexes are not monophyletic groups, particularly the 11 species in the A. clarkii group, where only A. clarkii and A. tricintus are in the same clade, with six species,A. allardi A. bicinctus, A. chagosensis, A. chrosgaster, A. fuscocaudatus, A. latifasciatus, and A. omanensis being in an Indian clade, A. chrysopterus having monospecific lineage, and A. akindynos in the Australian clade with A. mccullochi. Other significant differences are that A. latezonatus also has monospecific lineage, and A. nigripes is in the Indian clade rather than with A. akallopisos, the skunk anemonefish. A. latezonatus is more closely related to A. percula and Premnas biaculeatus than to the saddleback fish with which it was previously grouped.
Obligate mutualism was thought to be the key innovation that allowed anemonefish to radiate rapidly, with rapid and convergent morphological changes correlated with the ecological niches offered by the host anemones. The complexity of mitochondrial DNA structure shown by genetic analysis of the Australian clade suggested evolutionary connectivity among samples of A. akindynos and A. mccullochi that the authors theorize was the result of historical hybridization and introgression in the evolutionary past. The two evolutionary groups had individuals of both species detected, thus the species lacked reciprocal monophyly. No shared haplotypes were found between species.
Phylogenetic relationships
Morphological diversity by complex
In the aquarium
Anemonefish make up approximately 43% of the global marine ornamental trade, and approximately 25% of the global trade comes from fish bred in captivity, while the majority is captured from the wild, accounting for decreased densities in exploited areas. Public aquaria and captive-breeding programs are essential to sustain their trade as marine ornamentals, and has recently become economically feasible. It is one of a handful of marine ornamentals whose complete lifecycle has been in closed captivity. Members of some anemonefish species, such as the maroon clownfish, become aggressive in captivity; others, like the false percula clownfish, can be kept successfully with other individuals of the same species.
When a sea anemone is not available in an aquarium, the anemonefish may settle in some varieties of soft corals, or large polyp stony corals. Once an anemone or coral has been adopted, the anemonefish will defend it. Anemonefish, however, are not obligately tied to hosts, and can survive alone in captivity.
In popular culture
In Disney Pixar's 2003 film Finding Nemo and its 2016 sequel Finding Dory main characters Nemo, his father Marlin, and his mother Coral are clownfish from the species A. ocellaris. The popularity of anemonefish for aquaria increased following the film's release; it is the first film associated with an increase in the numbers of those captured in the wild.
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Photo Gallery of Amphiprion ocellaris and their eggs
Monterey Bay Aquarium: Video and information
Clown Fish underwater photography gallery
Aquaticcommunity.com
Tolweb.org
Pomacentridae
Symbiosis
Articles containing video clips
Fish subfamilies
Fish of Saudi Arabia | wiki |
Top-down may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
"Top Down", a 2007 song by Swizz Beatz
"Top Down", a song by Lil Yachty from Lil Boat 3
"Top Down", a song by Fifth Harmony from Reflection
Science
Top-down reading, is a part of reading science that explains the reader's psycholinguistic strategies in using grammatical and lexical knowledge for comprehension rather than linearly decoding texts.
Top-down proteomics, a method for protein analysis
Top-down effects, effects of population density on a resource in a soil food web
Neural top–down control of physiology
Top-down processing, in Pattern recognition (psychology)
Computing
Top-down and bottom-up design of information ordering
Top-down parsing, a parsing strategy beginning at the highest level of the parse tree
Top-down parsing language, an analytic formal grammar to study top-down parsers
Top-down perspective, a camera angle in computer and video games
Top-down shooter, a subgenre of video games
Investing
Top-down investment analysis, an investment selection technique that evaluates macro factors (e.g., economy and industry) before micro factors (e.g., specific company)
See also
Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts, including writing in columns going from top to bottom and ordered from right to left
Bottom-up (disambiguation) | wiki |
Whole number is a colloquial term in mathematics. The meaning is ambiguous. It may refer to either:
Natural number, an element of the set or of the set
Integer, an element of the set | wiki |
Botanical Miscellany was a short-lived botany magazine edited by William Jackson Hooker. Only three volumes appeared, in 1830, 1831 and 1833.
Publication details
Sir Hooker W. J. Botanical miscellany: containing figures and descriptions of such plants as recommend themselves by their novelty, rarity or history / Hooker W. J. — il. — London: John Murray, 1830. — Vol. 1. — 356 p.
Sir Hooker W. J. Botanical miscellany: Vol. 1–3. [afterw. The Journal of botany. Pt. 1, vol. 2—4 [afterw.] The London journal of botany. Vol. 1—7 [afterw.] Hooker's journal of botany and Kew garden miscellany. Vol. 1–9. [Ed.] by W. J. Hooker]. — il. — London: John Murray, 1831. — Vol. 2. — 421 p.
Sir Hooker W. J. Botanical Miscellany: Containing Figures and Descriptions of Such Plants as Recommended Themselves by Their Novelty, Rarity, Or History, Or by the Uses to which They are Applied in the Arts, in Medicine, and in Domestic Economy: Together with Occasional Botanical Notices and Information / Hooker W. J. — London: John Murray, 1833. — Vol. 3. — 390 p.
3 v. (356; 421; 390 p.; xci leaves of plates; xcii-cxii, xli leaves of plates (some folded and col.)) : ill. ; 25 cm . Contains many Australian plant references and special articles. Ferguson 1367a.
References
Botany journals
Defunct magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 1830
Magazines disestablished in 1833
Science and technology magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines published in London | wiki |
Midwestern, Midwest, Upper North, or Upper Northern English dialects or accents are associated with the Midwestern region of the United States. These include:
General American, the most widely perceived "mainstream" American English accent is sometimes considered "Midwestern" in character, prior to the Northern Cities Vowel Shift.
Inland Northern American English is often generally recognized as a Cleveland, Chicago, or Detroit accent, or the accent of western New York State (Buffalo, Rochester, Syracuse, etc.).
Midland American English is often generally recognized as a Columbus, Indianapolis, and Kansas City accent. According to William Labov, "North Midland" is the General American standard.
North-Central American English is often generally recognized as a Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, or Dakota accent.
American English
Midwestern United States | wiki |
Srikaya or serikaya can refer to:
Sugar-apple, a tropical fruit from the genus Annona
Kaya (jam), a food spread from Southeast Asia | wiki |
VFN in horticulture stands for Verticillium wilt, Fusarium, and Nematode disease resistance in tomatoes. Most hybrid tomato varieties are labeled with some combination of one or more of these three letters, since disease resistance is a large part of the reason to hybridize tomatoes.
References
External links
Tomato diseases in Florida
Tomato diseases | wiki |
Stockport is a large town in Greater Manchester, England.
Stockport may also refer to:
Stockport, United Kingdom
Districts
Current
Metropolitan Borough of Stockport
Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council
Stockport (UK Parliament constituency)
Previous
County Borough of Stockport (1889-1974)
Stockport Rural District (1894-1904)
Stockport North (UK Parliament constituency) (1950-1983)
Stockport South (UK Parliament constituency) (1950-1983)
Sports
Stockport County F.C., Association Football Club
Stockport Cricket Club
Stockport Georgians A.F.C.
Stockport R.U.F.C
Other uses
The Stockport air disaster
Stockport Branch Canal
Stockport Castle
Stockport College
Stockport Express, the local newspaper
Stockport Grammar School
Stockport Peel Centre, a shopping centre
Stockport railway station
Stockport Town Hall
Stockport Viaduct
Stockport, a 1983 traditional pop song by Frankie Vaughan
Other places
In Australia
Stockport, South Australia
In Canada
Stockport Islands, Nunavut
In the United States
Stockport, Indiana
Stockport, Iowa
Stockport, New York
Stockport Creek, in New York
Stockport, Ohio | wiki |
Rhinoplasty is a plastic surgery procedure to improve the appearance or function of the nose.
Rhinoplasty may also refer to:
Rhinoplasty (EP), Primus album
The Rhinoplasty Society, a nonprofit organization
See also
"The Nose Job", a season 3 episode of Seinfeld
"Tom's Rhinoplasty", a season 1 episode of South Park | wiki |
The following is a list automobiles assembled in the United States. Note that this refers to final assembly only, and that in many cases the majority of added value work is performed in other regions through manufacture of component parts from raw materials.
See also
Automotive industry in the United States
List of countries by motor vehicle production
List of automobile-related articles
References
Automotive industry in the United States
Industry in the United States
Manufacturing-related lists
Automobiles
United States | wiki |
Pavement may refer to:
Pavement (architecture), an outdoor floor or superficial surface covering
Road surface, the durable surfacing of roads and walkways
Asphalt concrete, a common form of road surface
Sidewalk or pavement, a walkway along the side of a road
Cool pavement, is pavement that delivers higher solar reflectance than conventional dark pavement.
Pavement (York), a street in York, in England
Geology
Limestone pavement, a naturally occurring landform that resembles an artificial pavement
Desert pavement, a desert ground surface covered with closely packed rock fragments of pebble and cobble size
Tessellated pavement, a rare sedimentary rock formation that occurs on some ocean shores
Glacial striation or glacial pavement, a rock surface scoured and polished by glacial action
Arts and entertainment
Pavement (band), an indie rock band from Stockton, California, US
Pavement (magazine), a youth culture magazine
"Pavement" (Space Ghost Coast to Coast), a television episode
See also
Portuguese pavement, the traditional paving used in most pedestrian areas in Portugal
Pave (disambiguation)
PAVE, a United States military electronic system program | wiki |
William Brandon (1456–1485)
William L. Brandon
William W. Brandon | wiki |
Popping is a style of street dance.
Popping may also refer to:
Joint popping, the action of moving joints to produce a sharp cracking or popping sound
Popping (computer graphics), an unwanted visual effect that occurs when changing the level of detail of a 3D model
Popping corn, popcorn
Pre-popping, a method of transferring lead information from one online lead form to another
Skin popping, a method of drug administration
Slapping and popping, two different playing techniques used on the double bass and on the (electric) bass guitar
See also
Pop (disambiguation)
Poppin' (disambiguation)
Robot (dance), a street dance style often confused with popping | wiki |
Mystery Stone may refer to:
The Bourne Stone in Massachusetts
Grave Creek Stone of Moundsville, West Virginia
The Heavener, Poteau, and Shawnee runestones of Oklahoma.
The Ica stones of South America
Kensington Runestone of Kensington, Minnesota
Los Lunas Decalogue Stone of Los Lunas, New Mexico
Lake Winnipesaukee mystery stone of New Hampshire
Runestone of Nomans Land, Massachusetts
Stone spheres of Costa Rica | wiki |
This is an index of lists of Tamil-language media.
List of Tamil-language newspapers
List of Tamil-language radio stations
List of Tamil-language television channels
List of Tamil-language magazines
List of Tamil-language films
See also
Media in Chennai | wiki |
Stacy King is a former character actress of the 1960s. Red-haired and tall, King had guest-starring roles in Alfred Hitchcock Presents, Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. and The Beverly Hillbillies on television, and featured roles in movies The Sweet Ride and Skidoo. She was born and raised in Memphis, Tennessee.
King raised white German shepherd dogs, at one point she was the vice-president of her local branch of the White German Shepherd Club of America.
References
External links
American film actresses
American television actresses
Possibly living people
20th-century American actresses
Year of birth missing | wiki |
The poldo tackle is an instant tension-applying and tension-releasing mechanism. The tackle allows for a 2:1 mechanical advantage using only rope.
See also
List of knots
Versatackle knot
References
Knots | wiki |
The pile hitch is a kind of hitch, which is a knot used for attaching rope to a pole or other structure. The pile hitch is very easy to tie and can be tied in the bight, without access to either end of the rope, making it a valuable tool.
To tie, form a loop in the bight, and wrap both strands of this loop around the pole near the pole's end. Pull the loop around and under the rope, then finish by putting the loop itself around the end of the pole.
See also
List of knots
References
External links
http://notableknotindex.webs.com/pilehitch.html | wiki |
Dip soldering is a small-scale soldering process by which electronic components are soldered to a printed circuit board (PCB) to form an electronic assembly. The solder wets to the exposed metallic areas of the board (those not protected with solder mask), creating a reliable mechanical and electrical connection.
Dip soldering is used for both through-hole printed circuit assemblies, and surface mount. It is one of the cheapest methods to solder and is extensively used in the small scale industries of developing countries .
Dip soldering is the manual equivalent of automated wave soldering. The apparatus required is just a small tank containing molten solder. A PCB with mounted components is dipped manually into the tank so that the molten solder sticks to the exposed metallic areas of the board.
Dip solder process
Dip soldering is accomplished by submerging parts to be joined into a molten solder bath. Thus, all components surfaces are coated with filler metal. Solders have low surface tension and high wetting capability. There are many types of solders, each used for different applications:
Lead–silver is used for strength at higher-than-room temperature.
Tin–lead is used as a general-purpose solder
Tin–zinc is used for aluminium
Cadmium–silver is used for strength at high temperatures
Zinc–aluminium is used for aluminium and corrosion resistance
Tin–silver and tin–bismuth are used for electronics.
Because of the toxicity of lead, lead-free solders are being developed and more widely used. The molten bath can be any suitable filler metal, but the selection is usually confined to the lower melting point elements. The most common dip soldering operations use zinc-aluminum and tin-lead solders.
Solder pot metal: cast iron or steel, electrically heated.
Bath temperature: (for binary tin-lead alloys) or (for lead-free alloys)
Solder composition: 60% , 40% or eutectic alloy.
Process schematic
The workpieces to be joined are treated with cleaning flux. Then the workpiece is mounted in the workholding device and immersed in the molten solder for 2 to 12 seconds. The workpiece is often agitated to aid the flow of the solder. The workpiece holder must allow an inclination of so that the solder may run off to ensure a smooth finish.
Workpiece geometry
This process is generally limited to all-metal work pieces, although other materials, such as circuit boards can also tolerate momentary contact with the hot molten solder without damage.
Setup and equipment
There is not much equipment or setup for this process. All that is needed is the solder pot with its temperature control panel, the bath of molten solder, and the work holding device. Usually the work holding device is custom made for each respective workpiece for either manual or automated dipping.
Solderability
Some materials are easier to solder than others. Copper, silver, and gold are easy to solder. Iron and nickel are a little more difficult. Titanium, magnesium, cast irons, steels, ceramics, and graphites are hard to solder. However, if they are first plated they are more easily soldered. An example of this is tin-plating, in which a steel is sheet coated with tin so that it can be soldered more easily.
Applications
Dip soldering is used extensively in the electronics industry. However, they have a limited service use at elevated temperatures because of the low melting point of the filler metals. Soldered materials do not have much strength and are therefore not used for load-bearing.
References
Further reading
Kalpakjian, Serope, and Steven R. Schmid. Manufacturing Engineering and Technology: Fifth Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, 2006
Electronics manufacturing
Soldering | wiki |
The timber hitch is a knot used to attach a single length of rope to a cylindrical object. Secure while tension is maintained, it is easily untied even after heavy loading.
The timber hitch is a very old knot. It is first known to have been mentioned in a nautical source c. 1625 and illustrated in 1762.
Usage
As the name suggests, this knot is often used by lumbermen and arborists for attaching ropes or chains to tree trunks, branches, and logs. For stability when towing or lowering long items, the addition of a half-hitch in front of the timber hitch creates a timber hitch and a half hitch, or known as a killick hitch when at sea. A killick is "a small anchor or weight for mooring a boat, sometimes consisting of a stone secured by pieces of wood". This can also prevent the timber hitch from rolling. The timber hitch is one of the few knots that can easily be tied in a chain, leading to its use in applications where ropes lack the necessary strength and would break under the same amount of tension.
This knot is also known as the Bowyer's Knot, as it is used to attach the lower end of the bowstring to the bottom limb on an English longbow.
The hitch is also one of the methods used to connect ukulele and classical guitar strings to the bridge of the instruments.
Tying
To make the knot, pass the rope completely around the object. Pass the running end around the standing part, then through the loop just formed. Make three or more turns (or twists) around the working part. Pull on the standing part to tighten around the object.
A common error in tying can be avoided by assuring that the turns are made in the working part around itself. When making the hitch in laid rope, the turns should be made with the lay of the rope, that is, in the same direction as the twist of the rope.
Security
Although The Ashley Book of Knots states that "three tucks or turns are ample", this work was written prior to the wide use of synthetic fiber cordage. Later sources suggest five or more turns may be required for full security in modern ropes.
Nylon, Polyester much more slippery, and 2x as strong for less surface for friction also than natural fiber. Actually pictured is better Figure 8 Timber Hitch. #1669 that doesn't immediately tuck but rides over before tucking. Ashley states can use 1 less tuck.
ABoK Context
The Timber Hitches list almost immediately in "CHAPTER 21: HITCHES TO SPAR AND RAIL (RIGHT-ANGLE PULL)", only preceded there by 3 Half Hitch base forms. The context begins with typical Half Hitch#1662 as worst security/nip warnings warning with Skull/Crossbones, but a base structure to build on. Then shows the most security at top nip/opposing the linear load pull position as a safer Half Hitch form#1663 awarding Anchor icon if constant pull. Then introduces Timber Hitch #1665 concept from extension of worst nip Half Hitch tail#1662 . #1666 then shows Fig.8 concept as upgrade to Half Hitch#1662 and shows the nip position pushed to halfway between normal and top nip Half Hitch. Also adds a geometric consideration of:"particularly if the encompassed object is small." of even higher nip. #1668 then shows the Fig.8 Timber Hitch with nip more to side and not bottom as improvement.
Next trick is in #1669 Fig.8 Hitch with Round Turn. Where the Round Turn is around the Standing Part and Fig.8 portion actually pictured as fig.8 Timber Hitch and so adds that the "Round Turn on the Standing Part adds materially to the strength of the knot."
Next chapter is "CHAPTER 22: HITCHES TO MASTS, RIGGING, AND CABLE (LENGTHWISE PULL) To withstand a lengthwise pull without slipping is about the most that can be asked of a hitch. Great care must be exercised in tying the following series of knots, and the impossible must not be expected" that starts off with a Timber Hitch preceded by 'lengthwise' Half Hitch form to convert Timber from "RIGHT-ANGLE PULL" to "LENGTHWISE PULL" usage in the back to back chapters.
See also
List of knots
Killick hitch
References
External links
http://notableknotindex.webs.com/timberhitch.html | wiki |
This a list of shipwrecks located in Australia.
New South Wales
Norfolk Island
Northern Territory
Queensland
South Australia
Tasmania
Victoria
Western Australia
See also
Australian National Shipwreck Database
HMAS Hobart (D39)
List of unidentified shipwrecks in Australian waters
List of 17th-century shipwrecks in Australia
Ship graveyard#Australia
References
Further reading
Loney, J. K. (1993). Wrecks on the New South Wales Coast. Oceans Enterprises. .
Bateson, Charles; Reed, AH; Reed, AW (1972). Australian Shipwrecks – Vol. 1 1622–1850. Sydney.
Loney, J. K. (1980). Australian Shipwrecks Vol. 2 1851–1871. Sydney.
Loney, J. K. (1982). Australian Shipwrecks Vol. 3 1871–1900. Geelong, Vic: List Publishing.
Loney, J. K. (1987). Australian Shipwrecks Vol. 4 1901–1986. Portarlington, Vic: Marine History Publications.
Loney, J. K. (1991). Australian Shipwrecks Vol. 5 Update 1986. Portarlington, Vic: Marine History Publications.
Christopher, P. (2009). Australian Shipwrecks: a pictorial history. Axiom Publishing. Stepney, South Australia. Reprinted 2012.
Hogarth, Christine (1985) Navigators and Shipwrecks: Australia's heritage in stamps. Melbourne: Australia Post
External links
Australian National Shipwreck Database
Encyclopedia of Australian Shipwrecks
Shipwrecks
Shipwrecks | wiki |
Extrusion coating is the coating of a molten web of synthetic resin onto a substrate material. It is a versatile coating technique used for the economic application of various plastics, notably polyethylene, onto paperboard, corrugated fiberboard, paper, aluminium foils, cellulose, Non-wovens, or plastic films.
Process
Coating
The actual process of extrusion coating involves extruding resin from a slot die at temperatures up to 320°C directly onto the moving web which may then passed through a nip consisting of a rubber covered pressure roller and a chrome plated cooling roll. The latter cools the molten film back into the solid state and also imparts the desired finish to the plastic surface. The web is normally run much faster than the speed at which the resin is extruded from the die, creating a coating thickness which is in proportion to the speed ratio and the slot gap.
Laminating
Extrusion laminating is a similar process except that the extruded hot molten resin acts as the bonding medium to a second web of material.
Co-extrusion
Co-extrusion is, again, a similar process but with two, or more, extruders coupled to a single die head in which the individually extruded melts are brought together and finally extruded as a multi-layer film.
Uses
The market for extrusion coating includes a variety of end-use applications such as liquid packaging, photographic, flexible packaging, mill and industrial wrappings, transport packaging, sack linings, building, envelopes, medical/hygiene, and release base.
See also
Curtain coating
Calender
References
Soroka, W, "Fundamentals of Packaging Technology", IoPP, 2002,
Gregory, B. H., "Extrusion Coating", Trafford, 2007,
Yam, K. L., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, 2009,
Coatings
Plastics industry | wiki |
Darren Elias (born November 18, 1986) is an American professional poker player who holds the record for most World Poker Tour titles, with four.
Early life and online poker
Elias was born in Boston and now lives in Medford, New Jersey. He was an ocean lifeguard in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina before he became a professional poker player. Elias attended the University of Redlands in Redlands, California where he graduated with a bachelor's degree in Creative Writing in 2008.
In addition to his successes in live poker, he has also done well in online poker, winning over $8 million online. He played under the username "darrenelias" on Pokerstars and Full Tilt Poker, where he won two World Championship of Online Poker (WCOOP) titles and an FTOPS title.
Live poker tournaments
As of 2022, Elias has live tournament winnings of over $10,700,000. His cashes on the World Poker Tour make up over $4,600,000 of his total winnings.
World Poker Tour
References
1986 births
American poker players
World Poker Tour winners
People from Boston
People from Cherry Hill, New Jersey
Living people | wiki |
Sam Rapira may refer to:
Sam Rapira, Rugby League
Sam Rapira (boxer), Boxing Promoter and Professional Boxer | wiki |
Terrier (from Latin terra, 'earth') is a type of dog originally bred to hunt vermin. A terrier is a dog of any one of many breeds or landraces of the terrier type, which are typically small, wiry, game, and fearless. Terrier breeds vary greatly in size from just to over 60 kg (132 lb, e.g. Black Russian Terrier) and are usually categorized by size or function. There are five different groups of terrier, with each group having different shapes and sizes.
History
Most terrier breeds were refined from the older purpose-bred dogs.
The gameness of the early hunting terriers was exploited by using them in sporting contests. Initially, terriers competed in events such as clearing a pit of rats. The dog that was fastest in killing all the rats won. In the eighteenth century some terriers were crossed with hounds to improve their hunting, and some with fighting dog breeds to "intensify tenacity and increase courage". Some of the crosses with fighting dogs, bull and terrier crosses, were used in the blood sport of dog-fighting. Modern pet breeds such as the Miniature Bull Terrier are listed by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) under Bull type terriers.
Today, most terriers are kept as companion dogs and family pets. They are generally loyal and affectionate to their owners.
Terrier types and groups
In the 18th century in Britain, only two types of terriers were recognized, long- and short-legged. Today, terriers are often informally categorized by size or by function.
Hunting-types are still used to find, track, or trail quarry, especially underground, and sometimes to bolt the quarry. Modern examples include the Jack Russell Terrier, the Jagdterrier, the Rat Terrier, and the Patterdale Terrier. There are also the short-legged terriers such as the Cairn Terrier, the Scottish Terrier, and the West Highland White Terrier, which were also used to kill small vermin.
The original hunting terriers include the Fell Terrier (developed in northern England to assist in the killing of foxes) and the Hunt Terrier (developed in southern England to locate, kill or bolt foxes during a traditional mounted fox hunt).
The various combinations of bulldog and terrier that were used for bull-baiting and dog-fighting in the late 19th century were later refined into separate breeds that combined both terrier and bulldog qualities. Except for the Boston Terrier, they are generally included in kennel clubs' Terrier Group. Breeders have bred modern bull-type terrier breeds, such as the Bull Terrier and Staffordshire Bull Terrier, into suitable family dogs and show terriers.
Toy terriers have been bred from larger terriers and are shown in the Toy or Companion group. Included among these breeds are the English Toy Terrier and the Yorkshire Terrier. While small, they retain true terrier character and are not submissive "lap dogs".
Other descendants of the bull and terrier types, such as the Asian Gull Terrier, are among the dogs still raised for dog-fighting.
Appearance
Terriers range greatly in appearance from very small, light bodied, smooth coated dogs such as the English Toy Terrier (Black and Tan), which weighs as little as , to the very large rough-coated Airedale Terriers, which can be up to or more. As of 2004, the United Kennel Club recognized a new hairless breed of terrier derived from the Rat Terrier called the American Hairless Terrier.
Kennel club classification
When competing in conformation shows, most kennel clubs including the Fédération Cynologique Internationale group pedigree terrier breeds together in their own terrier group.
See also
Bull-type terriers
Working terriers
West Yorkshire-based Huddersfield Town football club, which adopted the nickname "The Terriers" in 1969.
References
External links
Dog types
Hunting dogs | wiki |
The 1996 North Carolina Tar Heels football team represented the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill during the 1996 NCAA Division I-A football season. The Tar Heels played their home games at Kenan Memorial Stadium in Chapel Hill, North Carolina and competed in the Atlantic Coast Conference. The team was led by head coach Mack Brown.
Schedule
Roster
References
North Carolina
North Carolina Tar Heels football seasons
Gator Bowl champion seasons
North Carolina Tar Heels football | wiki |
This is a list of countries by industrial production growth rate mostly based on The World Factbook, accessed in January 2021.
Notes
Lists of countries by production
Production economics | wiki |
Aluminé or Alumine can refer to:
Aluminium
Aluminé (town), a town in Neuquén Province, Argentina
Aluminé Lake, a lake in Neuquén Province, Argentina
Aluminé River, a river in Neuquén Province, Argentina
Aluminé Department, a department located in the west of Neuquén Province, Argentina. | wiki |
Silex is any of various forms of ground stone. In modern contexts the word refers to a finely ground, nearly pure form of silica or silicate.
In the late 16th century, it meant powdered or ground up "flints" (i.e. stones, generally meaning the class of "hard rocks")
It was later used in 1787 when describing experiments in a published paper by Antoine Lavoisier where such earths are mentioned as the source of his isolation of the element silicon. Silex is now most commonly used to describe finely ground silicates used as pigments in paint.
Archaic and foreign uses
The word "silex" was previously used to refer to flint and chert and sometimes other hard rocks.
In Latin "silex" originally referred to any hard rock, although now it often refers specifically to flint.
In many Latin languages, "silex" or a similar word is used to refer to flint. Although the modern English word "silex" has the same etymology, its current meaning has changed. These are false friends.
FK Sileks are a North Macedonian football team based in Kratovo whose name literally means "flint."
References
Silicon
Pavements
Atomic physics | wiki |
Nebaj est un site archéologique guatémaltèque de la civilisation maya situé dans le département du Quiché.
Notes et références
Site archéologique au Guatemala
Civilisation maya | wiki |
A very-low-calorie diet (VLCD), also known as semistarvation diet and crash diet, is a type of diet with very or extremely low daily food energy consumption. Often described as a fad diet, it is defined as a diet of per day or less. Modern medically supervised VLCDs use total meal replacements, with regulated formulations in Europe and Canada which contain the recommended daily requirements for vitamins, minerals, trace elements, fatty acids, protein and electrolyte balance. Carbohydrates may be entirely absent, or substituted for a portion of the protein; this choice has important metabolic effects. Medically supervised VLCDs have specific therapeutic applications for rapid weight loss, such as in morbid obesity or before a bariatric surgery, using formulated, nutritionally complete liquid meals containing 800 kilocalories or less per day for a maximum of 12 weeks.
Unmonitored VLCDs with insufficient or unbalanced nutrients can cause sudden death by cardiac arrest either by starvation or during refeeding.
Definition
Very-low-calorie diets (VLCDs) are diets of or less energy intake per day, whereas low-calorie diets are between 1000-1200 kcal per day.
Health effects
The routine use of VLCDs is not recommended due to safety concerns, but this approach can be used under medical supervision if there is a clinical rationale for rapid weight loss in obese individuals, as part of a "multi-component weight management strategy" with continuous support and for a maximum of 12 weeks, according to the NICE 2014 guidelines. The US dietary guidelines recommend that VLCDs can be used for weight loss in obese individuals only in limited circumstances and only under supervision by experienced personnel in a medical care setting where the individual can be medically monitored and high-intensity lifestyle intervention can be provided. For the general public, VLCDs are not recommended due to low evidence. As there are considerable risks of starvation with an inadequately composed or supervised VLCD, people attempting these diets must be monitored closely by a physician to prevent complications.
VLCDs appear to be more effective than behavioral weight loss programs or other diets, achieving approximately more weight loss at 1 year and greater sustained weight loss after several years. When used in routine care, there is evidence that VLCDs achieve average weight loss at 1 year around or about 4% more weight loss over the short term. VLCDs can achieve higher short-term weight loss compared to other more modest or gradual calorie restricted diets, and the maintained long-term weight loss is similar or greater. VLCDs were shown to reduce lean body mass. Combining VLCD with other obesity therapies yield more effective results in weight loss. Low-calorie and very-low-calorie diets may produce faster weight loss within the first 1–2 weeks of starting compared to other diets, but this superficially faster loss is due to glycogen depletion and water loss in the lean body mass and is regained quickly afterward.
VLCDs are efficient and recommended for liver fat reduction and weight loss before bariatric surgery.
A 2001 review found that VLCD has no serious harmful effect when done under medical supervision, for periods of 8–16 weeks with an average weight loss of 1.5-2.5 kg/week. However, VLCD may increase the risk of developing gallstones if the fat content of VLCD is not sufficient, but data is lacking to know the precise amount of fat that is necessary to avoid gallstones formation. Indeed, dietary fat stimulates gall bladder contraction, thus, if following a fat-free VLCD, the bladder does not empty. Another potential side effect is constipation (depending on the fiber content of the diet).
VLCD were not found to increase food cravings, and on the contrary, appear to reduce food cravings more than low-calorie diets.
Previous formulations (medical or commercial) of carbohydrate-free very low calorie diets provided 200–800 kcal/day and maintained protein intake, but eliminated any carbohydrate intake and sometimes fat intake as well. These diets subject the body to starvation and produce an average weekly weight loss of . However, the total lack of carbohydrates avoids protein sparing and thus produce a loss of lean muscle mass, as well as other adverse side effects such as increased risks of gout, and electrolyte imbalances, and are thus disadvised. Total diet replacement programs are the modern formulations regulated in Europe and Canada to ensure the recommended daily intake of necessary nutrients, vitamins and electrolyte balance. Compared to older VLCD formulas, the total diet replacements better preserve lean body mass, reduce known side effects and improve .
Unmonitored VLCDs with insufficient macronutrient and mineral intake have the potential to cause an electrolyte imbalance and sudden death via ventricular tachycardia either by starvation or upon refeeding.
History and society
The earliest data on VLCDs come from the aftermath of World War II, when several scientific experiments were undertaken to examine what conditions could lead to starvation and how to rehabilitate safely to eating, such as the Minnesota Starvation Experiment, in an effort to reduce the casualties caused by famine following the war.
VLCD is used for clinical purposes since at least the 1980s.
In 1978, 58 people died in the United States after following very-low-calorie liquid protein diets. Following this event, the FDA requires since 1984 that protein VLCDs providing fewer than 400 calories a day carry a warning that they can cause serious illness and need to be followed under medical supervision. However, newer regulations require this warning only on protein products that aim to provide more than half of a person's calories and are promoted for weight loss or as a food supplement. This enabled protein VLCD drinks such as Slim-Fast that provide fewer than 400 calories to avoid warnings by recommending that users "also eat one sensible meal each day".
In 1991, the Federal Trade Commission charged three liquid VLCD companies, Optifast, Medifast and Ultrafast, with deceptive advertising. The case was settled after the companies agreed to stop using what the FTC alleged to be deceptive claims about the long-term results and the safety of these diets.
See also
Dieting
Fasting and longevity
Ketogenic diet
Ketosis
List of diets
Management of obesity
Negative-calorie food
Protein-sparing modified fast, a type of very-low-calorie diet, aiming to spare proteins and thus preserve muscle tissues.
References
External links
Diet & VLCD - summary of studies
Obesity
Fad diets
Fasting | wiki |
The o-ring chain is a specialized type of roller chain used in the transmission of mechanical power from one sprocket to another.
Construction
The o-ring chain is named for the rubber o-rings built into the space between the outside link plate and the inside roller link plates. Chain manufacturers began to include this feature in 1971 after the application was invented by Joseph Montano while working for Whitney Chain of Hartford, Connecticut. O-rings were included as a way to improve lubrication to the links of power transmission chains, a service that is vitally important to extending their working life. These rubber fixtures form a barrier that holds factory applied lubricating grease inside the pin and bushing wear areas. Further, the rubber o-rings prevent dirt and other contaminants from entering the chain linkages, where such particles would otherwise cause significant wear.
Applications
O-ring chains are most notably used in motorcycles, one of the most demanding applications for a metal chain. High rpm and heavy loads require bulky chains, but such engineering increases the effect of friction compared to lighter chains. So lubrication plays a vital role here, but the high rpm also makes it very difficult to keep lubrication inside and on the chain. Additionally, motorcycle chains are exposed to a large volume of contaminants and particles and must be protected. O-rings, as described above, fit this application perfectly.
See also
X-ring chain
Roller chain
Motorcycle transmission
External links
The Complete Guide to Chain
Automatic chain oiler review
Chains
Motorcycle transmissions
Mechanical power transmission
Mechanical power control | wiki |
Yuko Ota may refer to
Yuko Ota (speed skater), Japanese Olympic speed skater
Yuko Ota, the illustrator of Johnny Wander | wiki |
This is a list of countries by oil consumption.
In 2020 total worldwide oil consumption is expected to drop by 9% year over year compared to 2019 due to the COVID-19 pandemic according to the International Energy Agency (IEA).
See also
Peak oil
References
Energy-related lists by country
Consumption
List of countries by oil consumption
Energy consumption | wiki |
"Wonderful! Wonderful!" is a 1956 popular music song by Sherman Edwards and Ben Raleigh.
Wonderful Wonderful may also refer to:
Wonderful! Wonderful! (album), a 2012 album by Joey DeFrancesco
Wonderful, Wonderful (Johnny Mathis album), 1957
Wonderful Wonderful (The Killers album), 2017
"Wonderful Wonderful" (The Killers song)
"Wonderful Wonderful" (Weeds), a 2009 episode | wiki |
Skum may refer to:
Music
Skum Rocks!, a 2013 film about a 1980s band named Skum
Skum, a 1970 orchestral composition by Hans Abrahamsen
SKuM, a 2009 album by Abrasive Wheels
"Skum", a song by Non Phixion, from their 2004 album The Green CD/DVD
Other uses
Skum (Dungeons & Dragons), a Dungeons & Dragons monster
Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, an Iranian medical school commonly abbreviated as SKUMS
Sigma Kappa Upsilon Mu, a social fraternity
See also
Scum (disambiguation) | wiki |
Teresa de Haro may refer to:
Teresa Díaz de Haro, daughter of Diego López II de Haro, lady of Biscay
Teresa Díaz II de Haro (born before 1254), daughter of Diego López III de Haro, wife of Juan Núñez I de Lara, mother of Juan Núñez II de Lara, amongst others. Lady of Biscay. | wiki |
Jennifer Turner may refer to:
Jennifer Turner (cricketer) (born 1969), New Zealand international cricketer
Jennifer Turner (musician), singer/songwriter musician and producer | wiki |
The former government of Nikita Khrushchev was dissolved following the Soviet election of 1962.
Ministries
Committees
References
General
Government of the Soviet Union > List
Specific
Soviet governments
1962 establishments in the Soviet Union
1964 disestablishments | wiki |
Star Wars Rebels is an American 3D CGI animated television series produced by Lucasfilm and Lucasfilm Animation. Beginning fourteen years after Revenge of the Sith and five years before A New Hope, Rebels takes place during an era when the Galactic Empire is securing its grip on the galaxy. Imperial forces are hunting down the last of the Jedi Knights while a fledgling rebellion against the Empire is taking form.
The series was previewed throughout August 2014 with a set of shorts introducing the main characters before the television film pilot episode premiered on Disney Channel on October 3, 2014. The regular series premiered on Disney XD on October 13, 2014. The second season started on June 20, 2015, and the third season premiered on September 24, 2016. The two-part season three finale aired on March 25, 2017. On March 31, it was announced that the show would return for a fourth season. On April 15, executive producer Dave Filoni announced that the fourth season would also be the final season. On September 2, 2017, a second trailer for season four was released during a panel at Fan Expo in Canada, and the date for the season's premiere was announced as October 16, 2017.
Season 4 premiered on October 16, 2017, with the two-part episode "Heroes of Mandalore", and continued to air until November 13, 2017. The series picked up on February 19, 2018, after a winter break and preparations for the release of the film Star Wars: The Last Jedi. Disney XD then proceeded to release two episodes a week, before airing the final two episodes on March 5, 2018. A total of 75 episodes were aired.
Series overview
Episodes
Shorts (2014)
Season 1 (2014–15)
Season 2 (2015–16)
Season 3 (2016–17)
Season 4 (2017–18)
References
Episodes
Rebels episodes
Lists of American children's animated television series episodes | wiki |
El Black Russian (literalmente, "Ruso negro") es un cóctel de vodka y licor de café, con una proporción de 2:1. Su nombre proviene de la asociación entre el color final negro (black) y el ingrediente principal, el vodka, de origen ruso (russian).
Actualmente acostumbra a servirse en un vaso de tubo aunque originalmente se servía en vaso corto. En ocasiones se puede añadir refresco de cola.
Se pueden obtener hasta una docena de variantes si se sustituye el licor de café o la cola por otras bebidas. Por ejemplo, si se sustituye el licor de café por brandy de cereza obtenemos un ruso rojo / red russian; si se sustituye por Menta , se obtiene un ruso verde / green russian. Si en lugar de cola se añade una crema se obtiene un ruso blanco / white russian.
Referencias
Cócteles con licor de café
Cócteles con vodka | wiki |
Star Trek: Vanguard is a series of Star Trek tie-in fiction novels set during the 2260s, or the time period concurrent with Star Trek: The Original Series. The series is written by Kevin Dilmore, David Mack, and Dayton Ward.
Distant Early Warning (2006), a Star Trek: Corps of Engineers novella by Dayton Ward and Kevin Dilmore, is a prequel to Vanguard, introducing the setting and several characters. Star Trek: Seekers (2014–15), also written by Dilmore, Mack, and Ward, is sequel series.
Setting
The books largely take place on board the Federation space station Starbase 47, also known as "Vanguard", which serves as a support facility for a colonization push by the United Federation of Planets into an interstellar expanse called the Taurus Reach. While the station does in fact help colonies across the area, its true mission (known only to a few people) is to study a mystery that began with the discovery of genetically engineered DNA millions of times more complex than any previously encountered, known as the Taurus Meta-Genome.
In its effort to understand the Meta-Genome, Starbase 47 has three vessels permanently assigned to it, the Constitution-class cruiser USS Endeavour, the tiny Archer-class scout USS Sagittarius, and the Daedalus-class Starfleet Corps of Engineers starship USS Lovell. Another starship, the USS Bombay, was destroyed during the events of Harbinger. In addition to the mission, those who know of Vanguard's true nature must also prevent others from becoming aware of the situation, especially the Klingon Empire and the Tholian Assembly, both of whom have interests in the region and are suspicious of the Federation's presence.
While the majority of the characters featured in the first novels are original to this series, the Vulcan lieutenant commander T'Prynn appeared in two other Star Trek novels—the Lost Era novel The Art of the Impossible by Keith DeCandido, and Deep Space Nine novels Lesser Evil, by Robert Simpson, and Unity, by S. D. Perry. In addition, petty officer Razka (from the third novel Reap the Whirlwind) first appears in the Next Generation novel A Time to Kill by David Mack, and Carol Marcus from The Wrath of Khan appears at the end of the same novel.
Novels
Declassified (2011) is an anthology of four novellas. In Tempest's Wake (2012) was published as an ebook exclusive.
Seekers (2014–15)
Star Trek: Seekers is a continuation of Vanguard.
Related novels
See also
List of Star Trek novels
References
External links
Book series introduced in 2005
Vanguard
Vanguard
Science fiction book series | wiki |
Sam-Samhitas, refers to Samhitas of Samaveda, which consists of mantras or hymns in the form of songs and are meant for liturgy.
References
Hindu texts | wiki |
Alan Dary is an American professional actor and voice over artist.
Career
Dary is best known for his work on the Showtime series Brotherhood in which he played Representative Janakowski for 3 seasons starting in 2006. A small role, Jankowski was partially responsible for the eventual shake up in the state house.
External links
Official website
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American male voice actors
American male television actors
Male actors from Michigan | wiki |
Ou Khatta () is a sweet and sour chutney or marmalade made of ou (elephant apple; Dillenia indica) in jaggery, in the Indian state of Odisha, mostly in post-monsoon season. Sometimes ou is added to dal or dalma. It is rich in vitamin C.
History
According to popular Odia legends ou plant was only found in Paradise. Goddess Parvati brought it to earth along with the betel vine.
Variants and methods
As it is a sour fruit, it is cooked with jaggery or sugar. People who don't like sugar also prepare it with tangy mustard and garlic paste based gravy, along with red chilli powder.
See also
Dillenia indica
Oriya cuisine
External links
Preparation of the sweet and sour oou khata
Odia cuisine
Oriya cuisine | wiki |
Fla-Vor-Ice is the trademark name for a type of freezie. Unlike traditional popsicles, which include a wooden stick, Fla-Vor-Ice is sold in and eaten out of a plastic tube. Also unlike traditional popsicles, it is often sold in liquid form and requires the consumer to freeze the product at home. A vendor, though, may sell them frozen.
Fla-Vor-Ice produces 1.5 billion treats per year.
Products
Fla-Vor-Ice is manufactured by the Jel Sert company and has, since its 1969 introduction, come to be the company's top seller. They come packaged in four varieties: Original, Light, Tropical, and Sport.
The Original variety includes six flavors - Lemon Lime (green), Grape (purple), Tropical Punch (pink), Orange (orange), Berry Punch (blue), and Strawberry (red).
The Tropical variety also includes six flavors, two of which are also included in the Original variety (Berry Punch and Tropical Punch), as well as four other flavors - Summer Punch (red), Citrus Punch (green), Pineapple (yellow), and Mango (orange).
The Light variety includes four of the original flavors (Lemon Lime, Grape, Berry Punch, and Strawberry), but they are sugar-free and low calorie. The Sport variety also has four flavors - Tropical (pink), Grape (purple), Orange (orange), and Blue Raspberry (blue).
The Sport pops are the newest to the Fla-Vor-Ice line and include electrolytes for rehydration purposes. All boxed varieties may be purchased in pop increments of 16 or 24, with the Tropical pops available in bulk cases of 100, and the Original pops also available in cases of 80, 100, 200 or 1,000 pops.
See also
Otter Pops
List of frozen dessert brands
References
External links
Official website
Brand name frozen desserts
Jel Sert brands
Products introduced in 1969 | wiki |
The Magnificent is a Greatest Hits of the singer–songwriter and producer, Keith Sweat. it was released in June 2009.
Track listing
CD 1
CD 2
2009 greatest hits albums
Keith Sweat compilation albums | wiki |
Trouble in Paradise is an Australian television documentary series on the Nine Network which first aired at on Thursday, 25 June 2009. The series is narrated by journalist Liam Bartlett and actress Brooke Satchwell, and chronicles the harrowing experiences of Australians travelling on their holidays.
Trouble in Paradise features six edited stories from a similar British series, My Holiday Hostage Hell (which is broadcast in Australia on the Crime & Investigation Network), and six originally-produced stories. Each episode consists of two stories, and six episodes have been produced.
The show was axed from the Nine Network's schedule after three of the six episodes had aired. It was eventually returned to the schedule of the Nine Network's digital multichannel, GEM, which broadcast the remaining three episodes commencing 16 March 2011.
Episodes
Notes
References
2000s Australian documentary television series
Nine Network original programming
2009 Australian television series debuts
2011 Australian television series endings
2010s Australian documentary television series | wiki |
The Idea is a result of thought. It may refer to:
The Idea (book), a 1920 wordless novel by Frans Masereel
The Idea (1932 film), an animated film by Berthold Bartosch based on the Masereel novel
"The Idea", a 1976 short story by Raymond Carver from Will You Please Be Quiet, Please?
"THE IDEA" a new institution, first introduced by Samuel F. King, that will eventually lead to World Peace.
"The Idea" a 2022 single by Blackbear
See also
Idea (disambiguation)
Ideas (disambiguation) | wiki |
Mon Ami may refer to:
Mon Ami, one of the names MV Fosdyke Trader, a 411 GRT Empire F type coaster, received
"Mon Ami", a 2019 song by Kurdish-German rapper Eno
"Mon Ami", a 2020 song by German rapper Samra
"Mon Ami", a 2021 song by Russian singer Tatyana Mezhentseva representing Russia in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2021
Monami, a Korean office supply company | wiki |
Water tunnel may refer to:
Water tunnel (physical infrastructure), a tunnel used to transport water, typically underground
Qanat water management system
Water tunnel (hydrodynamic), an experimental facility used for testing the hydrodynamic behavior of submerged bodies in flowing water, similar to a wind tunnel
See also
Water (disambiguation)
Tunnel (disambiguation) | wiki |
Fragaria nipponica is a species of wild strawberry native to the western side of the Japanese island of Honshū, with a variety Fragaria nipponica var. yakusimensis on Yakushima. Some botanists treat it as a synonym of Fragaria yezoensis.
All strawberries have a base haploid count of 7 chromosomes. Fragaria nipponica is diploid, having 2 pairs of these chromosomes for a total of 14 chromosomes.
Fragaria nipponica, particularly var. yakusimensis, is cultivated in Japan for its edible fruit.
References
External links
nipponica
Flora of Northeast Asia
Flora of Japan
Berries | wiki |
Talmon:
Talmon
Jacob Leib Talmon | wiki |
Vitreous may refer to:
Materials
Glass, an amorphous solid material
Vitreous enamel, a material made by fusing powdered glass to a substrate by firing
Vitreous lustre, a glassy luster or sheen on a mineral surface
Biology
Vitreous body, a clear gel that fills the space between the lens and the retina in vertebrate eyes
Vitreous membrane, a layer of collagen separating the vitreous body from the rest of the eye
See also
Vitrification, the transformation of a substance into a glass | wiki |
Hurdling may refer to:
Hurdle, a portable woven fence, usually made of willow
Hurdling, athletics
Hurdling (horse race) | wiki |
Stephen Wilcox, Jr. (February 12, 1830 – November 27, 1893) was an American inventor, best known as the co-inventor (with George Herman Babcock) of the water-tube boiler. They went on to found the Babcock & Wilcox Company. He was born in Westerly, Rhode Island. and died in November 1893 at age 63 in Rhode Island
References
Biography at National Inventors Hall of Fame
1830 births
1893 deaths
19th-century American inventors
People of the Industrial Revolution | wiki |
Amish friendship bread is a type of bread or cake made from a sourdough starter that is often shared in a manner similar to a chain letter. The starter is a substitute for baking yeast and can be used to make many kinds of yeast-based breads, shared with friends, or frozen for future use. The sweet, cake-like Amish cinnamon bread is a common bread that is made from this starter; it is a simple, stirred quick bread that includes a substantial amount of sugar and vegetable oil, with a mild cinnamon flavor. It has characteristics of both pound cake and coffee cake. The flavor of the finished product can be altered by cinnamon being omitted.
A common recipe using this starter suggests using one cup (240 ml) of it to make bread, keeping one cup to start a new cycle, and giving the remaining three cups to friends. The process of sharing the starter makes it somewhat like a chain letter. One cup of starter makes one standard loaf of bread.
History
There is no reason to think that the sweet, cinnamon-flavored bread has any connection to the Amish people, although the name is taken from them. According to Elizabeth Coblentz, a member of the Old Order Amish and the author of the syndicated column "The Amish Cook",
true Amish friendship bread is "just sourdough bread that is passed around to the sick and needy".
The recipe for Amish cinnamon bread may have first been posted to the Internet in 1990, but the recipe itself is several decades old. Although the origin of Amish friendship bread is up for debate, it is similar to a cake, called Herman friendship cake, which was developed in Europe. Anne Byrn, who researched hundreds of historical recipes for her book American Cake, remembers the friendship bread craze popping up in newspaper columns in the late 1980s, but thinks the recipe can be traced back much further.
Obtaining starter
Starter can easily be created from scratch with a package of regular baker's yeast and the ingredients that are used to maintain it. Also it is possible to create it in a baker's kitchen through natural wild yeasts. Typically, however, a friend shares a cup of the liquid yeast culture with people who would like to make this bread. The starter is typically maintained by adding sugar, flour and milk every few days, although any source of water and food for the yeast will work.
Controlling the starter cycle
A common cycle is based on the addition of one cup each of sugar, flour, and milk every five days, with bread baked and extra starter shared every tenth day. The ten-day cycle produces five cups of starter, which must be either used to bake bread, given away, or used to start a new cycle. A common suggestion is to bake one loaf of bread, give away three cups of starter, and to save the remaining one for the next cycle.
It is not necessary to wait the canonical ten days before using one cup of starter: a cup of starter can be used as a yeast substitute at any point. However, using starter on earlier days will result in a smaller quantity of starter at the end of the cycle. To avoid running out of starter, it is normal to feed the starter (add milk, sugar, and flour) before removing a cup for use, and most recipes assume that starter is always fed immediately before being removed. A five-day baking cycle feeds the starter every fifth day and uses the resulting mixture on that day to bake one or two loaves of bread (one cup per loaf). The remaining starter is reserved to begin the next five-day fermentation cycle.
Despite common instructions to the contrary, the starter can be frozen for later use, and the cycle begun anew after thawing. The cycle can also be slowed to about half the normal fermentation rate by refrigerating the starter instead of allowing it to ferment at room temperature. Refrigeration is usually recommended if a few days' delay is desired.
See also
Biga, a stiff, dry yeast starter in the Italian style
List of regional dishes of the United States
References
Yeast breads
Sweet breads
American breads
Sourdough breads | wiki |
In aviation, the lawn dart effect occurs when fighter aircraft pilots accelerate horizontally at more than 1 standard gravity. The effect occurs when such extreme stimulation to the vestibular system leads to the perception that the aircraft is climbing, prompting the pilot to lower the aircraft's pitch attitude, or drop the nose.
See also
Lawn darts
G force
References
Perception
Airspeed | wiki |
Les éditions de l'Ancien Testament qui suivent l'organisation de la Septante présentent quatre parties :
le Pentateuque,
les livres historiques,
les livres poétiques,
les livres prophétiques, eux-mêmes répartis en :
prophètes premiers ou grands prophètes,
petits prophètes.
Pour l'organisation de la Bible hébraïque, voir Tanakh.
Les livres poétiques (ou livres sapientaux) comprennent :
le livre de Job,
le livre des Psaumes,
le livre des Proverbes,
l'Ecclésiaste,
le Cantique des cantiques.
En outre, dans les éditions qui suivent le canon de la Septante :
le Siracide
le livre de la Sagesse
Notes et références
Livre de l'Ancien Testament
Liste en rapport avec la Bible | wiki |
Pete Campbell, personaggio della serie televisiva statunitense Mad Men
Pete Campbell (n. 1984), cestista statunitense | wiki |
Demand is the desire to own something and the ability to pay for it.
Demand may also refer to:
Economics
Demand schedule, a table that lists the quantity of a good a person will buy it each different price
Demand curve, a graphical representation of a demand schedule
Demand pull theory, the theory that inflation occurs when demand for goods and services exceeds existing supplies
Demand-side economics, the school of economics that believes government spending and tax cuts strengthen the economy by raising demand
Demand deposit, the money in checking accounts
Other uses
Demand Media, an online media company
Demand (electrical engineering) the amount of electrical power being withdrawn from an electrical grid
See also | wiki |
Scent hounds (or scenthounds) are a type of hound that primarily hunts by scent rather than sight. These breeds are hunting dogs and are generally regarded as having some of the most sensitive noses among dogs. Scent hounds specialize in following scent or smells. Most of them tend to have long, drooping ears and large nasal cavities to enhance smell sensitivity. They need to have relatively high endurance to be able to keep track of scent over long distances and rough terrain. It is believed that they were originally bred by the Celts.
Description
Hounds are hunting dogs that either hunt by following the scent of a game animal (scent hounds) or by following the animal by sight (sighthounds). There are many breeds in the scent hound type, and scent hounds may do other work as well, so exactly which breeds should be called scent hound can be controversial. Kennel clubs assign breeds of dogs to Groups, which are loosely based on breed types. Each kennel club determines which breeds it will place in a given group.
Scent hounds specialize in following a smell or scent. Most of these breeds have long, drooping ears. One theory says that this trait helps to collect scent from the air and keep it near the dog's face and nose. They also have large nasal cavities, which helps them scent better. Their typically loose, moist lips are said to assist in trapping scent particles.
Because scent hounds tend to walk or run with their noses to the ground, many scent hound breeds have been developed such that the dog will hold their tail upright when on a scent. In addition, some breeds (e.g. beagle) also have been bred to have white hair on the tip of their tails. These traits allow the dog's master to identify him when at a distance or in longer grassland.
Scent hounds do not need to be as fast as sighthounds, because they do not need to keep prey in sight, but they need endurance so that they can stick with a scent and follow it for long distances over rough terrain. The best scent hounds can follow a scent trail even across running water and even when it is several days old. Most scent hounds are used for hunting in packs of multiple dogs. Longer-legged hounds run more quickly and usually require that the hunters follow on horseback; shorter-legged hounds allow hunters to follow on foot. Hunting with some breeds, such as German Bracke, American Foxhounds, or coonhounds, involves allowing the pack of dogs to run freely while the hunters wait in a fixed spot until the dogs' baying announces that the game has been "treed". The hunters then go to the spot on foot, following the sound of the dogs' baying.
Vocalization
Most scent hounds have a range of vocalizations, which can vary depending upon the situation the dog finds himself in. Their baying voice - most often used when excited and is useful in informing their master that they are following a scent trail - is deep and booming and can be distinct from their barking voice; which itself can have variations in tone from excited to nervous or fearful.
As they are bred to 'give voice' when excited, scent hounds may bark much more frequently than other dog breeds. Although this can be a nuisance in settled areas, it is a valuable trait that allows the dog's handler to follow the dog or pack of dogs during a hunt even when they are out of sight, such as when following a fox or raccoon through woodland
Classification
The Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) places scent hounds into their classification "Group 6". This includes a subdivision, "Section 2, Leash Hounds", some examples of which are the Bavarian Mountain Hound (Bayrischer Gebirgsschweisshund, no. 217), the Hanover Hound (Hannover'scher Schweisshund, no. 213), and the Alpine Dachsbracke (Alpenländische Dachsbracke, no. 254). In addition, the Dalmatian and the Rhodesian Ridgeback are placed in Group 6 as "Related breeds".
Genetic history
Genetic studies indicate that the scent hounds are more closely related to each other than they are with other branches on the dog family tree.
Breeds
The scent hound type includes the following breeds:
Alpine Dachsbracke
American Leopard Hound
Anglo-French hounds (French hounds crossed with English Foxhounds)
Anglo-Français de Petite Vénerie
Grand Anglo-Français Blanc et Noir
Grand Anglo-Français Blanc et Orange
Grand Anglo-Français Tricolore
Ariegeois
Artois Hound
Austrian Black and Tan Hound
Basset Artésien Normand
Basset Bleu de Gascogne
Basset Fauve de Bretagne
Basset Hound
Bavarian Mountain Hound
Beagle
Beagle-Harrier
Billy
Black Mouth Cur
Bloodhound
Blue Lacy
Bosnian Broken-haired Hound
Briquet Griffon Vendéen
Catahoula Leopard Dog
Coonhounds
Black and Tan Coonhound
Bluetick Coonhound
English Coonhound (a.k.a. American English Coonhound and Redtick Coonhound)
Redbone Coonhound
Treeing Walker Coonhound
Cretan Hound
Dachshund
Deutsche Bracke
Drever (Swedish Dachsbracke)
Dunker (Norwegian Hound)
Estonian Hound
Finnish Hound
Foxhounds
American Foxhound
English Foxhound
Dumfriesshire Black and Tan Foxhound (extinct)
Welsh Foxhound
French hounds
Chien Français Blanc et Noir
Chien Français Blanc et Orange
Chien Français Tricolore
Grand Basset Griffon Vendéen
Grand Bleu de Gascogne
Grand Gascon Saintongeois
Grand Griffon Vendéen
Greek Harehound
Griffon Bleu de Gascogne
Griffon Fauve de Bretagne
Hamiltonstövare
Hanover Hound
Harrier
Istrian Coarse-haired Hound
Istrian Shorthaired Hound
Kerry Beagle
Limer (obsolete term)
Montenegrin Mountain Hound
Mountain Cur
North Country Beagle (Northern Hound) (extinct)
Otterhound
Petit Basset Griffon Vendéen
Petit Bleu de Gascogne
Petit Gascon Saintongeois
Plott Hound
Polish Hound (pl. Ogar Polski)
Polish Hunting Dog (pl. Gończy Polski)
Porcelaine
Posavac Hound
Rache (obsolete term)
Sabueso Español (Spanish Scenthound)
Sabueso fino Colombiano
St. Hubert Jura Hound
Schillerstövare
Segugio dell'Appennino
Segugio Italiano a pelo forte
Segugio Italiano a pelo raso
Segugio Maremmano
Serbian Hound
Serbian Tricolour Hound
Schweizer Laufhund
Schweizerischer Niederlaufhund
Slovenský Kopov (Slovakian Hound)
Smalandstövare
Southern Hound (extinct)
Stephens Cur
Styrian Coarse-haired Hound
Talbot Hound (extinct)
Transylvanian Hound
Treeing Cur
Treeing Tennessee Brindle
Trigg Hound
Tyrolean Hound
Westphalian Dachsbracke
United Kennel Club (US) Scenthound Group
The Scenthound Group is the group category used by the United Kennel Club (US), which it divides into two categories. The first includes the American hunting dogs known as coonhounds and the European hounds from which they were developed. These are referred to as Tree Hounds. The category also includes curs, American dogs bred for hunting a variety of game, such as squirrels, raccoons, opossums, bobcats, cougars, American black bears and feral pigs. The second category is referred to as Trailing Scenthounds, and includes dogs used for tracking of humans, reputedly descended from the St. Hubert Hounds (the ancestor of today's Bloodhound) kept by monks in Belgium.
See also
Dog type
Hound
Hunting dog
Sighthound
References
Hunting
Hunting with hounds
Dog shows and showing | wiki |
A light chain is the small polypeptide subunit of a protein complex.
More specifically, it can refer to:
Immunoglobulin light chain
Ferritin light chain
Myosin light chain
Kinesin light chain
Dynein light chain
Light chain may also refer to:
Mail (armour) | wiki |
Rachel Maclean peut désigner :
Rachel Maclean (née en 1965), femme politique conservatrice britannique ;
(née en 1987), artiste de multimédia écossaise. | wiki |
Cryogenic engineering is a sub stream of mechanical engineering dealing with cryogenics, and related very low temperature processes such as air liquefaction, cryogenic engines (for rocket propulsion), cryosurgery. Generally, temperatures below cold come under the purview of cryogenic engineering.
Cryogenics may be considered as the recent advancement in the field of refrigeration. Though there is no fixed demarcation as to where refrigeration ends and cryogenics begins even then for general reference temperature below –150c(120k) are considered as cryogenic temperature. The four gases which mainly contribute for cryogenic application and research are (O2-B.P.90K), (N2-B.P.77K), (Helium-B.P.4.2k) & (H2-B.P.20K).
The word "cryogenic" is derived from Greek κρύο (cryo) – "cold" + γονική (genic) – "having to do with production".
Cryogenics
Mechanical engineering | wiki |
Capture the flag is a traditional outdoor game often played by children where two teams each have a flag and the objective is to capture the other team's flag. It is also a very common game type found in many video games that feature multiplayer mode.
Capture the flag may also refer to:
"Capture the Flag", a song by the German thrash metal band Sodom from their 1990 album Better Off Dead
"Capture the Flag", a song by Broken Social Scene from their 2002 album You Forgot It in People
Capture the Flag (film), a 2015 Spanish 3D computer-animated adventure comedy family film directed by Enrique Gato
Capture the Flag (video game)
"Capture the Flag", a 1997 tabletop role-playing game scenario published in Book of Lost Dreams
Capture the flag (cybersecurity), a cybersecurity exercise based on the traditional game | wiki |
Whale Rider is a 2002 New Zealand drama film written and directed by Niki Caro. Based on the 1987 novel The Whale Rider by Witi Ihimaera, the film stars Keisha Castle-Hughes as Kahu Paikea Apirana, a twelve-year-old Māori girl whose ambition is to become the chief of the tribe. Her koro Apirana believes that this is a role reserved for males only.
The film was a coproduction between New Zealand and Germany. It was shot on location in Whangara, the setting of the novel. The world premiere was on 9 September 2002, at the Toronto International Film Festival. The film received critical acclaim upon its release. At age 13, Keisha Castle-Hughes became the youngest nominee for the Academy Award for Best Actress before she was surpassed by Quvenzhané Wallis, at age 9, for Beasts of the Southern Wild, in 2012, less than a decade later. The film earned $41.4 million on a NZ$9,235,000 budget. In 2005, the film was named on the BFI List of the 50 Films You Should See By the Age of 14.
Plot
The film's plot follows the story of Paikea Apirana ("Pai"). The village leader should be the first-born son, a direct patrilineal descendant of Paikea, the Whale Rider, he who rode on top of a whale (Tohora) from Hawaiki. Pai is originally born a twin, but her twin brother and her mother died during childbirth. Pai is female and so technically cannot inherit the leadership. While her grandfather, Koro, later forms an affectionate bond with his granddaughter, carrying her to school every day on his bicycle, he also condemns her and blames her for conflicts within the tribe.
After the death of his wife and despite overwhelming pressure from Koro, Pai's father refuses to assume traditional leadership or finish the waka that he had started building for the baby son; instead, he moves to Germany to pursue a career as an artist. At one point, Paikea decides to live with her father because her grandfather says he doesn't want her. However, as they are driving away, she finds that she cannot bear to leave the sea as the whale seems to be calling her back. Pai tells her father to return her home.
Koro leads a cultural school for the village's first-born boys, hoping to find a new leader. He teaches the boys to use a taiaha (fighting stick), which is traditionally reserved for males. Pai is interested in the lessons, but is discouraged and scolded by Koro for doing so. Pai feels that she can become the leader (although no woman has ever done so) and is determined to succeed. Her grandmother, Nanny, tells Pai that her second son, Pai's uncle, had won a taiaha tournament in his youth while he was still slim and so Pai secretly learns from him. She also secretly follows Koro's lessons. One of the students, Hemi, is also sympathetic towards her.
Koro is enraged when he finds out, particularly when she wins a taiaha fight against Hemi. Koro is devastated when none of the boys succeeds at the traditional task of recovering the rei puta (whale tooth) that he threw into the ocean, the mission that would prove one of them worthy of becoming leader. With the loss of the rei puta, Koro in despair calls out the ancient ones, the whales. In an attempt to help, Pai also calls out to them and they hear her call.
One day Pai, her uncle, her uncle's girlfriend Shilo, and others take the boat to where Koro flung the rei puta into the sea. Pai confidently declares she'll find it and dives into the water. She finds the rei puta, which means that she is the rightful leader. Nanny does not think Koro is ready to accept this and does not tell him. Pai, in an attempt to bridge the rift that has formed, invites Koro to be her guest of honour at a concert of Māori chants that her school is putting on. Unknown to all, she had won an interschool speech contest with a touching dedication to Koro and the traditions of the village. However, Koro was late, and as he was walking to the school, he notices that numerous southern right whales are beached near Pai's home.
The entire village attempts to coax and drag them back into the water, but all efforts prove unsuccessful, and even a tractor does not help. Koro sees that as a sign of his failure and despairs further. He admonishes Pai against touching the largest whale because she has "done enough" damage with her presumption.
When Koro walks away, Pai climbs onto the back of the largest whale (traditionally said to belong to the legendary Paikea) on the beach and coaxes it to re-enter the ocean. The whale leads the entire pod back into the sea; Pai submerges completely underwater before being thrown off the whale's back. Fearing Pai is lost, Nanny reveals to Koro that his granddaughter found the rei puta, and Koro realizes the error of his ways. When Pai is found and brought to the hospital, Koro declares her the leader and asks for her forgiveness.
The film ends with Pai's father, grandparents, and uncle coming together to celebrate her status as the new leader, as the finished waka is hauled into the sea for its maiden voyage. In voiceover, Pai declares, "My name is Paikea Apirana, and I come from a long line of chiefs stretching all the way back to the Whale Rider. I'm not a prophet, but I know that our people will keep going forward, all together, with all of our strength."
Cast
Keisha Castle-Hughes as Paikea Apirana
Rawiri Paratene as Koro
Vicky Haughton as Nanny Flowers
Cliff Curtis as Porourangi
Grant Roa as Uncle Rawiri
Mana Taumaunu as Hemi
Rachel House as Shilo
Taungaroa Emile as Willie
Tammy Davis as Dog
Mabel Wharekawa as Maka (as Mabel Wharekawa-Burt)
Rawinia Clarke as Miro
Tahei Simpson as Miss Parata
Roi Taimana as Hemi's Dad (as Roimata Taimana)
Elizabeth Skeen as Rehua
Tyronne White as Jake (as Tyrone White)
Taupua Whakataka-Brightwell as Ropata
Tenia McClutchie-Mita as Wiremu
Peter Patuwai as Bubba
Rutene Spooner as Parekura
Riccardo Davis as Maui
Apiata Whangaparita-Apanui as Henare
John Sumner as Obstetrician
Sam Woods as Young Rawiri
Pura Tangira as Ace
Jane O'Kane as Anne
Aumuri Parata-Haua as Baby Paikea
Production
The film had budget of NZ$9,235,000. It received $2.5 million from the New Zealand Film Production Fund. Additional financing came from ApolloMedia, Filmstiftung NRW, the New Zealand Film Commission and NZ On Air. Casting director Diana Rowan visited numerous schools to find an actress to play Pai. 10,000 children were auditioned before narrowing it down to 12. Castle-Hughes impressed Caro in the resulting workshop and was cast as Pai. The film was shot in Whangara, Te Tai Rāwhiti, and in Auckland. Producer John Barnett said "This novel was set in Whangara and it would almost have been heresy to shoot anywhere else. There are very physical things that are described in the book – the sweep of the bay, the island that looks like a whale, the meeting houses, the number of houses that are present and of course, the people whose legend we were telling.... If we'd gone somewhere else and tried to manufacture the surroundings and the ambience, then I think it would have been noticeable in the picture." The whale beaching was depicted using full-scale models created by Auckland-based Glasshammer Visual Effects. The -long waka seen at the end of the film was made in two-halves in Auckland before being transported to Whangara. The waka was given to the Whangara community after filming concluded.
Release
Premiere
Whale Rider premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in 2002.
Theatrical release
Whale Rider was theatrically released in 2003 in New Zealand and Germany.
Home media
Whale Rider was released on DVD and VHS on 28 October 2004 by Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment.
Shout! Factory released a 15th anniversary Blu-ray of Whale Rider on their Shout! Select imprint on 22 August 2017.
Reception
Critical response
The film received critical acclaim and Castle-Hughes's performance won rave reviews. Based on 155 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an overall approval rating from critics of 91%, with an average score of 7.77 as of October 2020. The website's critical consensus states, "An empowering and uplifting movie, with a wonderful performance by Castle-Hughes". By comparison, Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 top reviews from mainstream critics, calculated an average score of 79, based on 31 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Margaret Pomeranz and David Stratton of The Movie Show both gave the film four out of five stars. Pomeranz said "Niki Caro has directed this uplifting story with great sensitivity, eliciting affecting performances from a sterling cast, and a wonderful one from newcomer Keisha Castle-Hughes." Roger Ebert gave the film four out of four stars and said, "The genius of the movie is the way it sidesteps all of the obvious cliches of the underlying story and makes itself fresh, observant, tough and genuinely moving." He said of Castle-Hughes: "This is a movie star." Ebert later went on to name it as one of the ten best films of 2003. The Los Angeles Timess Kenneth Turan praised Caro for her "willingness to let this story tell itself in its own time and the ability to create emotion that is intense without being cloying or dishonest." Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film three-and-a-half out of four stars and praised Castle-Hughes' acting, saying "so effectively does she convey her pained confusion through subtle vocal cues, tentative stance and expressive dark eyes."
The film has also been discussed and praised widely within academia. Anthropologist A. Asbjørn Jøn discussed a range of Maori tribal traditions that resonate within the film, while noting links between the release of Whale Rider and increases in both New Zealand's whale watching tourism industry and conservation efforts.
Box office
Whale Rider grossed US$41 million worldwide.
Awards
The film won a number of international film-festival awards, including:
the Toronto International Film Festival's AGF Peoples Choice award in September 2002
the World Cinema Audience award at the January 2003 Sundance Film Festival in the United States
the Canal Plus Award at the January 2003 Rotterdam Film Festival.
At the age of 13, Keisha Castle-Hughes was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance, becoming the youngest actress ever nominated for the award at that time (breaking Isabelle Adjani's record at the age of 20). She held the record until 2012 when Quvenzhané Wallis (at the age of 9) was nominated for that category for the film Beasts of the Southern Wild.
Academy Awards:
Best Actress (Keisha Castle-Hughes, lost to Charlize Theron for Monster)
Chicago Film Critics Association:
Best Actress (Keisha Castle-Hughes, lost to Charlize Theron for Monster)
Most Promising Filmmaker (Niki Caro, lost to Shari Springer Berman and Robert Pulcini for American Splendor)
Most Promising Performer (Keisha Castle-Hughes, winner)
Image Awards:
Best Actress (Keisha Castle-Hughes, lost to Queen Latifah for Bringing Down the House)
Best Film (lost to The Fighting Temptations)
Independent Spirit Awards:
Best Foreign Film (winner)
New Zealand Film Awards:
Best Film
Best Director (Niki Caro)
Best Actress (Keisha Castle-Hughes)
Best Supporting Actor (Cliff Curtis)
Best Supporting Actress (Vicky Haughton)
Best Juvenile Performer (Mana Taumanu)
Best Screenplay (Niki Caro)
Best Original Score (Lisa Gerrard)
Best Costume Design (Kirsty Cameron)
Satellite Awards
Best Art Direction (lost to The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King)
Best Director (Niki Caro, lost to Jim Sheridan for In America)
Best Film – Drama (lost to In America)
Best Screenplay – Adapted (Niki Caro, lost to Brian Helgeland for Mystic River)
Screen Actors Guild:
Best Supporting Actress (Keisha Castle-Hughes, lost to Renée Zellweger for Cold Mountain)
Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association:
Best Actress (Keisha Castle-Hughes, lost to Naomi Watts for 21 Grams)
Documentaries
New Zealand filmmaker Jonathan Brough made the documentary film Riding the Wave: The Whale Rider Story, as well as short documentary clips about Whale Rider, to accompany the DVD.
Soundtrack
The film contains music by Lisa Gerrard, released on the album Whalerider on 7 July 2003.
Other songs heard in the film include:
Bar One (International Observer) Loaded Sounds – International Observer
Kaikoura Dub – Pitch Black
U Want Beef – Deceptikonz
Voice / Percussion Loop – Hirini Melbourne and Richard Nunns from Te Ku Te Whe
Jast Passing Through – Nick Theobald
References
External links
2000s New Zealand films
2002 films
APRA Award winners
English-language German films
German coming-of-age drama films
German independent films
German teen drama films
Films with underwater settings
Films about whales
Films based on New Zealand novels
Films directed by Niki Caro
Films set in New Zealand
Films shot in New Zealand
New Zealand independent films
Independent Spirit Award for Best Foreign Film winners
Toronto International Film Festival People's Choice Award winners
Māori-language films
Sundance Film Festival award winners
2002 independent films
New Zealand coming-of-age drama films
2000s teen drama films
2002 drama films
Films about Māori people
2000s feminist films
Films produced by Tim Sanders (filmmaker)
2000s German films | wiki |
This is a list of the main career statistics of former professional tennis player Helena Suková.
Major finals
Grand Slam finals
Singles: 4 (4 runners-up)
Doubles: 14 (9 titles, 5 runners-up)
Mixed doubles: 8 (5 titles, 3 runners-up)
Olympics
Women's doubles: 2 medals (2 silver medals)
Year-end championships finals
Singles: 1 (1 runner–up)
Doubles: 5 (1 title, 4 runners-up)
WTA Tour finals
Singles: 31 (10–21)
Doubles 128 (69–59)
Grand Slam performance timeline
Singles
Doubles
Mixed doubles
Suková, Helena | wiki |
The Official Marvel Index is a series of comic books released by Marvel Comics which featured synopses of several Marvel series. The books were largely compiled by George Olshevsky (who was for fourteen years the sole owner of a complete collection of Marvel superhero comics dating from Marvel Comics #1, published in 1939), and featured detailed information on each issue in a particular series, including writer and artist credits, characters who appeared in the issue, and a story synopsis. A similar series of indices was published for DC Comics.
Publication history
The Official Marvel Index was preceded by the Marvel Comics Index (also compiled by Olshevsky) and distributed by Pacific Comics Distributors sporadically from 1976 to 1982. These books were magazine-sized as opposed to comic-sized.
The first Official Marvel Index titles were published in 1985, and produced regularly through August 1988. A second series of two titles was published in 1994–1995.
In 2008, Marvel announced that a new Marvel Index series would commence publication in 2009. Titled Official Index to the Marvel Universe, the first issue was published in January 2009, with a monthly release schedule. The new series focuses primarily on Marvel's most prominent characters. The first volume ran 14 issues and focused on Spider-Man, Iron Man and the X-Men. The second volume began in May 2010 and focused on the Avengers, Captain America (including Golden Age issues) and Thor (including Journey into Mystery, where Thor premiered). A third started in August 2011, focusing on Wolverine, The Punisher, and Ghost Rider. Each featured title is later collected separately into a digest-sized trade paperback with additional issues not featured in the monthly book.
Bibliography of Marvel Index series
The Marvel Comics Index
Published by Pacific Comics Distributors 1976 - 1982
The Official Marvel Index Vol. I
Published by Marvel Comics 1985 - 1988
The Official Marvel Index Vol. II
Published by Marvel Comics 1994 - 1995
Official Index to the Marvel Universe
Published by Marvel Comics 2009 - 2012
{| class="wikitable"
|+Official Index to the Marvel Universe: The Avengers, Thor and Captain America #1 - 15
|-
!#!!Synopses!!Month of publ.!!Pages!!Orig. price
|- align="center"
|1||align="left"|The Avengers: The Avengers #1-39Captain America: Captain America Comics (1941) #1-5, Captain America #100-128Thor: Journey into Mystery #83-109||align="right"|May 2010||64||$3.99
|- align="center"
|2||align="left"|The Avengers: The Avengers #40-79, Avengers Annual #1 and 2Captain America: Captain America Comics #6-9, Captain America #129-158, Captain America Annual #1 and 2Thor: Journey into Mystery #110-125, Journey into Mystery Annual #1, The Mighty Thor #126-144, The Mighty Thor Annual #2||align="right"|June 2010||64||$3.99
|- align="center"
|3||align="left"|The Avengers: The Avengers #80-116, Avengers Annual #3-5Captain America: Captain America Comics #10-13, Captain America #159-186, Giant-Size Captain America #1Thor: The Mighty Thor #145-191, Tales of Asgard #1, The Mighty Thor Annual #3||align="right"|July 2010||64||$3.99
|- align="center"
|4||align="left"|The Avengers: The Avengers #117-146, Giant-Size Avengers #1-5Captain America: Captain America Comics #14-17, Captain America #187-216, Captain America Annual #3 and 4, Captain America's Bicentennial BattlesThor: The Mighty Thor #192-237||align="right"|August 2010||64||$3.99
|- align="center"
|5||align="left"|The Avengers: The Avengers #147-181, Avengers Annual #6-8Captain America: Captain America Comics #18-21, Captain America #217-247Thor: The Mighty Thor #238-277, Giant-Size Thor #1, The Mighty Thor Annual #5-7||align="right"|September 2010||64||$3.99
|- align="center"
|6||align="left"|The Avengers: The Avengers #182-218, Avengers Annual #9 and 10Captain America: Captain America Comics #22-26, Captain America #248-273, Captain America Annual #5Thor: The Mighty Thor #278-313, The Mighty Thor Annual #8 and 9||align="right"|October 2010||64||$3.99
|- align="center"
|7||align="left"|The Avengers: The Avengers #219-253, Avengers Annual #11-13Captain America: Captain America Comics #27 and 28, Captain America #274-303, Captain America Annual #6 and 7, Captain America Special Edition #1 and 2Thor: The Mighty Thor #314-357, The Mighty Thor Annual #10-13, Marvel Graphic Novel #33, Tales of Asgard (1984) #1||align="right"|November 2010||64||$3.99
|- align="center"
|8||align="left"|The Avengers: The Avengers #254-288, Avengers Annual #14-16Captain America: Captain America Comics #29 and 30, Captain America #304-337, Captain America Annual #8Thor: The Mighty Thor #358-409, The Mighty Thor Annual #14||align="right"|December 2010||64||$3.99
|- align="center"
|9||align="left"|The Avengers: The Avengers #289-321, Avengers Annual #17 and 18, Avengers Death Trap: The VaultCaptain America: Captain America Comics #31 and 32, Captain America #338-366Thor: The Mighty Thor #410-448, The Mighty Thor Annual #15-17||align="right"|January 2011||64||$3.99
|- align="center"
|10||align="left"|The Avengers: The Avengers #322-347, Avengers Annual #19 and 20Captain America: Captain America Comics #33 and 34, Captain America #367-386, Captain America Annual #9Thor: The Mighty Thor #449-502, The Mighty Thor Annual #18 and 19, Thor: The Legend #1, Journey into Mystery #503-510||align="right"|February 2011||64||$3.99
|- align="center"
|11||align="left"|The Avengers: The Avengers #348-366, Avengers Annual #21Captain America: Captain America Comics #35-36, Captain America #387-414, Captain America Annual #10-11Thor: Journey into Mystery #511-521 and -1, The Mighty Thor (1998) #1-49, The Mighty Thor Annual '99, 2000' and 2001||align="right"|March 2011||64||$3.99
|- align="center"
|12||align="left"|The Avengers: The Avengers #367-395, Avengers Annual #22 and 23, Avengers: The Crossing, Avengers: TimeslideCaptain America: Captain America Comics #37-38, Captain America #415-454, Captain America Annual #12-13, Captain America: The Legend #1, Captain America (1996) #1Thor: The Mighty Thor (1998) #50-85, Thor (2007) #1-12, Thor: Truth of History #1, Thor God-Size Special #1, Thor #600||align="right"|April 2011||64||$3.99
|- align="center"
|13||align="left"|The Avengers: The Avengers #396-402, The Avengers (1996) #1-13, The Avengers (1998) #1-10, Avengers-Squadron Supreme Annual 1998Captain America: Captain America Comics #39-41, Captain America (1996) #2-13, Captain America (1998) #1-50, Captain America-Citizen V Annual 1998, Captain America Annual 1999-2001, Captain America (2002) #1-27||align="right"|May 2011||64||$3.99
|- align="center"
|14||align="left"|The Avengers: The Avengers (1998) #11-36, Avengers Annual 1999-2000, The Avengers #0 (Wizard magazine supplement)Captain America: Captain America Comics #42-48, Captain America (2002) #28-32, Captain America (2005) #1-50, Captain America 65th Anniversary Special, Fallen Son: The Death of Captain America #1-5, Captain America #600-601, Captain America: Reborn #1-6, Captain America: Who Will Wield the Shield?||align="right"|June 2011||64||$3.99
|- align="center"
|15||align="left"|The Avengers: The Avengers (1998) #37-84, Avengers Annual 2001, The Avengers #500-503, Avengers Finale #1, New Avengers #1-64, New Avengers Annual #1-3, New Avengers Finale||align="right"|July 2011||64||$3.99
|}
See also
Official DC Index
Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe Official Handbook of the Conan Universe''
References
Marvel Comics titles
Pacific Comics titles
Magazines about comics
Bibliographic databases and indexes
Catalogues | wiki |
Green Zone may refer to:
Green Zone, Baghdad, Iraq; a fortified high-security district in central Baghdad
Various other areas with heightened security, in reference to the famous Baghdad area
Green Zone, a musical trio founded in 2004 by Kato Hideki
Green Zone (film), a 2010 war film by director Paul Greengrass starring Matt Damon about Baghdad in the U.S.-Iraq War
The Green Zone: The Environmental Costs of US Militarism, a 2009 book by Barry Sanders (professor)
Green Zone, a sports radio show originally called The Drew Remenda Sports Show with Drew Remenda
Green Zone, a change in coloration on third and fourth downs on NBC Sunday Night Football starting in 2018
Green Zone, a site security methodology employed by Network Rail's controller of site safety
See also
Safe zone
Green (disambiguation)
Zone (disambiguation) | wiki |
Ararat Brandy Factory may refer to:
Yerevan Ararat Brandy Factory, Armenian cognac producer in Yerevan since 1877.
Yerevan Brandy Company, Armenian cognac producer in Yerevan since 1887. | wiki |
Maria Kondratieva (17 de janeiro de 1982, Moscovo, Rússia) é uma ex-tenista profissional russa.
Naturais de Moscou
Tenistas da Rússia | wiki |
Lonely Lullaby est un single d'Adam Young sous le projet musical d'Owl City.
Single musical sorti en 2011
Chanson interprétée par Owl City | wiki |
Tamper may refer to:
Tamper, to use a tamp, a tool for material compaction
Tamper, a pipe tool component
Tamper (nuclear weapons), a layer of dense material surrounding the fissile material
Tamper, to interfere with, falsify, or sabotage
Ballast tamper, a machine that tamps railroad track ballast
See also
Tampere
Tampering (disambiguation) | wiki |
A positive covenant is a kind of agreement relating to land, where the covenant requires positive expenditure by the person bound, in order to fulfil its terms.
See also
English land law
Equitable servitude
Easement
Restrictive covenant
Halsall v Brizell, 1957
Notes and sources
Property law | wiki |
Nebraska is a ghost town in Scott County, in the U.S. state of Arkansas.
History
Nebraska was founded in 1854. The community was named after the Nebraska Territory.
A post office called Nebraska was established in 1854, and remained in operation until 1907. With the rise of nearby rival towns Harvey and Nola, business activity shifted away from Nebraska, and its population dwindled.
References
Geography of Scott County, Arkansas | wiki |
Condemned or The Condemned may refer to:
Legal
Persons awaiting execution
A condemned property, or condemned building, by a local authority, usually for public health or safety reasons
A condemned property seized by power of eminent domain
Media
Film
Condemned (1923 film), an American silent comedy starring Mildred Davis
Condemned (1929 film), an American melodrama starring Ronald Colman
Condemned (1953 film), a Spanish melodrama
The Condemned (1975 film), a 1975 Austrian-West German drama
Condemned (1984 film), a Filipino film noir
The Condemned, a 2007 American action film
The Condemned 2, a 2015 action film, sequel to the 2007 film
Condemned (2015 film), an American horror film
Music
A song from Penetrations from the Lost World (reissue), by Dimension Zero
A song from A Sense of Purpose by In Flames
A song from The Powerless Rise by As I Lay Dying
Other media
"Condemned" (Stargate Atlantis), an episode of the television series Stargate Atlantis
The Condemned (audio drama), based on the Doctor Who television series
Condemned: Criminal Origins, a 2005 psychological horror video game
Condemned 2: Bloodshot, the sequel to the video game
See also
Condemnation (disambiguation) | wiki |
O0 may refer to:
N47D20-O0, model of the BMW 5 Series
N53B30-O0, model of the BMW N53 with improved maximum power to 268ㅡ
See also
kaomoji
OO (disambiguation)
00 (disambiguation)
0O (disambiguation)
Ozero | wiki |
Derek Wilkinson is the name of:
Derek Wilkinson (footballer)
Derek Wilkinson (ice hockey) | wiki |
Sangak (, , ) or nân-e sangak () is a plain, rectangular, or triangular Iranian whole wheat leavened flatbread.
History
In Persian 'sangak' means little stone. The bread is baked on a bed of small river stones in an oven. There are usually two varieties of this bread offered at Iranian bakeries: the generic one which has no toppings; and the more expensive variety which is topped with poppy seeds and/or sesame seeds.
Sangak bread was traditionally the bread of the Persian army. It is mentioned for the first time in the 11th century. Each soldier carried a small quantity of pebbles which at camp were brought together to create the "sangak oven" that would bake the bread for the entire army. It was eaten with lamb kabab.
The bread has always been widely eaten in the territory of present-day Azerbaijan, but following the Soviet takeover in 1920, it became less common. The Soviets opted for mass production of bread, an option which was not amiable to the traditional, hand-formed sangak. In neighbouring Iran however, sangak never lost its popularity.
نگارخانه
See also
Barbari bread, Iranian leavened white bread
Lavash, a common Armenian unleavened bread
Taftan, an Iranian bread
Sheermal, is a saffron-flavored traditional flatbread iranian cuisine
References
External links
Flatbreads
Iranian breads
Azerbaijani breads | wiki |
Picea excelsa — синоним названий хвойных деревьев:
;
.
Примечания | wiki |
Evil Woman pode ser:
Evil Woman (canção de Crow) - canção do grupo de rock Crow;
Evil Woman (canção de Electric Light Orchestra) - canção do grupo Electric Light Orchestra;
Evil Woman (filme) - um filme estrelado por Jason Biggs e Amanda Peet.
Desambiguação | wiki |
Stripgids
Chief Information Security Officer | wiki |
Genetically modified agriculture includes:
Genetically modified crops
Genetically modified livestock
Genetic engineering
Genetically modified organisms | wiki |
Just right may refer to:
"Just right", a repeated observation by Goldilocks in "Goldilocks and the Three Bears"
Just Right, a breakfast cereal brand
Just Right (EP), by Got7, 2015
"Just Right", a song by Raheem DeVaughn, 2019
See also
Special Times Just Right (1997–2012), a prize-winning Bichon Frise
Volume III: Just Right, a 1992 album by Soul II Soul | wiki |
Texas is an unincorporated community in Heard County, in the U.S. state of Georgia.
History
A post office called Texas was established in 1873, and remained in operation until 1940. The community was named after the state of Texas.
References
Unincorporated communities in Heard County, Georgia
Unincorporated communities in Georgia (U.S. state) | wiki |
The Internet Archive is an American digital library with the stated mission of "universal access to all knowledge." It provides free public access to collections of digitized materials, including websites, software applications/games, music, movies/videos, moving images, and millions of books. In addition to its archiving function, the Archive is an activist organization, advocating a free and open Internet. , the Internet Archive holds over 36 million books and texts, 11.6 million movies, videos and TV shows and clips, 950 thousand software programs, 15 million audio files, 4.5 million images, 251 thousand concerts, and 780 billion web pages in the Wayback Machine.
The Internet Archive allows the public to upload and download digital material to its data cluster, but the bulk of its data is collected automatically by its web crawlers, which work to preserve as much of the public web as possible. Its web archive, the Wayback Machine, contains hundreds of billions of web captures. The Archive also oversees one of the world's largest book digitization projects.
History
Brewster Kahle founded the Archive in May 1996 around the same time that he began the for-profit web crawling company Alexa Internet. In October of that year, the Internet Archive had begun to archive and preserve the World Wide Web in large amounts, though it saved the earliest known page on May 10, 1996, at 2:42 PM. The archived content first became available to the general public in 2001, when it developed the Wayback Machine.
In late 1999, the Archive expanded its collections beyond the web archive, beginning with the Prelinger Archives. Now, the Internet Archive includes texts, audio, moving images, and software. It hosts a number of other projects: the NASA Images Archive, the contract crawling service Archive-It, and the wiki-editable library catalog and book information site Open Library. Soon after that, the Archive began working to provide specialized services relating to the information access needs of the print-disabled; publicly accessible books were made available in a protected Digital Accessible Information System (DAISY) format.
According to its website:
In August 2012, the Archive announced that it has added BitTorrent to its file download options for more than 1.3 million existing files, and all newly uploaded files. This method is the fastest means of downloading media from the Archive, as files are served from two Archive data centers, in addition to other torrent clients which have downloaded and continue to serve the files. On November 6, 2013, the Internet Archive's headquarters in San Francisco's Richmond District caught fire, destroying equipment and damaging some nearby apartments. According to the Archive, it lost a side-building housing one of 30 of its scanning centers; cameras, lights, and scanning equipment worth hundreds of thousands of dollars; and "maybe 20 boxes of books and film, some irreplaceable, most already digitized, and some replaceable". The nonprofit Archive sought donations to cover the estimated $600,000 in damage.
An overhaul of the site was launched as beta in November 2014, and the legacy layout was removed in March 2016.
In November 2016, Kahle announced that the Internet Archive was building the Internet Archive of Canada, a copy of the Archive to be based somewhere in Canada. The announcement received widespread coverage due to the implication that the decision to build a backup archive in a foreign country was because of the upcoming presidency of Donald Trump. Kahle was quoted as saying:
On November 9th in America, we woke up to a new administration promising radical change. It was a firm reminder that institutions like ours, built for the long-term, need to design for change. For us, it means keeping our cultural materials safe, private and perpetually accessible. It means preparing for a Web that may face greater restrictions. It means serving patrons in a world in which government surveillance is not going away; indeed it looks like it will increase. Throughout history, libraries have fought against terrible violations of privacy—where people have been rounded up simply for what they read. At the Internet Archive, we are fighting to protect our readers' privacy in the digital world.
Beginning in 2017, OCLC and the Internet Archive have collaborated to make the Archive's records of digitized books available in WorldCat.
Since 2018, the Internet Archive visual arts residency, which is organized by Amir Saber Esfahani and Andrew McClintock, helps connect artists with the Archive's over 48 petabytes of digitized materials. Over the course of the yearlong residency, visual artists create a body of work which culminates in an exhibition. The hope is to connect digital history with the arts and create something for future generations to appreciate online or off. Previous artists in residence include Taravat Talepasand, Whitney Lynn, and Jenny Odell.
In 2019, its headquarters in San Francisco received a bomb threat which forced a temporary evacuation of the building.
The Internet Archive acquires most materials from donations, such as hundreds of thousands of 78 rpm discs from Boston Public Library in 2017, a donation of 250,000 books from Trent University in 2018, and the entire collection of Marygrove College's library in 2020 after it closed. All material is then digitized and retained in digital storage, while a digital copy is returned to the original holder and the Internet Archive's copy, if not in the public domain, is lent to patrons worldwide one at a time under the controlled digital lending (CDL) theory of the first-sale doctrine.
Operations
The Archive is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit operating in the United States. In 2019, it had an annual budget of $36 million, derived from revenue from its Web crawling services, various partnerships, grants, donations, and the Kahle-Austin Foundation. The Internet Archive also manages periodic funding campaigns. For instance, a December 2019 campaign had a goal of reaching $6 million in donations.
The Archive is headquartered in San Francisco, California. From 1996 to 2009, its headquarters were in the Presidio of San Francisco, a former U.S. military base. Since 2009, its headquarters have been at 300 Funston Avenue in San Francisco, a former Christian Science Church. At one time, most of its staff worked in its book-scanning centers; as of 2019, scanning is performed by 100 paid operators worldwide. The Archive also has data centers in three Californian cities: San Francisco, Redwood City, and Richmond. To reduce the risk of data loss, the Archive creates copies of parts of its collection at more distant locations, including the Bibliotheca Alexandrina in Egypt and a facility in Amsterdam.
The Archive is a member of the International Internet Preservation Consortium and was officially designated as a library by the state of California in 2007.
Web archiving
Wayback Machine
The Internet Archive capitalized on the popular use of the term "WABAC Machine" from a segment of The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle cartoon (specifically, Peabody's Improbable History), and uses the name "Wayback Machine" for its service that allows archives of the World Wide Web to be searched and accessed. This service allows users to view some of the archived web pages. The Wayback Machine was created as a joint effort between Alexa Internet (owned by Amazon.com) and the Internet Archive when a three-dimensional index was built to allow for the browsing of archived web content. Millions of web sites and their associated data (images, source code, documents, etc.) are saved in a database. The service can be used to see what previous versions of web sites used to look like, to grab original source code from web sites that may no longer be directly available, or to visit web sites that no longer even exist. Not all web sites are available because many web site owners choose to exclude their sites. As with all sites based on data from web crawlers, the Internet Archive misses large areas of the web for a variety of other reasons. A 2004 paper found international biases in the coverage, but deemed them "not intentional".
A "Save Page Now" archiving feature was made available in October 2013, accessible on the lower right of the Wayback Machine's main page. Once a target URL is entered and saved, the web page will become part of the Wayback Machine.
Through the Internet address web.archive.org, users can upload to the Wayback Machine a large variety of contents, including PDF and data compression file formats. The Wayback Machine creates a permanent local URL of the upload content, that is accessible in the web, even if not listed while searching in the https://archive.org official website.
In October 2016, it was announced that the way web pages are counted would be changed, resulting in the decrease of the archived pages counts shown. Embedded objects such as pictures, videos, style sheets, JavaScripts are no longer counted as a "web page", whereas HTML, PDF, and plain text documents remain counted.
In September 2020, the Internet Archive announced a partnership with Cloudflare to automatically index websites served via its "Always Online" services.
Archive-It
Created in early 2006, Archive-It is a web archiving subscription service that allows institutions and individuals to build and preserve collections of digital content and create digital archives. Archive-It allows the user to customize their capture or exclusion of web content they want to preserve for cultural heritage reasons. Through a web application, Archive-It partners can harvest, catalog, manage, browse, search, and view their archived collections.
In terms of accessibility, the archived web sites are full text searchable within seven days of capture. Content collected through Archive-It is captured and stored as a WARC file. A primary and back-up copy is stored at the Internet Archive data centers. A copy of the WARC file can be given to subscribing partner institutions for geo-redundant preservation and storage purposes to their best practice standards. Periodically, the data captured through Archive-It is indexed into the Internet Archive's general archive.
, Archive-It had more than 275 partner institutions in 46 U.S. states and 16 countries that have captured more than 7.4 billion URLs for more than 2,444 public collections. Archive-It partners are universities and college libraries, state archives, federal institutions, museums, law libraries, and cultural organizations, including the Electronic Literature Organization, North Carolina State Archives and Library, Stanford University, Columbia University, American University in Cairo, Georgetown Law Library, and many others.
Internet Archive Scholar
In September 2020 Internet Archive announced a new initiative to archive and preserve open access academic journals, called Internet Archive Scholar. Its full-text search index includes over 25 million research articles and other scholarly documents preserved in the Internet Archive. The collection spans from digitized copies of eighteenth century journals through the latest open access conference proceedings and pre-prints crawled from the World Wide Web.
General Index
In 2021, the Internet Archive announced the initial version of the General Index, a publicly available index to a collection of 107 million academic journal articles.
Book collections
Text collection
The Internet Archive operates 33 scanning centers in five countries, digitizing about 1,000 books a day for a total of more than 2 million books, financially supported by libraries and foundations. , the collection included 4.4 million books with more than 15 million downloads per month. , when there were approximately 1 million texts, the entire collection was greater than 0.5 petabytes, which includes raw camera images, cropped and skewed images, PDFs, and raw OCR data. Between about 2006 and 2008, Microsoft had a special relationship with Internet Archive texts through its Live Search Books project, scanning more than 300,000 books that were contributed to the collection, as well as financial support and scanning equipment. On May 23, 2008, Microsoft announced it would be ending the Live Book Search project and no longer scanning books. Microsoft made its scanned books available without contractual restriction and donated its scanning equipment to its former partners.
Around October 2007, Archive users began uploading public domain books from Google Book Search. , there were more than 900,000 Google-digitized books in the Archive's collection; the books are identical to the copies found on Google, except without the Google watermarks, and are available for unrestricted use and download. Brewster Kahle revealed in 2013 that this archival effort was coordinated by Aaron Swartz, who with a "bunch of friends" downloaded the public domain books from Google slowly enough and from enough computers to stay within Google's restrictions. They did this to ensure public access to the public domain. The Archive ensured the items were attributed and linked back to Google, which never complained, while libraries "grumbled". According to Kahle, this is an example of Swartz's "genius" to work on what could give the most to the public good for millions of people. Besides books, the Archive offers free and anonymous public access to more than four million court opinions, legal briefs, or exhibits uploaded from the United States Federal Courts' PACER electronic document system via the RECAP web browser plugin. These documents had been kept behind a federal court paywall. On the Archive, they had been accessed by more than six million people by 2013.
The Archive's BookReader web app, built into its website, has features such as single-page, two-page, and thumbnail modes; fullscreen mode; page zooming of high-resolution images; and flip page animation.
Open Library
The Open Library is another project of the Internet Archive. The project seeks to include a web page for every book ever published: it holds 25 million catalog records of editions. It also seeks to be a web-accessible public library: it contains the full texts of approximately 1,600,000 public domain books (out of the more than five million from the main texts collection), as well as in-print and in-copyright books, many of which are fully readable, downloadable and full-text searchable; it offers a two-week loan of e-books in its controlled digital lending program for over 647,784 books not in the public domain, in partnership with over 1,000 library partners from six countries after a free registration on the web site. Open Library is a free and open-source software project, with its source code freely available on GitHub.
The Open Library faces objections from some authors and the Society of Authors, who hold that the project is distributing books without authorization and is thus in violation of copyright laws, and four major publishers initiated a copyright infringement lawsuit against the Internet Archive in June 2020 to stop the Open Library project.
Digitizing sponsors for books
Many large institutional sponsors have helped the Internet Archive provide millions of scanned publications (text items). Some sponsors that have digitized large quantities of texts include the University of Toronto's Robarts Library, the University of Alberta Libraries, the University of Ottawa, the Library of Congress, Boston Library Consortium member libraries, the Boston Public Library, the Princeton Theological Seminary Library, and many others.
In 2017, the MIT Press authorized the Internet Archive to digitize and lend books from the press's backlist, with financial support from the Arcadia Fund. A year later, the Internet Archive received further funding from the Arcadia Fund to invite some other university presses to partner with the Internet Archive to digitize books, a project called "Unlocking University Press Books".
The Library of Congress created numerous handle system identifiers that pointed to free digitized books in the Internet Archive. The Internet Archive and Open Library are listed on the Library of Congress website as a source of e-books.
Media collections
In addition to web archives, the Internet Archive maintains extensive collections of digital media that are attested by the uploader to be in the public domain in the United States or licensed under a license that allows redistribution, such as Creative Commons licenses. Media are organized into collections by media type (moving images, audio, text, etc.), and into sub-collections by various criteria. Each of the main collections includes a "Community" sub-collection (formerly named "Open Source") where general contributions by the public are stored.
Audio
Audio Archive
The Audio Archive is an audio archive that includes music, audiobooks, news broadcasts, old time radio shows, podcasts, and a wide variety of other audio files. , there are more than 15,000,000 free digital recordings in the collection. The subcollections include audio books and poetry, podcasts, non-English audio, and many others. The sound collections are curated by B. George, director of the ARChive of Contemporary Music.
Next to the stock HTML5 audio player, Winamp-resembling Webamp is available.
Digital Library of Amateur Radio and Communications
A project to preserve recordings of amateur radio transmissions, with funding from the Amateur Radio Digital Communications foundation.
Live Music Archive
The Live Music Archive sub-collection includes more than 170,000 concert recordings from independent musicians, as well as more established artists and musical ensembles with permissive rules about recording their concerts, such as the Grateful Dead, and more recently, The Smashing Pumpkins. Also, Jordan Zevon has allowed the Internet Archive to host a definitive collection of his father Warren Zevon's concert recordings. The Zevon collection ranges from 1976 to 2001 and contains 126 concerts including 1,137 songs.
The Great 78 Project
The Great 78 Project aims to digitize 250,000 78 rpm singles (500,000 songs) from the period between 1880 and 1960, donated by various collectors and institutions. It has been developed in collaboration with the Archive of Contemporary Music and George Blood Audio, responsible for the audio digitization.
Netlabels
The Archive has a collection of freely distributable music that is streamed and available for download via its Netlabels service. The music in this collection generally has Creative Commons-license catalogs of virtual record labels.
Images collection
This collection contains more than 3.5 million items. Cover Art Archive, Metropolitan Museum of Art - Gallery Images, NASA Images, Occupy Wall Street Flickr Archive, and USGS Maps are some sub-collections of Image collection.
Cover Art Archive
The Cover Art Archive is a joint project between the Internet Archive and MusicBrainz, whose goal is to make cover art images on the Internet. this collection contains more than 1,400,000 items.
Metropolitan Museum of Art images
The images of this collection are from the Metropolitan Museum of Art. This collection contains more than 140,000 items.
NASA Images
The NASA Images archive was created through a Space Act Agreement between the Internet Archive and NASA to bring public access to NASA's image, video, and audio collections in a single, searchable resource. The IA NASA Images team worked closely with all of the NASA centers to keep adding to the ever-growing collection. The nasaimages.org site launched in July 2008 and had more than 100,000 items online at the end of its hosting in 2012.
Occupy Wall Street Flickr archive
This collection contains Creative Commons-licensed photographs from Flickr related to the Occupy Wall Street movement. This collection contains more than 15,000 items.
USGS Maps
This collection contains more than 59,000 items from Libre Map Project.
Mathematical images
This collection contains mathematical images created by mathematical artist Hamid Naderi Yeganeh.
Machinima Archive
One of the sub-collections of the Internet Archive's Video Archive is the Machinima Archive. This small section hosts many Machinima videos. Machinima is a digital artform in which computer games, game engines, or software engines are used in a sandbox-like mode to create motion pictures, recreate plays, or even publish presentations or keynotes. The archive collects a range of Machinima films from internet publishers such as Rooster Teeth and Machinima.com as well as independent producers. The sub-collection is a collaborative effort among the Internet Archive, the How They Got Game research project at Stanford University, the Academy of Machinima Arts and Sciences, and Machinima.com.
Microfilm collection
This collection contains approximately 160,000 microfilmed items from a variety of libraries including the University of Chicago Libraries, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the University of Alberta, Allen County Public Library, and the National Technical Information Service.
Moving image collection
The Internet Archive holds a collection of approximately 3,863 feature films. Additionally, the Internet Archive's Moving Image collection includes: newsreels, classic cartoons, pro- and anti-war propaganda, The Video Cellar Collection, Skip Elsheimer's "A.V. Geeks" collection, early television, and ephemeral material from Prelinger Archives, such as advertising, educational, and industrial films, as well as amateur and home movie collections.
Subcategories of this collection include:
IA's Brick Films collection, which contains stop-motion animation filmed with Lego bricks, some of which are "remakes" of feature films.
IA's Election 2004 collection, a non-partisan public resource for sharing video materials related to the 2004 United States presidential election.
IA's FedFlix collection, Joint Venture NTIS-1832 between the National Technical Information Service and Public.Resource.Org that features "the best movies of the United States Government, from training films to history, from our national parks to the U.S. Fire Academy and the Postal Inspectors"
IA's Independent News collection, which includes sub-collections such as the Internet Archive's World At War competition from 2001, in which contestants created short films demonstrating "why access to history matters". Among their most-downloaded video files are eyewitness recordings of the devastating 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.
IA's September 11 Television Archive, which contains archival footage from the world's major television networks of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, as they unfolded on live television.
Open Educational Resources
Open Educational Resources is a digital collection at archive.org. This collection contains hundreds of free courses, video lectures, and supplemental materials from universities in the United States and China. The contributors of this collection are ArsDigita University, Hewlett Foundation, MIT, Monterey Institute, and Naropa University.
TV News Search & Borrow
In September 2012, the Internet Archive launched the TV News Search & Borrow service for searching U.S. national news programs. The service is built on closed captioning transcripts and allows users to search and stream 30-second video clips. Upon launch, the service contained "350,000 news programs collected over 3 years from national U.S. networks and stations in San Francisco and Washington D.C." According to Kahle, the service was inspired by the Vanderbilt Television News Archive, a similar library of televised network news programs. In contrast to Vanderbilt, which limits access to streaming video to individuals associated with subscribing colleges and universities, the TV News Search & Borrow allows open access to its streaming video clips. In 2013, the Archive received an additional donation of "approximately 40,000 well-organized tapes" from the estate of a Philadelphia woman, Marion Stokes. Stokes "had recorded more than 35 years of TV news in Philadelphia and Boston with her VHS and Betamax machines."
Miscellaneous collections
Brooklyn Museum
This collection contains approximately 3,000 items from Brooklyn Museum.
Michelson library
In December 2020, the film research library of Lillian Michelson was donated to the archive.
Other services and endeavors
Physical media
Voicing a strong reaction to the idea of books simply being thrown away, and inspired by the Svalbard Global Seed Vault, Kahle now envisions collecting one copy of every book ever published. "We're not going to get there, but that's our goal", he said. Alongside the books, Kahle plans to store the Internet Archive's old servers, which were replaced in 2010.
Software
The Internet Archive has "the largest collection of historical software online in the world", spanning 50 years of computer history in terabytes of computer magazines and journals, books, shareware discs, FTP sites, video games, etc. The Internet Archive has created an archive of what it describes as "vintage software", as a way to preserve them. The project advocated for an exemption from the United States Digital Millennium Copyright Act to permit them to bypass copy protection, which the United States Copyright Office approved in 2003 for a period of three years. The Archive does not offer the software for download, as the exemption is solely "for the purpose of preservation or archival reproduction of published digital works by a library or archive." The Library of Congress renewed the exemption in 2006, and in 2009 indefinitely extended it pending further rulemakings. The Library reiterated the exemption as a "Final Rule" with no expiration date in 2010. In 2013, the Internet Archive began to provide abandonware video games browser-playable via MESS, for instance the Atari 2600 game E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial. Since December 23, 2014, the Internet Archive presents, via a browser-based DOSBox emulation, thousands of DOS/PC games for "scholarship and research purposes only". In November 2020, the Archive introduced a new emulator for Adobe Flash called Ruffle, and began archiving Flash animations and games ahead of the December 31, 2020 end-of-life for the Flash plugin across all computer systems.
Table Top Scribe System
A combined hardware software system has been developed that performs a safe method of digitizing content.
Credit Union
From 2012 to November 2015, the Internet Archive operated the Internet Archive Federal Credit Union, a federal credit union based in New Brunswick, New Jersey, with the goal of providing access to low- and middle-income people. Throughout its short existence, the IAFCU experienced significant conflicts with the National Credit Union Administration, which severely limited the IAFCU's loan portfolio and concerns over serving Bitcoin firms. At the time of its dissolution, it consisted of 395 members and was worth $2.5 million.
Controversies, legal disputes, and activism
Grateful Dead
In November 2005, free downloads of Grateful Dead concerts were removed from the site. John Perry Barlow identified Bob Weir, Mickey Hart, and Bill Kreutzmann as the instigators of the change, according to an article in The New York Times. Phil Lesh commented on the change in a November 30, 2005, posting to his personal web site:
A November 30 forum post from Brewster Kahle summarized what appeared to be the compromise reached among the band members. Audience recordings could be downloaded or streamed, but soundboard recordings were to be available for streaming only. Concerts have since been re-added.
National security letters
On May 8, 2008, it was revealed that the Internet Archive had successfully challenged an FBI national security letter asking for logs on an undisclosed user.
On November 28, 2016, it was revealed that a second FBI national security letter had been successfully challenged that had been asking for logs on another undisclosed user.
Opposition to SOPA and PIPA bills
The Internet Archive blacked out its web site for 12 hours on January 18, 2012, in protest of the Stop Online Piracy Act and the PROTECT IP Act bills, two pieces of legislation in the United States Congress that they claimed would "negatively affect the ecosystem of web publishing that led to the emergence of the Internet Archive". This occurred in conjunction with the English Wikipedia blackout, as well as numerous other protests across the Internet.
Opposition to Google Books settlement
The Internet Archive is a member of the Open Book Alliance, which has been among the most outspoken critics of the Google Book Settlement. The Archive advocates an alternative digital library project.
Nintendo Power magazine
In February 2016, Internet Archive users had begun archiving digital copies of Nintendo Power, Nintendo's official magazine for their games and products, which ran from 1988 to 2012. The first 140 issues had been collected, before Nintendo had the archive removed on August 8, 2016. In response to the take-down, Nintendo told gaming website Polygon, "[Nintendo] must protect our own characters, trademarks and other content. The unapproved use of Nintendo's intellectual property can weaken our ability to protect and preserve it, or to possibly use it for new projects".
Government of India
In August 2017, the Department of Telecommunications of the Government of India blocked the Internet Archive along with other file-sharing websites, in accordance with two court orders issued by the Madras High Court, citing piracy concerns after copies of two Bollywood films were allegedly shared via the service. The HTTP version of the Archive was blocked but it remained accessible using the HTTPS protocol.
Turkey
On October 9, 2016, the Internet Archive was temporarily blocked in Turkey after it was used (amongst other file hosting services) by hackers to host 17 GB of leaked government emails.
Hosting of terrorist material
In May 2018, a report published by the cyber-security firm Flashpoint stated that the Islamic State was using the Internet Archive to share its propaganda. Chris Butler, from the Internet Archive, responded that they regularly spoke to the US and EU governments about sharing information on terrorism.
In April 2019, Europol, acting on a referral from French police, asked the Internet Archive to remove 550 sites of "terrorist propaganda". The Archive rejected the request, saying that the reports were wrong about the content they pointed to, or were too broad for the organization to comply with.
In January 2022, a former UCLA lecturer uploaded an 800-page manifesto, containing racist ideas and threats against UCLA staff, to the Internet Archive. The manifesto was removed by the Internet Archive after a week, amidst discussion about whether such documents should be preserved by archivists or not.
National Emergency Library
In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic which closed many schools, universities, and libraries, the Archive announced on March 24, 2020, that it was creating the National Emergency Library by removing the lending restrictions it had in place for 1.4 million digitized books in its Open Library but otherwise limiting users to the number of books they could check out and enforcing their return; normally, the site would only allow one digital lending for each physical copy of the book they had, by use of an encrypted file that would become unusable after the lending period was completed. This Library would remain as such until at least June 30, 2020, or until the US national emergency was over, whichever came later. At launch, the Internet Archive allowed authors and rightholders to submit opt-out requests for their works to be omitted from the National Emergency Library.
The Internet Archive said the National Emergency Library addressed an "unprecedented global and immediate need for access to reading and research material" due to the closures of physical libraries worldwide. They justified the move in a number of ways. Legally, they said they were promoting access to those inaccessible resources, which they claimed was an exercise in fair use principles. The Archive continued implementing their controlled digital lending policy that predated the National Emergency Library, meaning they still encrypted the lent copies and it was no easier for users to create new copies of the books than before. An ultimate determination of whether or not the National Emergency Library constituted fair use could only be made by a court. Morally, they also pointed out that the Internet Archive was a registered library like any other, that they either paid for the books themselves or received them as donations, and that lending through libraries predated copyright restrictions.
However, the Archive had already been criticized by authors and publishers for its prior lending approach, and upon announcement of the National Emergency Library, authors, publishers, and groups representing both took further issue, equating the move to copyright infringement and digital piracy, and using the COVID-19 pandemic as a reason to push the boundaries of copyright (see also: ). After the works of some of these authors were ridiculed in responses, the Internet Archive's Jason Scott requested that supporters of the National Emergency Library not denigrate anyone's books: "I realize there's strong debate and disagreement here, but books are life-giving and life-changing and these writers made them."
Publishers' lawsuit
The operation of the National Emergency Library was part of a lawsuit filed against the Internet Archive by four major book publishers – Hachette, HarperCollins, John Wiley & Sons, and Penguin Random House – in June 2020, challenging the copyright validity of the controlled digital lending program. In response, the Internet Archive closed the National Emergency Library on June 16, 2020, rather than the planned June 30, 2020, due to the lawsuit. The plaintiffs, supported by the Copyright Alliance, claimed in their lawsuit that the Internet Archive's actions constituted a "willful mass copyright infringement". In August 2020 the lawsuit trial was tentatively scheduled to begin in November 2021. By June 2022, both parties to the case requested summary judgment for the case, each favoring their respective sides, which Judge John G. Koeltl approved of a summary judgment hearing to take place later in 2022.
Senator Thom Tillis of North Carolina, chairman of the intellectual property subcommittee on the Senate Judiciary Committee, said in a letter to the Internet Archive that he was "concerned that the Internet Archive thinks that it—not Congress—gets to determine the scope of copyright law".
As part of its response to the publishers' lawsuit, in late 2020 the Archive launched a campaign called Empowering Libraries (hashtag #EmpoweringLibraries) that portrayed the lawsuit as a threat to all libraries.
In a 2021 preprint article, Argyri Panezi argued that the case "presents two important, but separate questions related to the electronic access to library works; first, it raises questions around the legal practice of digital lending, and second, it asks whether emergency use of copyrighted material might be fair use" and argued that libraries have a public service role to enable "future generations to keep having equal access—or opportunities to access—a plurality of original sources".
In December 2020, Publishers Weekly included the lawsuit among its "Top 10 Library Stories of 2020".
Wayforward Machine
On 30 September 2021, as a part of its 25th anniversary celebration, Internet Archive launched the "Wayforward Machine", a satirical, fictional website covered with pop-ups asking for personal information. The site was intended to depict a fictional dystopian timeline of real-world events leading to such a future, such as the repeal of Section 230 of the United States Code in 2022 and the introduction of advertising implants in 2041. There are plans to remove Wayforward Machine in 2022, after Internet Archive's 25th anniversary celebration.
BBC documentary on Modi
The Internet Archive became a popular site for Indians to watch the first episode of a BBC documentary, The Modi Question, in 2023. The video was reported to have been removed by the Archive on 23rd January 2023. The Internet Archive then stated, on 27th January, that they had removed the video in response to a BBC request under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act.
Ceramic archivists collection
The Great Room of the Internet Archive features a collection of more than 100 ceramic figures representing employees of the Internet Archive. This collection, inspired by the statues of the Xian warriors in China, was commissioned by Brewster Kahle, sculpted by Nuala Creed, and as of 2014, is ongoing.
Artists in residence
The Internet Archive visual arts residency, organized by Amir Saber Esfahani, is designed to connect emerging and mid-career artists with the Archive's millions of collections and to show what is possible when open access to information intersects with the arts. During this one-year residency, selected artists develop a body of work that responds to and utilizes the Archive's collections in their own practice.
2019 Residency Artists: Caleb Duarte, Whitney Lynn, and Jeffrey Alan Scudder
2018 Residency Artists: Mieke Marple, Chris Sollars, and Taravat Talepasand
2017 Residency Artists: Laura Kim, Jeremiah Jenkins, and Jenny Odell
See also
List of online image archives
Public domain music
Similar projects
archive.today
Internet Memory Foundation
LibriVox
National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program (NDIIPP)
National Digital Library Program (NDLP)
Project Gutenberg
UK Government Web Archive at The National Archives (United Kingdom)
UK Web Archive
WebCite
Other
Anna's Archive
Archive Team
Digital dark age
Digital preservation
Heritrix
Library Genesis
Link rot
Memory hole
PetaBox
Search engine cache
References
Further reading
External links
Internet Archive Scholar
Internet Archive
1996 establishments in California
1996 in San Francisco
501(c)(3) organizations
Access to Knowledge movement
Articles containing video clips
Charities based in California
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Internet properties established in 1996
Online archives of the United States
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Sound archives
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