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2003 World Junior Championships may refer to:
Figure skating: 2003 World Junior Figure Skating Championships
Ice hockey: 2003 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships
Motorcycle speedway: 2003 Individual Speedway Junior World Championship
See also
2003 World Cup (disambiguation)
2003 Continental Championships (disambiguation)
2003 World Championships (disambiguation) | wiki |
Caractère
Ⴧ
Yn, lettre additionnelle de l’alphabet géorgien asomtavruli. Unicode : U+10C7.
Notes et références
Lettre géorgienne | wiki |
2001 World Junior Championships may refer to:
Figure skating: 2001 World Junior Figure Skating Championships
Ice hockey: 2001 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships
Motorcycle speedway: 2001 Individual Speedway Junior World Championship
See also
2001 World Cup (disambiguation)
2001 Continental Championships (disambiguation)
2001 World Championships (disambiguation) | wiki |
Trinny Woodall (Londen, 8 februari 1964) is een Britse tv-persoonlijkheid, journaliste, auteur en televisiepresentatrice. Ze is meest bekend als de presentator van What Not to Wear en Trinny & Susannah Undress met Susannah Constantine.
Bibliografie
Ready 2 Dress: How to Have Style Without Following Fashion, Weidenfeld Nicolson (2000) (ISBN 0-3043-5425-2)
What Not to Wear, Weidenfeld Nicolson (2002) (ISBN 0-2978-4331-1)
What Not to Wear: The Rules, Weidenfeld Nicolson (2004) (ISBN 1-8418-8249-6)
What Not to Wear: For Every Occasion, Weidenfeld Nicolson (2004) (ISBN 1-8418-8236-4)
What You Wear Can Change Your Life, Weidenfeld & Nicolson (2004) (ISBN 0-2978-4356-7)
What Your Clothes Say About You, Weidenfeld & Nicolson (2005) (ISBN 0-2978-4357-5)
Trinny and Susannah: The Survival Guide, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, (2006) (ISBN 0-2978-4426-1)
Trinny & Susannah Take on America: What Your Clothes Say about You, HarperCollins Publishers (2006) (ISBN 0-0611-3744-8)
The Body Shape Bible, Weidenfeld & Nicolson (2007) (ISBN 0-2978-4454-7)
Externe links
What Not to Wear — vijftv.be
Woodall, Trinny | wiki |
Ryūsei-ha (龍生派) is a Japanese school of ikebana.
References
External links
Official homepage
Kadō schools | wiki |
A number of record labels have traded under the name Windsong Records, including:
Windstar Records – originally known as Windsong Records, Colorado based record label responsible for releasing John Denver recordings.
Windsong International Records – UK based record label responsible for releasing BBC Radio 1 recordings. | wiki |
Quick Mail Queuing Protocol (QMQP) is a network protocol designed to share e-mail queues between several hosts. It was designed and implemented by Daniel J. Bernstein in qmail.
External links
QMQP Frequently Asked Questions
Postfix QMQP Implementation
Internet mail protocols | wiki |
A chloride channel opener is a type of drug which facilitates ion transmission through chloride channels.
An example is 1,10-phenanthroline, which activates Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) chloride channels.
GABA-A receptor agonists (e.g. lorazepam) may also be considered chloride channel openers
See also
Chloride channel blocker
References
Further reading
Ion channel openers
Membrane transport modulators | wiki |
Katsura Ko-ryū (桂古流) is a Japanese school of ikebana.
The name means "old school from Katsura", a location near Kyoto.
References
External links
Official homepage
Kadō schools | wiki |
Sphingopus is an ichnogenus of dinosauromorph footprints found in sediments dating to 250 and 228 Ma. The exact species which created the Sphingopus tracks have not been identified.
Specimens
Sphingopus type footprints are known from two locations. Fossils dating 228–245 million years have been recovered from what appears to have been a lagoon in the Grès d'Antully Formation in Saône-et-Loire, France. More recently, older tracks attributed to this form, dating 246–250 million years ago, have been discovered in the Holy Cross Mountains in Poland.
References
Reptile trace fossils | wiki |
Dedollarisation is a process of substituting US dollar as the currency used for (i) trading oil and/ or other commodities (i.e. petrodollar), (ii) buying US dollars for the forex reserves, (iii) bilateral trade agreements, and (iv) dollar-denominated assets.
The U.S. dollar began to displace the pound sterling as international reserve currency from the 1920s since it emerged from the First World War relatively unscathed and since the United States was a significant recipient of wartime gold inflows. After the U.S. emerged as an even stronger global superpower during the Second World War, the Bretton Woods Agreement of 1944 established the post-war international monetary system, with the U.S. dollar ascending to become the world's primary reserve currency for international trade, and the only post-war currency linked to gold at $35 per troy ounce.
After the establishment of the Bretton Woods system, the US dollar is used as the medium for international trade. The United States Department of the Treasury exercises considerable oversight over the SWIFT financial transfers network, and consequently has a huge sway on the global financial transactions systems, with the ability to impose sanctions on foreign entities and individuals.
Devaluation of the dollar
Under the Bretton Woods system established after World War II, the value of gold was fixed to $35 per ounce, and the value of the U.S. dollar was thus anchored to the value of gold. Rising government spending in the 1960s, however, led to doubts about the ability of the United States to maintain this convertibility, gold stocks dwindled as banks and international investors began to convert dollars to gold, and as a result, the value of the dollar began to decline. Facing an emerging currency crisis and the imminent danger that the United States would no longer be able to redeem dollars for gold, gold convertibility was finally terminated in 1971 by President Nixon, resulting in the "Nixon shock".
The value of the U.S. dollar was therefore no longer anchored to gold, and it fell upon the Federal Reserve to maintain the value of the U.S. currency. The Federal Reserve, however, continued to increase the money supply, resulting in stagflation and a rapidly declining value of the U.S. dollar in the 1970s. This was largely due to the prevailing economic view at the time that inflation and real economic growth were linked (the Phillips curve), so inflation was regarded as relatively benign. Between 1965 and 1981, the U.S. dollar lost two thirds of its value.
Central bank reserves
According to the IMF's Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves (COFER) survey the share of reserves held in U.S. dollars by central banks fell from 71 percent in 1999 to 59 percent in 2021.
Regional developments
On March 17, 2022, Anatoly Aksakov, Chairman of the State Duma Committee on the Financial Market, announced that the Bank of Russia and the People's Bank of China are working on connecting the Russian and Chinese financial messaging systems. He also pointed to the beginning of the development of information transfer schemes using blockchains, including the digital ruble and the digital yuan. On March 31, 2022, the Economic Times published information that India has offered Russia a new transaction system with the transfer of trade to the ruble and SPFS, which will work through the Reserve Bank of India and Russia's Vnesheconombank. According to the same data, the system will be put into operation within a week.
As academic Tim Beal summarizes, many commentators view the United States' overly broad imposition of financial sanctions as a factor increasing dedollarisation because of responses like the Russian-developed System for Transfers of Financial Messages (SPFS), the China-supported Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS), and the European Instrument in Support of Trade Exchanges (INSTEX) that followed the United States' withdrawal of from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) with Iran.
Argentina
In Jan 2023, Argentina and Brazil proposed a common currency for trade which is termed as Gaucho. Gaucho combines the currency of Argentina’s austral and Brazil’s cruzado.
Australia
In 2013, Australia made an agreement with China to trade in national currencies.
Brazil
In March 2013, during the BRICS summit, Brazil made an agreement with China to trade in Brazilian real and Chinese yuan
China
Since 2011, China is gradually shifting from trade in US dollar and in favour of Chinese yuan. It made agreements with Australia, Russia, Japan, Brazil, and Iran to trade in national currencies. It has been reported that in the first quarter of 2020 the share of the dollar in the bilateral trade between China and Russia fell below 50 percent for the first time.
In 2015, China launched CIPS, a payment system which offers clearing and settlement services for its participants in cross-border Renminbi payments and trade as an alternative to SWIFT.
In December 2022 at China - GCC Summit, President Xi Jinping called for Oil trade payments to be settled at yuan. Foreign Minister Wang Yi stated that Chinese-Arab relations experienced a "historic improvement."
Egypt
In May 2022, Egyptian Minister of Finance Mohamed Maait announced the intention to issue bonds in yuan to raise capital as an mechanism to diversify the sources of finance.
European Union
Since the end of 2019, the EU countries established INSTEX, a European special-purpose vehicle (SPV) to facilitate non-USD and non-SWIFT transactions with Iran to avoid breaking U.S. sanctions. On 11 February 2019, Russian deputy foreign minister Sergei Ryabkov stated that Russia would be interested in participating in INSTEX.
In April 2022, Four European gas companies made trade payment settlements in rubles.
Ghana
In 24 November 2022, Vice President Mahamudu Bawumia stated that they are working to buy Oil in Gold and he added "The barter of gold for oil represents a major structural change."
India
Before 1991 Soviet Union and India traded in rupee-ruble exchange during Cold War as both belong to this block. Mutual trading between India and Russia is done mostly in rubles and rupees instead of dollars and euros.
In March 2022, India and Russia entered for a RupeeRuble Trade Arrangement. In December 2022, Sri Lanka and Mauritius started using the rupee for international trade. Tajikistan, Cuba, Luxembourg and Sudan have also shown interest to use this mechanism.
Iran
In March 2018, China started buying oil in gold-backed yuan.
In March 2020, the first Iran-EU INSTEX transaction was concluded. It covered an import of medical equipment to combat the COVID-19 outbreak in Iran. european countries said on march 2023 they had decided to end a scheme put in place in 2019 to allow trade with Iran and protect companies doing business with it from US sanctions, but it was only a single one transaction traded. Ali Khamenei, Leader of the Islamic Revolution, on Thursday likened the European financial mechanism for trade with Iran to a “bitter joke".
In July 2022, Russia and Iran made modifications in their Bilateral trade to reduce the dependency of US dollar. The new monetary system could mean the debts can be settled in their own countries and could reduce the demand for US dollars by 3 billion a year.
In January 2023, Russia and Iran were planning to trade with gold backed cryptocurrencies as an alternative to US Dollar.
Japan
In 2011, Japan made an agreement with China to trade in national currencies. Sino-Japanese trade had a value of US $300 billion.
Kazakhstan
In December 2015, the Kazakhstan government and national bank announced plans to reduce dollar dependency and strengthen the national currency. The joint statement of Kazakhstan government and national bank stated that their intent is to strengthen their national currency rather than focus on eliminating US dollars.
In August 2016, after inflation surged to a 6-year high, the Kazakhstan central bank governor stated that it is a necessity to kickstart dedollarisation.
Myanmar
In September 2022, Chairman of State Administration Council Min Aung Hlaing stated that they are planning to reduce US dollar reliance and to include trade in other Foreign currencies. Apart from this there had been discussion to use Mir Payments system for payments.
Russia
Russia accelerated the process of dedollarisation in 2014 as a result of worsening relations with the West. In 2017, SPFS, a Russian equivalent of the SWIFT financial transfer system, was developed by the Central Bank of Russia. The system had been in development since 2014, after the United States government threatened to disconnect Russia from the SWIFT system. Lukoil, a state-owned company, had announced that it will find a replacement for the dollar.
In June 2021, Russia stated it will eliminate the dollar from its National Wealth Fund to reduce vulnerability to Western sanctions just two weeks before President Vladimir Putin held his first summit meeting with U.S. leader Joe Biden.
In March 23, 2022, Vladimir Putin signed an order forbidding "non-friendly" countries (including EU countries, United States and Japan) from buying Russian gas in any other currency besides Russian ruble in the wake of sanctions given in aftermath of 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.
In September 2022, Gazprom CEO Alexey Miller said that they have signed an agreement to make trade payments in rubles and yuan instead of US dollars.
In November 2022, Russian Deputy Prime Minister Alexander Novak said that all gas supplied to China via Siberia are settled in yuan and rubles.
Russia had been planning to buy more yuan in the foreign exchange market in 2023 for trade settlements. The Russian Finance Ministry and Central Bank of Russia stated that it would sell around 54.5 billion rubles in foreign currency from January 2023.
Saudi Arabia
In March 2022, multiple reports claimed that Saudi Arabia was in talks with China about trading Saudi oil and gas to China in Chinese yuan instead of dollars.
In January 2023, Finance Minister Mohammed Al-Jadaan stated that it is open to trade in other currencies besides the US dollar, and this expression is considered to be the first time in 48 years.
Turkey
In August 2022, Turkey and Russia agreed for half of natural gas trade in rubles.
Venezuela
In August 2018, Venezuela declared that it would price its oil in euros, yuan, rubles, and other currencies.
Zimbabwe
After a year of the RTGS Dollar having been the only legal tender, Zimbabwe adopted dollarization due to hyperinflation. In June 2019, it also reduced the usage of a multicurrency system and preferred to switch to the US dollar. In an interview with former Finance Minister Tendai Biti, he pointed out that dedollarisation has failed dismally.
In 2022, Zimbabwe introduced a new form of currency made by gold, the Mosi-oa-Tunya, to reduce inflation since the local currency had considerably weakened. The governor of the Reserve Bank John Mangudya said that the gold coins will contain one troy ounce of 22-carat gold, and that trade could be carried out both locally and internationally.
See also
World currency
Currency substitution
Khaleeji (currency)
Modern gold dinar
References
International trade
Bilateral trading relationships | wiki |
Les Trolls (), film d'animation de Mike Mitchell et Walt Dohrn (2016).
Les Trolls (), série de trois romans écrits par (2002-2003). | wiki |
Grand Coulee may refer to:
Grand Coulee, an ancient river bed in Washington, United States
Grand Coulee Dam, the largest hydroelectric generating facility in the United States
"Grand Coulee Dam" (song), an American folk song by Woody Guthrie
Grand Coulee, Saskatchewan, a town in Saskatchewan, Canada
Grand Coulee, Washington, a city in Grant County, Washington, United States | wiki |
An ecohouse is an environmentally low-impact home.
Ecohouse may also refer to:
The First Ecological House, an experimental housing unit at Thames Polytechnic - see Street Farm
The Ecology House, a housing unit at Cornell University's North Campus - see Cornell North Campus
A 1999 episode of the British television series Grand Designs - see List of Grand Designs episodes
An episode of This is Emily Yeung - see List of This Is Emily Yeung episodes | wiki |
The International Astronomical Union (IAU) designates 88 constellations of stars. In the table below, they are ranked by the solid angle that they subtend in the sky, measured in square degrees and millisteradians.
These solid angles depend on arbitrary boundaries between the constellations: the list below is based on constellation boundaries drawn up by Eugène Delporte in 1930 on behalf of the IAU and published in Délimitation scientifique des constellations (Cambridge University Press). Before Delporte's work, there was no standard list of the boundaries of each constellation.
Delporte drew the boundaries along vertical and horizontal lines of right ascension and declination; however, he did so for the epoch B1875.0, which means that due to precession of the equinoxes, the borders on a modern star map (e.g., for epoch J2000) are already somewhat skewed and no longer perfectly vertical or horizontal. This skew will increase over the centuries to come. However, this does not change the solid angle of any constellation.
Notes
See also
Lists of astronomical objects
Sources
Constellations – Ian Ridpath
Constellations – RASC Calgary Centre
Area
IAU constellations | wiki |
Amalgam most commonly refers to:
Amalgam (chemistry), mercury alloy
Amalgam (dentistry), material of silver tooth fillings
Bonded amalgam, used in dentistry
Amalgam may also refer to:
Amalgam Comics, a publisher
Amalgam Digital, an independent record label in Boston, Massachusetts
Amalgam, Gauteng, South Africa
Amalgam, a fictional organization in Full Metal Panic!: The Second Raid
"Amalgam", a track from the soundtrack of the 2015 video game Undertale by Toby Fox
See also
Amalgamation (disambiguation) | wiki |
The United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Utah is the United States bankruptcy court in Utah; it is associated with the United States District Court for the District of Utah. The court main office is based in Salt Lake City with other courtrooms available (as needed) in Ogden and St. George.
External links
Official website
Utah
Utah law
Courts and tribunals with year of establishment missing | wiki |
Nabih Saleh () is an island of Bahrain in the Arabian Gulf. It lies in the Tubli Bay, east of Bahrain Island, and is south of the capital, Manama, on Bahrain Island.
History
The island is named for the formerly separate islands of Nebbi and Saleh. Saleh was named for the Muslim scholar, Sheikh Saleh, who lived there in the 14th century.
This island originally, like Sitra, was covered with farms and date palm groves, but now it suffers from mass deforestation.
In 2016 renovation works began on the island
Demography
There are three neighborhoods located on the Island:
1. Kaflan
2. Quryah
3. Juzayyirah (occupied by Bahrain Defence Force as officers club)
Administration
The island belongs to the Capital Governorate.
Transportation
It is connected to both Bahrain Island and Sitra through the Sitra Causeway.
Image gallery
Notes
References
External links
About Nabih Saleh
Populated places in the Capital Governorate, Bahrain
Islands of Bahrain
Islands of the Persian Gulf | wiki |
Female beard may refer to:
Bearded lady
Beard (companion)
Hirsutism | wiki |
A commercial building is a building used for commercial purposes. It may also refer to:
Commercial Building (South Bend, Indiana)
Commercial Building (Alexandria, Louisiana)
Commercial Building (Natchez, Mississippi)
Commercial Building at 32 West Bridge Street, Catskill, New York
Commercial Building at 500 North Tryon Street, Charlotte, North Carolina
Commercial Building (Dayton, Ohio)
Commercial Building (Elyria, Ohio)
Governor's Inn, also known as the "Commercial Building"
Commercial Building at 4113 Guadalupe Street, Austin, Texas | wiki |
Chondronectin is a cartilage matrix protein that specifically mediates the attachment of chondrocytes to type II collagen.
References
Extracellular matrix proteins | wiki |
In geology, a succession is a series of strata or rock units in chronological order. Rock successions can be seen in cross sections through rock, for example in a road cut or cliff. With sedimentary layers of rocks, newer units will be above older units, except in cases of inversion.
See also
Carbon dating
Geochronology
Igneous intrusion
Inclusion (mineral)
Smith's laws
Geochronology | wiki |
WMEQ may refer to:
WMEQ (AM), a radio station (880 AM) licensed to Menomonie, Wisconsin, United States
WMEQ-FM, a radio station (92.1 FM) licensed to Menomonie, Wisconsin, United States | wiki |
Womp It Up! (stylized as WOMP It Up!) is a comedy podcast hosted by Jessica St. Clair and Lennon Parham, in character as high school student Marissa Wompler and her Stars program teacher Charlotte Listler. The podcast premiered on the Earwolf network in April 2015.
History
The characters of Marissa Wompler and Charlotte Listler originated on the Comedy Bang! Bang! podcast, with Wompler first appearing in 2010, and Listler joining her in 2012. After several Comedy Bang! Bang! appearances, Scott Aukerman suggested that the duo launch their own podcast. Other characters from Comedy Bang! Bang! have made appearances on WOMP It Up!, including Andy Daly's "Joe Bongo" and Paul F. Tompkins's "Mike the Janitor" characters.
We had been doing the Womptacular specials, where we would just get, like, every single person, and everyone would play, like, four different characters, and it was insanity from the get-go. Those were doing really well, and so then we thought, "Well, we could just do it the way we do our show," which is, every week we have another of our incredibly funny friends play something that they think would fit into the world.
— Lennon Parham
Episodes
References
Audio podcasts
Comedy and humor podcasts
Earwolf
2015 podcast debuts
Improvisational podcasts
American podcasts | wiki |
Dynamic hip screw (DHS) or Sliding Screw Fixation is a type of orthopaedic implant designed for fixation of certain types of hip fractures which allows controlled dynamic sliding of the femoral head component along the construct. It is the most commonly used implant for extracapsular fractures of the hip, which are common in older osteoporotic patients. There are 3 components of a dynamic hip screw, including a lag screw (inserted into the neck of the femur), a sideplate and several cortical screws (fixated into the proximal femoral shaft). The idea behind the dynamic compression is that the femoral head component is allowed to move along one plane; since bone responds to dynamic stresses, the native femur may undergo primary healing: cells join along boundaries, resulting in a robust joint requiring no remodeling.
Additional images
References
Orthopedic surgical procedures
Orthopedic screws | wiki |
School of Biological Sciences may refer to:
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory School of Biological Sciences
Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences
School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester
UCI School of Biological Sciences
UEA School of Biological Sciences
University of Sydney School of Biological Sciences | wiki |
Fiona Stewart may refer to:
Fiona Stewart (author) (born 1966), Australian author and euthanasia activist
Fiona Stewart (event director) UK-based owner and director of Green Man Festival | wiki |
Phillips Middle School is the name of several middle schools in the United States:
Phillips Middle School in Fort Dodge, Iowa
Guy B. Phillips Middle School in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, part of Chapel Hill-Carrboro City Schools | wiki |
Jack Dale may refer to:
Jack Dale (coach), American football and basketball coach
Jack Dale (ice hockey) (born 1945), American ice hockey player
Jack Dale (cricketer) (1901–1965), English cricketer
Jack D. Dale, Superintendent of Fairfax County Public Schools, Virginia | wiki |
The following is a list of people who are considered a "father" or "mother" (or "founding father" or "founding mother") of a scientific field. Such people are generally regarded to have made the first significant contributions to and/or delineation of that field; they may also be seen as "a" rather than "the" father or mother of the field. Debate over who merits the title can be perennial.
Science as a whole
Natural sciences
Biology
Chemistry
Earth sciences
Medicine and physiology
Physics and astronomy
Formal sciences
Mathematics
Systems theory
Social sciences
Economics
Schools of thought
Theories
See also
Founders of statistics
Notes
References
list | wiki |
Ornithuroscincus inornatus is a species of skink found in Papua New Guinea.
References
Ornithuroscincus
Reptiles described in 2021
Reptiles of Papua New Guinea
Skinks of New Guinea | wiki |
Final girl is a trope in horror films.
Final girl or Final Girl may also refer to:
Final Girl (film), a 2015 American film
"Final Girl" (Constantine), an unaired episode of Constantine
"Final Girl" (American Horror Story), an episode of the ninth season of American Horror Story
The Final Girls, a 2015 American comedy slasher film
Final Girls, a 2017 thriller novel
See also
The Final Girl Support Group, a 2021 horror novel by Grady Hendrix | wiki |
John Vogel may refer to:
John Vogel, head storywriter for the Mortal Kombat series
John W. Vogel, manager and owner of African-American minstrel companies in the United States | wiki |
Classic Style Magazine was a short-lived quarterly men's magazine, first published in early 2007, and folded in 2008, after five issues. The magazine was owned and operated by Michael Key, through his Key Publishing Group.
See also
List of men's magazines
References
External links
(archived)
Men's magazines published in the United States
Annual magazines published in the United States
Defunct magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 2006
Men's fashion magazines
Magazines with year of disestablishment missing
Quarterly magazines published in the United States
Creators
Michael Key
Matt Deckard | wiki |
White cut chicken or white sliced chicken () is a type of siu mei. Unlike most other meats in the siu mei category, this particular dish is not roasted, but steamed. The dish is common to the cultures of Southern China, including Guangdong, Fujian and Hong Kong.
Preparation
The chicken is salt-marinated and cooked in its entirety in either plain in hot water or chicken broth with ginger. Other variations season the cooking liquid with additional ingredients, such as the white part of the green onion, cilantro stems or star anise. When the water starts to boil, the heat is turned off, allowing the chicken to cook in the residual heat for around 30 minutes. The chicken's skin will remain nearly white in color, and the meat will be quite tender and juicy. The dish can be served "rare", in which the meat is cooked thoroughly but a pinkish dark red blood is secreted from the bones. This is a more traditional version of white cut chicken that is seldom served in Chinese restaurants anymore. The chicken is usually cooled before cutting into pieces.
The chicken is served in pieces, with the skin and bone, sometimes garnished with cilantro, leeks and/or a slice of ginger. It is usually accompanied by a condiment called geung yung () made by combining finely minced ginger, finely minced garlic, green onion, salt and hot oil. Additional dips can be spicy mustard, hoisin sauce, soy sauce, oyster sauce or chili pepper sauce.
See also
Crispy fried chicken
Fried chicken
Hainanese chicken rice
List of chicken dishes
References
Cantonese cuisine
Hong Kong cuisine
Malaysian cuisine
Chinese chicken dishes | wiki |
Alessandra – nome proprio di persona italiano femminile
Alessandra – poema drammatico attribuito a Licofrone
Alessandra – album dei Pooh
Alessandra (Alexandra) – film del 1915 diretto da Curt A. Stark
Alessandra – romanzo di Stefano Terra del 1974
Pagine correlate
Alessandria (disambigua)
Alexandra
Alessandro | wiki |
The 2021–22 UEFA Europa Conference League knockout phase began on 17 February with the knockout round play-offs and ended on 25 May 2022 with the final at the Arena Kombëtare in Tirana, Albania, to decide the champions of the 2021–22 UEFA Europa Conference League. A total of 24 teams competed in the knockout phase.
Times are CET/CEST, as listed by UEFA (local times, if different, are in parentheses).
Qualified teams
The knockout phase involved 24 teams: the 16 teams which qualified as winners and runners-up of each of the eight groups in the group stage, and the eight third-placed teams from the Europa League group stage.
Europa Conference League group stage winners and runners-up
Europa League group stage third-placed teams
Format
Each tie in the knockout phase, apart from the final, was played over two legs, with each team playing one leg at home. The team that scored more goals on aggregate over the two legs advanced to the next round. If the aggregate score was level, then 30 minutes of extra time was played (the away goals rule was not applied). If the score was still level at the end of extra time, the winners were decided by a penalty shoot-out. In the final, which was played as a single match, if the score was level at the end of normal time, extra time was played, followed by a penalty shoot-out if the score was still level.
The mechanism of the draws for each round was as follows:
In the draw for the knockout round play-offs, the eight group runners-up were seeded, and the eight Europa League group third-placed teams were unseeded. The seeded teams were drawn against the unseeded teams, with the seeded teams hosting the second leg. Teams from the same association could not be drawn against each other. Since the identity of the Group G runners-up was not known at the time of the draw (due to the match between Tottenham Hotspur and Rennes not being played as scheduled), and could be either Tottenham Hotspur or Vitesse, they could not be drawn against Leicester City or PSV Eindhoven.
In the draw for the round of 16, the eight group winners were seeded, and the eight winners of the knockout round play-offs were unseeded. Again, the seeded teams were drawn against the unseeded teams, with the seeded teams hosting the second leg. Teams from the same association could not be drawn against each other.
In the draws for the quarter-finals and semi-finals, there were no seedings, and teams from the same association could be drawn against each other. As the draws for the quarter-finals and semi-finals were held together before the quarter-finals were played, the identity of the quarter-final winners was not known at the time of the semi-final draw. A draw was also held to determine which semi-final winner was designated as the "home" team for the final (for administrative purposes as it was played at a neutral venue).
Schedule
The schedule was as follows (all draws were held at the UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland).
Bracket
Knockout round play-offs
The draw for the knockout round play-offs was held on 13 December 2021, 14:00 CET.
Summary
The first legs were played on 17 February, and the second legs were played on 24 February 2022.
|}
Matches
Marseille won 6–1 on aggregate.
PSV Eindhoven won 2–1 on aggregate.
Slavia Prague won 6–4 on aggregate.
2–2 on aggregate. PAOK won 5–3 on penalties.
Leicester City won 7–2 on aggregate.
Bodø/Glimt won 5–1 on aggregate.
Partizan won 3–1 on aggregate.
Vitesse won 3–2 on aggregate.
Round of 16
The draw for the round of 16 was held on 25 February 2022, 13:00 CET.
Summary
The first legs were played on 10 March, and the second legs were played on 17 March 2022.
|}
Matches
Marseille won 4–2 on aggregate.
Leicester City won 3–2 on aggregate.
PAOK won 3–1 on aggregate.
Roma won 2–1 on aggregate.
PSV Eindhoven won 8–4 on aggregate.
Slavia Prague won 7–5 on aggregate.
Bodø/Glimt won 4–3 on aggregate.
Feyenoord won 8–3 on aggregate.
Quarter-finals
The draw for the quarter-finals was held on 18 March 2022, 15:00 CET.
Summary
The first legs were played on 7 April, and the second legs were played on 14 April 2022.
|}
Matches
Roma won 5–2 on aggregate.
Feyenoord won 6–4 on aggregate.
Marseille won 3–1 on aggregate.
Leicester City won 2–1 on aggregate.
Semi-finals
The draw for the semi-finals was held on 18 March 2022, 15:00 CET, after the quarter-final draw.
Summary
The first legs were played on 28 April, and the second legs were played on 5 May 2022.
|}
Matches
Roma won 2–1 on aggregate.
Feyenoord won 3–2 on aggregate.
Final
The final was played on 25 May 2022 at the Arena Kombëtare in Tirana. A draw was held on 18 March 2022, after the quarter-final and semi-final draws, to determine the "home" team for administrative purposes.
Notes
References
External links
3
February 2022 sports events in Europe
March 2022 sports events in Europe
April 2022 sports events in Europe
May 2022 sports events in Europe | wiki |
Tahoe Maritime Museum is permanently closed..
hour.
See also
List of maritime museums in the United States
References
Museums in Placer County, California
Maritime museums in California | wiki |
A cockroach is a business that - from inception forward - grows gradually and progressively. It puts a specific emphasis on revenues as well as profits and ensures a tight cost control in order to make its growth especially robust as far as finances are concerned. Oftentimes these cockroaches are more resilient and thus considered a less risky investment than "unicorns".
References
Technology neologisms
2010s neologisms | wiki |
Dubbin (also known as “dubbing” in the USA) is a traditional product used to soften, condition and waterproof leather. It consists of natural wax, oil and tallow. Dubbin has been used since medieval times to waterproof and soften leather goods. It is different from saddle soap used to clean and lightly condition leather, or shoe polish, which is used to impart shine and colour to it.
Dubbin can be made with beeswax; fish oil; and lard, and can also include mink oil.
The name dubbin is a contraction of the gerund dubbing, describing the action of applying the wax to leather.
References
Citations
Other references
- Material Safety Data Sheet - Joseph Lyddy dubbin.
- Opportunities for industry and the safe investment of capital (1859) Rothman, E., Lippincott, USA
Jarell, T.D., Holman, H.P., (1923) Effects of Treating Materials and Outdoor Exposure upon Water Resistance and Tensile Strength of Cotton Duck, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Bureau of Chemistry, Washington.
Norton, F.J., (1945) Waterproofing Treatments of Materials, Patent Number 2386259, Serial Number 452,885, United States Patent Office.
Holman, H.P., Jarrell, T.D., (date unknown) The Effects of Waterproofing Materials and Outdoor Exposure upon the Tensile Strength of Cotton Yarn, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 15(3), US Department of Agriculture, Washington.
Stewart, C.S., (1977) Factors Affecting the Cellulolytic Activity of Rumen Contents, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, pp. 497–502
External links
Johan's Dubbin Page - a leathercrafter's perspective of this leather conditioner.
Footwear accessories | wiki |
JPEG is a format for compressed digital images.
JPEG may also refer to:
Joint Photographic Experts Group, the standardization group after which the JPEG coding format is named
Motion JPEG, a video compression method using JPEG still image compression, sometimes referred to as "JPEG"
JPEG File Interchange Format, a file format originally created to contain JPEG compressed images, frequently referred to as "JPEG"
Independent JPEG Group, the group maintaining an independent implementation of ISO/IEC JPEG
libjpeg, the implementation of JPEG as a software library
JPEG (album), a 2019 album by German band Digitalism
See also
Lossless JPEG
JPEG 2000
Motion JPEG 2000
JPG (disambiguation) | wiki |
Sansa may refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media
Sansa (film), 2003 French film
Sansa Stark, a fictional character from A Song of Ice and Fire book series, and the adaptation, Game of Thrones
Brands and enterprises
Sansa Airlines (Servicios Aéreos Nacionales S.A.), an airline based in San José, Costa Rica
SanDisk portable media players, now known as SanDisk Clip, formerly Sansa
People
Honinbo Sansa, a Buddhist priest
Maya Sansa, an Italian actress
Other uses
Sansa (temple), Korean Buddhist temples
Sansa, a mbira or "thumb piano"
Sansa, Pyrénées-Orientales, a commune in France
Sansa, Turkey, a village in Üzümlü District in Turkey
Sansa apple, a dessert apple, cross of the Japanese Akane and New Zealand Gala varietals
South African National Space Agency, or SANSA | wiki |
SnipSnap is an app that will let you receive free coupons.
SnipSnap may also refer to:
Snip-Snap-Snorum, a matching card game
Snipp, Snapp, Snurr, fictional book characters
Snip and Snap, an animated 1960 British television show | wiki |
A British passport is a travel document issued by the United Kingdom or other British dependencies and territories to individuals holding any form of British nationality. It grants the bearer international passage in accordance with visa requirements and serves as proof of citizenship. It also facilitates access to consular assistance from British embassies around the world. Passports are issued using royal prerogative, which is exercised by His Majesty's Government; this means that the grant of a passport is a privilege, not a right, and may be withdrawn in some circumstances. British citizen passports have been issued in the UK by His Majesty's Passport Office, an agency of the Home Office, since 2014. All passports issued in the UK since 2006 have been biometric.
The legacy of the United Kingdom as an imperial power has resulted in several types of British nationality, and different types of British passport exist as a result. Furthermore, each of the Crown dependencies and Overseas territories issue their own variants of British passports to those with links to their jurisdictions, which have small differences from the UK-variant passport. All British passports enable the bearer to request consular assistance from British embassies and from certain Commonwealth embassies in some cases. British citizens can use their passport as evidence of right of abode in the United Kingdom.
Between 1920 and 1992, the standard design of British passports was a navy blue hardcover booklet featuring the royal coat of arms emblazoned in gold. From 1988, the UK adopted machine readable passports in accordance with the International Civil Aviation Organization standard 9303. At this time, the passport colour was also changed to burgundy red, to bring it into line with the European Community passports of the other member states. The previous blue hardback passport continued to be issued in tandem with the new design until stocks were exhausted in 1992. March 2020 saw the introduction of a new navy blue passport with a continuity design based on the previous blue passport last issued in 1992. This design was phased in over a number of months, and when introduced, the plan was that all passports issued should be blue by mid-2020. All passports are now issued with the blue design and they are made by Thales DIS (formerly Gemalto) in Poland.
British citizens have visa-free or visa on arrival access to 188 countries and territories; the international access available to British citizens ranks sixth in the world according to the 2023 Visa Restrictions Index.
Since the introduction of biometric passports in 2006, a new design has been introduced every five years.
History
Early passports (1414–1921)
King Henry V of England is credited with having invented what some consider the first passport in the modern sense, as a means of helping his subjects prove who they were in foreign lands. The earliest reference to these documents is found in the Safe Conducts Act 1414. In 1540, granting travel documents in England became a role of the Privy Council of England, and it was around this time that the term "passport" was introduced. In Scotland, passports were issued by the Scottish Crown and could also be issued on the Crown's behalf by burghs, senior churchmen and noblemen. Passports were still signed by the monarch until 1685, when the Secretary of State could sign them instead. The Secretary of State signed all passports in place of the monarch from 1794 onwards, at which time formal records started to be kept; all of these records still exist. Passports were written in Latin or English until 1772, then in French until 1858. Since that time, they have been written in English, with some sections translated into French. In 1855, passports became a standardised document issued solely to British nationals. They were a simple single-sheet hand-drafted paper document.
Some duplicate passports and passport records are available at the British Library; for example IOR: L/P&J/11 contain a few surviving passports of travelling ayahs from the 1930s.
A passport issued on 18 June 1641 and signed by King Charles I still exists.
Starting in the late 19th century, an increasing number of Britons began travelling abroad due to the advent of railways and travel services such as the Thomas Cook Continental Timetable. The speed of trains, as well as the number of passengers that crossed multiple borders, made enforcement of passport laws difficult, and many travellers did not carry a passport in this era. However, the outbreak of World War I led to the introduction of modern border controls, including in the UK with passage of the British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act 1914. Thus, in 1915 the British government developed a new format of passport that could be mass-produced and used to quickly identify the bearer. The new passport consisted of a printed sheet folded into ten and affixed to a clothed cardboard cover. It included a description of the holder as well as a photograph, and had to be renewed after two years.
Passport booklets (1921–1993)
In October 1920, the League of Nations held the Paris Conference on Passports & Customs Formalities and Through Tickets. British diplomats joined with 42 countries to draft passport guidelines and a general booklet design resulted from the conference. The League model specified a 32-page booklet of 15.5 cm by 10.5 cm (6.1 inches by 4.1 inches). The first four pages were reserved for detailing the bearer's physical characteristics, occupation and residence.
The British government formed the Passport Office in the same year and in 1921 began issuing 32-page passports with a navy blue hardcover with an embossed coat of arms. "BRITISH PASSPORT" was the common identifier printed at the top of all booklets, while the name of the issuing government was printed below the coat of arms (e.g. United Kingdom, New Zealand, Hong Kong). Cut-outs in the cover allowed the bearer's name and the passport number to be displayed. This format would remain the standard for most British passports until the introduction of machine-readable passports in 1988. It continued to be issued in the United Kingdom until the end of 1993.
As with many contemporary travel documents worldwide, details were handwritten into the passport and (as of 1955) included: number, holder's name, "accompanied by his wife" and her maiden name, "and" (number) "children", national status. For both bearer and wife: profession, place and date of birth, country of residence, height, eye and hair colour, special peculiarities, signature and photograph. Names, birth dates, and sexes of children, list of countries for which valid, issue place and date, expiry date, a page for renewals and, at the back, details of the amount of foreign exchange for travel expenses (a limited amount of sterling, typically £50 but increasing with inflation, could be taken out of the country). The bearer's sex was not explicitly stated, although the name was written in with title ("Mr John Smith"). Descriptive text was printed in both English and French (a practice which continues), e.g., "Accompanied by his wife (Maiden name)/Accompagné de sa femme (Née)". Changed details were struck out and rewritten, with a rubber-stamped note confirming the change.
If details and photograph of a man's wife and details of children were entered (this was not compulsory), the passport could be used by the bearer, wife, and children under 16, if together; separate passports were required for the wife or children to travel independently. The passport was valid for five years, renewable for another five, after which it had to be replaced.
Renewal of a passport required physical cancellation of the old passport, which was then returned to the bearer. The top-right corner of its front cover was cut off and "Cancelled" was stamped into one or both of the cut-outs in the front cover, which showed the passport number and the bearer's name, as well on the pages showing the bearer's details and the document's validity.
For much of the 20th century, the passport had a printed list of countries for which it was valid, which was added to manually as validity increased. A passport issued in 1955 was valid for the British Commonwealth, USA, and all countries in Europe "including the USSR, Turkey, Algeria, Azores, Canary Islands, Iceland, and Madeira"; during its period of validity restrictions eased and it was endorsed "and for all other foreign countries".
The British visitor's passport
A new simplified type, the British Visitor's Passport, was introduced in 1961. It was a single sheet of cardboard, folded in three so as to consist of six pages the same size as those of a regular passport, and was valid for one year. It was obtainable for many years from Employment Exchanges, as agents of the Passport Office, and later from a Post Office. It was accepted for travel by most west European countries (excluding surface travel to West Berlin), but was dropped in 1995 since it did not meet new security standards. A cancelled passport, which was returned to the bearer, had its top-right corner cut off, which had the effect of removing a corner from every page.
Machine-readable passports (1988–2006)
After the passport standardisation efforts of the 1920s, further effort to update international passport guidance was limited. The United Kingdom joined the European Communities in 1973, at a time when the Communities was looking to strengthen European civic identity. Between 1974 and 1975, the member states developed a common format. Member states agreed that passports should be burgundy in colour and feature the heading "European Community" in addition to the country name. Adoption was by member states was voluntary. While most of the Community adopted the format by 1985, the UK continued to issue the traditional blue booklet.
Rapid growth of air travel and technological change led to the International Civil Aviation Organization defining a new international standard for machine-readable passports, ICAO Doc 9303, in 1980. An ICAO standard machine-readable passport was a significant departure from the traditional British passport layout, and the British government did not immediately adopt it. In 1986, the United States announced the US Visa Waiver Program. The concept allowed for passport holders of certain countries to enter the US for business or tourism without applying for a visitor visa. The UK was the first country to join the scheme in 1988; however, a requirement was that the traveller hold a machine-readable passport. Thus, the British government was, after nearly 70 years, forced to retire the traditional navy blue League of Nations format passport.
With the move to machine-readable passports, the UK decided to adopt the European Community format. On 15 August 1988, the Glasgow passport office became the first to issue burgundy-coloured machine-readable passports. They had the words 'European Community' on the cover, later changed to 'European Union' in 1997. The passport had 32 pages; while a 48-page version was made available with more space for stamps and visas. Two lines of machine-readable text were printed in ICAO format, and a section was included in which relevant terms ("surname", "date of issue", etc.) were translated into the official EU languages. Passports issued overseas did not all have a Machine Readable Zone, but these were introduced gradually as appropriate equipment was made available overseas.
While other British territories such as Hong Kong and the Cayman Islands were not part of the European Community, they also adopted the same European format, although "British Passport" remained at the top rather than "European Community".
In 1998 the first digital image passport was introduced with photographs being replaced with images printed directly on the data page which was moved from the cover to an inside page to reduce the ease of fraud. These documents were all issued with machine-readable zones and had a hologram over the photograph, which was the first time that British passports had been protected by an optically variable safeguard. These documents were issued until 2006 when the biometric passport was introduced.
Biometric passports (2006–present)
Series A (2006–2015)
In the late 1990s, ICAO's Technical Advisory Group began developing a new standard for storing biometric data (e.g. photo, fingerprints, iris scan) on a chip embedded in a passport. The September 11 attacks involving the hijacking of commercial airliners led to the rapid incorporation of the group's technical report in to ICAO Doc 9303.
The Identity and Passport Service issued the first biometric British passport on 6 February 2006, known as Series A. This was the first British passport to feature artwork. Series A, version 1 was produced between 2006 and 2010, while an updated version 2 with technical changes and refreshed artwork was produced between 2010 and 2015.
Version 1 showcased birds native to the British Isles. The bio-data page was printed with a finely detailed background including a drawing of a red grouse, and the entire page was protected from modification by a laminate which incorporates a holographic image of the kingfisher; visa pages were numbered and printed with detailed backgrounds including drawings of other birds: a merlin, curlew, pied avocet, and red kite. An RFID chip and antenna were visible on the official observations page and held the same visual information as printed, including a digital copy of the photograph with biometric information for use with facial recognition systems. The Welsh and Scottish Gaelic languages were included in all British passports for the first time, and appeared on the titles page replacing the official languages of the EU, although the EU languages still appeared faintly as part of the background design. Welsh and Scottish Gaelic preceded the official EU languages in the translations section.
In 2010, Her Majesty's Passport Office signed a ten-year, £400 million contract with De La Rue to produce British passports. This resulted in Series A, version 2, which introduced minor security enhancements. The biometric chip was relocated from the official observations page to inside the cover, and the observations page itself was moved from the back of the passport to immediately after the data page. All new art was produced for version 2, this time with a coastal theme. Data and visa pages featured coastal scenes, wildlife and meteorological symbols.
Renewal of the passport required physical cancellation of the old passport, which was then returned to the bearer. The top-right corners of its front and back covers were cut off, as well as the top-right corner of the final pair of pages, which had been bound in plastic with the bearer's details and a digital chip; a white bar-coded form stating "Renewal" and the bearer's personal details was stuck onto the back cover.
Series B (2015–2020)
HMPO's contract with De La Rue involved the design of a new generation of biometric passport, which was released in October 2015 as the Series B passport. The cover design remained the same as Series A, with minor changes to the cover material. The number of pages of a standard passport was increased from 32 to 34, and the 50-page 'jumbo' passport replaced the previous 48-page business passport. New security features included rich three-dimensional UV imagery, cross-page printing and a single-sheet bio-data page joined with the back cover. A new typeface for the cover was adopted as well, which is now Times New Roman. At the time of its introduction, no other passport offered visa free access to more countries than the UK's Series B British passport.
The theme of the Series B passport was 'Creative United Kingdom', and HMPO described the Series B artwork as the most intricate ever featured in a British passport. Each double-spread page set featured artwork celebrating 500 years of achievements in art, architecture and innovation in the UK. Ordnance Survey maps were also printed inside featuring places related to the imagery. A portrait of William Shakespeare was embedded in each page as a watermark.
The Series B passport was initially issued to British citizens with "European Union" printed on the cover. However, new stocks of the Series B from March 2019 onwards removed the reference in anticipation of withdrawal from the EU. The premature change was controversial given the uncertainty and division in the UK during 2019.
Series C (2020–present)
The introduction of the burgundy machine-readable passport between 1988 and 1993 had been met with significant resistance. The burgundy passports attracted criticism for their perceived flimsiness, mass-produced nature and sudden deviation from the traditional design. There was speculation regarding re-introduction of the old-style passport following the UK's withdrawal from the European Union. but the government denied any immediate plans. Such a change was supported by some due to its symbolic value, including Brexit Secretary David Davis, while others thought the undue weight put on such a trivial change raises the question of whether the government is able to prioritise its order of business ahead of Brexit. Nevertheless, the British passport was due for an update in 2020, as the existing De La Rue passport contract was expiring.
On 2 April 2017, Michael Fabricant MP said that De La Rue had stated that the coat of arms would "contrast better on navy blue than it currently does on the maroon passports" as part of their pre-tender discussions with the government. In December 2017, then Immigration Minister Brandon Lewis announced that the blue passport would "return" after exit from the EU.
Following open tender under EU public procurement rules in 2018, the Franco-Dutch security firm Gemalto was selected over British banknote and travel document printer De La Rue. The result of the tender proved highly controversial, as it saw the production of British passport blanks moved from Gateshead in the UK to Tczew, Poland. Most passports are produced in Poland, due to it being more cost efficient. However, urgent, fast-tracked or premium-service passports, which are 34 or 50 pages, are locally produced at application-processing centres in the UK.
On 10 March 2020, the new Series C blue British passport officially began to be issued. Series B passports would also be issued while the Home Office used up old stock.
On 25 September 2020, HMPO announced all British passports issued would now be blue.
Series C introduces a polycarbonate laser-engraved bio-data page with an embedded RFID chip. Also embedded in the data page is a decoding lens which optically unscrambles information hidden on the official observations page and inner front cover. The reverse of the polycarbonate data page serves as the title page and features a portrait-orientation photo of the bearer, reminiscent of pre-1988 passports. Series C features very little artwork, with a compass rose being the only printed art. The passport has the national flowers of England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales (Tudor Rose, Shamrock, Scotch Thistle and Daffodil, respectively) embossed on the back cover.
National identity cards
Second World War
The National Registration Act established a National Register which began operating on 29 September 1939 (National Registration Day). This introduced a system of identity cards, and a requirement that they must be produced on demand or presented to a police station within 48 hours. Identity cards had to be carried by every man, woman, and child at all times. They included information such as name, age, address, and occupation.
Prior to National Registration Day, 65,000 enumerators across the country delivered forms which householders were required to record their details on. On the following Sunday and Monday the enumerators visited every household, checked the form before issuing a completed identity card for each of the residents. All cards at this time were the same brown/buff colour.
Three main reasons for their introduction:
1. The major dislocation of the population caused by mobilisation and mass evacuation and also the wartime need for complete manpower control and planning in order to maximise the efficiency of the war economy.
2. The likelihood of rationing (introduced from January 1940 onwards).
3. Population statistics. As the last census had been held in 1931, there was little accurate data on which to base vital planning decisions. The National Register was in fact an instant census and the National Registration Act closely resembles the 1920 Census Act in many ways
On 21 February 1952, it no longer became necessary to carry an identity card. The National Registration Act of 1939 was repealed on 22 May 1952.
Abandoned plans for "next generation" biometric passports and national identity registration
There had been plans, under the Identity Cards Act 2006, to link passports to the Identity Cards scheme. However, in the Conservative – Liberal Democrat Coalition Agreement that followed the 2010 General Election, the new government announced that they planned to scrap the ID card scheme, the National Identity Register, and the next generation of biometric passports, as part of their measures "to reverse the substantial erosion of civil liberties under the Labour Government and roll back state intrusion".
The Identity Cards Act 2006 would have required any person applying for a passport to have their details entered into a centralised computer database, the National Identity Register, part of the National Identity Scheme associated with identity cards and passports. Once registered, they would also have been obliged to update any change to their address and personal details. The identity card was expected to cost up to £60 (with £30 going to the Government, and the remainder charged as processing fees by the companies that would be collecting the fingerprints and photographs). In May 2005 the Government said that the cost for a combined identity card and passport would be £93 plus processing fees.
The next generation of biometric passports, which would have contained chips holding facial images and fingerprints, were to have been issued from 2012. Everyone applying for a passport from 2012 would have had their 10 fingerprints digitally scanned and stored on a database, although only two would have been recorded in the passport.
Nobody in the UK is required to carry any form of ID. In everyday situations, most authorities, such as the police, do not make spot checks of identification for individuals, although they may do so in instances of arrest.
Five Nations Passport Group
Since 2004, the United Kingdom has participated in the Five Nations Passport Group, an international forum for cooperation between the passport issuing authorities in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States to "share best practices and discuss innovations related to the development of passport policies, products and practices".
Types of British passports
Owing to the many different categories in British nationality law, there are different types of passports for each class of British nationality. All categories of British passports are issued by His Majesty's Government under royal prerogative. Since all British passports are issued in the name of the Crown, the reigning monarch does not require a passport. The following table shows the number of valid British passports on the last day of 2022 and shows the different categories eligible to hold a British passport:
British citizen, British Overseas citizen, British subject, British protected person, British National (Overseas)
British citizen, British Overseas citizen, British subject, British protected person and British National (Overseas) passports are issued by HM Passport Office in the UK. British nationals of these categories applying for passports outside the UK can apply for their passport online from HMPO. British passports were previously issued by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in British embassies around the world. However, in 2009, this was stopped and British citizen passports can now only be issued by the Passport Office in the UK. The FCO says: "In their 2006 report on consular services, the National Audit Office recommended limiting passport production to fewer locations to increase security and reduce expenditure."
Gibraltar
British citizens and British Overseas Territory citizens of Gibraltar can apply for their passport in Gibraltar, where it will be issued by the Gibraltar Civil Status and Registration Office. British citizens can still live, work, and study in Gibraltar at any time, as British citizenship grants right of abode in Gibraltar.
Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories
British passports in Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man are issued in the name of the Lieutenant-Governor of the respective Crown Dependencies on behalf of the States of Jersey, States of Guernsey and the Government of the Isle of Man respectively. Meanwhile, in British Overseas Territories, British Overseas Territories Citizen passports are issued in the name of the respective territory's governor. However, an Overseas Territory Citizen resident and renewing their passport in the UK will receive a standard (e.g. British Citizen) passport book, only with their Overseas Territory status being recorded instead.
Due to the enactment of the British Nationality (Falkland Islands) Act 1983, and the British Overseas Territories Act 2002, citizens of the Falkland Islands can only apply for British citizen passports, even though they also hold Overseas Territory Citizen status. Citizens of Gibraltar would also have their Overseas Territory passport cancelled if they applied for a British citizen passport after 2002.
The nationality reads for Overseas Territories "British Overseas Territories Citizen" regardless of the residence of the bearer. Previously, in the machine-readable zone, the three-letter ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code of the territory is given in the field of the code of issuing state, while GBR (British Overseas Territories citizens, formerly British Dependent Territories citizens) is shown in the nationality field. Either of these features enabled automatic distinction between BOTCs related to different territories. Ever since the HMPO assumed the responsibility of the issuance of BOTC passports in 2015, however, the code of issuing state is changed to GBR for all territories, thus making it impossible to identify the holder's domicile without the aid of other features, such as the passport cover.
Special British passports
Diplomatic passports are issued in the UK by HMPO. They are issued to British diplomats and high-ranking government officials to facilitate travel abroad.
Official passports are issued to those travelling abroad on official state business.
King's Messenger passports were issued to diplomatic couriers who transport documents on behalf of HM Government. Since 2014, these have been replaced by an observation within a standard diplomatic passport.
Emergency passports are issued by British embassies across the world. Emergency passports may be issued to any person holding British nationality. Commonwealth citizens are also eligible to receive British emergency passports in countries where their country of nationality is unrepresented. Under a reciprocal agreement, British emergency passports may also be issued to EU citizens in countries where their own country does not have a diplomatic mission or is otherwise unable to assist.
Collective (also known as group) passports are issued to defined groups of 5 to 50 individuals who are British citizens under the age of 18 for travel together to the EEA and Switzerland, such as a group of school children on a school trip.
EU passports
British citizens, British Overseas Territory citizens of Gibraltar and British subjects with right of abode are considered to be UK nationals for the purpose of EU law. They were therefore considered to be EU citizens until 31 January 2020 when the UK withdrew from the EU. As a result, passports issued to these nationals were considered to be EU passports. British passports with EU status facilitated access to consular assistance from another European Union member state.
British nationals formerly holding EU status continued to enjoy free movement within the European Economic Area and Switzerland until the Brexit transition period ended on 31 December 2020. The right to live, and work in the Republic of Ireland will continue for British citizens, as British citizens are not treated as aliens under Irish law. Common Travel Area arrangements for visa-free travel remain unchanged.
Other types of British national were not considered to be EU citizens, but may nevertheless enjoy visa-free travel to the Schengen Area on a short-term basis.
Physical appearance
Outside cover
Current issue British passports are navy blue.
The blue passport sports the coat of arms of the United Kingdom emblazoned in the centre of the front cover.
"BRITISH PASSPORT" is inscribed above the coat of arms, and the name of the issuing government is inscribed below (e.g. "UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND" or "TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS"). Where a British national is connected to a territory that is no longer under British sovereignty (e.g. BN(O) in Hong Kong), the issuing government is the United Kingdom. The biometric passport symbol appears at the bottom of the front cover. The rear cover of blue passports are also embossed with the floral emblems of England (Tudor rose), Northern Ireland (Shamrock), Scotland (Scottish thistle) and Wales (daffodil).
Burgundy passports issued by the UK, Gibraltar and the Crown Dependencies follow a different format, as they are based on the EU common model. The words "UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND" (+ "GIBRALTAR" where relevant) or "BRITISH ISLANDS" (+ the Dependency's name) are inscribed above the coat of arms, whilst the word "PASSPORT" is inscribed below. The biometric passport symbol appears at the bottom of the front cover. On passports issued before 29 March 2019, the words "EUROPEAN UNION" were printed at the top of the booklet.
Function-related passports
Besides the ordinary passports described above, special passports are issued to government officials from which diplomatic status may (diplomatic passport) or may not (official passport) be conferred by the text on the cover. Until 2014 a special passport was available for a Queen's Messenger, which had on its cover the text "QUEEN’S MESSENGER – COURRIER DIPLOMATIQUE" below the coat of arms and the text "BRITISH PASSPORT" above it. Despite the red cover, the internal pages continued to resemble those of the old blue passport.
Each passport cover is detailed in the gallery below.
Inside cover
UK-issued British passports issued during the reign of Queen Elizabeth II contain on their inside cover the following words in English:
Following the accession of King Charles III, the request will read the following in English:
In older passports, more specific reference was made to "Her Britannic Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs", originally including the name of the incumbent.
In non-UK issue passports, the request is made by the Governor or Lieutenant-Governor of the territory in "the Name of Her Britannic Majesty". As with UK-issued passports, following the accession of King Charles III, the request will change to “His Britannic Majesty”.
Information page
British passports issued by HM Passport Office include the following data on the information page:
Photograph of the owner/holder (digital image printed on page)
Type (P)
Code of issuing state (GBR)
Passport number
Surname (see note below regarding titles)
Given names
Nationality (the class of British nationality, such as "British Citizen" or "British Overseas Citizen", or if issued on behalf of a Commonwealth country, "Commonwealth Citizen")
Date of birth
Sex (Gender)
Place of birth (only the city or town is listed, even if born outside the UK; places of birth in Wales are entered in Welsh upon request )
Date of issue
Authority
Date of expiry
Machine-readable zone starting with P< GBR
The items are identified by text in English and French (e.g., "Given names/Prénoms"). Translations into Welsh, Scottish Gaelic, Irish and Spanish are written on page 5 (Series C), with the English and French translation also being included (e.g, "Surname / Cyfenw / Cinneadh / Sloinne / Nom / Apellidos"). Passports issued until March 2019 were translated into all official EU languages.
According to the British government, the current policy of using noble titles on passports requires that the applicant provides evidence that the Lord Lyon has recognised a feudal barony, or the title is included in Burke's Peerage. If accepted (and if the applicant wishes to include the title), the correct form is for the applicant to include the territorial designation as part of their surname (Surname of territorial designation e.g. Smith of Inverglen). The official observation would then show the holder's full name, followed by their feudal title e.g. The holder is John Smith, Baron of Inverglen.
Official Observations page
Certain British passports are issued with printed endorsements on the Official Observations page, usually in upper case (capital letters). They form part of the passport when it is issued, as distinct from immigration stamps subsequently entered in the visa pages. Some examples are:
The Holder has right of abode in the United Kingdom
British Subjects with the right of abode (usually from Ireland) have this endorsement in their passports. Between 1973 and 1982, this observation was also in passports issued to British Subjects with a connection to the UK (now British Citizens).
The Holder is entitled to readmission in the United Kingdom
British Overseas Citizens who have been granted indefinite leave to enter or remain after 1968 retain this entitlement for life as their ILR is not subject to the two-year expiration rule, and their passports are accordingly issued with this endorsement.
The Holder is subject to control under the Immigration Act 1971
British nationals without the right of abode in the UK will have this endorsement in their passports unless they have been granted indefinite leave to enter or remain. However, even though a BN(O) passport does not entitle the holder the right of abode in the UK, this endorsement is not found in BN(O) passports (1999 and biometric versions).
The Holder is not entitled to benefit from European Union provisions relating to employment or establishment
British citizens from Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man without a qualifying connection to the United Kingdom by descent or residency for more than five years previously had this endorsement in their passports. Moreover, British Overseas Citizens and British Nationals (Overseas) would have the same endorsement if they renewed their BOC/BN(O) passport after 29 March 2019. This observation ceased to be used from 1 January 2021.
In accordance with the United Kingdom immigration rules the holder of this passport does not require an entry certificate or visa to visit the United Kingdom
This endorsement is found in BN(O) passports, and accordingly holders of BN(O) passports are allowed to enter the UK as a visitor without an entry certificate or visa for up to six months per entry.
The Holder is also a British National (Overseas)
British citizens who also possess BN(O) status may have this endorsement in their passports to signify their additional status, with the holder’s consent.
The Holder (of this passport has Hong Kong permanent identity card no XXXXXXXX which states that the holder) has the right of abode in Hong Kong
British Nationals (Overseas) (BN(O)s) have this endorsement in their passports, as registration as a BN(O) before 1997 required the applicant to hold a valid Hong Kong permanent identity card, which guaranteed the holder's right of abode in Hong Kong.
Such persons would continue to have right of abode or right to land in Hong Kong after the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong in 1997 under the Immigration Ordinance. This endorsement is also found in a British citizen passport when the holder has both British citizenship and BN(O) status (at the holder’s request).
Before the Hong Kong Act 1985 and Hong Kong (British Nationality) Order 1986 were enacted, nationals of Hong Kong were entitled to British Dependent Territory Citizen status (British Subject CUKC before 1983). The observation then merely read:
The Holder has right of abode in Hong Kong.
The Holder is or The Holder is also known as ...
This endorsement is found in passports where the holder uses or retains another professional, stage or religious name and is known by it "for all purposes", or has a recognised form of address, academic, feudal or legal title (e.g. Doctor, European Engineer, Queen's Counsel, Professor, Minister of Religion) regarded as important identifiers of an individual. The styling 'Dr ...', 'Professor ...' or similar is recorded here, or the alternative professional/stage/religious name, usually on request by the passport holder. For example, Cliff Richard's birth name was Harry Webb, and the passport Observations page would read:
"The Holder is also known as Cliff Richard"
This endorsement is also found in the passport of persons with Peerage titles, members of the Privy Council, holders of knighthoods and other decorations, etc, to declare the holder's title.
Also, this endorsement is found if the passport holder's name is too long to fit within the 30-character limits (including spaces) on the passport information page; applies to each line reserved for the surname and the first given name including any middle name(s). In this scenario the holder's full name will be written out in full on the Observations page. According to the British passport agency guidelines, a person with a long or multiple given name, which cannot fit within the 30-character passport information page limits, should enter as much of the first given name, followed by the initials of all middle names (if any). The same advice applies to a long or multiple surname. The holder's full name is then shown printed out in its entirety on the passport Observations page. For example, Kiefer Sutherland's birth name would read on the passport information page:
Surname: "Sutherland"
Given names: "Kiefer W F D G R"
Observations page:
"The Holder is Kiefer William Frederick Dempsey George Rufus Sutherland"
The holder's name in Chinese Commercial Code: XXXX XXXX XXXX
This endorsement was found in BN(O) and Hong Kong British Dependent Territories Citizen passports held by BN(O)s and British Dependent Territories Citizens with a connection to Hong Kong who have a Chinese name recognised by the Hong Kong Immigration Department before the handover. After the handover, British passports issued in Hong Kong can only be issued at the British Consulate-General, and this endorsement is no longer in use. (See also: Chinese commercial code)
Holder is a member of His Britannic Majesty's Diplomatic Service
Holder is a spouse/dependant of a member of His Britannic Majesty's Diplomatic Service
This endorsement is found in British passports held by people who are dependants or spouses of British diplomats.
Multiple passports
People who have valid reasons may be allowed to hold more than one passport booklet. This applies usually to people who travel frequently on business, and may need to have a passport booklet to travel on while the other is awaiting a visa for another country. Some Muslim-majority countries including Syria, Lebanon, Libya, Kuwait, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, and Yemen do not issue visas to visitors if their passports bear a stamp or visa issued by Israel, as a result of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. In that case, a person can apply for a second passport to avoid travel issues. Reasons and supporting documentation (such as a letter from an employer) must be provided.
In addition, a person who has dual British citizenship and British Overseas Territories citizenship is allowed to hold two British passports under different statuses at the same time. Persons who acquired their BOTC status with a connection to Gibraltar or Falkland Islands, however, are not eligible due to differences in regulations, and their BOTC passports will be cancelled when their British citizen passports are issued even when they possess both citizenships.
Monarch
The King, Charles III, is not required to hold a passport because passports are issued in his name and on his authority, thus making it superfluous for him to hold one. All other members of the royal family, however, including the heir apparent William, Prince of Wales, do require passports.
Visa requirements
Visa requirements for British citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of the United Kingdom. As of March 2023, holders of regular British Citizen passports had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 188 countries and territories, ranking the British Citizen passport 6th in the world in terms of travel freedom (tied with the French, Irish, and Portuguese passports) according to the Henley Passport Index. Additionally, Arton Capital's Passport Index ranked the British Citizen passport 5th in the world in terms of travel freedom, with a visa-free score of 169 (tied with the Singaporean, Maltese, Lithuanian, and Slovak passports), as of 28 September 2022.
Visa requirements for other categories of British nationals, namely British Nationals (Overseas), British Overseas Citizens, British Overseas Territories Citizens, British Protected Persons, and British Subjects, are different.
Statistics
Passport statistics
Foreign travel statistics
According to the Foreign travel advice provided by the British Government (unless otherwise noted) these are the numbers of British visitors to various countries per annum in 2015 (unless otherwise noted):
Cost
The cost of a British passport is between free and £104, for an adult (16 and over) 50-page frequent traveler passport who apply by paper form.
Pre-Brexit, the contract for printing British passports had been held by British company De La Rue. In 2018, the contract for printing post-Brexit was awarded to Franco-Dutch company Gemalto, which in 2019 became Thales DIS, part of the multinational Thales Group. The passports booklets will be printed more cheaply in Poland, with a controversial loss of printer jobs at De La Rue, but the passports will be personalised in the UK across two sites.
Gallery of British passports
See also
Visa requirements for British citizens
Five Nations Passport Group
Former passports of the European Union
Passports in Europe
Notes
References
External links
British passports
United Kingdom | wiki |
Mega Man X (w Japonii Rockman X) – seria gier wideo stworzona przez Capcom, rozpoczęta wydaną w 1993 roku grą Mega Man X na konsolę Super Nintendo Entertainment System.
Seria na konsole stacjonarne
Seria na konsole przenośne
Przypisy
Serie gier komputerowych | wiki |
Robert Kirkland may refer to:
Robert Lamont Kirkland, British general
Robert Kirkland, founder of the Discovery Park of America
Robert Kirkland (curler) (Bobby Kirkland), Scottish curler | wiki |
The Waltham Land Trust is a private, non-profit corporation that seeks to preserve open space in Waltham, Massachusetts. The trust currently sponsors many projects, including the protection of the grounds of the former Gaebler Children's Center.
External links
Official Waltham Land Trust website
Waltham, Massachusetts
Land trusts in Massachusetts | wiki |
Watts Brothers Tool Works is a tool manufacturer located in Wilmerding, Pennsylvania. They are known for manufacturing drill bits that can drill square holes, including blind holes, which cannot be made with other methods such as broaching. The Harry Watts square drill bit is based on a Reuleaux triangle shape. It is used together with a guide and a particular chuck to make a square hole. Similarly, the company also manufactures drill bits for other angular holes such as pentagons and hexagons.
References
Tool manufacturing companies of the United States | wiki |
Koolerz was a chewing gum that produced a cool feeling in the mouth when chewed that was produced by The Hershey Company. It was introduced in the year 2001 and came in small packs. It has since been discontinued.
There were six flavors:
Lemonade
Berry
Peppermint
Strawberry
Mango Splash
Piña Colada
External links
Official website (archived, 12 Feb 2005)
Chewing gum
The Hershey Company brands | wiki |
A catawbiense hybrid is a hybrid of the plant genus Rhododendron, derived from crosses of American species Rhododendron catawbiense and Rhododendron maximum with European and Asian species R. arboreum, R. caucasicum and R. ponticum.
See also
List of Rhododendron species
References
Rhododendron | wiki |
Summary
Dressage
An NOC may enter 3 athletes if they qualified for the team competition. The quota places for top ranked riders in the geographic groups must go to riders from nations without a qualified team. The additional individual qualifying spots are based on the FEI Ranking and can go to any NOC, up to a maximum of 4 riders. If a team obtains 3 individual quota places, it may also be allowed to enter the team competition.
Team
Individual
* New Zealand withdrew its team and decided to nominate only two individual riders. As a result, Poland qualified a third individual rider and was admitted into the team competition. New Zealand later withdrew one of those individual quotas allowing Finland to qualify.
** No riders from the Colombian team reached the minimum qualification standard, so three individual quota places were added.
*** No riders from Antigua and Barbuda reached the minimum qualification standard, so one individual quota place was added.
Eventing
An NOC may enter up to 5 athletes if they qualified for the team competition. Individual qualification quota places may only go to nations without a qualified team, up to a maximum of 5. Should an NOC obtain 3 or more quota places in this manner, it may be allowed to participate in the team competition. The Netherlands, Australia and Ireland have qualified a team by this route.
Team
Individual
* Argentina withdrew its team.
Jumping
An NOC may enter up to 4 athletes if they qualified for the team competition. Individual qualification quota places may only go to nations without a qualified team, up to a maximum of 2.
Team
Individual
References
Qualification for the 2012 Summer Olympics
Qualification | wiki |
Laura Dewey Lynn Bridgman ( – ) est la première sourde et muette américaine à avoir reçu une éducation en anglais, 50 ans avant Helen Keller. Elle était aussi complètement aveugle.
Notes et références
Bibliographie
Elliott, Maud Howe and Florence Howe Hall. Laura Bridgman: Dr. Howe's Famous Pupil and What He Taught Her, Boston, 1903.
Freeberg, Ernest. The Education of Laura Bridgman : First Deaf and Blind Person to Learn Language, 2001.
Gitter, Elisabeth. The Imprisoned Guest: Samuel Howe and Laura Bridgman, the Original Deaf-Blind Girl, 2001.
Articles connexes
Helen Keller
Marie Heurtin
Surdicécité
Personnalité liée à l'éducation
Naissance en décembre 1829
Décès en mai 1889
Personnalité sourde américaine
Aveugle américain
Sourdaveugle
Décès à 59 ans | wiki |
The first season of Laverne & Shirley, an American television sitcom series, began airing on January 27, 1976 on ABC. The season concluded on May 18, 1976 after 15 episodes.
The series is a spin-off from Happy Days, as the two lead characters were originally introduced on that series as acquaintances of Fonzie (Henry Winkler). Set in roughly the same time period, the timeline runs from approximately 1958, when the series began, through 1967, when the series ended. As with Happy Days, it was made by Paramount Television, created by Garry Marshall (along with Lowell Ganz and Mark Rothman) and executive produced by Garry Marshall, Edward K. Milkis, and Thomas L. Miller from Miller-Boyett Productions.
The season aired Tuesdays at 8:30-9:00 pm (EST), with a lead-in from its parent series, Happy Days. Its only competition was a CBS series titled Popi. It ranked 3rd among television programs and garnered a 27.5 rating. The entire season was released on DVD in North America on August 17, 2004.
Overview
The series revolves around the titular characters Laverne DeFazio and Shirley Feeney, bottle-cappers at Shotz Brewery in 1950s Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Episode plots include their adventures with neighbors and friends, Lenny and Squiggy.
Cast
Starring
Penny Marshall as Laverne DeFazio
Cindy Williams as Shirley Feeney
Michael McKean as Leonard "Lenny" Kosnowski
David Lander as Andrew "Squiggy" Squiggman
Phil Foster as Frank DeFazio
Eddie Mekka as Carmine Ragusa
Guest Starring
Henry Winkler as Arthur "Fonzie" Fonzarelli
Robert Hays as Tom
Fred Willard as Charles
Mark Harmon as Victor
Pat Carroll as Lily Feeney, Shirley's mother
Episodes
References
Laverne & Shirley seasons
1976 American television seasons | wiki |
WDE may refer to:
Water droplet erosion
Weak-side Defensive End, a position in American Football
Edsall Class (WDE) A designation of U. S. Coast Guard Cutters | wiki |
Список эпизодов телесериала «Няня».
Первый сезон (1993—1994)
Второй сезон (1994—1995)
Третий сезон (1994—1995)
Четвёртый сезон (1995—1996)
Ссылки
Nanny episode list at the Internet Movie Database
Няня | wiki |
Mogolla is a small, sometimes sweet, bread produced in the Andean region of Colombia, commonly hand-sized or smaller, with a round top and flat bottom.
Mogollas are usually made of wheat, whole wheat or corn meal combinations. One of the most famous versions is filled with pieces of pork rind, called Chicharron. Other versions are sweetened with caramel, honey or molasses and contain pieces of coconut or nuts.
References
Colombian cuisine
Breads | wiki |
Skiving or scarfing is the process of cutting material off in slices, usually metal, but also leather or laminates. Skiving is used instead of rolling the material to shape when the material must not be work hardened, or must not shed minute slivers of metal later which is common in cold rolling processes.
In metalworking, skiving can be used to remove a thin dimension of material or to create thin slices in an existing material, such as heat sinks where a large amount of surface area is required relative to the volume of the piece of metal.
The process involves moving the strip past precision-profiled slotted tools made to an exact shape, or past plain cutting tools. The tools are usually made of tungsten carbide-based compounds. In early machines, it was necessary to precisely position the strip relative to the cutting tools, but newer machines use a floating suspension technology which enables tools to locate by material contact. This allows mutual initial positioning differences up to approximately followed by resilient automatic engagement. Products using this technology directly are automotive seatbelt springs, large power transformer winding strips, rotogravure plates, cable and hose clamps, gas tank straps, and window counterbalance springs. Products using the process indirectly are tubes and pipes where the edge of the strip is accurately beveled prior to being folded into tubular form and seam welded. The beveled edges enable pinhole free welds.
Skiving requires a minimum material feed rate to cut successfully. At speeds below those of metal planing or about 10 meters/minute (33 feet/minute), the skiving tools can be vibrated at high frequency to increase the relative speed between the tool and workpiece.
Another metal skiving application is for hydraulic cylinders, where a round and smooth cylinder bore is required for proper actuation. Several skiving knives on a round tool pass through a bore to create a perfectly round hole. Often, a second operation of roller burnishing follows to cold-work the surface to a mirror finish. This process is common among manufacturers of hydraulic and pneumatic cylinders. Compared to honing, skiving and roller burnishing is faster and typically provides more precise tolerances and better inside surface finish control.
Skiving can be applied to gear cutting, where internal gears are skived with a rotary cutter (rather than shaped or broached) in a process analogous to the hobbing of external gears.
Heat sinks
Skiving is also used for the manufacturing of heat sinks for PC cooling products. A PC cooler created by skiving has the benefit that the heat sink base and fins are created from a single piece of material (copper or aluminum), providing improved heat dissipation and heat transfer from base to fins. Additionally, the skiving process also increases the roughness of the fins. Unlike the underside of a heat sink, which needs to be smooth for maximum contact area with the heat source, the fins benefit from this roughness because it increases the fins' surface area on which to dissipate heat into the air. The fins may be made much thinner and closer together than by extrusion or formed sheet processes, which can offer greater heat transfer in high-performance waterblocks for water cooling.
See also
Skiving (leathercraft)
References
External links
Skiving machine patent
The little-known life of the scarfing tool
Machine tools
Metalworking | wiki |
The Liverpool pound refers to various types of local currencies used in Liverpool, United Kingdom.
History
Between 1793 and 1796, in order to solve a local financial crisis the Liverpool Corporation gained permission from the House of Commons to distribute its own banknotes in denominations of £50 and £100. Today versions of the original notes are displayed at the Liverpool Museum.
In 2017 Israeli technology company Colu launched the Liverpool Local Pound, a digital currency accessible through a smartphone app and which offers discounts at businesses in Liverpool.
References
External links
Liverpool Local Pound
Local currencies of the United Kingdom
New Liverpool Pound | wiki |
Public opinion of same-sex marriage in Australia has shifted from 38% support in 2004 to consistent majority support of 61% in 2017.
Opinion polls
A June 2004 poll conducted by Newspoll showed that 38% of respondents supported same-sex marriage in Australia, with 44% opposed and 18% undecided.
In June 2007, a Galaxy Research poll conducted for advocacy group GetUp! measured the opinions of 1,100 Australians aged 16 and over and found that 57% of respondents supported same-sex marriage, 37% were opposed and 6% were unsure. The poll also found that 71% of respondents supported same-sex couples having the same legal entitlements as opposite-sex de facto couples.
A June 2009 poll conducted by Galaxy Research and commissioned by the Australian Marriage Equality group measured the opinions of 1,100 Australians aged 16 and over and found that 60% of respondents supported the recognition of same-sex marriage, with 36% opposed and 4% undecided. Among Greens voters 82% supported same-sex marriage, whilst 74% of those aged 16–24 supported same-sex marriage. Those aged 50 or above were the only age bracket to oppose same-sex marriage recognition, at a 55% disapproval rate.
An October 2010 poll conducted by Galaxy Research and commissioned by Australian Marriage Equality measured the opinions of 1,050 Australians aged 18 and over and found that 62% of respondents supported the recognition of same-sex marriage, with 33% opposed and 5% undecided. The poll found 78% of respondents supported a conscience vote on the recognition of same-sex marriage, with 16% opposed and 6% undecided. Support was highest amongst those respondents aged 18–24 (84%), and who lived in South Australia (83%). The majority of respondents from each state and each age bracket were in support.
A March 2011 poll conducted by Essential Media found that support for same-sex marriage had fallen below 50% and opposition was up by 4%.
A July 2011 poll of 543 people conducted by Roy Morgan Research measured the support for a number of positions on marriage and found that 68% of Australians support same-sex marriage and 78% classified marriage as a "necessary" institution, with only 22% stating it was an "unnecessary" institution.
A November 2011 Galaxy Research poll, commissioned by the Australian Marriage Equality group, of over 1,000 voters found that 80% agreed that Tony Abbott should allow the Liberal/National Coalition a conscience vote on same-same marriage legislation as the Australian Labor Party do. Support for a conscience vote among Coalition supporters reached an all-time high of 76%.
A February 2012 online poll of 1,506 Australian adult members on the Nine Rewards website by Angus Reid Public Opinion found that 49% of respondents said same-sex couples should be allowed to legally marry, 31% said they should be allowed to enter into civil unions but not marry and 14% opposed any legal recognition. No attempt was made to make the survey representative of the entire population, and the Nine Rewards website is associated with the Nine Network, an Australian television channel popular with older and more conservative viewers.
From February to April 2012, the House of Representatives conducted an online survey to provide a simple means for the public to voice their views on same-sex marriage and the two bills in the Parliament which sought to legalise it, the Marriage Equality Amendment Bill 2012 and the Marriage Amendment Bill 2012. The survey closed on 20 April, having received approximately 276,000 responses, including about 213,500 comments. Of these responses, 64.3% supported same-sex marriage, or approximately 177,600 of the respondents. The report acknowledged that "The online survey was not a statistically valid, random poll. Respondents were self-selected, in that they chose to participate if they wished."
A May 2013 Ipsos poll found that 54% of respondents were in favour of same-sex marriage and another 20% supported another form of recognition for same-sex couples. Results from the August 2013 Vote Compass survey of Australian voters found that 52% of respondents supported same-sex marriage, 12% were neutral, and 36% believed that marriage "should only be between a man and a woman". A 2015 Vote Compass survey with 20,000 respondents found 53% supported same-sex marriage, 10% neutral and 36% opposed. Support for same-sex marriage was higher among women, people with university degrees and higher incomes, and people under 34.
An August 2013 poll conducted by Fairfax Media and Nielson Polling found that 65% of respondents supported legalising marriage between same-sex couples, up 8 points since December 2011, while only 28% were opposed (down 7 points). Support was greater among women (75%) than men (55%) and greater among younger voters than older voters. 57% of respondents said that same-sex marriage was "not important at all" in deciding how they would vote in the coming election. Even for those supporting same-sex marriage 49% said that the issue was "not important at all" in deciding their vote.
In June 2014, Crosby Textor Group was commissioned by Australian Marriage Equality to poll the public on same-sex marriage. Their survey included the following questions on the common reasons for opposition:
A July 2014 poll, commissioned by Australian Marriage Equality and conducted by the Crosby Textor Group found that 72% of Australians supported legalising same-sex marriage, while only 21% were opposed. A majority of those identifying with major religions supported same-sex marriage, including Catholics, Anglicans and non-Christian religions as did a majority of older Australians aged over 55. Mark Textor stated "This poll definitively puts pay to some of the myths that married couples or those with religious beliefs are against same-sex marriage. It doesn't devalue their marriages or faith, and instead gives everyone equal access to the rights they are accorded". Further, 77% of respondents agreed that Coalition MPs and Senators should be granted a conscience vote on the issue. Jim Reed, director of Research and Strategy at the Crosby Textor Group argued in an opinion piece that the poll represented a "seismic shift in public attitudes towards marriage equality."
Also in July 2014 Newscorp's Newspoll recorded a high vote in favour of same-sex marriage, with two-thirds of respondents supporting marriage between same-sex couples.
A June 2015 Fairfax/Ipsos poll found 68% of respondents expressed support to the question Do you support or oppose legalising marriage between same-sex couples? 25% answered that they were opposed and 7% answered 'Don't Know'.
In July 2015, a Sexton research poll was undertaken to determine the most important issues the federal government should focus on. Survey respondents rated same-sex marriage as equal 13th as their prioritisation. The Australian activist group GetUp! polls the views of its members (termed Vision Surveys) to provide guidance for its "top campaign issues". GetUp! members ranked 'Marriage Equality' as campaign issue No. 16, scoring 2.1% of the votes. The Australian reports that recent research has placed doubts on the accuracy of earlier poll claims. The Australian also says there have been 5 Australian polls taken since May 2015 on 'support for same-sex marriage' with the respective results being 68%, 58%, 59%, 59% and 54%.
A Sexton Research survey, commissioned by Marriage Alliance (a group which does not support same-sex marriage) was undertaken in July 2015. The Sexton research has queried the findings of the above June 2014, Crosby Textor Group poll. It was also reported that same-sex marriage was ranked in national importance, by participants, in the Crosby Textor study as 13th priority. Same-sex marriage was rated as 16th in a GetUp! members survey.
In August 2015, Fairfax/Ipsos found SSM support constant at 69% with 25% opposed, although support was much higher among under-25s (88%) than over-55s (55%).
A community survey by Essential Media Communications in August 2015 showed support for same-sex marriage at 60% and support for a parliamentary vote at 22%, with support for a people's vote at 66% and in a Sexton survey of 1,200 people, support for a people's vote was 76%.
In September 2015, an Essential Media Communications poll found 67% of Australians wanted a peoples’ vote (i.e., referendum or plebiscite) to resolve the definition of marriage, with "little change since this question was asked in August". However, in October 2015, another Essential poll found that support for a people's vote on the issue fell to 43% when informed that "a national vote on same-sex marriage would cost around $150 million". 41% favoured a parliamentary vote. The same poll also found that 59% of respondents thought that "same-sex couples should be allowed to marry", 30% of respondents thought that "same-sex couples should not be allowed to marry", whilst 11% answered "do not know".
The ABC had a question in their pre-election VoteCompass from 2016 about support of same-sex marriage, drawing a response from 1.2 million people. They were able to break down the findings into electorate-level results, finding that most seats supported same-sex marriage, with support increasing around the major city centres, regardless of what party traditionally holds these seats. According to this data, Queensland has the least support for same-sex marriage.
A March 2016 Essential Media poll found that 64% of respondents agreed that same-sex couples should be allowed to marry, 26% stated they should not be allowed to marry and 11% answered "don't know".
A July 2016 Galaxy Research poll, commissioned by Parents and Friends of Lesbians and Gays, found decreasing levels of support for the plebiscite. Asked whether one supported having a plebiscite, 48% of respondents stated they did and 30% stated they did not. This marked a sharp drop in support for the plebiscite when contrasted with a June/July 2016 poll conducted by Fairfax Media and Ipsos, which found 69% approval for the plebiscite. In the Galaxy poll, the pro-plebiscite figure dropped to 35% when respondents were informed the plebiscite was not legally binding and dropped further to 25% when the $160 million expected cost of the plebiscite was raised.
An August 2016 Essential Media poll found that 57% of respondents stated they would vote 'yes' in a plebiscite to the question; "Do you approve of a law to permit people of the same-sex to marry?" A further 28% of respondents stated they would vote 'no' and 15% were unsure.
A poll carried out by the University of Melbourne in September 2016 found that Maranoa, in southwest Queensland, is the only electorate in the country where a majority of voters are opposed to same-sex marriage. The ten electorates most supportive of same-sex marriage are Sydney, Melbourne, Grayndler, Wentworth, Melbourne Ports, Wills, Gellibrand, Batman, Higgins and Brisbane. Less than 10% in Sydney and Melbourne are opposed to allowing same-sex couples to wed.
A July 2017 Essential Media poll found that 63% of respondents believed same-sex couples should be allowed to marry, 25% of respondents believed same-sex couples should not be allowed to marry and 12% did not know. In response to the question "do you think the issue of same-sex marriage should be decided by Parliament or should there be a national vote", 59% favoured a national vote, 29% said it should be decided by parliament and 12% responded "don't know".
Marriage Law Postal Survey
In 2017, a voluntary, non-binding plebiscite was issued to gauge the country's support for same-sex marriage. All Australian citizens who were enrolled to vote and aged 18 or older were sent a survey which asked; "Should the law be changed to allow same-sex couples to marry?" In total, 12,727,920 surveys were returned (79.5%). Of these, 7,817,247 (61.6%) "Yes" votes were recorded, whilst 4,873,987 (38.4%) "No" votes were recorded. In addition, 36,686 (0.3%) votes were unclear either way.
Summary table
See also
LGBT rights in Australia
Public opinion of same-sex marriage in the United States
References
Same-sex marriage in Australia
Opinion polling in Australia | wiki |
Journal of Paleontology är en vetenskaplig tidskrift som ges ut av The Paleontological Society.
Tidskrifter inom paleontologi | wiki |
David Fincher (1962-), réalisateur et producteur américain.
Jack Fincher, journaliste et scénariste américain.
Leta Hong Fincher, journaliste, féministe et écrivaine américaine.
Ruth Fincher (1951-), géographe australienne.
Stephen Fincher (1973-), homme politique américain. | wiki |
Functional management is the most common type of organizational management. The organization is grouped by areas of speciality within different functional areas (e.g., finance, marketing, and engineering). Some refer to a functional area as a "silo". Besides the heads of a firm's product and/or geographic units the company's top management team typically consists of several functional heads such as the chief financial officer, the chief operating officer, and the chief strategy officer. Communication generally occurs within a single department. If information or project work is needed from another department, a request is transmitted up to the department head, who communicates the request to the other department head. Otherwise, communication stays within the department. Team members complete project work in addition to normal department work.
The main advantage of this type of organization is that each employee has only one manager, thus simplifying the chain of command.
See also
A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide), Project Management Institute,
Matrix management
References
Management by type | wiki |
United States national football team may refer to:
American football
United States men's national American football team
United States women's national American football team
Association football (soccer)
United States men's national soccer team
United States women's national soccer team
Australian rules football
United States men's national Australian rules football team
United States women's national Australian rules football team
See also
United States national rugby team (disambiguation) | wiki |
Not Waving But Drowning è un film del 2012 scritto e diretto da Devyn Waitt.
Trama
Collegamenti esterni
Film drammatici | wiki |
The 1994 AFC U-16 Championship is the sixth edition of the tournament, organized by the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) every two years.
Qualification
Qualified teams:
(host)
Group stage
Group A
Group B
Knockout stage
Semifinals
Third-place match
Final
Winners
Teams qualified for 1995 FIFA U-17 World Championship
Sources
rsssf.com
Under
International association football competitions hosted by Qatar
1994–95 in Qatari football
1994 in youth association football
AFC U-16 Championships
AFC U-16 Championships | wiki |
Којетин може бити:
Којетин (Преров), град у округу Преров, Оломоуцки крај, Чешка Република
Којетин (Хавличкув Брод), насељено мјесто у округу Хавличкув Брод, крај Височина, Чешка Република | wiki |
Drummond Castle is located in Perthshire, Scotland. The castle is known for its gardens, described by Historic Environment Scotland as "the best example of formal terraced gardens in Scotland." It is situated in Muthill parish, south of Crieff. The castle comprises a tower house built in the late 15th century, and a 17th-century mansion, both of which were rebuilt in Victorian times. The gardens date to the 1630s, although they too were restructured in the 19th century. The formal gardens are protected as a category A listed building, and are included on the Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland. The tower house and mansion are both category B listed.
History
The lands of Drummond were the property of the Drummond family from the 14th century, and the original tower house was built over several years by John Drummond, 1st Lord Drummond of Cargill, from about 1490. In 1605 the 4th Lord Drummond was created Earl of Perth, and added to the castle. John Drummond, 2nd Earl of Perth, laid out the first terraced garden around the castle in the 1630s.
The castle was sacked by the army of Oliver Cromwell in 1653, during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. James Drummond, 4th Earl of Perth, was Lord Chancellor of Scotland under King James VII. He began the mansion house in 1689, before being imprisoned following the deposition of King James by William of Orange. He later fled to the exiled Jacobite court in France. The Drummonds continued to support the Jacobite cause in the Jacobite uprisings of 1715 and 1745. The family retained control of the estate until 1750, when the Drummond properties were declared forfeit and seized by the Crown. The estate was managed by the Commissioners for Forfeited Estates until 1784, when it was sold to Captain James Drummond (later created 1st Baron Perth). He began a number of improvements that were continued by his daughter Sarah and her husband, Peter Drummond-Burrell, 22nd Baron Willoughby de Eresby (1782–1865). These included the formal gardens and terraces in the 1830s. Queen Victoria visited the gardens in 1842.
Drummond Castle passed to Clementina Drummond-Willoughby, 24th Baroness Willoughby de Eresby (1809–1888), and then to her son, the Earl of Ancaster (1830–1910). The upper stories of the tower house were rebuilt and heightened in pseudo-medieval style in 1842–53. The mansion was renovated in 1878, to designs by George Turnbull Ewing. James Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 3rd Earl of Ancaster, and his wife, Nancy Astor (1909–1975; she was the daughter of The 2nd Viscount Astor and Viscountess Astor), replanted the gardens in the 1950s. The castle is now the seat of Jane Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 28th Baroness Willoughby de Eresby, the daughter and heiress of the 3rd Earl of Ancaster. As of early 2021, she was still the owner of the estate. The castle (not open to visitors) and the gardens are managed by the Grimsthorpe and Drummond Castle Trust.
Description
The castle is set on part of a prominent spine of rock known as the Gask Ridge, a geographical feature that stretches several kilometres across Perthshire, but is particularly prominent and steep-sided at the site of the castle. The tower house, or keep, is no longer used as a dwelling. It is adjoined by a later, but better preserved, gatehouse (built 1629–30). Stretching between the tower house and the edge of the ridge, it was originally intended to control access to the courtyard behind, which has a fine view over the formal gardens. To the south of the castle on its rocky outcrop are the formal gardens.
The buildings and gardens of Drummond Castle featured as backdrops in the 1995 film Rob Roy.
Gardens
The Drummond Castle Gardens website indicates that gardens may have been in this location since the late 1400s, and that a major transformation was completed (of both gardens and castle) between 1630–1636. The current layout was started in the 1830s, based on a design by Lewis Kennedy, after Clementina Drummond and her husband Peter Robert Willoughby inherited the estate from her father. Queen Victoria and Prince Albert visited the garden in 1842.
Originally encompassing twelve acres, the garden was downsized after the Second World War. The parterre exhibits the Drummond family coat of arms: "Scots thistles and daggers, and its traversing paths create a saltire, centering on a recently restored stone sundial dating from 1630". In the TV series Outlander, the gardens were used to represent the formal garden at the Palace of Versailles as it might have appeared in the time of Louis XV. Because of the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic, the gardens did not open to the public as they have in other years during Easter and between May and October.
According to Visit Scotland, "Drummond Gardens are some of Scotland’s most important formal gardens and are among the finest in Europe". The agency's website adds that the gardens were "redesigned and terraced in the 19th century, the gardens you see today were replanted in the 1950s".
Gallery
References
External links
Drummond Castle Gardens website
Gazetteer for Scotland
Flickr images tagged Drummond Castle
Engraving of Drummond castle by James Fittler in the digitised copy of Scotia Depicta, or the antiquities, castles, public buildings, noblemen and gentlemen's seats, cities, towns and picturesque scenery of Scotland, 1804 at National Library of Scotland
Castles in Perth and Kinross
Scottish baronial architecture
Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes
Category A listed buildings in Perth and Kinross
Listed castles in Scotland
Gardens in Perth and Kinross
Tower houses in Scotland | wiki |
This is an episode list for the 1980s anthology series Tales from the Darkside.
Series overview
Episodes
Pilot (1983)
Season 1 (1984–85)
Season 2 (1985–86)
Season 3 (1986–87)
Season 4 (1987–88)
See also
Tales from the Darkside: The Movie
External links
IMDb Tales from the Darkside Episode List
Tales from the Darkside | wiki |
A cheese dog is a hot dog served with cheese or processed cheese on it or stuffed within it, as a filling.
Cheese types
In the United States, sliced or grated cheese, such as cheddar or American cheese, is commonly used, often served melted on the hot dogs. The use of other types of cheese also occurs, such as cream cheese and Swiss cheese. The cheese may be on the bun, on the wiener, processed inside the hot dog, or placed in the middle of a hot dog that has been sliced in half.
Bread types
Traditional hot dog buns are typically used. Slices of toast are also used sometimes, or just plain bread.
Variations
Coney dog
Cheeses are also often served on chili dogs or Coney Island hot dogs. An example includes the Cincinnati Cheese Coney which uses shredded cheddar cheese.
Francheezie
In Chicago there is a variation of the danger dog called the Francheezie. Typically found at "greasy spoon" restaurants, it consists of a jumbo hot dog split in the middle and filled with Cheddar cheese (or Velveeta). It is wrapped in bacon and deep-fried, then served on a toasted bun.
Macaroni and cheese dog
Another variation is a hot dog topped with macaroni and cheese.
Reuben dog
A reuben dog can consist of a hot dog topped with ingredient combinations such as corned beef, sauerkraut, Swiss cheese and Russian dressing.
Seattle dog
A Seattle-style hot dog, sometimes referred to as a "Seattle Dog," is a hot dog topped with cream cheese that has become popular in Seattle, Washington.
Swiss-style cheese dogs
A Swiss schnauzer is a regional variation consisting of a bratwurst served with Swiss cheese and sauerkraut. In San Diego, California, a Swiss-style hot dog called a "Swiener" is prepared with a hot dog and Raclette cheese stuffed inside of hollowed-out baguette bread.
Texas Tommy
A Texas Tommy is prepared with bacon and cheese.
The Beach Dog
The "McGrath Beach Dog" claimed to be the first of its kind is prepared when the hot dog is split down the middle and American cheese slices are placed inside the dog and allowed to melt before serving.
See also
Finger food
List of hot dogs
List of cheese dishes
List of sausage dishes
References
Further reading
Mercuri, Becky (2007). The Great American Hot Dog Book. Gibbs Smith. Accessed August 3, 2012.
External links
Cheese dogs at Google images
American cuisine
Cheese dishes
Hot dogs
Sausage dishes
Macaroni dishes | wiki |
Bridgegate may refer to:
Bridgegate, Chester, part of the city walls of Chester, U.K.
The Fort Lee lane closure scandal under New Jersey Governor Chris Christie's administration
See also
Drawbridge, a type of bridge stereotypically employed as a gate
Gate bridge (disambiguation)
Toll bridge, a type of bridge typically having toll gates | wiki |
Tyrone Garner (born 1978) is a Canadian professional ice hockey player.
Tyrone Garner may also refer to:
Tyrone Garner (politician) (born 1968/69), Kansas politician
Tyrone Garner (1967–2006), plaintiff in Lawrence v. Texas
Garner, Tyrone | wiki |
The Soviet of Nationalities (, Sovyet Natsionalnostey) was the upper chamber of the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, elected on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot in accordance with the principles of Soviet democracy. Until democratization in the late-1980s, however, only a single candidate nominated by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was permitted to stand for election in each constituency. It was briefly succeeded by the Soviet of the Republics from October to December of 1991. As opposed to the Soviet of the Union, the Soviet of Nationalities was composed of the nationalities of the Soviet Union, which in turn followed administrative division rather than being a representation of ethnic groups.
Background
Prior to the creation of the Supreme Soviet in 1938 by the Soviet Constitution of 1936, the Soviet of Nationalities was one of the bodies that formed the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union, the other being the Soviet of the Union. Created by the 1924 Constitution to represent the national-territorial units of the Soviet Union in 1924, the Soviet of Nationalities included 5 delegates from union-level republics and ASSRs and 1 delegate from each autonomous oblast.
History
The Soviet of the Nationalities was formed on the basis of equal representation of all the Republics of the Soviet Union (32 deputies from each republic, excluding other autonomous units inside that republic which sent in separate members), autonomous republics (11 deputies from each republic), autonomous oblasts (five deputies from each oblast), and national districts (one deputy from each district). As a result, the largest republic, the Russian SFSR with a population of 147 million, and the smallest republic, the Estonian SSR with a population of about 1.5 million, got 32 deputies each. Russians as an ethnic group made up more than half of the population of the Soviet Union, but the Soviet of Nationalities did not represent ethnic groups, it represented the different nationalities as expressed by the republics and various autonomous units of the Soviet Union. This electoral system seriously diminished representation of larger ethnic groups in favor of the smaller ethnic groups of the Soviet Union, with the Russians being most underrepresented.
The Soviet of Nationalities enjoyed the same rights as the Soviet of the Union in the area of legislative initiative and in resolving other issues inside the competence of the Soviet Union. In practice, until 1989, it did little more than approve decisions already made by the top leadership of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. After the 1989 elections–the first, and as it turned out, only, free elections ever held in the Soviet Union–the Soviet of Nationalities acquired a much greater role, and was the scene of many lively debates.
The Soviet of Nationalities elected a chairman (who would lead the sessions of the chamber), his four deputies, and permanent commissions: Mandate Commission, Commission on Legislative Suppositions, Budget Planning Commission, Foreign Affairs Commission, Youth Affairs Commission, Industry Commission, Transportation and Communications Commission, Construction and Industry of Building Materials Commission, Agricultural Commission, Consumer Goods Commission, Public Education Commission, Science and Culture Commission, Trade Commission, Consumer Service and Municipal Economy Commission, Environmental Commission.
The presidium of the Soviet of Nationalities "ceased all noticeable work at the end of 1937", but it did "survive as the sole central political institution formally devoted to the nationalities question".
In 1989, it was reduced to 271 deputies elected by the Congress of People's Deputies. Its deputies were elected representing national-territorial electoral districts and public organizations.
Soviet of the Republics
The Soviet of the Republics — the upper chamber of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, created on the basis of the USSR Law of 5 September 1991 "On the bodies of state power and administration of the USSR in the transition period", however, not provided for by the Constitution of the USSR. The first meeting of the new chamber took place on 21 October. Anuarbek Alimzhanov, a deputy from Kazakhstan, was elected chairman of the chamber.
The Council of Republics consisted of 20 deputies from each union republic from among the people's deputies of the USSR and union republics, delegated by the highest bodies of state power of these republics. Taking into account the federal structure of the RSFSR, it had 52 deputies in the Council of Republics.
Other union republics, which include republics and autonomous formations, additionally delegated to the Council of Republics one deputy from each republic and autonomy. In order to ensure the equality of the republics when voting in the Council of Republics, each union republic had one vote.
The Council of Republics made decisions on the organization and procedure for the activities of union bodies, ratifies and denounces international treaties.
On 26 December 1991 the Soviet of the Republics adopted a resolution declaring that the Soviet Union no longer existed as a functioning state and voted both itself and the Soviet Union out of existence. The Soviet of the Union had effectively been dissolved two weeks earlier when Russia unilaterally recalled its deputies, leaving it without a quorum. This declaration by the Soviet of the Republics was thus the final legal step in the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
See also
Chairman of the Soviet of Nationalities
Korenizatsiya
Soviet of Nationalities of the Russian SFSR
1977 Soviet Constitution
1936 Soviet Constitution
References
Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
Government of the Soviet Union
Historical legislatures
1938 establishments in the Soviet Union
1991 disestablishments in the Soviet Union | wiki |
Persol is an Italian brand of luxury eyewear.
Persol may also refer to:
Persol Holdings, a Japanese human resource management company
Stéphane Persol, a French footballer | wiki |
Stylisma pickeringii är en vindeväxtart som först beskrevs av John Torrey och Moses Ashley Curtis, och fick sitt nu gällande namn av Samuel Frederick Gray. Stylisma pickeringii ingår i släktet Stylisma och familjen vindeväxter. Utöver nominatformen finns också underarten S. p. pattersonii.
Bildgalleri
Källor
Externa länkar
Vindeväxter
pickeringii | wiki |
The Man Who Fell to Earth is a 1976 film starring David Bowie and directed by Nicolas Roeg.
The Man Who Fell to Earth may also refer to:
The Man Who Fell to Earth (novel), the 1963 science fiction novel by Walter Tevis
The Man Who Fell to Earth (1987 film), the television film adaptation of the novel
The Man Who Fell to Earth (TV series), the Showtime series, a sequel to the 1976 film
See also
"The Woman Who Fell to Earth", a 2018 episode of Doctor Who | wiki |
SPDR funds (pronounced "spider") are a family of exchange-traded funds (ETFs) traded in the United States, Europe, Mexico and Asia-Pacific and managed by State Street Global Advisors (SSGA). Informally, they are also known as Spyders or Spiders. SPDR is a trademark of Standard and Poor's Financial Services LLC, a subsidiary of S&P Global. The name is an acronym for the first member of the family, the Standard & Poor's Depositary Receipts, now the SPDR S&P 500 Trust ETF, which is designed to track the S&P 500 stock market index.
For a long time, the SPDR S&P 500 was the largest ETF in the world. SSGA also manage the SPDR Gold Shares, which for a while was the second-largest ETF in the world. As of August 2012, they were the first and second largest exchange-traded products in the world.
The funds are formulated as unit investment trusts. In 2007, SSGA rebranded its other United States ETFs as SPDRs, including the StreetTRACKS family and its other flagship ETF shares, the DOW DIAMONDS, that tracks the Dow Jones Industrial Average. This move united all U.S. ETFs managed by SSGA, a total of 23 at that time, under a single brand.
At the end of 2006, the total portfolio that became known as SPDRs had $102 billion of assets under management.
As of Dec 2019, SPDR is the third largest ETF provider, behind iShares and Vanguard, with assets of $714 bn.
Other funds
In 1995, Mid-Cap SPDRs were launched by the Bank of New York to track Standard & Poor's S&P 400 index of middle-market equity shares.
The DIAMONDS were developed, like the original SPDR, by SSGA in cooperation with the American Stock Exchange. DOW DIAMOND shares are designed to track the Dow Jones Industrial Average.
In 1998, SSGA and Merrill Lynch introduced the Sector Spiders, which now consist of ten funds which follow the eleven GICS sectors of the S&P 500.
Because the S&P 500 contains only four telecommunications companies, those companies are a part of the information technology SPDR, and that one fund represents those two sectors.
SSGA also launched a number of index-based ETFs under the brand StreetTRACKS. These were renamed SPDRs in 2007.
SSGA also manages ETFs that are sold on exchanges outside the United States.
In Australia SSGA manages three SPDR branded ETFs.
They are listed on the Australian Securities Exchange and are the following:
S&P/ASX 50 Fund (50 top market cap stocks)
S&P/ASX 200 Fund (200 top market cap stocks)
S&P/ASX 200 A-REIT Property Fund (200 Listed Property Fund)
Selected funds
Dow Jones Global Real Estate ETF
Dow Jones Global Titans ETF
Dow Jones International Real Estate ETF
Dow Jones REIT ETF
Dow Jones STOXX 50 ETF
Dow Jones EURO STOXX 50 ETF
Dow Diamonds (SGX:D07) - Tracks Dow Jones Industrial Average
S&P 500 ETF (SGX:S27) - Tracks S&P 500 Index
S&P Biotech ETF
S&P BRIC 40 ETF
S&P China ETF
S&P Dividend ETF
S&P Pharmaceuticals ETF
S&P Retail ETF
S&P Homebuilders ETF
S&P Emerging Asia Pacific ETF
S&P Emerging Markets ETF
S&P Emerging Markets Small Cap ETF
S&P MidCap 400 ETF
S&P International Small Cap ETF
S&P International Consumer Discretionary Sector ETF
S&P International Consumer Staples Sector ETF
S&P International Dividend ETF
S&P International Energy Sector ETF
S&P International Financial Sector ETF
S&P International Health Care Sector ETF
S&P International Industrial Sector ETF
S&P International Materials Sector ETF
S&P International Technology Sector ETF
S&P International Telecommunications Sector ETF
S&P International Utilities Sector ETF
S&P Metals and Mining ETF
S&P Oil & Gas Equipment & Services ETF
S&P Oil & Gas Exploration & Production ETF
S&P Semiconductor ETF
S&P World ex-US ETF
Barclays Capital 1-3 Month T-Bill ETF
Barclays Capital Aggregate Bond ETF
Barclays Capital Convertible Secs
Barclays Capital Municipal Bond ETF
Barclays Capital Short Term Municipal Bond ETF
Barclays Capital Short Term International Treasury Bond ETF
Barclays Capital High Yield Bond ETF
Barclays Capital Intermediate Term Credit Bond ETF
Barclays Capital Intermediate Term Treasury ETF
Barclays Capital International Treasury Bond ETF
Barclays Capital Long Term Credit Bond ETF
Barclays Capital Mortgage Backed Bond ETF
BarCap ST High Yield Bond ETF
Barclays Capital TIPS ETF
Consumer Discretionary Select Sector SPDR Fund
Consumer Staples Select Sector SPDR Fund
DB International Government Inflation-Protected Bond ETF
Energy Select Sector SPDR Fund
Financial Select Sector SPDR Fund
FTSE Greater China ETF (HKEx:3073)
Gold Shares (HKEx:2840) (SGX:O87)
Health Care Select Sector SPDR Fund
Industrial Select Sector SPDR Fund
KBW Bank ETF
KBW Capital Markets ETF
KBW Regional Banking ETF
KBW Insurance ETF
Materials Select Sector SPDR Fund
Morgan Stanley Technology ETF
MSCI ACWI ex-US ETF
Russell/Nomura PRIME Japan ETF
Straits Times Index ETF (SGX:ES3)
Technology Select SPDR Fund
Utilities Select Sector SPDR Fund
See also
iShares
List of exchange-traded funds
PowerShares
The Vanguard Group
References
External links
SPDRs
SPDR Gold Trust Volume Charts
Financial services companies established in 1993
Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
S&P Global
Exchange-traded funds | wiki |
The potato candy pinwheel, sometimes shortened to just potato candy, is a rolled candy prepared by mixing mashed potatoes with large amounts of powdered sugar to create a dough-like consistency, and then adding a filling, traditionally peanut butter, and rolling the confectionery to produce a log-like product.
Despite potatoes being a staple of the recipe, the final product has little to no potato flavor in its flavor profile, which is mostly dominated by the copious amounts of powdered sugar involved, as well as whatever filling is used.
Potato candy does not require baking and is instead refrigerated in order to fully harden the candy, though it can stay at room temperature following the refrigeration process. Most sources indicate that the potato candy has a shelf life of roughly one to two weeks.
Potato candy does not have a concrete origin, though it is cited as originating from European immigrants to the Appalachian region, and became a popular Depression-era recipe in the region due to the few and relatively cheap ingredients it utilizes.
Origins of the candy could possibly be traced to recipes brought to America by Russian, Irish, or German
immigrants to the country during the late 18th and early 19th century, though no concrete proof of origin exists and the recipe only appears to be popular in the United States.
There are numerous variations to the original recipe, with some calling for the addition of vanilla extract to add some flavor, and some utilizing sweet potatoes instead of regular potatoes. Additionally, for the filling, though peanut butter is seen as the traditional filling, it may be substituted with other spreads such as Nutella.
References
Potato dishes
Appalachian cuisine
American confectionery
American snack foods
Peanut butter confectionery | wiki |
Dai Changren (, born 1999) is a Chinese chess player.
Chess career
He played in the Chess World Cup 2017, being defeated by former world champion Vladimir Kramnik in the first round.
References
External links
Dai Changren chess games at 365Chess.com
1999 births
Living people
Chinese chess players | wiki |
Lipid-lowering agents, also sometimes referred to as hypolipidemic agents, cholesterol-lowering drugs, or antihyperlipidemic agents are a diverse group of pharmaceuticals that are used to lower the level of lipids and lipoproteins such as cholesterol, in the blood (hyperlipidemia). The American Heart Association recommends the descriptor 'lipid lowering agent' be used for this class of drugs rather than the term 'hypolipidemic'.
Classes
The several classes of lipid lowering drugs may differ in both their impact on the cholesterol profile and adverse effects. For example, some may lower low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels more so than others, while others may preferentially increase high density lipoprotein (HDL). Clinically, the choice of an agent depends on the patient's cholesterol profile, cardiovascular risk, and the liver and kidney functions of the patient, evaluated against the balancing of risks and benefits of the medications. In the United States, this is guided by the evidence-based guideline most recently updated in 2018 by the American College of Cardiology & American Heart Association.
Established
Statins (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) are particularly well suited for lowering LDL, the cholesterol with the strongest links to vascular diseases. In studies using standard doses, statins have been found to lower LDL-C by 18% to 55%, depending on the specific statin being used. A risk exists of muscle damage (myopathy and rhabdomyolysis) with statins. Hypercholesterolemia is not a risk factor for mortality in persons older than 70 years and risks from statin drugs are more increased after age 85.
Fibrates are indicated for hypertriglyceridemia. Fibrates typically lower triglycerides by 20% to 50%. Level of the good cholesterol HDL is also increased. Fibrates may decrease LDL, though generally to a lesser degree than statins. Similar to statins, the risk of muscle damage exists.
Niacin, like fibrates, is also well suited for lowering triglycerides by 20–50%. It may also lower LDL by 5–25% and increase HDL by 15–35%. Niacin may cause hyperglycemia and may also cause liver damage. The niacin derivative acipimox is also associated with a modest decrease in LDL.
Lecithin has been shown to effectively decrease cholesterol concentration by 33%, lower LDL by 38% and increase HDL by 46%.
Bile acid sequestrants (resins, e.g. cholestyramine) are particularly effective for lowering LDL-C by sequestering the cholesterol-containing bile acids released into the intestine and preventing their reabsorption from the intestine. It decreases LDL by 15–30% and raises HDL by 3–5%, with little effect on triglycerides, but can cause a slight increase. Bile acid sequestrants may cause gastrointestinal problems and may also reduce the absorption of other drugs and vitamins from the gut.
Ezetimibe is a selective inhibitor of dietary cholesterol absorption.
Lomitapide is a microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitor.
Phytosterols may be found naturally in plants. Similar to ezetimibe, phytosterols reduce the absorption of cholesterol in the gut, so they are most effective when consumed with meals. However, their precise mechanism of action differs from ezetimibe.
Omega-3 supplements taken at high doses can reduce levels of triglycerides. They are associated with a very modest increase in LDL (~5%).
PCSK9 inhibitors are monoclonal antibodies for refractory cases. (e.g. Evolocumab, Inclisiran) They are used in combination with statins.
Probucol (withdrawn in several countries)
Choline
Pycnogenol
Berberine
Red yeast rice
Boswellia serrata
L-arginine may enhance the effects of a Statin, but will not lead to a reduction in cholesterol alone.
Flaxseed oil
Research
Investigational classes of hypolipidemic agents:
CETP inhibitors (cholesteryl ester transfer protein), 1 candidate is in trials. (Anacetrapib) It is expected that these drugs will mainly increase HDL while lowering LDL
Squalene synthase inhibitor
ApoA-1 Milano
Succinobucol (AGI-1067), a novel antioxidant, failed a phase-III trial.
Apoprotein-B inhibitor mipomersen (approved by the FDA in 2013 homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.).
Bempedoic acid, an ATP citrate lyase inhibitor
See also
ATC code C10
References
Hypolipidemic agents | wiki |
Anticoagulants, commonly known as blood thinners, are chemical substances that prevent or reduce coagulation of blood, prolonging the clotting time. Some of them occur naturally in blood-eating animals such as leeches and mosquitoes, where they help keep the bite area unclotted long enough for the animal to obtain some blood. As a class of medications, anticoagulants are used in therapy for thrombotic disorders. Oral anticoagulants (OACs) are taken by many people in pill or tablet form, and various intravenous anticoagulant dosage forms are used in hospitals. Some anticoagulants are used in medical equipment, such as sample tubes, blood transfusion bags, heart–lung machines, and dialysis equipment. One of the first anticoagulants, warfarin, was initially approved as a rodenticide.
Anticoagulants are closely related to antiplatelet drugs and thrombolytic drugs by manipulating the various pathways of blood coagulation. Specifically, antiplatelet drugs inhibit platelet aggregation (clumping together), whereas anticoagulants inhibit specific pathways of the coagulation cascade, which happens after the initial platelet aggregation but before the formation of fibrin and stable aggregated platelet products.
Common anticoagulants include warfarin and heparin.
Medical uses
The use of anticoagulants is a decision based upon the risks and benefits of anticoagulation. The biggest risk of anticoagulation therapy is the increased risk of bleeding. In otherwise healthy people, the increased risk of bleeding is minimal, but those who have had recent surgery, cerebral aneurysms, and other conditions may have too great of risk of bleeding. Generally, the benefit of anticoagulation is prevention of or reduction of progression of a thromboembolic disease. Some indications for anticoagulant therapy that are known to have benefit from therapy include:
Atrial fibrillation — commonly forms an atrial appendage clot
Coronary artery disease
Deep vein thrombosis — can lead to pulmonary embolism
Ischemic stroke
Hypercoagulable states (e.g., Factor V Leiden) — can lead to deep vein thrombosis
Mechanical heart valves
Myocardial infarction
Pulmonary embolism
Restenosis from stents
Cardiopulmonary bypass (or any other surgeries requiring temporary aortic occlusion)
Heart failure
In these cases, anticoagulation therapy can prevent formation of dangerous clots or prevent growth of clots.
The decision to begin therapeutic anticoagulation often involves the use of multiple bleeding risk predictable outcome tools as non-invasive pre-test stratifications due to the potential for bleeds while on blood thinning agents. Among these tools are HAS-BLED, ATRIA, HEMORR2HAGES, and CHA2DS2-VASc. The risk of bleeding using the aforementioned risk assessment tools must then be weighed against thrombotic risk in order to formally determine patient's overall benefit in starting anticoagulation therapy.
Adverse effects
The most serious and common adverse side effect associated with anticoagulant are increased risk of bleeding, both nonmajor and major bleeding events. Risk of bleeding is dependent on the class of anticoagulant agent used, patient's age, and pre-existing health conditions. Warfarin has an estimated incidence of bleeding of 15-20% per year and life-threatening bleeding rate of 1-3% per year. Newer non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants appear to have fewer life-threatening bleeding events compared to warfarin. Additionally, patients aged 80 years or more may be especially susceptible to bleeding complications, with a rate of 13 bleeds per 100 person-years. Bleeding risk is especially important to consider in patients with renal impairment and NOAC therapy due to the fact that all NOACs, to some extent, are excreted by the kidneys. Thus, patients with renal impairment may be at higher risk of increased bleeding.
In people with cancer, a systematic review has found warfarin had no effect on death rate or the risk of blood clots. However it did increase the risk of major bleeding in 107 more people per 1000 population and minor bleeding in 167 more people in 1000 population. Apixaban had no effect on mortality, recurrence of blood clots in blood vessels or major bleeding or minor bleeding, however this finding comes only from one study.
Nonhemorrhagic adverse events are less common than hemorrhagic adverse events but should still be monitored closely. Nonhemorrhagic adverse events of warfarin include skin necrosis, limb gangrene, and purple toe syndrome. Skin necrosis and limb gangrene are most commonly observed on the third to eighth day of therapy. The exact pathogenesis of skin necrosis and limb gangrene are not completely understood but are believed to be associated with warfarin's effect on inhibiting production of protein C and protein S. Purple toe syndrome typically develops three to eight weeks after initiation of warfarin therapy. Other adverse effects of warfarin are associated with depletion of vitamin K, which can lead to inhibition of G1a proteins and growth arrest-specific gene 6, which can lead to increased risk of arterial calcification and heart valve, especially if too much Vitamin D is present. Warfarin's interference of G1a proteins have also been linked to abnormalities in fetal bone development in mothers who were treated with warfarin during pregnancy. Long-term warfarin and heparin usage have also been linked to osteoporosis.
Another potentially serious complication associated with heparin use is called heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). There are two distinct types of HIT 1) immune-mediated and 2) non-immune mediated. Immune-mediated HIT most commonly arises five to ten days after exposure to heparin. Pathogenesis of immune-mediated HIT is believed to be caused by heparin-dependent immunoglobulin antibodies binding to platelet factor 4/heparin complexes on platelets, leading to wide spread platelet activation.
Interactions
Foods and food supplements with blood-thinning effects include nattokinase, lumbrokinase, beer, bilberry, celery, cranberries, fish oil, garlic, ginger, ginkgo, ginseng, green tea, horse chestnut, licorice, niacin, onion, papaya, pomegranate, red clover, soybean, St. John's wort, turmeric, wheatgrass, and willow bark. Many herbal supplements have blood-thinning properties, such as danshen and feverfew. Multivitamins that do not interact with clotting are available for patients on anticoagulants.
However, some foods and supplements encourage clotting. These include alfalfa, avocado, cat's claw, coenzyme Q10, and dark leafy greens such as spinach. Excessive intake of aforementioned food should be avoided whilst taking anticoagulants or, if coagulability is being monitored, their intake should be kept approximately constant so that anticoagulant dosage can be maintained at a level high enough to counteract this effect without fluctuations in coagulability.
Grapefruit interferes with some anticoagulant drugs, increasing the amount of time it takes for them to be metabolized out of the body, and so should be eaten with caution when on anticoagulant drugs.
Anticoagulants are often used to treat acute deep vein thrombosis. People using anticoagulants to treat this condition should avoid using bed rest as a complementary treatment because there are clinical benefits to continuing to walk and remaining mobile while using anticoagulants in this way. Bed rest while using anticoagulants can harm patients in circumstances in which it is not medically necessary.
Types
A number of anticoagulants are available. Warfarin, other coumarins, and heparins have long been used. Since the 2000s, a number of agents have been introduced that are collectively referred to as directly acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs), previously named novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) or non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants. These agents include direct thrombin inhibitor (dabigatran) and factor Xa inhibitor (rivaroxaban, apixaban, betrixaban and edoxaban) and they have been shown to be as good or possibly better than the coumarins with less serious side effects. The newer anticoagulants (NOACs/DOACs), are more expensive than the traditional ones and should be used with care in patients with kidney problems.
Coumarins (vitamin K antagonists)
These oral anticoagulants are derived from coumarin, which is found in many plants. A prominent member of this class, warfarin (Coumadin), was found to be the anticoagulant most prescribed in a large multispecialty practice. It takes at least 48 to 72 hours for the anticoagulant effect to develop. Where an immediate effect is required, heparin is given concomitantly. These anticoagulants are used to treat patients with deep-vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE) and to prevent emboli in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), and mechanical prosthetic heart valves. Other examples are acenocoumarol, phenprocoumon, atromentin, and phenindione.
The coumarins brodifacoum and difenacoum are used as mammalicides (particularly as rodenticides), but are not used medically.
Heparin and derivative substances
Heparin is the most widely used intravenous clinical anticoagulant worldwide. Heparin is a naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan. There are three major categories of heparin: unfractionated heparin (UFH), low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), and ultra-low-molecular weight heparin (ULMWH). Unfractionated heparin is usually derived from pig intestines and bovine lungs. UFH binds to the enzyme inhibitor antithrombin III (AT), causing a conformational change that results in its activation. The activated AT then inactivates factor Xa, thrombin, and other coagulation factors. Heparin can be used in vivo (by injection), and also in vitro to prevent blood or plasma clotting in or on medical devices. In venipuncture, Vacutainer brand blood collecting tubes containing heparin usually have a green cap.
Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH)
Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), is produced through a controlled depolymerization of unfractionated heparin. LMWH exhibits higher anti-Xa/anti-IIa activity ratio and is useful as it does not require monitoring of the APTT coagulation parameter and has fewer side effects.
Synthetic pentasaccharide inhibitors of factor Xa
Fondaparinux is a synthetic sugar composed of the five sugars (pentasaccharide) in heparin that bind to antithrombin. It is a smaller molecule than low molecular weight heparin.
Idraparinux
Idrabiotaparinux
Directly acting oral
The directly acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs) were introduced in and after 2008. There are five DOACs currently on the market: dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, edoxaban and betrixaban. They were also previously referred to as "new/novel" and "non-vitamin K antagonist" oral anticoagulants (NOACs).
Compared to warfarin, DOACs have a rapid onset action and relatively short half-lives; hence, they carry out their function more rapidly and effectively and allow for drugs to quickly reduce their anticoagulation effects. Routine monitoring and dose adjustments of DOACs is less important than for warfarin, as they have better predictable anticoagulation activity. DOAC monitoring, including laboratory monitoring and a complete medication review, should generally be conducted before initiation of a DOAC, 1–3 months after initiation, and then every 6–12 months afterwards.
Both DOACs and warfarin are equivalently effective but compared to warfarin, DOACs have fewer drug interactions, no known dietary interactions, wider therapeutic index, and have conventional dosing that does not require dose adjustments with constant monitoring. However, there is presently no countermeasure for most DOACs, unlike for warfarin; nonetheless, the short half-lives of DOACs will allow their effects to swiftly recede. A reversal agent for dabigatran, idarucizumab, is currently available and approved for use by the FDA. Rates of adherence to DOACs are only modestly higher than adherence to warfarin among patients prescribed these drugs, and thus adherence to anticoagulation is often poor, despite hopes that DOACs would lead to higher adherence rates.
DOACs are significantly more expensive than warfarin after taking into consideration the cost of frequent blood testing associated with warfarin.
Direct factor Xa inhibitors
Drugs such as rivaroxaban, apixaban and edoxaban work by inhibiting factor Xa directly (unlike the heparins and fondaparinux, which work via antithrombin activation).
Also included in this category are betrixaban from Portola Pharmaceuticals, the discontinued darexaban (YM150) from Astellas, and, more recently, the discontinued letaxaban (TAK-442) from Takeda and eribaxaban (PD0348292) from Pfizer.
Betrixaban is significant as it was, in 2018, the only oral factor Xa inhibitor approved by the FDA for use in acutely medically ill patients. Darexaban development was discontinued in September 2011; in a trial for prevention of recurrences of myocardial infarction in addition to dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), the drug did not demonstrate effectiveness, and the risk of bleeding was increased by approximately 300%. The development of letaxaban was discontinued for acute coronary syndrome in May 2011, following negative results from a Phase II study.
Direct thrombin inhibitors
Another type of anticoagulant is the direct thrombin inhibitor. Current members of this class include the bivalent drugs hirudin, lepirudin, and bivalirudin; and the monovalent drugs argatroban and dabigatran. An oral direct thrombin inhibitor, ximelagatran (Exanta) was denied approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in September 2004 and was pulled from the market entirely in February 2006 after reports of severe liver damage and heart attacks. In November 2010, dabigatran etexilate was approved by the FDA to prevent thrombosis in atrial fibrillation.
Relevance to dental treatments
As in any invasive procedures, patients on anticoagulation therapy have increased risk for bleeding and caution should be used along with local hemostatic methods to minimize bleeding risk during the operation as well as post-operatively. However, with regards to DOACs and invasive dental treatments, there has not been enough clinical evidence and experience to prove any reliable adverse effects, relevance or interaction between these two. Further clinical prospective studies on DOACs are required to investigate the bleeding risk and haemostasis associated to surgical dental procedures.
Recommendations of modifications to usage/dosage of DOACs prior to dental treatments are made based on the balance of the bleeding risk of each procedure and also the individual's bleeding own bleeding risks and renal functionality. With low-bleeding-risk dental procedures, it is recommended that DOACs be continued by the patient, so as to avoid any increase in the risk of a thromboembolic event. For dental procedures with a higher risk of bleeding complications (i.e. complex extractions, adjacent extractions leading to a large wound, or more than three extractions), the recommended practice is for the patient to miss or delay a dose of their DOAC before such procedures so as to minimize the effect on bleeding risk.
Antithrombin protein therapeutics
The antithrombin protein itself is used as a protein therapeutic that can be purified from human plasma or produced recombinantly (for example, Atryn, which is produced in the milk of genetically modified goats).
Antithrombin is approved by the FDA as an anticoagulant for the prevention of clots before, during, or after surgery or birthing in patients with hereditary antithrombin deficiency.
Other
Many other anticoagulants exist, for use in research and development, diagnostics, or as drug candidates.
Batroxobin, a toxin from a snake venom, clots platelet-rich plasma without affecting platelet functions (cleaves fibrinogen).
Hementin is an anticoagulant protease from the salivary glands of the giant Amazon leech, Haementeria ghilianii.
Vitamin E
Alcoholic beverage
Reversal agents
With the growing number of patients taking oral anticoagulation therapy, studies into reversal agents are gaining increasing interest due to major bleeding events and need for urgent anticoagulant reversal therapy. Reversal agents for warfarin are more widely studied and established guidelines for reversal exist, due to longer history of use of warfarin and the ability to get a more accurate measurement of anticoagulation effect in a patient via measuring the INR (International Normalized Ratio). In general, vitamin K is most commonly used in order to reverse the effect of warfarin in non-urgent settings. However, in urgent settings, or in settings with extremely high INR (INR >20), hemostatic reversal agents such as fresh frozen plasma (FFP), recombinant factor VIIa, and prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) have been utilized with proven efficacy. Specifically with warfarin, four factor PCC (4F-PCC) has been shown to have superior safety and mortality benefits compared to FPP in lowering INR levels.
Although specific antidotes and reversal agents for DOACs are not as widely studied, idarucizumab (for dabigatran) and andexanet alfa (for factor Xa inhibitor) have been used in clinical settings with varying efficacy. Idarucizumab is a monoclonal antibody, approved by the US FDA in 2015, that reverses effect of dabigatran by binding to both free and thrombin-bound dabigatran. Andexanet alfa is a recombinant modified human factor Xa decoy that reverses the effect of factor Xa inhibitors by binding at the active sites of factor Xa inhibitor and making it catalytically inactive. Andexanet alfa was approved by US FDA in 2018. Another drug called ciraparantag, a potential reversal agent for direct factor Xa inhibitors, is still under investigation. Additionally, hemostatic reversal agents have also been used with varying efficacy to reverse effects of DOACs.
Coagulation inhibitor measurement
A Bethesda unit (BU) is a measure of blood coagulation inhibitor activity. It is the amount of inhibitor that will inactivate half of a coagulant during the incubation period. It is the standard measure used in the United States, and is so named because it was adopted as a standard at a conference in Bethesda, Maryland.
Laboratory use
Laboratory instruments, blood transfusion bags, and medical and surgical equipment will get clogged up and become non-operational if blood is allowed to clot. In addition, test tubes used for laboratory blood tests will have chemicals added to stop blood clotting. Apart from heparin, most of these chemicals work by binding calcium ions, preventing the coagulation proteins from using them.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) strongly and irreversibly chelates (binds) calcium ions, preventing blood from clotting.
Citrate is in liquid form in the tube and is used for coagulation tests, as well as in blood transfusion bags. It binds the calcium, but not as strongly as EDTA. Correct proportion of this anticoagulant to blood is crucial because of the dilution, and it can be reversed with the addition of calcium. Formulations include plain sodium citrate, acid-citrate-dextrose, and more.
Oxalate has a mechanism similar to that of citrate. It is the anticoagulant used in fluoride/oxalate tubes used to determine glucose and lactate levels. The fluoride serves to inhibit glycolysis, which can throw off blood sugar measurements. In fact, citrate/fluoride/EDTA tubes work better in this regard.
Dental considerations for long-term users
Dental practitioners play an important role in the early detection of anticoagulant overdose through oral manifestations as the patient doesn't show any symptoms. Dental treatment of patients taking anticoagulant or antiplatelet medication raises safety concerns in terms of the potential risk of bleeding complications following invasive dental procedures. Therefore, there comes the need for certain guidelines for the dental care of patients taking these drugs.
Detecting overdose
An overdose in anticoagulants usually occurs in people who have heart problems and need to take anticoagulants in a long term, in order to reduce the risk of stroke from their high blood pressure.
An International Normalised Ratio (INR) test would be recommended, to confirm the overdose so that the dosage can be adjusted to an acceptable standard. The INR test measures the time taken for a clot to form in a blood sample, relative to a standard.
An INR value of 1 indicates a level of coagulation equivalent to that of an average patient not taking warfarin and values greater than 1 indicate a longer clotting time and thus a longer bleeding time.
Assessing bleeding risk
There are 2 main parts to the assessment of bleeding risk:
Assessment of the likely risk of bleeding associated with the required dental procedure
Assessment of the patient's individual level bleeding risk
Managing bleeding risk
A patient who is on anticoagulants or antiplatelet medications may undergo dental treatments which are unlikely to cause bleeding such as local anaesthesia injection, basic gum charting, removal of plaque, calculus and stain above the gum level, direct or indirect fillings which are above the gingiva, root canal treatment, taking impression for denture or crown and fitting or adjustment of orthodontic appliances. For all these procedures, it is recommended for the dentist to treat the patient following the normal standard procedure and taking care to avoid any bleeding.
For a patient who needs to undergo dental treatments which is more likely to cause bleeding such as simple tooth extractions (1-3 teeth with small wound size), drainage of swelling inside the mouth, periodontal charting, root planing, direct or indirect filling which extends below the gingiva, complex filling, flap raising procedure, gingival recontouring and biopsies, the dentist needs to take extra precautions apart from the standard procedure. The recommendations are as follows:
if the patient has another medical condition or taking other medication that may increase bleeding risk, consult the patient's general medical practitioner or specialist
if the patient is on a short course anticoagulant or antiplatelet therapy, delay non-urgent, invasive procedure, until the medication has been discontinued
plan treatment for early in the day and week, where possible, to allow time for the management of prolonged bleeding or re-bleeding, if it occurs
perform the procedure as atraumatically as possible, use appropriate local measures and only discharge patient once haemostasis has been confirmed
if travel time to emergency care is a concern, place particular emphasis at the time of the initial treatment on the use of measures to avoid complications
advise the patient to take paracetamol, unless contraindicated, for pain relief rather than NSAIDs such as aspirin, ibuprofen, diclofenac or naproxen
provide the patient with written post-treatment advice and emergency contact details
follow the specific recommendations and advice given for the management of patients taking the different anticoagulants or antiplatelet drugs
There is general agreement that in most cases, treatment regimens with older anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin) and antiplatelet agents (e.g., clopidogrel, ticlopidine, prasugrel, ticagrelor, and/or aspirin) should not be altered before dental procedures. The risks of stopping or reducing these medication regimens (i.e., thromboembolism, stroke, myocardial infarction) far outweigh the consequences of prolonged bleeding, which can be controlled with local measures. In patients with other existing medical conditions that can increase the risk of prolonged bleeding after dental treatment or who are receiving other therapy that can increase bleeding risk, dental practitioners may wish to consult the patient's physician to determine whether care can safely be delivered in a primary care office. Any suggested modification to the medication regimen prior to dental surgery should be done in consultation and on advice of the patient's physician.
On the basis of limited evidence, general consensus appears to be that in most patients who are receiving the newer direct-acting oral anticoagulants (i.e., dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, or edoxaban) and undergoing dental treatment (in conjunction with usual local measures to control bleeding), no change to the anticoagulant regimen is required. In patients deemed to be at higher risk of bleeding (e.g., patients with other medical conditions or undergoing more extensive procedures associated with higher bleeding risk), consideration may be given, in consultation with and on advice of the patient's physician, to postponing the timing of the daily dose of the anticoagulant until after the procedure; timing the dental intervention as late as possible after last dose of anticoagulant; or temporarily interrupting drug therapy for 24 to 48 hours.
Research
A substantial number of compounds is being investigated for use as anticoagulants. The most promising ones act on the contact activation system (factor XIIa and factor XIa); it is anticipated that this may provide agents that prevent thrombosis without conferring a risk of bleeding.
, the direct factor XIa inhibitor milvexian is in Phase II clinical trials for the prevention of embolism after surgery.
See also
Hypercoagulability in pregnancy
CHADS2 score
References
External links
Staying Active and Healthy with Blood Thinners by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
New oral anticoagulants for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation
Blood tests
Medical signs | wiki |
Tsubonuma Hachiman Shrine (坪沼八幡神社, Tsubonuma Hachiman jinja) is a Shinto shrine located in Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. It is a Hachiman shrine, dedicated to the kami Hachiman as well as to Emperor Ojin, Empress Jingū, Emperor Chūai, and Takenouchi no Sukune.
The shrine's address is 〒982-0231 Miyagi, Sendai, Taihaku Ward, Tsubonuma, Tatemaehigashi−69.
See also
List of Shinto shrines in Japan
Hachiman shrine
External links
Official website
Hachiman shrines
Shinto shrines in Miyagi Prefecture | wiki |
Conjunctival suffusion is an eye finding occurring early in leptospirosis, which is caused by Leptospira interrogans. Conjunctival suffusion is characterized by redness of the conjunctiva that resembles conjunctivitis, but it does not involve inflammatory exudates. Swelling of the conjunctiva (chemosis) is seen along the corners of the eye (palpebral fissures).
About 30 percent of people with leptospirosis (also known as Weil's disease) develop conjunctival suffusion. When it does occur, it develops towards the end of the early phase of the illness. Even in severe cases, the suffusion occurs in the first phase of the illness.
Conjunctival suffusion may also occur in patients with a Hantavirus infection. In a 1994 study of 17 patients with Hantavirus infections, 3 had conjunctival suffusion.
References
External links
Leptospirosis
Disorders of conjunctiva
Medical signs | wiki |
Richard Franklin "Frank" Wright (June 15, 1938 – April 25, 2003) was a historian in the Las Vegas, Nevada area.
Wright was born on June 15, 1938 in Salt Lake City, Utah. He received a political science degree from the University of Utah.
Wright died from colon cancer in Las Vegas on April 25, 2003, at the age of 64. There is a public park near Las Vegas City Hall named in memory of Frank Wright.
Notes
1938 births
2003 deaths
20th-century American historians
American male non-fiction writers
20th-century American male writers | wiki |
City ham is a term used in some parts of the United States for any lightly cured and/or smoked ham which must be refrigerated to preserve it. It is generally "wet cured", that is injected with or soaked in a brine solution containing high concentrations of salts (including sodium chloride, sodium nitrate, and sodium nitrite). This is distinguished from country hams which are dry cured by being packed in crystalline curing salts and stored at room temperature. In parts of the U.S. where country ham is not consumed, city hams are often the only available hams and are just called ham.
City hams may be sold pre-cooked and "ready-to-eat", or simply cured and smoked, which must then be cooked before consuming. Many types of city ham are sliced as cold cuts in delicatessens and served as part of a ham sandwich.
See also
List of hams
External links
Ham | wiki |
Night Passage may refer to:
Night Passage (film), a 1957 western film starring James Stewart and Audie Murphy
Night Passage (album), Weather Report's tenth album, released in 1980
Night Passage (opera), a 1994 work by Robert Moran
Night Passage (novel), one of the Jesse Stone novels written by Robert B. Parker
"Night Passage", a short story by Fritz Leiber | wiki |
Slave bracelet may refer to:
A copper bracelet used as a medium of exchange in the West African slave trade, see Manillas.
Any bracelet made of chain links.
Hand chains, an Arabic wrist bracelet joined to a ring by a chain.
A bracelet worn by a slave (this meaning comes from BDSM fiction, e.g. John Norman's Gor series of novels; in this context, it may be a colloquial term for handcuffs).
Slave bracelets are a piece of jewelry associated with several cultures. As it refers to the hand adornment often worn by belly dancers or associated with harem jewelry, the slave bracelet or hand chain consists of a bracelet that attaches to a ring via a chain, bejeweled links, or other ornate hand connector along the back of the hand. They have been a popular accessory worn by members of the Gothic subculture as well as those of the BDSM community, specifically dominant–submissive couples as a symbol of ownership between master (BDSM) and slave (BDSM).
Bracelets | wiki |
Intermediate cutaneous may refer to:
Intermediate cutaneous nerve of thigh
Intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerve of the foot | wiki |
Guidelines on the choice of agents and how best to step up treatment for various subgroups have changed over time and differ between countries (see Table - A Comparison of International Guidelines on Goal BP and Initial Drug Therapy for Adults With Hypertension).
References
Blood pressure
Medical comparisons | wiki |
High jinks was a popular 18th-century drinking game in Scotland. The game involved throwing a die, and if the caster got a bad score, they had to choose between drinking more alcohol or performing an undignified task.
The term "high jinks" is now commonly used to refer to any prank or frolic.
References
Drinking games | wiki |
Orpheus Emerged is a novella written by Jack Kerouac in 1945 when he was at Columbia University. It was discovered after his death and published in 2000.
Orpheus Emerged chronicles the passions, conflicts, and dreams of a group of bohemians searching for truth while studying at a university. Kerouac wrote the story shortly after meeting Allen Ginsberg, William S. Burroughs, Lucien Carr, and others in and around Columbia University who would form the core of the Beats.
References
1945 American novels
American novellas
Novels by Jack Kerouac
Novels published posthumously
2000 American novels | wiki |
A fine on alienation (see Alienation (property law)), in feudal law, was a sum of money paid to the lord by a tenant when he had occasion to make over his land to another. It is similar in nature to a relief, a payment made by an heir to the lord to receive his inheritance.
Property law
Medieval law | wiki |
Repiquage peut faire référence à :
Repiquage : technique de transplantation utilisée en agriculture ou jardinage.
Repiquage : opération de synchronisation du son et de l'image, lors du montage au cinéma. | wiki |
Results as of 11:25 PM, June 6 as reported by NJ.com (ref)
(i) = incumbent
US Senate
Official results, New Jersey Division of Elections (PDF, July 11, 2008)
U.S. House (District 1)
U.S. House (District 5)
U.S. House (District 11)
Mayor (Atlantic City)
2008 New Jersey elections | wiki |
Incidental questions in private international law with respect to the problems and elements discussed below
In the Roman conflict of laws, an incidental question is a legal issue that arises in connection with the major cause of action in a lawsuit. The forum court will have already decided that it has jurisdiction to hear the case (resolving any issue relating to forum shopping) and will be working through the next two stages of the conflict process, namely: characterisation and choice of law. For example, the court may classify the cause as "succession", but it notes that the plaintiff brings the claim for relief as the deceased's widow. Before the court can adjudicate on the main issue, it must first decide whether the plaintiff actually has the status claimed, i.e. the incidental question would be the validity of the claimed marriage. The inconvenient reality is that many lawsuits involve a number of interdependent legal issues. In purely domestic cases, this poses no difficulty because a judge will freely move from one domestic law to another to resolve the dispute. But in a conflict case, the question is whether the incidental question is resolved by reference either to its own choice of law rules, or to the same law that governs the main issue (the lex causae). States have not formulated a consistent answer to this question.
For an incidental question to arise, the forum court must have applied its characterisation rules to determine that:
the main cause of action is governed by a foreign law;
as a precondition to the main cause of action, there is a subsidiary question which has its own choice of law rule pointing to a different lex causae;
there will be a different result depending on which foreign law is applied.
Suppose that a French court hears the case of an American national who dies domiciled in California leaving movables in England. The French choice of law rule would refer the distribution of personal property to California law which has community property provisions entitling his widow to share in his estate. The marriage was in England and, as both the lex loci celebrationis and the lex situs, English law declares it valid even though it is void ab initio under California law because it is considered bigamous (see nullity): a divorce decree granted by the American courts was recognised as valid in England, but not in California. Should the widow's claim be determined by the English or California law? There are different views:
the widow's claim should be dismissed because otherwise the French conflict rule that succession to movables is governed by California law would be undermined;
the widow should be entitled to share in her husband's estate because otherwise the French conflict rule that the validity of the marriage is governed by English law would be undermined.
One of the more interesting cases on this topic is the Canadian Supreme Court case of Schwebel v Ungar [1964] 48 DLR (2d) 644 in which a Jewish husband and wife, domiciled in Hungary, married in Hungary. While they were emigrating to Israel, they found themselves in Italy and the husband divorced his wife by get. Under the laws of Hungary (their lex domicilii) and Italy, the religious form of divorce was invalid, but it was recognised as effective by the law of Israel where they acquired a domicile of choice. Subsequently, the wife moved to Canada and, without abandoning her Israeli domicile, went through a second ceremony of marriage. The second husband petitioned for nullity alleging that the marriage was bigamous. The Supreme Court held the marriage to be valid. The main question was the wife's capacity to marry which, under Canadian law, is determined by her lex domicilii, i.e. the law of Israel at the time of the second ceremony. The incidental question was the validity of the divorce which was to be determined either by their lex domicilii at the relevant time or by Italian law as the lex loci actus. The judgment seems to suggest that the court decided both questions by reference to the law of Israel as the law governing the main question.
In Lawrence v Lawrence [1985] Fam 106 the English Court of Appeal was asked by the second husband to rule on the validity of another potentially bigamous marriage. The wife first married in Brazil and then divorced the husband in Nevada (this was not recognised in Brazil) and immediately married the second husband in Nevada. The two laws were the wife's lex domicilii to which English choice of law rules referred her capacity to marry (under Brazilian law she lacked capacity to marry the second husband) and the validity of the second marriage which was determined under the lex loci celebrationis. The case was decided by characterising the case as one of divorce recognition rather than capacity to marry.
The outcome suggests that the same law will be applied to both the main and the incidental questions on the understanding that the forum court is probably making a policy decision on which outcome is the more desirablein both cases, the courts seem to have been interested in upholding the validity of the second marriage reflecting a rebuttable presumption in both jurisdictions to recognise marriages valid under their lex loci celebrationis in default of any strong policy reason to the contrary.
Conflict of laws | wiki |
Killinochchi (Tamil: கிளிநொச்சி, Sinhala: කිලිනොච්චිය, traslitterazione scientifica Kilinocci) è una piccola città dello Sri Lanka, nel distretto di Kilinochchi.
Killinochchi è situata nella parte settentrionale del Paese, presso l'autostrada A9 a circa 100 km a sud-est di Jaffna. È stata il centro amministrativo del LTTE fino al 2 gennaio 2009, quando le truppe dell'esercito dello Sri Lanka hanno recuperato la città.
Altri progetti
Centri abitati dello Sri Lanka | wiki |
The United States Military Academy (USMA) is an undergraduate college in West Point, New York that educates and commissions officers for the United States Army. Confederate President Jefferson Davis, himself a former officer and West Point graduate (class of 1828), preferred West Point trained officers for the Confederate States Army (CSA). This article lists those alumni. Also included are a number of officers who were cadets at West Point but for reason known or unknown never graduated, such as Lewis Armistead. There are several (indicated) familial relations between the officers, e.g. between members of the Lee family of Virginia. Other notable Confederate officers include James Longstreet (class of 1842), Stonewall Jackson (class of 1846), and J.E.B. Stuart (class of 1854).
List
Note: "Class year" refers to the class year of the individual alumnus, which usually is the same year he graduated. In times of war classes often graduate early.
Note: A "-" before a class year in brackets means that the individual alumnus was part of this class, but did not graduate.
Note: Alumni who graduated in the same class are listed according to class rank, highest to lowest, with non-graduates listed alphabetically at the end.
See also
List of Union Army officers educated at the United States Military Academy
References
General
Inline citations
West Point
Academy alumni, famous list
C
Alu
Civ | wiki |
Aging or ageing, in the context of food or beverages, is the leaving of a product over an extended period of time (often months or years) to aid in improving the flavor of the product. Aging can be done under a number of conditions, and for a number of reasons including stronger umami flavors and tenderness.
Drying
Drying of foods by leaving them in a low-humidity environment has been used as a food preservation technique for millennia. Air-dried meat such as jerky may have been some of the first preserved foods ever eaten by man. Drying also concentrates flavors in foods by removing water from them.
Fermentation
Foods may be aged to allow fermentation to occur, such as in the making of alcoholic beverages, in cheesemaking, in pickling, such as kimchi, and in meat or fish products such as fermented sausage or surströmming.
Culturing
Besides fermentation, microbial food cultures can act on food products to alter their chemical make-up and provide additional flavors. This is especially true in processes such as the making of blue cheese or aged beef.
Extraction
In the case of beverages, such as the aging of wine, beer, or whiskey, storing the beverage for extended periods of time in wooden casks allows the liquid to extract flavor compounds from the wood itself, adding to the complexity and depth of flavor. Traditional Balsamic Vinegar is aged for years in a succession of oak barrels to extract and concentrate flavors.
See also
Cheese ripening
Ripening
Fermentation
Beef aging
References
Food preparation | wiki |
Baron Bridges, of Headley in the County of Surrey and of Saint Nicholas at Wade in the County of Kent, ist ein erblicher britischer Adelstitel in der Peerage of the United Kingdom.
Familiensitz der Barone ist das Great House in Orford bei Woodbridge in Suffolk.
Verleihung
Der Titel wurde am 4. Februar 1957 für Sir Edward Bridges geschaffen. Dieser war von 1938 bis 1948 Sekretär des britischen Kabinetts, später dann Staatssekretär im Finanzministerium und damit einer der wichtigsten Ministerialbeamten gewesen.
Liste der Barone Bridges (1957)
Edward Ettingdean Bridges, 1. Baron Bridges (1892–1969)
Thomas Edward Bridges, 2. Baron Bridges (1927–2017)
Mark Thomas Bridges, 3. Baron Bridges (* 1954)
Titelerbe (Heir Apparent) ist der Sohn des aktuellen Titelinhabers, Hon. Miles Edmund Farrer Bridges (* 1992)
Weblinks
Leigh Rayment′s Peerage Page
Bridges, Baron (UK, 1957) bei Cracroft's Peerage
Bridges
Erstverleihung 1957 | wiki |
The SAT Subject Test in Mathematics Level 1 (formerly known as Math I or MathIC (the "C" representing the use of a calculator)) was the name of a one-hour multiple choice test given on algebra, geometry, basic trigonometry, algebraic functions, elementary statistics and basic foundations of calculus by The College Board. A student chose whether to take the test depending upon college entrance requirements for the schools in which the student is planning to apply. Until 1994, the SAT Subject Tests were known as Achievement Tests; and from 1995 until January 2005, they were known as SAT IIs. Mathematics Level 1 was taken 109,048 times in 2006. The SAT Subject Test in Mathematics Level 2 covered more advanced content.
On January 19, 2021, the College Board discontinued all SAT Subject tests, including the SAT Subject Test in Mathematics Level 1. This was effective immediately in the United States, and the tests were to be phased out by the following summer for international students. This was done as a response to changes in college admissions due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education.
Format
The test had 50 multiple choice questions that were to be answered in one hour. All questions had five answer choices. Students received 1 point for every correct answer, lost ¼ of a point for each incorrect answer, and received 0 points for questions left blank.
The questions covered a broad range of topics. Approximately 10-14% of questions focused on Numbers and Operations, 38-42% focused on Algebra and functions, 38-42% focused on Geometry (including Euclidean, coordinate, three-dimensional, and trigonometry), and 6-10% focused on Data analysis, Statistics, and probability.
Calculator Use
The College Board stated that a calculator "may be useful or necessary" for about 40-50% of the questions on the test. The College Board also encouraged the use of a graphing calculator over a scientific calculator. It also said that this test was "developed with the expectation that most students are using graphing calculators."
Students were not permitted to use calculators on the Mathematics Level 1 test that have a QWERTY format keyboard, that require an electrical outlet, that make noise, use paper tape, that have non-traditional methods of input (such as a stylus), or those that are part of a communication device (such as PDA's, laptops, or cell phones). Calculators that had slanted screens or large displays (numbers 1 in. or more) are seated at the discretion of the test supervisor.
Preparation
The College Board suggested as preparation for the test three years of mathematics, including two years of algebra, and one year of geometry.
Scoring
For each of the 50 multiple choice questions, students received 1 point for every correct answer, lost ¼ of a point for each incorrect answer, and received 0 points for questions left blank. This created a raw score, which was then converted into a scaled score. The conversion between these numbers varied depending on the difficulty of a particular test administration. The scaled score was the only score reported to either students or colleges, and ranged from 200 to 800, with 800 being the best possible score. The standard deviation between test scores in 2006 was 102.
Less than one percent of the 2006 College-Bound Seniors taking the test received a perfect score of 800. None got a score lower than 260. The mean score was 593.
See also
SAT
SAT Subject Tests
PSAT/NMSQT
References
Mathematics tests
Mathematics Level 1 | wiki |
Esplanade Mall may refer to
The Esplanade (Kenner, Louisiana)
Esplanade Mall (Oxnard, California) | wiki |
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