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Southern Charm New Orleans (abbreviated as Southern Charm NOLA) is an American reality television series that premiered on Bravo on April 15, 2018. Developed as the second spin-off of Southern Charm, it aired two seasons. The series chronicles the personal and professional lives of several socialites who reside in New Orleans, Louisiana. On April 19, 2019, Bravo announced that the second season would premiere on June 2, 2019. Cast members Main Jeff Charleston Reagan Charleston Tamica Lee Jon Moody Justin Reese Barry Smith Recurring Rachel McKenzie Kelsey Nichols Reece Thomas (season 2) Episodes Series overview Season 1 (2018) Season 2 (2019) References External links 2010s American reality television series 2018 American television series debuts English-language television shows Bravo (American TV network) original programming Television shows set in New Orleans	wiki
The straight or running stitch is the basic stitch in hand-sewing and embroidery, on which all other forms of sewing are based. The stitch is worked by passing the needle in and out of the fabric at a regular distance. All other stitches are created by varying the straight stitch in length, spacing, and direction. Some sources only use the term straight stitch to refer to the individual stitch or its family of related stitches, while others use it interchangeably with or in place of running stitch. Running stitch will never be used to refer to a single stitch since a single running stitch is a straight stitch. Running stitches are most often not visible as they are used to close seams. Running stitch, Holbein or double-running stitch, satin stitch and darning stitch are all classed as straight or flat stitches. Backstitch is also sometimes included in this category. Uses Embroidery Seams, Hems, and Tailoring Running stitches are used in hand-sewing and tailoring to sew basic seams, hems and gathers; in hand patchwork to assemble pieces of light fabrics; and in quilting to hold the fabric layers and batting or wadding in place. Loosely spaced rows of short running stitches are used to support padded satin stitch. Darning Darning has two purposes, decorative and functional, though it is often both. Darning for decorative purposes, often referred to as Pattern darning, is an ancient technique in which parallel rows of straight stitches in varying lengths are arranged to form geometric patterns. Japanese Kogin embroidery is a pattern darning style from the island of Honshū, often worked in white cotton thread on rough, dark blue indigo-dyed linen. Running stitches are a component of many traditional embroidery styles, including kantha of India and Bangladesh, and Japanese sashiko quilting and other embroidery styles such as pattern darning and redwork. Related stitches The running stitch family includes looped running stitches, laced running stitches, whipped running stitches, and others like the Holbein stitch, seed stitch and more. Basting stitches, also called "tailor's tack", are long-running stitches used to keep two pieces of fabric or trim aligned during final sewing, or to otherwise temporarily sew two pieces together. Darning stitches are closely spaced parallel rows of running stitches used to fill or reinforce worn areas of a textile, or as decoration. Holbein or double-running stitches have a second row of running stitches worked in a reverse direction in between the stitches of the first pass, to make a solid line of stitching. Double darning stitches are closely spaced (but not overlapping) rows of Holbein stitches. Stitch gallery See also Blackwork embroidery Darning Embroidery stitches References Further reading Caulfield, S.F.A., and B.C. Saward, The Dictionary of Needlework, 1885. Christie, Grace (Mrs. Archibald Christie: Embroidery and Tapestry Weaving, London, John Hogg, 1912 Eaton, Jan. Mary Thomas's Dictionary of Embroidery Stitches, Revised by Jan Eaton. London: Hodder&Stoughton, 1989. Enthoven, Jacqueline: The Creative Stitches of Embroidery, Van Norstrand Rheinhold, 1964, Reader's Digest, Complete Guide to Needlework. The Reader's Digest Association, Inc. (March 1992). Levey, S. M. and D. King, The Victoria and Albert Museum's Textile Collection Vol. 3: Embroidery in Britain from 1200 to 1750, Victoria and Albert Museum, 1993, Sarah's Hand Embroidery Tutorials. External links The Crimson Thread of Kinship is a 12-metre-long embroidery predominantly using a straight stitch at the National Museum of Australia Embroidery stitches	wiki
Identity theft occurs when someone uses another person's personal identifying information, like their name, identifying number, or credit card number, without their permission, to commit fraud or other crimes. The term identity theft was coined in 1964. Since that time, the definition of identity theft has been statutorily defined throughout both the U.K. and the U.S. as the theft of personally identifiable information. Identity theft deliberately uses someone else's identity as a method to gain financial advantages or obtain credit and other benefits, and perhaps to cause other person's disadvantages or loss. The person whose identity has been stolen may suffer adverse consequences, especially if they are falsely held responsible for the perpetrator's actions. Personally identifiable information generally includes a person's name, date of birth, social security number, driver's license number, bank account or credit card numbers, PINs, electronic signatures, fingerprints, passwords, or any other information that can be used to access a person's financial resources. Determining the link between data breaches and identity theft is challenging, primarily because identity theft victims often do not know how their personal information was obtained. According to a report done for the FTC, identity theft is not always detectable by the individual victims. Identity fraud is often but not necessarily the consequence of identity theft. Someone can steal or misappropriate personal information without then committing identity theft using the information about every person, such as when a major data breach occurs. A U.S. Government Accountability Office study determined that "most breaches have not resulted in detected incidents of identity theft". The report also warned that "the full extent is unknown". A later unpublished study by Carnegie Mellon University noted that "Most often, the causes of identity theft is not known", but reported that someone else concluded that "the probability of becoming a victim to identity theft as a result of a data breach is ... around only 2%". For example, in one of the largest data breaches which affected over four million records, it resulted in only about 1,800 instances of identity theft, according to the company whose systems were breached. An October 2010 article entitled "Cyber Crime Made Easy" explained the level to which hackers are using malicious software. As Gunter Ollmann, Chief Technology Officer of security at Microsoft, said, "Interested in credit card theft? There's an app for that." This statement summed up the ease with which these hackers are accessing all kinds of information online. The new program for infecting users' computers was called Zeus, and the program is so hacker-friendly that even an inexperienced hacker can operate it. Although the hacking program is easy to use, that fact does not diminish the devastating effects that Zeus (or other software like Zeus) can do on a computer and the user. For example, programs like Zeus can steal credit card information, important documents, and even documents necessary for homeland security. If a hacker were to gain this information, it would mean identity theft or even a possible terrorist attack. The ITAC says that about 15 million Americans had their identity stolen in 2012. Types Sources such as the Non-profit Identity Theft Resource Center sub-divide identity theft into five categories: Criminal identity theft (posing as another person when apprehended for a crime) Financial identity theft (using another's identity to obtain credit, goods, and services) Identity cloning (using another's information to assume his or her identity in daily life) Medical identity theft (using another's identity to obtain medical care or drugs) Child identity theft. Identity theft may be used to facilitate or fund other crimes including Illegal immigration, terrorism, phishing and espionage. There are cases of identity cloning to attack payment systems, including online credit card processing and medical insurance. Identity cloning and concealment In this situation, the identity thief impersonates someone else to conceal their own true identity. Examples are illegal immigrants hiding their illegal status, people hiding from creditors or other individuals and those who simply want to become "anonymous" for personal reasons. Another example is posers, a label given to people who use someone else's photos and information on social networking sites. Posers mostly create believable stories involving friends of the real person they are imitating. Unlike identity theft used to obtain credit which usually comes to light when the debts mount, concealment may continue indefinitely without being detected, particularly if the identity thief can obtain false credentials to pass various authentication tests in everyday life. Criminal identity theft When a criminal fraudulently identifies themselves to police as another individual at the point of arrest, it is sometimes referred to as "Criminal Identity Theft." In some cases, criminals have previously obtained state-issued identity documents using credentials stolen from others, or have simply presented a fake ID. Provided the subterfuge works, charges may be placed under the victim's name, letting the criminal off the hook. Victims might only learn of such incidents by chance, for example by receiving a court summons, discovering their driver's licenses are suspended when stopped for minor traffic violations, or through background checks performed for employment purposes. It can be difficult for the victim of criminal identity theft to clear their record. The steps required to clear the victim's incorrect criminal record depend on which jurisdiction the crime occurred and whether the true identity of the criminal can be determined. The victim might need to locate the original arresting officers and prove their own identity by some reliable means such as fingerprinting or DNA testing and may need to go to a court hearing to be cleared of the charges. Obtaining an expungement of court records may also be required. Authorities might permanently maintain the victim's name as an alias for the criminal's true identity in their criminal records databases. One problem that victims of criminal identity theft may encounter is that various data aggregators might still have incorrect criminal records in their databases even after court and police records are corrected. Thus a future background check may return the incorrect criminal records. This is just one example of the kinds of impact that may continue to affect the victims of identity theft for some months or even years after the crime, aside from the psychological trauma that being 'cloned' typically engenders. Synthetic identity theft A variation of identity theft that has recently become more common is synthetic identity theft, in which identities are completely or partially fabricated. The most common technique involves combining a real social security number with a name and birthdate other than the ones that are simply associated with the number. Synthetic identity theft is more difficult to track as it doesn't show on either person's credit report directly but may appear as an entirely new file in the credit bureau or as a subfile on one of the victim's credit reports. Synthetic identity theft primarily harms the creditors who unwittingly grant the fraudsters credit. Individual victims can be affected if their names become confused with the synthetic identities, or if negative information in their subfiles impacts their credit ratings. Medical identity theft Privacy researcher Pam Dixon, the founder of the World Privacy Forum, coined the term medical identity theft and released the first major report about this issue in 2006. In the report, she defined the crime for the first time and made the plight of victims public. The report's definition of the crime is that medical identity theft occurs when someone seeks medical care under the identity of another person. Insurance theft is also very common, if a thief has your insurance information and or your insurance card, they can seek medical attention posing as yourself. In addition to risks of financial harm common to all forms of identity theft, the thief's medical history may be added to the victim's medical records. Inaccurate information in the victim's records is difficult to correct and may affect future insurability or cause doctors to rely on misinformation to deliver inappropriate care. After the publication of the report, which contained a recommendation that consumers receive notifications of medical data breach incidents, California passed a law requiring this, and then finally HIPAA was expanded to also require medical breach notification when breaches affect 500 or more people. Data collected and stored by hospitals and other organizations such as medical aid schemes is up to 10 times more valuable to cybercriminals than credit card information. Child identity theft Child identity theft occurs when a minor's identity is used by another person for the impostor's personal gain. The impostor can be a family member, a friend, or even a stranger who targets children. The Social Security numbers of children are valued because they do not have any information associated with them. Thieves can establish lines of credit, obtain driver's licenses, or even buy a house using a child's identity. This fraud can go undetected for years, as most children do not discover the problem until years later. Child identity theft is fairly common, and studies have shown that the problem is growing. The largest study on child identity theft, as reported by Richard Power of the Carnegie Mellon Cylab with data supplied by AllClear ID, found that of 40,000 children, 10.2% were victims of identity theft. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) estimates that about nine million people will be victims of identity theft in the United States per year. It was also estimated that in 2008 630,000 people under the age of 19 were victims of theft. This then gave them a debt of about $12,799 which was not theirs. Not only are children in general big targets of identity theft but children who are in foster care are even bigger targets. This is because they are most likely moved around quite frequently and their SSN is being shared with multiple people and agencies. Foster children are even more victims of identity theft within their own families and other relatives. Young people in foster care who are victims of this crime are usually left alone to struggle and figure out how to fix their newly formed bad credit. Financial identity theft The most common type of identity theft is related to finance. Financial identity theft includes obtaining credit, loans, goods, and services while claiming to be someone else. Tax identity theft One of the major identity theft categories is tax identity theft. The most common method is to use a person's authentic name, address, and Social Security Number to file a tax return with false information, and have the resulting refund direct-deposited into a bank account controlled by the thief. The thief in this case can also try to get a job and then their employer will report the income of the real taxpayer, this then results in the taxpayer getting in trouble with the IRS. The 14039 Form to the IRS is a form that will help one fight against a theft like tax theft. This form will put the IRS on alert and someone who believed they have been a victim of tax-related theft will be given an Identity Protection Personal Identification Number (IP PIN), which is a 6 digit code used in replacing an SSN for filing tax returns. Techniques for obtaining and exploiting personal information Identity thieves typically obtain and exploit personally identifiable information about individuals, or various credentials they use to authenticate themselves, to impersonate them. Examples include: Rummaging through rubbish for personal information (dumpster diving) Retrieving personal data from redundant IT equipment and storage media including PCs, servers, PDAs, mobile phones, USB memory sticks, and hard drives that have been disposed of carelessly at public dump sites, given away, or sold on without having been properly sanitized Using public records about individual citizens, published in official registers such as electoral rolls Stealing bank or credit cards, identification cards, passports, authentication tokens ... typically by pickpocketing, housebreaking or mail theft Common-knowledge questioning schemes that offer account verification, such as "What's your mother's maiden name?", "what was your first car model?", or "What was your first pet's name?". Skimming information from bank or credit cards using compromised or hand-held card readers, and creating clone cards Using ' contactless' credit card readers to acquire data wirelessly from RFID-enabled passports Shoulder-Surfing, involves an individual who discreetly watches or hears others providing valuable personal information. This is particularly done in crowded places because it is relatively easy to observe someone as they fill out forms, enter PINs on ATMs or even type passwords on smartphones. Stealing personal information from computers using breaches in browser security or malware such as Trojan horse keystroke logging programs or other forms of spyware Hacking computer networks, systems, and databases to obtain personal data, often in large quantities Exploiting breaches that result in the publication or more limited disclosure of personal information such as names, addresses, Social Security number or credit card numbers Advertising bogus job offers to accumulate resumes and applications typically disclosing applicants' names, home and email addresses, telephone numbers, and sometimes their banking details Exploiting insider access and abusing the rights of privileged IT users to access personal data on their employers' systems Infiltrating organizations that store and process large amounts or particularly valuable personal information Impersonating trusted organizations in emails, SMS text messages, phone calls, or other forms of communication to dupe victims into disclosing their personal information or login credentials, typically on a fake corporate website or data collection form (phishing) Brute-force attacking weak passwords and using inspired guesswork to compromise weak password reset questions Obtaining castings of fingers for falsifying fingerprint identification. Browsing social networking websites for personal details published by users, often using this information to appear more credible in subsequent social engineering activities Diverting victims' email or post to obtain personal information and credentials such as credit cards, billing, and bank/credit card statements, or to delay the discovery of new accounts and credit agreements opened by the identity thieves in the victims' names Using false pretenses to trick individuals, customer service representatives, and help desk workers to disclose personal information and login details or changing user passwords/access rights (pretexting) Stealing cheques (checks) to acquire banking information, including account numbers and bank codes Guessing Social Security numbers by using information found on Internet social networks such as Facebook and MySpace Low security/privacy protection on photos that are easily clickable and downloaded on social networking sites. Befriending strangers on social networks and taking advantage of their trust until private information is given. (Social Engineering) Indicators The majority of identity theft victims do not realize that they are a victim until it has negatively impacted their lives. Many people do not find out that their identities have been stolen until they are contacted by financial institutions or discover suspicious activities on their bank accounts. According to an article by Herb Weisbaum, everyone in the US should assume that their personal information has been compromised at one point. It is therefore of great importance to watch out for warning signs that your identity has been compromised. The following are eleven indicators that someone else might be using your identity. Credit or debit card charges for goods or services you are not aware of, including unauthorized withdrawals from your account Receiving calls from credit or debit card fraud control department warning of possible suspicious activity on your credit card account Receiving credit cards that you did not apply for Receiving information that a credit scoring investigation was done. They are often done when a loan or phone subscription was applied for. Checks bouncing for lack of enough money in your account to cover the amount. This might be as a result of unauthorized withdrawals from your account Identity theft criminals may commit crimes with your personal information. You may not realize this until you see the police on your door arresting you for crimes that you did not commit Sudden changes to your credit score may indicate that someone else is using your credit cards Bills for services like gas, water, electricity not arriving in time. This can be an indication that your mail was stolen or redirected Not being approved for loans because your credit report indicates that you are not credit worthy Receiving notification from your post office informing you that your mails are being forwarded to another unknown address Your yearly tax returns indicating that you have earned more than you have actually earned. This might indicate that someone is using your national identification number e.g. SSN to report their earnings to the tax authorities Individual identity protection The acquisition of personal identifiers is made possible through serious breaches of privacy. For consumers, this is usually a result of them naively providing their personal information or login credentials to the identity thieves (e.g., in a phishing attack) but identity-related documents such as credit cards, bank statements, utility bills, checkbooks, etc. may also be physically stolen from vehicles, homes, offices, and not the least letterboxes, or directly from victims by pickpockets and bag snatchers. Guardianship of personal identifiers by consumers is the most common intervention strategy recommended by the US Federal Trade Commission, Canadian Phone Busters and most sites that address identity theft. Such organizations offer recommendations on how individuals can prevent their information from falling into the wrong hands. Identity theft can be partially mitigated by not identifying oneself unnecessarily (a form of information security control known as risk avoidance). This implies that organizations, IT systems, and procedures should not demand excessive amounts of personal information or credentials for identification and authentication. Requiring, storing, and processing personal identifiers (such as Social Security number, national identification number, driver's license number, credit card number, etc.) increases the risks of identity theft unless this valuable personal information is adequately secured at all times. Committing personal identifiers to memory is a sound practice that can reduce the risks of a would-be identity thief from obtaining these records. To help in remembering numbers such as social security numbers and credit card numbers, it is helpful to consider using mnemonic techniques or memory aids such as the mnemonic Major System. Identity thieves sometimes impersonate dead people, using personal information obtained from death notices, gravestones, and other sources to exploit delays between the death and the closure of the person's accounts, the inattentiveness of grieving families, and weaknesses in the processes for credit-checking. Such crimes may continue for some time until the deceased's families or the authorities notice and react to anomalies. In recent years, commercial identity theft protection/insurance services have become available in many countries. These services purport to help protect the individual from identity theft or help detect that identity theft has occurred in exchange for a monthly or annual membership fee or premium. The services typically work either by setting fraud alerts on the individual's credit files with the three major credit bureaus or by setting up credit report monitoring with the credit bureau. While identity theft protection/insurance services have been heavily marketed, their value has been called into question. Potential outcomes Identity theft is a serious problem in the United States. In a 2018 study, it was reported that 60 million Americans' identities had been wrongfully acquired. In response, under advisement from the Identity Theft Resource Center, some new bills have been implemented to improve security such as requiring electronic signatures and social security verification. Several types of identity theft are used to gather information, one of the most common types occurs when consumers make online purchases. A study was conducted with 190 people to determine the relationship between the constructs of fear of financial losses and reputational damages. The conclusions of this study revealed that identity theft was a positive correlation with reputable damages. The relationship between perceived risk and online purchase intention were negative. The significance of this study reveals that online companies are more aware of the potential harm that can be done to their consumers, therefore they are searching for ways to reduce the perceived risk of consumers and not lose out on business. Victims of identity theft may face years of effort proving to the legal system that they are the true person, leading to emotional strain and financial losses. Most identity theft is perpetrated by a family member of the victim, and some may not be able to obtain new credit cards or open new bank accounts or loans. Identity protection by organizations In their May 1998 testimony before the United States Senate, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) discussed the sale of Social Security numbers and other personal identifiers by credit-raters and data miners. The FTC agreed to the industry's self-regulating principles restricting access to information on credit reports. According to the industry, the restrictions vary according to the category of customer. Credit reporting agencies gather and disclose personal and credit information to a wide business client base. Poor stewardship of personal data by organizations, resulting in unauthorized access to sensitive data, can expose individuals to the risk of identity theft. The Privacy Rights Clearinghouse has documented over 900 individual data breaches by US companies and government agencies since January 2005, which together have involved over 200 million total records containing sensitive personal information, many containing social security numbers. Poor corporate diligence standards which can result in data breaches include: failure to shred confidential information before throwing it into dumpsters failure to ensure adequate network security credit card numbers stolen by call center agents and people with access to call recordings the theft of laptop computers or portable media being carried off-site containing vast amounts of personal information. The use of strong encryption on these devices can reduce the chance of data being misused should a criminal obtain them. the brokerage of personal information to other businesses without ensuring that the purchaser maintains adequate security controls Failure of governments, when registering sole proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations, to determine if the officers listed in the Articles of Incorporation are who they say they are. This potentially allows criminals access to personal information through credit rating and data mining services. The failure of corporate or government organizations to protect consumer privacy, client confidentiality and political privacy has been criticized for facilitating the acquisition of personal identifiers by criminals. Using various types of biometric information, such as fingerprints, for identification and authentication has been cited as a way to thwart identity thieves, however, there are technological limitations and privacy concerns associated with these methods as well. Market There is an active market for buying and selling stolen personal information, which occurs mostly in darknet markets but also in other black markets. People increase the value of the stolen data by aggregating it with publicly available data, and sell it again for a profit, increasing the damage that can be done to the people whose data was stolen. Legal responses International In March 2014, after it was learned two passengers with stolen passports were on board Malaysia Airlines Flight 370, which went missing on 8 March 2014. It came to light that Interpol maintains a database of 40 million lost and stolen travel documents from 157 countries, which Interpol makes available to governments and the public, including airlines and hotels. The Stolen and Lost Travel Documents (SLTD) database, however, is rarely used. Big News Network (which is based in the UAE) reported that Interpol Secretary-General Ronald K. Noble told a forum in Abu Dhabi in the previous month, "The bad news is that, despite being incredibly cost-effective and deployable to virtually anywhere in the world, only a handful of countries are systematically using SLTD to screen travelers. The result is a major gap in our global security apparatus that is left vulnerable to exploitation by criminals and terrorists." Australia In Australia, each state has enacted laws that deal with different aspects of identity or fraud issues. Some states have now amended relevant criminal laws to reflect crimes of identity theft, such as the Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935 (SA), Crimes Amendment (Fraud, Identity and Forgery Offences) Act 2009, and also in Queensland under the Criminal Code 1899 (QLD). Other states and territories are in states of development in respect of regulatory frameworks relating to identity theft such as Western Australia in respect of the Criminal Code Amendment (Identity Crime) Bill 2009. At the Commonwealth level, under the Criminal Code Amendment (Theft, Fraud, Bribery & Related Offences) Act 2000 which amended certain provisions within the Criminal Code Act 1995, Between 2014 and 2015 in Australia, there were 133,921 fraud and deception offences, an increase of 6% from previous year. The total cost reported by the Attorney General Department was: There are also high indirect costs associated as a direct result of an incident. For example, the total indirect costs for police recorded fraud is $5,774,081. Likewise, each state has enacted its own privacy laws to prevent the misuse of personal information and data. The Commonwealth Privacy Act applies only to Commonwealth and territory agencies and to certain private-sector bodies (where, for example, they deal with sensitive records, such as medical records, or they have more than $3 million in turnover PA). Canada Under section 402.2 of the Criminal Code, Under section 403 of the Criminal Code, In Canada, Privacy Act (federal legislation) covers only federal government, agencies and crown corporations. Each province and territory has its own privacy law and privacy commissioners to limit the storage and use of personal data. For the private sector, the purpose of the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (2000, c. 5) (known as PIPEDA) is to establish rules to govern the collection, use, and disclosure of personal information; except for the provinces of Quebec, Ontario, Alberta and British Columbia where provincial laws have been deemed substantially similar. Proposed legislation Bill C-27 (39th Canadian Parliament, 2nd Session) France In France, a person convicted of identity theft can be sentenced up to five years in prison and fined up to €75,000. Hong Kong Under HK Laws. Chap 210 Theft Ordinance, sec. 16A Fraud: Under the Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance, it established the post of Privacy Commissioner for Personal Data and mandates how much personal information one can collect, retain and destroy. This legislation also provides citizens the right to request information held by businesses and the government to the extent provided by this law. India Under the Information Technology Act 2000 Chapter IX Sec 66C: Philippines Social networking sites are one of the most famous spreaders of posers in the online community, giving the users the freedom to post any information they want without any verification that the account is being used by the real person. The Philippines, which ranks eighth in the numbers of users of Facebook and other social networking sites (such as Twitter, Multiply and Tumblr), has been known as a source of various identity theft problems. Identities of people who carelessly put personal information on their profiles can easily be stolen just by simple browsing. Some people meet online, get to know each other through Facebook chat, and exchange messages that share private information. Others get romantically involved with online friends and end up sharing too much information (such as their social security number, bank account, home address, and company address). This phenomenon leads to the creation of the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 (Republic Act No. 10175). Section 2 of this act states that it recognizes the importance of communication and multimedia for the development, exploitation, and dissemination of information, but violators will be punished by the law through imprisonment or a fine upwards of ₱200,000, but not exceeding ₱1,000,000, or (depending on the damage caused) both. Sweden Sweden has had relatively few problems with identity theft because only Swedish identity documents were accepted for identity verification. Stolen documents are traceable by banks and certain other institutions. Banks are required to check the identity of anyone withdrawing money or getting loans. If a bank gives money to someone using an identity document that has been reported as stolen, the bank must take this loss. Since 2008, any EU passport is valid in Sweden for identity verification, and Swedish passports are valid all over the EU. This makes it harder to detect stolen documents, but banks in Sweden still must ensure that stolen documents are not accepted. Other types of identity theft have become more common in Sweden. One common example is ordering a credit card to someone who has an unlocked letterbox and is not home during the daytime. The thief steals the letter with the credit card and the letter with the code, which typically arrives a few days later. Usage of a stolen credit card is difficult in Sweden since an identity document or a PIN code is normally demanded. If a shop does not demand either, it must take the loss from accepting a stolen credit card. The practice of observing someone using their credit card's PIN code, stealing the credit card, or skimming it, and then using the credit card has become more common. Legally, Sweden is an open society. The Principle of Public Access states that all information (e.g. addresses, incomes, taxes) kept by public authorities must be available for anyone, except in certain cases (for example, the addresses of people who need to hide are restricted). This makes fraud easier. Until 2016, there were no laws that specifically prohibited using someone's identity. Instead, there were only laws regarding any indirect damages caused. Impersonating anyone else for financial gain is a type of fraud in the Criminal Code (). Impersonating anyone else to discredit them by hacking into their social media accounts and provoke is considered libel. However, it is difficult to convict someone of committing this crime. In late 2016, a new law was introduced which partially banned undetermined identity usage. United Kingdom In the United Kingdom, personal data is protected by the Data Protection Act 1998. The Act covers all personal data which an organization may hold, including names, birthday and anniversary dates, addresses, and telephone numbers. Under English law (which extends to Wales but not to Northern Ireland or Scotland), the deception offences under the Theft Act 1968 increasingly contend with identity theft situations. In R v Seward (2005) EWCA Crim 1941, the defendant was acting as the "frontman" in the use of stolen credit cards and other documents to obtain goods. He obtained goods to the value of £10,000 for others who are unlikely ever to be identified. The Court of Appeal considered a sentencing policy for deception offenses involving "identity theft" and concluded that a prison sentence was required. Henriques J. said at para 14: "Identity fraud is a particularly pernicious and prevalent form of dishonesty calling for, in our judgment, deterrent sentences." Statistics released by CIFAS (UK's Fraud Prevention Service) show that there were 89,000 victims of identity theft in the UK in 2010 and 85,000 victims in 2009. Men in their 30s and 40s are the most common victims. Identity fraud now accounts for nearly half of all frauds recorded. United States The increase in crimes of identity theft led to the drafting of the Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act. In 1998, The Federal Trade Commission appeared before the United States Senate. The FTC discussed crimes which exploit consumer credit to commit loan fraud, mortgage fraud, lines-of-credit fraud, credit card fraud, commodities and services frauds. The Identity Theft Deterrence Act (2003)[ITADA] amended U.S. Code Title 18, § 1028 ("Fraud related to activity in connection with identification documents, authentication features, and information"). The statute now makes the possession of any "means of identification" to "knowingly transfer, possess, or use without lawful authority" a federal crime, alongside unlawful possession of identification documents. However, for federal jurisdiction to prosecute, the crime must include an "identification document" that either: (a) is purportedly issued by the United States, (b) is used or intended to defraud the United States, (c) is sent through the mail, or (d) is used in a manner that affects interstate or foreign commerce. See (c). Punishment can be up to 5, 15, 20, or 30 years in federal prison, plus fines, depending on the underlying crime per (b). In addition, punishments for the unlawful use of a "means of identification" were strengthened in § 1028A ("Aggravated Identity Theft"), allowing for a consecutive sentence under specific enumerated felony violations as defined in § 1028A(c)(1) through (11). The Act also provides the Federal Trade Commission with authority to track the number of incidents and the dollar value of losses. Their figures relate mainly to consumer financial crimes and not the broader range of all identification-based crimes. If charges are brought by state or local law enforcement agencies, different penalties apply to depend on the state. Six Federal agencies conducted a joint task force to increase the ability to detect identity theft. Their joint recommendation on "red flag" guidelines is a set of requirements on financial institutions and other entities which furnish credit data to credit reporting services to develop written plans for detecting identity theft. The FTC has determined that most medical practices are considered creditors and are subject to requirements to develop a plan to prevent and respond to patient identity theft. These plans must be adopted by each organization's board of directors and monitored by senior executives. Identity theft complaints as a percentage of all fraud complaints decreased from 2004 to 2006. The Federal Trade Commission reported that fraud complaints in general were growing faster than ID theft complaints. The findings were similar in two other FTC studies done in 2003 and 2005. In 2003, 4.6 percent of the US population said they were a victim of ID theft. In 2005, that number had dropped to 3.7 percent of the population. The commission's 2003 estimate was that identity theft accounted for some $52.6 billion of losses in the preceding year alone and affected more than 9.91 million Americans; the figure comprises $47.6 billion lost by businesses and $5 billion lost by consumers. According to the U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics, in 2010, 7% of US households experienced identity theft - up from 5.5% in 2005 when the figures were first assembled, but broadly flat since 2007. In 2012, approximately 16.6 million persons, or 7% of all U.S. residents age 16 or older, reported being victims of one or more incidents of identity theft. At least two states, California and Wisconsin have created an Office of Privacy Protection to assist their citizens in avoiding and recovering from identity theft. In 2009, Indiana created an Identity Theft Unit within their Office of Attorney General to educate and assist consumers in avoiding and recovering from identity theft as well as assist law enforcement in investigating and prosecuting identity theft crimes. In Massachusetts in 2009–2010, Governor Deval Patrick committed to balancing consumer protection with the needs of small business owners. His Office of Consumer Affairs and Business Regulation announced certain adjustments to Massachusetts' identity theft regulations that maintain protections and also allow flexibility in compliance. These updated regulations went into effect on 1 March 2010. The regulations are clear that their approach to data security is a risk-based approach important to small businesses and might not handle a lot of personal information about customers. The IRS has created the IRS Identity Protection Specialized Unit to help taxpayers' who are victims of federal tax-related identity theft. Generally, the identity thief will use a stolen SSN to file a forged tax return and attempt to get a fraudulent refund early in the filing season. A taxpayer will need to fill out Form 14039, Identity Theft Affidavit. As for the future of medical care and Medicaid, people are mostly concerned about cloud computing. The addition of using cloud information within the United States medicare system would institute easily accessible health information for individuals, but that also makes it easier for identity theft. Currently, new technology is being produced to help encrypt and protect files, which will create a smooth transition to cloud technology in the healthcare system. Notification Many states followed California's lead and enacted mandatory data breach notification laws. As a result, companies that report a data breach typically report it to all their customers. Spread and impact Surveys in the US from 2003 to 2006 showed a decrease in the total number of identity fraud victims and a decrease in the total value of identity fraud from US$47.6 billion in 2003 to $15.6 billion in 2006. The average fraud per person decreased from $4,789 in 2003 to $1,882 in 2006. A Microsoft report shows that this drop is due to statistical problems with the methodology, that such survey-based estimates are "hopelessly flawed" and exaggerate the true losses by orders of magnitude. The 2003 survey from the Identity Theft Resource Center found that: Only 15% of victims find out about the theft through proactive action taken by a business The average time spent by victims resolving the problem is about 330 hours 73% of respondents indicated the crime involved the thief acquiring a credit card In a widely publicized account, Michelle Brown, a victim of identity fraud, testified before a U.S. Senate Committee Hearing on Identity Theft. Ms. Brown testified that: "over a year and a half from January 1998 through July 1999, one individual impersonated me to procure over $50,000 in goods and services. Not only did she damage my credit, but she escalated her crimes to a level that I never truly expected: she engaged in drug trafficking. The crime resulted in my erroneous arrest record, a warrant out for my arrest, and eventually, a prison record when she was booked under my name as an inmate in the Chicago Federal Prison." In Australia, identity theft was estimated to be worth between A$1billion and A$4 billion per annum in 2001. In the United Kingdom, the Home Office reported that identity fraud costs the UK economy £1.2 billion annually (experts believe that the real figure could be much higher) although privacy groups object to the validity of these numbers, arguing that they are being used by the government to push for introduction of national ID cards. Confusion over exactly what constitutes identity theft has led to claims that statistics may be exaggerated. An extensively reported study from Microsoft Research in 2011 finds that estimates of identity theft losses contain enormous exaggerations, writing that surveys "are so compromised and biased that no faith whatever can be placed in their findings." See also Types of fraud and theft Organizations U.S. Laws (Massachusetts personal information protection law) Notable identity thieves and cases References External links Identity theft – United States Federal Trade Commission Identity Theft Recovery Plan FTC steps for identity theft victims. The President's Task Force on Identity Theft – a government task force established by US President George W. Bush to fight identity theft. Identity Theft – Carnegie Mellon University Identity Theft: A Research Review, National Institute of Justice 2007 Identity Theft and Fraud – United States Department of Justice Dateline NBC investigation 'To Catch an ID Thief' Scam on the Run - Fugitive Identity Thief Led Global Criminal Enterprise FBI 1964 neologisms Fraud Identity documents Organized crime activity Security breaches	wiki
Strela or strila (, - arrow) is a popular type of candy sold in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), primarily in Ukraine. It gets its name from its distinctive foiled cone shape which resembles an arrowhead. Form Strela has a very distinctive shape, taste and structure. The base is a metal cone made from a round piece of foil, sprinkled with a thin layer of chocolate. The candy is filled with a brandy-flavoured cream filling (although some manufacturers use fruit flavourings), which is extremely soft at room temperature. The wide end is sealed with a thick piece of chocolate and the confection is decorated according to the manufacturer's taste. The foil cone is the distinguishing feature of this type of candy. It allows for ease of manufacture and safe storage and transportation of an otherwise too-soft candy body. Before eating, the candy is chilled so that the thin chocolate layer does not melt and become sticky; 20 °C is sufficient, but some people prefer a temperature of around 0 so that the candy will slowly melt in the mouth. The candy is held by the thick cone cap (which is deliberately left outside the foil cone and thick enough to hold) and the foil is gently unrolled immediately before consumption. Because of their delicious taste, exquisite look and quality, this type of candy has a steady consumer base in the CIS, but the relatively high price (~30 US cents per piece) and small amount of chocolate restricts it from more widespread popularity. Manufacturers Since the trademark belonged to the former USSR and the candy was produced in more than one factory, the name is permitted for use by any manufacturer as long as the product satisfies certain technical requirements. Nestle-owned Svitoch, which manufactures Strela in Ukraine, has re-branded the product as Stozhary ( - torches). References Candy Soviet brands Ukrainian cuisine Soviet cuisine	wiki
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) refers to a variety of conditions typically identified by challenges with social skills, communication, speech, and repetitive sensory-motor behaviors. The 11th International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11), released in January 2021, characterizes ASD by the associated deficits in the ability to initiate and sustain two-way social communication and restricted or repetitive behavior unusual for the individual's age or situation. Although linked with early childhood, the symptoms can appear later as well. Symptoms can be detected before the age of two and experienced practitioners can give a reliable diagnosis by that age. However, official diagnosis may not occur until much older, even well into adulthood. There is a large degree of variation in how much support a person with ASD needs in day-to-day life. This can be classified by a further diagnosis of ASD level 1, level 2, or level 3. Of these, ASD level 3 describes people requiring very substantial support and who experience more severe symptoms. ASD-related deficits in nonverbal and verbal social skills can result in impediments in personal, family, social, educational, and occupational situations. This disorder tends to have a strong correlation with genetics along with other factors. More research is identifying ways in which epigenetics is linked to autism. Epigenetics generally refers to the ways in which chromatin structure is altered to affect gene expression. Mechanisms such as cytosine regulation and post-translational modifications of histones. Of the 215 genes contributing, to some extent in ASD, 42 have been found to be involved in epigenetic modification of gene expression. Some examples of ASD signs are specific or repeated behaviors, enhanced sensitivity to materials, being upset by changes in routine, appearing to show reduced interest in others, avoiding eye contact and limitations in social situations, as well as verbal communication. When social interaction becomes more important, some whose condition might have been overlooked suffer social and other exclusion and are more likely to have coexisting mental and physical conditions. Long-term problems include difficulties in daily living such as managing schedules, hypersensitivities (e.g., to foods, noises, fabric textures, light), initiating and sustaining relationships, and maintaining jobs. Diagnosis is based on observation of behavior and development. Many, especially girls and those who have fewer social difficulties, may have been misdiagnosed with other conditions. Males are diagnosed with ASD four to five times more often than females. The reasons for this remain predominantly unclear, but current hypotheses include a higher testosterone level in utero, different presentations of symptoms in females (leading to misdiagnosis or underdiagnosis) compared to males, and gender bias. Clinical assessment of children can involve a variety of individuals, including the caregiver(s), the child, and a core team of professionals (pediatricians, child psychiatrists, speech-and-language therapists and clinical/educational psychologists). For adult diagnosis, clinicians identify neurodevelopmental history, behaviors, difficulties in communication, limited interests and problems in education, employment, and social relationships. Challenging behaviors may be assessed with functional analysis to identify the triggers causing them. The sex and gender disparity in ASD diagnostics requires further research in terms of adding diagnosis specifiers as well as female-oriented examples, which may be masked through camouflaging behaviors. Camouflaging is defined as a coping mechanism used in social situations, consisting of individuals pretending to be other people without any communication difficulties. Because of camouflaging and other societal factors, females with ASD are more likely to be diagnosed late or with a different mental health concern. In general, it is critical for people to understand that the female ASD phenotype is less noticeable, especially when they present as "higher functioning" than others with ASD. Lastly, due to the imbalance in sexes participating in ASD studies, the literature is potentially biased towards the ways that it presents in male individuals. ASD is considered a lifelong condition and has no "cure." Many professionals, advocates, and people in the autistic community agree that a cure is not the answer and efforts should instead focus on methods to help people with ASD have happier, healthier, and, if possible, independent lives. Support efforts include teaching social and behavioral skills, monitoring, factoring-in co-existing conditions, and guidance for the caregivers, family, educators, and employers. There is no specific medication for ASD, however, drugs can be prescribed for other co-existing mental health conditions, such as anxiety. A study in 2019 found that the management of challenging behaviors was generally of low quality, with little support for long-term usage of psychotropic drugs, and concerns about their inappropriate prescription. Genetic research has improved the understanding of ASD-related molecular pathways. Animal research has pointed to the reversibility of phenotypes but the studies are at an early stage. Cortical hyperexcitability and ASD One of the leading theories of a potential pathogenic process in ASD is cortical hyperexcitability. Maintaining proper levels of cortical excitability is essential for many important cognitive functions, such as processing sensory information, communication between different regions of the brain, and neural plasticity. Hyperexcitability can disrupt these functions and thereby alter cognitive dynamism in important ways. For example, cortical hyperexcitability can affect how the duration of sensory stimuli are perceived. A common trait of ASD is reduced somatosensory functioning, which has been linked to alterations in cortical hyperexcitability in ASD individuals. Cortical hyperexcitability can also alter how "old" and "new" stimuli are perceived by changing habituation and adaptation processes in the brain. Altered habituation processes have been linked to characteristic traits of ASD, such as under-responsiveness to some stimuli and over-responsiveness to others. There are many genetic and epigenetic factors that can contribute to increased excitability, but one of the mechanisms implicated in ASD is alterations in GABAergic systems in the cortex. GABA is the main neurotransmitter implicated in inhibition in the cortex of mammalian brains; changes to this cortical inhibitory system can result in increased excitability. Alterations in this system have been associated not only with ASD but also with several other psychiatric disorders, such as major depressive disorder (MDD) and schizophrenia. Alterations in the GABAergic system can occur through several epigenetic mechanisms, including modification of chromosome 15q11 to q13 regions which cause reduced levels of GABA signaling. Cortical excitability can also be increased by modifications in the glutamatergic system. Chromosome 15q11-13 and GABA signaling Chromosome 15q11-13 contain genes encoding subunits of GABA receptors, and both deletion and duplication of this region can lead to cortical hyperexcitability. Duplications of 15q11-13 are associated with about 5% of patients with ASD and about 1% of patients diagnosed with classical Autism. 15q11-13 in humans contains a cluster of genetically imprinted genes important for normal neurodevelopment. Like other genetically imprinted genes, the parent of origin determines the phenotypes associated with 15q11-13 duplications. "Parent of origin effects" cause gene expression to occur only from one of the two copies of alleles that individuals receive from their parents. (For example, MKRN3 shows a parent of origin effect and is paternally imprinted. This means that only the MKRN3 allele received from the paternal side will be expressed.) Duplications in the maternal copy lead to a distinct condition that often includes autism. Genes that are deficient in paternal or maternal 15q11-13 alleles result in Prader-Willi or Angelman syndromes, respectively, both of which are linked to high incidence of ASD. Overexpression of maternally imprinted genes is predicted to cause autism, which focuses attention to the maternally expressed genes on 15q11-13, although it is still possible that alterations in the expression of both imprinted and bilallelically expressed genes contribute to these disorders. The commonly duplicated region of chromosome 15 also includes paternally imprinted genes that can be considered candidates for ASD. GABAA receptor genes on 15q11-13 Members of the GABA receptor family, especially GABRB3, are attractive candidate genes for Autism because of their function in the nervous system. GABRB3 null mice exhibit behaviors consistent with autism and multiple genetic studies have found significant evidence for association. Furthermore, a significant decrease in abundance of GABRB3 has been reported in the brains of patients with autism and Rett syndrome. Other GABA receptors residing on different chromosomes have also been associated with autism (e.g. GABRA4 and GABRB1 on chromosome 4p). Epigenetic regulation of gene expression in 15q11-13 Regulation of gene expression in the 15q11-13 is rather complex and involves a variety of mechanisms such as DNA methylation, non-coding and anti-sense RNA. The imprinted genes of 15q11-13 are under the control of a common regulatory sequence, the imprinting control region (ICR). The ICR is a differentially methylated CpG island at the 5' end of SNRPN. It is heavily methylated on the silent maternal allele and unmethylated on the active paternal allele. MeCP2, which is a candidate gene for Rett syndrome, has been shown to affect regulation of expression in 15q11-13. Altered (decreased) expression of UBE3A and GABRB3 is observed in MeCP2 deficient mice and ASD patients. This effect seems to happen without MeCP2 directly binding to the promoters of UBE3A and GABRB3. (Mechanism unknown) However, chromatin immunoprecipitation and bisulfite sequencing have demonstrated that MeCP2 binds to methylated CpG sites within GABRB3 and the promoter of SNRPN/SNURF. Furthermore, homologous 15q11-13 pairing in neurons that is disrupted in RTT and autism patients, has been shown to depend on MeCP2. Combined, these data suggest a role for MeCP2 in the regulation of imprinted and biallelic genes in 15q11-13. However, evidently, it does not play a role in the maintenance of imprinting. Folate-methionine pathway enzymes One current theory of the pathophysiology of ASD is that it arises from a deficit in the folate-methionine pathway. Folate donates methyl groups to convert homocysteine into methionine, which is the precursor of S-adenosylmethionine. S-adenosylmethionine is the methyl group donor responsible for DNA and histone methylation. Epigenetic changes can result in changed gene expression of pathway enzymes resulting in a change in folate levels which can contribute to ASD. These changes to the epigenetic regulation interact with the pregnant woman's immune system activation and can result in an ASD phenotype in the fetus' brain. To add, low levels of folate in the pregnant woman are correlated with DNA hypomethylation in the fetus. The gene MTHFR codes for the enzyme methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase which is necessary for the synthesis of 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate, a biologically active form of folate One important risk factor that has been identified for ASD is polymorphism in MTHFR. A meta-analysis demonstrated that polymorphism of the MTHFR C677T genotype is correlated with an ASD diagnosis in children from countries lacking food fortification. While MTHFR is a proposed genetic factor for ASD, there is limited clinical evidence from testing for MTHFR gene polymorphisms in the diagnostic setting. The reason for these complications may be due to other modifiers of the folate metabolism pathway or other genes included in the pathway. Additionally, the levels of homocysteine (HCy) seem to result in an increased utility of the folate metabolism pathway as a predictor for ASD diagnosis. Valproate exposure as an Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor If the fetus is exposed to the mood stabilizer drug valproate (VPA), the risk of ASD as well as other developmental abnormalities (decreased intrauterine growth, spina bifida, limb defects, craniofacial defects, etc.) is increased. VPA is an anticonvulsant drug commonly administered for generalized and partial seizures, but also for the treatment of migraines and bipolar mood disorder. Its mechanisms of action are varied, including enhanced GABA neurotransmission, modified inositol metabolism, and interaction with the ERK and Wnt/B-catenin signaling systems. If taken while pregnant, the risk of ASD is 8.9% to 10.8%. When VPA and another antiepileptic drug are taken, the risk increases to 11.7%. Compared to the general population, this risk of ASD is 16 times higher. Currently, there are two proposed epigenetic mechanisms for VPA increasing the risk in ASD: alteration in folate metabolism and HDAC inhibition. VPA is a weak HDAC inhibitor. The VPA model discerns the potential pathogenesis and mechanisms of action of ASD in animal models. HDAC inhibition is the most understood. In animal models, mice prenatally exposed to VPA had transient hyperacetylation of histones H3 and H4, decreased HDACs, and developed ASD-like symptoms. However, mice prenatally exposed to valpromide, analogous to VPA but not an HDAC inhibitor, did not experience transient hyperacetylation of histones H3 and H4 and did not develop ASD-like symptoms. An important thing to note is the time of VPA. In the animal models, the significant effects of VPA in causing ASD-like symptoms was demonstrated mainly in rats exposed to VPA on gestation day 12.5, not in other gestation days like day 9, 14.5, etc. The ASD-like symptoms of mice included decreased distressed pup calls, decreased social exploration, decreased social behaviors, increased stereotypic locomotion, decreased acoustic prepulse inhibition, and increased sensitivity to non-painful stimuli. This same association was replicated in the longitudinal studies. Children prenatally exposed to VPA or with fetal valproate syndrome (FVS) have a higher prevalence of ASD. FVS is a rare condition in children that happens due to VPA exposure during the first trimester of pregnancy. Romidepsin and MS-275, both HDAC inhibitors, improve social preference, which is the preference of social stimuli over non social stimuli, and interaction times of SHANK 3 deficient mice. Trichostatin A (TSA) is another example of an HDAC inhibitor. It results in increased histone acetylation at the oxytocin and vasopressin receptors of the nucleus accumbens (NA) in female voles, increasing pair bonding. In a small clinical trial, beta hydroxybutyrate, a product of the ketogenic diet and inhibitor of class 1 HDACs, has shown promise in improving the social behavior and skills in children with ASD.'The inhibition of HDAC is correlated with overexpression of other genes. Treatment of mice with valproate also increases hippocampal histone H3 acetylation. Current candidate genes relating to ASD in mice exposed to valproate in utero are NRXN1, NRXN2, NRXN3, NLGN1, NLGN2, and NLGN3. In the somatosensory cortex, CA1, dentate gyrus, and hippocampus, NLGN3 is significantly downregulated in mice treated with valproate. While this evidence of NLGN3 downregulation due to valproate suggests a potential relevant mechanism for ASD, further research is needed. Genes Linked to ASD and Other Disorders Phelan-McDermid Syndrome, Schizophrenia, and ASD SHANK proteins are scaffolding proteins at glutamatergic synapses crucial for synaptic development. The disruption of SHANK genes is associated with neurocognitive impairments and disorders. The disruptions, either from mutations or deletions, are associated with disorders such as Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMS), schizophrenia, and ASD. SHANK 3 is the most studied gene from the SHANK gene family. Several studies have found that disruptions to SHANK 3 cause more severe cognitive impairments than disruptions to SHANK 1 or 2. These findings suggest that the SHANK gene that is disrupted may determine the severity of the cognitive impairments. A study on two mutant mice lines, one line with an ASD-linked SHANK 3 mutation on exon 21 and the other with a schizophrenia-linked SHANK 3 mutation on exon 21, found differences in the synaptic and behavioral impairments caused by disruptions to SHANK 3. The ASD-linked mutation results in a complete loss of SHANK 3 (like a deletion) and impaired striatal synaptic transmission. The schizophrenia-linked mutation results in a truncated SHANK 3 protein and severe synaptic impairments in the prefrontal cortex. Other studies suggest that SHANK3 knockout mice display behavioral phenotypes of ASD. These mice display self-injurious grooming, anxiety, and social deficits. Restoration of SHANK 3 in adult mice improved social deficits and self-grooming behaviors. These findings indicate the potential therapeutic effect of restoring SHANK 3. SHANK 3 restoration may alleviate some symptoms of ASD. In addition, modulators and proteins associated with SHANK 3 are potential therapeutic targets for ASD. However, the effects of targeting modulators differ depending on the specific SHANK 3 disruption. For instance, studies have shown that increasing mGluR5 activity improved self grooming and behavioral deficits. Yet, other studies have shown the opposite effect. This demonstrates that the therapeutic effects are dependent on specific SHANK 3 mutation. ASD and the X Chromosome There is a definite gender bias in the distribution of ASD. There are about four times as many affected males across the ASD population. Even when patients with mutations in X-linked genes (MECP2 and FMR1) are excluded, the gender bias remains. However, when only looking at patients with the most severe cognitive impairment, the gender bias is not as extreme. While the most obvious conclusion is that an X-linked gene of major effect is involved in contributing to ASD, the mechanism appears to be much more complex and perhaps epigenetic in origin. Based on the results of a study on females with Turner syndrome, a hypothesis involving epigenetic mechanisms was proposed to help describe the gender bias of ASD. Turner syndrome patients have only one X chromosome which can be either maternal or paternal in origin. When 80 females with monosomy X were tested for measures of social cognition, the patients with a paternally derived X chromosome performed better than those with a maternally derived X chromosome. Males have only one X chromosome, derived from their mother. If a gene on the paternal X chromosome confers improved social skills, males are deficient in the gene. This could explain why males are more likely to be diagnosed with ASD. In the proposed model, the candidate gene is silenced on the maternal copy of the X chromosome. Thus, males do not express this gene and are more susceptible to subsequent impairments in social and communication skills. Females, on the other hand, are more resistant to ASD. Recently a cluster of imprinted genes on the mouse X chromosome was discovered; the paternal allele was expressed while the female copy was imprinted and silenced. Further studies are aimed at discovering whether these genes contribute directly to behavior and whether the counterpart genes in humans are imprinted. The Link to Rett Syndrome Epigenetic alterations of the methylation states of genes such as MECP2 and EGR2 have been shown to play a role in autism and autism spectrum disorders. MECP2 abnormalities have been shown to lead to a wide range of phenotypic variability and molecular complexities. These variabilities have led to the exploration of the clinical and molecular convergence between Rett syndrome and autism. Sleeping and language impairments, seizures, and developmental timing are common in both autism and Rett syndrome (RTT). Because of these phenotypic similarities, there has been research into the specific genetic similarities between these two pervasive developmental disorders. MECP2 has been identified as the predominant gene involved in RTT. It has also been shown that the regulation of the MECP2 gene expression has been implicated in autism. Rett syndrome brain samples and autism brain samples show immaturity of dendrite spines and reduction of cell-body size due to errors in coupled regulation between MECP2 and EGR2. However, because of the multigene involvement in autism, the MECP2 gene has only been identified as a vulnerability factor in autism. The most current model illustrating MECP2 is known as the transcriptional activator model. Another potential molecular convergence involves the early growth response gene-2 (EGR2). EGR2 is the only gene in the EGR family that is restricted to the central nervous system and is involved in cerebral development and synaptic plasticity. EGR2 expression has been shown to decrease in the cortexes of individuals with both autism and RTT. MECP2 expression has also been shown to decrease in individuals with RTT and autism. MECP2 and EGR2 have been shown to regulate each other during neuronal maturation. A role for the dysregulation of the activity-dependent EGR2/MECP2 pathway in RTT and autism has been proposed. Further molecular linkages are being examined; however, the exploration of MECP2 and EGR2 have provided a common link between RTT, autism, and similarities in phenotypic expression. Potential applications of epigenetic research to treatment of ASD Folate pathways have been studied to be potential predictors of ASD. A few genetic polymorphisms such as folate hydrolase 1 and hydroxymethyltransferase 1 along with hyperhomocysteinemia were used as risk factors to develop an artificial neural network (ANN). Studies showed that this model was around 63.8% accurate in predicting ASD risk, implying a moderate association between genetic polymorphisms of the folate pathway and autism risk. 8 The most important methyl donor for DNA methylation is 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate. Consequently, any changes in folate levels or folate metabolism could significantly impact DNA methylation and contribute to what causes autism. This idea is what makes folate pathways a potential predictor of ASD because genetic polymorphisms of the folate pathway could have different effects on DNA methylation. In general, lower folate levels in pregnant women have been associated with increased ASD risk. The effect of enhancing folate levels on the symptoms of ASD are still being researched and have yet to be confirmed. References Further reading Epigenetics Genetics of autism	wiki
The Sims 2: Apartment Pets is a video game for the Nintendo DS. EA has described as a follow-up to the Nintendo DS version of The Sims 2: Pets. As in the original, it allows a diverse amount of customization, allowing pets to be created in a variety of colors and sizes. Story The game begins with your Uncle Bill going on an expedition and leaving you to take care of the apartment. You can also take care of the pets already in the apartment at the beginning of the game. Soon after the game starts, the janitor will tell you about a lost puppy and give it to you until the owner is found. This pet and more are ones that owners and various people will drop off, asking for you to take care of the pet for a few days. The Spa The pet spa is another feature in this game. Owners drop off their pets, and you have a limited time frame where you need to cure any ailments they may have. Minigames There are three minigames in The Sims: Apartment Pets. They are: Buried Treasure, Bird Boogie, and the Snake Charming Game. Reception The game received "mixed" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. GamesRadar+ gave it overwhelming dislike a month before it was released Stateside. References External links 2008 video games Electronic Arts games Nintendo DS games Nintendo DS-only games The Sims Life simulation games Social simulation video games Video games developed in the United Kingdom Video games featuring protagonists of selectable gender Full Fat games Single-player video games	wiki
Renato Mocellini – bobbista italiano Robert Mocellini – bobbista italiano Sergio Mocellini – bobbista italiano	wiki
Domëne Moling – scultore austriaco Monica Moling – calciatrice italiana	wiki
A user profile is a collection of settings and information associated with a user. It contains critical information that is used to identify an individual, such as their name, age, portrait photograph and individual characteristics such as knowledge or expertise. User profiles are most commonly present on social media websites such as Facebook, Instagram, and LinkedIn; and serve as voluntary digital identity of an individual, highlighting their key features and traits. In personal computing and operating systems, user profiles serve to categorise files, settings, and documents by individual user environments, known as ‘accounts’, allowing the operating system to be more friendly and catered to the user. Physical user profiles serve as identity documents such as passports, driving licenses and legal documents that are used to identify an individual under the legal system. A user profile can also be considered as the computer representation of a user model. A user model is a (data) structure that is used to capture certain characteristics about an individual user, and the process of obtaining the user profile is called user modeling or profiling. Origin The origin of user profiles can be traced to the origin of the passport, an identity document (ID) made mandatory in 1920, after World War I following negotiations at the League of Nations. The passport served as an official government record of an individual. Consequently, Immigration Act of 1924 was established to identify an individual’s country of origin. In the 21st century, passports have now become a highly sought-after commodity as it is widely accepted as a source of verifying an individual’s identity under the legal system. With the advent of digital revolution and social media websites, user profiles have transitioned to an organised group of data describing the interaction between a user and a system. Social media sites like Instagram allow individuals to create profiles that are representative of their desired personality and image. Filling all fields of profile information may not be necessary to create a meaningful self-presentation, which grants individual more control over of the identity they wish to present by displaying the most meaningful attributes. A personal user profile is a key aspect of an individual's social networking experience, around which his/her public identity is built. Types of user profiles A user profile can be of any format if it contains information, settings and/or characteristics specific to an individual. Most popular user profiles include those on photo and video sharing websites such as Facebook and Instagram, accounts on operating systems, such as those on Windows and MacOS and physical documents such as passports and driving licenses. Social media Effectively structured user profiles on social media channels such as Instagram and Facebook offer a way for people to form impressions about someone that is predictive or similarly meeting them offline. The condensed format of social media profiles allows for quick filtering of millions of profiles by matching individuals by similar characteristics and interests; information provided upon sign up. A research conducted highlights that only a “thin slice” of information is required to form an impression about an individual online (Stecher and Counts 2008). Online user profiles eliminate the complexity of interaction that is present in ‘face-to-face’ meetings such as behavioural, facial, and environmental information, resulting in increased predictiveness of user personality. Dating apps and websites solely rely on an individual’s user profile and the information provided to form interactions and communication with others on the platform. Despite having control over presented information, lying is minimal in online dating contexts (Hancock, Toma and Ellison, 2007). Apps such as Bumble allow users to ‘match’ with other individuals based on their characteristics and selected filters that allow users to narrow the spectrum of search to their preference. Information for a user’s profile is voluntarily specified by the user and includes information such as height, interests, photographs, gender or education. The requirement of information varies respective to each platform, and there surrounds little consensus to an appropriate amount of information for a condensed user profile. Universally, all social networking platforms display an individual’s profile picture and an “about me” page that allows for self-expression. Influencers Influencer user profiles are third party endorsers who shape audience attitudes and decisions through social media content such as photos, blogs and tweets. Social Media Influencers (SMI) often hold a significant following on a social media platform which enables them to be recognised as opinion leaders to shape an information influence to their audience. 'Influencer marketing' industry gained prominence in 2018, when the photo sharing app Instagram crossed 1 billion users, subsequently with approximately 60,000 google search queries for 'influencer marketing' the same year. Influencer user profiles hold a unique selling point, or public personality that is unique and charismatic to the needs and wants of their target audience. SMI profiles advertise product information, latest promotions and regularly engage with their followers to maintain their online persona. Messages endorsed by social media influencers are often perceived as reliable and compelling, as a study conducted found 82% of followers were more inclined to follow the suggestions of their favorite influencer. This allows advertisers to leverage online user profiles and their audience rapport to target younger and niche audiences. According to a market survey, influencer marketing through social media profiles yields a return 11 times higher than traditional marketing, as they are more capable of communicating to a niche segment. Most popular influencers include sport starts such as Cristiano Ronaldo and Hollywood personalities such as Dwayne Johnson and Kylie Jenner each with over 200 million followers respectively. Ecommerce Online shopping or Ecommerce websites such as Amazon use information from a customer’s user profile and interests to generate a list of recommended items to shop. Recommendation algorithms analyse user demographic data, history, and favourite artists to compile suggestions. The store rapidly adapts to changing user needs and preferences, with generation of real time results required within half of a second. New profiles naturally have limited information for algorithms to analyse, and customer data of each interaction provides valuable information which is stored as a database linked with each individual profile. User profiles on ecommerce websites also serve to improve sales of sellers as individuals are recommend products that other "customers who bought this item also bought" to widen the selection of the buyer. A study conducted found that user profiles and recommendation algorithms have significant impact on related product sales and overall spending of an individual. A process known as "collaborative filtering" tries to analyse common products of interest for an individual on the basis of views expressed by other similar behaving profiles. Features such as product ratings, seller ratings and comments allow individual user profiles to contribute to recommendation algorithms, eliminate adverse selection and contribute to shaping an online marketplace adhering to Amazons zero tolerance policy for misleading products. Digital user profiles Modern software and applications account for user profiles as a foundation on which a usable application is built. The structure and layout of an application such as its menus, features and controls are often derived from user’s selected settings and preferences. The origin of digital user profiles in computer systems was first initiated by Windows NT that held user settings and information in a separate environment variable named %USERPROFILE% and held the framework to a user’s profile root. Consequently, operating systems such as MacOS further accelerated prominence of user profiles in Mac OS X 10.0. Iterations since have been made with each operating system release with the aim to maximise user friendliness with the system. Features such as keyboard layouts, time zones, measurement units, synchronisation of different services and privacy preferences are made available during the setup of a user account on the computer Types of accounts Administrator Administrator user profiles have complete access to the system and it's permissions. It is often the first user profile on a system by design, and is what allows other accounts to be created. However since the administrator account has no restrictions, they are highly vulnerable to malware and viruses, with potential to impact all other accounts. Guest Guest accounts allow other people access to your system with limited functionality and restrictions on modifying apps, settings and documents. Guest user accounts solve the concern of providing entire access of your account to other individuals. On MacOS, guest profiles don't require a password, however are completely controlled by parental controls on an administrative account. Features such as automatic data & history deletion after a session is closed, allow guest accounts to save disk space once a user logs off. Guest accounts are most popularly used in public services such as libraries where individuals can request for a temporary account to complete work and research. Physical user profiles Physical user profiles or legal documents such as passport and driving license are widely accepted as an official government record of an individual’s details. Much like digital user profiles, these documents outline primary characteristics of an individual such as their full legal name, birthdate, address portrait picture and a date of expiry. In recent history, many user profiles include a date of expiry or date of creation to indicate the legitimacy of the document and/or to encourage renewal to maintain accuracy of details. In some countries, it is a requirement to have a valid passport for six months after the planned leave from the country. National identity documents National identity documents are any documents issued by the official national authority, and are part of a government record. It is used to verify aspects of an individuals personal identity. Government issued documents include birth certificates, drivers licence, marriage certificate, national identity document and a social security card. The format of identity documents varies with each individual country. Controversies Cambridge Analytica scandal 2018 The Cambridge Analytica Scandal, surfaced in 2018, raised global concerns over the privacy and the psychographic profiling algorithms that can be derived from user profiles. In 2013, Aleksandr Kogan of Cambridge Analytica developed an application "thisisyourdigitallife", which operated as a personality quiz, with the key caveat of connecting to an individual's Facebook user profile to operate. Many news sources documented Cambridge Analytica's exploitation of the Facebook data algorithm, where users not only gave the app permissions to access their "likes", but also information about their contacts and friends. The amassed data approximating 87 million Facebook users was harvested and exploited legally, to predict and influence the individual voting decisions in the 2016 presidential election. For many users it was unsettling that social media was being used to influence public opinion, leading to #deletefacebook campaigns on Twitter as a backlash to the scandal and Facebook's inability to guard privacy invasions. However, a research conducted on undergraduate students revealed many users believe that an exchange of personal information is necessary to participate in a social network and thus, despite the "breach of trust" (Zuckerberg, 2018) minimal users left the platform permanently. In the months following Mark Zuckerberg's (founder) congressional hearing regarding the scandal, 74% of users made adjustments to their use of Facebook user profiles and changed their privacy settings. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) legally required Facebook to acquire explicit consent of the user in use of their data, alongside disclosing appropriate information about the third party identity. #DeleteFacebook movement Social media dissatisfaction can arise from challenges relating to misinformation, privacy and anti-social behaviours. 'Facebooklessness' a term coined by Ongun & Güder, 2013, considers the intentional distancing and isolation from Facebook. The #deletefacebook movement arose after the Cambridge Analytica Scandal 2018, which fuelled a lack of trust for the service and its ability to protect user information. Some reasons for intentional distancing was time-waste, reducing distraction, privacy concerns, seeking new relationships and coping with lost relationships. The movement away from Facebook is less of a one time gush, but a more steady trickle over the course. Some users adapted by deactivating their profiles (which can be reactivated later), others permanently and unretrievably deleting their accounts. For many users, deactivating was a reactionary and a temporary response to the scandal, as social needs and constant connectedness with relationships introduced imperatives to stay. References See also Internet privacy Identity documents Online identity Online identity management Personally identifiable information Web mining Social Media Identity management Knowledge representation Identity documents Information technology Software features	wiki
A statement of case is any of a number of formal documents used in the courts of England and Wales. The Claim Form, Particulars of Claim, Defence and Reply are all statements of case. See also Civil procedure References External links Part 2 of the Civil Procedure Rules Part 16 of the Civil Procedure Rules: Statements of Case English law Legal documents English civil law Statements (law)	wiki
Toughest Man Alive is a 1955 American drama film directed by Sidney Salkow and starring Dane Clark, Lita Milan, and Anthony Caruso. Based on an original screenplay by Steve Fisher, the film was released on November 6, 1955. Plot Cast Dane Clark as Lee Stevens aka Pete Gore Lita Milan as Lida Montoya Anthony Caruso as Pete Gore Ross Elliott as Cal York Myrna Dell as Nancy York Thomas B. Henry as Ed Dolphin Paul Levitt as Don John Eldredge as Widmer Dehl Berti as Salvador Richard Karlan as Morgan Syd Saylor as Proprietor Jonathan Seymour as Agency chief Don Mathers as Bank manager William Haade as Henchman hired by Lee References External links Allied Artists films Films directed by Sidney Salkow 1955 drama films 1955 films American drama films American black-and-white films 1950s English-language films 1950s American films	wiki
Purging disorder is an eating disorder characterized by the DSM-5 as self-induced vomiting, or misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas to forcefully evacuate matter from the body. Purging disorder differs from bulimia nervosa (BN) because individuals do not consume a large amount of food before they purge. In current diagnostic systems, purging disorder is a form of other specified feeding or eating disorder. Research indicates that purging disorder, while not rare, is not as commonly found as anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. This syndrome is associated with clinically significant levels of distress, and that it appears to be distinct from bulimia nervosa on measures of hunger and ability to control food intake. Some of the signs of purging disorder are frequent trips to the bathroom directly after a meal, frequent use of laxatives, and obsession over one's appearance and weight. Other signs include swollen cheeks, popped blood vessels in the eyes, and clear teeth which are all signs of excessive vomiting. Purging disorder is studied far less often than anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa as it is not considered an independent diagnosis in the DSM-5, published in 2013. However, it has been argued that purging disorder should be considered a distinct eating disorder, separate from bulimia nervosa. Because of this, little information is known about the risk factors for purging disorder, including how gender, race, and class could contribute to the risk for purging disorder. As with most eating disorders, it is suggested that purging disorder is gender specific because of cultural forces and social pressures. These social pressures are associated with a severe preoccupation with shape and weight, this puts women and transgender individuals at the most risk for eating disorders, including purging disorder. In one study of the risk factors for purging disorder 77% of the participants who presented with symptoms of purging disorder were female. Purging disorder progressing into bulimia nervosa has been observed, while it is extremely rare for the reverse situation, bulimia nervosa progressing into purging disorder. This was observed once in a transgender patient with a severe history of bulimia nervosa but presented with symptoms of purging disorder to an eating disorder treatment facility in New Zealand. Estimates of lifetime prevalence of purging disorder have been estimated from 1.1% to 5.3%. Signs and symptoms Recurrent purging to influence body weight or shape Absence of binging episode(s) Purge behaviors occur at least once per week for at least 3 months Undue influence of body shape and weight Russell's sign Causes Risk Factors Dieting Thin-ideal internalization Body dissatisfaction Genetic The heritability of some eating disorders has been well established, but to date there are no documented family studies of purging disorder to understand the familial nature of purging disorder. Diagnosis The DSM-5 is used as a reference to diagnose Purging Disorder. A patient with Purging disorder will be diagnosed with other specified feeding or eating disorder. Complications Purging behaviors, specifically self-induced vomiting and laxative use are associated with the following medical complications: Subconjunctival hemorrhages (small bleeds in the eyes) Cuts or scars on the top of the hands (Russell's sign) Dental abnormalities such as enamel erosion Swelling of the parotid gland Mild esophagitis, heartburn, or acid reflux Renal (kidney) inflammation Treatment Treatment for purging disorder can be multidisciplinary. One approach to treatment is cognitive behavioral therapy. Prognosis Children and teenagers with purging disorder have been found to have poorer health-related quality of life than their healthy peers. A small review of 11 cases of purging disorder where death occurred found that only 5 of the 11 deaths could be contributed to the purging disorder. The remaining 6 deaths were a result of suicide. References External links Defining Purging Disorder in Practice Eating disorders	wiki
List of Metrobus routes may refer to: List of Metrobus routes (Miami-Dade County) List of Metrobus routes (Washington, D.C.)	wiki
Aileen Wilson (born 30 March 1984) is a British female high jumper, who won an individual gold medal at the Youth World Championships. References External links 1994 births Living people British female high jumpers	wiki
Nata de piña ("cream of pineapple" in Spanish), also marketed as pineapple gel or pineapple gelatin, is a chewy, translucent, jelly-like food produced by the fermentation of pineapple juice. It is a traditional dessert in the Philippines, produced since the 18th century using waste pineapple juices from the piña fiber industry in Pagsanjan, Laguna. It has a sweet-sour taste and is popularly used in fruit salads, jams, ice creams, candies, and various other dishes. Nata de piña production isn't as widespread as nata de coco, a variant that uses coconut water, largely because of the seasonal nature of pineapple farming. Commercially produced nata de piña is generally made from extracts of discarded pulp and pineapple skin. The gelling is the result of the production of microbial cellulose by Komagataeibacter xylinus. See also Macapuno Coconut sprout References Plant-based fermented foods Philippine desserts Jams and jellies Pineapple dishes	wiki
José Ramón Esnaola Laburu (born 30 June 1946) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He spent 40 years at the service of Betis, working with the club in various capacities. Club career Esnaola was born in Andoain, Gipuzkoa. He played for Real Sociedad and Real Betis, with 16 of his 20 professional seasons being spent in La Liga. At that level, he appeared in 166 league matches with the first club and 303 with the second, for which he signed in 1973 for 12 million pesetas as it was in Segunda División; with the former, he started initially as backup to Adolfo Arriaga, but won first-choice status as he became severely ill after shattering his pancreas during a game against UP Langreo. In Esnaola's first year, the Andalusians returned to the top division as champions, and with the best defensive record in the competition. In the 1977 final of the Copa del Rey, against another Basque side, Athletic Bilbao, he conquered his only piece of silverware in an epic final: 2–2 after regulation and 8–7 in the penalty shootout, where he stopped three shots and scored the winner, beating counterpart José Ángel Iribar; Betis were relegated at the end of the following campaign. Esnaola retired in 1985, at the age of 39. He then managed Betis in two brief spells, the first in 1990–91 which finished in top-flight relegation. In 2007 he returned to the club, now as goalkeepers' coach, retiring altogether six years later. International career Esnaola was never a Spanish international, only receiving one callup whilst at Real Sociedad. See also List of La Liga players (400+ appearances) List of Real Betis players (+100 appearances) References External links 1946 births Living people Sportspeople from Gipuzkoa Spanish footballers Footballers from the Basque Country (autonomous community) Association football goalkeepers La Liga players Segunda División players Real Sociedad footballers Real Betis players Spanish football managers La Liga managers Segunda División managers Segunda División B managers Real Betis managers	wiki
Mimee is a program which can convert geographical coordinates between various datums and formats. Features Supported coordinates formats are : Latitude and longitude in decimal degrees, degrees and decimal minutes, degrees-minutes-seconds, or grads Geocentric (or Cartesian) coordinates (XYZ) UTM Transverse Mercator, Oblique Mercator, and Conic. 232 datums and 36 grids are provided in Mimee. Compatibility The online version is cross-platform. It can be used in any navigator in Linux, Mac, Windows, and in mobile phones. The stand-alone versions runs on Linux and Palm OS. References External links Official website Online version Free science software Geodesy	wiki
Vanished or The Vanished may refer to: Film and television Vanished!, a 1971 TV film adaptation of Fletcher Knebel's novel starring Richard Widmark Vanished (1995 film) or Danielle Steel's Vanished, an American romantic drama TV film The Vanished (2005 film), an Australian short film Vanished (2006 film), an American TV film on Lifetime TV featuring A. J. Cook Vanished (2009 film), a Cambodian thriller Vanished (2012 film), a short film featuring Scott Elrod Vanished (2014 film), an American romantic drama film starring Richard Bryant The Vanished (2018 film), a South Korean psychological thriller The Vanished (2020 film), an American action thriller Vanished (TV series), a 2006 American serial drama TV series "Vanished", an episode of NCIS (season 2) Literature Vanished, a 2009 novel by Joseph Finder Vanished, a 1968 political novel by Fletcher Knebel Vanished, a 1988 novel by Mary McGarry Morris A Void, 1969 French novel, also translated under the titles A Vanishing and Vanish'd Vanished, a 1993 novel by Danielle Steel Music "Vanished" (Crystal Castles song) (2008) "Vanished", a 2004 song by Front Line Assembly from Civilization Other uses The Vanished (podcast), a podcast hosted by Marissa Jones The Vanished (Star Trek: The Role Playing Game), a 1983 role-playing game adventure The Vanished (Marvel Cinematic Universe), a name for victims of the Blip, an event in the Marvel Cinematic Universe See also Vanish (disambiguation) Vanishing (disambiguation)	wiki
217 (two hundred [and] seventeen) is the natural number following 216 and preceding 218. In mathematics 217 is a centered hexagonal number, a 12-gonal number, a centered 36-gonal number, a Fermat pseudoprime to base 5, and a Blum integer. It is both the sum of two positive cubes and the difference of two positive consecutive cubes in exactly one way: . When written in binary, it is a non-repetitive Kaprekar number. It is also the sum of all the divisors of . See also 217, the year References Integers ca:Nombre 210#Nombres del 211 al 219	wiki
226 (two hundred [and] twenty-six) is the natural number following 225 and preceding 227. In mathematics 226 is a happy number, and a semiprime (2×113), and a member of Aronson's sequence. At most 226 different permutation patterns can occur within a single 9-element permutation. References Integers	wiki
232 (two hundred [and] thirty-two) is the natural number following 231 and preceding 233. In mathematics 232 is both a central polygonal number and a cake number. It is both a decagonal number and a centered 11-gonal number. It is also a refactorable number, a Motzkin sum, an idoneal number, a Riordan number and a noncototient. 232 is a telephone number: in a system of seven telephone users, there are 232 different ways of pairing up some of the users. There are also exactly 232 different eight-vertex connected indifference graphs, and 232 bracelets with eight beads of one color and seven of another. Because this number has the form , it follows that there are exactly 232 different functions from a set of four elements to a proper subset of the same set. References Integers	wiki
Bitka za Pakrac ožujka 1991., od 1. do 3. ožujka Bitka za Pakrac 19. kolovoza 1991.	wiki
243 (two hundred [and] forty-three) is the natural number following 242 and preceding 244. Additionally, 243 is: the only 3-digit number that is a fifth power (35). a perfect totient number. the sum of five consecutive prime numbers (41 + 43 + 47 + 53 + 59). an 82-gonal number. References Integers	wiki
The Black Gilliflower is an apple cultivar also called simply 'Gilliflower', believed to have originated in the US in the 18th century. References Apple cultivars	wiki
Kaylin Irvine (born September 3, 1990) is a Canadian speed skater. She competes primarily in the short distance of 1000 m. Irvine qualified to compete at the 2014 Olympic Games as part of the Canadian team where she skated in the 1000 m event. Career 2018 Winter Olympics Irvine qualified to compete for Canada at the 2018 Winter Olympics. References External links Living people 1990 births Speed skaters from Calgary Canadian female speed skaters Speed skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics Speed skaters at the 2018 Winter Olympics Olympic speed skaters of Canada World Single Distances Speed Skating Championships medalists 21st-century Canadian women	wiki
244 (two hundred [and] forty-four) is the natural number following 243 and preceding 245. Additionally, 244 is: the sum of two nonzero fifth powers (). palindromic in bases 3 (1000013), 11 (20211), 60 (4460), 121 (22121), 243 (11243). a Harshad number in bases 3, 9, 11, 61, 62, 81, 121, 122, 123 and 184. the second anti-perfect number, meaning that reversing the digits of the proper divisors of 244 and adding the results gives 244 back again. part of the sequence 1, 2, 4, 8, 61, 221, 244, ... in which each number is formed by reversing the digits of the double of the previous number. the number of non-isomorphic set-systems of weight 8 References Integers	wiki
245 (two hundred [and] forty-five) is the natural number following 244 and preceding 246. Additionally, 245 is: a composite number. a stella octangula number. palindromic in bases 34 (7734) and 48 (5548) a Harshad number in bases 7, 9, 11, 15, 31, 35, 36 (and 14 other bases). the aliquot sum of any of these numbers: 723, 1195, 2563, 3859, part of the 97-aliquot tree. 4624, 4893, 2595, 1581, 723, 245, References Integers	wiki
The Yanghai leather scale armor is a piece of assyrian styled leather armor that was dated to be from the years 786-543 BCE in northwest China and was manufactured in the neo-assyrian empire. The leathered armor is made up of 5,444 smaller scales with 140 large scales making the total weight of the Yanghai leather scale armor to be 4-5 kg. It was found in 2013 on a possible 30 year old horse rider at the Yanghai cemetery. The armor was a type of scaled armor and is unique due to it being the only complete scale armor of any material. A hypothesis for why this survived for 2,700 year is because the arid climate prevented it from rotting away. The Yanghai leather scale armor was made from small shield-shaped plates organized in horizontal rows and sewn onto a backing. Because of the expensive supplies, material and laborious manufacturing, armors had been treasured and carrying them was thought of a privilege of the elite. It was uncommon for the Neo-Assyrian Empire to be buried with the proprietor. References East Asian armour Individual suits of armour Leather clothing	wiki
Billy Noname is an Off-Broadway musical with music and lyrics by Johnny Brandon and a book by William Wellington Mackey. It ran for 48 performances at the Truck and Warehouse Theater, from March 2, 1970 to April 12, 1970. Lucia Victor directed, and the title role of Billy Noname was played by Donny Burks. The musical tells the story of a black man growing up. A recording of the original cast was released in 1996. Roulette Records Label (New York) issued the musical soundtrack on record #SROC-11. References External links Billy Noname Off-Broadway musicals 1970 musicals	wiki
249 (two hundred [and] forty-nine) is the natural number following 248 and preceding 250. Additionally, 249 is: a Blum integer. a semiprime. palindromic in bases 82 (3382). a Harshad number in bases 3, 83, 84, 124, 167 and 247. the aliquot sum of any of these numbers: 375, 531, 1687, 4351, 7807, 12127, 14647 and 15151. part of the 3-aliquot tree. The aliquot sequence starting at 288 is: 288, 531, 249, 87, 33, 15, 9, 4, 3, 1, 0. References Integers	wiki
247 (two hundred [and] forty-seven) is the natural number following 246 and preceding 248. Additionally, 247 is: a semiprime. a brilliant number (the product of two primes with the same number of digits). a pentagonal number. palindromic in base 18 (DD18). a Harshad number in bases 10, 14, 19, 20, 27, 39, 40, 58, 77, 79, 115, 118, 229 and 235. the smallest number which can be expressed as the difference between two integers that contain together all the decimal digits 0–9. i.e. 247 = 50123 - 49876. References Integers	wiki
Deathpunk may refer to: Deathrock, a rock music genre which emerged from punk rock Grindcore, a genre fusing hardcore punk with thrash metal and death metal Deathcore, a genre fusing death metal with metalcore and/or hardcore punk The self-described style of Norwegian punk rock band Turbonegro Love It to Deathpunk, a compilation album released by Turbonegro in Australia See also Death metal, death and roll	wiki
253 (two hundred [and] fifty-three) is the natural number following 252 and preceding 254. In mathematics 253 is: a semiprime since it is the product of 2 primes. a triangular number. a star number. a centered heptagonal number. a centered nonagonal number. a Blum integer. a member of the 13-aliquot tree. References Integers	wiki
Sister Swap is an American series of TV films, starring sisters Kimberly Williams-Paisley and Ashley Williams. The films were originally broadcast on Hallmark Channel, as part of the channel's "Countdown to Christmas" seasonal programming. In December 2022, Dan Harmon posted on social media that he found both films to be the same film with much the same dialogue and scenes, but with different edits and some scenes shot from different angles. Williams-Paisley responded that Hallmark had let the crew enact her sister Ashley Williams's "idea of two films that take place in the same time frame and sometimes overlap", and producer Neal Dodson explained that "We had one editor and edited them in tandem. They share 9 scenes, with different edits to those scenes that favour whichever sister's movie it is." Main cast \| Tree Lot Worker \| Bryan Bernardi Films Production and filming On September 22, 2021, Hallmark announced that the movie series would be part of Hallmark Channel's 2021 "Countdown to Christmas" season block. Release Sister Swap: A Hometown Holiday premiered on Hallmark Channel on December 5, 2021. Sister Swap: Christmas in the City premiered on Hallmark Channel on December 12, 2021, References External links Sister Swap: A Hometown Holiday Sister Swap: Christmas in the City 2020s romantic drama films American Christmas films American film series American television films Christmas television films Hallmark Channel original films Television film series Duologies	wiki
A cell envelope antibiotic is an antibacterial that acts primarily at the level of the cell envelope. Examples include cycloserine, penicillin, and polymyxin B. References Antibiotics	wiki
259 (two hundred [and] fifty-nine) is the natural number following 258 and preceding 260. In mathematics 259 is: a semiprime 63 + 62 + 6 + 1, so 259 is a repdigit in base 6 (11116) a lucky number References Integers	wiki
A United States Note, also known as a Legal Tender Note, is a type of paper money that was issued from 1862 to 1971 in the U.S. Having been current for 109 years, they were issued for longer than any other form of U.S. paper money. They were known popularly as "greenbacks", a name inherited from the earlier greenbacks, the Demand Notes, that they replaced in 1862. Often termed Legal Tender Notes, they were named United States Notes by the First Legal Tender Act, which authorized them as a form of fiat currency. During the early 1860s the so-called second obligation on the reverse of the notes stated: By the 1930s, this obligation would eventually be shortened to: They were originally issued directly into circulation by the U.S. Treasury to pay expenses incurred by the Union during the American Civil War. During the next century, the legislation governing these notes was modified many times and numerous versions were issued by the Treasury. United States Notes that were issued in the large-size format, before 1929, differ dramatically in appearance when compared to modern American currency, but those issued in the small-size format, starting 1929, are very similar to contemporary Federal Reserve Notes of the same denominations with the distinction of having red U.S. Treasury Seals and serial numbers in place of green ones. Also, while a variety of denominations were issued as United States Notes during the large-size era, only the $1, $2, $5, and $100 denominations were ever issued as small-size notes. Existing United States Notes remain valid currency in the United States; however, as no United States Notes have been issued since January 1971, they are increasingly rare in circulation and command higher prices than face value as items of numismatic interest. History Demand Notes During 1861, the first year of the American Civil War, the expenses incurred by the Union Government much exceeded its limited revenues from taxation, and borrowing was the main vehicle for financing the war. The Act of July 17, 1861 authorized United States Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase to raise money via the issuance of $50,000,000 in Treasury Notes payable on demand. These Demand Notes were paid to creditors directly and used to meet the payroll of soldiers in the field. While issued within the legal framework of Treasury Note Debt, the Demand Notes were intended to circulate as currency and were of the same size as banknotes and closely resembled them in appearance. During December 1861, economic conditions deteriorated and a suspension of specie payment caused the government to cease redeeming the Demand Notes as coins. The Legal Tender Acts The beginning of 1862 found the Union's expenses increasing, and the government was having trouble funding the escalating war. U.S. Demand Notes—which were used, among other things, to pay Union soldiers—were unredeemable, and the value of the notes began to deteriorate. Congressman and Buffalo banker Elbridge G. Spaulding prepared a bill, based on the Free Banking Law of New York, that eventually became the National Banking Act of 1863. Recognizing, however, that his proposal would take many months to pass Congress, during early February Spaulding introduced another bill to permit the U.S. Treasury to issue million in notes as legal tender. This caused tremendous controversy in Congress, as hitherto the Constitution had been interpreted as not granting the government the power to issue a paper currency. "The bill before us is a war measure, a measure of necessity, and not of choice," Spaulding argued before the House, adding, "These are extraordinary times, and extraordinary measures must be resorted to in order to save our Government, and preserve our nationality." Spaulding justified the action as a "necessary means of carrying into execution the powers granted in the Constitution 'to raise and support armies', and 'to provide and maintain a navy. Despite strong opposition, President Abraham Lincoln signed the First Legal Tender Act, enacted February 25, 1862, into law, authorizing the issuance of United States Notes as a legal tender—the paper currency soon to be known as "greenbacks". Initially, the emission was limited to total face value between the new Legal Tender Notes and the existing Demand Notes. The Act also intended for the new notes to be used to replace the Demand Notes as soon as practical. The Demand Notes had been issued in denominations of $5, $10, and $20, and these were replaced by United States Notes nearly identical in appearance on the obverse. In addition, notes of entirely new design were introduced in denominations of $50, $100, $500 and . The Demand Notes' printed promise of payment "On Demand" was removed and the statement "This Note is a Legal Tender" was added. Legal tender status guaranteed that creditors would have to accept the notes despite the fact that they were not backed by gold, bank deposits, or government reserves, and had no interest. However, the First Legal Tender Act did not make the notes an unlimited legal tender as they could not be used by merchants to pay customs duties on imports and could not be used by the government to pay interest on its bonds. The Act did provide that the notes be receivable by the government for short term deposits at 5% interest, and for the purchase of 6% interest 20-year bonds at par. The rationale for these terms was that the Union government would preserve its credit-worthiness by supporting the value of its bonds by paying their interest in gold. Early in the war, customs duties were a large part of government tax revenue and by making these payable in gold, the government would generate the coin necessary to make the interest payments on the bonds. Lastly, by making the bonds available for purchase at par in United States Notes, the value of the latter would be confirmed as well. The limitations of the legal tender status were quite controversial. Thaddeus Stevens, the Chairman of the House of Representatives Committee of Ways and Means, which had authored an earlier version of the Legal Tender Act that would have made United States Notes a legal tender for all debts, denounced the exceptions, calling the new bill "mischievous" because it made United States Notes an intentionally depreciated currency for the masses, while the banks who loaned to the government got "sound money" in gold. This controversy would continue until the removal of the exceptions during 1933. By the First Legal Tender Act, Congress limited the Treasury's emission of United States Notes to ; however, by 1863, the Second Legal Tender Act, enacted July 11, 1862, a Joint Resolution of Congress, and the Third Legal Tender Act, enacted March 3, 1863, had expanded the limit to , the option to exchange the notes for United States bonds at par had been revoked, and notes of $1 and $2 denominations had been introduced as the appearance of fiat currency had per Gresham's law driven even silver coinage out of circulation. As a result of this inflation, the greenback began to trade at a substantial discount from gold, which prompted Congress to pass the short-lived Anti-Gold Futures Act of 1864, which was soon repealed after it seemed to accelerate the decrease of greenback value. The largest amount of greenbacks outstanding at any one time was calculated as . The Union's reliance on expanding the circulation of greenbacks eventually ended with the emission of Interest Bearing and Compound Interest Treasury Notes, and the passage of the National Banking Act. However, the end of the war found the greenbacks trading for only about half of their nominal value in gold. The Secret Service was founded on July 5, 1865, to minimize counterfeiting, which accounted for up to half of the currency. Post Civil War At the end of the Civil War, some economists, such as Henry Charles Carey, argued for building on the precedent of non-interest-based fiat money and making the greenback system permanent. However, Secretary of the Treasury McCulloch argued that the Legal Tender Acts had been war measures, and that the United States should soon reverse them and return to the gold standard. The House of Representatives voted overwhelmingly to endorse the Secretary's argument. With an eventual return to gold convertibility in mind, the Funding Act of April 12, 1866 was passed, authorizing McCulloch to retire million of the Greenbacks within six months and up to million per month thereafter. This he proceeded to do until only were outstanding during February 1868. By this time, the wartime economic prosperity was ended, the crop harvest was poor, and a financial panic in Great Britain caused a recession and a sharp decrease of prices in the United States. The contraction of the money supply was blamed for the deflationary effects, and caused debtors to agitate successfully for a halt to the notes' retirement. During the early 1870s, Treasury Secretaries George S. Boutwell and William Adams Richardson maintained that, though Congress had mandated as the minimum Greenback circulation, the old Civil War statutes still authorized a maximum of —and thus they had at their discretion a "reserve" of . While the Senate Finance Committee under John Sherman disagreed, being of the opinion that the was a maximum as well as a minimum, no legislation was passed to assert the Committee's opinion. Starting in 1872, Boutwell and Richardson used the "reserve" to counteract seasonal demands for currency, and eventually expanded the circulation of the Greenbacks to in response to the Panic of 1873. In June 1874, Congress established a maximum for Greenback circulation of , and in January 1875, approved the Specie Payment Resumption Act, which authorized a reduction of the circulation of Greenbacks towards a revised limit of , and required the government to redeem them for gold, on demand, after January 1, 1879. As a result, the currency strengthened and by April 1876, the notes were on par with silver coins which then began to re-emerge into circulation. On May 31, 1878, the contraction in the circulation was halted at —a level which would be maintained for almost 100 years afterwards. While was a significant figure at the time, it is now a very small fraction of the total currency in circulation in the United States. The year 1879 found Sherman, now Secretary of the Treasury, in possession of sufficient specie to redeem notes as requested, but as this brought the value of the greenbacks into parity with gold for the first time since the Specie Suspension of December 1861, the public voluntarily accepted the greenbacks as part of the circulating medium. While the United States Notes had been used as a form of debt issuance during the Civil War, afterwards they were used as a way of moderately influencing the money supply by the federal government—such as through the actions of Boutwell and Richardson. During the Panic of 1907, President Theodore Roosevelt attempted to increase liquidity in the markets by authorizing the Treasury to issue more Greenbacks, but the Aldrich–Vreeland Act provided for the needed flexibility by the National Bank Note supply instead. Eventually, the perceived need for an elastic currency was addressed with the Federal Reserve Notes authorized by the Federal Reserve Act of 1913, and attempts to alter the circulating quantity of United States Notes ended. End of the United States Note Soon after private ownership of gold was banned in 1933 (a ban that would be lifted in 1974), all of the remaining types of circulating currency, National Bank Notes, silver certificates, Federal Reserve Notes, and United States Notes, were redeemable by individuals only for silver. Eventually, even silver redemption stopped in June 1968, during a time in which all U.S. currency (both coins and paper currency) was changed to fiat currency. For the general public, there was then little to distinguish United States Notes from Federal Reserve Notes. As a result, the public circulation of United States Notes, in the form of and bills was discontinued in August 1966, and replaced with Federal Reserve Notes and, eventually, Federal Reserve Notes as well. United States Notes became rare in hand-to-hand commerce and also beginning in 1966, the Treasury converted the outstanding balance into new United States Notes, the majority of which sat unissued in bank vaults. Series 1966 and Series 1966A United States Notes were printed from 1966 to 1969, with distribution into public circulation officially ending January 21, 1971. In September 1994, the Riegle Improvement Act released the Treasury from its long-standing obligation to keep United States Notes in circulation. Just prior to the Riegle act, the treasury considered releasing its large remaining stockpile of unissued United States Notes into general circulation, but with the recently redesigned series 1996 Federal Reserve Note, it was decided confusion would likely arise with the sudden appearance of two very different notes in circulation. The Treasury announced in 1996 that the remaining stock of United States Notes had been destroyed. Comparison to Federal Reserve Notes Both United States Notes and Federal Reserve Notes have been legal tender since the gold recall of 1933. Both have been used in circulation as money in the same way. However, the issuing authority for them came from different statutes. United States Notes are, depending on their issue, redeemable directly for precious metal – as after the specie resumption of 1879 which authorized federal officials to do so if requested. The difference between a United States Note and a Federal Reserve Note is that a United States Note represented a "bill of credit" and, since it was issued by the government itself and does not involve either lending or borrowing, was inserted by the Treasury directly into circulation free of interest. Federal Reserve Notes are not backed either by precious metals or the full faith of the United States government. The twelve Federal Reserve Banks issue them into circulation pursuant to the Federal Reserve Act of 1913. A commercial bank belonging to the Federal Reserve System can obtain Federal Reserve Notes from the Federal Reserve Bank in its district whenever it wishes. It must pay for them in full, dollar for dollar, by drawing down its account with its district Federal Reserve Bank. Characteristics Like all U.S. currency, United States Notes were produced in a large sized format until 1929, at which time the notes' sizes were reduced to the small-size format of the present day. Per the Treasury Department Appropriation Bill of 1929, notes issued before October 1928 were inches and later issues were to be inches, which allowed the Treasury Department to produce 12 notes per inch sheet of paper that previously would yield 8 notes at the old size. The original large-sized Civil War issues were dated 1862 and 1863, and issued in denominations of , , , , , , , and . The United States Notes were dramatically redesigned for the Series of 1869, the so-called Rainbow Notes. The notes were again redesigned for the Series of 1874, 1875 and 1878. The Series of 1878 included, for the first and last time, notes of and denominations. The final across-the-board redesign of the large-sized notes was the Series of 1880. Individual denominations were redesigned in 1901, 1907, 1917 and 1923. On small-sized United States Notes, the U.S. Treasury Seal and the serial numbers are printed in red (contrasting with Federal Reserve Notes, where they appear in green). By the time the treasury adopted the small-size format in 1928, the Federal Reserve System had existed for fifteen years and there had been a decline in the need for United States Notes; the notes were mainly issued in and denominations in the Series years of 1928, 1953, and 1963. There was a limited issue of notes in the Series of 1928, most of which were released in 1948 in Puerto Rico, and an issue of notes in the Series year of 1966, mainly to satisfy the legacy legal requirement of maintaining the mandated quantity in circulation after the and denominations had been discontinued in August 1966. The BEP also printed but did not issue notes in the 1928 Series. An example was displayed at the 1933 Worlds Fair in Chicago. Section 5119(b)(2) of Title 31, United States Code, was amended by the Riegle Community Development and Regulatory Improvement Act of 1994 (Public Law 103-325) to read as follows: "The Secretary shall not be required to reissue United States currency notes upon redemption." This does not change the legal tender status of United States Notes nor does it require a recall of those notes already in circulation. This provision means that United States Notes are to be canceled and destroyed but not reissued. This will eventually result in a decrease in the amount of these notes outstanding. Large-size United States Notes (1862–1923) Series 1928 United States Notes Series 1953 United States Notes Series 1963 United States Notes Series 1966 United States Notes Public debt of the United States , the U.S. Treasury calculates that million in United States notes are in circulation and, in accordance with debt ceiling legislation, excludes this amount from the statutory debt limit of the United States. The million excludes million in United States Notes issued prior to July 1, 1929, determined pursuant to Act of June 30, 1961, 31 U.S.C. 5119, to have been destroyed or irretrievably lost. Politics and controversy The United States Notes were introduced as fiat money rather than the precious metal medium of exchange that the United States had traditionally used. Their introduction was thus contentious. The United States Congress had enacted the Legal Tender Acts during the U.S. Civil War when southern Democrats were absent from the Congress, and thus their Jacksonian hard money views were underrepresented. After the war, the Supreme Court ruled on the Legal Tender Cases to determine the constitutionality of the use of greenbacks. The 1870 case Hepburn v. Griswold found unconstitutional the use of greenbacks when applied to debts established prior to the First Legal Tender Act as the five Democrats on the Court, Nelson, Grier, Clifford, Field, and Chase, ruled against the Civil War legislation in a 5–3 decision. Secretary Chase had become Chief Justice of the United States and a Democrat, and spearheaded the decision invalidating his own actions during the war. However, Grier retired from the Court, and President Grant appointed two new Republicans, Strong and Bradley, who joined the three sitting Republicans, Swayne, Miller, and Davis, to reverse Hepburn, 5–4, in the 1871 cases Knox v. Lee and Parker v. Davis. In 1884, the Court, controlled 8–1 by Republicans, granted the federal government very broad power to issue Legal Tender paper through the case Juilliard v. Greenman, with only the lone remaining Democrat, Field, dissenting. The states in the far west stayed loyal to the Union, but also had hard money sympathies. During the specie suspension from 1862 to 1878, western states used the gold dollar as a unit of account whenever possible and accepted greenbacks at a discount wherever they could. The preferred forms of paper money were gold certificates and National Gold Bank Notes, the latter having been created specifically to address the desire for hard money in California. During the 1870s and 1880s, the Greenback Party existed for the primary purpose of advocating an increased circulation of United States Notes as a way of creating inflation according to the quantity theory of money. However, as the 1870s unfolded, the market price of silver decreased with respect to gold, and inflationists found a new cause in the Free Silver movement. Opposition to the resumption of specie convertibility of the Greenbacks during 1879 was accordingly muted. See also History of central banking in the United States Footnotes Notes References Further reading Wesley Clair Mitchell, A History of the Greenbacks: With Special Reference to the Economic Consequences of Their Issue, 1862–65. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1903. Irwin Unger, The Greenback Era: A Social and Political History of American Finance, 1865–1879. (1965) Henry George, "On Greenbacks, Free Silver, and Free Banking," The Standard, December 14, 1889. External links U.S. Treasury Dept. information about United States Notes Six Kinds of United States Paper Currency Freiwirtschaft Monetary reform Banknotes of the United States 1862 establishments in the United States 1971 disestablishments in the United States	wiki
Object role modeling - een methode voor het ontwerpen en het bevragen van conceptuele datamodellen Object-relational mapping - een methode om objecten in de database losjes te koppelen aan een gegevensopslag	wiki
Martin Paul Slattery (born 30 December 1973 in Blackburn) is an English multi-instrumentalist and composer. He plays electric guitar, acoustic guitar, keyboards, saxophone, and flute. Slattery was first a member of Joe Strummer's backing band The Mescaleros. He was in the band The Hours alongside Antony Genn from 2004 until 2007. He has worked with a number of artists since then, as vocalist, multi-instrumentalist and composer. References 1973 births Living people People from Blackburn English multi-instrumentalists The Mescaleros members	wiki
Medicaid Waiver programs help provide services to people who would otherwise be in an institution, nursing home, or hospital to receive long-term care in the community. Prior to 1991, the Federal Medicaid program paid for services only if a person lived in an institution. The approval of Federal Medicaid Waiver programs allowed states to provide services to consumers in their homes and in their communities. Types of Medicaid Waiver Programs Katie Beckett or TEFRA waivers: allow children under the age of nineteen to receive medical care in their home without regard to their parents' income level, provided the cost of in-home care is less or equal to cost of providing the care in a hospital setting. Section 1115 Research & Demonstration Projects: States can apply for program flexibility to test new or existing approaches to financing and delivering Medicaid and CHIP. Section 1915(b) Managed Care Waivers: States can apply for waivers to provide services through managed care delivery systems or otherwise limit people's choice of providers. Section 1915(c) Home and Community-Based Services Waivers: States can apply for waivers to provide long-term care services in home and community settings rather than institutional settings. Concurrent Section 1915(b) and 1915(c) Waivers: States can apply to simultaneously implement two types of waivers to provide a continuum of services to the elderly and people with disabilities, as long as all Federal requirements for both programs are met. References Federal assistance in the United States Medicare and Medicaid (United States)	wiki
Tortang sardinas, also known as tortang tinapa, sardines omelette, or tinapa fritters, is a Filipino omelette made by mixing shredded tinapa (smoked sardines) with eggs. It can also include tomatoes, onions, garlic, salt, ground black pepper, minced spring onions, and/or flour, as well as various other ingredients. It typically uses canned sardines, which comes with a tomato sauce which may or may not also be included. It is commonly regarded as a very cheap and easy meal to prepare, with a reputation similar to instant noodles. It is usually eaten for breakfast with white rice and banana ketchup. It can also be eaten as a sandwich with pandesal bread. See also Tortang talong Tortang carne norte Tortang kalabasa Poqui poqui Ukoy References External links Omelettes Philippine cuisine	wiki
Walken may refer to: Christopher Walken, American actor Georgianne Walken, (born 1939), American casting director "Walken", a Wilco song from their album Sky Blue Sky "Walken's Syndrome", a Fugazi song from their album In on the Kill Taker See also Chaim Walkin (1945-2022), Orthodox rabbi, dean, and lecturer Walkin'	wiki
Monsieur is an honorific title. Monsieur may also refer to: Monsieur (novel), a novel by Lawrence Durrell "Monsieur" (song), a song from the Eurovision Song Contest 1989 Monsieur, a 1962 song by Petula Clark Monsieur (1911 film), a silent short romantic drama film Monsieur (1964 film), a comedy film Monsieur (1990 film), a film directed by Jean-Philippe Toussaint Monsieur Chouchani, an anonymous rabbi	wiki
Simmering is a food preparation technique by which foods are cooked in hot liquids kept just below the boiling point of water (lower than ) and above poaching temperature (higher than ). To create a steady simmer, a liquid is brought to a boil, then its heat source is reduced to a lower, constant temperature. In food preparation Simmering ensures gentler treatment than boiling to prevent food from toughening and/or breaking up. Simmering is usually a rapid and efficient method of cooking. Food that has simmered in milk or cream instead of water is sometimes referred to as creamed. The appropriate simmering temperature is a topic of debate among chefs, with some contending that a simmer is as low as . Japanese cuisine In Japanese cuisine, simmering is often considered one of the four essential cooking techniques, along with grilling, steaming, and deep frying. American cuisine Food prepared in a crockpot is simmered. Examples include stews, chili, soups, etc. Bulgarian cuisine Bulgarian traditional food, especially tender meat dishes are often simmered for extended periods of time. Examples include stews, soups, Vanyas, etc. Dutch and Flemish cuisine In traditional Dutch and Flemish cuisine, less tender cuts of beef are simmered for several hours to obtain carbonade flamande. Traditionally a small flame is used, fed by burning oil. On modern stoves, the source of heat is put very low, or a simmering plate is used to diminish the heat. Usually a cast iron pan is used with a thick bottom. The meat is ready if it can be easily torn apart into threads. Persian cuisine Simmering is one of the most popular styles of cooking in Iran and Afghanistan. In traditional Persian cuisine, almost all types of Persian Khoresh are simmered for several hours. That is also the case with some other Iranian dishes like Abgoosht, Bozbash, etc. Modern stoves Some modern gas ranges are equipped with a simmering burner, with such burners usually located at the rear of the range. Many electric ranges have a simmer setting. Slow cookers Slow cookers are countertop electrical appliances used to simmer foods for hours at a time. References Cooking techniques Culinary terminology	wiki
Legal education in the United States generally refers to a graduate degree, the completion of which makes a graduate eligible to sit for an examination for a license to practice as a Lawyer. Around 60 percent of those who complete a law degree typically practice law, with the remainder primarily working in business (especially finance, insurance, real estate, and consulting) or government or policy roles, where their degrees also confer advantages. (Other types of legal education, such as that of paralegals, of Limited Practice Officers (in Washington), and of the citizenry in general, and of the education of lawyers after admission to the bar (continuing legal education) are not covered in this article.) History The first law schools in Europe The foundations of the first universities in Europe were the glossators of the 11th century, which were schools of law. The first European university, that of Bologna, was founded as a school of law by four famous legal scholars in the 12th century who were students of the glossator school in that city. The first academic title of doctor applied to scholars of law. The University of Bologna served as the model for other law schools of the medieval age. Although it was common for students of law to visit and study at schools in other countries, such was not the case with England because of the English rejection of Roman Law. Although Oxford did teach canonical law, its importance was always superior to civil law in that institution. Early legal education in England In England in 1292, when Edward I first requested that lawyers be trained, law students merely sat in the courts and observed. Over time, the students would hire professionals to lecture them in their residences. This practice led to the institution of the Inns of Court system. The original method of education at the Inns of Court was a mix of moot court-like practice and lecture, and observation of court proceedings. By the 17th century, the Inns obtained a status as a kind of university akin to Oxford and Cambridge, though very specialized in purpose. With the frequent absence of parties to suits during the Crusades, the importance of the lawyer's role grew tremendously, and the demand for lawyers grew. The apprenticeship program for solicitors emerged, structured and governed by the same rules as the apprenticeship programs for the trades Oxford and Cambridge did not see common law as worthy of study, and included coursework in law only in the context of canon and civil law, and for the purpose of the study of philosophy or history only. These universities, therefore, did not train lawyers. Professional training in England was unlike that of continental Europe, where the law was viewed as an academic discipline. Legal educators in England stressed practical training. The training of solicitors by apprenticeship was formally established by an act of parliament in 1729. William Blackstone became the first lecturer of law at Oxford in 1753. The university did not establish the program for the purpose of professional study, and the lectures were very philosophical and theoretical in nature. Blackstone insisted that the study of law should be university based, where concentration on foundational principles can be had, instead of concentration on detail and procedure obtained through apprenticeship and the Inns of Court. The Inns of Court continued but became less effective. No significant educational activity or examination was required for bar admission. In 1846, the Parliament examined the education and training of prospective barristers and found the system to be inferior to the legal education provided in Europe and the United States. Therefore, formal schools of law were called for, but not finally established until later in the century. Even then, the bar did not consider a university degree in admission decisions. Legal education in the North American colonies and the United States Initially there was much resistance to lawyers in colonial North America because of the role they played in hierarchical England. Slowly the colonial governments started using the services of professionals trained in the Inns of Court, and by the end of the Revolution there was a functional bar in each state. As institutions for training developed in the colonies, because of the distrust of a profession only open to the elite in England, the institutions which developed in what would become the United States would be much different from those in England. Initially in the United States, the legal professionals were trained and imported from England. A formal apprenticeship or clerkship program was established first in New York in 1730—at that time a seven-year clerkship was required, and in 1756 a four-year college degree was required in addition to five years of clerking and an examination. Later the requirements were reduced to require only two years of college education. A system like the Inns did not develop, however, and a college education was not required in England until the 19th century, so the American system was unique. The clerkship program required much individual study. The mentoring lawyer was expected to carefully select materials for study and to guide the clerk in his study of the law to ensure that the material was being absorbed. The student was supposed to compile his notes of his reading of the law into a "commonplace book", which he would endeavor to memorize. Although those were the ideals, in reality the clerks were often overworked and rarely were able to study the law individually as expected. They were often employed to tedious tasks, such as making handwritten copies of documents. Finding sufficient legal texts was also a seriously debilitating issue, and there was no standardization in the books assigned to the clerk trainees because they were assigned by their mentor, whose opinion of the law may have differed greatly from his peers. One famous attorney in the United States, William Livingston, stated in 1745 in a New York newspaper that the clerkship program was severely flawed, and that most mentors "have no manner of concern for their clerk's future welfare… [T]is a monstrous absurdity to suppose, that the law is to be learnt by a perpetual copying of precedents." There were some few mentors that were dedicated to the service, and because of their rarity, they became so sought after that the first law schools evolved from the offices of some of these attorneys who took on many clerks and began to spend more time training than practicing law. It was seen over the years that the apprenticeship program was not adequate for producing lawyers capable of serving their clients. The apprenticeship programs often employed the trainee with menial tasks, and while they were well trained in the day-to-day operations of a law office, they were generally unprepared practitioners or legal reasoners. The establishment of formal faculties of law in U.S. universities did not occur until the latter part of the 18th century. The first law degree granted by a U.S. university was a Bachelor of Law in 1793 by the College of William & Mary, which was abbreviated L.B.; Harvard University was the first university to use the LL.B. abbreviation in the United States. The first university law programs in the United States, such as that of the University of Maryland established in 1812, included much theoretical and philosophical study, including works such as the Bible, Cicero, Seneca, Aristotle, Adam Smith, Montesquieu and Grotius. It has been said that the early university law schools of the early 19th century seemed to be preparing students for careers as statesmen rather than as lawyers. At the LL.B. programs in the early 1900s at Stanford University and Yale continued to include "cultural study," which consisted of courses in languages, mathematics and economics. In the 1850s there were many proprietary schools which originated from a practitioner taking on multiple apprentices and establishing a school and which provided a practical legal education, as opposed to the one offered in the universities which offered an education in the theory, history and philosophy of law. The universities assumed that the acquisition of skills would happen in practice, while the proprietary schools concentrated on the practical skills during education. In part to compete with the small professional law schools, there began a great change in U.S. university legal education. For a short time beginning in 1826 Yale began to offer a complete "practitioners' course" which lasted two years and included practical courses, such as pleading drafting. U.S. Supreme Court justice Joseph Story started the spirit of change in legal education at Harvard when, as a lecturer there in the early 19th century, he advocated a more "scientific study" of the law. Therefore, at Harvard the education was much of a trade school type of approach to legal education, contrary to the more liberal arts education advocated by Blackstone at Oxford and Jefferson at William and Mary. Nonetheless there continued to be debate among educators over whether legal education should be more vocational, as at the private law schools, or through a rigorous scientific method, such as that developed by Story and Langdell. In the words of Dorsey Ellis, "Langdell viewed law as a science and the law library as the laboratory, with the cases providing the basis for learning those 'principles or doctrines' of which 'law, considered as a science, consists.'" Nonetheless, into the year 1900 most states did not require a university education (although an apprenticeship was often required) and most practitioners had not attended any law school or college. Therefore, the modern legal education system in the U.S. is a combination of teaching law as a science and a practical skill, implementing elements such as clinical training, which has become an essential part of legal education in the U.S. and in the J.D. program of study. Whereas in the 18th and 19th century, few U.S. lawyers trained in an apprenticeship "achieved a level of competence necessary to adequately serve their clients," today as a result of the development of the U.S. legal education system, "law graduates perceive themselves to be prepared upon graduation" for the practice of law. Faculty AALS Faculty Recruitment Conference About half of the faculty hired by law schools in the United States result from interviews conducted at the annual AALS Faculty Recruitment Conference at the Marriott Wardman Park Hotel in Washington, D.C. Academic degrees Legal education is typically received through a law school program. The professional degree granted by U.S. law schools is the Juris Doctor (J.D.). Prospective lawyers who have been awarded the J.D. (or other appropriate credential), must fulfill additional, state-specific requirements in order to gain admission to the bar in the United States. The Juris Doctor (J.D.), like the Doctor of Medicine (M.D.), is a professional doctorate. The American Bar Association issued a Council Statement that the JD is equivalent to the PhD for educational employment purposes. The Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.) ("Scientiae Juridicae Doctor" in Latin), and Doctor of Comparative Law (D.C.L.), are research and academic-based doctorate level degrees. In the U.S., the Legum Doctor is only awarded as an honorary degree. As of July 2012, Yale Law School offers a Ph.D. in Law designed for students who have already earned a J.D. and who wish to pursue extended legal scholarship. Academic degrees for non-lawyers are available at the baccalaureate and master's level. A common baccalaureate level degree is a Bachelor of Science in Legal Studies (B.S.). Academic master's degrees in legal studies are available, such as the Master of Studies (M.S.), and the Master of Professional Studies (M.P.S.). Foreign lawyers seeking to practice in the U.S., who do not have a Juris Doctor (J.D.), often seek to obtain a Juris Master (J.M.), Master of Laws (LL.M.), Master of Comparative Law (M.C.L.), or a Master of Jurisprudence (M.J.). Admission to the bar Please see Admission to the bar in the United States. Depending upon their state, attorneys must also satisfy Continuing Legal Education (CLE) credit requirements. Lawyer credentials, prestige, and career path American law firms are often very credential-oriented. Apart from the minimum requirements of a J.D. and admission to the state bar, there are certain credentials recognized within the profession to distinguish lawyers from one another; those credentials are almost always mentioned in lawyer profiles and biographies, which are used to communicate to both fellow attorneys and prospective clients. Chief among them are such honors as being a member of their law school's law review, moot court, or mock trial programs. Judicial clerkships after graduation or law clerk positions at prestigious law firms while in school are also distinguishing marks. This credential-based system is sown in law school, where high grades are frequently rewarded with law review membership and much sought after summer clerkships (called "summer associateships" in some areas) with large private law firms. These programs are designed to give a firm's summer associates an idea of what the everyday practice of law is like at that particular firm by allowing them to work with the firm's partners and associates on real projects involving real clients. In larger cities, such as New York or Chicago, summer associates at large firms can make as much as $3,000 per week. Competition to receive a summer offer from a firm is intense, and credentials (a student's GPA and class rank, law review or moot court membership, publications, etc.) play a decisive role in determining who is selected. Most offers are received after a three-step interview process. First, during the early fall of their 2L (second year), students at each law school first submit their resumes to a central paper file or online database (such as CRIS or LexisNexis Martindale-Hubbell), from which interviewers selected candidates they wish to interview, based almost entirely on their 1L GPA and class rank. Second, selected students are notified, usually via email, and then schedule a screening interview, either at the law school or at a local hotel; this interview is usually conducted by one or more attorneys from that firm and is part of most schools' On Campus Interview ("OCI") program, in which firms send recruiters to schools across the country. Finally, students selected from the screening interviews are invited for a final "callback" interview, commonly held at the firm's offices. If the selected student attends school in a place far from the city in which the firm is located, it is not unusual for the firm to fly the student in and pay for accommodations while they are in town. After the callback, a selected candidate will receive a phone call (usually within 48 hours) informing them that they have been extended an offer. After the summer, early into their 3L (third) years, the vast majority of summer associates receive formal offers to join the firm after graduating school and sitting for the bar exam. Law school rankings U.S. News & World Report publishes the most well-known annual ranking of American programs, where Yale Law School has held the #1 spot every year since the inception of the ranking reports. A number of alternative rankings exist, such as the Leiter Reports Law School Rankings. These rankings divide law schools into "tiers" based on the overall quality of each program. A number of factors and statistics are compiled to produce these rankings each year, including academic reputation, the quality of the faculty (usually measured by the quality of its publications), the quality of the student body (usually measured by average Law School Admission Test, or LSAT, score and undergraduate grade point average), the number of volumes in the library, the earnings potential of graduates, bar passage rates, and job placement rates. Most of these measurements are acquired by voluntary self-reporting from each law program; others are compiled through a formal process of polling judges, legal professionals, recent graduates, law professors, and school administrators. The issuance of press releases that dismiss the rankings has become a yearly ritual for many law programs, but all but a handful cooperate in gathering and reporting statistics to the various ranking publications. First tier There are approximately 200 ABA approved law schools in the United States. There is no universally accepted ranking system, but many have attempted to divide law schools into "tiers" consisting of quartiles (50 law schools each) or perhaps eighths (25 law schools each), or have separated out the top 10 or top 20 law schools by U.S. News rank or median LSAT score. After the JD, a large study of law graduates who passed the bar examination (but were not necessarily practicing law), found that graduates of the top 10 law schools by median LSAT score of incoming classes typically earned incomes exceeding $170,000 within 12 years after graduation. Graduates of the next 10 law schools earned around $158,000, and graduates of schools ranked 21-50 typically earned more than $130,000. Another peer reviewed study found that Law graduates at the 75th percentile of earnings ability typically earned around $80,000 more every year than they would have earned with only a bachelor's degree. Law graduate earnings typically continue to grow and do not peak until their mid 50s; thus graduates of top tier law schools can likely peak at incomes exceeding $250,000 per year. Though the specific rankings change from year to year, the overall composition of the top schools has remained fairly constant. Most legal professionals (judges, practitioners, or professors) rank the University of Chicago, Columbia, Harvard, NYU, Stanford, and Yale in the top echelon of American law schools, with Yale Law School, Harvard Law School, and Stanford Law School being considered the most prestigious and the most selective schools to gain admission as measured by reputation scores from U.S. News surveys and admissions rate. In recent years, many people have used the concept of the T14 (the top 14) to define the top tier of law schools. These schools have consistently ranked in the top 14 in the annual US News ranking of law schools. The T14 is composed of the schools listed above and also Berkeley (Boalt Hall), Cornell, Duke, Georgetown, Michigan, Northwestern, University of Pennsylvania, and Virginia. The most prestigious and sought-after law jobs in the country—U.S. Supreme Court Clerks, legal faculty, Bristow Fellows, Office of Legal Counsel Lawyers, Assistant U.S. Attorneys in cities like New York and Chicago—are more likely to be awarded to students and graduates in one of these programs. Recruiters from elite law firms visit top-tier law schools each fall to recruit new associates for the following summer. In contrast, small and mid-market law firms — which make up the bulk of law firms in the U.S. — cannot predict their labor needs that far in advance, and most new law school graduates who do not graduate from top tier law schools therefore must seek out jobs at law firms during their third year or even after graduation. Lower tiers The majority of law school students do not end up at an elite university, but many can, and often do, find well-paying jobs in law firms, government, or business positions. After the JD, a large study of law graduates who passed the bar examination (but were not necessarily practicing law), found that even graduates of lower ranked law schools were typically making six figure ($100,000+) incomes within 12 years after graduation., although graduates of higher ranking schools typically earned more. The Economic Value of a Law Degree, a peer reviewed study which included law graduates who do not pass the bar exam, found that law graduates at the 25th percentile of earnings ability typically earned around $20,000 more every year than they would have earned with only a bachelor's degree, compared to around $80,000 more per year for those at the 75th percentile. Regional tiers Most law schools outside the top tier are more regional in scope and often have very strong regional connections to these post-graduation opportunities. For example, a student graduating from a lower-tier law school may find opportunities in that school's "home market": the legal market containing many of that school's alumni, where most of the school's networking and career development energies are focused. In contrast, an upper-tier law school may be limited in terms of employment opportunities to the broad geographic region that the law school feeds. State accredited schools Some schools are accredited by state governments. They are located in Alabama, California, Massachusetts, and Tennessee. Some state authorized law schools are maintained to offer a non-ABA option eliminating costly ABA requirements seen as unnecessary by many of these states. Unaccredited schools Many schools are not accredited by a state or the American Bar Association. Most are located in California. While graduates of these schools may apply for admission to the California State Bar, they may not necessarily be allowed to apply for admission in other states. Law school activities and honors Within each U.S. law school, students may receive additional credentials. These include: Law review/Law journal membership or editorial position (based either on grades or write-on competition or both). This is important for at least three reasons. First, because membership is determined by either grades or writing ability, it is an indicator of strong academic performance. This leads to the second reason: potential employers sometimes use law review membership in their hiring criteria. Third, work on law review exposes a student to legal scholarship and editing, and often allows the student to publish a significant piece of legal scholarship on his or her own. Most law schools have a "flagship" journal usually called "School name Law Review" (e.g., the Harvard Law Review) or "School name Law Journal" (e.g., the Yale Law Journal) that publishes articles on all areas of law, and one or more other specialty law journals that publish articles concerning only a particular area of the law (for example, the Harvard Journal of Law & Technology). Moot court membership or award (based on oral and written argument). Success in moot court can distinguish one as an outstanding oral advocate or appellate brief writer and can provide a degree of practical legal training often absent from law review membership. Membership in moot court and related activities, such as Dispute Resolution, may appeal especially to employers hiring for specialized litigation positions. Mock trial/trial advocacy membership or award, based on oral advocacy in mock trial competitions. Mock trial honors often have special appeal to litigation-oriented offices, such as a district attorney's office, attorney general's office, public defender's office, or private firms that specializes in trial litigation. Mock trial is especially useful at assisting students with public speaking, allowing them to master the rules of evidence, and gain experience in writing opening statements, direct examination, cross examinations, and closing statements. Order of the Coif membership (based on grade point average). This is often coupled with Latin honors (summa and magna cum laude, though often not cum laude). A slight majority of law schools in the United States do not have Order of the Coif chapters. Court clerkships On the basis of these credentials, as well as favorable faculty recommendations and other connections, some students become law clerks with judges after graduation, signing on for one or two-year clerkships. Clerkships may be with state or federal judges. There is a generally recognized hierarchy with regard to clerkships (federal clerkships are considered more prestigious than state court clerkships, and appellate court clerkships are considered more prestigious than trial court clerkships, with United States Supreme Court clerkships considered the most prestigious). The benefit to the lawyer from clerkships is experience working for a judge. Often, clerks engage in significant legal research and writing for the judge, writing memos to assist a judge in coming to a legal conclusion in some cases, and writing drafts of opinions based on the judge's decisions. Appellate court clerkships, although generally more prestigious, do not necessarily give one a great deal of practical experience in the day-to-day life of a lawyer in private practice. The average litigator might get much more out of a clerkship at the trial court level, where they will be learning about motions practices, dealing with lawyers, and generally learning how a trial court works on the inside. What a lawyer might lose in prestige they might gain in experience. By and large, though, clerkships provide other valuable assets to a new lawyer. Judges often become mentors to their clerks, providing the attorney with an experienced individual to whom they can go for advice. Fellow clerks can also become lifelong friends and/or professional connections. Those contemplating academia do well to obtain an appellate court clerkship at the federal level, since those clerkships provide a great opportunity to think at a very high level about the law. Hierarchies aside, clerkships are great experiences for the new lawyers, and law schools encourage graduates to engage in a clerkship to broaden their professional experiences. United States Supreme Court clerkships Some law school graduates are able to clerk for one of the Justices on the Supreme Court. Each Justice takes 4 clerks per year. Almost without exception, these clerks are graduates of elite law schools (with Harvard, Yale, and the University of Chicago being the most highly represented schools) who have already clerked for at least one year with highly selective federal circuit court judges (such as Judges Merrick Garland, Alex Kozinski, Harvie Wilkinson, David Tatel, Richard Posner). It is perhaps the most highly selective and prestigious position a recently graduated lawyer can have, and Supreme Court clerks are often highly sought after by law firms, the government, and law schools. The vast majority of Supreme Court clerks either become academics at elite law schools, enter private practice as appellate attorneys, or take highly selective government positions. Criticism Law school normally consists of only a classroom setting, unlike training in other professions. (For example, medical school in the United States is traditionally two years of class environment and two years of "rotations", or an apprenticeship-type hands-on experience.) Although some countries such as Germany and France require apprenticeship with a practicing attorney, this is not required in any United States jurisdiction. Because of this, many law students graduate with a grasp of the legal doctrines necessary to pass the bar exam, but with no actual hands-on experience or knowledge of the day-to-day practice of law. The American Bar Association called for American law schools to move towards a practice-based approach in the MacCrate Report. Many law schools have started to supplement classroom education with practical experience. Externship programs allow students to receive academic credit for unpaid work with a judge, government agency, or community legal services office. Several law schools also have law clinic programs in which students counsel actual clients under the supervision of a professor, such as University of Massachusetts School of Law. City University of New York School of Law and Florida Coastal School of Law are some of the few law schools that require student participation in law clinic courses. Similarly, Northeastern University School of Law and Savannah Law School use cooperative education to give their students law office work experience prior to graduation. Washington and Lee University School of Law has completely re-vamped its curriculum to require students to take practicum courses, externships, and clinics in the final year of law school to provide experience in preparation for practice. Other issues Large scale representative studies find that the overwhelming majority of lawyers are satisfied with their careers and their decisions to attend law school. Based on anecdotal evidence, some have claimed that high level of stress, a "culture of hours" and ethical issues common in the legal profession lead to a lower level of job satisfaction relative to many other careers. See, for example, "Money and Ethics: The Young Lawyer's Conundrum", by Patrick J. Schiltz, January 2000 Washington State Bar News See also Correspondence law school Continuing Legal Education Law School Rankings Reading law Civic education in the United States References Further reading Chroust, Anton-Hermann. The rise of the legal profession in America ( 2 vol. U of Oklahoma Press, 1965). Granfield, Robert. Making elite lawyers : visions of law at Harvard and beyond - New York, NY [etc.] : Routledge, 1992 Duncan Kennedy: Legal Education and the Reproduction of Hierarchy, New Edition, New York Univ Press, 2004, Elizabeth Mertz: The Language of Law School: Learning to Think Like a Lawyer—New York: Oxford University Press, 2007 Stephen B. Presser. Law Professors: Three Centuries of Shaping American Law (St. Paul: West Academic Publishing, 2017). xiv, 486 pp. "One Law: The Role of Legal Education in the Opening of the Legal Profession Since 1776" Paul D. Carrington, Duke Law School, article in Florida Law Review, Volume 44, Number 4, September, 1992 Direct link to PDF file: "One Law: The Role of Legal Education in the Opening of the Legal Profession Since 1776" Paul D. Carrington, Duke Law School, article in Florida Law Review, Volume 44, Number 4, September, 1992 External links Top 100 law schools in the United States according to U.S. News & World Report Top 100 law schools in the United States according to Lawschool100.com Listing of ABA-approved law schools Law of the United States	wiki
The Flaying of Marsyas is the death of Marsyas in ancient Greek mythology. It may refer to a number of works of art depicting the scene, including: Flaying of Marsyas (Titian), a painting by Titian of the 1570s. Flaying of Marsyas (Bronzino), a painting by Bronzino, c. 1531	wiki
Imiloxan is a drug which is used in scientific research. It acts as a selective antagonist for the α2B adrenergic receptor, and has been useful for distinguishing the actions of the different α2 adrenergic subtypes. Synthesis The imidazole portion of imiloxan is prepared by the reaction of an imidate with the diethyl acetal of aminoacetaldehyde. N-Alkylation of the imidazole with ethyl iodide gives imiloxan. References External links Imidazolines Alpha blockers Benzodioxans	wiki
104th Street – stacja metra w Nowym Jorku na Jamaica Line 104th Street – stacja metra w Nowym Jorku na Fulton Street Line	wiki
Calf roping, also known as tie-down roping, is a rodeo event that features a calf and a rider mounted on a horse. The goal of this timed event is for the rider to catch the calf by throwing a loop of rope from a lariat around its neck, dismount from the horse, run to the calf, and restrain it by tying three legs together, in as short a time as possible. A variant on the sport, with fewer animal welfare controversies, is breakaway roping, where the calf is roped, but not tied. Origin The event derives from the duties of actual working cowboys, which often required catching and restraining calves for branding or medical treatment. Ranch hands took pride in the speed with which they could rope and tie calves which soon turned their work into informal contests. Modern event The calves are lined up in a row and moved through narrow runways leading to a chute with spring-loaded doors. When a calf enters the chute, a door is closed behind it and a lightweight rope, attached to a trip lever, is fastened around the calf's neck. The lever holds a taut cord or "barrier" that runs across a large pen or "box" at one side of the calf chute, where the horse and rider wait. The barrier is used to ensure that the calf gets a head start. When the roper is ready, he or she calls for the calf, and the chute operator pulls a lever opening the chute doors and releasing the calf. The calf runs out in a straight line. When the calf reaches the end of the rope, that trips the lever, the rope falls off the calf, and the barrier for the horse is released, starting the clock and allowing horse and rider to chase the calf. Timing is critical. From a standstill, a rider will put his horse into a gallop from the box shortly after the calf leaves the chute, so that the horse saves valuable seconds by being at near-full speed the moment the barrier releases. However, if the rider mistimes his cue to the horse and the horse breaks the barrier before it releases, a 10-second penalty will be added to his time. This is sometimes referred to as a "Cowboy Speeding Ticket." The rider must lasso the calf from horseback by throwing a loop of the lariat around the calf's neck. Once the rope is around the calf's neck, the roper signals the horse to stop quickly while he dismounts and runs to the calf. The calf must be stopped by the rope but cannot be thrown to the ground by the rope. If the calf falls, the roper loses seconds because he must allow the calf to get back on its feet. When the roper reaches the calf, he picks it up and flips it onto its side. Once the calf is on the ground, the roper ties three of the calf's legs together with a short rope known as a tie-down rope or "piggin' string". A half hitch knot is used, sometimes referred to colloquially as "two wraps and a hooey" or a "wrap and a slap". The piggin' string is often carried between the roper's teeth until he uses it. The horse is trained to assist the roper by slowly backing away from the calf to maintain a steady tension on the rope. When the tie is complete, the roper throws his hands in the air to signal "time" and stop the clock. The roper then returns to his horse, mounts, and moves the horse forward to relax the tension on the rope. The timer waits for six seconds, during which the calf must stay tied before an official time is recorded. Top professional calf ropers will rope and tie a calf in 7 seconds. The world record is just over 6 seconds. Organizations and regulations The event is recognized by most rodeo organizations, including the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA) and the International Professional Rodeo Association. In the United States, there are two organizations that promote calf roping alone: the United States Calf Ropers Association (USCRA) and Ultimate Calf Roping (UCR). Other timed rodeo events that use cattle include breakaway roping, where the rider ropes but does not throw the calf; steer wrestling; and team roping, which uses adult cattle. In PRCA events, the calf must weigh between 220 and 280 pounds. Calves must be strong and healthy; sick or injured livestock cannot be used. According to the PRCA, "Most calves do not compete more than a few dozen times in their lives because of weight and usage restrictions and the fact that calves grow so rapidly." Animal welfare issues There are concerns over the welfare of the calves used in professional rodeo, and the industry itself polices events closely, penalizing competitors who "jerk down" a calf with the rope or flip it over backwards. Dr. Eddie Taylor stated that in 16 years as an attending veterinarian at PRCA rodeos in Arizona, "I personally have not seen a serious neck injury to a tie-down roping calf." Statistically, the rate of injury to the animals is relatively low. In 1994, a survey of 28 sanctioned rodeos was conducted by on-site independent veterinarians. Reviewing 33,991 animal runs, the injury rate was documented at 0.047%, or less than five-hundredths of one percent. A study of rodeo animals in Australia found a similar injury rate. Basic injuries occurred at a rate of 0.072 percent, or one in 1405, with injuries requiring veterinary attention at 0.036 percent, or one injury in every 2810 times the animal was used, and transport, yarding and competition were all included in the study. A later PRCA survey of 60,971 animal performances at 198 rodeo performances and 73 sections of "slack" indicated 27 animals were injured, again approximately five-hundredths of 1 percent0.0004. Animal rights proponents claim, however, that examples of injuries caused by calf roping include paralysis from spinal cord injuries, severed tracheas, as well as broken backs, necks, and legs. Tie-down calf roping is not permitted in the state of Rhode Island or in the city of Baltimore. Tie-down calf roping is also not allowed in some localities in Australia, Brazil and Canada and banned nationally in the United Kingdom, Germany and The Netherlands. The ASPCA, an animal rights organization, notes that practice sessions are often the occasion of more severe abuses than competitions. A 2016 study indicated that the process of calf roping, including being herded in the arena and into the roping chutes, was stressful on the animals as evidenced by eye movement when roped and increases in blood cortisol, epinephrine and nor-epinephrine. Novice calves just herded into the chutes and across the arena also demonstrated stress responses, experiencing slightly higher stress than experienced ones. However, cortisol responses did not continue for long. The researchers hypothesized that professionals at the highest level were less stressful on the animals than inexperienced ropers. See also Rodeo References External links Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association International Professional Rodeo Association Ultimate Calf Roping National Little Britches Rodeo Association National High School Rodeo Association National Intercollegiate Rodeo Association Rodeo events	wiki
This is a discography chronicling the musical career of James Brown. Brown joined Bobby Byrd's vocal group The Flames in 1953, first as a drummer, and then as leading front man. Later becoming The Famous Flames, they signed with Federal Records in 1956 and recorded their first hit single, "Please, Please, Please", which sold over a million copies. After the hit release of "Try Me", following nine relative failures, the group scored a series of hit albums and recordings in the early 1960s. Brown's solo aspirations started around 1962. By the time of "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag", he used the Flames less and less as he became a full-fledged solo artist who was now involved in the development of a new R&B subgenre, funk. Eventually the Famous Flames left him in 1968 as did his James Brown band by 1970 and Brown hired The J.B.'s who helped contribute to his continuing success in the 1970s. After their disbanding, Brown struggled for a number of years with recordings before the release of 1985's "Living in America", and having success with the albums Gravity (1986) and I'm Real (1988). Brown charted at least 96 entries on the Billboard Hot 100 and at least 110 entries on the R&B chart. Seventeen of Brown's singles, including five credited as "James Brown and the Famous Flames", hit number-one on the R&B chart. He recorded several more hits pseudonymously, notably "(Do the) Mashed Potatoes" and "Doing It to Death". In addition to his own hits, Brown wrote and produced charting records by many other performers, including Bobby Byrd, Hank Ballard, Tammy Montgomery, Lyn Collins, Marva Whitney, and The J.B.'s. In contrast to his chart success, few of Brown's hit recordings were certified by the RIAA, partly due to the reluctance of his record labels to pay the required fees. He had just two certified gold singles - "Get on the Good Foot" (1972) and "The Payback" (1974) - and one gold album, 1973's The Payback. However, two 1991 compilations of his work earned RIAA certification: Star Time (gold) and 20 All-Time Greatest Hits! (platinum). Albums Studio albums Compilation albums Live albums Singles discography (Note) Listed below are the charting singles James Brown released on the King Records subsidiary Federal and King record labels, and Smash Records . Most of the songs also feature The Famous Flames on backing vocals through 1965. Brown had recorded singles for Bethlehem and Ember Records alternatively. 1956–1971 {\|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !rowspan="2" style="width:2em;" \| Year !rowspan="2" style="width:25em;"\| Titles (A-side, B-side)Both sides from same album except where indicated !colspan="8"\| Peak chart positions !rowspan="2" style="width:10em;"\| Certifications !rowspan="2" style="width:20em;"\| Album \|- !style="width:2em;font-size:90%;"\| US !style="width:2em;font-size:90%;"\| USR&B !style="width:2em;font-size:90%;"\| BEL !style="width:2em;font-size:90%;"\| CAN !style="width:2em;font-size:90%;"\| GER !style="width:2em;font-size:90%;"\| ITA !style="width:2em;font-size:90%;"\| NED !style="width:2em;font-size:90%;"\| UK \|- \| colspan="15" style="text-align:left;"\| Federal releases: \|- \| rowspan="4"\|1956 \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Please, Please, Please"b/w "Why Do You Do Me" (from Try Me!) \| — \| 6 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="5"\| Please Please Please \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "I Don't Know"b/w "I Feel That Old Feeling Coming On" \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "No, No, No, No"b/w "Hold My Baby's Hand" \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Chonnie-On-Chon"b/w "I Won't Plead No More" (from Try Me!) \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \|- \|rowspan="5"\|1957 \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Just Won't Do Right"b/w "Let's Make It" \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Gonna Try"b/w "Can't Be the Same" \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="3"\| Try Me! \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Messing with the Blues"b/w "Love or a Game" (from Please, Please, Please) \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "You're Mine, You're Mine"b/w "I Walked Alone" (from Please, Please, Please) \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "That Dood It"b/w "Baby Cries Over the Ocean" \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="3"\| Please, Please, Please \|- \| rowspan="2"\|1958 \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Begging, Begging"b/w "That's When I Lost My Heart" \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Try Me"b/w "Tell Me What I Did Wrong" \| 48 \| 1 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \|- \| rowspan="4"\|1959 \| style="text-align:left;"\| "I Want You So Bad"b/w "There Must Be a Reason" \| — \| 20 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="3"\| Try Me! \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "I've Got to Change"b/w "It Hurts to Tell You" \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "It Was You"b/w "Got to Cry" \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Good Good Lovin'"b/w "Don't Let It Happen to Me" (from Try Me!) \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="5"\| Think! \|- \| rowspan="6" \|1960 \| style="text-align:left;"\| "I'll Go Crazy"b/w "I Know It's True" \| — \| 15 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Think" / \| 33 \| 7 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "You've Got the Power" \| — \| 14 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "This Old Heart"b/w "Wonder When You're Coming Home" \| 79 \| 20 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \|- \| colspan="15" style="text-align:left;"\| King releases: \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "The Bells"b/w "And I Do Just What I Want" \| 68 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;"\| The Amazing James Brown \|- \| rowspan="7" \| 1961 \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Hold It"b/w "The Scratch" (from James Brown Presents His Band!/Mighty Instrumentals) \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;"\| James Brown Presents His Band/James Brown Plays James Brown Today & Yesterday \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Bewildered"b/w "If You Want Me" \| 40 \| 8 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;"\| Think! \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "I Don't Mind"b/w "Love Don't Love Nobody" \| 47 \| 4 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;"\| The Amazing James Brown \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Suds"b/w "Sticky" (from Tour the U.S.A.) \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;"\| James Brown Presents His Band/Mighty Instrumentals \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Baby You're Right"b/w "I'll Never, Never Let You Go" \| 49 \| 2 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;"\| Think! \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Just You and Me, Darling"b/w "I Love You, Yes I Do" \| — \| 17 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"\| The Amazing James Brown \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Lost Someone"b/w "Cross Firing" (from Tour the U.S.A.) \| 48 \| 2 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \|- \| rowspan="4" \| 1962 \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Night Train"b/w "Why Does Everything Happen to Me" (a.k.a. "Strange Things Happen", from Try Me!) \| 35 \| 5 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \|` \| style="text-align:left;"\| non-album track/later included on I Got You (I Feel Good) \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Shout and Shimmy"b/w "Come Over Here" \| 61 \| 16 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;"\| Good, Good, Twistin' with James Brown \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Mashed Potatoes U.S.A."b/w "You Don't Have to Go" (from The Amazing James Brown) \| 82 \| 21 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="4"\| James Brown and His Famous Flames Tour the U.S.A. \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Three Hearts in a Tangle"b/w "I've Got Money" \| 93 \| 18 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \|- \| rowspan="6" \| 1963 \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Like a Baby" / \| — \| 24 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Every Beat of My Heart" \| 99 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Prisoner of Love"b/w "Choo Choo" \| 18 \| 6 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;"\| Prisoner of Love \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "These Foolish Things"b/w "(Can You) Feel It Part 1" (from Prisoner Of Love) \| 55 \| 25 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;" \| non-album track (later re-recorded for Hell) \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Signed Sealed and Delivered"b/w "Waiting in Vain" \| 77 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;"\| Prisoner of Love \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "I've Got to Change"b/w "The Bells" (from The Amazing James Brown) \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;"\| Try Me! \|- \| rowspan="7" \| 1964 \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Oh Baby Don't You Weep"—Part 1b/w Part 2 \| 23 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;" \| non-album track/Pure Dynamite! Live at the Royal \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Please, Please, Please" (overdubbed)b/w "In the Wee Wee Hours (Of the Nite)" (from Tour the U.S.A.) \| 95 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;"\| Pure Dynamite! Live at the Royal \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Again"b/w "How Long Darling" \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"\|Prisoner of Love \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "So Long"b/w "Dancin' Little Thing" (from The Amazing James Brown) \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Tell Me What You're Gonna Do"b/w "I Don't Care" (from Tour the U.S.A.) \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;"\|The Amazing James Brown \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Think"b/w "Try Me" (from Prisoner of Love) \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;"\|James Brown Live at the Apollo \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Have Mercy Baby"b/w "Just Won't Do Right" \| 92 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;"\|Good Good Twistin' with James Brown \|- \| colspan="15" style="text-align:left;"\| Smash releases: \|- \| rowspan="3" \| 1964 \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Caldonia"b/w "Evil" \| 95 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"\| Showtime \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "The Things That I Used to Do"b/w "Out of the Blue" \| 99 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Out of Sight"b/w "Maybe the Last Time" \| 24 \| — \| — \| 23 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;"\| Out Of Sight \|- \|rowspan="2"\| 1965 \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf"b/w "Devil's Hideaway"James Brown at the Organ \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \|align="left"\|Grits & Soul \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Try Me"b/w "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag"Instrumental versions: James Brown at the Organ \| 63 \| 34 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;"\| James Brown Plays James Brown - Today & Yesterday \|- \| rowspan="3"\|1966 \| style="text-align:left;"\| "New Breed" (Part I)b/w Part II \| — \| — \| — \| 99 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"\|James Brown Plays New Breed \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "James Brown's Boo-Ga-Loo"b/w "Lost in a Mood of Changes" \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Let's Go Get Stoned"b/w "Our Day Will Come" \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;"\|Handful Of Soul \|- \| 1967 \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Jimmy Mack"b/w "What Do You Like"James Brown at the Organ \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;"\|James Brown Plays the Real Thing \|- \| colspan="15" style="text-align:left;"\| King releases: \|- \| rowspan="5" \| 1965 \| style="text-align:left;"\| "This Old Heart"b/w "It Was You" (from Try Me!) \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;" \|Think! \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Papa's Got a Brand New Bag"—Part 1b/w Part 2 \| 8 \| 1 \| — \| 6 \| — \| — \| 16 \| 25 \| \| style="text-align:left;"\| non-album track/re-recorded for Soul on Top \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "I Got You (I Feel Good)"b/w "I Can't Help It (I Just Do-Do-Do)" \| 3 \| 1 \| — \| 35 \| — \| — \| — \| 29 \| \| style="text-align:left;"\| non-album track/I Got You (I Feel Good) (original version on Out of Sight) \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Lost Someone" (Live) / \| 94 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"\| James Brown Live at the Apollo \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "I'll Go Crazy" (Live) \| 73 \| 28 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \|- \| rowspan="9" \| 1966 \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Ain't That a Groove"—Parts 1 & 2 \| 42 \| 6 \| — \| 46 \| — \| — \| — \| 51 \| \| style="text-align:left;" \| It's a Man's Man's Man's World \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Come Over Here"b/w "Tell Me What You're Gonna Do" (from Good Good Twistin' with James Brown) \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;"\| The Amazing James Brown \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "It's a Man's Man's Man's World"b/w "Is It Yes or Is It No?" \| 8 \| 1 \| 14 \| 25 \| — \| 33 \| — \| 13 \| \| style="text-align:left;"\| non-album track/re-recorded for Soul on Top \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "How Long Darling"b/w "This Old Heart" (from Think!) \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;"\|Prisoner of Love \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Money Won't Change You"—Part 1b/w Part 2 \| 53 \| 16 \| — \| 52 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"\| James Brown Sings Raw Soul \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Don't Be a Drop-Out"b/w "Tell Me That You Love Me" \| 50 \| 4 \| — \| 35 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "The Christmas Song"—Version 1b/w Version 2 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="3"\| James Brown Sings Christmas Songs \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Sweet Little Baby Boy"—Part 1b/w Part 2 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Let's Make This Christmas Mean Something This Year"—Part 1b/w Part 2 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \|- \| rowspan="11" \| 1967 \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Bring It Up"b/w "Nobody Knows" \| 29 \| 7 \| — \| — \| — \| 47 \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;"\| James Brown Sings Raw Soul \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Kansas City"b/w "Stone Fox" (from James Brown Sings Raw Soul) \| 55 \| 21 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"\| Live at the Apollo, Volume II \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Think" (with Vicki Anderson)B-side by Vicki Anderson: "Nobody Cares" \| 100 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Let Yourself Go"b/w "Good Rockin' Tonight" (from Cold Sweat) \| 46 \| 5 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;"\| James Brown Sings Raw Soul \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "I Loves You Porgy"b/w "Yours and Mine" (from James Brown Sings Raw Soul) \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="3"\| Cold Sweat \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Mona Lisa""It Won't Be Me" (from I Got the Feelin) \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Cold Sweat"—Part 1b/w Part 2 \| 7 \| 1 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Get It Together"—Part 1b/w Part 2 \| 40 \| 11 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="5"\| I Can't Stand Myself When You Touch Me \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "The Soul of J.B."b/w "Funky Soul #1" \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "I Can't Stand Myself (When You Touch Me)" / \| 28 \| 4 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "There Was a Time" \| 36 \| 3 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \|- \| rowspan="8" \| 1968 \| style="text-align:left;"\| "You've Got to Change Your Mind" (with Bobby Byrd)B-side by Bobby Byrd: "I'll Lose My Mind" \| — \| 47 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "I Got the Feelin'"b/w "If I Ruled the World" \| 6 \| 1 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;"\| I Got the Feelin''' \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Licking Stick – Licking Stick"—Part 1b/w Part 2 \| 14 \| 2 \| — \| 31 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;"\| Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud\|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "America Is My Home"—Part 1b/w Part 2 \| 52 \| 13 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \|align="left"\|non-album tracks \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "I Guess I'll Have to Cry, Cry, Cry"<small>b/w "Just Plain Funk" (from I Got the Feelin')</small> \| 55 \| 15 \| — \| 52 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="3"\| Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud\|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud"—Part 1b/w Part 2 \| 10 \| 1 \| — \| 47 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Goodbye My Love"b/w "Shades of Brown" \| 31 \| 9 \| — \| 39 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Tit for Tat (Ain't No Taking Back)"b/w "Believers Shall Enjoy (Non-Believers Shall Suffer)" \| 86 \| — \| — \| 58 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;"\| A Soulful Christmas\|- \| rowspan="10" \| 1969 \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Give It Up or Turnit a Loose"b/w "I'll Lose My Mind" (from Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud) \| 15 \| 1 \| — \| 45 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;"\| non-album track released as an instrumental on Ain't It Funky \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Soul Pride"—Part 1b/w Part 2 \| — \| 33 \| — \| 100 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;"\| The Popcorn\|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "I Don't Want Nobody to Give Me Nothing(Open Up the Door, I'll Get It Myself)"—Part 1b/w Part 2 \| 20 \| 3 \| — \| 51 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \|align="left"\|non-album tracks \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "The Popcorn"b/w "The Chicken" \| 30 \| 11 \| — \| 46 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;"\| The Popcorn\|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Mother Popcorn (You've Got to Have a Mother for Me)"—Part 1b/w Part 2 \| 11 \| 1 \| — \| 16 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;"\| It's a Mother\|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Lowdown Popcorn"b/w "Top of the Stack" (from It's A Mother) \| 41 \| 16 \| — \| 49 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;"\| Sex Machine\|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "World"—Part 1b/w Part 2 \| 37 \| 8 \| — \| 52 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="3"\| It's a New Day – Let a Man Come In\|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Let a Man Come In and Do the Popcorn"—Part 1b/w "Sometime" (from Super Bad) \| 21 \| 2 \| — \| 69 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Let a Man Come In and Do the Popcorn"—Part 2b/w "Gittin' a Little Hipper"—Part 2 (non-album track; instrumental version of "Get It Together") \| 40 \| 6 \| — \| 55 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Ain't It Funky Now"—Part 1b/w Part 2 \| 24 \| 3 \| — \| 64 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;"\| Ain't It Funky\|- \| rowspan="7" \| 1970 \| style="text-align:left;"\| "It's a New Day"—Parts 1 & 2b/w "Georgia on My Mind" \| 32 \| 3 \| — \| 51 \| 34 \| 31 \| 76 \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;"\| It's a New Day – Let a Man Come In\|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Funky Drummer"—Part 1b/w Part 2 \| 51 \| 20 \| — \| 41 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;"\| non-album tracks \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Brother Rapp"—Parts 1 & 2b/w "Bewildered" (new version; non-album track) \| 32 \| 2 \| — \| 62 \| — \| — \| 79 \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;" \|Slaughter's Big Rip-Off\|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Get Up (I Feel Like Being A) Sex Machine"—Part 1b/w Part 2 \| 15 \| 2 \| 4 \| — \| 29 \| — \| 7 \| 32 \| \| style="text-align:left;"\| non-album track \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Super Bad"—Parts 1 & 2b/w Part 3 \| 13 \| 1 \| — \| — \| 48 \| 56 \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;"\| Super Bad\|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Santa Claus Is Definitely Here to Stay"b/w Instrumental Sing-Along version of A-side \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;"\| Hey America\|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Get Up, Get into It, Get Involved"—Part 1b/w Part 2 \| 34 \| 4 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \| style="text-align:left;"\| non-album tracks \|- \| rowspan="3" \| 1971 \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Spinning Wheel"—Part 1 (live)b/w Part 2 (live) \| 90 \| 79 \| 89 \| 50 \| 78 \| 10 \| 53 \| 33 \| \| style="text-align:left;"\| Sex Machine\|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "Soul Power"—Part 1b/w Parts 2 & 3 \| 29 \| 3 \| 92 \| 67 \| 47 \| — \| — \| 24 \| \| style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2" \| non-album tracks \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| "I Cried"b/w "World"(from It's A New Day - Let A Man Come In)—Part 2 \| 50 \| 15 \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| \|- \| colspan="15" style="font-size:90%"\| "—" denotes items that did not chart or were not released in that territory. Note: All singles from (1956) "Please, Please, Please" through to (1968) "I Guess I'll Have to Cry, Cry, Cry" credited as James Brown and The Famous Flames \|- \|} 1971–1981 1983–present Billboard Year-End performances Home video and film releases Hard Hits (1994; VHS only) Live at The House of Blues (1999) James Brown: Soul Survivor (2004) Live in Montreux 1981 (2005) The Night James Brown Saved Boston (2008) I Got the Feelin': James Brown in the '60s (2008; 3-DVD set featuring The Night James Brown Saved Boston, Live at the Boston Garden 1968, and Live at the Apollo '68) Live at the Boston Garden: April 5, 1968'' (2009) Other appearances See also The J.B.'s Notes References External links James Brown discography at Funky Stuff [ James Brown discography] at Allmusic James Brown discography at Discogs Complete James Brown UK singles discography at 45cat Discography Discographies of American artists Pop music discographies Rhythm and blues discographies Rock music discographies Funk music discographies	wiki
Sailing Away may refer to: "Sailing Away" (All of Us song) "Sailing Away", a song by Chris de Burgh from Flying Colours See also Sail Away (disambiguation) Come Sail Away	wiki
Introduction In the oil industry, mud weight is the density of the drilling fluid and is normally measured in pounds per gallon (lb/gal) (ppg) or pound cubic feet (pcf) . In the field it is measured using a mud scale or mud balance. Mud can weigh up to 22 or 23 ppg. A gallon of water typically weighs 8.33 pounds (or 7.48 ppg). In conventional drilling fluids, barite is used to increase the density. Although other additives such as halite (salt) or calcium carbonate can also be used. Mud weight can be decreased by dilution or solids control equipment such as an industrial centrifuge, desilter, desander and shale shaker . Mud weight use to control the trapped fluids or gas in the formations by adding a hydro static pressure on them, increasing the mud weight = increasing the hydro static pressure. If the hydro static pressure increased over the formations pressure that will make a fracture in the formation leading to lose the mud to the formation, so adding loss circulation material like gel-flake or wood chips that can refill the gap and stop the mud loss. If the mud loss continues, then the hydro static pressure will decrease and flammable fluids and gas trapped under pressure will start leaking to the surface. This can lead to a potential blowout. References Drilling fluid	wiki
Dragster may refer to: Dragster (car), a drag racing term referring to a lengthy, open-wheeled vehicle Dragster (video game), a video game released in 1980 Top Thrill Dragster, a roller coaster at Cedar Point that is commonly called the Dragster Dragster, another name for a wheelie bike	wiki
TNF receptor associated factors (TRAFs) are a family of proteins primarily involved in the regulation of inflammation, antiviral responses and apoptosis. Currently, seven TRAF proteins have been characterized in mammals: TRAF1, TRAF2, TRAF3, TRAF4, TRAF5, TRAF6 and TRAF7. Except for TRAF7, these proteins share a relatively conserved secondary structure, including a namesake C-terminal TRAF domain that mediates interactions with other signaling components such as the transmembrane TNF receptors and CD40. See also Tumor necrosis factors References External links TNF receptor family	wiki
Quebec English encompasses the English dialects (both native and non-native) of the predominantly French-speaking Canadian province of Quebec. There are few distinctive phonological features and very few restricted lexical features common among English-speaking Quebecers. The native English speakers in Quebec generally align to Standard Canadian English, one of the largest and most relatively homogeneous dialects in North America. This standard English accent is common in Montreal, where the vast majority of Quebec's native English speakers live. English-speaking Montrealers have, however, established ethnic groups that retain certain lexical features: Irish, Jewish, Italian, and Greek communities that all speak discernible varieties of English. Isolated fishing villages on the Basse-Côte-Nord of Quebec speak Newfoundland English, and many Gaspesian English-speakers use Maritime English. Francophone speakers of Quebec (including Montreal) also have their own second-language English that incorporates French accent features, vocabulary, etc. Finally, the Kahnawake Mohawks of south shore Montreal and the Cree and Inuit of Northern Quebec speak English with their own distinctive accents, usage, and expressions from their indigenous languages. Quebec Anglophone English The following are native-English (anglophone) phenomena unique to Quebec, particularly studied in Montreal English and spoken by the Quebec Anglophone minority in the Montreal area. Before the 1970s, minority-language English had the status of a co-official language in Quebec. Phonology Anglophone Montreal speaks Standard Canadian English, which has the Canadian Vowel Shift and Canadian raising, with some additional features: Resistance to the merry–marry merger: unlike the rest of typical North American English, Montreal English tends to maintain the distinction in words like Mary/merry versus marry, perish versus parish, and Erin versus Aaron. The vowels remain, as in traditional East-Coast American English and often British English, and , respectively. The vowel is relatively backed. The "short a" or vowel is not raised before as elsewhere in Canada, but it is raised somewhat before for ethnic British and Irish Montrealers. Among other ethnicities, such as Jewish Montrealers, there may be no raising of the vowel in any context. The following vowel sounds are linguistically-conservative: the sets of vowels represented by the words (back and monophthongal), (monophthongal), and (back). Vocabulary Quebec English is heavily influenced by English and French. The phrases / words below show the variation of meaning in the Quebec English dialect. Delay: an amount of time given before a deadline. "I was given a delay of 2 weeks before my project was due". An Animator: is not an artist but is someone who meets and entertains children. A sweet carbonated beverage is commonly referred to as a "pop" in many parts of Canada, but in Montreal, it is a "soda" or "soft drink." A straight translation of the French "liqueur douce". A Formation - this word in English would normally mean a routine stance used in a professional formation. (i.e. The men stood in formation). In Quebec a Formation is a reference to an education. A Pass - this phrase originates from Italian speakers, the word "Pass" is often used in phrases such as "I am going to pass by a friend on the way to the movies". The phrase is comparatively used when you are already completing one action but can squeeze in another action on the way to your destination. In standard English, the phrase "Your bus will pass in 2 minutes" would mean that you are about to miss your bus or that you have already missed your bus. Alternatively in Montreal the phrase "Pass" can also mean to arrive or stop as a way to show that the action will happen in a relatively short time frame. Example: "Your bus will pass in 2 minutes". Locations within the city are also commonly described using syntax borrowed from French. If a building is at the corner of St. Catherine and Peel streets in downtown Montreal, it may be described as being “on Saint Catherine, corner Peel.” This is parallel to the French expression, “Ste. Catherine, coin Peel,” or “angle Peel.” French-language toponyms English-speakers commonly use French-language toponyms and official names for local institutions and organizations with no official English names. The names are pronounced as in French, especially in broadcast media. Examples include the Régie du logement, the Collège de Maisonneuve, Québec Solidaire, the Parti québécois, Hochelaga-Maisonneuve, and Trois-Rivières. English toponyms in place of French (nonstandard when written): Older generations of English-speaking Montrealers are more likely to informally use traditional English toponyms that vary from official, French-language toponyms. In a notable generational distinction, it is uncommon among younger English-speaking Quebecers. Examples include Pine Avenue, Park Avenue, Mountain Street, Dorchester Blvd., St. James Street – often used without St., Blvd., Ave., Rd., etc. (names for the designations "avenue des Pins", "av. du Parc", "rue de la Montagne", "boulevard René-Lévesque", "rue St-Jacques"; the English-language official designations have reputedly been revoked, but evidence for that is difficult to find); Guy and Saint Catherine Streets; Town of Mount Royal, as it was chartered, and the charter has not been revoked; and Pointe Claire (pronounced or with English T and R and typography, instead of official "Pointe-Claire" with the French accent). French loanwords The use of a limited number of Quebec French terms for everyday place nouns (and occasional items) that have English equivalents; all of them are pronounced with English pronunciations or have undergone English clippings or abbreviations and so are regarded as ordinary English terms by Quebecers. At times, some of them tend to be preceded by the in contexts in which they would normally have a/an. autoroute instead of expressway branché instead of trendy (colloquial) chansonnier instead of songwriter chez nous instead of "[at] our place" the dep – instead of corner, variety, or convenience store; from dépanneur coordinates instead of contact information fonctionnaire or instead of civil servant formation instead of training the gallery – instead of balcony the guichet – instead of bank machine, even when all ATMs are labelled "ATM"; malaise - instead of malady or ailment marché – market the métro (or metro) instead of the subway, referring to rapid transit in urban areas; from the French chemin de fer métropolitain; metro is used outside Canada, though, as in the Washington Metro nappe – a tablecloth poutine – French fries with gravy and cheddar cheese curds primary one, two, three, in contrast to Canadian English grade one, two, three etc. resto – restaurant the SAQ – the official name of the government-run monopoly liquor stores (pronounced "ess-ay-cue" or "sack"), the Société des alcools du Québec. That usage is similar to that in other provinces, like in neighbouring Ontario, where LCBO liquor stores are referred to as the "lick-bo" (for Liquor Control Board of Ontario). secondary one, two, three, in contrast to Canadian English grade seven, eight, nine etc. stage – apprenticeship or internship, pronounced as subvention – government grant or subsidy. The word exists in both French and English, but it is rarely heard in Canadian English outside Quebec. terrasse – the French pronunciation and spelling of the translation for 'terrace' is common among anglophones in casual speech and is considered acceptable in semiformal expression such as journalism. undertaking – business or enterprise Pronunciation of French names The pronunciation of French-language first and last names that uses mostly-French sounds may be mispronounced by speakers of other languages. For example, the pronounced "r" sound and the silent "d" of "Bouchard" may be both pronounced: . French-speakers and Quebec English-speakers are more likely to vary such pronunciations, depending on the manner in which they adopt an English phonological framework. That includes names like Mario Lemieux, Marie-Claire Blais, Jean Charest, Jean Chrétien, Robert Charlebois, and Céline Dion. Quebec Francophone English Francophone second-language speakers of English use an interlanguage with varying degrees, ranging from French-accented pronunciation to Quebec Anglophone English pronunciation. High-frequency second-language phenomena by francophones, allophones, and other non-native-speakers occur in the most basic structures of English, both in and outside of Quebec. Commonly called "Frenglish" or "franglais", such phenomena are a product of interlanguage, calques, or mistranslation and thus may not constitute so-called "Quebec English" to the extent that they can be conceived of separately, particularly since such phenomena are similar for Francophone-speakers of English throughout the world, which leaves little to be specific to Quebec. Phonology Francophones speaking English often pronounce / instead of /, and some also pronounce for the phoneme , and some mispronounce some words, some pronounce a full vowel instead of a schwa, such as for message. Since French-speakers greatly outnumber English-speakers in most regions of Quebec, it is more common to hear French in public. Some Anglophones in overwhelmingly-Francophone areas use some of the features (especially the replacement of and by [t] and [d]), but their English is remarkably similar to that of other varieties of English in Canada (Poplack, Walker, & Malcolmson 2006 ). Other speakers There is also a pronunciation (NP) of the phoneme as /n/ + /ɡ/ (among some Italian Montrealers) or /n/ + /k/ (among some Jewish Montrealers, especially those who grew up speaking Yiddish), such as by high degrees of ethnic connectivity within, for instance, municipalities, boroughs, or neighbourhoods on Montreal Island, such as Saint-Léonard and Outremont/Côte-des-Neiges/Côte Saint-Luc. Such phenomena occur as well in other diaspora areas such as New York City. Vocabulary and grammar janitor – building superintendent. country house – cottage (vacation home). The use of French collocations (NS): Close the TV – Turn/shut off the TV. Close the door. – Lock the door. Open the light. – Turn on the lights. Close the light. – Turn off the lights. Take a decision. – Make a decision. (NB "Take" is the older British version. Compare French Prends/Prenez une décision) Put your coat. – Put your coat on (from French Mets ton manteau/Mettez votre manteau). Pass someone money. – Lend someone money. Pass the vacuum. – Run the vacuum (or do the vacuuming) The use of French grammar (NS): Many of these constructions are grammatically correct but only out of context. It is both the calquing and linguistic transfer from French and the betrayed meanings that make these sentences foreign to English. He speak/talk to me yesterday. – He spoke/talked to me yesterday. (verb tense) Me, I work in Laval. – I work in Laval. (vocal stress on "I". From French Moi, je travaille à Laval.) It/He have many books. – There are many books. (from French il y a meaning "there is/are") I like the beef and the red wine. – I like beef and red wine. (overuse of definite article to mean "in general". From French J'aime le bœuf et le vin rouge.) You speak French? – Do you speak French? (absence of auxiliary verb; otherwise it means surprise, disbelief or disappointment when out of context) We were/are four. – There were/are four of us. (from French "nous sommes" and "nous étions") We're Tuesday – It's Tuesday. (from French "nous sommes") I don't find my keys. – I can’t find my keys. (lack of English modal auxiliary verb) At this moment I wash the dishes. – I’m washing the dishes right now. (verbal aspect) I can't join you at this moment because I eat. – I can't join you right now because I'm eating. (verbal aspect) My computer, he don’t work. – My computer won’t work. (human pronoun, subject repetition, uninflected auxiliary verb) I would like a brownies. – Could I have a brownie? (plural –s thought to be part of the singular word in relexification process; other examples: "a Q-tips", "a pins", "a buns", "a Smarties", "a Doritos", etc.) I would like shrimps with broccolis. – Could I have some shrimp and broccoli? (use of regular plural instead of English unmarked plural or non-count noun; this is not a case of hypercorrection but of language transfer). Do you want to wash the dishes? – Will/would you wash the dishes? (lack of English modal verb; modal vouloir from French instead – Voulez-vous faire la vaisselle?) We have to go in by downstairs – We have to go in downstairs (via the non-standard French 'entrer par') You're going to broke it! – You're going to break it! (mixing of homonymic French tenses; "cassé", past, versus "casser", infinitive) False cognates or faux-amis (NS): This practice is quite common, so much so that those who use them abundantly insist that the false cognate is the English term even outside of Quebec. Note that these French words are all pronounced using English sounds and harbour French meanings. While the possibilities are truly endless, this list provides only the most insidious false cognates found in Quebec. a stage – an internship (pronounced as in French, from the French word for internship, "un stage".) Cégep (cégep; collégial, cégepien) – the acronym of the public college network preceding university in Quebec. Chinese pâté or – shepherd's pie (pâté chinois; Quebeckers' pâté chinois is similar to shepherd's-pie dishes associated with other cultures) a cold plate – some cold-cuts (reversed gallicism – assiette de viandes froides) coordinates – for address, phone number, e-mail, etc. (a) salad – (a head of) lettuce a subvention – a (government) grant a parking – a parking lot/space a location – a rental a good placement – a good location That's it. – That is correct. (from C'est ça.) all-dressed pizza – a deluxe pizza with pepperoni, mushrooms and green peppers (from pizza toute garnie.) soup, two times – two soups, or two orders of soup (from "deux fois.") Few anglophone Quebeckers use French grammar or false cognates, but many use French collocations and most understand such high-frequency words and expressions. Some of these cognates are used by many francophones, and others by many allophones and anglophone accultured in allophone environments, of varying English proficiencies, from the bare-minimum level to native-speaker level. See also English-speaking Quebecer Quebec French Canadian English Franglais References Canadian English Dialects of English English language in Canada Languages of Canada	wiki
HMCS Moose was an armed yacht of the Royal Canadian Navy during World War II. The vessel, originally the yacht Cleopatra constructed in 1930 in Massachusetts, was acquired for port defence in 1940. Following the war, Moose was sold into private ownership and reconverted to a pleasure yacht. Still in service, the vessel has been named Fraternité, Ottelia, Shogun, Naroma, Eretria, Candida A and as of 2019, Uthingo. Description In Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) service, Moose had a displacement of , was long with a beam o f and a draught of . They vessel had a maximum speed of and a complement of 5 officers and 35 ratings. The ship was armed with one QF 12-pounder 12 cwt naval gun forward and depth charge racks. As of 2019, the yacht Uhtingo, which was refitted in 2001, is measured at and . The yacht is long overall and between perpendiculars with a beam and a maximum draught of . The vessel is propelled by two propellers powered by two General Motors 16V 71N diesel engines rated at a combined with a maximum speed of and a range of at . Uhtingos deck is teak and the yacht requires a crew of 7 and has space for 11 guests. Service history The yacht was constructed by George Lawley & Sons at their yard in Neponset, Massachusetts in 1930. Named Cleopatra, the vessel was ordered for A. C. Murphy of New York. With the onset of World War II in 1939, the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) intended to augment the local sea defences of coastal ports. The Royal Canadian Navy sought large, steel-hulled yachts to requisition. However, a significant lack of capable vessels were owned by Canadians. Canada turned to its southern neighbour for suitable ships, finding several that met the navy's requirements. However, US neutrality laws prevented their sale to belligerents in the war. In order to circumvent these laws, the RCN requisitioned the yachts of prominent Canadian yachtsmen and then sent them to the US to purchase the yachts that had been identified by the navy without the US government knowing they were working for the navy. The money to acquire the vessels was provided by the Canadian government through bank loans. Ralph P. Bell was a shipping operator, owner of several offshore companies and past secretary of the Halifax Relief Commission along with being a member of the Royal Nova Scotia Yacht Club. Bell was among those selected by the RCN to be sent south to acquire new yachts. Bell was directed to purchase Cleopatra and dealt with yacht brokers in New York City to acquire the vessel. The yacht sailed from Halifax, Nova Scotia on 3 June 1940 along with for conversion to an armed yacht at Quebec City, Quebec. Conversion to an armed yacht involved removing most of the luxurious finery and installing naval hardware. On top of the installation of armament, Moose required further alterations, including the fitting of bilge keels to improve stability and modifying the stern, to accommodate the depth charge rails. The ship was commissioned into the RCN on 8 September at Quebec City and was then assigned to the Halifax Local Defence Force. Moose remained with this unit until May 1942, when the yacht was reassigned to Sydney, Nova Scotia. The main gun was removed due to a lack of surface threat for Allied merchant shipping in the region, but the depth charges were kept. In May 1943, Moose was taken off frontline service and sent to the training establishment and used as a training ship and examination vessel. Additionally, the armed yachts stationed at Cornwallis would escort the ferry Princess Helen on run between Saint John, New Brunswick and Digby, Nova Scotia after the sinking of the ferry . Moose was paid off on 20 July 1945. In 1946, the ship was sold to Marine Industries Ltd. and was renamed Fraternité. The vessel was reconverted into a pleasure yacht for Joseph Simard, president of Marine Industries. In 1956, the ship was sold to W. E. Pennick of New Orleans, Louisiana and renamed Ottelia. Ottelias ownership was then transferred to A. H. Schaupeter who utilised the yacht in the Gulf of Mexico until 1974. That year, Schaupeter sold the vessel to the Gibraltar firm, Green Seas. Ottelia was re-registered to Southampton, England and home ported in Monaco. The yacht, still in service, has seen several further ownership and name changes, including Shogun, Naroma, Eretria, Candida A and Uthingo. Citations References Armed yachts of the Royal Canadian Navy 1930 ships	wiki
The Tyne Bridge Tower was a tower block that stood at the foot of the Tyne Bridge on the Gateshead side of the River Tyne, near the medieval St Mary's Church and the Sage Centre. It was constructed in the 1960s. The 13-floor building was used by the Inland Revenue until June 2005, after which it stood empty until its demolition in March 2011. The demolition was funded by One North East, a regional development agency. Total cost was just over £500,000. External links Tyne Bridge Tower to be sold off Tyne Bridge Tower comes down Fire during demolition References Buildings and structures in Gateshead Buildings and structures demolished in 2011 Demolished buildings and structures in England	wiki
A mud balance, also known as a mud scale is a device used to measure the density (weight) of drilling fluid, cement or any type of liquid or slurry. Description and operation It consists of a graduated beam with a bubble level and a weight slider along its length and a cup with a lid on one end. The cup is used to hold a fixed amount of fluid so it can be weighed. A slider-weight can be moved along the beam, and a bubble indicates when the beam is level. Density is read at the point where the slider-weight sits on the beam at level. Calibration is done using a liquid of known density (often fresh water) by adjusting the counter weight. Typical balances are not pressurized, but a pressurized mud balance operates in the same manner. Reason for use There is no reliable visual method of determining the density of drilling mud; the mud balance is the most reliable and simple way of making the determination. References Drilling fluid	wiki
The Colorado River is an approximately long river in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the 18th longest river in the United States and the longest river with both its source and its mouth within Texas. Its drainage basin and some of its usually dry tributaries extend into New Mexico. It flows generally southeast from Dawson County through Ballinger, Marble Falls, Lago Vista, Austin, Bastrop, Smithville, La Grange, Columbus, Wharton, and Bay City, before emptying into the Gulf of Mexico at Matagorda Bay. Course The Colorado River originates south of Lubbock, on the Llano Estacado near Lamesa. It flows generally southeast out of the Llano Estacado and through the Texas Hill Country, then through several reservoirs including Lake J.B. Thomas, E.V. Spence Reservoir, and O.H. Ivie Lake. The river flows through several more reservoirs before reaching Austin, including Lake Buchanan, Inks Lake, Lake Lyndon B. Johnson (commonly referred to as Lake LBJ), and Lake Travis. The Llano River joins the Colorado at Lake LBJ near Kingsland, and the Pedernales River joins at Lake Travis near Briarcliff. After passing through Austin, the Colorado River continues flowing southeast until emptying into Matagorda Bay on the Gulf of Mexico, near Matagorda. History The Colorado River, which means 'red' or 'reddish' river in Spanish, was frequently confused by Spanish explorers with the Brazos River to the north. The European discoverer of these two neighboring rivers called the present Colorado River the , and called the present Brazos the Colorado River. The two names would later be reversed. The upper Colorado River was controlled by Comanches from the early 18th century to the late 19th century. In 1757, Spanish Texas attempted to establish an outlying Catholic mission (Mission Santa Cruz de San Sabá) on the San Saba River, near its confluence with the Colorado River. Nearly defenseless and viewed by the Comanche tribe as a territorial invasion, the mission was sacked in 1758 by about 2,000 Comanches and their allies. The Comanche were not effectively challenged on the upper Colorado River for nearly a century. River modifications The river is an important source of water for farming, cities, and electrical power production. Major man-made reservoirs on the river include Lake Buchanan, Inks Lake, Lake LBJ, Lake Marble Falls, Lake Travis, Lake Austin, Town Lake now called Lady Bird Lake in Austin. Collectively, these lakes are known as the Highland Lakes. In addition to power plants operating on each of the major lakes, waters of the Colorado are used for cooling the South Texas Nuclear Project near Bay City. The Colorado River Municipal Water District owns and operates three reservoirs upstream of the Highland Lakes: Lake J. B. Thomas near Snyder, E.V. Spence Reservoir near Robert Lee, and O.H. Ivie Lake near Ballinger. Flood control and use of the Colorado River is managed by two agencies established by the Texas Legislature: the Upper Colorado River Authority and the Lower Colorado River Authority. There are 11 major reservoirs along the Colorado River. Major tributaries The Colorado River is joined by five significant tributaries: the Concho River, Pecan Bayou, the Llano River, the San Saba River and the Pedernales River. Beals Creek is also a tributary fed by arroyos such as the Sulphur Springs Draw, the Johnson Draw, and the McKenzie, Seminole, Monument, Mustang, and Midland draws. Gallery See also Colorado City, Texas List of crossings of the Colorado River (Texas) List of rivers of Texas List of tributaries of the Colorado River (Texas) Matagorda Bay—the river's mouth Texas Hill Country References External links Upper Colorado River Authority Lower Colorado River Authority Rivers of Texas Drainage basins of the Gulf of Mexico Llano Estacado Texas Hill Country Rivers of Dawson County, Texas Rivers of Matagorda County, Texas Rivers of Borden County, Texas Rivers of Scurry County, Texas Rivers of Mitchell County, Texas Rivers of Coke County, Texas Rivers of Runnels County, Texas Rivers of Coleman County, Texas Rivers of Concho County, Texas Rivers of McCulloch County, Texas Rivers of Brown County, Texas Rivers of San Saba County, Texas Rivers of Mills County, Texas Rivers of Lampasas County, Texas Rivers of Burnet County, Texas Rivers of Travis County, Texas Rivers of Bastrop County, Texas Rivers of Fayette County, Texas Rivers of Colorado County, Texas Rivers of Wharton County, Texas	wiki
Open circuit may refer to: Open-circuit scuba, a type of SCUBA-diving equipment where the user breathes from the set and then exhales to the surroundings without recycling the exhaled air Open-circuit test, a method used in electrical engineering to determine the impedance in the excitation branch of a real transformer Open-circuit voltage, the difference of electrical potential between two terminals of a device when there is no external load connected An electrical circuit is an "open circuit" if it lacks a complete path between the terminals of its power source See also Closed-circuit (disambiguation) Short circuit (disambiguation) Open system (disambiguation)	wiki
Rampage 2 may refer to: Rampage 2: Universal Tour, a 1999 video game Rampage: Capital Punishment, the sequel to the Uwe Boll film Rampage	wiki
Real-time describes various operations or processes that respond to inputs reliably within a specified time interval. Real-time, realtime, or real time may also refer to: Companies Realtime Associates, an American video game developer Realtime Games Software, a defunct British video game developer Realtime Gaming, a company that develops gambling software Realtime Worlds, a Scottish game developer Film, television and radio Real time (media), a method where events are portrayed at the same rate at which the characters experience them Real Time (Doctor Who), a webcast Real Time (film), a 2008 film RealTime (radio show), a radio show on CBC 2 Real Time (Italy), an Italian television channel Real Time with Bill Maher, a talk show on HBO Music Real Time (The Jazztet album), 1986, by the Art Farmer/Benny Golson Jazztet Real Time (Steam album), 1996 Real Time (Van der Graaf Generator album), 2007 Realtime (C:Real album), 1997 Realtime (Shapeshifter album), 2001 Realtime (quartet), a barbershop quartet Literature Real Time (2004), a novel by Pnina Moed Kass RealTime, an Australian arts magazine Art Real Time (art series), a series of clocks by Maarten Baas See also On the fly, a phrase used to describe something that is being changed while it is ongoing	wiki
Egg tong sui is a classic tong sui (sweet soup) within Cantonese cuisine, essentially a sweet version of egg drop soup. It is considered a more traditional and home-style dish in China, since it is rarely if ever served at any restaurants. Preparation The soup recipe is simple as it only requires the boiling of water, chicken eggs, and sugar. The eggs are usually cracked open with the yolk and egg whites poured right in without any pre-mixing. It is always served hot. See also Tong sui List of Chinese soups List of soups Chinese soups Chinese desserts	wiki
In 1953, formula EQ-53, for an emulsifiable DDT concentrate for use in homes and commercial laundries to mothproof washable woolens, was released to the public by the United States Department of Agriculture "after four years of experimentation". The concentrate contained 25% DDT, 1% non-ionic detergent emulsifier, and 65% aromatic hydrocarbon solvent. References Insecticides	wiki
Wise men or wise man may refer to: Biblical Magi, who follow the Star of Bethlehem in the New Testament Sage (philosophy), a person who attained wisdom Sanxing (deities), personified deities of good fortune, prosperity, and longevity in Chinese Buddhism and Taoism The Wise Men (book), 1986 book about American foreign policy elders during the Cold War Wise Men (Nadler novel), 2013 novel by Stuart Nadler Wise Men of Gotham, early name for the people of Gotham, Nottinghamshire Wisemen (rap group), American hip-hop collective "Wisemen", 2005 pop rock song by Thelma Perez and Mark Anthony Rubion XB See also Three Wise Men (disambiguation) Wise guy (disambiguation) Wiseman (disambiguation)	wiki
General Bloomfield may refer to: Benjamin Bloomfield, 1st Baron Bloomfield (1768–1846), British Army lieutenant general Henry Bloomfield (politician) (c. 1798–1870), British Army lieutenant general John Bloomfield (British Army officer) (c. 1793–1880), British Army general Joseph Bloomfield (1753–1823), U.S. Army brigadier general See also Thomas Blomefield (1744–1822), British Army major general Charles James Blomfield (Indian Army officer) (1855–1928), British Indian Army major general Valentine Blomfield (1898–1980), British Army major general	wiki
Принцип найменшої дії (фізика)	wiki
Estimated pore pressure, as used in the oil industry and mud logging, is an approximation of the amount of force that is being exerted into the borehole by fluids or gases within the formation that has been penetrated. In the oil industry, estimated pore pressure is measured in pounds per square inch (psi), but is converted to equivalent mud weight and measured in pounds per gallon (lb/gal) to more easily determine the amount of mud weight required to prevent the fluid or gas from escaping and causing a blowout or wellbore failure. References Petroleum engineering Oilfield terminology	wiki
Path of Destruction (film), een televisiefilm uit 2005. Path of Destruction (Thunderbirds), een aflevering van de televisieserie Thunderbirds. Star Wars: Darth Bane: Path of Destruction, een Star Wars roman.	wiki
Rize–Artvin Airport () is an airport off the coast of in Rize Province, northeastern Türkiye. Overview It opened for commercial business on 14 May 2022, with Turkish Airlines, soon followed on the same day with AnadoluJet. On 3 July 2022, Pegasus Airlines also began operating to the airport. The airport is situated off the coast of Yeşilköy village in Pazar district of Rize Province. It is east of Rize and about west of Artvin. It was constructed on ground obtained through filling a part of the Black Sea shore by rocks brought from nearby quarries in Merdivenli, Hisarlı, Kanlımezra and Kuzeyce. To fill the up to -deep sea, at least 85 million tons of rock is required. The airport building covers an area of , and the runway is long at width parallel to seashore. The construction works began with groundbreaking in 2017. It is the country's second airport of its sort following Ordu–Giresun Airport. It is expected that the airport will serve about two million passengers annually. The construction cost was budgeted to 750 million (approx. US$206 million). Airlines and destinations Geography and Transport Airport is close to Yeşilköy, Sivrikale, Sulak, Hisarlı, Subaşı, Darılı, Aktaş, Akmescit, Balıkçı, Aktepe, Alçılı, Merdivenli, Güney, Kesikköprü, Örnek, Kuzayca, Tütüncüler, Yemişli, Hasköy, Topluca, Tektaş, Sahilköy, Şendere, Kemerköy, Elmalık, Papatya, Boğazlı, Sessizdere, Derebaşı, Yücehisar, Irmakköy, Kestanelik, Hamidiye, Çınartepe, Zafer, Dernek, Sivritepe, Suçatı, Ortaırmak, Kaçkar, Derinsu, Erenler, Şentepe, Sefalı, Yavuzlar, Çilingir, Irmakyeniköy, Ortayol, Başköy, Düzgeçit, Aşıklar, Beyazkaya, Leventköy, Handağı, Abdullahhoca, Yeşilırmak, Yaltkaya, Şehitlik, Yamaçdere, Uğrak, Selimiye, Akbucak, Zeytinlik, Esendağ, Çıraklar, Erdemli, Yamaçköy, Pirinçlik, Latifli, Kayağantaş, Sarısu, Yavuz, Yanıkdağ, and Köprübaşı villages; Madenli town; Pazar, Ardeşen, Çayeli, Hemşin, and Çamlıhemşin district centers. The routes from the airport to nearby cities are these: To Artvin (Based on the Artvin Çoruh University.) (111 km., 107 min.) D010 (Pazar direction) - Pazar - D010 (Ardeşen direction) - Ardeşen - D010 (Fındıklı direction) - Fındıklı - D010 (Arhavi direction) - Arhavi - D010 (Hopa direction) - Hopa - D010 (Borçka direction) - Borçka - D010 (Şavşat direction) - 08-06 (university direction) To Rize (Based on the Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University.) (34 km., 39 min.) D010 (Çayeli direction) - Çayeli - D010 (Rize direction) - Menderes Boulevard By-street References Airports in Turkey Buildings and structures in Rize Province Artificial island airports Transport in Rize Province Transport in Artvin Province Pazar, Rize Airports established in 2022 2022 establishments in Turkey	wiki
A cheeseburger is a hamburger topped with cheese. Cheeseburger may also refer to: Cheeseburger (band), an American hard rock band Cheeseburger (wrestler), or World Famous CB, American professional wrestler OnePlus 5, codenamed cheeseburger, a smartphone "Cheeseburger", a song by Gang of Four from Solid Gold	wiki
Erythrocarpus may refer to: Erythrocarpus Blume, a synonym of the euphorb genus Suregada Erythrocarpus M.Roem, a synonym of the passionflower genus Adenia	wiki
Nichele – cognome italiano Aldo Nichele – calciatore italiano Elena Nichele – calciatrice italiana	wiki
Draw the Line may refer to: Draw the Line (Aerosmith album), 1977 "Draw the Line" (song), 1977 Draw the Line (David Gray album) or the title song, 2009 Draw the Line (Ghetto Mafia album) or the title song, 1994 Draw the Line (TV series), a 2005 Philippine TV series See also Drawing the Line (disambiguation) Line in the Sand (disambiguation)	wiki
Liste de jeux disponibles sur la console virtuelle Wii au Japon Famicom Un jeu coûte en général 500 points Wii. Super Famicom Un jeu coûte en général 800 points Wii. Nintendo 64 Un jeu coûte en général 1000 points Wii. Mega Drive Un jeu coûte en général 600 points Wii. PC Engine Un jeu coûte en général 600 points Wii. Neo-Geo AES Un jeu coûte en général 900 points Wii. MSX Un jeu coûte en général 800 points Wii. Console virtuelle au Japon Console virtuelle au Japon	wiki
Paint Your Picture may refer to: "Paint Your Picture", a song from the 1993 Steve Hackett album Guitar Noir "Paint Your Picture", a song from the 1999 Josh Ritter album Josh Ritter "Paint Your Picture", a song from the 2009 Steve Cradock album The Kundalini Target	wiki
For information about U.S. Federal tax brackets, see: Income tax in the United States Tax Rate schedules	wiki
The Mad is a 2007 comedy/horror film, starring Billy Zane and Maggie Castle, and directed and written by John Kalangis. Plot A doctor and his teenage daughter are terrorized by flesh-eating zombies at a truck stop. Cast Billy Zane James Binkley Maggie Castle Matthew Deslippe Evan Charles Flock Jordan Madley Rothaford Gray Christopher Gross Shauna MacDonald References External links 2007 films 2007 comedy horror films Canadian comedy horror films Canadian zombie films 2000s English-language films 2000s Canadian films English-language Canadian films	wiki
The Gilded Cage, derived from the phrase "a bird in a gilded cage" meaning living in a luxurious prison, may refer to: The Gilded Cage (1916 film), a silent film drama The Gilded Cage (1955 film), a British crime film The Gilded Cage (2013 film), a French-Portuguese comedy film "The Gilded Cage" (The Avengers), a television episode The Gilded Cage (Evelyn De Morgan painting) The Gilded Cage (Saint George Hare painting), 1908 A Bird in a Gilded Cage (1900 song)	wiki
Lake Wazeecha – jednostka osadnicza w Stanach Zjednoczonych, w stanie Wisconsin, w hrabstwie Wood. CDP w stanie Wisconsin	wiki
A thyroidologist is a medical practitioner specializing in the thyroid and related areas. In the United States it refers to a board certified endocrinologist physician, who is either a full time academician with multiple responsibilities beside thyroid patient care, or a clinical thyroidologist. A clinical thyroidologist is a board certified endocrinologist, who cares for a majority of thyroid patients, with few patients experiencing other endocrine conditions. In many European countries, not only endocrinologists, but also nuclear medicine specialists work as clinical thyroidologists focusing on diagnosis and treatment of thyroid disease. The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) developed the Endocrine Certification in Neck Ultrasound (ECNU) program. ECNU is a professional certification in the field of neck ultrasonography for Endocrinologists, Thyroidologists, and Thyroidology practices. Those certified in the field perform consultations and diagnostic evaluations for thyroid and parathyroid disorders through both diagnostic ultrasound and ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (UGFNA). These clinical thyroidologists also take on the role of interventional thyroid radiologists, and specialize in non-surgical procedures such as ablation therapy for thyroid and parathyroid cysts and recurrent neck thyroid cancer lymph nodes. Physicians and medical practitioners who hold the ECNU professional certification are highly specialized thyroidologists in the field of neck ultrasonography. They perform consultations and diagnostic evaluations for thyroid and parathyroid disorders through both diagnostic ultrasound and ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (UGFNA). References Health care occupations Thyroid disease	wiki
A star clock (or nocturnal) is a method of using the stars to determine the time. This is accomplished by measuring the Big Dipper's position in the sky based on a standard clock, and then employing simple addition and subtraction. This method requires no tools; others use an astrolabe and a planisphere. A clock's regulator can be adjusted so that it keeps the Mean Sidereal Time rate. When it is then set to an observer's Local Mean Sidereal Time then a star will transit the meridian (passing directly north or south) at the sidereal time of the star's Right Ascension. See also Sidereal time External links Telling Time by Sun and Stars by John P. Pratt Inquiry.net Time in astronomy	wiki
Sunny Day is an animated children's television series produced by Silvergate Media. The following is a list of episodes. Series overview Episodes Pilot (2016) Season 1 (2017–2019) Season 2 (2019–2020) Silvergate renewed Sunny Day for a second season. According to The Hollywood Reporter, the second season will feature a new vehicle, Groom and Vroom, which was designed only on pets, in addition to the Glam Van. In addition, Lacey and KC will also join Sunny, Doodle, Rox, and Blair to help out for the joint. Style Files Style Files are a series of live-action tutorials provided by Sunny that involve the hairstyle featured at the end of every episode. Notes References Sunny Day Sunny Day Sunny Day Sunny Day	wiki
Braided hair is hair that has been tied into braids. Braided hair may also refer to: "Braided Hair", a kind of Coronet large cent "Braided Hair", a song from the 2002 1 Giant Leap album 1 Giant Leap	wiki
This is a list of accessories released for the Nintendo Entertainment System (known in Japan as the Family Computer, or Famicom) by Nintendo and other various third party manufacturers. Family Computer Since the Famicom lacked traditional game controller ports, third-party controllers were designed for use with the console's expansion slot. Nintendo Entertainment System See also History of the Nintendo Entertainment System Nintendo Entertainment System hardware clone List of Super Nintendo Entertainment System accessories References Video game lists by platform	wiki
A programming station is a terminal or computer that allows a machine operator to control a machine remotely, rather than being on the factory or shop floor. The programming station usually provides all the functionality including management and diagnostics that are found on the main control station. Notes Business terms Telemetry	wiki
Massimo Di Cataldo – cantautore e attore Francesco Di Cataldo – maresciallo di polizia penitenziaria assassinato da un gruppo di terroristi nel 1978	wiki
Bungee may refer to: Bungee cord, also called shock cord, an engineered stretchable cord Bungee chair, a type of office or lounge chair made with bungee cords Bungee jumping, an adventure sport Bungee language or Bungi creole, a language and its related population, which exist mainly along the north–south trade routes of Manitoba, Canada See also Bungie, an independent video game developer	wiki
Optometry is a specialized health care profession that involves examining the eyes and related structures for defects or abnormalities. Optometrists are health care professionals who typically provide comprehensive primary eye care. In the United States and Canada, optometrists are those that hold a Doctor of Optometry degree. They are trained and licensed to practice medicine for eye related conditions, in addition to providing refractive (optical) eye care. In the United Kingdom, optometrists may also practice medicine (and provide refractive care) for eye related conditions. The Doctor of Optometry title can also be used in the UK for those that hold the postgraduate O.D. degree. Within their scope of practice, optometrists are considered physicians and bill medical insurance(s) (example: Medicare) accordingly. Moreover, many participate in academic research for eye related conditions and disease. Optometrists are the only health care professionals with a first professional degree specific to eye care; ophthalmologists are physicians who typically hold a four-year college degree, a medical degree, and at least three years of residency training after medical school, obviating the need for an eye-specific degree. Etymology The term "optometry" comes from the Greek words ὄψις (opsis; "view") and μέτρον (metron; "something used to measure", "measure", "rule"). The word entered the language when the instrument for measuring vision was called an optometer, (before the terms phoropter or refractor were used). The root word opto is a shortened form derived from the Greek word ophthalmos meaning, "eye." Like most healthcare professions, the education and certification of optometrists are regulated in most countries. Optometric professionals and optometry-related organizations interact with governmental agencies, other healthcare professionals, and the community to deliver eye and vision care. Definition of optometry and optometrist The World Council of Optometry, World Health Organization and about 75 optometry organizations from over 40 countries have adopted the following definition, to be used to describe optometry and optometrist. History Optometric history is tied to the development of vision science (related areas of medicine, microbiology, neurology, physiology, psychology, etc.) optics, optical aids optical instruments, imaging techniques other eye care professions The history of optometry can be traced back to the early studies on optics and image formation by the eye. The origins of optical science (optics, as taught in a basic physics class) date back a few thousand years as evidence of the existence of lenses for decoration has been found in Greece and the Netherlands. It is unknown when the first spectacles were made. The British scientist and historian Sir Joseph Needham, in his Science and Civilization in China, reported the earliest mention of spectacles was in Venetian guild regulations . He suggested that the occasional claim that spectacles were invented in China may have come from a paper by German-American anthropologist Berthold Laufer. Per Needham, the paper by Laufer had many inconsistencies, and that the references in the document used by Laufer were not in the original copies but added during the Ming dynasty. Early Chinese sources mention the eyeglasses were imported. Research by David A. Goss in the United States shows they may have originated in the late 13th century in Italy as stated in a manuscript from 1305 where a monk from Pisa named Rivalto stated "It is not yet 20 years since there was discovered the art of making eyeglasses". Spectacles were manufactured in Italy, Germany, and the Netherlands by 1300. Needham stated spectacles were first made shortly after 1286. In 1907, Laufer stated in his history of spectacles 'the opinion that spectacles originated in India is of the greatest probability and that spectacles must have been known in India earlier than in Europe'. However, as already mentioned, Joseph Needham showed that the references Laufer cited were not in the older and best versions of the document Laufer used, leaving his claims unsupported. In Sri Lanka, it is well-documented that during the reign of King Bhuvanekabahu the IV (AD 1346 – 1353) of the Gampola period the ancient tradition of optical lens making with a natural stone called Diyatarippu was given royal patronage. A few of the craftsmen still live and practice in the original hamlet given to the exponents of the craft by royal decree. But the date of King Bhuvanekabahu is decades after the mention of spectacles in the Venetian guild regulations and after the 1306 sermon by Dominican friar Giordano da Pisa, where da Pisa said the invention of spectacles was both recent and that he had personally met the inventor The German word brille (eyeglasses) is derived from Sanskrit vaidurya. Etymologically, brille is derived from beryl, Latin beryllus, from Greek beryllos, from Prakrit verulia, veluriya, from Sanskrit vaidurya, of Dravidian origin from the city of Velur (modern Belur). Medieval Latin berillus was also applied to eyeglasses, hence German brille, from Middle High German berille, and French besicles (plural) spectacles, altered from old French bericle. Benito Daza de Valdes published the first full book on opticians in 1623, where he mentioned the use and fitting of eyeglasses. In 1692, William Molyneux wrote a book on optics and lenses where he stated his ideas on myopia and problems related to close-up vision. The scientists Claudius Ptolemy and Johannes Kepler also contributed to the creation of optometry. Kepler discovered how the retina in the eye creates vision. From 1773 until around 1829, Thomas Young discovered the disability of astigmatism and it was George Biddell Airy who designed glasses to correct that problem that included sphero-cylindrical lens. Although the term optometer appeared in the 1759 book A Treatise on the Eye: The Manner and Phenomena of Vision by Scottish physician William Porterfield, it was not until the early twentieth century in the United States and Australia that "optometry" began to be used to describe the profession. By the early twenty-first century, however, marking the distinction with dispensing opticians, it had become the internationally accepted term. Diseases A partial list of the common diseases Optometrists diagnose/manage: Cataracts Dry Eye Syndrome Eye tumors Glaucoma Diabetic retinopathy Hypertensive retinopathy Macular degeneration Refractive errors Corneal disease Strabismus Amblyopia Uveitis Diagnosis Eye examination Following are examples of examination methods performed during an eye examination that enables diagnosis Ocular tonometry to determine intraocular pressure Refraction assessment Retina examination Slit lamp examination Visual acuity Specialized tests Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a medical technological platform used to assess ocular structures. The information is then used by eye doctors to assess staging of pathological processes and confirm clinical diagnoses. Subsequent OCT scans are used to assess the efficacy of managing diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and glaucoma Training, licensing, representation and scope of practice Optometry is officially recognized in many jurisdictions. Most have regulations concerning education and practice. Optometrists, like many other healthcare professionals, are required to participate in ongoing continuing education courses to stay current on the latest standards of care. Africa In 1993 there were five countries in Africa with optometric teaching institutes: Sudan, Ghana, Nigeria, South Africa and Tanzania. Sudan Sudan's major institution for the training of optometrists is the Faculty of Optometry and Visual Sciences (FOVS), originally established in 1954 as the Institute of Optometry in Khartoum; the Institute joined with the Ministry of Higher Education in 1986 as the High Institute of Optometry, and ultimately was annexed into Alneelain University in 1997 when it was renamed to the FOVS. Currently, the FOVS has the following programs: 1) BSc optometry in 5 years with sub-specialization in either orthoptics, contact lenses, ocular photography or ocular neurology; 2) BCs in ophthalmic technology, requiring 4 years of training; and BCs in the optical dispensary, achieved in 4 years. The FOVS also offers MSc and PhD degrees in optometry. The FOVS is the only institute of its kind in Sudan and was the first institution of higher education in Optometry in the Middle East and Africa. In 2010, Alneelain University Eye Hospital was established as part of the FOVS to expand training capacity and to serve broader Sudanese community. Ghana The Ghana Optometric Association (GOA) regulates the practice of Optometry in Ghana. After the six-year training at any of the two universities offering the course, the O.D degree is awarded. The new optometrist must write a qualifying exam, after which the optometrist is admitted as a member of the GOA, leading to the award of the title MGOA. Mozambique The first optometry course in Mozambique was started in 2009 at Universidade Lurio, Nampula. The course is part of the Mozambique Eyecare Project. University of Ulster, Dublin Institute of Technology and Brien Holden Vision Institute are supporting partners. As of 2019, 61 Mozambican students had graduated with optometry degrees from UniLúrio (34 male and 27 female). Nigeria In Nigeria, optometry is regulated by the Optometry and Dispensing Opticians Registration Board of Nigeria established under the Optometry and Dispensing Opticians ( Registration ETC ) Act of 1989 (Cap O9 Laws of Federation of Nigeria 2004). The Boards publishes from time to time lists of approved qualifications and training institutions in the federal government gazette. The Doctor of Optometry degree is awarded after a six-year training at one of the accredited universities in Imo, Edo and Abia states. Asia Bangladesh From 2010 Optometry was first introduced in Bangladesh in Institute of Community Ophthalmology Under Medicine Faculty of University of Chittagong http://icoedu.org. This institute offers a four years Bachelor of Science in optometry (B.Optom) course. Currently, there are 120 Graduated Optometrists in Bangladesh. The association which controls the quality of Optometry practice all over the country is named as 'Optometrists Association of Bangladesh' which is also a country member of World Council of Optometry(WCO). In the year 2018, Chittagong Medical University formed and the Bsc. in Optometry course shifted to this university. In Bangladesh, Optometrists perform primary eye care like Diagnosis and primary management of some ocular diseases, Prescribe Eye Glasses, Low vision rehabilitation, provide vision therapy, contact lens practice and all type of Orthoptic evaluations and management. China In China, optometric education only began in 1988 at the Wenzhou Medical University. Since that time, the discipline and the profession have emerged as a five-year, medically based program within the medical education system of China. Students in the program receive the highest level of training in Optometry and are provided with the credentials needed to assume positions of leadership in China's medical education and health care systems. In 2000, the Ministry of Health formally accepted Optometry as a subspecialty of medicine. Hong Kong The Optometrists Board of the Supplementary Medical Professions Council regulates the profession in Hong Kong. Optometrists are listed in separate parts of the register based on their training and ability. Registrants are subject to restrictions depending on the part they are listed in. Those who pass the examination on refraction conducted by the Board may be registered to Part III, thereby restricted to practice only work related to refraction. Those who have a Higher Certificate in Optometry or have passed the Board's optometry examination may be registered to Part II, thereby restricted in their use of diagnostic agents, but may otherwise practice freely. Part I optometrists may practice without restrictions and generally hold a bachelor's degree or a Professional Diploma. There are around 2000 optometrists registered in Hong Kong, 1000 of which are Part I. There is one Part I optometrist to about 8000 members of the public. The Polytechnic University runs the only optometry school. It produces around 35 Part I optometrists a year. India In 2010, it was estimated that India needs 115,000 optometrists; whereas India has approximately 9,000 optometrists (4-year trained) and 40,000 optometric assistants/vision technicians (2-year trained). In order to prevent blindness or visual impairment more well-trained optometrists are required in India. The definition of optometry differs considerably in different countries of the world. India needs more optometry schools offering four-year degree courses with a syllabus similar to that in force in those countries where to practise of optometry is statutorily regulated and well established with an internationally accepted definition. In 2013, it was reported in the Indian Journal of Ophthalmology that poor spectacle compliance amongst school children in rural Pune resulted in significant vision loss. In 2015, it was reported in the Optometry and Vision Science that, optometrists need to be more involved in providing core optometry services like binocular vision and low vision. Training in India At present, there are more than fifty schools of optometry in India. In the year 1958, two schools of optometry were established, one at Gandhi Eye Hospital, Aligarh in Uttar Pradesh and another one at Sarojini Devi Eye Hospital, Hyderabad in Telangana, under the second five-year plan by Director General of Health Services of Government of India. These schools offered diplomas in optometry courses of two years duration validated by State Medical Faculties. Subsequently, four more schools were opened across India situated at Sitapur Eye Hospital, Sitapur in Uttar Pradesh, Chennai (formerly Madras) in Tamil Nadu, Bengalooru (formerly Bangalore) in Karnataka and Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Thiruvananthapuram (formerly Trivandrum) in Kerala. The Elite School of Optometry (ESO) was established in 1985 at Chennai and was the first to offer a four-year degree course. School of Optometry, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune (https://optometry.bharatividyapeeth.edu/) established in 1998 was the first to offer a degree course to diploma holders, through a lateral entry program. Also, the first 2 years of Masters of Optometry course was started here in the year 2003. Academic degrees such as Bachelor of Optometry, Master of Optometry and Doctor of Philosophy in Optometry are awarded in India by the universities recognised by University Grants Commission (India), a statutory body responsible for the maintenance of standards of higher education in India. Optometrists across India are encouraged to register with the Optometry Council of India, a self-regulatory body registered under the Indian Company Act. Malaysia It takes four years to complete a degree in optometry. Today, optometry courses are well received by citizens. More universities and higher education studies are about to implement the courses, e.g., National Institute of Ophthalmic Sciences in Petaling Jaya whereby it is the academic arm of The Tun Hussein Onn National Eye Hospital. Other public universities that provide this course are University Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM), and International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). There is also a private university that provides this course such as Management and Science University (MSU) and SeGi University. After completing the study in Degree in Optometry, the optometrist who practices in Malaysia must register under the Malaysian Optical Council (MOC) which is the organization under the Ministry of Health. The Association of Malaysian Optometrist (AMO) is the only body that represents the Malaysian optometrist profession. All of the members are either local or overseas graduates in the field of Optometry. Pakistan Optometry is taught as a five/four-year Doctor/ Bachelors/ Bachelors with Honors course at many institutions notable among which are Department of Optometry & Vision Sciences (DOVS) FAHS, ICBS, Lahore, Pakistan Institute of Community Ophthalmology (PICO) Peshawar, Pakistan institute of Rehabilitation science Isra University campus Islamabad (PIRS),College of Ophthalmology & Allied Vision Sciences (COAVS) Lahore and Al-Shifa Institute of Ophthalmology Islamabad. After graduation, the optometrists can join a four-tiered service delivery level (Centre of Excellence, Tertiary/Teaching, District headquarter and sub-district /Tehsil headquarters). M.Phil. in Optometry is also available at select institutions such as King Edward Medical University, Lahore Department of Optometry & Vision Sciences (DOVS) FAHS, ICBS, Lahore started bridging programmes for Bachelors/ Bachelors with Honors to become Doctor of Optometry OD, Post Professional Doctor of Optometry(PP-OD), Transitional Doctor of Optometry(t-OD). Optometry is not yet a regulated field in Pakistan as there is no professional licensing board or authority responsible for issuing practise licenses to qualified optometrists. This creates difficulty for Pakistani optometrists who wish to register abroad. The University of Lahore has recently launched Doctor of optometry (OD). Imam Hussain Medical University also has launched Doctor of Optometry Program. Chairman Imam Hussain Medical University Dr Sabir Hussain Babachan has vowed to regulate OD curriculum according to international standard. Philippines Optometry is regulated by the Professional Regulation Commission of the Philippines. To be eligible for licensing, each candidate must have satisfactorily completed a doctor of optometry course at an accredited institution and demonstrate good moral character with no previous record of professional misconduct. Professional organizations of optometry in the Philippines include Optometric Association of the Philippines and Integrated Philippine Association of Optometrists, Inc. (IPAO). Saudi Arabia In Saudi Arabia, optometrists must complete a five-year doctor of optometry degree from Qassim University and King Saud University also they must complete a one-year residency. Singapore Tertiary education for optometrists takes 3 years at the following institutions. Singapore Polytechnic - Diploma in Optometry Singapore Polytechnic Ngee Ann Polytechnic - Diploma in Optometry Ngee Ann Polytechnic Taiwan The education of Optometry in Taiwan commenced in 1982 at Shu-Zen College of Medicine and Management. Currently, Bcahelor degrees in Optometry can be obtained from seven universities (North to South): University of Kang Ning, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Asia University, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Chung Shan Medical University, Dayeh University, and Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology; where as associate degrees in Optometry can be obtained from Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Hsin Sheng College of Medical Care and Management, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, and Shu-Zen College of Medicine and Management. The Law of Optometrists was established in Taiwan in 2015, since then, Optometry students after obtaining Optometry degrees need to pass the National Optometry Examination of Taiwan to be registered as Optometrists. Currently, there are approximately 4,000 Optometrists in Taiwan (2020), and around 400 new Optometrists register annunally (2018-2020). Thailand Since late 1990, Thailand has set a goal to provide more than 600 optometrists to meet the minimal public demands and international standards in vision care. There are more than three university degree programs in Thailand. Each program accepts students that have completed grade 12th or the third year in high school (following US education model). These programs offer "Doctor of Optometry" degree to graduates from the program that will take six years to complete the courses. Practising optometrists will also be required to pass licensing examination (three parts examinations) that is administrated through a committee under the Ministry of Public Health. Nowadays, the number of practising optometrists in Thailand is still less than one hundred (2015). However, it has projected that the number of practising optometrists in Thailand will greatly increase within the next ten years. In the theoretical scenario, the number of optometrists should be able to meet minimal public demands around 2030 or earlier. Europe Since the formation of the European Union, "there exists a strong movement, headed by the Association of European Schools and Colleges of Optometry (AESCO), to unify the profession by creating a European-wide examination for optometry" and presumably also standardized practice and education guidelines within EU countries. The first examinations of the new European Diploma in Optometry were held in 1998 and this was a landmark event for optometry in continental Europe. France As of July 2003, there was no regulatory framework and optometrists were sometimes trained by completing an apprenticeship at an ophthalmologists' private office. Germany Optometric tasks are performed by ophthalmologists and professionally trained and certified opticians. Greece Hellenic Ministry of Education founded the first department of Optometry at Technological Educational Institute of Patras in 2007. After protests from the department of Optics at Technological Educational Institute of Athens (the only department of Optics in Greece, until 2006), the Government changed the names of the departments to "Optics and Optometry" and included lessons in both optics and optometry. Optometrists-Opticians have to complete a 4-year undergraduate honours degree. Then the graduates can be admitted to postgraduate courses in Optometry at universities around the world. Since 2015, a Master of Science (MSc) course in Optometry is offered by the Technological Educational Institute of Athens. The Institute of Vision and Optics (IVO) of the University of Crete focuses on the sciences of vision and is active in the fields of research, training, technology development and provision of medical services. Professor Ioannis Pallikaris has received numerous awards and recognitions for the institute's contribution to ophthalmology. In 1989 he performed the first LASIK procedure on a human eye. Hungary Optometrist education takes 4 years in the medical universities in Hungary, and they will get a Bachelor of Science degree. They work in networks and retail stores and private optics, very few are located in the Health Care care system as ophthalmologists as an assistant. Ireland The profession of Optometry has been represented for over a century by the Association of Optometrists, Ireland [AOI]. In Ireland an optometrist must first complete a four-year degree in optometry at Dublin Institute of Technology. Following successful completion of the degree, an optometrist must then complete professional qualifying examinations to enter the register of the Opticians Board [Bord na Radharcmhaistoiri]. Optometrists must be registered with the Board to practice in the Republic of Ireland. The A.O.I. runs a comprehensive continuing education and professional development program on behalf of Irish optometrists. The legislation governing optometry was drafted in 1956. Some feel that the legislation restricts optometrists from using their full range of skills, training and equipment for the benefit of the Irish public. The amendment to the Act in 2003 addressed one of the most significant restrictions: the use of cycloplegic drugs to examine children. Italy In Italy Optometry is an unregulated profession. It is taught at seven universities: Padua, Turin, Milan, Salento, Florence, Naples and Rome, as three years course (like a BSc) of "Scienze e tecnologie fisiche" as a sector of the Physics Department. Additionally, courses are available at some private institutions (as at Vinci Institute near Firenze) that offer advanced professional education for already qualified opticians (most of the Italian optometrists are also qualified opticians, i.e. "ottico abilitato"). In the last thirty years several verdicts from High Court (Cassazione) proof that optometry is a free practice and has truly education path. Norway In Norway, the optometric profession has been regulated as a healthcare profession since 1988. After a three-year bachelor program, one can practice basic optometry. At least one year in clinical practice qualify for a post-degree half-year sandwich course in contact lens fitting, which is regulated as a healthcare speciality. A separate regulation for the use of diagnostic drugs in optometric practice was introduced in 2004. Russia In Russia, optometry education has been accredited by the Federal Agency of Health and Social Development. There are only two educational institutions that teach optometry in Russia: Saint Petersburg Medical Technical College, formerly known as St. Petersburg College of Medical Electronics and Optics, and The Helmholtz Research Institute for Eye Diseases. They both belong and are regulated by the Ministry of Health. The optometry program is a four-year program. It includes one to two science foundation years, one year focused on clinical and proficiency skills, and one year of clinical rotations in hospitals. Graduates take college/state examinations and then receive a specialist diploma. This diploma is valid for only five years and must be renewed every five years after receiving additional training at state-accredited programs. The scope of practice for optometrists in Russia includes refraction, contact lens fitting, spectacles construction and lens fitting (dispensing), low vision aids, foreign body removal, referrals to other specialists after clinical condition diagnoses (management of diseases in the eye). United Kingdom Licensing Optometrists in the United Kingdom are regulated by the General Optical Council under the Opticians Act 1989 and distinguished from medical practitioners. Registration with the GOC is mandatory to practice optometry in the UK. Members of the College of Optometrists (incorporated by a Royal Charter granted by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II) may use the suffix MCOptom. The National Health Service provides free sight tests and spectacle vouchers for children and those on very low incomes. The elderly and those with some chronic conditions like diabetes get free periodic tests. Treatment for eye conditions such as glaucoma and cataracts is free and checked for during normal eye examinations. Training In the United Kingdom, optometrists have to complete a 4 year undergraduate honours degree followed by a minimum of a one-year "pre-registration period", (internship), where they complete clinical practice under the supervision of a qualified and experienced practitioner. During this year the pre-registration candidate is given a number of quarterly assessments, often including temporary posting at a hospital, and on successfully passing all of these assessments, a final one-day set of examinations (details correct for candidates from 2006 onwards). Following successful completion of these assessments and having completed one year's supervised practice, the candidate is eligible to register as an optometrist with the General Optical Council (GOC) and, should they so wish, are entitled to membership of the College of Optometrists. Twelve universities offer Optometry in the UK: Anglia Ruskin, Aston, Bradford, Cardiff, City, Glasgow Caledonian, Hertfordshire, Manchester, University of Plymouth, Ulster University at Coleraine, University of Portsmouth and University of the West of England. In 2008 the UK moved forward to offer the Doctor of Optometry postgraduate program. This became available at the Institute of Optometry in London in partnership with London South Bank University. The Doctor of Optometry postgraduate degree is also offered at one other UK institution.Aston University Scope of Practice In 1990, a survey of the opinions of British medical practitioners regarding the services provided by British optometrists was carried out by Agarwal at City, University of London. A majority of respondents were in favour of optometrists extending their professional role by treating external eye conditions and prescribing broad-spectrum topical antibiotics through additional training and certification. Since 2009, optometrists in the UK have been able to undertake additional postgraduate training and qualifications that allow them to prescribe medications to treat and manage eye conditions. There are currently three registerable specialities: Additional supply speciality - to write orders for, and supply in an emergency, a range of drugs in addition to those ordered or supplied by a normal optometrist. Supplementary prescribing speciality - to manage a patient's clinical condition and prescribe medicines according to a clinical management plan set up in conjunction with an independent prescriber, such as a GP or ophthalmologist or qualified optometrist. Independent prescribing specialty - to take responsibility for the clinical assessment of a patient, establish a diagnosis and determine the clinical management required, including prescribing where necessary. Optometrists in the United Kingdom are able to diagnose and manage most ocular diseases, and may also undertake further training to perform certain surgical procedures. North America Canada Training In Canada, Doctors of Optometry typically complete four years of undergraduate studies followed by four to five years of optometry studies, accredited by the Accreditation Council on Optometric Education. There are two such schools of optometry located in Canada — the University of Waterloo and the Université de Montreal. Canada also recognizes degrees from the twenty US schools. Licensing In Canada, Doctors of Optometry must write national written and practical board exams. Additionally, optometrists are required to become licensed in the province in which they wish to practice. Regulation of professions is within provincial jurisdiction. Therefore, regulation of optometry is unique to individual provinces and territories. In Ontario, optometrists are licensed by the College of Optometrists of Ontario. Representation In Canada, the profession is represented by the Canadian Association of Optometrists. In the province of Ontario, the Ontario Association of Optometrists is the designated representative of optometrists to the provincial government. Scope of Practice Optometrists in Canada are trained and licensed to be primary eye care providers. They provide optical and medical eye care. They are able to diagnose and treat most eye diseases and can prescribe both topical and oral medications. They can also undertake further qualifications in order to perform some surgical procedures. United States Optometrists or Optometry Doctors usually function as primary eye care providers - they have a degree in eye care. They provide comprehensive optical and medical eye care, but usually not surgery. They are trained and licensed to practice medicine for eye related conditions - prescribe topical medications (prescription eye drops), oral medications as well as administer diagnostic agents. In some states, optometrists may also be licensed to perform certain types of eye surgery. Scope of practice Optometrists, provide optical and medical eye care. They prescribe corrective lenses to aid refractive errors (e.g. myopia, hyperopia, presbyopia, astigmatism, double vision). They manage vision development in children including amblyopia diagnosis/treatment. Some perform vision therapy. They are trained to diagnose and manage any eye disease and their associations with systemic health. Optometrists are trained and licensed to practice medicine for eye-related conditions (including bacterial/viral infections, inflammation, glaucoma, macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy). They can prescribe all topical medications (eye drops) and most oral medications (taken by mouth), including scheduled controlled substances. They may also remove ocular foreign bodies and order blood panels or imaging studies such as CT or MRI. Optometrists do not perform invasive surgery, however In Oklahoma and Louisiana, Optometrists may perform superficial surgeries within the anterior segment of the eye. Legislation permits Optometrists in Oklahoma and Kentucky to perform certain laser procedures. Within their scope of practice optometrists are considered physicians and bill medical insurance plans accordingly. Optometrists in the United States are regulated by state boards, which vary from state to state. The Association of Regulatory Boards of Optometry (ARBO) assists these state board licensing agencies in regulating the practice of optometry. Licensing Optometrists must complete all course work and graduate from an accredited College of Optometry. This includes passage of all parts of the national board examinations as well as local jurisprudence examinations, which vary by state. Education and Training Optometrists typically complete four years of undergraduate studies followed by four years of Optometry school. Some complete a 5th year of training. Their program is highly specific to the eyes and related structures. Optometrists receive their medical eye training while enrolled in Optometry school and during internships. Training may take place in colleges of Optometry, hospitals, clinics and private practices. In many instances Optometry students and Ophthalmology residents will co-manage medical cases. Instructors may be Optometrists, professors or physicians. The program includes extensive classroom and clinical training in geometric, physical, physiological and ophthalmic optics, specialty contact lens evaluation, general anatomy, ocular anatomy, ocular disease, pharmacology, ocular pharmacology, neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of the visual system, pediatric visual development, gerontology, binocular vision, color vision, form, space, movement and vision perception, systemic disease, histology, microbiology, sensory and perceptual psychology, biochemistry, statistics and epidemiology. Optometrists are required to obtain continuing education credit hours to maintain licensure - number of hours varies by state. Optometrists prescribing schedule controlled substances are required to renew their DEA license every few years. Oceania Australia Australia currently has five recognized courses in optometry, and one course seeking to obtain accreditation with the Optometry council of Australia and New Zealand : Bachelor of Vision Science and Master of Optometry (BVisSci MOptom), Deakin University Bachelor of Medical Science (Vision Science) and Master of Optometry, Flinders University Bachelor of Vision Science and Master of Clinical Optometry (BVisSc MClinOptom), University of New South Wales Bachelor of Vision Science and Master of Optometry, Queensland University of Technology Doctor of Optometry, Melbourne University (post-graduate) Bachelor of Vision Science and Master of Optometry, University of Canberra (Seeking accreditation) To support these courses the Australian College of Optometry provides clinical placements to undergraduate students from Australian Universities and abroad. in 2016, almost 5000 optometrists in general practice were licensed with their regulatory body, the Optometry Board of Australia. Of these, approximately 2300 were registered with the scheduled medicines endorsement, which enables them to prescribe some medicines for the treatment of conditions of the eye. New Zealand New Zealand currently has one recognised course in optometry: Bachelor of Optometry (BOptom), The University of Auckland In July 2014, the Medicines Amendment Act 2013 and Misuse of Drugs Amendment Regulations 2014 came into effect. Among other things, the changes to the Act name optometrists as authorised prescribers. This change enables optometrists with a therapeutic pharmaceutical agent (TPA) endorsement to prescribe all medicines appropriate to their scope of practice, rather than limiting them to a list of medicines specified in the regulation; this recognises the safe and appropriate prescribing practice of optometrists over the previous nine years. South America Brazil The CBOO (Brazilian Council of Optics and Optometry), which is affiliated to the WCO (World Council of Optometry), represents Brazilian optometrists. In conjunction with organizations representative weight of Brazilian companies, including the National Commerce Confederation for goods, services and tourism (CNC), through the CBÓptica/CNC, its defence arm of the optometric and optical industry, are defending the right of free and independent practice of optometrists, even if it is against the interests of ophthalmologists. The Federal Supreme Court (STF), the Brazilian Court of Justice and the Superior Court of Justice (STJ), another important National Court, ruled several processes granting inquestionable victories to ophthalmologists. In Brazilian law, however, there is an explicit recommendation that the one prescribing corrective lenses are prohibited to sell them. This restricting rule to the ophthalmologists has to keep the optic shops away from Hospitals and Eye Care Clinics since 1930, and it has to be reviewed before any further regulation for the optometrists. Colombia In Colombia, optometry education has been accredited by the Ministry of Health. The last official revision to the laws regarding healthcare standards in the country was issued in 1992 through the Law 30. Currently there are eight official universities that are entitled by ICFES to grant the optometrist certification. The first optometrists arrived in the country from North America and Europe . These professionals specialized in optics and refraction. In 1933, under Decrees 449 and 1291, the Colombian Government officially set the rules for the formation of professionals in the field of optometry. In 1966 La Salle University opened its first Faculty of Optometry after a recommendation from a group of professionals. At present optometrists are encouraged to keep up with new technologies through congresses and scholarships granted by the government or the private sector (such as Bausch & Lomb). See also Eye care professional World Council of Optometry American Academy of Optometry Behavioral optometry Eyeglass prescription Least distance of distinct vision Ophthalmology Visual neuroscience References Sources http://www.oregonoptometry.org http://oaop.org/oaop http://idaho.aoa.org https://web.archive.org/web/20131021065719/http://washington.aoa.org/ http://www.njsop.org/aws/NJSOP/pt/sp/home_page http://www.ijo.in/article.asp?issn=0301-4738;year=2012;volume=60;issue=5;spage=401;epage=405;aulast=De https://www2.aston.ac.uk/study/courses/doctor-of-optometry https://ispyjobs.com/optometry/ External links DMOZ optometry page Rehabilitation team sv:Optik#Optometri	wiki
Character generation may refer to: Character creation, the process of creating a character for a role-playing game. Character generator, a device or software that produces text for keying into a video stream.	wiki
Giancarlo Ottolina – calciatore italiano Sergio Ottolina – ex velocista italiano	wiki
Ron Stone may refer to: Ron Stone (American football) (born 1971), American football player Ron Stone (Australian footballer) (born 1945), Australian football player Ron Stone (baseball) (born 1942), Major League outfielder Ron Stone (bishop) (born 1938), Anglican bishop of Rockhampton Ron Stone (New Zealand footballer) (1913–2006), New Zealand international football (soccer) player Ron Stone (music industry executive) (born 1944), American personal manager and musician's advocate Ron Stone (reporter) (1936–2008), American television reporter	wiki
A lunar day is the period of time for Earth's Moon to complete one rotation on its axis with respect to the Sun. Due to tidal locking, this equals the time that the Moon takes to complete one orbit around Earth (Earth rise to Earth set) plus about 2.2 more Earth days to return to the same Moon phase (due to the Moon's orbit around the Sun). The lunar day is roughly 29 Earth days, the length of a lunar month, and the time of which includes a full day-night cycle. Main definition Relative to the fixed stars on the celestial sphere, the Moon takes 27 Earth days, 7 hours, 43 minutes, 12 seconds to complete one orbit; however, since the Earth–Moon system advances around the Sun at the same time, the Moon must travel farther to return to the same phase. On average, this synodic period lasts 29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes, 3 seconds, the length of a lunar month on Earth. The exact length varies over time because the speed of the Earth–Moon system around the Sun varies slightly during a year due to the eccentricity of its elliptical orbit, variances in orbital velocity, and a number of other periodic and evolving variations about its observed, relative, mean values, which are influenced by the gravitational perturbations of the Sun and other bodies in the Solar System. As a result, daylight at a given point on the Moon would last approximately two weeks from beginning to end, followed by approximately two weeks of lunar night. Alternate usage The term lunar day may also refer to the period between moonrises or high moon in a particular location on Earth. This period is typically about 50 minutes longer than a 24-hour Earth day, as the Moon orbits the Earth in the same direction as the Earth's axial rotation. The term lunar day is also used in the context of night and day, i.e., opposite to the lunar night. This is common in discussions of the huge difference in temperatures, such as discussion about lunar rovers. For example, "the Soviet Union's Luna missions [...] were designed to survive one lunar day (two Earth weeks).", or, China's Yutu-2 rover, which landed in January 2019, was designed to survive lunar nights by shutting down. Lunar calendars In some lunar calendars, such as the Vikram Samvat, a lunar day, or tithi, is defined as 1/30 of a lunar month, or the time it takes for the longitudinal angle between the Moon and the Sun to increase by 12 degrees. By this definition, lunar days generally vary in duration. See also Lunisolar calendar Sol, the name for a Martian solar day References External links Lunar days and other lunar data for many different cities. Lunarium.co.uk. Lunar Standard Time (LST) lunarclock.org. Day Day, lunar	wiki
Steer roping, also known as steer tripping or steer jerking, is a rodeo event that features a steer and one mounted cowboy. Technique The steer roper starts behind a "barrier" - a taut rope fastened with an easily broken string which is fastened lightly to the steer. When the roper calls for the steer, the chute man trips a lever, opening the doors. The steer breaks out running. When the steer reaches the end of the tether, the string breaks, releasing the barrier for the horse and roper. Should the roper break the barrier, a 10-second penalty is added to his time). The roper must throw his rope in a loop around the steer's horns. Once the rope is around the steer's horns, a right-handed roper throws the slack of the rope over the steer's right hip and then turns his horse to the left; when the rope comes tight, it pulls on the steer's hip up and turns the steer's head around, tripping or unbalancing the steer so that it falls. The roper dismounts while his horse continues to gallop, pulling the steer along the ground, which prevents the animal from getting back to its feet. The horse is trained to slow once the rider is completely off the horse and has reached the steer, but to keep the rope taunt while the contestant ties three of the steer's legs together with a piggin string using a half hitch knot colloquially called a hooey. The roper returns to his horse, mounts, and moves the horse forward, releasing the tension on the rope. An official will then time six seconds. If the steer is still tied at the end of the six seconds, an official time for the event is awarded. Team roping is an unrelated event using two riders to rope a steer, one which ropes the head, the other the heels, immobilizing the animal between them. Calf roping or tie-down roping is an event, using a weanling calf that the roper manually throws to the ground after roping and then ties. A related event using calves is breakaway roping, where the calf is roped but not tied. Professional steer roping Professional steer roping occurs at the highest level in the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA). At the end of each season, there is a finals event called the National Finals Steer Roping (NFSR) which takes place in early November at the Kansas Star Arena in Mulvane, Kansas. Other PRCA events take place in early December at the National Finals Rodeo (NFR) at the Thomas & Mack Center in Las Vegas, Nevada. Animal welfare Steer roping is considered controversial due to concerns about animal welfare. Within the United States it has been illegal in Rhode Island since 2001. Steer roping is recognized by the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA), but downplayed, mentioned only in passing at the official PRCA website. It is only held at some rodeos, currently about 60 per year, the annual championship competition is held separately from other championship events, and steer roping is not included as part of the widely televised National Finals Rodeo. References External links Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association Roping (rodeo) Rodeo events	wiki
Desiree Singh (born 17 August 1994) is a German female Pole vaulter, who won an individual gold medal at the Youth World Championships. References External links 1994 births Living people German female pole vaulters	wiki
Magic Carpet Tapis volant Jasmine’s Flying Carpets Jinks The Flying Carpet en:Flying carpet	wiki
This table lists those stars/objects which have Flamsteed designations by the constellation in which those stars/objects lie. The name given is that of the article if it does not reflect the Flamsteed designation. Some articles are linked twice, in cases where the star has been assigned two different Flamsteed designations, usually as noted in different constellations. See also List of constellations Table of stars with Bayer designations Notes Lists of stars	wiki
The Honda Spocket was a concept car developed by Honda that was displayed at auto shows in 1999 and 2000 but did not enter production. The Spocket was a convertible with the rear half of the car able to be used for a second row of seats or as a flat floor storage area. It was designed by Honda's California studio, and had a hybrid powertrain with the front wheel driven by a gas engine and the rear wheel by electric motors. It had a wheelbase of and a length of . Honda showed the concept at the 1999 Tokyo Motor Show, the 2000 North American International Auto Show, and the 2000 LA Auto Show, though it did not go into production. References External links Moss Bros Honda Website Honda concept vehicles	wiki
In association football, one-touch football is passing or shooting the ball with one touch rather than trapping or dribbling the ball first. Often an effective tactic for quick shots from passes or crosses, "flick" passes or for "give and go" passes. One or two touch scrimmages or drills are also used to improve teamwork and passing skills. This skill is most commonly executed by teams with skillful midfielders and a cohesive frontline. The attackers usually act like target men bringing in other players by simple but elegant 'flicks' or just slight and accurate touches. This style of football, when executed effectively, creates many decoys for opposing defenders, and also creates space for the attacking midfielders to try long-range efforts. It has been observed to be most effective when used in counterattacks by teams with quick and visionary attackers. One-touch football is exhibited by clubs such as Barcelona, Chelsea, Arsenal, and international teams such as Brazil, Spain, Argentina, and the Netherlands team of the 1970s. See also Total Football Tiki-taka Possession football References Association football skills Association football terminology	wiki
This is a season-by-season list of records compiled by St. Cloud State in men's ice hockey. St. Cloud State has made 15 appearances in the NCAA Tournament Reaching the Frozen Four in both 2013 & 2021. Season-by-season results Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties * Winning percentage is used when conference schedules are unbalanced. Footnotes References St. Cloud State St. Cloud State Huskies ice hockey seasons	wiki

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