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String functions are used in computer programming languages to manipulate a string or query information about a string (some do both).
Most programming languages that have a string datatype will have some string functions although there may be other low-level ways within each language to handle strings directly. In obj... | Wikipedia/Comparison_of_programming_languages_(string_functions) |
String functions are used in computer programming languages to manipulate a string or query information about a string (some do both).
Most programming languages that have a string datatype will have some string functions although there may be other low-level ways within each language to handle strings directly. In obj... | Wikipedia/String_manipulation_algorithm |
In mathematics, the inverse limit (also called the projective limit) is a construction that allows one to "glue together" several related objects, the precise gluing process being specified by morphisms between the objects. Thus, inverse limits can be defined in any category although their existence depends on the cate... | Wikipedia/Limit_topology |
In a written language, a logogram (from Ancient Greek logos 'word', and gramma 'that which is drawn or written'), also logograph or lexigraph, is a written character that represents a semantic component of a language, such as a word or morpheme. Chinese characters as used in Chinese as well as other languages are logog... | Wikipedia/Logograph |
In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm ( ) is a finite sequence of mathematically rigorous instructions, typically used to solve a class of specific problems or to perform a computation. Algorithms are used as specifications for performing calculations and data processing. More advanced algorithms can use co... | Wikipedia/algorithm |
In computer science, empirical algorithmics (or experimental algorithmics) is the practice of using empirical methods to study the behavior of algorithms. The practice combines algorithm development and experimentation: algorithms are not just designed, but also implemented and tested in a variety of situations. In thi... | Wikipedia/Experimental_algorithmics |
The Center for Discrete Mathematics and Theoretical Computer Science (DIMACS) is a collaboration between Rutgers University, Princeton University, and the research firms AT&T, Bell Labs, Applied Communication Sciences, and NEC. It was founded in 1989 with money from the National Science Foundation. Its offices are lo... | Wikipedia/Center_for_Discrete_Mathematics_and_Theoretical_Computer_Science |
The Library of Efficient Data types and Algorithms (LEDA) is a proprietarily-licensed software library providing C++ implementations of a broad variety of algorithms for graph theory and computational geometry. It was originally developed by the Max Planck Institute for Informatics Saarbrücken. From 2001 to 2022 LEDA ... | Wikipedia/Library_of_Efficient_Data_types_and_Algorithms |
In quantum field theory, the Wightman distributions can be analytically continued to analytic functions in Euclidean space with the domain restricted to ordered n-tuples in
R
d
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R... | Wikipedia/Schwinger_function |
A galactic algorithm is an algorithm with record-breaking theoretical (asymptotic) performance, but which is not used due to practical constraints. Typical reasons are that the performance gains only appear for problems that are so large they never occur, or the algorithm's complexity outweighs a relatively small gain ... | Wikipedia/Galactic_algorithm |
In computer science (particularly algorithmics), a polynomial-time approximation scheme (PTAS) is a type of approximation algorithm for optimization problems (most often, NP-hard optimization problems).
A PTAS is an algorithm which takes an instance of an optimization problem and a parameter ε > 0 and produces a soluti... | Wikipedia/Polynomial-time_approximation_scheme |
In computer science, parameterized complexity is a branch of computational complexity theory that focuses on classifying computational problems according to their inherent difficulty with respect to multiple parameters of the input or output. The complexity of a problem is then measured as a function of those parameter... | Wikipedia/Fixed-parameter_algorithm |
In computational complexity theory, the class APX (an abbreviation of "approximable") is the set of NP optimization problems that allow polynomial-time approximation algorithms with approximation ratio bounded by a constant (or constant-factor approximation algorithms for short). In simple terms, problems in this class... | Wikipedia/Constant-factor_approximation_algorithm |
In computational complexity theory, the unique games conjecture (often referred to as UGC) is a conjecture made by Subhash Khot in 2002. The conjecture postulates that the problem of determining the approximate value of a certain type of game, known as a unique game, has NP-hard computational complexity. It has broad ... | Wikipedia/Unique_games_conjecture |
In computability theory and computational complexity theory, especially the study of approximation algorithms, an approximation-preserving reduction is an algorithm for transforming one optimization problem into another problem, such that the distance of solutions from optimal is preserved to some degree. Approximatio... | Wikipedia/Approximation-preserving_reduction |
In computer science, hardness of approximation is a field that studies the algorithmic complexity of finding near-optimal solutions to optimization problems.
== Scope ==
Hardness of approximation complements the study of approximation algorithms by proving, for certain problems, a limit on the factors with which the... | Wikipedia/Hardness_of_approximation |
A parameterized approximation algorithm is a type of algorithm that aims to find approximate solutions to NP-hard optimization problems in polynomial time in the input size and a function of a specific parameter. These algorithms are designed to combine the best aspects of both traditional approximation algorithms and ... | Wikipedia/Parameterized_approximation_algorithm |
In mathematics, a super vector space is a
Z
2
{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{2}}
-graded vector space, that is, a vector space over a field
K
... | Wikipedia/Super_linear_algebra |
In mathematics, a supercommutative (associative) algebra is a superalgebra (i.e. a Z2-graded algebra) such that for any two homogeneous elements x, y we have
y
x
=
(
−
1
)
|
... | Wikipedia/Supercommutative_algebra |
In mathematics, a supercommutative (associative) algebra is a superalgebra (i.e. a Z2-graded algebra) such that for any two homogeneous elements x, y we have
y
x
=
(
−
1
)
|
... | Wikipedia/Commutative_superalgebra |
In algebra, the center of a ring R is the subring consisting of the elements x such that xy = yx for all elements y in R. It is a commutative ring and is denoted as Z(R); 'Z' stands for the German word Zentrum, meaning "center".
If R is a ring, then R is an associative algebra over its center. Conversely, if R is an as... | Wikipedia/Center_of_an_algebra |
In computer science, graph traversal (also known as graph search) refers to the process of visiting (checking and/or updating) each vertex in a graph. Such traversals are classified by the order in which the vertices are visited. Tree traversal is a special case of graph traversal.
== Redundancy ==
Unlike tree traver... | Wikipedia/Graph_search |
In mathematics, a submodular set function (also known as a submodular function) is a set function that, informally, describes the relationship between a set of inputs and an output, where adding more of one input has a decreasing additional benefit (diminishing returns). The natural diminishing returns property which m... | Wikipedia/Submodular_set_function |
In graph theory, graph coloring is a methodic assignment of labels traditionally called "colors" to elements of a graph. The assignment is subject to certain constraints, such as that no two adjacent elements have the same color. Graph coloring is a special case of graph labeling. In its simplest form, it is a way of c... | Wikipedia/Graph_coloring_problem |
Geographic routing (also called georouting or position-based routing) is a routing principle that relies on geographic position information. It is mainly proposed for wireless networks and based on the idea that the source sends a message to the geographic location of the destination instead of using the network addres... | Wikipedia/Geographic_routing |
Lempel–Ziv–Welch (LZW) is a universal lossless data compression algorithm created by Abraham Lempel, Jacob Ziv, and Terry Welch. It was published by Welch in 1984 as an improved implementation of the LZ78 algorithm published by Lempel and Ziv in 1978. The algorithm is simple to implement and has the potential for very ... | Wikipedia/Lempel-Ziv-Welch_algorithm |
In decision tree learning, ID3 (Iterative Dichotomiser 3) is an algorithm invented by Ross Quinlan used to generate a decision tree from a dataset. ID3 is the precursor to the C4.5 algorithm, and is typically used in the machine learning and natural language processing domains.
== Algorithm ==
The ID3 algorithm begin... | Wikipedia/ID3_algorithm |
In the physical sciences, the term spectrum was introduced first into optics by Isaac Newton in the 17th century, referring to the range of colors observed when white light was dispersed through a prism.
Soon the term referred to a plot of light intensity or power as a function of frequency or wavelength, also known a... | Wikipedia/Energy_spectrum |
A method in object-oriented programming (OOP) is a procedure associated with an object, and generally also a message. An object consists of state data and behavior; these compose an interface, which specifies how the object may be used. A method is a behavior of an object parametrized by a user.
Data is represented as ... | Wikipedia/Instance_method |
In object-oriented computer programming, an extension method is a method added to an object after the original object was compiled. The modified object is often a class, a prototype, or a type. Extension methods are features of some object-oriented programming languages. There is no syntactic difference between calli... | Wikipedia/Extension_method |
Clinical governance is a systematic approach to maintaining and improving the quality of patient care within the National Health Service (NHS) and private sector health care. Clinical governance became important in health care after the Bristol heart scandal in 1995, during which an anaesthetist, Dr Stephen Bolsin, ex... | Wikipedia/Clinical_governance |
Nautilus is an American popular science magazine featuring journalism, essays, graphic narratives, fiction, and criticism. It covers most areas of science, and related topics in philosophy, technology, and history. Nautilus is published six times annually, with some of the print issues focusing on a selected theme, whi... | Wikipedia/Nautilus_(science_magazine) |
Large language models have been used by officials and politicians in a wide variety of ways.
== Overview ==
The Conversation described ChatGPT described as a uniquely terrible tool for government ministers.
Google released certain details of usage of Gemini by the governments of Iran, China, Russia and North Korea.
... | Wikipedia/Large_language_models_in_government |
Multistakeholder governance is a practice of governance that employs bringing multiple stakeholders together to participate in dialogue, decision making, and implementation of responses to jointly perceived problems. The principle behind such a structure is that if enough input is provided by multiple types of actors i... | Wikipedia/Multistakeholder_governance_model |
Network governance is "interfirm coordination that is characterized by organic or informal social system, in contrast to bureaucratic structures within firms and formal relationships between them. The concepts of privatization, public private partnership, and contracting are defined in this context." Network governance... | Wikipedia/Network_governance |
The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) is a bureau within the United States Department of the Treasury that collects and analyzes information about financial transactions to combat domestic and international money laundering, terrorist financing, and other financial crimes.
== Mission ==
FinCEN's stated mi... | Wikipedia/Financial_Crimes_Enforcement_Network |
In 2020, Ofqual, the regulator of qualifications, exams and tests in England, produced a grades standardisation algorithm to combat grade inflation and moderate the teacher-predicted grades for A level and GCSE qualifications in that year, after examinations were cancelled as part of the response to the COVID-19 pandem... | Wikipedia/Ofqual_exam_results_algorithm |
The Bertelsmann Transformation Index (BTI) is a measure of the development status and governance of political and economic transformation processes in developing and transition countries around the world. The BTI has been published biennially by the Bertelsmann Stiftung since 2005, most recently in 2022 on 137 countrie... | Wikipedia/Bertelsmann_Transformation_Index |
The two-dimensional critical Ising model is the critical limit of the Ising model in two dimensions. It is a two-dimensional conformal field theory whose symmetry algebra is the Virasoro algebra with the central charge
c
=
1
2
... | Wikipedia/Two-dimensional_critical_Ising_model |
In conformal geometry, a conformal Killing vector field on a manifold of dimension n with (pseudo) Riemannian metric
g
{\displaystyle g}
(also called a conformal Killing vector, CKV, or conformal colineation), is a vector field
X
{\di... | Wikipedia/Conformal_Killing_equation |
In mathematics, the complex Witt algebra, named after Ernst Witt, is the Lie algebra of meromorphic vector fields defined on the Riemann sphere that are holomorphic except at two fixed points. It is also the complexification of the Lie algebra of polynomial vector fields on a circle, and the Lie algebra of derivation... | Wikipedia/Witt_algebra |
In statistical mechanics, the n-vector model or O(n) model is a simple system of interacting spins on a crystalline lattice. It was developed by H. Eugene Stanley as a generalization of the Ising model, XY model and Heisenberg model. In the n-vector model, n-component unit-length classical spins
... | Wikipedia/N-vector_model |
In theoretical physics, a minimal model or Virasoro minimal model is a two-dimensional conformal field theory whose spectrum is built from finitely many irreducible representations of the Virasoro algebra.
Minimal models have been classified, giving rise to an ADE classification. Most minimal models have been solved, i... | Wikipedia/Virasoro_minimal_model |
In physics, a quantum state space is an abstract space in which different "positions" represent not literal locations, but rather quantum states of some physical system. It is the quantum analog of the phase space of classical mechanics.
== Relative to Hilbert space ==
In quantum mechanics a state space is a separabl... | Wikipedia/State_space_(physics) |
In theoretical physics, boundary conformal field theory (BCFT) is a conformal field theory defined on a spacetime with a boundary (or boundaries). Different kinds of boundary conditions for the fields may be imposed on the fundamental fields; for example, Neumann boundary condition or Dirichlet boundary condition is ac... | Wikipedia/Boundary_conformal_field_theory |
Maxwell's equations, or Maxwell–Heaviside equations, are a set of coupled partial differential equations that, together with the Lorentz force law, form the foundation of classical electromagnetism, classical optics, electric and magnetic circuits.
The equations provide a mathematical model for electric, optical, and ... | Wikipedia/Maxwell_theory |
Conformal symmetry is a property of spacetime that ensures angles remain unchanged even when distances are altered. If you stretch, compress, or otherwise distort spacetime, the local angular relationships between lines or curves stay the same. This idea extends the familiar Poincaré group —which accounts for rotations... | Wikipedia/Conformal_algebra |
In thermodynamics, a critical point (or critical state) is the end point of a phase equilibrium curve. One example is the liquid–vapor critical point, the end point of the pressure–temperature curve that designates conditions under which a liquid and its vapor can coexist. At higher temperatures, the gas comes into a s... | Wikipedia/Critical_point_(physics) |
In theoretical physics, a logarithmic conformal field theory is a conformal field theory in which the
correlators of the basic fields are allowed to be logarithmic at short distance, instead of being powers of the fields' distance. Equivalently, the dilation operator is not diagonalizable.
Examples of logarithmic confo... | Wikipedia/Logarithmic_conformal_field_theory |
In quantum field theory, the Wightman distributions can be analytically continued to analytic functions in Euclidean space with the domain restricted to ordered n-tuples in
R
d
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R... | Wikipedia/Schwinger_functions |
In computer science, an output-sensitive algorithm is an algorithm whose running time depends on the size of the output, instead of, or in addition to, the size of the input. For certain problems where the output size varies widely, for example from linear in the size of the input to quadratic in the size of the input,... | Wikipedia/Output-sensitive_algorithm |
The Remez algorithm or Remez exchange algorithm, published by Evgeny Yakovlevich Remez in 1934, is an iterative algorithm used to find simple approximations to functions, specifically, approximations by functions in a Chebyshev space that are the best in the uniform norm L∞ sense. It is sometimes referred to as Remes a... | Wikipedia/Remez_algorithm |
In computer science, the Floyd–Warshall algorithm (also known as Floyd's algorithm, the Roy–Warshall algorithm, the Roy–Floyd algorithm, or the WFI algorithm) is an algorithm for finding shortest paths in a directed weighted graph with positive or negative edge weights (but with no negative cycles). A single execution ... | Wikipedia/Floyd's_algorithm |
In theoretical computer science, in particular in formal language theory, Kleene's algorithm transforms a given nondeterministic finite automaton (NFA) into a regular expression.
Together with other conversion algorithms, it establishes the equivalence of several description formats for regular languages. Alternative ... | Wikipedia/Kleene's_algorithm |
The Schulze method (), also known as the beatpath method, is a single winner ranked-choice voting rule developed by Markus Schulze. The Schulze method is a Condorcet completion method, which means it will elect a majority-preferred candidate if one exists. In other words, if most people rank A above B, A will defeat B ... | Wikipedia/Schulze_method |
In computer science, cycle detection or cycle finding is the algorithmic problem of finding a cycle in a sequence of iterated function values.
For any function f that maps a finite set S to itself, and any initial value x0 in S, the sequence of iterated function values
x
... | Wikipedia/Floyd's_cycle-finding_algorithm |
In mathematics, more specifically in functional analysis, a positive linear functional on an ordered vector space
(
V
,
≤
)
{\displaystyle (V,\leq )}
is a linear functional
f
{\displaystyle f}
on
... | Wikipedia/Positive_linear_functional |
In mathematics, in the field of functional analysis, a Minkowski functional (after Hermann Minkowski) or gauge function is a function that recovers a notion of distance on a linear space.
If
K
{\textstyle K}
is a subset of a real or complex vector space
... | Wikipedia/Minkowski_functional |
In mathematics, particularly functional analysis, spaces of linear maps between two vector spaces can be endowed with a variety of topologies. Studying space of linear maps and these topologies can give insight into the spaces themselves.
The article operator topologies discusses topologies on spaces of linear maps be... | Wikipedia/Topology_of_uniform_convergence |
In mathematics, weak topology is an alternative term for certain initial topologies, often on topological vector spaces or spaces of linear operators, for instance on a Hilbert space. The term is most commonly used for the initial topology of a topological vector space (such as a normed vector space) with respect to it... | Wikipedia/Weak_topology_(polar_topology) |
In mathematics, a strong topology is a topology which is stronger than some other "default" topology. This term is used to describe different topologies depending on context, and it may refer to:
the final topology on the disjoint union
the topology arising from a norm
the strong operator topology
the strong topology ... | Wikipedia/Strong_topology |
In mathematical analysis, and especially functional analysis, a fundamental role is played by the space of continuous functions on a compact Hausdorff space
X
{\displaystyle X}
with values in the real or complex numbers. This space, denoted by
... | Wikipedia/Continuous_functions_on_a_compact_Hausdorff_space |
In functional analysis, an area of mathematics, the projective tensor product of two locally convex topological vector spaces is a natural topological vector space structure on their tensor product. Namely, given locally convex topological vector spaces
X
{\displaystyle X}
an... | Wikipedia/Projective_tensor_product |
In functional analysis, a branch of mathematics, the strong operator topology, often abbreviated SOT, is the locally convex topology on the set of bounded operators on a Hilbert space H induced by the seminorms of the form
T
↦
‖
T
x
‖
{\dis... | Wikipedia/Strong_operator_topology |
In functional analysis, an area of mathematics, the injective tensor product is a particular topological tensor product, a topological vector space (TVS) formed by equipping the tensor product of the underlying vector spaces of two TVSs with a compatible topology. It was introduced by Alexander Grothendieck and used by... | Wikipedia/Injective_tensor_product |
In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics a dual topology is a locally convex topology on a vector space that is induced by the continuous dual of the vector space, by means of the bilinear form (also called pairing) associated with the dual pair.
The different dual topologies for a given dual pair are ch... | Wikipedia/Dual_topology |
In functional analysis, a branch of mathematics, nest algebras are a class of operator algebras that generalise the upper-triangular matrix algebras to a Hilbert space context. They were introduced by Ringrose (1965) and have many interesting properties. They are non-selfadjoint algebras, are closed in the weak operato... | Wikipedia/Nest_algebra |
In functional analysis, a branch of mathematics, the ultraweak topology, also called the weak-* topology, or weak-* operator topology or σ-weak topology, is a topology on B(H), the space of bounded operators on a Hilbert space H. B(H) admits a predual B*(H), the trace class operators on H. The ultraweak topology is ... | Wikipedia/Ultraweak_topology |
In mathematics, Riesz's lemma (after Frigyes Riesz) is a lemma in functional analysis. It specifies (often easy to check) conditions that guarantee that a subspace in a normed vector space is dense. The lemma may also be called the Riesz lemma or Riesz inequality. It can be seen as a substitute for orthogonality when t... | Wikipedia/Riesz's_lemma |
In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics, the strong dual space of a topological vector space (TVS)
X
{\displaystyle X}
is the continuous dual space
X
′
{\displaystyle... | Wikipedia/Strong_topology_(polar_topology) |
Strong measurability has a number of different meanings, some of which are explained below.
== Values in Banach spaces ==
For a function f with values in a Banach space (or Fréchet space), strong measurability usually means Bochner measurability.
However, if the values of f lie in the space
... | Wikipedia/Strongly_measurable_functions |
In functional analysis, the ultrastrong topology, or σ-strong topology, or strongest topology on the set B(H) of bounded operators on a Hilbert space is the topology defined by the family of seminorms
p
ω
(
x
)
... | Wikipedia/Ultrastrong_topology |
In computer science, a sequential algorithm or serial algorithm is an algorithm that is executed sequentially – once through, from start to finish, without other processing executing – as opposed to concurrently or in parallel. The term is primarily used to contrast with concurrent algorithm or parallel algorithm; most... | Wikipedia/Sequential_algorithm |
Because matrix multiplication is such a central operation in many numerical algorithms, much work has been invested in making matrix multiplication algorithms efficient. Applications of matrix multiplication in computational problems are found in many fields including scientific computing and pattern recognition and in... | Wikipedia/Parallel_algorithms_for_matrix_multiplication |
In computer science, a sequential algorithm or serial algorithm is an algorithm that is executed sequentially – once through, from start to finish, without other processing executing – as opposed to concurrently or in parallel. The term is primarily used to contrast with concurrent algorithm or parallel algorithm; most... | Wikipedia/Serial_algorithm |
Concurrent computing is a form of computing in which several computations are executed concurrently—during overlapping time periods—instead of sequentially—with one completing before the next starts.
This is a property of a system—whether a program, computer, or a network—where there is a separate execution point or "t... | Wikipedia/Concurrent_algorithm |
In graph theory a minimum spanning tree (MST)
T
{\displaystyle T}
of a graph
G
=
(
V
,
E
)
{\displaystyle G=(V,E)}
with
|
V
... | Wikipedia/Parallel_algorithms_for_minimum_spanning_trees |
In mathematics, the bisection method is a root-finding method that applies to any continuous function for which one knows two values with opposite signs. The method consists of repeatedly bisecting the interval defined by these values and then selecting the subinterval in which the function changes sign, and therefore... | Wikipedia/Bisection_algorithm |
In database management, an aggregate function or aggregation function is a function where multiple values are processed together to form a single summary statistic.
Common aggregate functions include:
Average (i.e., arithmetic mean)
Count
Maximum
Median
Minimum
Mode
Range
Sum
Others include:
Nanmean (mean ignoring N... | Wikipedia/Decomposable_aggregation_function |
In parallel computing, the fork–join model is a way of setting up and executing parallel programs, such that execution branches off in parallel at designated points in the program, to "join" (merge) at a subsequent point and resume sequential execution. Parallel sections may fork recursively until a certain task granul... | Wikipedia/Fork–join_model |
In linear algebra, the Strassen algorithm, named after Volker Strassen, is an algorithm for matrix multiplication. It is faster than the standard matrix multiplication algorithm for large matrices, with a better asymptotic complexity, although the naive algorithm is often better for smaller matrices. The Strassen algor... | Wikipedia/Strassen_algorithm |
Bottom-up and top-down are strategies of composition and decomposition in fields as diverse as information processing and ordering knowledge, software, humanistic and scientific theories (see systemics), and management and organization. In practice they can be seen as a style of thinking, teaching, or leadership.
A top... | Wikipedia/Bottom-up_design |
In computer science, the Akra–Bazzi method, or Akra–Bazzi theorem, is used to analyze the asymptotic behavior of the mathematical recurrences that appear in the analysis of divide and conquer algorithms where the sub-problems have substantially different sizes. It is a generalization of the master theorem for divide-a... | Wikipedia/Akra–Bazzi_method |
External memory graph traversal is a type of graph traversal optimized for accessing externally stored memory.
== Background ==
Graph traversal is a subroutine in most graph algorithms. The goal of a graph traversal algorithm is to visit (and / or process) every node of a graph. Graph traversal algorithms, like bread... | Wikipedia/External_memory_graph_traversal |
In numerical linear algebra, the Cuthill–McKee algorithm (CM), named after Elizabeth Cuthill and James McKee, is an algorithm to permute a sparse matrix that has a symmetric sparsity pattern into a band matrix form with a small bandwidth. The reverse Cuthill–McKee algorithm (RCM) due to Alan George and Joseph Liu i... | Wikipedia/Cuthill–McKee_algorithm |
Maze generation algorithms are automated methods for the creation of mazes.
== Graph theory based methods ==
A maze can be generated by starting with a predetermined arrangement of cells (most commonly a rectangular grid but other arrangements are possible) with wall sites between them. This predetermined arrangemen... | Wikipedia/Maze_generation_algorithm |
Facebook Graph Search was a semantic search engine that Facebook introduced in March 2013. It was designed to give answers to user natural language queries rather than a list of links. The name refers to the social graph nature of Facebook, which maps the relationships among users. The Graph Search feature combined the... | Wikipedia/Facebook_Graph_Search |
A function pointer, also called a subroutine pointer or procedure pointer, is a pointer referencing executable code, rather than data. Dereferencing the function pointer yields the referenced function, which can be invoked and passed arguments just as in a normal function call. Such an invocation is also known as an "i... | Wikipedia/Function_pointers |
A hot spot in computer science is most usually defined as a region of a computer program where a high proportion of executed instructions occur or where most time is spent during the program's execution (not necessarily the same thing since some instructions are faster than others).
If a program is interrupted randomly... | Wikipedia/Hot_spot_(computer_science) |
Index mapping (or direct addressing, or a trivial hash function) in computer science describes using an array, in which each position corresponds to a key in the universe of possible values.
The technique is most effective when the universe of keys is reasonably small, such that allocating an array with one position fo... | Wikipedia/Trivial_hash_function |
In computer science, reflective programming or reflection is the ability of a process to examine, introspect, and modify its own structure and behavior.
== Historical background ==
The earliest computers were programmed in their native assembly languages, which were inherently reflective, as these original architectu... | Wikipedia/Reflection_(computer_science) |
Data conversion is the conversion of computer data from one format to another. Throughout a computer environment, data is encoded in a variety of ways. For example, computer hardware is built on the basis of certain standards, which requires that data contains, for example, parity bit checks. Similarly, the operating s... | Wikipedia/Data_conversion |
In computer science, an offset within an array or other data structure object is an integer indicating the distance (displacement) between the beginning of the object and a given element or point, presumably within the same object.: 100–103 The concept of a distance is valid only if all elements of the object are of t... | Wikipedia/Offset_(computer_science) |
In mathematical optimization, the revised simplex method is a variant of George Dantzig's simplex method for linear programming.
The revised simplex method is mathematically equivalent to the standard simplex method but differs in implementation. Instead of maintaining a tableau which explicitly represents the constrai... | Wikipedia/Revised_simplex_algorithm |
In mathematical optimization, the ellipsoid method is an iterative method for minimizing convex functions over convex sets. The ellipsoid method generates a sequence of ellipsoids whose volume uniformly decreases at every step, thus enclosing a minimizer of a convex function.
When specialized to solving feasible linear... | Wikipedia/Ellipsoidal_algorithm |
In mathematics, a topological space
X
{\displaystyle X}
is said to be a Baire space if countable unions of closed sets with empty interior also have empty interior.
According to the Baire category theorem, compact Hausdorff spaces and complete metric spaces are examples of Ba... | Wikipedia/Baire_category_theory |
In operations research, the Big M method is a method of solving linear programming problems using the simplex algorithm. The Big M method extends the simplex algorithm to problems that contain "greater-than" constraints. It does so by associating the constraints with large negative constants which would not be part of... | Wikipedia/Big_M_method |
In the theory of linear programming, a basic feasible solution (BFS) is a solution with a minimal set of non-zero variables. Geometrically, each BFS corresponds to a vertex of the polyhedron of feasible solutions. If there exists an optimal solution, then there exists an optimal BFS. Hence, to find an optimal solution,... | Wikipedia/Basic_feasible_solution |
In mathematical optimization and decision theory, a loss function or cost function (sometimes also called an error function) is a function that maps an event or values of one or more variables onto a real number intuitively representing some "cost" associated with the event. An optimization problem seeks to minimize a ... | Wikipedia/Loss_Functions |
In mathematics, integrability is a property of certain dynamical systems. While there are several distinct formal definitions, informally speaking, an integrable system is a dynamical system with sufficiently many conserved quantities, or first integrals, that its motion is confined to a submanifold
of much smaller d... | Wikipedia/Integrable_systems |
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