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text_id stringlengths 22 22 | page_url stringlengths 31 389 | page_title stringlengths 1 250 | section_title stringlengths 0 4.67k | context_page_description stringlengths 0 108k | context_section_description stringlengths 1 187k | media list | hierachy list | category list |
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projected-00308985-022 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Pelham-Holles%2C%201st%20Duke%20of%20Newcastle | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle | Success | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne and 1st Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, (21 July 169317 November 1768) was a British Whig statesman who served as the 4th and 6th Prime Minister of Great Britain, his official life extended throughout the Whig supremacy of the 18th century. He is commonly known as th... | In 1758, Pitt began despatching expeditions around the world to seize French colonies. In 1758, they captured Senegal and Gambia in West Africa and Louisbourg in North America. He planned to intensify this the next year by despatching large expeditions to the West Indies and Canada. To do so, Pitt stripped the British ... | [] | [
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projected-00308985-023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Pelham-Holles%2C%201st%20Duke%20of%20Newcastle | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle | Dismissal | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne and 1st Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, (21 July 169317 November 1768) was a British Whig statesman who served as the 4th and 6th Prime Minister of Great Britain, his official life extended throughout the Whig supremacy of the 18th century. He is commonly known as th... | This "broad bottom government", under which Britain gained reputation abroad, gradually fell owing to the affection of the new king George III for Lord Bute, who, having supplanted Pitt, became prime minister in place of Newcastle in May 1762. George III had described Pitt as a "snake in the grass" and Newcastle as a "... | [] | [
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projected-00308985-025 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Pelham-Holles%2C%201st%20Duke%20of%20Newcastle | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle | Opposition | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne and 1st Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, (21 July 169317 November 1768) was a British Whig statesman who served as the 4th and 6th Prime Minister of Great Britain, his official life extended throughout the Whig supremacy of the 18th century. He is commonly known as th... | The Duke went into opposition and lost his two Lord-Lieutenancies for opposing the peace of 1763. Along with Pitt, he felt the terms of peace were overly generous to France and Spain because of the position of strength held by the British. Many territories captured during the war were handed back, but the French presen... | [] | [
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projected-00308985-026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Pelham-Holles%2C%201st%20Duke%20of%20Newcastle | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle | Final return | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne and 1st Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, (21 July 169317 November 1768) was a British Whig statesman who served as the 4th and 6th Prime Minister of Great Britain, his official life extended throughout the Whig supremacy of the 18th century. He is commonly known as th... | In 1765, he became Lord Privy Seal in the government of Lord Rockingham, who shared many similarities with Newcastle, and both men were both wealthy Whig grandees. Newcastle was at one point offered the position of Southern Secretary by the king, but he turned it down. He lasted for a few months before the government c... | [] | [
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projected-00308985-027 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Pelham-Holles%2C%201st%20Duke%20of%20Newcastle | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle | Retirement | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne and 1st Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, (21 July 169317 November 1768) was a British Whig statesman who served as the 4th and 6th Prime Minister of Great Britain, his official life extended throughout the Whig supremacy of the 18th century. He is commonly known as th... | He remained in active opposition but accepted he would not hold office again. He continued to wield enormous patronage and influence, but his health swiftly gave way after a stroke in December 1767, which left him lame and impaired in speech and memory. In his final few months, he had counselled against the Coercive Ac... | [] | [
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projected-00308985-028 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Pelham-Holles%2C%201st%20Duke%20of%20Newcastle | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle | Legacy | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne and 1st Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, (21 July 169317 November 1768) was a British Whig statesman who served as the 4th and 6th Prime Minister of Great Britain, his official life extended throughout the Whig supremacy of the 18th century. He is commonly known as th... | Newcastle was widely caricatured, often being portrayed as a muddle-headed buffoon who struggled to understand the business of government. He was one of the most ridiculed politicians of the 18th century. A common and widely circulated example of his cluelessness is his reported response to being told by Ligonier that ... | [] | [
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projected-00308985-029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Pelham-Holles%2C%201st%20Duke%20of%20Newcastle | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle | Popular culture | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne and 1st Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, (21 July 169317 November 1768) was a British Whig statesman who served as the 4th and 6th Prime Minister of Great Britain, his official life extended throughout the Whig supremacy of the 18th century. He is commonly known as th... | He was portrayed in the novel Humphry Clinker by Tobias Smollett as a bungling fool, ignorant of all geography, who is convinced that Cape Breton is not an island. Newcastle was played in the 1948 film Bonnie Prince Charlie by G. H. Mulcaster. He also features in the British television series City of Vice, which covers... | [] | [
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projected-00308985-030 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Pelham-Holles%2C%201st%20Duke%20of%20Newcastle | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle | Family | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne and 1st Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, (21 July 169317 November 1768) was a British Whig statesman who served as the 4th and 6th Prime Minister of Great Britain, his official life extended throughout the Whig supremacy of the 18th century. He is commonly known as th... | On 2 April 1717, he married Lady Harriet Godolphin, daughter of the 2nd Earl of Godolphin and granddaughter of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough. The Duchess suffered from poor health and the couple had no children.
In 1731, at Houghton Hall, Sir Robert Walpole's country house in Norfolk, the Duke, with the Duke... | [
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projected-00308985-031 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Pelham-Holles%2C%201st%20Duke%20of%20Newcastle | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle | Succession | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne and 1st Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, (21 July 169317 November 1768) was a British Whig statesman who served as the 4th and 6th Prime Minister of Great Britain, his official life extended throughout the Whig supremacy of the 18th century. He is commonly known as th... | With the prospect that the dukedom of Newcastle upon Tyne would become extinct once again, King George II also created the Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne in 1756, with a special remainder for inheritance through his nephew, the 9th Earl of Lincoln.
In 1762, he was also created Baron Pelham of Stanmer, with inheritance t... | [] | [
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projected-00308985-034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Pelham-Holles%2C%201st%20Duke%20of%20Newcastle | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle | Notes | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne and 1st Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, (21 July 169317 November 1768) was a British Whig statesman who served as the 4th and 6th Prime Minister of Great Britain, his official life extended throughout the Whig supremacy of the 18th century. He is commonly known as th... | ; cited as ThPelODNB. | [] | [
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projected-00308985-035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Pelham-Holles%2C%201st%20Duke%20of%20Newcastle | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle | Bibliography | Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne and 1st Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne, (21 July 169317 November 1768) was a British Whig statesman who served as the 4th and 6th Prime Minister of Great Britain, his official life extended throughout the Whig supremacy of the 18th century. He is commonly known as th... | Barnes, Donald G. "The Duke of Newcastle, Ecclesiastical Minister, 1724–54." Pacific Historical Review 3.2 (1934): 164–191. in JSTOR
Middleton, Richard. The Bells of Victory: The Pitt-Newcastle Ministry and Conduct of the Seven Years' War 1757-1762 (Cambridge University Press, 2002).
Nulle, Stebelton H. "The Duke o... | [] | [
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projected-00308986-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen%20Yi%20%28marshal%29 | Chen Yi (marshal) | Introduction | Chen Yi (; August 26, 1901 – January 6, 1972) was a Chinese communist military commander and politician. He served as Mayor of Shanghai from 1949 to 1958 and as Foreign Minister of China from 1958 to 1972. | [] | [
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projected-00308986-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen%20Yi%20%28marshal%29 | Chen Yi (marshal) | Early life | Chen Yi (; August 26, 1901 – January 6, 1972) was a Chinese communist military commander and politician. He served as Mayor of Shanghai from 1949 to 1958 and as Foreign Minister of China from 1958 to 1972. | Chen was born in Lezhi County near Chengdu, Sichuan, into a moderately wealthy magistrate's family. | [
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projected-00308986-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen%20Yi%20%28marshal%29 | Chen Yi (marshal) | War | Chen Yi (; August 26, 1901 – January 6, 1972) was a Chinese communist military commander and politician. He served as Mayor of Shanghai from 1949 to 1958 and as Foreign Minister of China from 1958 to 1972. | A comrade of Lin Biao from their guerrilla days, he was prominent in the Jiangxi Soviet. Later, due to a leg injury, he was the only one of the later Ten Marshals to have not participated in the Long March. Thus, Chen was later made a commander under Ye Ting in the New Fourth Army. After the Wannan Incident, Chen succe... | [] | [
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projected-00308986-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen%20Yi%20%28marshal%29 | Chen Yi (marshal) | People's Republic | Chen Yi (; August 26, 1901 – January 6, 1972) was a Chinese communist military commander and politician. He served as Mayor of Shanghai from 1949 to 1958 and as Foreign Minister of China from 1958 to 1972. | After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Chen became mayor of Shanghai. He also served as vice premier from 1954 to 1972 and foreign minister from 1958 to 1972 and president of the China Foreign Affairs University from 1961 to 1969. As vice premier, he was present during the breakup of Sino-Soviet relation... | [] | [
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projected-00308986-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen%20Yi%20%28marshal%29 | Chen Yi (marshal) | See also | Chen Yi (; August 26, 1901 – January 6, 1972) was a Chinese communist military commander and politician. He served as Mayor of Shanghai from 1949 to 1958 and as Foreign Minister of China from 1958 to 1972. | List of officers of the People's Liberation Army
Historical Museum of French-Chinese Friendship | [] | [
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projected-00308988-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu%20Bocheng | Liu Bocheng | Introduction | Liu Bocheng (; December 4, 1892 – October 7, 1986) was a Chinese Communist military commander and Marshal of the People's Liberation Army.
Liu is known as the 'half' of the "Three and A Half" Strategists of China in modern history. (The other three are Lin Biao, commander of the CPC, and Kuomintang commander Bai Chong... | [] | [
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"People's Republic of China ... | |
projected-00308988-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu%20Bocheng | Liu Bocheng | Early life | Liu Bocheng (; December 4, 1892 – October 7, 1986) was a Chinese Communist military commander and Marshal of the People's Liberation Army.
Liu is known as the 'half' of the "Three and A Half" Strategists of China in modern history. (The other three are Lin Biao, commander of the CPC, and Kuomintang commander Bai Chong... | Liu was born to a peasant family in Kaixian, Sichuan (the site is currently submerged by the Three Gorges Dam). Influenced by the revolutionary theories of Sun Yat-sen, he later decided to dedicate himself to the cause of establishing a democratic and modern China.
In 1911, Liu joined the Boy Scouts in support of the ... | [] | [
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projected-00308988-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu%20Bocheng | Liu Bocheng | Commander of the CPC Army | Liu Bocheng (; December 4, 1892 – October 7, 1986) was a Chinese Communist military commander and Marshal of the People's Liberation Army.
Liu is known as the 'half' of the "Three and A Half" Strategists of China in modern history. (The other three are Lin Biao, commander of the CPC, and Kuomintang commander Bai Chong... | In the summer of 1930, Liu was sent back to China and was appointed as commissioner of the Central Military Committee of the CPC as well as Military Secretary of the Yangtze River division of the CPC. In December 1930, Liu went to Shanghai to assist Zhou Enlai in the daily administration of CPC military affairs.
In 19... | [] | [
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projected-00308988-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu%20Bocheng | Liu Bocheng | War with Japan | Liu Bocheng (; December 4, 1892 – October 7, 1986) was a Chinese Communist military commander and Marshal of the People's Liberation Army.
Liu is known as the 'half' of the "Three and A Half" Strategists of China in modern history. (The other three are Lin Biao, commander of the CPC, and Kuomintang commander Bai Chong... | In 1936, after the Xi'an Incident, Chiang agreed to set up an alliance with the CPC in the fight against Japanese invaders. On July 7, 1937, after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, general war between China and Japan broke out. Under the agreement with Chiang, CPC armies were reorganised into 8th Route Army, and Liu was ... | [
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projected-00308988-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu%20Bocheng | Liu Bocheng | Chinese Civil War | Liu Bocheng (; December 4, 1892 – October 7, 1986) was a Chinese Communist military commander and Marshal of the People's Liberation Army.
Liu is known as the 'half' of the "Three and A Half" Strategists of China in modern history. (The other three are Lin Biao, commander of the CPC, and Kuomintang commander Bai Chong... | At the end of the war against the Japanese, the war-scourged Chinese people pleaded for peace. Chiang then invited Mao to Chongqing for peace talks, during which, Yan Xishan sent his armies to attack CPC territories in Shanxi under Chiang's authorisation. Liu and Deng led the Shangdang Campaign and defeated 13 division... | [] | [
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projected-00308988-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu%20Bocheng | Liu Bocheng | After the Establishment of the PRC | Liu Bocheng (; December 4, 1892 – October 7, 1986) was a Chinese Communist military commander and Marshal of the People's Liberation Army.
Liu is known as the 'half' of the "Three and A Half" Strategists of China in modern history. (The other three are Lin Biao, commander of the CPC, and Kuomintang commander Bai Chong... | On October 1, 1949, Mao announced the establishment of the People’s Republic of China. During the ceremony, Liu stood next to Mao. This marked the peak of his career as a military commander. In January 1950, Liu was appointed chairman of the Southwestern Division of the Central People's Government of PRC, together with... | [] | [
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projected-00308988-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu%20Bocheng | Liu Bocheng | Anecdotes | Liu Bocheng (; December 4, 1892 – October 7, 1986) was a Chinese Communist military commander and Marshal of the People's Liberation Army.
Liu is known as the 'half' of the "Three and A Half" Strategists of China in modern history. (The other three are Lin Biao, commander of the CPC, and Kuomintang commander Bai Chong... | During the Fengdu campaign in 1916, Liu was hit by a bullet in the head, which passed through his right temple and went out from his right eye. A German surgeon performed surgery to remove the eyeball and debride necrotic tissues. To keep his brain nerves from being damaged by the anaesthetics, Liu insisted on operati... | [] | [
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projected-00308988-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu%20Bocheng | Liu Bocheng | False anecdotes | Liu Bocheng (; December 4, 1892 – October 7, 1986) was a Chinese Communist military commander and Marshal of the People's Liberation Army.
Liu is known as the 'half' of the "Three and A Half" Strategists of China in modern history. (The other three are Lin Biao, commander of the CPC, and Kuomintang commander Bai Chong... | Liu and Deng's relationship was greatly exaggerated by the Chinese general populace as a way to protest Mao Zedong's disastrous Cultural Revolution: In 1972, shortly after the death of Chinese Field Marshal Chen Yi, Liu told his family that after his death, he wanted his funeral to be held by Deng, and his eulogy to be... | [] | [
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projected-00308988-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu%20Bocheng | Liu Bocheng | Legacy | Liu Bocheng (; December 4, 1892 – October 7, 1986) was a Chinese Communist military commander and Marshal of the People's Liberation Army.
Liu is known as the 'half' of the "Three and A Half" Strategists of China in modern history. (The other three are Lin Biao, commander of the CPC, and Kuomintang commander Bai Chong... | Unlike other CCP generals, such as Lin Biao and Peng Dehuai, Liu never won the trust and support of Mao. Liu earned his reputation and title through his own outstanding military skills and personality. He oversaw the development of the CPC armies’ expertise in regular battle, frontal attack, army groups campaigns, and ... | [] | [
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"People's Republic of China ... |
projected-00308988-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu%20Bocheng | Liu Bocheng | See also | Liu Bocheng (; December 4, 1892 – October 7, 1986) was a Chinese Communist military commander and Marshal of the People's Liberation Army.
Liu is known as the 'half' of the "Three and A Half" Strategists of China in modern history. (The other three are Lin Biao, commander of the CPC, and Kuomintang commander Bai Chong... | List of generals of the People's Republic of China | [] | [
"See also"
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projected-00308988-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu%20Bocheng | Liu Bocheng | Sources | Liu Bocheng (; December 4, 1892 – October 7, 1986) was a Chinese Communist military commander and Marshal of the People's Liberation Army.
Liu is known as the 'half' of the "Three and A Half" Strategists of China in modern history. (The other three are Lin Biao, commander of the CPC, and Kuomintang commander Bai Chong... | Barron, James. "Liu Bocheng, Military Leader in Two Chinese Revolutions". New York Times. October 10, 1986. Retrieved August 31, 2014.
Lew, Christopher R. The Third Chinese Revolutionary War, 1945–1949: An Analysis of Communist Strategy and Leadership. US and Canada: Routelage. 2009. . p. 12.
Long March Leaders
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projected-00308993-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewkesbury | Tewkesbury | Introduction | Tewkesbury ( ) is a medieval market town and civil parish in the north of Gloucestershire, England. The town has significant history in the Wars of the Roses and grew since the building of Tewkesbury Abbey. It stands at the confluence of the River Severn and the River Avon, and thus became an important trading point, w... | [] | [
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projected-00308993-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewkesbury | Tewkesbury | Geographic position | Tewkesbury ( ) is a medieval market town and civil parish in the north of Gloucestershire, England. The town has significant history in the Wars of the Roses and grew since the building of Tewkesbury Abbey. It stands at the confluence of the River Severn and the River Avon, and thus became an important trading point, w... | The town grew due to trading at the confluence of River Severn and Avon, and meeting point of main roads between Gloucester and Worcester. The town is approximately halfway between these adjacent cities, positioned where natural rises in the land allowed early settlers in the town to avoid flooding, yet to take advanta... | [] | [
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projected-00308993-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewkesbury | Tewkesbury | Expansion | Tewkesbury ( ) is a medieval market town and civil parish in the north of Gloucestershire, England. The town has significant history in the Wars of the Roses and grew since the building of Tewkesbury Abbey. It stands at the confluence of the River Severn and the River Avon, and thus became an important trading point, w... | In 1965, Tewkesbury borough, Gloucestershire, was enlarged by incorporating the then-new Mitton housing estate, on land previously in Bredon parish, Worcestershire, as part of the West Midland Counties Order. The estate now forms part of the "Tewkesbury Town with Mitton" borough council ward, which also covers Tewkesbu... | [] | [
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projected-00308993-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewkesbury | Tewkesbury | Nearby places | Tewkesbury ( ) is a medieval market town and civil parish in the north of Gloucestershire, England. The town has significant history in the Wars of the Roses and grew since the building of Tewkesbury Abbey. It stands at the confluence of the River Severn and the River Avon, and thus became an important trading point, w... | Bredon
Bishop's Cleeve
Cheltenham
Evesham
Gloucester
Pershore
Malvern (Great Malvern)
Upton upon Severn
Cotswolds
Forest of Dean
Malvern Hills
Winchcombe
Gretton | [] | [
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projected-00308993-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewkesbury | Tewkesbury | Demography | Tewkesbury ( ) is a medieval market town and civil parish in the north of Gloucestershire, England. The town has significant history in the Wars of the Roses and grew since the building of Tewkesbury Abbey. It stands at the confluence of the River Severn and the River Avon, and thus became an important trading point, w... | At the 2011 UK census the Tewkesbury parish had a population of 10,704. If the neighbouring parishes of Wheatpieces (3,577), Northway (5,080) and Ashchurch Rural (957) are added, the figure rises to 20,318. The Tewkesbury urban area is divided in two by the north–south running M5 motorway, opened in February 1971. Howe... | [] | [
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projected-00308993-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewkesbury | Tewkesbury | Historical landmarks | Tewkesbury ( ) is a medieval market town and civil parish in the north of Gloucestershire, England. The town has significant history in the Wars of the Roses and grew since the building of Tewkesbury Abbey. It stands at the confluence of the River Severn and the River Avon, and thus became an important trading point, w... | The town features many Medieval and Tudor buildings, but is most famous for Tewkesbury Abbey, a Norman abbey church. | [
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projected-00308993-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewkesbury | Tewkesbury | The Abbey | Tewkesbury ( ) is a medieval market town and civil parish in the north of Gloucestershire, England. The town has significant history in the Wars of the Roses and grew since the building of Tewkesbury Abbey. It stands at the confluence of the River Severn and the River Avon, and thus became an important trading point, w... | The Abbey was built by the Normans and consecrated in the year 1121.
Originally the Abbey formed part of a Benedictine monastery and was saved from the Dissolution of the Monasteries by King Henry VIII after being bought by the townspeople for the price of the lead on the roof to use as their parish church.
Most of th... | [] | [
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projected-00308993-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewkesbury | Tewkesbury | Pubs, inns and taverns | Tewkesbury ( ) is a medieval market town and civil parish in the north of Gloucestershire, England. The town has significant history in the Wars of the Roses and grew since the building of Tewkesbury Abbey. It stands at the confluence of the River Severn and the River Avon, and thus became an important trading point, w... | Tewkesbury claims Gloucestershire's oldest public house, the Black Bear, dating from 1308. The pub closed in 2017 and has undergoing extensive, thorough renovation 2019–2022. Other notable large hostelries are the Royal Hop Pole Hotel in Church Street (which has recently been converted into a part of the Wetherspoons p... | [
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projected-00308993-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewkesbury | Tewkesbury | Around the Abbey | Tewkesbury ( ) is a medieval market town and civil parish in the north of Gloucestershire, England. The town has significant history in the Wars of the Roses and grew since the building of Tewkesbury Abbey. It stands at the confluence of the River Severn and the River Avon, and thus became an important trading point, w... | The Abbey Cottages, adjacent to Tewkesbury Abbey, were built between 1410 and 1412. They were restored 1967 to 1972 by the Abbey Lawn Trust, a building preservation charity. They house the John Moore Museum, residential homes and commercial offices. The John Moore Museum was established in 1980 in memory of the writer ... | [] | [
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projected-00308993-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewkesbury | Tewkesbury | Along the river | Tewkesbury ( ) is a medieval market town and civil parish in the north of Gloucestershire, England. The town has significant history in the Wars of the Roses and grew since the building of Tewkesbury Abbey. It stands at the confluence of the River Severn and the River Avon, and thus became an important trading point, w... | Just to the west of the town is Thomas Telford's Mythe Bridge over the River Severn, a cast-iron structure with a span, opened in 1826. Tewkesbury's other notable bridge is the stone-built King John's Bridge over the Avon, commissioned by King John in the late 12th century as part of improvements to the main road from... | [] | [
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projected-00308993-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewkesbury | Tewkesbury | Modern governance | Tewkesbury ( ) is a medieval market town and civil parish in the north of Gloucestershire, England. The town has significant history in the Wars of the Roses and grew since the building of Tewkesbury Abbey. It stands at the confluence of the River Severn and the River Avon, and thus became an important trading point, w... | The Town of Tewkesbury is located within the Non-Metropolitan County of Gloucestershire and forms part of the Tewkesbury Urban Area. Civil Parishes of Tewkesbury Town, Wheatpieces and Northway form the Tewkesbury Urban Area. The Tewkesbury Town Civil Parish is the largest Parish within the Urban Area and is the locatio... | [
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projected-00308993-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewkesbury | Tewkesbury | Historical governance and town mayoralty | Tewkesbury ( ) is a medieval market town and civil parish in the north of Gloucestershire, England. The town has significant history in the Wars of the Roses and grew since the building of Tewkesbury Abbey. It stands at the confluence of the River Severn and the River Avon, and thus became an important trading point, w... | The following table lists the Mayors of Tewkesbury between 1836 and 1973. After 1973 both Tewkesbury Borough and Tewkesbury Town Council have appointed the Borough Mayor and Town Mayor respectively. The date of the Mayors Election changed from November to May in 1947/48 during the term of office of J.O. Martin JP. | [] | [
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projected-00308993-014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewkesbury | Tewkesbury | Railways | Tewkesbury ( ) is a medieval market town and civil parish in the north of Gloucestershire, England. The town has significant history in the Wars of the Roses and grew since the building of Tewkesbury Abbey. It stands at the confluence of the River Severn and the River Avon, and thus became an important trading point, w... | Tewkesbury is served by Ashchurch for Tewkesbury railway station. It was the last mainline station in Gloucestershire to be reopened after British Rail was fragmented into Railtrack.
The first station was opened by the Birmingham and Gloucester Railway in 1840 and was sited in the High Street. It was replaced in 1864 ... | [] | [
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projected-00308993-015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewkesbury | Tewkesbury | Road transport | Tewkesbury ( ) is a medieval market town and civil parish in the north of Gloucestershire, England. The town has significant history in the Wars of the Roses and grew since the building of Tewkesbury Abbey. It stands at the confluence of the River Severn and the River Avon, and thus became an important trading point, w... | Tewkesbury is served by the M5 and M50 motorways and the A38 and A46 trunk roads. There are regular direct buses to Cheltenham, Gloucester and Evesham. Congestion on the A46 around Ashchurch and junction 9 of the M5 is being addressed through a series of road works starting in 2014.
A network of bus services serve the... | [] | [
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projected-00308993-016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewkesbury | Tewkesbury | Culture | Tewkesbury ( ) is a medieval market town and civil parish in the north of Gloucestershire, England. The town has significant history in the Wars of the Roses and grew since the building of Tewkesbury Abbey. It stands at the confluence of the River Severn and the River Avon, and thus became an important trading point, w... | Roses Theatre combines an arthouse cinema and a live performance venue. The Roses Theatre is where comedian Eric Morecambe collapsed after a charity performance in May 1984. He died hours later in Cheltenham General Hospital. A conference/changing room was later named after him.
Battle of Tewkesbury, mentioned in Shake... | [] | [
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projected-00308993-017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewkesbury | Tewkesbury | Festivals and fairs | Tewkesbury ( ) is a medieval market town and civil parish in the north of Gloucestershire, England. The town has significant history in the Wars of the Roses and grew since the building of Tewkesbury Abbey. It stands at the confluence of the River Severn and the River Avon, and thus became an important trading point, w... | In February Tewkesbury holds a Winter Beer Festival, organised by the Tewkesbury branch of CAMRA.
Since 2005, an annual Food and Drink Festival has been held, in or near the Abbey grounds.
On the second full weekend of July the town hosts Tewkesbury Medieval Festival, Europe's largest battle re-enactment and fair. Thou... | [] | [
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projected-00308993-018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewkesbury | Tewkesbury | Cultural references | Tewkesbury ( ) is a medieval market town and civil parish in the north of Gloucestershire, England. The town has significant history in the Wars of the Roses and grew since the building of Tewkesbury Abbey. It stands at the confluence of the River Severn and the River Avon, and thus became an important trading point, w... | Victorian author Dinah Craik (1826–1887) visited Tewkesbury in 1852, and later set her most famous work John Halifax, Gentleman (pub. 1857) in the town, calling it "Norton Bury". There is a Craik House on Church Street, but Craik never lived there and has no other connection with Tewkesbury. Despite this, there is a me... | [] | [
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projected-00308993-019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewkesbury | Tewkesbury | Notable people | Tewkesbury ( ) is a medieval market town and civil parish in the north of Gloucestershire, England. The town has significant history in the Wars of the Roses and grew since the building of Tewkesbury Abbey. It stands at the confluence of the River Severn and the River Avon, and thus became an important trading point, w... | John Barston – English writer and law civic figure – born Tewkesbury c. 1545
Robert Harold Compton – South African botanist – born Tewkesbury 1886.
Henry Disston – American industrialist – born Tewkesbury 1819.
Anna Ford – newsreader and TV presenter – born Tewkesbury 1943.
Henry Green – author – born Tewkesbury 19... | [] | [
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projected-00308993-020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewkesbury | Tewkesbury | Sports and recreation | Tewkesbury ( ) is a medieval market town and civil parish in the north of Gloucestershire, England. The town has significant history in the Wars of the Roses and grew since the building of Tewkesbury Abbey. It stands at the confluence of the River Severn and the River Avon, and thus became an important trading point, w... | Tewkesbury has one of the 471 King George's Fields as its recreation ground.
The football club, Tewkesbury Town FC have three men's teams in the Saturday Cheltenham Leagues, two teams in the Evesham Birdseye Sunday Leagues, a Veterans team for ages 35+ in the Gloucestershire North County League and hold weekly training... | [] | [
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projected-00308993-021 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewkesbury | Tewkesbury | Twin town | Tewkesbury ( ) is a medieval market town and civil parish in the north of Gloucestershire, England. The town has significant history in the Wars of the Roses and grew since the building of Tewkesbury Abbey. It stands at the confluence of the River Severn and the River Avon, and thus became an important trading point, w... | Tewkesbury Borough is twinned with Miesbach in Bavaria, Germany.
Tewkesbury Town has had a sister city relationship twinned with Tewksbury Township, New Jersey, United States of America since 2003 and also has ties with Stoneham-et-Tewkesbury, Quebec, Canada. | [] | [
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projected-00308993-022 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewkesbury | Tewkesbury | See also | Tewkesbury ( ) is a medieval market town and civil parish in the north of Gloucestershire, England. The town has significant history in the Wars of the Roses and grew since the building of Tewkesbury Abbey. It stands at the confluence of the River Severn and the River Avon, and thus became an important trading point, w... | Murder of Marie Wilks | [] | [
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"Tewkesbury",
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projected-00308994-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus%20FitzRoy%2C%203rd%20Duke%20of%20Grafton | Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton | Introduction | Augustus Henry FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton, (28 September 173514 March 1811), styled Earl of Euston between 1747 and 1757, was a British Whig statesman of the Georgian era. He is one of a handful of dukes who have served as prime minister.
He became prime minister in 1768 at the age of 33, leading the supporters of ... | [] | [
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projected-00308994-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus%20FitzRoy%2C%203rd%20Duke%20of%20Grafton | Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton | Background and education | Augustus Henry FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton, (28 September 173514 March 1811), styled Earl of Euston between 1747 and 1757, was a British Whig statesman of the Georgian era. He is one of a handful of dukes who have served as prime minister.
He became prime minister in 1768 at the age of 33, leading the supporters of ... | He was a son of Lord Augustus FitzRoy, a captain in the Royal Navy, and Elizabeth Cosby, daughter of Colonel William Cosby, who served as a colonial Governor of New York. His father was the third son of the 2nd Duke of Grafton and Lady Henrietta Somerset, which made FitzRoy a great-grandson of both the 1st Duke of Graf... | [
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projected-00308994-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus%20FitzRoy%2C%203rd%20Duke%20of%20Grafton | Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton | Political career | Augustus Henry FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton, (28 September 173514 March 1811), styled Earl of Euston between 1747 and 1757, was a British Whig statesman of the Georgian era. He is one of a handful of dukes who have served as prime minister.
He became prime minister in 1768 at the age of 33, leading the supporters of ... | In 1756, he entered Parliament as MP for Boroughbridge, a pocket borough; several months later, he switched constituencies to Bury St Edmunds, which was controlled by his family. However, a year later, his grandfather died and he succeeded as 3rd Duke of Grafton, which elevated him to the House of Lords.
He first beca... | [] | [
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projected-00308994-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus%20FitzRoy%2C%203rd%20Duke%20of%20Grafton | Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton | Prime minister | Augustus Henry FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton, (28 September 173514 March 1811), styled Earl of Euston between 1747 and 1757, was a British Whig statesman of the Georgian era. He is one of a handful of dukes who have served as prime minister.
He became prime minister in 1768 at the age of 33, leading the supporters of ... | Chatham's illness, at the end of 1767, resulted in Grafton becoming the Government's effective leader (he is credited with entering the office of prime minister in 1768), but political differences, the impact of the Corsican Crisis and the attacks of "Junius" led to his resignation in January 1770. Also, in 1768, Graft... | [] | [
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projected-00308994-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus%20FitzRoy%2C%203rd%20Duke%20of%20Grafton | Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton | Religious interests | Augustus Henry FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton, (28 September 173514 March 1811), styled Earl of Euston between 1747 and 1757, was a British Whig statesman of the Georgian era. He is one of a handful of dukes who have served as prime minister.
He became prime minister in 1768 at the age of 33, leading the supporters of ... | In later years he was a prominent Unitarian, being one of the early members of the inaugural Essex Street Chapel under Rev. Theophilus Lindsey when founded in 1774. Grafton had associated with a number of liberal Anglican theologians when at Cambridge, devoted much time to theological study and writing after leaving of... | [] | [
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projected-00308994-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus%20FitzRoy%2C%203rd%20Duke%20of%20Grafton | Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton | Horseracing | Augustus Henry FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton, (28 September 173514 March 1811), styled Earl of Euston between 1747 and 1757, was a British Whig statesman of the Georgian era. He is one of a handful of dukes who have served as prime minister.
He became prime minister in 1768 at the age of 33, leading the supporters of ... | The Duke also had horse racing interests. His racing colours were sky blue, with a black cap. | [] | [
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projected-00308994-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus%20FitzRoy%2C%203rd%20Duke%20of%20Grafton | Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton | Legacy | Augustus Henry FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton, (28 September 173514 March 1811), styled Earl of Euston between 1747 and 1757, was a British Whig statesman of the Georgian era. He is one of a handful of dukes who have served as prime minister.
He became prime minister in 1768 at the age of 33, leading the supporters of ... | Grafton County, New Hampshire, in the United States, is named in his honour, as is the city of Grafton, New South Wales, Australia, the town of Grafton, New York, the unincorporated community of Grafton, Virginia, and possibly the township (since 1856 a city) of Grafton, West Virginia. The Grafton Centre Shopping Mall ... | [] | [
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projected-00308994-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus%20FitzRoy%2C%203rd%20Duke%20of%20Grafton | Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton | Family | Augustus Henry FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton, (28 September 173514 March 1811), styled Earl of Euston between 1747 and 1757, was a British Whig statesman of the Georgian era. He is one of a handful of dukes who have served as prime minister.
He became prime minister in 1768 at the age of 33, leading the supporters of ... | On 29 January 1756, he married The Hon. Anne Liddell, daughter of Henry Liddell, 1st Baron Ravensworth (1708–1784), at Lord Ravensworth's house in St James's Square, by licence. The marriage was witnessed by Lord Ravensworth and Francis Seymour-Conway, 1st Earl of Hertford.
Augustus and Anne had three children:
Lady... | [] | [
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projected-00308999-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V/STOL | V/STOL | Introduction | A vertical and/or short take-off and landing (V/STOL) aircraft is an airplane able to take-off or land vertically or on short runways. Vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft are a subset of V/STOL craft that do not require runways at all. Generally, a V/STOL aircraft needs to be able to hover. Helicopters are not... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Types of take-off and landing"
] | |
projected-00308999-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V/STOL | V/STOL | Lists of V/STOL aircraft | A vertical and/or short take-off and landing (V/STOL) aircraft is an airplane able to take-off or land vertically or on short runways. Vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft are a subset of V/STOL craft that do not require runways at all. Generally, a V/STOL aircraft needs to be able to hover. Helicopters are not... | This is a partial list; there have been many designs for V/STOL aircraft. | [] | [
"Lists of V/STOL aircraft"
] | [
"Types of take-off and landing"
] |
projected-00308999-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V/STOL | V/STOL | Vectored thrust | A vertical and/or short take-off and landing (V/STOL) aircraft is an airplane able to take-off or land vertically or on short runways. Vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft are a subset of V/STOL craft that do not require runways at all. Generally, a V/STOL aircraft needs to be able to hover. Helicopters are not... | Hawker P.1127/Kestrel/Harrier; four rotating nozzles for vectored thrust of fan and jet exhaust. | [] | [
"Lists of V/STOL aircraft",
"Vectored thrust"
] | [
"Types of take-off and landing"
] |
projected-00308999-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V/STOL | V/STOL | Tilt-jet | A vertical and/or short take-off and landing (V/STOL) aircraft is an airplane able to take-off or land vertically or on short runways. Vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft are a subset of V/STOL craft that do not require runways at all. Generally, a V/STOL aircraft needs to be able to hover. Helicopters are not... | Bell XF-109
Bell 65
EWR VJ 101 | [] | [
"Lists of V/STOL aircraft",
"Tilt-jet"
] | [
"Types of take-off and landing"
] |
projected-00308999-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V/STOL | V/STOL | Tilt-rotor | A vertical and/or short take-off and landing (V/STOL) aircraft is an airplane able to take-off or land vertically or on short runways. Vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft are a subset of V/STOL craft that do not require runways at all. Generally, a V/STOL aircraft needs to be able to hover. Helicopters are not... | AgustaWestland AW609 (originally Bell 609)
AgustaWestland Project Zero technology demonstrator
Bell XV-3
Bell XV-15
Bell-Boeing V-22 Osprey (scale up of XV-15)
Bell V-280 Valor | [] | [
"Lists of V/STOL aircraft",
"Tilt-rotor"
] | [
"Types of take-off and landing"
] |
projected-00308999-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V/STOL | V/STOL | Tilt-wing | A vertical and/or short take-off and landing (V/STOL) aircraft is an airplane able to take-off or land vertically or on short runways. Vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft are a subset of V/STOL craft that do not require runways at all. Generally, a V/STOL aircraft needs to be able to hover. Helicopters are not... | Curtiss-Wright X-19 – four rotating propellers, tilt-wing.
Canadair CL-84 Dynavert, two turboprop tilt-wing
LTV XC-142 four-engine tilt-wing cross-shafted turboprop
Bell X-22 rotating ducted propellers. Small transport prototype. Slightly smaller than V-22 Osprey.
Hiller X-18 | [] | [
"Lists of V/STOL aircraft",
"Tilt-wing"
] | [
"Types of take-off and landing"
] |
projected-00308999-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V/STOL | V/STOL | Separate thrust and lift | A vertical and/or short take-off and landing (V/STOL) aircraft is an airplane able to take-off or land vertically or on short runways. Vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft are a subset of V/STOL craft that do not require runways at all. Generally, a V/STOL aircraft needs to be able to hover. Helicopters are not... | Dornier Do 31 Jet transport with podded vector nozzles and lift engines
Kamov Ka-22
Lockheed XV-4 Hummingbird
Dassault Balzac V (V stands for vertical and is a modified Mirage III)
Dassault Mirage IIIV the first VTOL capable of supersonic flight (Mach 2.03 during tests)
Fokker/Republic D-24 Alliance
Ryan XV-5. Fa... | [] | [
"Lists of V/STOL aircraft",
"Separate thrust and lift"
] | [
"Types of take-off and landing"
] |
projected-00308999-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V/STOL | V/STOL | Supersonic | A vertical and/or short take-off and landing (V/STOL) aircraft is an airplane able to take-off or land vertically or on short runways. Vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft are a subset of V/STOL craft that do not require runways at all. Generally, a V/STOL aircraft needs to be able to hover. Helicopters are not... | Although many aircraft have been proposed and built, with a few being tested, the F-35B is the first and only supersonic V/STOL aircraft to have reached operational service, having entered service in 2016.
Bell D-188A Mach 2 swivelling engines, mockup stage
EWR VJ 101 Mach 2 fighter, flown to Mach 1.04 but not operat... | [] | [
"Lists of V/STOL aircraft",
"Supersonic"
] | [
"Types of take-off and landing"
] |
projected-00309003-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%20Yuming | Du Yuming | Introduction | Du Yuming (; 28 November 1904 – 7 May 1981), was a Kuomintang field commander. He was a graduate of the first class of Whampoa Academy, took part in Chiang's Northern Expedition, and was active in southern China and in the Burma theatre of the Sino-Japanese War. After the Japanese surrendered in 1945, he was an importa... | [
"Du Yuming2.jpg"
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"Whampoa Military Academy alumni",
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"Chinese non-fiction writers"
] | |
projected-00309003-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%20Yuming | Du Yuming | Early military career | Du Yuming (; 28 November 1904 – 7 May 1981), was a Kuomintang field commander. He was a graduate of the first class of Whampoa Academy, took part in Chiang's Northern Expedition, and was active in southern China and in the Burma theatre of the Sino-Japanese War. After the Japanese surrendered in 1945, he was an importa... | A trusted protégé of Chiang Kai-shek, Du was a graduate of the first cadet class at the Whampoa Military Academy. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, he was the creator and first commander of the 200th Division, China's first mechanized division, and later commanded the KMT 5th Corps in the First Changsha Campaign, an... | [] | [
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"Chinese prisoners of war",
"National Revolutionary Army generals from Shaanxi",
"Whampoa Military Academy alumni",
"People from Yulin, Shaanxi",
"Chinese non-fiction writers"
] |
projected-00309003-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%20Yuming | Du Yuming | Chinese Civil War | Du Yuming (; 28 November 1904 – 7 May 1981), was a Kuomintang field commander. He was a graduate of the first class of Whampoa Academy, took part in Chiang's Northern Expedition, and was active in southern China and in the Burma theatre of the Sino-Japanese War. After the Japanese surrendered in 1945, he was an importa... | After the war, Du helped strengthen the Nationalist position in the Southwest by removing Long Yun, the local warlord of Yunnan, in October 1945. Du was then transferred to the Northeast Theatre to consolidate Kuomintang control. After the civil war resumed in 1945, Du was able to win a number of victories.
In Novembe... | [] | [
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"Chinese prisoners of war",
"National Revolutionary Army generals from Shaanxi",
"Whampoa Military Academy alumni",
"People from Yulin, Shaanxi",
"Chinese non-fiction writers"
] |
projected-00309003-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%20Yuming | Du Yuming | Capture and exoneration | Du Yuming (; 28 November 1904 – 7 May 1981), was a Kuomintang field commander. He was a graduate of the first class of Whampoa Academy, took part in Chiang's Northern Expedition, and was active in southern China and in the Burma theatre of the Sino-Japanese War. After the Japanese surrendered in 1945, he was an importa... | After the Battle of Huaihai, Du was taken prisoner and later held in Beijing's Gongdelin Re-education prison until 1959 as a war criminal. In 1959, Chairman Mao pardoned and released him along with Wang Yaowu, Song Xilian and several other former ROC Army generals. He was given a position in government as an official h... | [] | [
"Biography",
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"Chinese prisoners of war",
"National Revolutionary Army generals from Shaanxi",
"Whampoa Military Academy alumni",
"People from Yulin, Shaanxi",
"Chinese non-fiction writers"
] |
projected-00309003-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%20Yuming | Du Yuming | See also | Du Yuming (; 28 November 1904 – 7 May 1981), was a Kuomintang field commander. He was a graduate of the first class of Whampoa Academy, took part in Chiang's Northern Expedition, and was active in southern China and in the Burma theatre of the Sino-Japanese War. After the Japanese surrendered in 1945, he was an importa... | Sun Liren
New 1st Army
Yang Chen-Ning, once son-in-law of Du | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"1904 births",
"1981 deaths",
"Chinese military personnel of World War II",
"Chinese prisoners of war",
"National Revolutionary Army generals from Shaanxi",
"Whampoa Military Academy alumni",
"People from Yulin, Shaanxi",
"Chinese non-fiction writers"
] |
projected-00309006-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nie%20Rongzhen | Nie Rongzhen | Introduction | Nie Rongzhen (; December 29, 1899 – May 14, 1992) was a prominent Chinese Communist military leader, and one of ten Marshals in the People's Liberation Army of China. He was the last surviving PLA officer with the rank of Marshal. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1899 births",
"1992 deaths",
"People's Republic of China politicians from Chongqing",
"Chinese military personnel of World War II",
"Marshals of the People's Republic of China",
"Chinese Communist Party politicians from Chongqing",
"Mayors of Beijing",
"People of the Chinese Civil War",
"Eighth Rou... | |
projected-00309006-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nie%20Rongzhen | Nie Rongzhen | Biography | Nie Rongzhen (; December 29, 1899 – May 14, 1992) was a prominent Chinese Communist military leader, and one of ten Marshals in the People's Liberation Army of China. He was the last surviving PLA officer with the rank of Marshal. | Nie was born in Jiangjin County in Sichuan (now part of Chongqing municipality), the cosmopolitan and well-educated son of a wealthy family. In his 20s, Nie applied to the Université du Travail (University of Labour) in Charleroi, Belgium, with a scholarship from the Socialist Party, and was thus able to study science ... | [] | [
"Biography"
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"1899 births",
"1992 deaths",
"People's Republic of China politicians from Chongqing",
"Chinese military personnel of World War II",
"Marshals of the People's Republic of China",
"Chinese Communist Party politicians from Chongqing",
"Mayors of Beijing",
"People of the Chinese Civil War",
"Eighth Rou... |
projected-00309006-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nie%20Rongzhen | Nie Rongzhen | Political leanings | Nie Rongzhen (; December 29, 1899 – May 14, 1992) was a prominent Chinese Communist military leader, and one of ten Marshals in the People's Liberation Army of China. He was the last surviving PLA officer with the rank of Marshal. | Zhou Enlai spent a night in Charleroi and met with Nie. Nie agreed to join the group of Chinese students in France on a work-study program, where he studied engineering and became a protégé of Zhou Enlai. He joined the Chinese Communist Party in 1923.
A graduate of the Soviet Red Army Military College and Whampoa Aca... | [] | [
"Biography",
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"1899 births",
"1992 deaths",
"People's Republic of China politicians from Chongqing",
"Chinese military personnel of World War II",
"Marshals of the People's Republic of China",
"Chinese Communist Party politicians from Chongqing",
"Mayors of Beijing",
"People of the Chinese Civil War",
"Eighth Rou... |
projected-00309006-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nie%20Rongzhen | Nie Rongzhen | World War II | Nie Rongzhen (; December 29, 1899 – May 14, 1992) was a prominent Chinese Communist military leader, and one of ten Marshals in the People's Liberation Army of China. He was the last surviving PLA officer with the rank of Marshal. | During the Second Sino-Japanese War, he was first assigned as the deputy division commander of the 115th division of the Eighth Route Army, with the commander being Lin Biao, and in the late 1930s he was given a field command close to Yan Xishan's Shanxi stronghold. | [] | [
"Biography",
"World War II"
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"1992 deaths",
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"Chinese military personnel of World War II",
"Marshals of the People's Republic of China",
"Chinese Communist Party politicians from Chongqing",
"Mayors of Beijing",
"People of the Chinese Civil War",
"Eighth Rou... |
projected-00309006-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nie%20Rongzhen | Nie Rongzhen | Civil War | Nie Rongzhen (; December 29, 1899 – May 14, 1992) was a prominent Chinese Communist military leader, and one of ten Marshals in the People's Liberation Army of China. He was the last surviving PLA officer with the rank of Marshal. | In the Chinese Civil War he commanded the Northern China Military Region, and with his deputy Xu Xiangqian, his force defeated Fu Zuoyi's forces in Tianjin near Beijing. During the Korean War, Nie took part in high level command decision making, military operations planning, and shared responsibility for war mobilizati... | [] | [
"Biography",
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"1899 births",
"1992 deaths",
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"Chinese military personnel of World War II",
"Marshals of the People's Republic of China",
"Chinese Communist Party politicians from Chongqing",
"Mayors of Beijing",
"People of the Chinese Civil War",
"Eighth Rou... |
projected-00309006-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nie%20Rongzhen | Nie Rongzhen | Chinese nuclear programme | Nie Rongzhen (; December 29, 1899 – May 14, 1992) was a prominent Chinese Communist military leader, and one of ten Marshals in the People's Liberation Army of China. He was the last surviving PLA officer with the rank of Marshal. | By spring 1969, "The whole Chinese nuclear weapons program [was] under the authority of Nieh Jungh-chen [Rongzhen], the head of the Seventh Ministry for Machine Building." | [] | [
"Biography",
"Chinese nuclear programme"
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"Chinese military personnel of World War II",
"Marshals of the People's Republic of China",
"Chinese Communist Party politicians from Chongqing",
"Mayors of Beijing",
"People of the Chinese Civil War",
"Eighth Rou... |
projected-00309006-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nie%20Rongzhen | Nie Rongzhen | Purge and rehabilitation | Nie Rongzhen (; December 29, 1899 – May 14, 1992) was a prominent Chinese Communist military leader, and one of ten Marshals in the People's Liberation Army of China. He was the last surviving PLA officer with the rank of Marshal. | He was purged during the Cultural Revolution, but was later rehabilitated and became vice chairman of the Central Military Committee, which controlled the nation's armed forces, and also became the vice chairman of the National People's Congress. He retired in 1987 and died in Beijing. | [] | [
"Biography",
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"Chinese military personnel of World War II",
"Marshals of the People's Republic of China",
"Chinese Communist Party politicians from Chongqing",
"Mayors of Beijing",
"People of the Chinese Civil War",
"Eighth Rou... |
projected-00309006-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nie%20Rongzhen | Nie Rongzhen | Personal life | Nie Rongzhen (; December 29, 1899 – May 14, 1992) was a prominent Chinese Communist military leader, and one of ten Marshals in the People's Liberation Army of China. He was the last surviving PLA officer with the rank of Marshal. | Nie had a daughter with Zhang Ruihua (张瑞华) in 1930, who was named Nie Li. She was imprisoned with her mother by the Kuomintang in 1934 and did not see her father again until 1945. Nie Li is a lieutenant general of the People's Liberation Army and the first woman to hold that rank. | [] | [
"Biography",
"Personal life"
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"1899 births",
"1992 deaths",
"People's Republic of China politicians from Chongqing",
"Chinese military personnel of World War II",
"Marshals of the People's Republic of China",
"Chinese Communist Party politicians from Chongqing",
"Mayors of Beijing",
"People of the Chinese Civil War",
"Eighth Rou... |
projected-00309006-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nie%20Rongzhen | Nie Rongzhen | See also | Nie Rongzhen (; December 29, 1899 – May 14, 1992) was a prominent Chinese Communist military leader, and one of ten Marshals in the People's Liberation Army of China. He was the last surviving PLA officer with the rank of Marshal. | List of officers of the People's Liberation Army
Historical Museum of French-Chinese Friendship | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"1899 births",
"1992 deaths",
"People's Republic of China politicians from Chongqing",
"Chinese military personnel of World War II",
"Marshals of the People's Republic of China",
"Chinese Communist Party politicians from Chongqing",
"Mayors of Beijing",
"People of the Chinese Civil War",
"Eighth Rou... |
projected-00309006-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nie%20Rongzhen | Nie Rongzhen | Sources | Nie Rongzhen (; December 29, 1899 – May 14, 1992) was a prominent Chinese Communist military leader, and one of ten Marshals in the People's Liberation Army of China. He was the last surviving PLA officer with the rank of Marshal. | People's Daily article
Long March leaders
US Naval War College
Category:1899 births
Category:1992 deaths
Category:People's Republic of China politicians from Chongqing
Category:Chinese military personnel of World War II
Category:Marshals of the People's Republic of China
Category:Chinese Communist Party politicians ... | [] | [
"References",
"Sources"
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"1899 births",
"1992 deaths",
"People's Republic of China politicians from Chongqing",
"Chinese military personnel of World War II",
"Marshals of the People's Republic of China",
"Chinese Communist Party politicians from Chongqing",
"Mayors of Beijing",
"People of the Chinese Civil War",
"Eighth Rou... |
projected-00309008-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Petty%2C%202nd%20Earl%20of%20Shelburne | William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne | Introduction | William Petty Fitzmaurice, 1st Marquess of Lansdowne, (2 May 17377 May 1805; known as the Earl of Shelburne between 1761 and 1784, by which title he is generally known to history), was an Irish-born British Whig statesman who was the first home secretary in 1782 and then prime minister from 1782 to 1783 during the fin... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1737 births",
"1805 deaths",
"18th-century Irish politicians",
"19th-century Irish politicians",
"18th-century heads of government",
"18th-century art collectors",
"19th-century art collectors",
"Politicians from Dublin (city)",
"Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford",
"British Army personnel of the Se... | |
projected-00309008-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Petty%2C%202nd%20Earl%20of%20Shelburne | William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne | Early life | William Petty Fitzmaurice, 1st Marquess of Lansdowne, (2 May 17377 May 1805; known as the Earl of Shelburne between 1761 and 1784, by which title he is generally known to history), was an Irish-born British Whig statesman who was the first home secretary in 1782 and then prime minister from 1782 to 1783 during the fin... | The future Marquess of Lansdowne was born William Fitzmaurice in Dublin, the first son of John Fitzmaurice, who was the second surviving son of the 1st Earl of Kerry. Lord Kerry had married Anne Petty, the daughter of Sir William Petty, Surveyor General of Ireland, whose elder son had been created Baron Shelburne in 16... | [] | [
"Early life"
] | [
"1737 births",
"1805 deaths",
"18th-century Irish politicians",
"19th-century Irish politicians",
"18th-century heads of government",
"18th-century art collectors",
"19th-century art collectors",
"Politicians from Dublin (city)",
"Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford",
"British Army personnel of the Se... |
projected-00309008-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Petty%2C%202nd%20Earl%20of%20Shelburne | William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne | Military career and election to Parliament | William Petty Fitzmaurice, 1st Marquess of Lansdowne, (2 May 17377 May 1805; known as the Earl of Shelburne between 1761 and 1784, by which title he is generally known to history), was an Irish-born British Whig statesman who was the first home secretary in 1782 and then prime minister from 1782 to 1783 during the fin... | Shortly after leaving the university, he served in 20th Foot regiment commanded by James Wolfe during the Seven Years' War. He became friends with one of his fellow officers Charles Grey whose career he later assisted. In 1757 he took part in the amphibious Raid on Rochefort which withdrew without making any serious at... | [
"Caton-Woodville Battle of Minden 1759.jpeg"
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"Military career and election to Parliament"
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"18th-century art collectors",
"19th-century art collectors",
"Politicians from Dublin (city)",
"Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford",
"British Army personnel of the Se... |
projected-00309008-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Petty%2C%202nd%20Earl%20of%20Shelburne | William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne | Economics | William Petty Fitzmaurice, 1st Marquess of Lansdowne, (2 May 17377 May 1805; known as the Earl of Shelburne between 1761 and 1784, by which title he is generally known to history), was an Irish-born British Whig statesman who was the first home secretary in 1782 and then prime minister from 1782 to 1783 during the fin... | Shelburne, who was a descendant of the father of laissez faire economics, William Petty, displayed a serious interest in economic reform, and was a proselytizer for free trade. He consulted with numerous English, Scottish, French and American economists and experts. He was on good terms with Benjamin Franklin and David... | [] | [
"Economics"
] | [
"1737 births",
"1805 deaths",
"18th-century Irish politicians",
"19th-century Irish politicians",
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"18th-century art collectors",
"19th-century art collectors",
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"Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford",
"British Army personnel of the Se... |
projected-00309008-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Petty%2C%202nd%20Earl%20of%20Shelburne | William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne | Early political career | William Petty Fitzmaurice, 1st Marquess of Lansdowne, (2 May 17377 May 1805; known as the Earl of Shelburne between 1761 and 1784, by which title he is generally known to history), was an Irish-born British Whig statesman who was the first home secretary in 1782 and then prime minister from 1782 to 1783 during the fin... | Shelburne's new military role close to the King brought him into communication with Lord Bute, who was the King's closest advisor and a senior minister in the government. In 1761 Shelburne was employed by Bute to negotiate for the support of Henry Fox. Fox held the lucrative but unimportant post of Paymaster of the For... | [] | [
"Early political career"
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"1737 births",
"1805 deaths",
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"19th-century Irish politicians",
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"18th-century art collectors",
"19th-century art collectors",
"Politicians from Dublin (city)",
"Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford",
"British Army personnel of the Se... |
projected-00309008-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Petty%2C%202nd%20Earl%20of%20Shelburne | William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne | Southern Secretary | William Petty Fitzmaurice, 1st Marquess of Lansdowne, (2 May 17377 May 1805; known as the Earl of Shelburne between 1761 and 1784, by which title he is generally known to history), was an Irish-born British Whig statesman who was the first home secretary in 1782 and then prime minister from 1782 to 1783 during the fin... | After Pitt's return to power in 1766, he became Southern Secretary, but during Pitt's illness his conciliatory policy towards America was completely thwarted by his colleagues and the King, and in 1768 he was dismissed from office. During the Corsican Crisis, sparked by the French invasion of Corsica, Shelburne was the... | [] | [
"Early political career",
"Southern Secretary"
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"1737 births",
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"19th-century Irish politicians",
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"19th-century art collectors",
"Politicians from Dublin (city)",
"Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford",
"British Army personnel of the Se... |
projected-00309008-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Petty%2C%202nd%20Earl%20of%20Shelburne | William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne | Opposition | William Petty Fitzmaurice, 1st Marquess of Lansdowne, (2 May 17377 May 1805; known as the Earl of Shelburne between 1761 and 1784, by which title he is generally known to history), was an Irish-born British Whig statesman who was the first home secretary in 1782 and then prime minister from 1782 to 1783 during the fin... | Shelburne went into Opposition where he continued to associate with William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham. They were both critical of the policies of the North government in the years leading up to the outbreak of the American War of Independence in 1775. As the war progressed Shelburne cooperated with the Rockingham Whigs... | [] | [
"Early political career",
"Opposition"
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"19th-century art collectors",
"Politicians from Dublin (city)",
"Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford",
"British Army personnel of the Se... |
projected-00309008-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Petty%2C%202nd%20Earl%20of%20Shelburne | William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne | Prime Minister | William Petty Fitzmaurice, 1st Marquess of Lansdowne, (2 May 17377 May 1805; known as the Earl of Shelburne between 1761 and 1784, by which title he is generally known to history), was an Irish-born British Whig statesman who was the first home secretary in 1782 and then prime minister from 1782 to 1783 during the fin... | In March 1782 following the downfall of the North Government Shelburne agreed to take office under Lord Rockingham on condition that the King would recognise the United States. Following the sudden and unexpected death of Lord Rockingham on 1 July 1782 Shelburne succeeded him as Prime Minister. Shelburne's appointment ... | [
"Joshua Reynolds - William Petty.jpg"
] | [
"Prime Minister"
] | [
"1737 births",
"1805 deaths",
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"19th-century art collectors",
"Politicians from Dublin (city)",
"Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford",
"British Army personnel of the Se... |
projected-00309008-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Petty%2C%202nd%20Earl%20of%20Shelburne | William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne | Peace negotiations | William Petty Fitzmaurice, 1st Marquess of Lansdowne, (2 May 17377 May 1805; known as the Earl of Shelburne between 1761 and 1784, by which title he is generally known to history), was an Irish-born British Whig statesman who was the first home secretary in 1782 and then prime minister from 1782 to 1783 during the fin... | Shelburne's government continued to negotiate for peace in Paris using Richard Oswald as the chief negotiator. Shelburne entertained a French peace envoy Joseph Matthias Gérard de Rayneval at his country estate in Wiltshire, and they discreetly agreed on a number of points which formed a basis for peace. Shelburne's ow... | [] | [
"Prime Minister",
"Peace negotiations"
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projected-00309008-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Petty%2C%202nd%20Earl%20of%20Shelburne | William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne | Downfall | William Petty Fitzmaurice, 1st Marquess of Lansdowne, (2 May 17377 May 1805; known as the Earl of Shelburne between 1761 and 1784, by which title he is generally known to history), was an Irish-born British Whig statesman who was the first home secretary in 1782 and then prime minister from 1782 to 1783 during the fin... | Fox's departure led to the unexpected creation of a coalition involving Fox and Lord North which dominated the Opposition. In April 1783 the Opposition forced Shelburne's resignation. The major achievement of Shelburne's time in office was the agreement of peace terms which formed the basis of the Peace of Paris bringi... | [
"William Petty, 1st Marquess of Lansdowne (Lord Shelburne); Charles James Fox; Frederick North, 2nd Earl of Guilford by James Gillray.jpg"
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projected-00309008-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Petty%2C%202nd%20Earl%20of%20Shelburne | William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne | Later life | William Petty Fitzmaurice, 1st Marquess of Lansdowne, (2 May 17377 May 1805; known as the Earl of Shelburne between 1761 and 1784, by which title he is generally known to history), was an Irish-born British Whig statesman who was the first home secretary in 1782 and then prime minister from 1782 to 1783 during the fin... | When Pitt became Prime Minister in 1784, Shelburne, instead of receiving a place in the Cabinet, was created Marquess of Lansdowne. Though giving general support to the policy of Pitt, he from this time ceased to take an active part in public affairs. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of ... | [] | [
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projected-00309008-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Petty%2C%202nd%20Earl%20of%20Shelburne | William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne | Family | William Petty Fitzmaurice, 1st Marquess of Lansdowne, (2 May 17377 May 1805; known as the Earl of Shelburne between 1761 and 1784, by which title he is generally known to history), was an Irish-born British Whig statesman who was the first home secretary in 1782 and then prime minister from 1782 to 1783 during the fin... | Lord Lansdowne was twice married:
First to Lady Sophia Carteret (26 August 17455 January 1771), daughter of John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville, through whom he obtained the Lansdowne estates near Bath. They had at least one child:
John Henry Petty, 2nd Marquess of Lansdowne (6 December 176515 November 1809), sat from 1... | [] | [
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projected-00309008-014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Petty%2C%202nd%20Earl%20of%20Shelburne | William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne | See also | William Petty Fitzmaurice, 1st Marquess of Lansdowne, (2 May 17377 May 1805; known as the Earl of Shelburne between 1761 and 1784, by which title he is generally known to history), was an Irish-born British Whig statesman who was the first home secretary in 1782 and then prime minister from 1782 to 1783 during the fin... | Lansdowne portrait | [] | [
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projected-00309008-017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Petty%2C%202nd%20Earl%20of%20Shelburne | William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne | Literature | William Petty Fitzmaurice, 1st Marquess of Lansdowne, (2 May 17377 May 1805; known as the Earl of Shelburne between 1761 and 1784, by which title he is generally known to history), was an Irish-born British Whig statesman who was the first home secretary in 1782 and then prime minister from 1782 to 1783 during the fin... | Cannon, John. "Petty, William, second earl of Shelburne and first marquess of Lansdowne (1737–1805)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, (Oxford University Press, 2004); online edn, Sept 2013 accessed 16 Nov 2014 doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/22070
Fitzmaurice, Edmond. Macmillan & Co. (2nd ed., 1912 [1st ed. 1875], repr... | [] | [
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projected-00309012-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Robinson%2C%202nd%20Baron%20Grantham | Thomas Robinson, 2nd Baron Grantham | Introduction | Thomas Robinson, 2nd Baron Grantham PC (30 November 173820 July 1786) was a British statesman. He notably served as Foreign Secretary between 1782 and 1783. | [] | [
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projected-00309012-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Robinson%2C%202nd%20Baron%20Grantham | Thomas Robinson, 2nd Baron Grantham | Background and education | Thomas Robinson, 2nd Baron Grantham PC (30 November 173820 July 1786) was a British statesman. He notably served as Foreign Secretary between 1782 and 1783. | Grantham was born in Vienna, Austria, the son of Thomas Robinson, 1st Baron Grantham, British Ambassador to Austria at the time, by his wife Frances, daughter of Thomas Worsley. He was educated at Westminster School and at Christ's College, Cambridge. | [] | [
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projected-00309012-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Robinson%2C%202nd%20Baron%20Grantham | Thomas Robinson, 2nd Baron Grantham | Political career | Thomas Robinson, 2nd Baron Grantham PC (30 November 173820 July 1786) was a British statesman. He notably served as Foreign Secretary between 1782 and 1783. | Grantham entered parliament as member for Christchurch in 1761, and succeeded to the peerage, because of his father's death, in 1770. That year he was appointed to the Privy Council. In 1771 he was sent as British Ambassador to Spain and retained this post until war broke out between Great Britain and Spain in 1779. I... | [] | [
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projected-00309012-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Robinson%2C%202nd%20Baron%20Grantham | Thomas Robinson, 2nd Baron Grantham | Marriage and progeny | Thomas Robinson, 2nd Baron Grantham PC (30 November 173820 July 1786) was a British statesman. He notably served as Foreign Secretary between 1782 and 1783. | In 1780 Lord Grantham married Lady Mary Yorke (1757–1830), younger daughter of Philip Yorke, 2nd Earl of Hardwicke by his wife Lady Jemima Campbell (1723–1797), suo jure 2nd Marchioness Grey, a daughter of John Campbell, 3rd Earl of Breadalbane and Holland by his wife Lady Amabel Grey, a daughter of Henry Grey, 1st Duk... | [
"Nathaniel Dance-Holland - James Grant of Grant, John Mytton, the Hon. Thomas Robinson, and Thomas Wynne - Google Art Project.jpg"
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projected-00309012-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Robinson%2C%202nd%20Baron%20Grantham | Thomas Robinson, 2nd Baron Grantham | Death | Thomas Robinson, 2nd Baron Grantham PC (30 November 173820 July 1786) was a British statesman. He notably served as Foreign Secretary between 1782 and 1783. | He died on 20 July 1786, aged only 46, and was succeeded in the barony by his eldest son, Thomas de Grey, 2nd Earl de Grey. His widow continued to live at Grantham House until her own death in January 1830, aged 72 years. | [] | [
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projected-00309012-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Robinson%2C%202nd%20Baron%20Grantham | Thomas Robinson, 2nd Baron Grantham | See also | Thomas Robinson, 2nd Baron Grantham PC (30 November 173820 July 1786) was a British statesman. He notably served as Foreign Secretary between 1782 and 1783. | Wrest Park | [] | [
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projected-00309013-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feng%20Yuxiang | Feng Yuxiang | Introduction | Feng Yuxiang (; ; 6 November 1882 – 1 September 1948), courtesy name Huanzhang (焕章), was a warlord and a leader of the Republic of China from Chaohu, Anhui. He served as Vice Premier of the Republic of China from 1928 to 1930. He was also known as the "Christian General" for his zeal to convert his troops and the "Trai... | [] | [
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