Search is not available for this dataset
text_id stringlengths 22 22 | page_url stringlengths 31 389 | page_title stringlengths 1 250 | section_title stringlengths 0 4.67k | context_page_description stringlengths 0 108k | context_section_description stringlengths 1 187k | media list | hierachy list | category list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
projected-00310437-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictish%20language | Pictish language | Place names | Pictish is the extinct Brittonic language spoken by the Picts, the people of eastern and northern Scotland from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages. Virtually no direct attestations of Pictish remain, short of a limited number of geographical and personal names found on monuments and the contemporary records in the... | Pictish toponyms occur in Scotland north of the River Forth. Distributed from Fife to the Isle of Skye, they are relatively abundant south of the Dornoch Firth but rare in the extreme north.
Many principal settlements and geographical features of the region bear names of Pictish origin, including:
Aberdeen, Aberdeensh... | [] | [
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"Languages extinct in the 11th century",
"Brittonic languages",
"Unclassified languages of Europe",
"Unclassified Indo-European languages"
] |
projected-00310437-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictish%20language | Pictish language | Ogham inscriptions | Pictish is the extinct Brittonic language spoken by the Picts, the people of eastern and northern Scotland from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages. Virtually no direct attestations of Pictish remain, short of a limited number of geographical and personal names found on monuments and the contemporary records in the... | Although the interpretation of over 40 Ogham inscriptions remains uncertain, several have been acknowledged to contain Brittonic forms. Guto Rhys (2015) notes that significant caution is required in the interpretation of such inscriptions because crucial information, such as the orthographic key, the linguistic context... | [] | [
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"Unclassified Indo-European languages"
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projected-00310437-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictish%20language | Pictish language | Influence on Gaelic | Pictish is the extinct Brittonic language spoken by the Picts, the people of eastern and northern Scotland from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages. Virtually no direct attestations of Pictish remain, short of a limited number of geographical and personal names found on monuments and the contemporary records in the... | Etymological investigation of the Scottish Gaelic language, in particular the 1896 efforts of Alexander Macbain, has demonstrated the presence of a corpus of Pictish loanwords in the language.
The following are possibilities:
bad. Meaning "cluster" (cf. Breton )
bagaid. Meaning "cluster, troop" (cf. Welsh )
dail. Mean... | [] | [
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projected-00310437-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictish%20language | Pictish language | Personal names | Pictish is the extinct Brittonic language spoken by the Picts, the people of eastern and northern Scotland from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages. Virtually no direct attestations of Pictish remain, short of a limited number of geographical and personal names found on monuments and the contemporary records in the... | Pictish personal names, as acquired from documents such as the Poppleton manuscript, show significant diagnostically Brittonic features including the retention of final -st and initial w- (cf. P. Uurgust vs. Goidelic Fergus) as well as development of -ora- to -ara- (cf. P. Taran vs G. torann).
Several Pictish names ar... | [] | [
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] |
projected-00310437-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictish%20language | Pictish language | References | Pictish is the extinct Brittonic language spoken by the Picts, the people of eastern and northern Scotland from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages. Virtually no direct attestations of Pictish remain, short of a limited number of geographical and personal names found on monuments and the contemporary records in the... | Category:Extinct Celtic languages
Language
Category:Extinct languages of Scotland
Category:Extinct languages of Europe
Category:Languages extinct in the 11th century
Category:Brittonic languages
Category:Unclassified languages of Europe
Category:Unclassified Indo-European languages | [] | [
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"Unclassified Indo-European languages"
] |
projected-00310438-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20for%20Strings%2C%20Percussion%20and%20Celesta | Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta | Introduction | Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta, Sz. 106, BB 114 is one of the best-known compositions by the Hungarian composer Béla Bartók. Commissioned by Paul Sacher to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the chamber orchestra Basler Kammerorchester, the score is dated September 7, 1936.
The work was premiered in Basel, ... | [] | [
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projected-00310438-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20for%20Strings%2C%20Percussion%20and%20Celesta | Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta | Analysis | Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta, Sz. 106, BB 114 is one of the best-known compositions by the Hungarian composer Béla Bartók. Commissioned by Paul Sacher to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the chamber orchestra Basler Kammerorchester, the score is dated September 7, 1936.
The work was premiered in Basel, ... | As its title indicates, the piece is written for string instruments (violins, violas, cellos, double basses, and harp), percussion instruments (xylophone, snare drum, cymbals, tam-tam, bass drum, and timpani) and celesta. The ensemble also includes a piano, which, due to the hammer mechanisms inside, also classifies as... | [
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projected-00310438-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20for%20Strings%2C%20Percussion%20and%20Celesta | Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta | Popular culture | Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta, Sz. 106, BB 114 is one of the best-known compositions by the Hungarian composer Béla Bartók. Commissioned by Paul Sacher to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the chamber orchestra Basler Kammerorchester, the score is dated September 7, 1936.
The work was premiered in Basel, ... | The popularity of the Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta is demonstrated by the use of themes from this work in films and popular music. The second movement of this work accompanies "Craig's Dance of Despair and Disillusionment" from the film Being John Malkovich. The Adagio movement was used as the theme music ... | [] | [
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projected-00310438-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20for%20Strings%2C%20Percussion%20and%20Celesta | Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta | Discography | Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta, Sz. 106, BB 114 is one of the best-known compositions by the Hungarian composer Béla Bartók. Commissioned by Paul Sacher to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the chamber orchestra Basler Kammerorchester, the score is dated September 7, 1936.
The work was premiered in Basel, ... | The first recording of the work was made in 1949 by the Los Angeles Chamber Symphony under Harold Byrns,
Other recordings include:
Herbert von Karajan and the Philharmonia Orchestra (1949 - the second recording of the work)
Ferenc Fricsay and the RIAS Symphony Orchestra (1954)
Sir Adrian Boult and the Philharmonic... | [] | [
"Discography"
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"Compositions by Béla Bartók",
"1936 compositions",
"Compositions for string orchestra",
"Percussion music",
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projected-00310441-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsule%20%28fruit%29 | Capsule (fruit) | Introduction | In botany a capsule is a type of simple, dry, though rarely fleshy dehiscent fruit produced by many species of angiosperms (flowering plants). | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Fruit morphology",
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projected-00310441-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsule%20%28fruit%29 | Capsule (fruit) | Origins and structure | In botany a capsule is a type of simple, dry, though rarely fleshy dehiscent fruit produced by many species of angiosperms (flowering plants). | The capsule (Latin: capsula, small box) is derived from a compound (multicarpeled) ovary. A capsule is a structure composed of two or more carpels. In (flowering plants), the term locule (or cell) is used to refer to a chamber within the fruit. Depending on the number of locules in the ovary, fruit can be classified as... | [] | [
"Origins and structure"
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"Fruit morphology",
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projected-00310441-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsule%20%28fruit%29 | Capsule (fruit) | Dehiscence | In botany a capsule is a type of simple, dry, though rarely fleshy dehiscent fruit produced by many species of angiosperms (flowering plants). | In most cases the capsule is dehiscent, i.e. at maturity, it splits apart (dehisces) to release the seeds within. A few capsules are indehiscent, for example those of Adansonia digitata, Alphitonia, and Merciera. Capsules are often classified into four types, depending on the type and location of dehiscence (see Simpso... | [
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projected-00310441-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsule%20%28fruit%29 | Capsule (fruit) | Specialised capsules | In botany a capsule is a type of simple, dry, though rarely fleshy dehiscent fruit produced by many species of angiosperms (flowering plants). | Some dry dehiscent fruits form specialised capsule-like structures. A follicle is derived from a single carpel that splits along a suture, as in Magnolia, while a legume splits along two sutures, and are a defining feature of the Fabaceae. Some variants of legumes that have retained vestigial sutures include loments th... | [
"Milkweed-in-seed.jpg"
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projected-00310441-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsule%20%28fruit%29 | Capsule (fruit) | Nuts | In botany a capsule is a type of simple, dry, though rarely fleshy dehiscent fruit produced by many species of angiosperms (flowering plants). | Capsules are sometimes mislabeled as nuts, as in the example of the Brazil nut or the Horse-chestnut. A capsule is not a nut because it releases its seeds and it splits apart. Nuts, on the other hand, do not release seeds as they are a compound ovary containing both a single seed and the fruit. Nuts also do not spl... | [] | [
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"Fruit morphology",
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projected-00310441-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsule%20%28fruit%29 | Capsule (fruit) | See also | In botany a capsule is a type of simple, dry, though rarely fleshy dehiscent fruit produced by many species of angiosperms (flowering plants). | Fruit | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Fruit morphology",
"Orchid morphology"
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projected-00310441-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsule%20%28fruit%29 | Capsule (fruit) | Bibliography | In botany a capsule is a type of simple, dry, though rarely fleshy dehiscent fruit produced by many species of angiosperms (flowering plants). | Encyclopædia Britannica online
The seed site
Category:Fruit morphology
Category:Orchid morphology | [] | [
"Bibliography"
] | [
"Fruit morphology",
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projected-00310444-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Sacher | Paul Sacher | Introduction | Paul Sacher (28 April 190626 May 1999) was a Swiss conductor, patron and billionaire businessperson. At the time of his death Sacher was majority shareholder of pharmaceutical company Hoffmann-La Roche and was considered the third richest person in the world with an estimated net worth of 13 billion.
He founded and co... | [] | [
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"Swiss patrons of music",
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"20th-century male musicians",
"20th... | |
projected-00310444-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Sacher | Paul Sacher | Biography | Paul Sacher (28 April 190626 May 1999) was a Swiss conductor, patron and billionaire businessperson. At the time of his death Sacher was majority shareholder of pharmaceutical company Hoffmann-La Roche and was considered the third richest person in the world with an estimated net worth of 13 billion.
He founded and co... | Sacher studied under Felix Weingartner, among others. In 1926 he founded the chamber orchestra Basler Kammerorchester, which specialized in both modern (twentieth-century) and pre-classical (mid-eighteenth-century) repertory. In 1928 he founded the Basel Chamber Choir. Both the orchestra and choir gave their last perfo... | [] | [
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"Swiss patrons of music",
"20th-century conductors (music)",
"20th-century male musicians",
"20th... |
projected-00310444-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Sacher | Paul Sacher | Personal life | Paul Sacher (28 April 190626 May 1999) was a Swiss conductor, patron and billionaire businessperson. At the time of his death Sacher was majority shareholder of pharmaceutical company Hoffmann-La Roche and was considered the third richest person in the world with an estimated net worth of 13 billion.
He founded and co... | He was considered the world's third-richest man of the 1990s after marrying the heiress of the pharmaceutical company Hoffmann-La Roche. At the time of his death, he was reputed in various publications to be the richest man in Europe. He died in 1999, aged 93.
Sacher had 3 children.
Two of those kept their last nam... | [] | [
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"Swiss patrons of music",
"20th-century conductors (music)",
"20th-century male musicians",
"20th... |
projected-00310444-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Sacher | Paul Sacher | Commissions | Paul Sacher (28 April 190626 May 1999) was a Swiss conductor, patron and billionaire businessperson. At the time of his death Sacher was majority shareholder of pharmaceutical company Hoffmann-La Roche and was considered the third richest person in the world with an estimated net worth of 13 billion.
He founded and co... | Immensely wealthy, Sacher commissioned works from many well-known composers, including:
Igor Stravinsky (who provided him with the Concerto in D)
Béla Bartók (Divertimento for Strings, the Sonata for Two Pianos and Percussion, the String Quartet No. 6 and the Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta)
Bohuslav Martinů ... | [] | [
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"20th-century male musicians",
"20th... |
projected-00310444-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Sacher | Paul Sacher | "eSACHERe" | Paul Sacher (28 April 190626 May 1999) was a Swiss conductor, patron and billionaire businessperson. At the time of his death Sacher was majority shareholder of pharmaceutical company Hoffmann-La Roche and was considered the third richest person in the world with an estimated net worth of 13 billion.
He founded and co... | On the occasion of Sacher's 70th birthday, twelve composer-friends of his (Conrad Beck, Luciano Berio, Pierre Boulez, Benjamin Britten, Henri Dutilleux, Wolfgang Fortner, Alberto Ginastera, Cristóbal Halffter, Hans Werner Henze, Heinz Holliger, Klaus Huber and Witold Lutosławski) were asked by Russian cellist Mstislav ... | [] | [
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projected-00310444-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Sacher | Paul Sacher | Links | Paul Sacher (28 April 190626 May 1999) was a Swiss conductor, patron and billionaire businessperson. At the time of his death Sacher was majority shareholder of pharmaceutical company Hoffmann-La Roche and was considered the third richest person in the world with an estimated net worth of 13 billion.
He founded and co... | Paul Sacher Foundation site
BBC feature
Project "say here"
Category:1906 births
Category:1999 deaths
Category:Businesspeople from Basel-Stadt
Category:Swiss conductors (music)
Category:Male conductors (music)
Category:Honorary Members of the Royal Philharmonic Society
Category:Swiss philanthropists
Category:Swiss patr... | [] | [
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projected-00310451-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Broyles | Frank Broyles | Introduction | John Franklin Broyles (December 26, 1924 – August 14, 2017) was an American college football player and coach, college athletics administrator, and broadcaster. He served as the head football coach for one season at the University of Missouri in 1957 and at the University of Arkansas from 1958 to 1976, compiling a care... | [] | [
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"Arkansas Razorbacks football coaches",
"Baylor Bears football coaches",
"College football ... | |
projected-00310451-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Broyles | Frank Broyles | Playing career | John Franklin Broyles (December 26, 1924 – August 14, 2017) was an American college football player and coach, college athletics administrator, and broadcaster. He served as the head football coach for one season at the University of Missouri in 1957 and at the University of Arkansas from 1958 to 1976, compiling a care... | After his graduation from Decatur Boys High School, Broyles studied at Georgia Tech, where he was a quarterback from 1944 to 1946. He graduated from Georgia Tech with a degree in Industrial Management. Broyles started all of Tech's games as quarterback during his senior season, and led the Yellow Jackets to the 1945 Or... | [] | [
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"College football ... |
projected-00310451-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Broyles | Frank Broyles | Coaching career | John Franklin Broyles (December 26, 1924 – August 14, 2017) was an American college football player and coach, college athletics administrator, and broadcaster. He served as the head football coach for one season at the University of Missouri in 1957 and at the University of Arkansas from 1958 to 1976, compiling a care... | Broyles entered coaching in 1947 as an assistant coach under head coach Bob Woodruff at Baylor University. In 1950, Broyles followed Woodruff when the latter took the head coach position at the University of Florida. In 1951, he left Florida and returned to Georgia Tech as an assistant under coach Bobby Dodd. Broyles s... | [] | [
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"Baylor Bears football coaches",
"College football ... |
projected-00310451-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Broyles | Frank Broyles | Broadcasting career | John Franklin Broyles (December 26, 1924 – August 14, 2017) was an American college football player and coach, college athletics administrator, and broadcaster. He served as the head football coach for one season at the University of Missouri in 1957 and at the University of Arkansas from 1958 to 1976, compiling a care... | After his retirement from coaching, but concurrent with the early part of his tenure as men's athletic director at Arkansas, Broyles served as the primary color commentator for ABC Sports television coverage of college football, normally alongside top play-by-play man Keith Jackson. Broyles' time as a broadcaster at AB... | [] | [
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"Baylor Bears football coaches",
"College football ... |
projected-00310451-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Broyles | Frank Broyles | Athletic director | John Franklin Broyles (December 26, 1924 – August 14, 2017) was an American college football player and coach, college athletics administrator, and broadcaster. He served as the head football coach for one season at the University of Missouri in 1957 and at the University of Arkansas from 1958 to 1976, compiling a care... | In 1974 Broyles was appointed Men's Athletic Director of the University of Arkansas. (Arkansas had a completely separate women's athletics department from 1971 until the men's and women's programs were merged in 2008.) Broyles continued as head football coach for three years. Since stepping down as head coach, the Univ... | [] | [
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projected-00310451-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Broyles | Frank Broyles | Criticism | John Franklin Broyles (December 26, 1924 – August 14, 2017) was an American college football player and coach, college athletics administrator, and broadcaster. He served as the head football coach for one season at the University of Missouri in 1957 and at the University of Arkansas from 1958 to 1976, compiling a care... | In 2000, following an expansion of Razorback Stadium, Broyles announced that one home game would move from War Memorial Stadium in Little Rock to Fayetteville, and that, in the near future, all home games might be played on campus. In the end, a long term agreement was reached to keep 2–3 games in Little Rock, while th... | [] | [
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"Baylor Bears football coaches",
"College football ... |
projected-00310451-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Broyles | Frank Broyles | Legacy | John Franklin Broyles (December 26, 1924 – August 14, 2017) was an American college football player and coach, college athletics administrator, and broadcaster. He served as the head football coach for one season at the University of Missouri in 1957 and at the University of Arkansas from 1958 to 1976, compiling a care... | Over thirty of his former players have also become college or professional football coaches. Broyles is known for producing high quality coaches and the prestigious Broyles Award, the annual award for best assistant coach, is named after him. Barry Switzer, Johnny Majors, Joe Gibbs, Hayden Fry, and Jimmy Johnson all se... | [
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"Baylor Bears football coaches",
"College football ... |
projected-00310451-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Broyles | Frank Broyles | See also | John Franklin Broyles (December 26, 1924 – August 14, 2017) was an American college football player and coach, college athletics administrator, and broadcaster. He served as the head football coach for one season at the University of Missouri in 1957 and at the University of Arkansas from 1958 to 1976, compiling a care... | Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football statistical leaders | [] | [
"See also"
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"1924 births",
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"American football quarterbacks",
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"American television sports announcers",
"Guards (basketball)",
"Arkansas Razorbacks athletic directors",
"Arkansas Razorbacks football coaches",
"Baylor Bears football coaches",
"College football ... |
projected-00310454-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetnighter | Sweetnighter | Introduction | Sweetnighter is the third studio album by American jazz fusion band Weather Report, released by Columbia Records in 1973. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"1973 albums",
"Columbia Records albums",
"Weather Report albums"
] | |
projected-00310454-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetnighter | Sweetnighter | Writing and recording | Sweetnighter is the third studio album by American jazz fusion band Weather Report, released by Columbia Records in 1973. | The group had recorded the songs in a five-day stretch during February of the same year. It was to be the last album to feature founding member Miroslav Vitouš as the primary bassist.
Zawinul began to assert greater control of the band, steering it away from the collective improvisation that marked its live performanc... | [] | [
"Writing and recording"
] | [
"1973 albums",
"Columbia Records albums",
"Weather Report albums"
] |
projected-00310454-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetnighter | Sweetnighter | Critical reception | Sweetnighter is the third studio album by American jazz fusion band Weather Report, released by Columbia Records in 1973. | Reviewing in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981), Robert Christgau wrote: "Ask yourself: What kind of a jazz (or rock) (or jazz-rock) group would conceive its sonar identity around electric keyboards and soprano sax? A pretty dinky (not dunky) one, right? So while I'm pleased that they're goin... | [] | [
"Critical reception"
] | [
"1973 albums",
"Columbia Records albums",
"Weather Report albums"
] |
projected-00310454-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetnighter | Sweetnighter | Legacy | Sweetnighter is the third studio album by American jazz fusion band Weather Report, released by Columbia Records in 1973. | "Boogie Woogie Waltz" was frequently in the band's live sets through the 1970s, and a live version from 1978 appeared on the album 8:30. Also in 1978, Vitouš recorded a new version of "Will" with Terje Rypdal and Jack DeJohnette on their collective album for ECM. | [] | [
"Legacy"
] | [
"1973 albums",
"Columbia Records albums",
"Weather Report albums"
] |
projected-00310454-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetnighter | Sweetnighter | Track listing | Sweetnighter is the third studio album by American jazz fusion band Weather Report, released by Columbia Records in 1973. | "Boogie Woogie Waltz" (Josef Zawinul) – 13:06
"Manolete" (Wayne Shorter) – 5:58
"Adios" (Josef Zawinul) – 3:02
"125th Street Congress" (Josef Zawinul) – 12:16
"Will" (Miroslav Vitouš) – 6:22
"Non-Stop Home" (Wayne Shorter) – 3:53 | [] | [
"Track listing"
] | [
"1973 albums",
"Columbia Records albums",
"Weather Report albums"
] |
projected-00310454-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetnighter | Sweetnighter | Personnel | Sweetnighter is the third studio album by American jazz fusion band Weather Report, released by Columbia Records in 1973. | Weather Report
Josef Zawinul – piano (2, 6), electric piano (1-5), synthesizer (1, 2, 6)
Wayne Shorter – saxophones
Miroslav Vitouš – acoustic bass (1, 2, 4), electric bass (3, 5)
Andrew White - electric bass (1, 4, 6), English horn (3, 5)
Herschel Dwellingham - drums (1, 2, 4, 6)
Eric Gravatt - drums (2, 4, 6)
Muruga ... | [] | [
"Personnel"
] | [
"1973 albums",
"Columbia Records albums",
"Weather Report albums"
] |
projected-00310458-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield%20Hallam%20University | Sheffield Hallam University | Introduction | Sheffield Hallam University (SHU) is a public research university in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. The university is based on two sites; the City Campus is located in the city centre near Sheffield railway station, while the Collegiate Crescent Campus is about two miles away in the Broomhall Estate off Ecclesall... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Sheffield Hallam University",
"Educational institutions established in 1992",
"1992 establishments in England",
"University Alliance",
"Buildings and structures in Sheffield",
"Tourist attractions in Sheffield",
"Universities UK"
] | |
projected-00310458-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield%20Hallam%20University | Sheffield Hallam University | Foundation and growth | Sheffield Hallam University (SHU) is a public research university in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. The university is based on two sites; the City Campus is located in the city centre near Sheffield railway station, while the Collegiate Crescent Campus is about two miles away in the Broomhall Estate off Ecclesall... | In 1843, as the industrial revolution gathered pace and Sheffield was on the verge of becoming the steel, tool and cutlery making capital of the world, the Sheffield School of Design was founded following lobbying by artist Benjamin Haydon. The day-to-day running was controlled by the local council, whilst the Board of... | [] | [
"History",
"Foundation and growth"
] | [
"Sheffield Hallam University",
"Educational institutions established in 1992",
"1992 establishments in England",
"University Alliance",
"Buildings and structures in Sheffield",
"Tourist attractions in Sheffield",
"Universities UK"
] |
projected-00310458-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield%20Hallam%20University | Sheffield Hallam University | University status to present day | Sheffield Hallam University (SHU) is a public research university in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. The university is based on two sites; the City Campus is located in the city centre near Sheffield railway station, while the Collegiate Crescent Campus is about two miles away in the Broomhall Estate off Ecclesall... | In 1992, Sheffield City Polytechnic became Sheffield Hallam University (SHU), with the right to award its own degrees.
In 2005, SHU was reorganised into four faculties. The new Faculty of Development and Society, with an emphasis on 'people, places and spaces', brought together education, geography, humanities, law, ... | [
"Sheffield Hallam University.jpg"
] | [
"History",
"University status to present day"
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"Sheffield Hallam University",
"Educational institutions established in 1992",
"1992 establishments in England",
"University Alliance",
"Buildings and structures in Sheffield",
"Tourist attractions in Sheffield",
"Universities UK"
] |
projected-00310458-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield%20Hallam%20University | Sheffield Hallam University | Colleges | Sheffield Hallam University (SHU) is a public research university in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. The university is based on two sites; the City Campus is located in the city centre near Sheffield railway station, while the Collegiate Crescent Campus is about two miles away in the Broomhall Estate off Ecclesall... | In 2020, the university relaunched its structure moving away from four faculties and re-organising academic departments into colleges.
College of Business, Technology and Engineering (BTE)
Formerly known as the Sheffield Business School and prior to that the Faculty of Organisation and Management (OM). The new colle... | [
"Sheffield Hallam University buildings.jpg",
"SHU buildings.png",
"Collegiate Campus, SHU.jpg",
"SHU Students Union 30 Oct 2017 2.jpg"
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"Sheffield Hallam University",
"Educational institutions established in 1992",
"1992 establishments in England",
"University Alliance",
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"Tourist attractions in Sheffield",
"Universities UK"
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projected-00310458-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield%20Hallam%20University | Sheffield Hallam University | Research centres | Sheffield Hallam University (SHU) is a public research university in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. The university is based on two sites; the City Campus is located in the city centre near Sheffield railway station, while the Collegiate Crescent Campus is about two miles away in the Broomhall Estate off Ecclesall... | Advanced Wellbeing Research Centre (AWRC)
Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre (BMRC)
Centre for Behavioural Science and Applied Psychology (CBSCAP)
Centre for Development and Research in Education (CDARE)
Centre for Regional Economic and Social Research (CRESR)
Centre for Sport and Exercise Science (CSES)
Centr... | [] | [
"Organisation and governance",
"Research",
"Research centres"
] | [
"Sheffield Hallam University",
"Educational institutions established in 1992",
"1992 establishments in England",
"University Alliance",
"Buildings and structures in Sheffield",
"Tourist attractions in Sheffield",
"Universities UK"
] |
projected-00310458-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield%20Hallam%20University | Sheffield Hallam University | Research institutes | Sheffield Hallam University (SHU) is a public research university in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. The university is based on two sites; the City Campus is located in the city centre near Sheffield railway station, while the Collegiate Crescent Campus is about two miles away in the Broomhall Estate off Ecclesall... | Cultural, Communication and Computing Research Institute (C3RI)
Art, Design and Media Research Centre (ADRC)
Communication and Computing Research Centre (CCRC)
Materials and Engineering Research Institute (MERI)
Centre for Automation and Robotics Research (CARR)
National HIPIMS Technology Centre
Polymers, Nanocom... | [] | [
"Organisation and governance",
"Research",
"Research institutes"
] | [
"Sheffield Hallam University",
"Educational institutions established in 1992",
"1992 establishments in England",
"University Alliance",
"Buildings and structures in Sheffield",
"Tourist attractions in Sheffield",
"Universities UK"
] |
projected-00310458-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield%20Hallam%20University | Sheffield Hallam University | Groups and networks | Sheffield Hallam University (SHU) is a public research university in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. The university is based on two sites; the City Campus is located in the city centre near Sheffield railway station, while the Collegiate Crescent Campus is about two miles away in the Broomhall Estate off Ecclesall... | Voluntary Action Research Group
Film, Television, Theatre and Performance Research Network
Health and Social Care Research
Law Research Group
Natural and Built Environment Research Group
Outdoor Recreation Research Group
Physical Activity, Wellness and Public Health Research Group (PAWPH)
Sheffield Addiction Res... | [] | [
"Organisation and governance",
"Research",
"Groups and networks"
] | [
"Sheffield Hallam University",
"Educational institutions established in 1992",
"1992 establishments in England",
"University Alliance",
"Buildings and structures in Sheffield",
"Tourist attractions in Sheffield",
"Universities UK"
] |
projected-00310458-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield%20Hallam%20University | Sheffield Hallam University | Chancellors | Sheffield Hallam University (SHU) is a public research university in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. The university is based on two sites; the City Campus is located in the city centre near Sheffield railway station, while the Collegiate Crescent Campus is about two miles away in the Broomhall Estate off Ecclesall... | British barrister, broadcaster, and life peer of the House of Lords, Helena Kennedy, was installed as chancellor in a ceremony at Cutlers' Hall on Thursday 26 July 2018.
Bryan Nicholson 1992–2001
Robert Winston, 2001–2018
Helena Kennedy, 2018–present | [] | [
"Chancellors"
] | [
"Sheffield Hallam University",
"Educational institutions established in 1992",
"1992 establishments in England",
"University Alliance",
"Buildings and structures in Sheffield",
"Tourist attractions in Sheffield",
"Universities UK"
] |
projected-00310458-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield%20Hallam%20University | Sheffield Hallam University | Lifelong Learning Network | Sheffield Hallam University (SHU) is a public research university in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. The university is based on two sites; the City Campus is located in the city centre near Sheffield railway station, while the Collegiate Crescent Campus is about two miles away in the Broomhall Estate off Ecclesall... | SHU is the lead partner for Higher Futures, the Lifelong Learning Network (LLN) for South Yorkshire, North Derbyshire and North Nottinghamshire. | [] | [
"Academic profile",
"Lifelong Learning Network"
] | [
"Sheffield Hallam University",
"Educational institutions established in 1992",
"1992 establishments in England",
"University Alliance",
"Buildings and structures in Sheffield",
"Tourist attractions in Sheffield",
"Universities UK"
] |
projected-00310458-013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield%20Hallam%20University | Sheffield Hallam University | Rankings and reputation | Sheffield Hallam University (SHU) is a public research university in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. The university is based on two sites; the City Campus is located in the city centre near Sheffield railway station, while the Collegiate Crescent Campus is about two miles away in the Broomhall Estate off Ecclesall... | In the National Student Survey, several subject areas at SHU have performed very well in terms of overall student satisfaction with their courses: for example, architecture and geography have both been placed first, and planning has been placed second.
In the university league tables, Sheffield Hallam University was p... | [
"Adsetts Centre, Sheffield Hallam University - geograph.org.uk - 1622293.jpg"
] | [
"Academic profile",
"Rankings and reputation"
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"Sheffield Hallam University",
"Educational institutions established in 1992",
"1992 establishments in England",
"University Alliance",
"Buildings and structures in Sheffield",
"Tourist attractions in Sheffield",
"Universities UK"
] |
projected-00310458-014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield%20Hallam%20University | Sheffield Hallam University | Notable alumni | Sheffield Hallam University (SHU) is a public research university in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. The university is based on two sites; the City Campus is located in the city centre near Sheffield railway station, while the Collegiate Crescent Campus is about two miles away in the Broomhall Estate off Ecclesall... | Nazir Ahmed, Baron Ahmed, Labour Party Peer.
Kid Acne, artist and musician
Andy Akinwolere, TV presenter on Blue Peter
Roma Babuniak, artist
Graham Barnfield, pundit and happy slapping analyst
Lee Blackett, Leeds Tykes rugby union player
Peter Booth Australian modern bleak landscape painter.
Richard Caborn, form... | [
"SheffieldHallamNight.jpg",
"Collegiate Crescent.jpg"
] | [
"Notable alumni"
] | [
"Sheffield Hallam University",
"Educational institutions established in 1992",
"1992 establishments in England",
"University Alliance",
"Buildings and structures in Sheffield",
"Tourist attractions in Sheffield",
"Universities UK"
] |
projected-00310458-015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield%20Hallam%20University | Sheffield Hallam University | Notable staff | Sheffield Hallam University (SHU) is a public research university in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. The university is based on two sites; the City Campus is located in the city centre near Sheffield railway station, while the Collegiate Crescent Campus is about two miles away in the Broomhall Estate off Ecclesall... | Alison Adam, professor of science, technology and society.
Geoff Cartwright, senior lecturer in Environmental Conservation 1995–2012: joint winner of the 2011 Individual award in the Environment Awards of the Sheffield Telegraph for his work on the development of a nature reserve at Blackburn Meadows on the site of th... | [] | [
"Notable staff"
] | [
"Sheffield Hallam University",
"Educational institutions established in 1992",
"1992 establishments in England",
"University Alliance",
"Buildings and structures in Sheffield",
"Tourist attractions in Sheffield",
"Universities UK"
] |
projected-00310458-016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield%20Hallam%20University | Sheffield Hallam University | See also | Sheffield Hallam University (SHU) is a public research university in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. The university is based on two sites; the City Campus is located in the city centre near Sheffield railway station, while the Collegiate Crescent Campus is about two miles away in the Broomhall Estate off Ecclesall... | Armorial of UK universities
Hallam FC
List of universities in the UK
National Centre for Popular Music
Post-1992 universities
Psalter Lane Campus
UTC Sheffield City Centre and UTC Sheffield Olympic Legacy Park
University of Sheffield | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Sheffield Hallam University",
"Educational institutions established in 1992",
"1992 establishments in England",
"University Alliance",
"Buildings and structures in Sheffield",
"Tourist attractions in Sheffield",
"Universities UK"
] |
projected-00310460-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arti%20%28Hinduism%29 | Arti (Hinduism) | Introduction | Arti (Sanskrit: Ārātrika, Hindi: Ārtī) is a Hindu ritual employed in worship, often part of puja, in which light (usually from a flame) is offered to one or more deities. Arti(s) also refers to the songs sung in praise of the deity, when the light is being offered. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Aarti",
"Hindu music"
] | |
projected-00310460-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arti%20%28Hinduism%29 | Arti (Hinduism) | Origin | Arti (Sanskrit: Ārātrika, Hindi: Ārtī) is a Hindu ritual employed in worship, often part of puja, in which light (usually from a flame) is offered to one or more deities. Arti(s) also refers to the songs sung in praise of the deity, when the light is being offered. | Arti is derived from the Sanskrit word () which means something that removes , darkness (or light waved in darkness before an icon). A Marathi language reference says it is also known as ().
Arti is said to have descended from the Vedic concept of fire rituals, or homa/yajna. In the traditional arti ceremony, the fl... | [
"Holy Smokes! 01.jpg"
] | [
"Origin"
] | [
"Aarti",
"Hindu music"
] |
projected-00310460-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arti%20%28Hinduism%29 | Arti (Hinduism) | Practice | Arti (Sanskrit: Ārātrika, Hindi: Ārtī) is a Hindu ritual employed in worship, often part of puja, in which light (usually from a flame) is offered to one or more deities. Arti(s) also refers to the songs sung in praise of the deity, when the light is being offered. | Arti can range from simple acts of worship to extravagant rituals, but always includes jyot (flame or light). It is sometimes performed one to five times daily, and usually at the end of a puja and bhajan session (in northern India). It is performed during almost all Hindu ceremonies and occasions. It involves the circ... | [] | [
"Practice"
] | [
"Aarti",
"Hindu music"
] |
projected-00310460-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arti%20%28Hinduism%29 | Arti (Hinduism) | Significance | Arti (Sanskrit: Ārātrika, Hindi: Ārtī) is a Hindu ritual employed in worship, often part of puja, in which light (usually from a flame) is offered to one or more deities. Arti(s) also refers to the songs sung in praise of the deity, when the light is being offered. | Arti can be an expression of many things including love, benevolence, gratitude, prayers, or desires depending on the object it is done to/ for. For example, it can be a form of respect when performed to elders, prayers when performed to deities, or hope when performed for homes or vehicles. Emotions and prayers are of... | [
"Durga puja blessing.jpg"
] | [
"Significance"
] | [
"Aarti",
"Hindu music"
] |
projected-00310460-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arti%20%28Hinduism%29 | Arti (Hinduism) | Songs | Arti (Sanskrit: Ārātrika, Hindi: Ārtī) is a Hindu ritual employed in worship, often part of puja, in which light (usually from a flame) is offered to one or more deities. Arti(s) also refers to the songs sung in praise of the deity, when the light is being offered. | Hinduism has a long tradition of arti songs, simply referred to as arti, sung as an accompaniment to the ritual of arti. It primarily eulogizes the deity that the ritual is being offered to, and several sects have their own versions of the common arti songs that are often sung on chorus at various temples, during even... | [
"Aarti-dance-bangalore-2009.jpg"
] | [
"Songs"
] | [
"Aarti",
"Hindu music"
] |
projected-00310460-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arti%20%28Hinduism%29 | Arti (Hinduism) | Gaudiya Vaishnavism | Arti (Sanskrit: Ārātrika, Hindi: Ārtī) is a Hindu ritual employed in worship, often part of puja, in which light (usually from a flame) is offered to one or more deities. Arti(s) also refers to the songs sung in praise of the deity, when the light is being offered. | In Gaudiya Vaishnavism, arti refers to the whole puja ritual, of which offering the lamp is only one part. A shankha (conch) is blown to start the arti, then an odd number of incense sticks are offered to the deity. The lamp is offered next, and then circulated among the devotees. A conch is then filled with water, and... | [] | [
"Gaudiya Vaishnavism"
] | [
"Aarti",
"Hindu music"
] |
projected-00310460-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arti%20%28Hinduism%29 | Arti (Hinduism) | Durga Puja | Arti (Sanskrit: Ārātrika, Hindi: Ārtī) is a Hindu ritual employed in worship, often part of puja, in which light (usually from a flame) is offered to one or more deities. Arti(s) also refers to the songs sung in praise of the deity, when the light is being offered. | During the Bengali festival Durga puja ritual drummers – dhakis, carrying large leather-strung dhak's, show off their skills during ritual dance worships called arti or Dhunuchi dance. | [] | [
"Durga Puja"
] | [
"Aarti",
"Hindu music"
] |
projected-00310460-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arti%20%28Hinduism%29 | Arti (Hinduism) | Sikhism | Arti (Sanskrit: Ārātrika, Hindi: Ārtī) is a Hindu ritual employed in worship, often part of puja, in which light (usually from a flame) is offered to one or more deities. Arti(s) also refers to the songs sung in praise of the deity, when the light is being offered. | Amritsari Sikhs have not been performing arti as Hindus perform, but instead sing arti kirtan, which are a few shabads from Guru Nanak, Ravidas and other Bhagats/Gurus. Nihangs recite Aarta before arti which includes some more shabads from the Dasam Granth and Sarabloh Granth. According to them, arti is the arti of div... | [] | [
"Sikhism"
] | [
"Aarti",
"Hindu music"
] |
projected-00310460-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arti%20%28Hinduism%29 | Arti (Hinduism) | See also | Arti (Sanskrit: Ārātrika, Hindi: Ārtī) is a Hindu ritual employed in worship, often part of puja, in which light (usually from a flame) is offered to one or more deities. Arti(s) also refers to the songs sung in praise of the deity, when the light is being offered. | Arti (given name)
Blessing
Jai Jagdish Hare
Jay Sadguru Swami
Mantrapushpanjali
Shankha | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Aarti",
"Hindu music"
] |
projected-00310463-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church%20of%20All%20Worlds | Church of All Worlds | Introduction | The Church of All Worlds (CAW) is an American Neopagan religious group whose stated mission is to evolve a network of information, mythology, and experience that provides a context and stimulus for reawakening Gaia and reuniting her children through tribal community dedicated to responsible stewardship and evolving con... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Modern Pagan organizations based in the United States",
"Religious organizations established in 1962",
"Robert A. Heinlein",
"1961 establishments in Oklahoma",
"Religious belief systems founded in the United States",
"Modern Pagan organizations established in the 1960s"
] | |
projected-00310463-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church%20of%20All%20Worlds | Church of All Worlds | Formation | The Church of All Worlds (CAW) is an American Neopagan religious group whose stated mission is to evolve a network of information, mythology, and experience that provides a context and stimulus for reawakening Gaia and reuniting her children through tribal community dedicated to responsible stewardship and evolving con... | CAW began in 1961 with a group of high school friends. One of these was Richard Lance Christie from Tulsa, Oklahoma. Christie was fascinated by the "self-actualization" concepts of Abraham Maslow, a renowned American psychologist, and after meeting then-Timothy Zell at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri, he began ... | [] | [
"Formation"
] | [
"Modern Pagan organizations based in the United States",
"Religious organizations established in 1962",
"Robert A. Heinlein",
"1961 establishments in Oklahoma",
"Religious belief systems founded in the United States",
"Modern Pagan organizations established in the 1960s"
] |
projected-00310463-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church%20of%20All%20Worlds | Church of All Worlds | Early organization and beliefs | The Church of All Worlds (CAW) is an American Neopagan religious group whose stated mission is to evolve a network of information, mythology, and experience that provides a context and stimulus for reawakening Gaia and reuniting her children through tribal community dedicated to responsible stewardship and evolving con... | CAW modeled its organization after the group in Heinlein's novel, as a series of 9 nests in circles of advancement that were each named after a planet. The basic dogma of the CAW was that there was no dogma – the basic "belief" was a stated "lack of belief". Within their religion, the only sin was hypocrisy and the on... | [] | [
"Early organization and beliefs"
] | [
"Modern Pagan organizations based in the United States",
"Religious organizations established in 1962",
"Robert A. Heinlein",
"1961 establishments in Oklahoma",
"Religious belief systems founded in the United States",
"Modern Pagan organizations established in the 1960s"
] |
projected-00310463-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church%20of%20All%20Worlds | Church of All Worlds | Evolution | The Church of All Worlds (CAW) is an American Neopagan religious group whose stated mission is to evolve a network of information, mythology, and experience that provides a context and stimulus for reawakening Gaia and reuniting her children through tribal community dedicated to responsible stewardship and evolving con... | Moving toward an emphasis on nature eventually led to a breaking of the relationship between CAW and Atl. By 1974, CAW had nests in more than a dozen states around the United States. That year, Zell married Morning Glory (née Diana Moore) and in 1976 he and Morning Glory settled in Eugene, Oregon and then at the Coede... | [] | [
"Evolution"
] | [
"Modern Pagan organizations based in the United States",
"Religious organizations established in 1962",
"Robert A. Heinlein",
"1961 establishments in Oklahoma",
"Religious belief systems founded in the United States",
"Modern Pagan organizations established in the 1960s"
] |
projected-00310463-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church%20of%20All%20Worlds | Church of All Worlds | Subsidiaries | The Church of All Worlds (CAW) is an American Neopagan religious group whose stated mission is to evolve a network of information, mythology, and experience that provides a context and stimulus for reawakening Gaia and reuniting her children through tribal community dedicated to responsible stewardship and evolving con... | Morning Glory Zell founded the Ecosophical Research Association (ERA) in 1977 to research arcane lore and legends. Its first project of note was the creation of living unicorns in 1980, after noting that early art depicts the creatures as being more goat-like than horse-like. The Zells reconstructed what they claimed ... | [] | [
"Subsidiaries"
] | [
"Modern Pagan organizations based in the United States",
"Religious organizations established in 1962",
"Robert A. Heinlein",
"1961 establishments in Oklahoma",
"Religious belief systems founded in the United States",
"Modern Pagan organizations established in the 1960s"
] |
projected-00310463-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church%20of%20All%20Worlds | Church of All Worlds | First Renaissance | The Church of All Worlds (CAW) is an American Neopagan religious group whose stated mission is to evolve a network of information, mythology, and experience that provides a context and stimulus for reawakening Gaia and reuniting her children through tribal community dedicated to responsible stewardship and evolving con... | By the mid-1980s, CAW had practically ceased operation outside of Ukiah, California, where the Zells relocated in 1985. Anodea Judith assumed presidency until 1991, and the structure of the organization was revamped with plans for more nest meetings, training courses, new rituals, and publications. By the late 1980s ... | [] | [
"First Renaissance"
] | [
"Modern Pagan organizations based in the United States",
"Religious organizations established in 1962",
"Robert A. Heinlein",
"1961 establishments in Oklahoma",
"Religious belief systems founded in the United States",
"Modern Pagan organizations established in the 1960s"
] |
projected-00310463-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church%20of%20All%20Worlds | Church of All Worlds | Attempted termination & Second Renaissance | The Church of All Worlds (CAW) is an American Neopagan religious group whose stated mission is to evolve a network of information, mythology, and experience that provides a context and stimulus for reawakening Gaia and reuniting her children through tribal community dedicated to responsible stewardship and evolving con... | On August, 2004, the Board of Directors decided to terminate CAW due to financial and legal struggles. In January, 2006, due to the effort of Jack Crispin Cain to help save the organization, CAW was reestablished with Zells again assuming a leadership role. In 2007, Green Egg, CAW's influential journal, returned to pu... | [] | [
"Attempted termination & Second Renaissance"
] | [
"Modern Pagan organizations based in the United States",
"Religious organizations established in 1962",
"Robert A. Heinlein",
"1961 establishments in Oklahoma",
"Religious belief systems founded in the United States",
"Modern Pagan organizations established in the 1960s"
] |
projected-00310463-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church%20of%20All%20Worlds | Church of All Worlds | See also | The Church of All Worlds (CAW) is an American Neopagan religious group whose stated mission is to evolve a network of information, mythology, and experience that provides a context and stimulus for reawakening Gaia and reuniting her children through tribal community dedicated to responsible stewardship and evolving con... | Neopaganism in the United States | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Modern Pagan organizations based in the United States",
"Religious organizations established in 1962",
"Robert A. Heinlein",
"1961 establishments in Oklahoma",
"Religious belief systems founded in the United States",
"Modern Pagan organizations established in the 1960s"
] |
projected-00310463-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church%20of%20All%20Worlds | Church of All Worlds | References | The Church of All Worlds (CAW) is an American Neopagan religious group whose stated mission is to evolve a network of information, mythology, and experience that provides a context and stimulus for reawakening Gaia and reuniting her children through tribal community dedicated to responsible stewardship and evolving con... | Adler, Margot, Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-Worshippers, and Other Pagans in America Today, Beacon Press, 1979; revised and updated 1987.
Ellwood, Robert, Religious and Spiritual Groups in Modern America, 1973.
Gottlieb, Annie, Do You Believe in Magic? The Second Coming of the Sixties Generation, T... | [] | [
"References"
] | [
"Modern Pagan organizations based in the United States",
"Religious organizations established in 1962",
"Robert A. Heinlein",
"1961 establishments in Oklahoma",
"Religious belief systems founded in the United States",
"Modern Pagan organizations established in the 1960s"
] |
projected-00310474-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light%20cone | Light cone | Introduction | In special and general relativity, a light cone (or "null cone") is the path that a flash of light, emanating from a single event (localized to a single point in space and a single moment in time) and traveling in all directions, would take through spacetime. | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Astrophysics",
"Theory of relativity",
"Lorentzian manifolds",
"Light"
] | |
projected-00310474-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light%20cone | Light cone | Details | In special and general relativity, a light cone (or "null cone") is the path that a flash of light, emanating from a single event (localized to a single point in space and a single moment in time) and traveling in all directions, would take through spacetime. | If one imagines the light confined to a two-dimensional plane, the light from the flash spreads out in a circle after the event E occurs, and if we graph the growing circle with the vertical axis of the graph representing time, the result is a cone, known as the future light cone. The past light cone behaves like the f... | [] | [
"Details"
] | [
"Astrophysics",
"Theory of relativity",
"Lorentzian manifolds",
"Light"
] |
projected-00310474-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light%20cone | Light cone | Mathematical construction | In special and general relativity, a light cone (or "null cone") is the path that a flash of light, emanating from a single event (localized to a single point in space and a single moment in time) and traveling in all directions, would take through spacetime. | In special relativity, a light cone (or null cone) is the surface describing the temporal evolution of a flash of light in Minkowski spacetime. This can be visualized in 3-space if the two horizontal axes are chosen to be spatial dimensions, while the vertical axis is time.
The light cone is constructed as follows. Ta... | [] | [
"Mathematical construction"
] | [
"Astrophysics",
"Theory of relativity",
"Lorentzian manifolds",
"Light"
] |
projected-00310474-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light%20cone | Light cone | In general relativity | In special and general relativity, a light cone (or "null cone") is the path that a flash of light, emanating from a single event (localized to a single point in space and a single moment in time) and traveling in all directions, would take through spacetime. | In flat spacetime, the future light cone of an event is the boundary of its causal future and its past light cone is the boundary of its causal past.
In a curved spacetime, assuming spacetime is globally hyperbolic, it is still true that the future light cone of an event includes the boundary of its causal future (and... | [
"light_cones_near_black_hole.svg"
] | [
"In general relativity"
] | [
"Astrophysics",
"Theory of relativity",
"Lorentzian manifolds",
"Light"
] |
projected-00310474-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light%20cone | Light cone | See also | In special and general relativity, a light cone (or "null cone") is the path that a flash of light, emanating from a single event (localized to a single point in space and a single moment in time) and traveling in all directions, would take through spacetime. | Absolute future
Absolute past
Hyperbolic partial differential equation
Hypercone
Light cone coordinates
Lorentz transformation
Method of characteristics
Minkowski diagram
Monge cone
Null cone
Wave equation | [] | [
"See also"
] | [
"Astrophysics",
"Theory of relativity",
"Lorentzian manifolds",
"Light"
] |
projected-00310477-000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United%20States%20relations | Iran–United States relations | Introduction | Iran and the United States have had no formal diplomatic relations since April 7, 1980. Instead, Pakistan serves as Iran's protecting power in the United States, while Switzerland serves as the United States' protecting power in Iran. Contacts are carried out through the Iranian Interests Section of the Pakistani Embas... | [] | [
"Introduction"
] | [
"Iran–United States relations",
"Articles containing video clips",
"Bilateral relations of Iran",
"Bilateral relations of the United States"
] | |
projected-00310477-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United%20States%20relations | Iran–United States relations | Early relations | Iran and the United States have had no formal diplomatic relations since April 7, 1980. Instead, Pakistan serves as Iran's protecting power in the United States, while Switzerland serves as the United States' protecting power in Iran. Contacts are carried out through the Iranian Interests Section of the Pakistani Embas... | Political relations between Iran (Persia) and the United States began when the Shah of Iran, Nassereddin Shah Qajar, officially dispatched Iran's first ambassador, Mirza Abolhasan to Washington, D.C., in 1856. In 1883, Samuel G. W. Benjamin was appointed by the United States as the first official diplomatic envoy to Ir... | [] | [
"Early relations"
] | [
"Iran–United States relations",
"Articles containing video clips",
"Bilateral relations of Iran",
"Bilateral relations of the United States"
] |
projected-00310477-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United%20States%20relations | Iran–United States relations | Reign of the last Shah of Iran | Iran and the United States have had no formal diplomatic relations since April 7, 1980. Instead, Pakistan serves as Iran's protecting power in the United States, while Switzerland serves as the United States' protecting power in Iran. Contacts are carried out through the Iranian Interests Section of the Pakistani Embas... | In 1941 the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran deposed Reza Shah because of his lean toward the Axis. The invaders established a supply route of massive shipments of Lend lease war material to the Soviet Union. From 1942 US troops were involved in the operation of this Persian Corridor.
The last Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza... | [] | [
"Reign of the last Shah of Iran"
] | [
"Iran–United States relations",
"Articles containing video clips",
"Bilateral relations of Iran",
"Bilateral relations of the United States"
] |
projected-00310477-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United%20States%20relations | Iran–United States relations | Prime Minister Mossadeq and his overthrow | Iran and the United States have had no formal diplomatic relations since April 7, 1980. Instead, Pakistan serves as Iran's protecting power in the United States, while Switzerland serves as the United States' protecting power in Iran. Contacts are carried out through the Iranian Interests Section of the Pakistani Embas... | In 1953, the government of prime minister Mohammed Mossadeq was overthrown in a coup organized by the CIA and MI6. Many liberal Iranians believe that the coup and the subsequent U.S. support for the shah proved largely responsible for his arbitrary rule, which led to the "deeply anti-American character" of the 1979 rev... | [] | [
"Reign of the last Shah of Iran",
"Prime Minister Mossadeq and his overthrow"
] | [
"Iran–United States relations",
"Articles containing video clips",
"Bilateral relations of Iran",
"Bilateral relations of the United States"
] |
projected-00310477-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United%20States%20relations | Iran–United States relations | 1953 Iranian coup d'état | Iran and the United States have had no formal diplomatic relations since April 7, 1980. Instead, Pakistan serves as Iran's protecting power in the United States, while Switzerland serves as the United States' protecting power in Iran. Contacts are carried out through the Iranian Interests Section of the Pakistani Embas... | As the Cold War intensified, oil negotiations stalled, and the Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower replaced Democratic President Harry S. Truman, the United States helped destabilize Mosaddeq on the theory that "rising internal tensions and continued economic deterioration...might lead to a breakdown of governmen... | [] | [
"Reign of the last Shah of Iran",
"Prime Minister Mossadeq and his overthrow",
"1953 Iranian coup d'état"
] | [
"Iran–United States relations",
"Articles containing video clips",
"Bilateral relations of Iran",
"Bilateral relations of the United States"
] |
projected-00310477-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United%20States%20relations | Iran–United States relations | Post-coup | Iran and the United States have had no formal diplomatic relations since April 7, 1980. Instead, Pakistan serves as Iran's protecting power in the United States, while Switzerland serves as the United States' protecting power in Iran. Contacts are carried out through the Iranian Interests Section of the Pakistani Embas... | Following the coup, the United States financed the re-installed Shah. In the first three weeks, Washington gave Iran $68 million in emergency aid, and an additional $1.2 billion over the next decade. In this era that ensued, until the fall of the Shah in 1979, Iran was one of the United States' closest allies. The US a... | [
"Shah in the US.ogv"
] | [
"Reign of the last Shah of Iran",
"Prime Minister Mossadeq and his overthrow",
"Post-coup"
] | [
"Iran–United States relations",
"Articles containing video clips",
"Bilateral relations of Iran",
"Bilateral relations of the United States"
] |
projected-00310477-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United%20States%20relations | Iran–United States relations | Nuclear support | Iran and the United States have had no formal diplomatic relations since April 7, 1980. Instead, Pakistan serves as Iran's protecting power in the United States, while Switzerland serves as the United States' protecting power in Iran. Contacts are carried out through the Iranian Interests Section of the Pakistani Embas... | The U.S. helped Iran create its nuclear program starting in 1957 by providing Iran its first nuclear reactor and nuclear fuel, and after 1967 by providing Iran with weapons grade enriched uranium.
Iran's nuclear program was launched in the 1950s with the help of the United States as part of the Atoms for Peace program... | [] | [
"Nuclear support"
] | [
"Iran–United States relations",
"Articles containing video clips",
"Bilateral relations of Iran",
"Bilateral relations of the United States"
] |
projected-00310477-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United%20States%20relations | Iran–United States relations | Cultural relations | Iran and the United States have had no formal diplomatic relations since April 7, 1980. Instead, Pakistan serves as Iran's protecting power in the United States, while Switzerland serves as the United States' protecting power in Iran. Contacts are carried out through the Iranian Interests Section of the Pakistani Embas... | Relations in the cultural sphere remained cordial until 1979. Pahlavi University, Sharif University of Technology, and Isfahan University of Technology, three of Iran's top academic universities were all directly modeled on American institutions, such as the University of Chicago, MIT, and the University of Pennsylvani... | [] | [
"Cultural relations"
] | [
"Iran–United States relations",
"Articles containing video clips",
"Bilateral relations of Iran",
"Bilateral relations of the United States"
] |
projected-00310477-008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United%20States%20relations | Iran–United States relations | Growth of oil revenues | Iran and the United States have had no formal diplomatic relations since April 7, 1980. Instead, Pakistan serves as Iran's protecting power in the United States, while Switzerland serves as the United States' protecting power in Iran. Contacts are carried out through the Iranian Interests Section of the Pakistani Embas... | In the 1960s and 1970s, Iran's oil revenues grew considerably. Starting in the mid-1960s, this "weakened U.S. influence in Iranian politics" while strengthening the power of the Iranian state vis-a-vis the Iranian public. According to scholar Homa Katouzian, this put the United States "in the contradictory position of ... | [] | [
"Growth of oil revenues"
] | [
"Iran–United States relations",
"Articles containing video clips",
"Bilateral relations of Iran",
"Bilateral relations of the United States"
] |
projected-00310477-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United%20States%20relations | Iran–United States relations | 1977–79: Carter administration | Iran and the United States have had no formal diplomatic relations since April 7, 1980. Instead, Pakistan serves as Iran's protecting power in the United States, while Switzerland serves as the United States' protecting power in Iran. Contacts are carried out through the Iranian Interests Section of the Pakistani Embas... | In the late 1970s, American President Jimmy Carter emphasized human rights in his foreign policy, but went easy in private with the Shah. By 1977 it had garnered unfavorable publicity in the international community for its bad human rights record. That year, the Shah responded to Carter's "polite reminder" by granting ... | [
"The Shah with Atherton, Sullivan, Vance, Carter and Brzezinski, 1977.jpg",
"DF-SC-86-12761.jpg"
] | [
"1977–79: Carter administration"
] | [
"Iran–United States relations",
"Articles containing video clips",
"Bilateral relations of Iran",
"Bilateral relations of the United States"
] |
projected-00310477-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United%20States%20relations | Iran–United States relations | The 1979 revolution | Iran and the United States have had no formal diplomatic relations since April 7, 1980. Instead, Pakistan serves as Iran's protecting power in the United States, while Switzerland serves as the United States' protecting power in Iran. Contacts are carried out through the Iranian Interests Section of the Pakistani Embas... | The 1979 Revolution, which ousted the pro-American Shah and replaced him with the anti-American Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, surprised the United States government, its State Department and intelligence services, which "consistently underestimated the magnitude and long-term implications of this unrest".... | [] | [
"The 1979 revolution"
] | [
"Iran–United States relations",
"Articles containing video clips",
"Bilateral relations of Iran",
"Bilateral relations of the United States"
] |
projected-00310477-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United%20States%20relations | Iran–United States relations | The hostage crisis | Iran and the United States have had no formal diplomatic relations since April 7, 1980. Instead, Pakistan serves as Iran's protecting power in the United States, while Switzerland serves as the United States' protecting power in Iran. Contacts are carried out through the Iranian Interests Section of the Pakistani Embas... | On 4 November 1979, the revolutionary group Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line, angered that the Shah had been allowed into the United States, occupied the American embassy in Tehran and took American diplomats hostage. The 52 American diplomats were held hostage for 444 days. In Iran, the incident was seen by... | [
"DF-SC-82-06566 Bush hostages Iran.JPEG"
] | [
"The 1979 revolution",
"The hostage crisis"
] | [
"Iran–United States relations",
"Articles containing video clips",
"Bilateral relations of Iran",
"Bilateral relations of the United States"
] |
projected-00310477-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United%20States%20relations | Iran–United States relations | Economic consequences of the Iran hostage crisis | Iran and the United States have had no formal diplomatic relations since April 7, 1980. Instead, Pakistan serves as Iran's protecting power in the United States, while Switzerland serves as the United States' protecting power in Iran. Contacts are carried out through the Iranian Interests Section of the Pakistani Embas... | Before the Revolution, the United States was Iran's foremost economic, technical and military partner. This facilitated the modernization of Iran's infrastructure and industry, with as many as 30,000 American expatriates residing in the country in a technical, consulting, or teaching capacity. Some analysts argue that ... | [
"Boeing VC-137 54.jpg"
] | [
"The 1979 revolution",
"Economic consequences of the Iran hostage crisis"
] | [
"Iran–United States relations",
"Articles containing video clips",
"Bilateral relations of Iran",
"Bilateral relations of the United States"
] |
projected-00310477-014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United%20States%20relations | Iran–United States relations | Iran–Iraq War | Iran and the United States have had no formal diplomatic relations since April 7, 1980. Instead, Pakistan serves as Iran's protecting power in the United States, while Switzerland serves as the United States' protecting power in Iran. Contacts are carried out through the Iranian Interests Section of the Pakistani Embas... | American intelligence and logistical support played a crucial role in arming Iraq in the Iran–Iraq War. However, Bob Woodward states that the United States gave information to both sides, hoping "to engineer a stalemate". In search for a new set or order in this region, Washington adopted a policy designed to contain b... | [] | [
"1981–1989: Reagan administration",
"Iran–Iraq War"
] | [
"Iran–United States relations",
"Articles containing video clips",
"Bilateral relations of Iran",
"Bilateral relations of the United States"
] |
projected-00310477-015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United%20States%20relations | Iran–United States relations | 1983: Hezbollah bombings | Iran and the United States have had no formal diplomatic relations since April 7, 1980. Instead, Pakistan serves as Iran's protecting power in the United States, while Switzerland serves as the United States' protecting power in Iran. Contacts are carried out through the Iranian Interests Section of the Pakistani Embas... | The United States contends that Hezbollah, a Shi'ite Islamist organization and client of Iran, has been involved in several anti-American terrorist attacks, including the April 1983 United States Embassy bombing which killed 17 Americans, the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing which killed 241 US Marines in Lebanon, and the ... | [] | [
"1981–1989: Reagan administration",
"1983: Hezbollah bombings"
] | [
"Iran–United States relations",
"Articles containing video clips",
"Bilateral relations of Iran",
"Bilateral relations of the United States"
] |
projected-00310477-016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United%20States%20relations | Iran–United States relations | 1983: Anti-communist purge | Iran and the United States have had no formal diplomatic relations since April 7, 1980. Instead, Pakistan serves as Iran's protecting power in the United States, while Switzerland serves as the United States' protecting power in Iran. Contacts are carried out through the Iranian Interests Section of the Pakistani Embas... | According to the Tower Commission report:
In 1983, the U.S. helped bring to the attention of Tehran the threat inherent in the extensive infiltration of the government by the communist Tudeh Party and Soviet or pro-Soviet cadres in the country. Using this information, the Khomeini government took measures, including ma... | [] | [
"1981–1989: Reagan administration",
"1983: Anti-communist purge"
] | [
"Iran–United States relations",
"Articles containing video clips",
"Bilateral relations of Iran",
"Bilateral relations of the United States"
] |
projected-00310477-017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United%20States%20relations | Iran–United States relations | Iran-Contra Affair | Iran and the United States have had no formal diplomatic relations since April 7, 1980. Instead, Pakistan serves as Iran's protecting power in the United States, while Switzerland serves as the United States' protecting power in Iran. Contacts are carried out through the Iranian Interests Section of the Pakistani Embas... | To evade Congressional rules regarding an arms embargo, officials of President Ronald Reagan's administration arranged in the mid-1980s to sell armaments to Iran in an attempt to improve relations with Iran and obtain their influence in the release of hostages held in Lebanon. Oliver North of the National Security Coun... | [] | [
"1981–1989: Reagan administration",
"Iran-Contra Affair"
] | [
"Iran–United States relations",
"Articles containing video clips",
"Bilateral relations of Iran",
"Bilateral relations of the United States"
] |
projected-00310477-018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United%20States%20relations | Iran–United States relations | United States attack of 1988 | Iran and the United States have had no formal diplomatic relations since April 7, 1980. Instead, Pakistan serves as Iran's protecting power in the United States, while Switzerland serves as the United States' protecting power in Iran. Contacts are carried out through the Iranian Interests Section of the Pakistani Embas... | In 1988, the United States launched Operation Praying Mantis against Iran, claiming that it was retaliation for the Iranian mining of areas of the Persian Gulf as part of the Iran–Iraq War. The American attack was the largest American naval combat operation since World War II. American action began with coordinated str... | [] | [
"1981–1989: Reagan administration",
"United States attack of 1988"
] | [
"Iran–United States relations",
"Articles containing video clips",
"Bilateral relations of Iran",
"Bilateral relations of the United States"
] |
projected-00310477-019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United%20States%20relations | Iran–United States relations | 1988: Iran Air Flight 655 | Iran and the United States have had no formal diplomatic relations since April 7, 1980. Instead, Pakistan serves as Iran's protecting power in the United States, while Switzerland serves as the United States' protecting power in Iran. Contacts are carried out through the Iranian Interests Section of the Pakistani Embas... | On July 3, 1988, near the end of the Iran–Iraq War, the US Navy guided missile cruiser USS Vincennes shot down an Iranian Airbus A300B2, which was on a scheduled commercial flight in Iranian airspace over the Strait of Hormuz. The attack killed 290 civilians from six nations, including 66 children. USS Vincennes was i... | [] | [
"1981–1989: Reagan administration",
"1988: Iran Air Flight 655"
] | [
"Iran–United States relations",
"Articles containing video clips",
"Bilateral relations of Iran",
"Bilateral relations of the United States"
] |
projected-00310477-020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United%20States%20relations | Iran–United States relations | 1989–1993: Bush administration | Iran and the United States have had no formal diplomatic relations since April 7, 1980. Instead, Pakistan serves as Iran's protecting power in the United States, while Switzerland serves as the United States' protecting power in Iran. Contacts are carried out through the Iranian Interests Section of the Pakistani Embas... | Newly elected U.S. president George H. W. Bush announced a "goodwill begets goodwill" gesture in his inaugural speech on 20 January 1989. The Bush administration urged Rafsanjani to use Iran's clout in Lebanon to obtain the release of the remaining US hostages held by Hezbollah. Bush indicated there would be a reciproc... | [] | [
"1989–1993: Bush administration"
] | [
"Iran–United States relations",
"Articles containing video clips",
"Bilateral relations of Iran",
"Bilateral relations of the United States"
] |
projected-00310477-021 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United%20States%20relations | Iran–United States relations | 1993–2001: Clinton administration | Iran and the United States have had no formal diplomatic relations since April 7, 1980. Instead, Pakistan serves as Iran's protecting power in the United States, while Switzerland serves as the United States' protecting power in Iran. Contacts are carried out through the Iranian Interests Section of the Pakistani Embas... | In April 1995, a total embargo on dealings with Iran by American companies was imposed by President Bill Clinton. This ended trade, which had been growing following the end of the Iran–Iraq War. The next year, the American Congress passed the Iran-Libya Sanctions act, designed to prevent other countries from making lar... | [] | [
"1993–2001: Clinton administration"
] | [
"Iran–United States relations",
"Articles containing video clips",
"Bilateral relations of Iran",
"Bilateral relations of the United States"
] |
projected-00310477-022 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United%20States%20relations | Iran–United States relations | Khatami and Iranian reformers | Iran and the United States have had no formal diplomatic relations since April 7, 1980. Instead, Pakistan serves as Iran's protecting power in the United States, while Switzerland serves as the United States' protecting power in Iran. Contacts are carried out through the Iranian Interests Section of the Pakistani Embas... | In January 1998, newly elected Iranian President Mohammad Khatami called for a "dialogue of civilizations" with the United States in a CNN interview. In the interview, Khatami invoked Alexis de Tocqueville's Democracy in America to explain the similarities between American and Iranian quests for freedom. American Secre... | [] | [
"Khatami and Iranian reformers"
] | [
"Iran–United States relations",
"Articles containing video clips",
"Bilateral relations of Iran",
"Bilateral relations of the United States"
] |
projected-00310477-023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United%20States%20relations | Iran–United States relations | Inter-Parliamentary (Congress-to-Majlis) informal talks | Iran and the United States have had no formal diplomatic relations since April 7, 1980. Instead, Pakistan serves as Iran's protecting power in the United States, while Switzerland serves as the United States' protecting power in Iran. Contacts are carried out through the Iranian Interests Section of the Pakistani Embas... | On August 31, 2000, four United States Congress members, Senator Arlen Specter, Representative Bob Ney, Representative Gary Ackerman, and Representative Eliot L. Engel held informal talks in New York City with several Iranian leaders. The Iranians included Mehdi Karroubi, speaker of the Majlis of Iran (Iranian Parliame... | [] | [
"Khatami and Iranian reformers",
"Inter-Parliamentary (Congress-to-Majlis) informal talks"
] | [
"Iran–United States relations",
"Articles containing video clips",
"Bilateral relations of Iran",
"Bilateral relations of the United States"
] |
projected-00310477-025 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United%20States%20relations | Iran–United States relations | September 11 attacks | Iran and the United States have had no formal diplomatic relations since April 7, 1980. Instead, Pakistan serves as Iran's protecting power in the United States, while Switzerland serves as the United States' protecting power in Iran. Contacts are carried out through the Iranian Interests Section of the Pakistani Embas... | On September 25, 2001, Iran's president Mohammad Khatami meeting British Foreign Secretary, Jack Straw, said: "Iran fully understands the feelings of the Americans about the terrorist attacks in New York and Washington on September 11." He said although the American administrations had been at best indifferent about te... | [] | [
"2001–05: Bush administration, first term",
"September 11 attacks"
] | [
"Iran–United States relations",
"Articles containing video clips",
"Bilateral relations of Iran",
"Bilateral relations of the United States"
] |
projected-00310477-026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United%20States%20relations | Iran–United States relations | "Axis of evil" speech | Iran and the United States have had no formal diplomatic relations since April 7, 1980. Instead, Pakistan serves as Iran's protecting power in the United States, while Switzerland serves as the United States' protecting power in Iran. Contacts are carried out through the Iranian Interests Section of the Pakistani Embas... | On January 29, 2002—four months after 9/11, US President Bush gave his "Axis of evil" speech, describing Iran, along with North Korea and Iraq, as an axis of evil and warning that the proliferation of long-range missiles developed by these countries constituted terrorism and threatened the United States. The speech cau... | [] | [
"2001–05: Bush administration, first term",
"\"Axis of evil\" speech"
] | [
"Iran–United States relations",
"Articles containing video clips",
"Bilateral relations of Iran",
"Bilateral relations of the United States"
] |
projected-00310477-027 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United%20States%20relations | Iran–United States relations | Alleged "Grand Bargain" proposal | Iran and the United States have had no formal diplomatic relations since April 7, 1980. Instead, Pakistan serves as Iran's protecting power in the United States, while Switzerland serves as the United States' protecting power in Iran. Contacts are carried out through the Iranian Interests Section of the Pakistani Embas... | On 4 May 2003, the Swiss government sent the U.S. State Department an unsigned one-page memorandum, which was not on official letterhead, and contained a cover letter by Swiss diplomat Tim Guldimann which laid out a roadmap for discussions between Iran and the U.S. Under the heading of "U.S. aims", the document stated ... | [
"DF-SD-06-04565.jpg"
] | [
"2001–05: Bush administration, first term",
"Alleged \"Grand Bargain\" proposal"
] | [
"Iran–United States relations",
"Articles containing video clips",
"Bilateral relations of Iran",
"Bilateral relations of the United States"
] |
projected-00310477-028 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United%20States%20relations | Iran–United States relations | 2003: Border incursions begin | Iran and the United States have had no formal diplomatic relations since April 7, 1980. Instead, Pakistan serves as Iran's protecting power in the United States, while Switzerland serves as the United States' protecting power in Iran. Contacts are carried out through the Iranian Interests Section of the Pakistani Embas... | Several claims have been made that the US has violated Iranian territorial sovereignty since 2003, including drones, soldiers, and the Party for a Free Life in Kurdistan (PEJAK). An American RQ-7 Shadow and a Hermes UAV have crashed in Iran. Seymour Hersh stated that the United States has also been penetrating eastern ... | [] | [
"2001–05: Bush administration, first term",
"2003: Border incursions begin"
] | [
"Iran–United States relations",
"Articles containing video clips",
"Bilateral relations of Iran",
"Bilateral relations of the United States"
] |
projected-00310477-029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United%20States%20relations | Iran–United States relations | 2005–09: Bush administration, second term | Iran and the United States have had no formal diplomatic relations since April 7, 1980. Instead, Pakistan serves as Iran's protecting power in the United States, while Switzerland serves as the United States' protecting power in Iran. Contacts are carried out through the Iranian Interests Section of the Pakistani Embas... | In August 2005, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad became Iran's president. On 8 May 2006, he sent a personal letter to President Bush to propose "new ways" to end Iran's nuclear dispute. US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and National Security Adviser Stephen Hadley both dismissed it as a negotiating ploy and publicity stunt tha... | [
"Mahmoud Ahmadinejad at Columbia 1 by David Shankbone.jpg"
] | [
"2005–09: Bush administration, second term"
] | [
"Iran–United States relations",
"Articles containing video clips",
"Bilateral relations of Iran",
"Bilateral relations of the United States"
] |