text stringlengths 144 682k |
|---|
Structuralism And Structuralism In Baseball Film: The Rookie And The Natural
1405 Words 6 Pages
Film Theory
The two films analyzed in this paper will be The Rookie and The Natural. The Rookie produced in 2002 is an inspiring true story. Jim Morris a high school teacher strikes an intriguing deal with the Texas high school baseball team he coaches. He tells them if they make the playoffs, he 'll try out for the Major League. The movie starred Dennis Quaid, who played the role of Jim Morris. The Natural is a film that was an adaption from a 1952 baseball novel. Barry Levinson directed it. The movie stars Robert Redford as the main actor. The storyline follows a 19-year-old Roy Hobbs. Hobbs is first noticed at a Carnival when he strikes out a Major League hitter. After reviewing the two films, we see that baseball movies are naturally inspiring
…show more content…
The manner in which information is signified is indissolubly linked with what’s being signified.” Structuralism is about how films use codes to convey meaning. Structuralism and semiotics has helped in the assessment of the two films. In The Rookie the speedometer on the side of the road serves as a signifier. Morris tests the speed of his fastball by throwing it past the sign. The sign shows him an inaccurate number that he believes. This serves as the signified. Morris doesn’t really know how fast he can actually throw as the speedometer only shows the correct speed when he leaves the scene. This shows us that in human nature we sometimes undermine our own true potential. In the natural there are a few codes. There is a cultural code regarding women. It depicts women as trouble for men who want to succeed. When Hobbs hits the final homerun into the lights and he runs under the sparkles, it signifies some sort of ascension of the ballplayer. Also the note Hobbs receives has meaning, it lets him know he has a son. It inspires him even though he has an open …show more content…
The films both deal with the sport of baseball. Within the sport of baseball there are certain values and desires shared by players and fans. The films both deal with making dreams come true after facing adversities. Baseball films have been around since silent films. It has a rich history in cinema.
Baseball biographies like The Rookie often sacrifice facts to increase drama. In an interview with the real Jim Morris he says he never actually threw a baseball pass a speedometer to check his fastball. The natural also deters away from the original novel. It leaves out and adds certain parts for dramatization. Both films were released in cinema. It had major financial backing, meaning they had a variety of resources and technology available. Baseball movies have stemmed from a range of different types and styles. There have been documentaries and newsreels, but the most frequent seems to be within the drama and comedy
Related Documents
Related Topics |
Why do we need a phased approach to distribute the vaccine?
We expect that the initial supply of COVID-19 vaccine(s) will be very limited for several months. This means that a vaccine will not be immediately available to everyone who wants one. To be as fair and efficient with distribution as possible, the state has developed a phased approach to vaccine distribution to save lives and end the crisis that has been brought on by the pandemic as quickly as possible.
The phased allocation plan will prioritize people at high risk of getting exposed to COVID-19, people who work in essential or critical jobs, and people who are at high risk for getting very sick or dying of COVID-19. Prioritization is subject to change based on data, science, and availability.
The Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment recognizes the Tribal sovereignty of the Ute Mountain Ute and Southern Ute Indian Tribes, and that the Tribes have the authority to determine how vaccine supply will be prioritized for their populations, even if their prioritization scheme is different than what the department recommends.
See More Questions... |
אֲרַמִי אבֵֹד אָבִי, וַיֵרֶׁד מִצְרַיְמָה, וַיָגָר שָם בִמְתֵי מְעָט .
Arami oved avi va yored mitzrayma, vayagar sham bimtei me'at
My father was a wandering Aramean. He descended to Egypt and resided there in small numbers. There, he became a great nation, powerful and vast. The Egyptians persecuted us, and battered us, giving us severe labors. We cried out to God, who is god to our ancestors, and then God heard our voice. God saw our suffering, toil, and oppression. God took us out of Egypt with a strong hand and outstretched arm, with great demonstrations[ of God’s power] and wonderful signs. God brought us to this place, and gave us this Land, a Land of milk and honey.
The heart of the Passover Seder is the Maggid, meaning storytelling. Maggid tells the story of the Jewish people’s exodus from slavery in Egypt. We just said the words, “Arami oved avi.” This phrase is sometimes translated as “My father was a wandering Aramean” and other times as “An Aramean sought to destroy my father.” Somewhere between the two translations lies the essence of the Jewish experience: a rootless people who have fled persecution time and time again.
This has particular resonance today since "Aramea" is the area now known as Syria. Families are suffering, running, even getting into rubber rafts with their children to cross the Mediterranean—a show of precisely how desperate they are. And we are supposed to know exactly how they feel—because we have been there so many times. So what do we do—as a community, as a country, as fellow creatures of God?
As we recite the words ‘Arami oved avi,’ we acknowledge that we have stood in the shoes of the refugee. Today, as we celebrate our freedom, we commit ourselves to continuing to stand with contemporary refugees.
haggadah Section: Maggid - Beginning |
Understanding Hearing Loss
The three types of hearing loss
The medical community has identified three types of hearing loss: conductive, sensorineural, and combined. Hearing loss affects your quality of life, health and social interactions, and how you treat it depends on its severity.
There are 3 types of hearing loss:
Conductive hearing loss
Sensorineural hearing loss
Combined hearing loss
Is it temporary or permanent?
It’s not easy to determine whether the inability to hear well is permanent (and might lead to deafness), a sign of a disease or disorder, or a symptom that will clear up on its own. It’s common for the ear to recover after brief noise trauma. One of the typical causes of permanent hearing damage is long-term exposure to loud noises. Many other factors, like nutrition, stress levels and natural ageing, also play a role in your hearing health.
Why hearing aids?
While no medicine can cure hearing problems, users can benefit hugely from wearing hearing aids. Today’s state-of-the-art solutions can deliver clear, natural sound quality and pair with your smartphone. It’s virtually invisible when worn and can have a positive impact on your overall health. Hearing aids fitted by a hearing care provider will never be too loud and won’t damage your hearing further. In fact, hearing aids are the only proven way to stop the progression of hearing loss.
Consequences of hearing difficulties
Hearing loss can make everyday tasks a challenge, and it can be frustrating when others don’t understand your listening situation. Your spouse, children, colleagues, and friends should know that hearing loss can have multiple effects on someone’s life.
Studies show that untreated progressive hearing loss can lead to depression, low self-esteem and social isolation, and make it difficult to concentrate.
If left untreated, it can cause fatigue, exhaustion and headaches. There’s also a link between hearing loss and an increased risk of cognitive decline and dementia.
Do you have hearing difficulties? We can help!
Useful links
Discover tips and information on our Hearing Health Hub page. |
Fulvic acid is the component with the smallest molecular weight, the largest activity, the best water solubility, and the strongest anti-flocculation ability in humic acid. It is the essence of the effective ingredients of humic acid. When fulvic acid for plants, it has obvious benefits to plants.
Benefits of fulvic acid for plants
Benefits of fulvic acid for plants
The main benefits of fulvic acid for plants are as follows：
1. Improve the quality of crops
Fulvic acid enhances the synthesis of sugar, starch, protein, fat and various vitamins. It can stimulate the activity of polysaccharidase and convert polysaccharides into soluble monosaccharides, thereby increasing the sweetness of fruits; increasing the ratio of total sugars to nicotine and potassium to chlorine in tobacco leaves, improving the quality of tobacco leaves; increasing the total content of watermelon, cantaloupe and other fruits sugar content and vitamin C content.
2.Regulate enzymatic reactions and enhance plant life activities
Enzymes are the biological catalysts for plant life activities, and the size of the enzyme’s action is expressed by its activity. Fulvic acid can stimulate the activity of polysaccharidase, hydrolyze the pectin of the young cell wall, soften the cell wall, make the cell easy to elongate and divide, and grow vertically and horizontally, so it has a significant effect on promoting the growth of young cells in new tissues.
Fulvic acid contains a large number of carboxyl groups, which can inhibit the activity of auxin oxidase, reduce the damage of auxin and increase the content, which is conducive to the growth of roots and stems, so that crops can grow roots faster, with more secondary roots, increased the weight of roots, and root elongation.
Fulvic acid can promote the activities of sugar invertase, starch phosphorylase and some enzymes related to protein and fat synthesis, and increase the synthesis and accumulation of sugar, starch, protein, fat, nucleic acid, vitamins and other substances. And it will promote the activity of transferase, accelerate the transfer of various metabolites from stems, leaves or roots to fruits and grains, and have a direct impact on increasing and improving the yield and quality of crops.
3.Increase chlorophyll content and promote photosynthesis
Fulvic acid can promote the absorption and operation of trace elements by plants, significantly increase the chlorophyll content of leaves, and inhibit the activity of proteolytic enzymes, which slows down the decomposition of chlorophyll.
Fulvic acid can improve the activity of protective enzymes and reduce the damage of active oxygen to chlorophyll. These are all conducive to maintaining and increasing chlorophyll content, promoting photosynthesis, and increasing the accumulation of photosynthetic products.
Benefits of fulvic acid for plants
4.Enhance respiration
Fulvic acid can enhance the activity of respiratory enzymes, especially the activity of terminal oxidase, thereby enhancing the respiration, continuously releasing energy and producing many intermediate products, which are provided to plants for life activities. The respiration effect is stronger, thereby promoting the absorption function of the root and the synthesis of substances.
5.Promote the absorption and transportation of mineral elements
Many trace mineral elements such as Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, B, Mo and so on. They are components of enzymes or coenzymes involved in plant metabolism, or have an important impact on the activity of multiple enzymes and plant stress resistance, and some are components of cell structure materials.
Fulvic acid can form soluble complexes (chelates) with mineral elements in the soil. This effect of fulvic acid improves the absorption of many trace elements by crops. And expert research shows that fulvic acid is the smallest and most active component in humic acid, and it is the essence of the active ingredients of humic acid. |
The unedited full-text of the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia
Table of Contents
Town in Moravia, Austria, twelve miles southwest of Prerau. The oldest authentic records of its Jewish community date from the year 1322, when John, King of Bohemia and Poland, gave to the Bishop of Olmütz permission to settle one Jew in Kremsir and one in each of three other cities of his diocese. Soon, however, other Jews came to Kremsir and at once formed a community. The building of the first synagogue may be placed in the fifteenth century, and even at this early date the community appears to have owned a cemetery likewise. Tombstones dating from 1535 have been found in the old Jewish burial-ground, and there were doubtless others even more ancient; for the register of deaths, which is still preserved, extends back to the year 1482.
The Jewish community in Kremsir was under the bishops of Olmütz, who in general exercised a benevolent régime.
The community was destroyed by the Swedes in the Thirty Years' war (1642). It was built up again in 1670, when Bishop Karl, Count of Lichtenstein, granted permission to a few emigrants from Vienna to settle in Kremsir. Since these newcomers were mostly energetic merchants, the community flourished and became one of the largest in Moravia. In 1699 the Jews were threatened with expulsion, probably merely in order to extort money from them. The danger was avoided, however, and the community grew in numbers, while its prosperity increased as well.
Plundered During War.
The Jews of Kremsir suffered also during the war of the Austrian Succession. The reason in this case, as in that of the Thirty Years' war, was the situationof the town, which lay at the intersection of so many commercial and military roads. Kremsir was plundered like many other Moravian communities, and money for the release and protection of Jewish captives was exacted with ruthless severity. Consequently many Moravian families, among them some from Kremsir, left the country. Of the 5,400 Jewish families tolerated by Maria Theresa, 106 lived in Kremsir (see Familianten Gesetz).
When the French entered Kremsir in 1805 the Jewish community had to surrender its silverware. Aged men still remember Oct. 18, 1818, the Day of Atonement, when Crown Prince Ferdinand was escorted under the baldachin to the temple, and there attended service. A memorial tablet commemorates this festal occasion. Then came the year 1848, which freed the Jews of Kremsir from episcopal control. Kremsir was the first city in the province which received permission to remove the gates of the ghetto. In the Reichstag which convened in Kremsir five Jewish members had seats. The political revolution which took place before the eyes of the Kremsir Jews meant also a turning-point in their religious life, and a change in the internal condition of the community. For a time there was peace; but dissensions soon arose both in the religious and in the civil spheres.
Several decades passed thus, alternating between internal calm and strife, a prominent cause of contention being the condemnation of the old cemetery by the city, to which measure the congregation, after protracted litigation, finally had to yield (1882).
In 1897 the Jews of Kremsir numbered 920 in a total population of 12,480. The new cemetery has been in existence since 1850; and the present synagogue was built in 1693.
Kremsir boasts a long line of rabbis. From 1680 to 1700 the town was the seat of the Moravian "Landesrabbiner." The more important rabbis have been: M. M. Krochmal (1636-42), Issachar Berush Eskeles, S. Helman, Elias Herz, and Nathan Feitel, the last-named of whom went to Kremsir with many emigrants from Vienna. Since 1877 the rabbinate has been occupied by the present incumbent, A. Frankl-Grün.
• Frankl-Grün, Gesch. der Juden in Kremsir, Breslau and Frankfort, 1896-1901.
D. A. F.-G.
Images of pages |
What is ALS?
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a chronic disease of nerve cells responsible for controlling skeletal muscle. The character of ALS is the progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord, motor nuclei in the brain stem, and motor area neurons in the frontal lobe (lateral corticospinal), thus causing progressive paralysis of the skeletal muscle. (1, Gilroy, 2000).
The word "amyotrophic" comes from the Greek. "A," which means no or without. "Myo" means muscle. "Tropic" means food. When the three words are combined, it means "there is no food for muscles." The term "lateral" indicates the area in the Spinal Medulla where there are nerve cells that send impulses and regulate the movements of the muscles concerned, with a degeneration process in that area that can harden (sclerosis).
"Amyotrophy" refers to muscle fibers' atrophy, causing weakness in the affected muscles and fasciculation. "Lateral sclerosis" refers to the hardening of lateral and anterior corticospinal ducts as motor neurons in areas that decline function and are replaced by gliosis. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) can cause respiratory failure due to selective degeneration of neurons responsible for voluntary movements.
Lou Gehrig Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Lou Gehrig with his wife
In 1864, the first time the symptoms of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) were published by a French neurologist and anatomical pathologist professor, Dr. Jean-Martin Charcot. So this disease is also known as Charcot's Disease. It is one of the most important classifications (80%) of Motor Neuron Disease (MND), characterized by gradual degeneration and death in motor neurons. ALS is also called Lou Gehrig's disease after the famous baseball player who died of the disease in 1941.
ALS is the most common case of motor neuron disease. Each ethnic group can be affected by this disease. The ALS incidence varies between 1.5-2.7 cases per 100,000 population, and the highest age for ALS is between 40 - 60 years. Very rarely, ALS can be diagnosed under the age of 20 years. Men are more affected than women, with a ratio of 1.5: 1. Except in patients with bulbar onset, it is more common in women.
Source picture: |
The future of space: Will we see a new space race?
In 1962 that President John F. Kennedy delivered the now-famous line in a speech at Rice University in Texas: "We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard." Seven years later, Apollo 11 launched and the first humans first walked on the lunar surface.
It took a Cold War space race with the Soviet Union to spur such statements and spark the United States’ manned rush to the moon, a race that led to the first manned lunar landing with Apollo 11 on July 20, 1969. Once the last Apollo mission, Apollo 17, wrapped up in 1972, no human has returned. NASA has sent lunar probes, but today, the agency is focused more on a potential human asteroid visit and putting boots on Mars. Other countries, on the other hand, are starting to think about manned lunar missions.
"NASA is not currently considering a human return to the moon and remains focused on the asteroid-retrieval mission," James Clay Moltz, a professor in the department of national security affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California, wrote in an email to Space.com.
Before President Barack Obama took office, NASA was operating under the George W. Bush-led vision called Constellation, which included a plan to return to the moon. "The Obama administration made the calculation that President Bush’s Constellation program was unaffordable and that, in terms of science, there was nothing ‘new’ offered by returning to the moon," Moltz added. "A Mars mission is still a U.S. goal, but it remains a long way off, especially given the current lack of independent U.S. human access to space." |
Beaver meaning in Hindi
Beaver is a english word.
Beaver Meaning in Hindi (हिंदी में मतलब)
• beaver = ऊदबिलाव
• Usage: Beaver is an amphibian.
Beaver Meaning in Detail
• beaver (noun) = the soft brown fur of the beaver
Synonyms: beaver, beaver_fur
• beaver (noun) = a native or resident of Oregon
Synonyms: Oregonian, Beaver
• beaver (noun) = a full beard
Synonyms: beaver
• beaver (noun) = a man's hat with a tall crown; usually covered with silk or with beaver fur
Synonyms: dress_hat, high_hat, opera_hat, silk_hat, stovepipe, top_hat, topper, beaver
• beaver (noun) = a movable piece of armor on a medieval helmet used to protect the lower face
Synonyms: beaver
• beaver (noun) = a hat made with the fur of a beaver (or similar material)
Synonyms: beaver, castor
• beaver (noun) = large semiaquatic rodent with webbed hind feet and a broad flat tail; construct complex dams and underwater lodges
Synonyms: beaver
• beaver (verb) = work hard on something
Synonyms: beaver, beaver_away
• Other words to learn
Also See
|
How Other Companies Use The Animal-Like Features Of The Dunlop Biomimetic Racquet In Their Products
The recent Biomimetic line of tennis racquets from Dunlop inspired by animal biology may be one of the latest in a series of racquet technologies that leaves skeptics unimpressed. These technologies are often dismissed as gimmicks and the argument that the Roger Federers and Victoria Azarenkas of the sport would still play well with almost any racquet appears once again. The skeptics do have some validity to their argument. However, the technology that Dunlop uses is either being used or researched for other products and industries.
Honeycomb Patterns: What Works Well for Bees Also Works Well in Aerospace and Other Products
The HM6 Carbon technology that Dunlop uses in Biomimetic racquets takes advantage of the strength and efficiency of the honeycomb pattern. Without getting into too much math, if you want to build a structure of hollow cells that is strong but requires the least amount of material, the hexagonal pattern of the honeycomb is the way to go.
One publicly traded company, Hexcel Corporation, has been in existence since 1946, finding new ways to use honeycomb patterned structures in products ranging from aerospace to snowboards. When Neil Armstrong became the first person to set foot on the moon, the footpads of the lunar module used hexagonal material made by Hexcel. Their materials were also used in the Concorde supersonic airliner and are used today in snowboards and skis. All of these applications in their own way put stress on the materials that they are constructed from. It says a lot about the strength of hexagonal patterned material that they continue to be used today.
Shark Skin: A Smooth Surface is Not Always The Most Aerodynamic
The preceding heading seems to defy the common sense that a smooth surface will have the least amount of drag. Anyone who has ever thrown a curve ball in a baseball game appreciates the benefits that the seams provide in making a pitch move so the batter cannot hit it with any authority. If baseballs were perfectly round, smooth spheres, pitches would not have near as much movement.
But aerodynamics is a complex study and what works in some applications does not seem to work in others. Dunlop developed Aeroskin technology based on the riblets on a shark’s skin that help the feared predator move through the water with streamlined efficiency. It’s supposed to cut down on air drag when you swing the racquet.
Other examples demonstrate that a smooth surface is not the best aerodynamically. Golf balls have long had dimpled surfaces because they fly better through the air than a ball with a smooth surface would. On the television show, Mythbusters, the hosts compared the gas mileage of a car with a dimpled surface vs. a smooth surface.
They ran one mileage test with the car in its original configuration. In the next round, they covered the car with a layer of modeling clay smoothed to follow the original contours of the car’s surface and performed another mileage test. In the third test, they cut out over 1,000 dimples in the clay surface and ran a mileage test. The clay remnants from cutting out the dimples were put in a box and kept in the back seat during the test so that the weight of the dimpled car would not differ significantly from the weight of the car with a smoothed layer of clay on it.
The end result was that the dimpled car got 29 MPG in the test while both the smooth car and the original car without clay on it got about 26 MPG. This seems to confirm that dimpled surfaces lead to better gas mileage, right?
Not so fast. Dallas based FastSkinz makes an adhesive dimpled skin that is supposed to improve on fuel efficiency. However, a Popular Mechanics test from October 2009 showed that if anything, the Fastskinz surface decreased fuel efficiency.
So why the differences? The Mythbusters test car had fewer larger dimples than the Fastskinz covered car did, so the surfaces are significantly different. The Mythbusters testers, Jamie Hyneman and Adam Savage only tested with only one car. They had to go through the time consuming process of testing the car with no clay, then put smooth clay on the surface and test that configuration. Then they had to go through the time consuming process of dimpling the car.
The Popular Mechanics test used two cars that were the same model and both had about 8,000 miles on their respective odometers. One car was ‘skinned’ and the other wasn’t. The cars performed the test at the same time on freeway conditions. Hyneman and Savage had to test the same car at three different times. It’s conceivable that weather conditions affecting drag like wind and humidity would have been different all three times. Aerodynamics is indeed a complex study.
One company that would seem to back up Dunlop’s use of Aeroskin technology is the global aerospace manufacturer Airbus. While there is no example of it in use on current aircraft, the company states the following on its website:
“…this “groovy skin” concept, or riblet as it is referred to in the industry, has been investigated and tested by aerospace engineers and eventually will be adapted and applied to the construction of Airbus aircraft.”
Interestingly enough, the above statement from Airbus came from a page full of examples of biomimicry similar to what the company promotes with their Dunlop Biomimetic tennis racquets.
What Allows a Gecko to Hold Its Grip May be Used in Medical Bandage Technology
Dunlop’s Gecko-Tac Grip technology is supposed to help you grip the racquet better than with other grips, even in the presence of moisture. Researchers from the University of Akron have been researching a similar concept by testing the ability of Geckos to grip many surfaces, even under humid tropical conditions. The objective of the study is to develop adhesives in medical bandages that will maintain their adhesion in moist conditions.
Very few of us have the budget or scientific know-how to test any claims by Dunlop about the technologies found on their Biomimetic series of racquets. That other companies and organizations have used or are testing these principles to make better products shows that Dunlop’s claims at least have some credibility to them. It also makes you appreciate what Mother Nature created and how we can learn from it when applied correctly.
Featured images:
• License: Creative Commons image source
• License: Image author owned
• License: Creative Commons image source
• License: Creative Commons image source
Christopher Mohr is a freelance writer from San Diego, Calif. who enjoys covering topics including sports, athletic equipment and technology.
10 Interesting and Futuristic 3D Printing Applications
Previous article
The 4 Most Incredible Feats Of Modern Engineering
Next article
You may also like
Leave a reply
More in News |
Find Laws Find Lawyers Free Legal Forms USA State Laws
Home » Find Laws » Criminal Justice Laws » Criminal Justice Degree » Criminal Investigator FAQS
Criminal Investigator FAQS
Criminal Investigator
What is a Criminal Investigator?
A criminal investigator is a type of law enforcement professional who attempts to solve felony crimes, identify and detain suspects in hopes of preventing future criminal activity. A criminal investigator, to accomplish these various responsibilities, may work alone or as part of an investigative team to uncover facts about a particular case.
To accomplish the goals of the field, a criminal investigator may specialize in analyzing information and evidence from a crime scene, performing surveillance, or conducting interviews and searches. The responsibilities and requirements of a criminal investigator and the function of the specific job are dependent on the person’s background and specialty.
Various Roles of a Criminal Investigator
Those experts who specialize in crime scene investigation are typically laboratory technicians and technologists who work to elucidate the details of a crime. A crime scene investigator may carefully examine a crime scene to collect evidence such as clothing samples, weapons and fingerprints.
The evidence gathered is then delivered to a laboratory for intensive studies and experimentation. Among the many tasks delivered by the crime investigator lab technician, these enforcement professionals must also determine ballistics information by performing firearm evaluations and confirming identities through the extraction of DNA from clothing samples.
Those crime scene investigators who write and issue reports based on the evidence gathered will frequently appear in courts as expert witnesses. These individuals will possess expertise in a specific field. The opinions of an expert witness are viewed as influential testimony in a court hearing. Such evidences must be considered by your criminal lawyer to build your case.
A criminal investigator may also engage in a covert surveillance operation. This type of criminal investigator acts as an undercover agent. Conducting covert surveillance operations attempt to expose criminal activity through the means of advanced technology. To carry out this function, a criminal investigator will install and subsequently monitor surveillance equipment to reveal details concerning a suspicious individual or organization.
In addition to using equipment, a criminal investigator conducting a surveillance operation may also don disguises and follow suspects to document their conversations and whereabouts. Regardless of their means to conduct the surveillance, a criminal investigator will invariably trace phone calls and perform exhaustive background checks on the individual in question.
Criminal Investigator and Detaining Suspects
When a suspect is detained, the criminal investigator may interrogate the individual to reveal more facts about the particular case. A criminal investigator may also interview witnesses and other individuals who possess knowledge about the underlying suspect or crime scene.
After the criminal investigator obtains a search warrant, the legal professional may explore a suspect’s home, their business, or property. The search process will frequently reveal new pieces of evidence, such as money, weapons or stolen items, that ultimately confirm the suspect’s role in the crime.
How to become a Criminal Investigator?
To become a criminal investigator, an individual must possess at least a high school diploma or GED equivalent. That being said, the majority of police agencies at the various levels of Government in the United States will prefer to hire those candidates with bachelor’s degrees and experience in the particular field.
Since the majority of crime scene investigators perform laboratory research, an individual should possess a degree in computer science, chemistry, or biology. Degrees in police science or criminal justice are also preferred by hiring agencies.
NEXT: All You Need to Know About Criminology Courses
Related Articles
Link To This Page
Find an CT Lawyer
Guide to Finding a Lawyer |
Google's R Style Guide
1. Notation and Naming
2. Syntax
3. Organization
4. Language
5. Exceptions
6. The coding conventions described above should be followed, unless there is good reason to do otherwise. Exceptions include legacy code and modifying third-party code.
7. Parting Words
8. Use common sense and BE CONSISTENT.
If you are editing code, take a few minutes to look at the code around you and determine its style. If others use spaces around their if clauses, you should, too. If their comments have little boxes of stars around them, make your comments have little boxes of stars around them, too.
The point of having style guidelines is to have a common vocabulary of coding so people can concentrate on what you are saying, rather than on how you are saying it. We present global style rules here so people know the vocabulary. But local style is also important. If code you add to a file looks drastically different from the existing code around it, the discontinuity will throw readers out of their rhythm when they go to read it. Try to avoid this. OK, enough writing about writing code; the code itself is much more interesting. Have fun!
9. References
10. - R Coding Conventions - For emacs users. This runs R in your emacs and has an emacs mode. |
The term Counties of England can refer to several different sets, but the main distinction is between the administrative and historic.
The Administrative counties of England (called 'administrative counties' by the 1888 local government act, but 'counties' by later legislation). These are the legal entities used for administration. In the last two centuries, they have been reformed three times - in 1880s, in the 1970s, and in the 1990s, to create the London County Council, the metropolitan counties and the unitary authorities. There have also been a number of smaller changes within the this time span.
The Traditional counties of England (called 'counties', 'historic counties' or 'traditional counties'). These at one time were administrative entities at some point between 1133 (when Carlisle was transferred from County Durham, which the advocates of historic counties accept), and 1373 (when Bristol was made an independent county, which they do not accept). The supporters state they are real existing entities not changed by successive local government reforms, although some accept certain minor border changes, notably the reversion of exclaves to their host territory. They claim that not only is it right and proper to speak of Westminster as being in Middlesex, that it is wrong to speak of it as being formerly part of it, since the county of this name was never abolished. |
Caution Signs, ANSI, OSHA
Elevator Caution Signs
Caution Signs for Elevator Capacity and Fire Safety
This week is National Elevator Escalator Safety Awareness Week, when we should all become more aware of the safety procedures concerning the use, maintenance, and repair of elevators and escalators.
Elevator caution signs are useful reminders that elevators are powerful machines, but their power is not limitless. We often take for granted the amount of weight that an elevator can hold and lift up from level to level in a warehouse or other complex. Elevator caution signs like ones stating load capacity help reduce improper use of the machines, effectively preventing unnecessary repairs due to overloading.
Other elevator caution signs include fire safety signs. As elevators have overtaken stairs as the primary method of moving from one floor to another, using the elevator has become second nature to most of us. The signs remind us that the safest path to exit during a fire emergency is always through the stairs. This is a fact that could be forgotten during the panic of an emergency, making these caution signs real life-saving tools.
Elevator caution signs are generally used to post the maximum load capacity in pounds. This is helpful in warehouses and other facilities where large amounts of freight, machinery, and other goods are being moved. Not all elevators are “freight” elevators in warehouses, though. For riders, capacity signs can safely limit the amount of people inside your elevators.
The right caution signs for your elevators depends on your specific use. Whatever your needs and use of elevators, these machines are extremely useful pieces of technology. Without them, the entire architecture of a facility would been to be altered to allow for heavy equipment to either only be used on the ground floor or needing cranes and pulley systems to raise the items up to the desired level.
Leave a Reply
You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change )
Google photo
Twitter picture
Facebook photo
Connecting to %s
%d bloggers like this: |
Using Bitlocker? Act Now
Last week researchers discovered a vulnerability in Solid State Drives (SSD) that support hardware encryption. They were able to retrieve data from encrypted drives without knowledge of the password used to encrypt the data residing on the disk.
The vulnerability requires local access to the drive to manipulate firmware.
How Bitlocker is affected
Bitlocker supports both hardware and software based encryption but if left as default will always use hardware if supported by the drive. This potentially means any drive that supports hardware encryption and Bitlocker has been used will be vulnerable to the attack described above.
If you are using Bitlocker follow the steps described below to verify your encryption method:
1) Open an elevated command prompt.
2) Type: manage-bde.exe –status
3) Check for “Hardware Encryption” under encryption method
The SSD uses software if you cannot find reference to hardware encryption as stated above.
To avoid or remediate this vulnerability it is recommended to change your Bitlocker encryption settings via group policy to force software based encryption. The group policy setting can be found under Administrative Templates > Windows Components > Bitlocker Drive Encryption.
This can be used to force all new drives to be encrypted using the new setting however any drives previously encrypted would first need to be decrypted.
Microsoft published a security advisory ADV180028 with further details. |
My first code is not working
Tell us what’s happening:
I type the code
<h1>"Hello world".</h1>
Your code so far
<h1>"Hello World"</h1>
<h1>"Hello World".</h1>
Your browser information:
User Agent is: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_12_3) AppleWebKit/602.4.8 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/10.0.3 Safari/602.4.8.
Challenge: Say Hello to HTML Elements
Link to the challenge:
See this post to find the backtick on your keyboard.
Do not use " ".
Just add World at the right position as expected without any changes!
Hello World
I can’t pass this test
At the beginning you have the following situation:
You have to add World to it so that it becomes:
<h1>Hello World</h1>
Try again!
what do you see in the output below where you write the code? is there anything written there when you run the tests?
Your h1 element should have the text “Hello World”.
// running tests
SyntaxError: Cannot declare a const variable twice: ‘n’.
that doesn’t seem related to your code
please update your browser and try without browser extensions |
Skip to main content
View of Georgetown campus from the Virginia side of the Potomac
View of Georgetown campus from the Virginia side of the Potomac
Audio and Podcasting Projects
The general steps for creating an audio project (i.g. podcast, review, audio drama, PSA) include:
1. Plan and write out a detailed script for your project
2. If applicable, craft interview questions for guests
3. Reserve equipment from the library or buy your own equipment
4. Record all original audio (your voice, cohost, guests)
5. Gather additional audio clips (sound effects, music, ambient noise)
6. Edit audio using GarageBand or Audacity
How to start?
Planning, or pre-production, is a crucial step when creating an audio project or podcast.
1. Consider your constraints
Be aware of your constraints, which often include:
• The goal(s) of the assignment itself. Examine your rubric thoroughly. Understand exactly what your professor expects from your project. This is the most important starting point.
• A short time limit
• The software and equipment you will be using. (For recommended gear, check out the Production section)
2. Brainstorming
It can be tough to get started, especially if you have a very open-ended assignment.
• Decide on a topic (try to pick something that interests you!)
e.g. "I am interested in Buddhist meditation."
• Narrow your topic by generating questions or new ideas to explore.
e.g. "What are different ways meditation is done in the US?" / "What exactly IS meditation?"
• Do the research. Explore news, academic journals, blogs -- whatever is appropriate for your assignment. Your research will lead to more questions to explore, and interesting new insights.
e.g. "Meditation research shows huge benefits to physical and mental health" / "Meditation is being prescribed more and more by psychologists"
• Summarize what your project will do in one sentence.
e.g. "A self-reflexive podcast that combines excerpts from a personal 30-day meditation journal, and explores recent research about the benefits of meditation.
3. Write a script
A script is the road map that is going to get you to your finished product. Even though the final outcome may differ significantly from your script, it will save you a lot of time and keep you focused.
The goal of scripting is to start putting together ideas for how the story of the piece will come together through its various media components (spoken words, music, etc).
• Start with an outline.
• Consider and decide on what types of media you will use. See the sidebar to the right to find out more about what is involved in using different media in your project.
• Start assembling the script. Use the scripting resources to the right to find a template or format to use.
Writing for an Audio Project
Write your script:
• Introduce yourself and the topic
• Determine your "intros" and "outros"
• Figure out how you will transition from one segment to the next
• Find a structure that will enhance the story you are trying to tell
• Determine who your audience will be
Determine your style:
• Use a simple conversational style
• Remember you are creating an AUDIO project so use simple clear sentences and try to avoid being wordy and longwinded
• Write out each word, number, and symbol (and, if needed, add the phonetic pronunciation)
• Watch out for awkward pauses and filler phrases ("um," "you know")
• Use the active voice
• Use the words "we" and "our" to build a connection with your listener(s)
• Consider using sound effects, music, and ambient noise to add more texture to your final audio project. Plan how you will incorporate these additional sounds by including them into your script.
Script Example
Here is the script used for the audio assignment Life of Pi example:
|
These 19 Foods Can Prevent Cancer And You Should Start Eating Them Now!
#19. Garlic
Studies have shown that eating too much garlic can reduce the possibility of developing bowel cancer. In addition, garlic seems to have anti-cancer properties that can reduce the risk of pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, and esophageal cancer.
Garlic contains strong antioxidants that can help remove potentially carcinogenic waste from the body, thereby preventing cancer. It is also known that garlic destroys stomach bacteria that cause ulcers. By reducing the risk of stomach ulcers, garlic reduces, by extension, the chances of stomach cancer.
#18. Avocado
Avocado is considered a superfood to fight cancer. It contains many types of antioxidants, vitamins, and other phytochemicals that have anti-tumor properties. Avocadoes contain carotenoids such as alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and zeaxanthin, which can reduce the likelihood of breast, throat, and prostate cancer.
Avocados also contain lutein, which reduces the chances of cancer in women. It also contains oleic acid, which several studies have shown to reduce the risk of various forms of cancer. Avocados also have high levels of an antioxidant called glutathione, which detoxifies the body and prevents the growth of cancer cells.
Other components of avocado that reduce the risk of cancer are potassium, vitamin B6, vitamin K, and folic acid.
#17. Blueberries
Blueberries are known to be one of the best sources of antioxidants, which are excellent for cancer prevention.
Some cancers are often caused by unstable compounds called free radicals, which can destroy the body’s cells and cause tumors.
Antioxidants in blueberries have the ability to neutralize these free radicals and prevent the development of cancer.
#16. Broccoli
Broccoli contains a substance called sulforaphane that has cancer-fighting properties.
Because of this substance, broccoli has the ability to increase levels of protective enzymes in the body, which reduces the risk of cancer.
Broccoli can also help rid the body of cancer-causing chemicals by eliminating them.
Sulforaphane in broccoli can also help destroy stem cells that lead to the growth of tumors.
Open next page to continu reading |
A 1 fish starry-sea mermaid
Visit the Greco-Roman exhibit at the Metropolitan Museum of Art and you will see examples of mermaids depicted in ancient art. The Philadelphia Museum of Art has some unique examples of mermaids in sculpture and paintings as well.
When we visit our familiar beach for a day of sun and sand, eventually we’re going to wade out and refresh ourselves in the salty water. This simple exercise exposes us to the alien, and the foreign for the water we stand in isn’t bound to any particular continent or island; no it washes its tides across the surface of our planet by the influence of our moon. Change is inevitable, the tide rises and the sand shifts in new patterns and the sea life must shift with it. A flip-flop lost in a river in Asia may wash up on a beach in New England affirming we are one planet with one super ocean surrounding our lands.
Mermaids, naiads, and sirens are an iconic image of ancient mythology and are present in nearly all cultures bordering large bodies of water. The lakes and rivers of the Americas had their own myths of water people too. The pink freshwater dolphins of the Amazon River are believed by the indigenous people to be their kin of water and taboo to kill or eat. Many humans find the slaughter of dolphins for fishing repugnant. There are indeed fishermen with no reservations in hunting pink freshwater dolphins of the Amazon to bait their nets for giant catfish of all things.
Ancient people believed in the power of magic. Modern humans put their faith into more concrete concepts and yet millions of people visit beaches all around the coasts of America and the highlight of their day is to witness a pod of dolphins or more magically majestic a mother whale and her young calf. A mermaid by definition is a creature half-human and half-fish and our whales’ great and small are the closest we have documented to that description. What is more compelling is our fellow water mammals have been documented showing compassion and altruistic behavior when a human was in eminent danger of a shark attack; a humpback whale interceded for the human. Compassion it seems is not entirely a human characteristic.
Conservation and compassion go hand in hand for if human beings are compelled to conserve and preserve wild lands and wetlands we must be on some level of human emotions feel compassion for creatures displaced by human encroachment. What we purchase and where we purchase products can have global ramifications to the habitat of endangered animals. Be an educated consumer and know where the wood was harvested for your new dining room furniture and whenever possible recycle and re-purpose.
Once upon a time I really enjoyed a great seafood dinner, alas allergies have curtailed that in my life and yet I know without a doubt no part of my meal involved an endangered species. While almost all restaurants I visit have a large seafood menu and many specialties of the sea it is our responsibility as diners to promote ethically caught and harvested food. Our living mermaids are depending on us to be compassionate cousins on land.
Starry Seas image created on Fabriano Tiziano navy blue pastel paper made in Italy. Caran d’Ache Swiss made Pablo pencils with van Gogh metallic watercolors made in the Netherlands.
A 1 starfish found too - 3.9.2020
In Season
A 1 Inseason 2 2.8.20
When planning a trip it is wise to consider when high season is to establish when low season comes into swing and also when hotels and travel will be less expensive. For example peak season in Saratoga Springs in upstate New York turns a sleepy little cosmopolitan destination to a boisterous hot spot in what seems like the blink of an eye during thoroughbred horse racing season. I have personal experience when my husband and I moved from Orlando, Florida in the month of May to Saratoga Springs we were advised to secure our accommodation as quickly as possible as all open housing would be swiftly taken. Orlando was slipping into its own low season while Saratoga Springs was gearing up for the main event in July and August.
During high season finding a seat in a quality restaurant without reservations is like an amateur trying out with Olympiads for a major event and it will only result in disappointment. You wouldn’t attend a concert or a sporting event without a ticket/reservation and the same can be said of limited seating in restaurants in the height of the season. Even on sunny Sanibel Island on the Gulf of Mexico we have high and low seasons.
We started visiting in June several years ago and we were warned about how hot Florida can be. Well here’s a news flash, Sanibel isn’t on the mainland of Florida it is an island, which as far as I have experienced wasn’t any hotter than Tidewater, Virginia or Charleston, South Carolina in the summer. What made it exceedingly fine for me and my husband was that it was low season and so we felt like we had our own little paradise where the natives were pleased to see us arrive. No lines to wait in for a seat at our favorite restaurant and no congestion on the 22 miles of paved bicycle paths. Absolute perfection, perspiration in summer is a normal bodily function, if you’re not sweating in June than you are either on the arctic tundra or you may be a walking zombie.
After all our visits to this exceptional tropical oasis, how thrilling it was when we were able to drive across the causeway not for vacation but for our new life on the Gulf of Mexico. While high season is presently in full swing here on the island and even on the mainland with plenty of visitors from colder regions we’ve learned that walking or biking to the grocery store will always be a quicker alternative to sitting in traffic. Making dinner reservations at our favorite restaurants is a breeze too; it simply means that the staff that knows us by name will have our cocktails as soon as they seat us and I couldn’t ask for more.
We have many visitors to the island at this time of year and while we may forgo the car for a stroll down the bike path for dinner out, we are also pleased to meet so many nice people who wait all year for this special time. So many of the visitors we meet were introduced to the island via their grandparents and they themselves are continuing the tradition with their own children. Some accidents bear repeating like Roquefort cheese, tonic water, French fried potatoes, champagne and trying a new destination for vacation even if it is low season.
For Vincent
A Brand new Beach 1.10.2020
It was only a few summers ago that my husband and I had the chance to take the train into Manhattan. The essential point of the journey was to see Gustav Klimt’s golden painting to view in person the portrait of Adel Bloch-Bauer I 1907 at the Neue Gallery. We would of course not miss the opportunity to revisit the Metropolitan Museum of Art just a short stroll away while we were in town for the weekend. It is as grand a structure as one would expect to find in the most cosmopolitan cities of Europe and of course while there you will hear the artwork discussed in whispers in many and varied languages. New York is of course an international city; a landing place for tourists and immigrants alike.
From ancient Roman sculpture to the most modern of work is displayed at the Met. I am drawn to the tiles and mosaics of Louis Comfort Tiffany and the post impressionists such as Vincent van Gogh. Whether at the Barnes Foundation in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania or in Courtauld Gallery at Somerset House in London for me there is a poignancy and immediacy of Vincent van Gogh’s work. It was not that he rose so much above us and others that make up the masses of everyday humans rather that in spite of toiling and suffering in poverty he managed to create timeless works of art. It only takes reading a few letters from him to his brother Theo that he hoped and prayed that he would be a good artist. As history will show us to be remembered as a good artist the road is far from smooth and paved for easy travel.
Vincent was always searching, searching for the best way to see and to capture images he saw in the everyday world around him. He was no painter of aristocratic faces at some opulent home, Vincent van Gogh painted and sketched the working class people around his daily life and of course he painted landscapes. His portraits of working class people are cherished for the way he captured their rustic images in ordinary oil paint. What elevates Vincent van Gogh’s work to the absolute sublime is the way he painted his impression of a night sky that catches our breath and makes our heart beat a little faster when we stand in front of Starry Night at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in Manhattan.
If you do have the opportunity and stand admiring it amazed that some old piece of art can make your heart beat faster or your eyes well up than you will also understand why this painting and not the Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci is considered the most valuable painting on the entire planet. The emotional attachment millions of people feel for this extraordinary artwork lifts mere canvas and paint to the realms of fine poetry. It is something that regardless of our education, sex, nationality, we all feel for this work like no other, because art like mathematics and music is a universal language that we can all communicate in. The language of art is a unifier for formal education is handy but not essential; one only needs to open our eyes and look with our heart to understand.
Starry Night is Vincent van Gogh’s most recognized work and it was painted in an asylum; not a posh Parisian apartment but a mental asylum. I find this amazing. Think of all the people that believe they don’t have enough stuff and they fill their waking moments with the acquisition of yet more stuff. When they die they’ll leave a lot of stuff.
Vincent van Gogh produced more than 2000 works of art; and sometimes he was patient in a mental hospital.
2020 has arrived, what will you be remembered for in 2120?
A Brand new Beach a 1.10.2020
A An absolutly awesome always 12.11.19
To revision is to re-envision a piece be it a room, a poem, a story or in my case several canvases. It is at least three years since they were originally sketched out and I cannot remember exactly what story I wanted to tell on their surface. While many artist want to paint in Pablo Picasso’s words paint the perfect picture I want to tell a story or a glimpse into a story I have written or may have yet to write and the characters of a particular tale are still ghostly shapes I see in dreams. Drawing and painting gives me the opportunity to get to know them better and what they what to accomplish from their personal crisis. Telling a story reveals how an individual overcame an all encompassing crisis.
Cinderella had a fairy godmother to overcome her desire to go to the royal ball and still hide the fact from her evil stepmother. Aesop’s Fables are mostly about this type of dilemma; How to accomplish your desire and as in The Fox and the Crow’s story the fox is not above outright lying to seize a piece of cheese. Art is a sort of lie that tells the deepest of truths, a truth we cannot admit out loud but to put it in plain sight for others to see. While Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa may be the most famous painting on planet Earth it seems we are still scratching our heads to what truth he wanted to reveal, to hide in plain sight.
I have been to her gallery at the Louvre four times and in those four visits with other tourists pushing and crowding in to take a photograph of the Mona Lisa. What is obvious is that the Mona Lisa is like a sphinx in that she seems to be still in possession of some great secret that the rest of her society seems ignorant of. What could that secret be? In a world where it was perfectly normal for a fiftyish man to wed a fourteen year old girl/child and because he possessed the wealth to have a famous Italian painter paint her portrait it legitimized the disparity of their age difference? Was it while men ruled nearly every corner of Europe they were dependant on the fertility of a virgin to bring forth heirs to rule their future legacy? Or could it be like Mrs. Darling’s sweet mocking mouth had one kiss on it that Wendy could never get, though there it was, perfectly conspicuous in the right-hand corner in J. M. Barrie’s Peter Pan? We may never know exactly what she was thinking while Leonardo worked on her portrait for more than sixteen years. What we may discern fully five hundred years later that Mona Lisa was in fact a fully functioning thinking human being and not merely house ornamentation for her husband’s opulent home.
Having unpacked most of our household goods from New Jersey and the fact that we have a smaller home I do not have the luxury of warehousing canvases in an attic while I work on a new piece. On this our home planet Earth in the final month of 2019 we may take a page from the old masters of art and that is to recycle, re-purpose and reuse. Many of the great masters of art were notorious for painting over work that, well wasn’t working for them and while it is a challenging endeavor to repurpose a canvas it is something well within the grasp of a thinking human being.
Our last full moon of 2019 will shine out December 11th please do not forget to take a moment away from the rush of commerce and look to the heavens above and smile your own private smile.
All the very, very best for a sparkling holiday season and a joyous New Year!
A absolutly awesome 12.11.19
And Bijou Too…
A 3 Sunset 11.13.19
A comedian once said that the difference between animals and human beings is their ability to accessorize. Animals do not really need to they’re born with fur, feathers, or scales. We may take accessories as trivial and even mundane; but every student of archaeology knows when ancient human bones are discovered that is a skeleton however when pottery shards and beads are uncovered that reveals a culture.
Culture equals a society; a community of people and even if they did not record their thoughts and ideas their jewelry is one remnant of these lost people. Visit the Metropolitan Museum of Art in Manhattan, New York City or the Louvre on the right bank of Paris, France and you will see they have display cases loaded with beautiful wearable art made for people hundreds or even thousands of years ago.
Typically this museum art is what I call tomb jewelry; made for an important individual and buried with them so that those in their afterlife will know they were a significant being, they were important because they have bling. What do our modern accessories say to the world around us? Men finish a suit with a necktie and women may select a scarf or necklace and earrings, but what do we know about the actual creator of what we are tying around our neck and hanging on our ears? What would they reveal about us in a thousand years?
Ancient beads have been uncovered from many cultures around the planet and were probably developed independently. Today beads can be purchased in nearly all craft stores and imported from all over the world. Beads are an easy introduction for wearable art. My summers spent in central Pennsylvania introduced me and my brothers to Straits Hobby Shop in the Borough of Huntingdon. We could pick out fishing lures to fish with or as my brother learned he could buy the supplies and create his own fly fishing lures.
There were many types of hobbies to occupy us through our rainy summer days, but my maternal grandmother was known for her custom beaded necklaces. She always had dozens of tubes of glass beads for me to try stringing a necklace. A spool of brass wire and I explored making earrings of my own design. Even today when we travel I keep a look out for local bead shops.
Glass beads from the Czech Republic, semi precious stone malachite and black onyx can up the appeal of simple glass seed beads. It is all about personal preference and what is appealing to me. Some of my beads have been strung and restrung on necklaces since I was in first grade and are still a favorite bead and timeless in its appeal. It isn’t often I can afford the time to sit quietly, my supplies in front of me like an artist’s palette, but unlike a painting I don’t have to frame it..I am the art and my necklace is my edge.
The other day I was chiding myself for being such a magpie and later that day I saw a special on National Geographic Channel about a lost culture of the Green Sahara. Sure there were pottery pieces uncovered at this dig in the Sahara Dessert but it was the bangle made from the tooth of hippopotamus on the skeleton of a ten year old girl that reminded me that a culture is defined by what they leave behind.
My maternal grandmother left me with hundreds of beads that I have shared with many others and that is the best kind of legacy; one that continues long after we have departed.
A few weekends ago when tropical storm Nestor was unsettling the west coast of Florida, I decided to unpack my beads in the event we lost power I did not want to be left with a palette of wet paint. We selected our condo for the natural light in my potential studio and even without electric lights on an overcast day and I was still able to string my beads, creating a new piece of wearable art.
Light is the major difference between summer and winter; its warming glow nurturing plants or its absence advancing winter. November can be the beginning of preparations for the holiday season, and the inevitable cold, dark corridor of winter. Will you fill in the dark with holiday lights, a television screen, and trips to museums in your local metropolis? Perhaps a new hobby is waiting to be discovered or even rediscovered that will enlighten and inspire you. Don’t be dismayed by the dark, be the shimmer that illuminates the dark!
A a a display of Jewelry 11.13.19
And Lizards Too…
A an 1 aRobin Crusoe 10.13.19
Moving house is something that when done frequently feels almost like a normal part of life; for example people attached to the military services. We haven’t packed up our belongings and permanently changed our address in more than eighteen years. Our last home was the longest I had ever lived at one address my whole life and while I loved our location we felt change was healthy to growth. Like sneakers outgrown we looked forward to something different, something new, and somewhere exotic.
We have traveled to many places in our home country and even to other countries in Europe and inevitably we ask ourselves the ultimate question: could I live here? We have rented flats in Florence Italy, London England, Paris France, and Gustavia on Saint Barthélemy in the French West Indies. We like all of these wonderful locations and love what is available to the locals. However as much as I was enamored with the tropical flora and wildlife in St. Barths it is challenging to travel to; two or three flights and or two flights and a nauseating ferry ride. A passport is required for all of these locations and so would be challenging to some family members and we kept looking for a new address.
We considered Santa Barbara, California and I still smile when I think of its beautiful location nestled between scenic mountains and the gorgeous Pacific Ocean. I would welcome a visit of two or three weeks but I am not sure we are ready to cross country just yet…but maybe someday we will. So we kept looking.
One year we decided to try a little Island on the Gulf of Mexico we could drive to from Myrtle Beach, South Carolina after a visit with friends. We enjoyed the views as we drove further and further south and the transition of the scenery to more and more tropical. We drove over the elevated causeway to an island that we had read about, heard of and here it was an oasis of beautiful tamed jungle with 22 miles of paved bicycle paths. Would we be able to live on a daily basis without using a motorized vehicle? Yes!
Top speed on the island is thirty-five per miles hour, no traffic lights, nature is preserved and protected, and did I mention the 22 miles of paved bike paths? This looks like what we’ve been looking for. We’ll keep a car in case we want to take a trip to the airport or simply to go in town a.k.a. Fort Myers.
We took the leap and drove our rented truck south nearly 1,300 miles all while Hurricane Dorian was rattling the Caribbean and tormenting the southern east coast of Florida.
When folks up north hear you are moving to Florida they remind you of all the negatives: the heat in summer, hurricanes, alligators, palmetto bugs…some people have a huge list of reasons not to leave the north including the change of seasons, a beautiful snow covered yard (they forget snow continues right over the driveway and sidewalks too and doesn’t just cover the grass and trees). We were not dissuaded, this is my third move to Florida and interestingly in all three I left Virginia, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey around the end of August and the beginning of September.
We unpacked our belongings and began to settle into our new home; a condo within walking distance to the beaches of the Gulf of Mexico. I unpacked a box and began to walk down the hall when a creature on the floor caught my attention. My first thought was it’s not the giant palmetto bug of legends, it was nearly an inch long and then I realized it was a tiny, tiny baby lizard. Funny the reversal emotions take when you realize that it isn’t an insect but a small animal that somehow is in your living space. I tried for two days to catch the baby lizard all while its body got smaller and its head larger. Eventually we managed to trap it under a plastic bowl and slide a sheet of paper under it. I took it out to the foliage and left it under a shrub which it climbed up immediately.
For several days as we passed by we saw a lizard slightly larger, day by day until it seemed as all the other lizards in many sizes and proportions on the walkway and shrubbery. I smile, this is what I like to see in autumn; beautiful flowers, whispering palm trees, and happy frolicking lizards.
A Leap of Faith
A aa Leap of Faih 1
We have arrived amid our boxes of cargo through the threat of hurricane to arrive at our new island residence; bruised and broken nailed we are home. It seems a dream realized is to wash away all previous dreams of existence to be a new creation in a land of our choosing is at once surreal and divine, we are home. To be free of old constraints, to be liberated to walk a sandy beach strewn with shells of all denominations and sizes is to be reborn, we are home. We wonder at the enormous palm fronds as they rattle in the breezes blown in across the warm sands swept by the Gulf of Mexico endlessly and we are home.
Once upon a time I was a child born in the Commonwealth of Virginia where salty waters washed the coastal peninsulas known to the local residents as the Tidewater area. I believed all places were as magical as waking up and walking the sands to see what treasures were left by unseen salty muses. I believed then as I still do that those wild places unleashed into commerce and society our magical and so should be revered, and respected. To be restored to what I most loved as a child is humbling, we are home.
We stumbled upon this island oasis casually and without regard to how it would form all our future dreams of our life as we hoped for…Humans are taught to aspire for more and more when the more we have to manage, maintain, protect is a cage; an attractive cage but a cage all the same. Hansel and Greta should have been wary of the confection cottage and that is a lesson we should all remember, the fly caught in the syrupy sweet vice of the Venus Fly Trap plant will suffer the consequences of an easy meal. Moving to an island in the Gulf of Mexico was challenging in that we had to remember what was essential to our daily lives. We gave away entire rooms of furniture that were so essential to our former lives that seemed redundant once we considered a different type of life. We have less stuff and so more time for living, we are home.
What shall we do today? Walk the beach and gather seashells? Bicycle to the grocery store and post office to collect our mail? Rise for sunrises and time our day around the sunset? Swim in the ocean? These activities are all possible; we no longer have to daydream, because we are home.
Tales from the Sea
A Dark Radiance
A a1 A Dark Radiance 8.15.19 - To Use.png
Luna gazed at her sister Terra reflectively, for once they were one. Her heart did not pulse with same vibrancy as when she and her sister were a single celestial body orbiting around their splendid golden star. Catastrophe divided them and left Luna to satellite her vibrant lapis-blue sister. Only when she was full and lit by their fiery goddess Soleil did Luna feel she regained her former splendor, for then she shown like a dazzling little star.
Peering through the deep blue void that separated Luna from her former self and then to Soleil who for one special night in thirty would cast her glow upon her and then she felt fabulous, radiant. Luna waited patiently for the light to fall on her face and to illuminate her surface. It seemed intolerable to be left in the dark so much, and yet without dark who can see the light?
Let Terra have her blue seas and green trees and snow capped mountains, Luna’s silvery brilliance controlled the very ebb and flow of Terra’s deep waters. Were it not for Luna’s strong pull Terra’s enormous seas would be merely vast stagnant lakes. Let the little kings of Terra boast of Luna’s infertile atmosphere, for without her powerful presence their shining seas would cease to shine and life as they knew it would cease to be.
The celestial bodies hummed along in their ethereal heavenly waltz across the night skies while people watched from their sandy seats by the sea. The moonrise was moments away and there on the horizon was the brilliant giant silver orb. As the golden sun melted into the blue waters on one horizon on the opposite horizon introduced the luminous Luna. And the event the people had gathered for: sea turtles hatching up from the still warm sand. The little hatchlings scrambled towards the salty surf that reflected the moon’s brilliancy off the surface.
Luna smiled at the irony, infertile atmosphere; why she was the rolling dance by which all sea life counted its very existence.
Tales from the Sea
A Summer’s Tale: A Wildling
A A An Island Child to publish.png
The wind rippled across the surface of the lagoon disturbing the heron’s focus from its prey. In the blue water below swam the boy shadowing the white sand. A dolphin swam alongside the blue-green child and leapt up to rile the heron as it took flight. The hot breeze stirred the fronds of the island palms and there for an instant was the notion of rain; not the fickle sort of rain that splatters one corner of a sidewalk, leaving the parched grass to turn to straw against the concrete. This was the type of rain that would flood streets, wash away vehicles and sweep homes from their foundations, but on this island there were no implements of living wrought to convenient animals gone tame and domestic. Here on this little removed island in the middle of the great big ocean galaxy was only wild. Wilder beasts than the unruly naked apes in their cities of concrete could even imagine.
The palm’s dry leaves rattled in the hot breeze and on the horizon a waterspout moved across the sea as if it were a living breathing creature as it funneled water higher and higher till a pelican was knocked out of flight. The large bird plummeted down but caught the wind before it broke the surface of the water and skimmed just above the vast sea. The boy broke the surface as the pelican skimmed above him; he reached up and felt the webbing of the bird’s feet tucked close against its body. The waterspout danced towards the horizon and the dolphin clicked to the boy. They swam away together parallel abreast pursuing the mighty tower of water, and occasionally the silhouette of fish large and small fell from the great column’s head and crashed to the water below.
The mighty sun that warmed the sand and palms on the little island passed overhead and slid down to meet the surface of the sea on the distant horizon. Seabirds called to each other as they sought shelter against the cooling night and lightning lit up the darkening sky as they found roosting. The rain that had been flirting with the island during the heat of the day seemed to draw moisture out of the very sea before it hurled it back down with force and vengeance like a slighted lover until the fronds were torn away from the palm and fell into the waves pummeling the beach. The dolphin and the boy returned to the lagoon in time to witness in flashes of light a nest of sea turtles hatching up from the wet sand. The hatchlings met the rough surf unhindered as the predatory seabirds were sheltered in the scrubby little palms and mangroves. The boy swam below and watched their little bodies silhouetted against the violent flashes of light blazing against their sky. The dolphin nudged the boy’s elbow with his nose and they continued swimming out along the reef where the skeleton of a blue whale swayed with the tide before disintegrating into the sand.
Tales from the Sea
A Nativity Moon 12.21.18
A a 1 a Lighting the Tree 12. 22.18 twilight
The word nativity as found in Webster’s New World Dictionary: 1.birth, esp. with reference to place, time, or accompanying conditions 2. Astrol. the horoscope of one’s birth —the Nativity 1. The birth of Jesus 2. A representation of this 3. Christmas Day.
My mother had what appeared to my five year old eyes was a miniature stable and rather medieval looking as well. This little building came out like clockwork every Christmas Eve. Today people start gearing up to decorate for Christmas shortly after Halloween, but when I was a child there was a sensible cushion between major holidays. No matter how much I and my four brothers tried to move the decorations for Christmas closer to Thanksgiving my mother was immobile on that.
My mother grew up in a mountain community known to us today as Piney Ridge. She was adamant that a cut tree could not come into the house before Christmas Eve and it would leave promptly on New Year’s Day. It seemed a rather antiquated rule until I was brought to understand that a cut pine tree with electric lights was a serious fire hazard. Living on top of a mountain and the fire hall miles away and down in the valley of McConnellstown it was something no sensible mother would risk her home and children to, what if there were snow?
But we lived in the metropolis of Newport News, Virginia and certainly we could move with the times and my mother did eventually succumb to the convenience of a plastic Christmas tree that didn’t drop needles all over her carpet. What didn’t change for all the modern lights and synthetic trees and plug in candles to put in the window? What stayed exactly the same was that little stable. And that now that I am an adult I realize the merit of that primitive shelter was to remind all in our house why exactly we were celebrating.
The story of the Velveteen Rabbit written by Margery Williams Blanco and even the finale of J.R.R. Tolkien’s character Frodo Baggins share a similar fate. While a stuffed toy that isn’t loved stays pristine and perfect on the shelf of the nursery it also runs no risk of ever becoming real. For Frodo a quiet hobbit of a safe haven known to millions of readers as the Shire, he loved his home is why he took up his pack and hit the road for the absolute scariest place in Middle Earth; Mordor. And did he become real? To face such wicked perils he would appear for those who had the ability to see to become a cup of light.
And that is what brings us back to that shabby little house that we placed our Papier-mâché figures in to represent the very unpretentious beginnings of Jesus Christ. I love that Webster’s merely says Jesus because there was only one born to a virgin mother in a stable. His first cradle was a manger, a trough for cattle and horses to graze from. No matter how glitzy a tree lighting in any cosmopolitan city on the planet is it seems to miss the entire point of the holiday.
If we say we’re wishing everyone a happy Christmas we should also remember that the child’s birth we are so dedicated to in our contemporary commercial extravaganza was crucified as an adult. I don’t mean figuratively, no he was actually crucified while his love ones looked on helplessly. Looking at our little stable we were reminded that the timbers that were used to make a shelter for animals could also be the means to crucify a man. If Jesus had not risen from the dead three days after his death there would be absolutely no reason to celebrate his rustic birth. We don’t say Happy Pontius Pilate Day do we?
We that live our whole lives in America often forget how hard our early patriots fought to win something as fundamental to the First Amendment to the United States Constitution as in freedom of religion. This holiday season we look for the best and cheapest bargains to further our Christmas celebration. Our purchases may have come from the other side of the planet where individuals are not afforded the rights to worship as they wish or not at all. Think of the freedom we have to worship as we wish or choose not to worship at all, that is our privilege as Americans, but what about the people that produced our Christmas lights, ornaments, and gifts? Ultimately, those choices to save a little coin in our own pocket may come at the price of someone else’s liberty. To quote Thomas Paine, “…What we obtain too cheap, we esteem too lightly; it is dearness only that gives everything its value…”
The nativity scene is also a representation of the struggle between the haves and the have-nots as well. Mary and Joseph were far from rich and influential; they were of little means and on the run from an oppressive régime. The origins of the early Christians was ubiquitous with people being murdered and martyred for their faith and that image of people being sacrificed because their beliefs conflicted with a totalitarian ruler is also at the beginning of a colony’s revolt. In our fulfilling land of America, we have the courage to believe that the little person can triumph over the giant much like David vanquished Goliath in the Old Testament.
This full moon I conclude my graphic story The Guild. It has been an eventful year and I look forward to the promise of new adventures in different locations with the New Year. May your holiday season be all that you could wish for. Only in a land of so many rich possibilities could we turn the quiet birth of a humble carpenter into a glitzy extravaganza worthy of a veteran showbiz entertainer in Hollywood.
A a 3rd Guard for the Guild - 12.21.18 |
Death of Henry Boyle, Whig MP for Tamworth and Cambridge University
Born in 1669 Henry Boyle came from aristocratic Anglo-Irish stock related to the Tory Hyde family but themselves of Whig views. Boyle was commissioned in the army but deserted James II for William of Orange and in May 1689 entered parliament as the Whig MP for Tamworth, which his father had also represented. Losing in 1690 he went to Ireland to manage his family estates and served in the Irish Parliament before returning to England and becoming MP for Cambridge University and later for Westminster. In the fluid politics of the time Boyle was Chancellor of the Exchequer of England under Godolphin but always retained his Whig associations. He was created the 1st Baron Carleton and died at his London home Carleton House, leaving estates in Oxfordshire, Wiltshire, and Surrey. |
Question: What Are The Top 5 Common Viral Infections?
What can cure a viral infection?
Antibiotics do not work for viral infections.
There are antiviral medicines to treat some viral infections.
Vaccines can help prevent you from getting many viral diseases..
How do you fight a virus naturally?
Can you get rid of a virus?
There are a few steps to removing a virus from an android phone. You can remove a virus by putting your phone or tablet into Safe Mode. This will prevent any third-party apps from running, including malware. Press the power button to access the power off options, then click restart in Safe Mode.
What is the most common viral infection?
Types of viral infections The most common respiratory infections are upper respiratory infections, which include sore throat, sinusitis, and the common cold. Other viral respiratory infections include influenza, pneumonia, and coronaviruses.
What virus is common now?
Among the many viruses we see causing respiratory illness right now, the influenza virus (commonly called “the flu”) can be particularly severe. Infection with the influenza virus causes a sudden onset of fever, chills, dry cough, and muscle aches.
Which disease is caused due to influenza virus?
Do viruses ever die?
What is the fastest way to cure a virus?
What are 5 diseases that can be caught from another person?
Infectious diseases can be any of the following:Chickenpox.Common cold.Diphtheria.E. coli.Giardiasis.HIV/AIDS.Infectious mononucleosis.Influenza (flu)More items…
What is the leading infectious disease in the world?
Tuberculosis. TB is arguably the world’s leading cause of death from an infectious agent. The WHO estimates that 10.4 million new cases and 1.5 million deaths occur from TB each year (WHO 2016a). One-third of TB cases remain unknown to the health care system.
What are 3 common viral infections?
Examplesmeasles.rubella.chickenpox/shingles.roseola.smallpox.fifth disease.chikungunya virus infection.
What are the 5 most common infectious diseases?
What are the two most common viruses?
TABLE 1Organism or infectionNo. (%) of patients positive by:Total no. of patients (%)Virus antigen detectionInfluenza A virus6 (3)10 (5)Influenza B virus2 (1)2 (1)Adenovirus1 (0.5)2 (1)17 more rows
How do you kill a virus in your body?
Do viruses leave the body?
Examples of viral infections Many, like colds, run their course and your body heals on its own, but others, like HIV, do not. Some of the more common viruses include: COVID-19, caused by a novel coronavirus. Influenza (the flu)
How do you know if your body is fighting a virus?
How long do viruses last?
What are common illnesses?
Common IllnessesChest Cold (Acute Bronchitis) Cough, mucus.Common Cold. Sneezing, runny or stuffy nose, sore throat, cough.Ear Infection. Ear pain, fever.Flu (Influenza) Fever, cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, body aches.Sinus Infection (Sinusitis) … Skin Infections. … Sore Throat. … Urinary Tract Infection. |
The history of artificial ventilation: how to rescue people from biblical times to the present day
The basic principles on which we breath in hospitals today was invented many centuries ago. But came up with and alternative. Why don't they always work?
To deliver the air into the human lung, which he cannot do a breath — an idea that came to mind for a long time. So that artificial ventilation for a long time. Yes, actually it is possible without special modern devices: refers to any artificial pulmonary ventilation (inhalation and exhalation) that the person does not produce on its own.
In the school safety taught, for example, to do the simplest of its kind: mouth-to-mouth. And readers who have older relatives from the village could hear their stories about how "I rastyagivanie" pigs or lambs, which are born, not screamed.
Some see evidence that these techniques were known to people thousands of years ago in the Bible. We are talking about the episode with the prophet Elijah breathed life into a boy. However, many doubt such a medical advancement of a prophet and I believe that these words are used as a way.
In fact, foreseeable, neverthesame, past "breathed life" only midwives in newborn, if something went wrong — and Yes, the shepherds in lambs and piglets. Cases when thus tried to regain the breath the man who has it for some reason stopped, probably can be counted on the fingers.
In the end, breathing in an adult is usually not suppressed just in addition to direct delivery of air into the lungs still need some resuscitation measures, and the corresponding specialized equipment. Of course, in some of antiquity to take him was nowhere.
And yet, in antiquity, there was the first attempt to ease breathing to a person who is already starting to lose it. The doctor Asclepiad known fact that he preferred to treat patients with an established diet, exercise and wine (Yes, it is in this combination), invented to make the incision on the trachea, by establishing the end of the reed and blow to fill your lungs with air.
This method is supposed to eliminate problems with the language or something that could be in the throat and clogging it. Later, this method was rediscovered in the sixteenth century physician Wasalam.
The Renaissance is generally an interesting number of rediscovered ancient scientific works. The fact is that it began around the fall of the Byzantine Empire. Many Byzantine refugees, including scholars with their libraries and knowledge of classical Greek language, rushed away from the Turks in Europe.
In Europe, it turned out that you can live very well, having taught Greek, and all the same disciplines as in the Byzantine schools. And it turned out that the monasteries are not only Holy books but also old medical treatises that long no one can read.
The most cunning students of Greek teachers immediately began to show the world their open — exactly coincides with the discoveries of ancient authors. It is unknown whether cheated as well and Vesalius, but the suspicions are there.
Probably, it is not surprising that the first mechanical device for blowing air was invented in the Renaissance. Not only Leonardo at the time raved about the cars for different purposes. The legendary Swiss physician Paracelsus constructed a handheld device ventilation from the air duct, insert into the mouth of the patient, and leather fireplace bellows — similar to forging, but much weaker.
The latter was very important because too strong a jet of air can break the lungs. For this reason, small children CPR doing is not the same as adults, and this risk of people who is in the grip of a hurricane (if, of course, not hit anything too hard or covered with snow or mud).
So, the history of devices for artificial ventilation of lungs it is possible to start from 1530, when Paracelsus successfully used his invention. However, this device still could not be called a machine. It worked on clean power of hands.
The invention of Paracelsus gained fame, but in fact little used by physicians. There were several reasons. First, patients whose breath was required to recover, still required very often and other resuscitation measures, and for them nothing was invented. Second, the Paracels and Flack as a charlatan.
That one will come up with something else — and anything that he offers and applies, I imagine, have no respectable Greek and Roman authors!
However, one or the other, the doctor risked to apply the mantel-fur — and kind of a scandal. But in the eighteenth century, when the world is once again obsessed with machines and mechanisms, of course, of interest to medical devices of a different sort broke out with renewed vigor. A few inventors improved the fur for the injection of air and also got the idea to make them different for infants and adults.
Just about this time learned to distinguish and pure oxygen so that oxygen and devices for ventilating the lungs almost immediately joined: the effect obtained from this much more noticeable. But many now think the oxygen tent, the world learned only in the twentieth century...
Already a popular (not medical!) the manual, published in 1799 in St. Petersburg, it is recommended to use "razdevalnaya bag" resuscitation of the dead, frozen, udivishsya, fallen into a swoon or anyone who looks dead. Probably razdevalnaya bags can be bought in any drugstore of a large city — along with the enema, gag, and other popular tools.
All the same, such assistance are often maimed and killed saving — too zealous lifeguard. The efficiency of artificial lung ventilation has increased dramatically only in 1821 when Frenchman Le Roy d Athol invented measuring ruler to adjust the volume of the injected air into his lungs.
But by the time this method has acquired such a bad reputation that almost to the end of the nineteenth century doctors completely or almost completely switched to the old, proven way mouth to mouth combined with chest compressions.
The first modern and practical respirator "Iron lung"
For a long time the improvement of devices for artificial lung ventilation was associated with such things as the improvement of the process and instruments for intubation (installation in the throat of the tube connected to the bellows) or transfer of the device from a purely manual mode to work on foot or electric drive. In fact, the ventilator, was developed and applied already in the first half of the twentieth century.
But there was another way to artificially force a person to breathe. He saved the victims of the terrible epidemic of disease that we have already forgotten due to vaccination: polio. In the twentieth century polio as a fire swept through Europe and the United States. Tens of thousands of children fell ill and was paralyzed.
Some have disabilities, others have died — those who have developed paralysis of the respiratory system. Needed a machine that would help children to breathe as much as you need — days, months and years. Here and thought about a strange invention of a German doctor Sauerbruch, which he tried before the First World war to replace the lung. It was a sort of chamber.
Special pumps that pumped out of the chamber, similar to the barrel of the air, making it sparse and forcing due to this the lungs to swell and make a "breath", that pumped the air, compressing the lungs so that they have made "exhale". Naturally, the patient's head was outside — that was that "inhale" and "exhale".
In 1928 in a pressure chamber placed the eight-year girl died from suffocation... And she immediately felt better! The device replaced the work her muscles.
After the Second World chamber modified — equipped with mirrors so you can see what is happening around, improve the mechanism, and it became known as the device of His or iron lung. To produce these devices had on an industrial scale. The epidemic is not just back, she took the daunting size.
Alternatively, for older children then came up and the device is smaller, Krasny — that is, like the cuirass, covering the body only. With this device the patient can drive the wheelchair, which, of course, has greatly improved his life.
The same children who were placed in the apparatus Engström, could start to breathe a few months for yourself... or remain dependent on a breathing apparatus for life. As lucky. Often, those who traveled in Krasnom apparatus, the night moved into the chamber — it was more comfortable. Many of those who first came to the office Engström, live through him still.
The most famous of people who survived through this chamber, — the actress MIA Farrow, former shining star of Hollywood in the seventies. Horror lovers adore her in the lead role in the movie "rosemary's Baby". So, if MIA was not in the chamber for the months that her lungs have stopped working due to polio, rosemary we would remember completely different.
Most of the less fortunate. Now a few elderly people depend on, will not be violated if due to the bad weather the supply of electricity, whether there will be some minor breakage when they are alone in the room, and will continue to produce collars for the chamber — they should be changed every few months due to the loss of integrity, and they are becoming more expensive due to the fact that they produce less.
Journalist Jennings brown, who tried to lie down in this chamber, said that it you feel like a vacuum cleaner: you can not control your breath, you just "breathe".
Center for hyperbaric oxygenation. The main hall with hyperbaric chambers
In the early fifties of the founder of the intensive care unit of Neurology NTS Love Popov scholarship who were sent to Sweden and Denmark to learn from the experience. The website med-history quoted Dmitry Sergeeva, the employee of branch of resuscitation of Scientific center of neurology:
In 1964, under the auspices of the domestic Popova created the first ever ventilator working on the principle of "management pressure" DP-8 (it now somewhere working). Records duration IVL: post-polio simple lung ventilator supported breath over 23 years, with lateral amyotrophic sclerosis — up to 14 years.
Modern devices for artificial ventilation of lungs we see in the series about a genius or just selfless doctors. Very often such devices are disparagingly referred to as "fans", but they, of course, far more complex. Inside the machine not only pumps air, but also a special capacity-humidifier so that the air was not dried the respiratory system.
The apparatus can be connected in two ways: using masks on the face or, in more severe cases, through a tube in the trachea (i.e., making the intubation — "in" means "inside", "tube" — tube). Because very often the problem is not only the ability to breathe, but also the ability to absorb oxygen, then fed oxygen — so at least something went in blood.
In addition to oxygen can be fed into the lungs, and gases for medical purposes. For the machine to fully regulate the breath, not engaging in a struggle with their own muscles of the patient, the patient is injected with a substance that relaxes the diaphragm. Removed from a ventilator, usually in several stages, observing the reaction of the body.
When artificial ventilation was a long, gradually begin to reduce the options, especially those that can lead to serious side effects. Support light gradually ceases, the patient begins to breathe better. Short-term use of the device for a long period of disconnection is required, it is kept until the end of anesthetic.
Ventilators do not use "in any unclear situation". The fact that the injection of air still carries a risk of damage to delicate lung tissue, so to that extent, resort to extreme, in very severe cases, when there is a choice between the chance to survive, but to cripple, or not to survive at all.
The network is now discussing what only one-fifth of patients with coronavirus, a case which reached the ventilator survives. Doctors insist: it's not "only" the fifth part, and as much as twenty percent versus zero. When it comes to human life, this is an important difference.
Keywords: Apparatus | Breathing | Invention | Light | Treatment | Medicine | Rescue
Recent articles
Color photographs of life in Poland in the early 1980s
Color photographs of life in Poland in the early 1980s
In the early 1980-ies, when the Gdansk and Warsaw were in the midst of socio-political upheaval on a European scale, French ...
A real miracle: 10 of the most amazing cases of healing in medicine
A real miracle: 10 of the most amazing cases of healing in ...
Sometimes medicine is able to do extraordinary things. You've probably heard about people where doctors were able to return to life ...
Husband sends the wife of photos from which melt all women. And this is not 18+
Husband sends the wife of photos from which melt all women. ...
The couple often share text and photo messages, at times, of an intimate nature. But the couple, which will be discussed in our ...
Related articles
25 people who had too much free time
25 people who had too much free time
We all sometimes there are days when it is boring. The series is no longer pleasing, the weather "bad", all your friends are busy ...
Ten scientific discoveries that happened by accident
Ten scientific discoveries that happened by accident
In 1928, English scientist-bacteriologist Alexander Fleming took the usual experience of research protect human body from ...
Looked like the first ever remote control for the TV
Looked like the first ever remote control for the TV
When people only dreamed of the remote control. Now that we've switched the channels on the TV with a plastic thing that is ... |
Development of a Rhinovirus Inoculum Using a Reverse Genetics Approach
BACKGROUND: Experimental inoculation is an important tool for common cold and asthma research. Producing rhinovirus (RV) inocula from nasal secretions has required prolonged observation of the virus donor to exclude extraneous pathogens. We produced a RV-A16 inoculum using reverse genetics and determined the dose necessary to cause moderate colds in seronegative volunteers. METHODS: The consensus sequence of RV-A16 from a previous inoculum was cloned, and inoculum virus was produced using reverse genetics techniques. After safety testing, volunteers were inoculated with either RV-A16 (n = 26) or placebo (n = 10), Jackson cold scores were recorded, and nasal secretions were tested for shedding of RV-A16 ribonucleic acid. RESULTS: The reverse genetics process produced infectious virus that was neutralized by specific antisera and had a mutation rate similar to conventional virus growth techniques. The 1000 median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) dose produced moderate colds in most individuals with effects similar to that of a previously tested conventional RV-A16 inoculum. CONCLUSIONS: Reverse genetics techniques produced a RV-A16 inoculum that can cause clinical colds in seronegative volunteers, and they also serve as a stable source of virus for laboratory use. The recombinant production procedures eliminate the need to derive seed virus from nasal secretions, thus precluding introduction of extraneous pathogens through this route.
Journal of Infectious Diseases |
What is 'n?
Pronunciation: n
Function: Part-of-Speech; end-of-Contraction, uncommon, *implies the possesive as it replaces the word 'Own.' Usage effects a hick, rural flavor to speech, best if used sparingly, may convey a sense of appreciation for archaic or pseudoarchaic formulations in English.
Usage: can be used sansapostrophe in conjunction with 'e' following a vowel, where confusion is unlikely.
My'n, Myne: My+OWN, can replace "Mine"
Your'n, Yourn,: Your+OWN, replaces "Yours" as in phrase/designate "You and Yours"
Thy'n, Thyne, replaces "Thine" when it is prefered to yours
'n has limitations, it cannot be contracted with any word, specifically those words which end in a numeral, punctuation or any letter not either a vowel or liquids or the nasals (l, r, m, n.)
NO Yahoo!'n/Yahoo!n/Yahoo!ne
See ne, n, own, s
Random Words:
1. An emphatic interjection used to describe the extreme awesomeness of something. Hellz Yeah can be confused with "Hells Yes,"..
1. 1) From the video game Mega Man 2, a mini-boss in the game. 2) Also means that no one is better than a "quickman" and if they..
1. The act of crawling under the conference table during a meeting, and voluntarily sucking everyone off... |
Download paper
Study And Overview Of Object Oriented Database Computer Science Essay
With the promotion of informations mold, the development of the object oriented paradigm brought a important alteration in how we look informations and the processs that operate on informations. Previously informations and their dealingss were stored in a database and processs were stored in an application plan. But with the development of the object oriented impression, we began to unite entity ‘s processs with the informations. As a consequence, entities became self contained units and can be reused and moved around with considerable easiness.
Restrictions of Relational Database
Relational databases represent informations as if they are organized in a planar tabular array. With the coming of SQL, a standard linguistic communication for accessing information was established. RDBMS had both logical and physical construction and performed good on many concern applications. Unlike the object oriented attack, the basic attack of the relational theory was that, informations and the plans that use it were independent of each other. This was and is the cardinal difference between the two attacks.
However the relational theory suffered many restrictions:
Object individuality:
Entities in a relational theoretical account gave no independent being. In the relational theory objects can merely be identified and accessed indirectly through the designation of those properties which characterize them.
Explicit relationships:
In the relational attack the individualities of relationships have no expressed representation. Here dealingss are recovered by put to deathing query operations on the database. Besides this, in the relational theoretical account, there are concealed semantics. See the undermentioned illustration:
In the above diagram, the Appraisal relation, and besides the Appraiser and Appraise functions are hidden.
Top Experts
Bella Hamilton
Verified expert
5 (234)
Doctor Jennifer
Verified expert
5 (893)
Verified expert
4.9 (546)
hire verified expert
Besides, sing the above illustration, the relationship becomes a relation linking two other dealingss. Therefore the difference between an entity and a relation is rather blurred.
Structured Data Objects:
The first normal signifier demands that the values for properties in a tuple must be atomic. But in some instances we need to see properties which are complex, where values of spheres are themselves tuples.
Sexual activity
Supervisor ID
Besides this, relational theoretical account besides restricts collection-types, such as sets, lists and multi-sets. This can be explained with the undermentioned illustration:
Computer Consultancy
{ Kolkata, Mumbai, Bangalore, Kochi }
{ Delhi, Chennai, Kolkata }
Human Resource
{ Singapore, UK, Mumbai }
Generalization and Inheritance
The entities that we model frequently follow a natural hierarchal construction. Relational databases have no range for showing this construct of hierarchy. Besides, heritage is non a portion of the relational theoretical account.
In a relational theoretical account, for entering explicitly particular questions on a database like for read-only questions, we require to make positions. This nevertheless introduces overhead as the system needs to keep the current value. Besides, for updating values, there is no mechanism available in the relational theoretical account. These are maintained outside the relational theoretical account.
Before we groove into deeper constructs, we foremost discourse here some basic constructs. There are many existent life applications, where RDBMS works rather successfully – and singular good DBMS bundles are besides available. Two really popular open-source RDBMS merchandises – MySQL and PostgreSQL are rather successfully running in existent life applications. However there are state of affairss where we require something more than what RDBMS gives us. This is why we require ODBMS. We would now discourse when to utilize ODBMS. We use ODBMS when:
We are utilizing embedded DBMS Applications: Applications which require super-fast response clip, we by and large seek embedded DBMS. In such instances use of RDBMS involves much overhead due to object-relational function and requires greater disposal support during the deployment of updated category strategies to the installed bases. Use of Java or DOT NET in such instances could be wise since they require a ego contained, non-intrusive and easy to deploy continuity solution.
Complex object relationship: Some applications involve complex information constructions, where categories define multiple cross mentions among themselves. This is hard to pattern in a RDBMS. In RDBMS, relationships in objects are dealt utilizing the construct of foreign keys. On the contrary, most ODBMSes induces reachability continuity i.e. if object A mentions object B, and object A is relentless, so object B becomes relentless automatically. This reachability is handled by the ODBMS engine thereby keeping the inside informations of the mentions when objects are stored and associating them up when objects are fetched.
Changing informations constructions: In certain applications, there are opportunities where new informations members or object dealingss are added. This state of affairs is really hard to manage in RDBMS, where the scheme and the question codification needs to be modified to suit in the needed alterations. ODBMS on the other manus let this as we can blend the old and new objects in the database with easiness and convenience.
While utilizing deep object constructions: Often it is required to form informations in signifier of graphs or trees. A really deep tree construction presents a drawn-out parent, kid, grandchild to the coder and is really hard to manage it in RDBMS. On the contrary, ODBMS can manage such instances utilizing reachability continuity as explained before, where the coder has to command to bring or hive away single branchlets, a subdivision or the whole tree ; unity being preserved the DB engine.
We are programming in an OO Language: While programming in OOL, it is preferred to utilize ODBMS alternatively of RDBMS particularly when multiple applications entree the same database. This is because if we use RDBMS, we need to compose codification to go through back and forth row objects fetched from the database and existent objects in our applications. Besides, we have to compose interlingual rendition codification for object-schema function and that excessively necessitate to be synchronized in all different applications. On the other manus, by utilizing ODBMS, the entree is same from all applications since the applications that are stored and fetched are manipulated in the same manner.
When objects include Collections: There might be certain applications that have members like a List, or a Set. A aggregation within an object by and large represents a one-to-many relationship. If we try to pattern this utilizing RDBMS, we would necessitate an intermediate tabular array that links up the parent object and the objects in the aggregation ; whereas in ODBMS we fetch and store the parent along with its member aggregation with a individual call.
The development squad uses Agile methodological analysis: Most developments today use nimble engineering. An ODBMS tantrums more swimmingly in agile development than RDBMS. Harmonizing to Scott Ambler, nimble methodological analysiss uses refactoring, agile mold, continual arrested development testing, constellation direction and separate sandboxes for developers to work in. RDBMS complicates such things due to proficient and cultural electric resistance mismatch, and the current deficiency of tool support. ODBMS make it easier to be nimble.
Data entree is through pilotage instead than question: Let us conceive of the instance when we need to entree informations in a extremely networked construction. In RDBMS, we do so by merely firing a series of SQL SELECT statements, whereas in ODBMS, pilotage through such constructions is chiefly done utilizing the native linguistic communication ‘s concepts, thereby doing the codification simpler to understand.
Need for Complex Datatype
Traditional database applications use conceptually simple informations types in information processing. But in recent old ages, complex informations types gave grown more of import. Complex information types have grown more of import in recent old ages. For illustration, as we had shown before that Addresses can be viewed as a individual twine, separate properties for each portion or complex properties which are non in the first normal signifier. Besides, it is frequently convenient to hive away multivalued properties as-is, without making a separate relation to hive away the values in first normal signifier.
Complex information finds it application in computer-aided design, computing machine aided package technology and multimedia and image databases. With complex datatypes and object orientation, we can stand for E-R theoretical account constructs, like individuality of entities, multivalued properties, and generalisation and specialisation straight, without a complex interlingual rendition to the relational theoretical account.
Collection and Large Object Types
There are four types of LOB ( Large OBjects ) :
CLOB: The character LOB object which is used to hive away character informations.
NCLOB: The National character set LOB type which is by and large used to hive away multiple byte character informations like Non-English characters.
Blob: It is used to hive away binary informations ; hence called binary LOB.
BFILE: A binary file stored outside of the database in the host operating system file system, but accessible from database tabular arraies. BFILEs can be accessed from your application on a read-only footing.
The LOB can hive away up to 128 TBs of informations and a tabular array can hold multiple LOB columns. A LOB consists of two parts:
The LOB Locator: A arrow that specifies the location of the LOB informations.
The LOB informations: The existent character or byte informations stored in the LOB.
Depending upon the size of the informations stored in a CLOB, NCLOB or BLOB, the information is stored either inside or outside the tabular array. If the information is less than 4KB, it is stored in the same tabular array, else it is stored outside. Now consider the following piece of codification:
} ;
} ;
} ;
The above three codification snippings, creates three tabular arraies CLOB_EXAMPLE, BLOB_EXAMPLE and BFILE_EXAMPLE. We now see how to dwell the CLOBs and BLOBs with informations. We now fire the INSERT statement to dwell the tabular arraies CLOB_EXAMPLE and BLOB_EXAMPLE as shown:
INSERT INTO CLOB_EXAMPLE ( ID, CLOB_CONTENT ) VALUES ( 1, TO_CLOB ( ‘Daily I Always Remember You ‘ ) ) ;
INSERT INTO BLOB_EXAMPLE ( ID, BLOB_CONTENT ) VALUES ( 1, TO_BLOB ( ‘100010010110110 ‘ ) ) ;
In both the above instances, we have used the TO_CLOB to change over a text to a CLOB and TO_BLOB to change over the Numberss to a BLOB. For modifying values, we may compose:
SET CLOB_CONTENT = TO_CLOB ( ‘Jack and Jill went up the Hill ‘ )
WHERE ID = 1 ;
SET BLOB_CONTENT = TO_BLOB ( ‘11111100000001100101 ‘ )
WHERE ID = 1 ;
Oracle Multimedia uses LOBs to make datatypes that could be used for multimedia application such as Multimedia ORDAudio, ORDDoc, ORDImage, and ORDVideo. Oracle Multimedia uses the database substructure to specify object types, methods, and LOBs necessary to stand for these specialised types of informations in the database.
Collection Types and Structured Types
Collection types represents aggregation of elements like basic type, structured type or another aggregation type or arrays and are mapped into Oracle VARRAY and nested table types. We can make new or edit bing aggregation types.
Structured types on the other manus may be defined as user defined informations types that have attribute and methods. Methods enable us to specify behaviours for structured types. Structured types can besides be portion of a supertype and subtype heritage hierarchy. A structured type can be defined based on a basic information type, a distinguishable type, another structured type, or a mention to structured type or it can be defined as a aggregation type.
Structure types can be declared as follows:
create type Department as
( DNo varchar ( 5 ) ,
Dname varchar ( 10 ) ,
DLocation varchar ( 20 ) )
create type Employee as
( EmployeeID figure,
EmployeeName varchar ( 20 ) ,
EmployeeAddress varchar ( 50 ) ,
DateOfJoining day of the month,
section Department )
create table employee of Employee
The first statement defines a type called Department, which has three constituents: a figure, a name and a location. The 2nd statement defines a structured type Employee, which contains an ID, a name, reference, day of the month of connection and a section ( of type Department ) . These types referred above are called structured types. And eventually, a table employee incorporating tuples of type Employee is created.
A structured type can besides hold methods defined on it. We declare methods as portion of the type definition of a structured type:
create type Employee as
( EmployeeID figure,
EmployeeName varchar ( 20 ) ,
EmployeeAddress varchar ( 50 ) ,
DateOfJoining day of the month,
salary whole number,
section Department )
method calculateSalary ( noOfDaysWorked whole number )
Subsequently we define the method organic structure individually as:
create method calculateSalary ( noOfDaysWorked whole number ) for Employee
set ownSalary = ( noOfDaysWorked * wagePerDay )
Data Definition
An object oriented database comprises of objects and object categories linked via a figure of abstraction mechanisms. We will now discourse a small on objects, object categories and the abstraction mechanisms:
Normally in a relational information theoretical account, two indistinguishable tuples or rows basically refer to the same object. Therefore, relational theoretical account were typically referred to as value-oriented theoretical account. This was overcome in the object oriented informations theoretical account where two indistinguishable records can mention to two distinguishable objects via the impression of a alone system generated identifier.
An object may be redefined as a bundle of informations and processs. The properties of the object contain the information and the object ‘s methods define the processs. Methods are activated by messages passed between objects.
All objects besides posses the belongings of encapsulation. This is the procedure of boxing together of both informations and procedure within a defined interface and controlled entree across that interface. Encapsulation is inexplicit in the definition of an object since all use of objects must be done via defined processs attached to objects.
Object categories
An object category is nil but grouping of similar objects. It is used to specify the properties, methods and relationships common to a group of objects. Besides, we know that objects are cases of some category and hence they possess the same properties and methods.
We had already discussed in the relational database design chapter the importance of the abstract mechanism generalisation and besides discussed antecedently the function of collection in informations mold.
Generalization allows us to declare certain object categories as subclasses of other object categories. For case, as already cited in the old chapters, that Engineer, Secretary and Technician might wholly be declared subclasses of an Employee category. Collection on the other manus, is the procedure by which a higher degree object is used to group together a figure of lower-level objects. For case, a batch entity might be built up of an assembly of participants.
The generalisation hierarchy associates with it the thought of the procedure of heritage. There are two major types of heritage: structural heritage and behavioural heritage.
In structural heritage a subclass is said to inherit the properties of its superclass. Hence, suppose an employee category has properties name, reference, salary, so a subclass such as applied scientist will besides be defined by such properties. In behavioural heritage a subclass is said to inherit the methods of its superclass. Hence, if the employee category has a method calculatePay, so a subclass such as director will besides be characterized with this method.
A subclass besides inherits engagement in the relationship sets in which its superclass participates. A subclass may itself hold further subclasses specified on it ; it so forms a hierarchy or a lattice. If in a hierarchy, a given entity set is involved as a lower-level entity set in merely one ISA relationship so the entity sets have merely individual heritage.
Figure 14.1: Single Inheritance
If an entity set is a lower-level entity set in more than one ISA relationship, so the entity set has multiple heritage, and the resulting construction is said to be a lattice. In a lattice or hierarchy, a subclass inherits attributes non merely of its direct superclass, but besides of all its predecessor super categories. A subclass with more than one superclass is called a shared subclass. All of the superclass – subclass relationships we have seen therefore far have a individual superclass. A shared subclass is subclass in more than one distinguishable superclass – subclass relationships, where each relationship has a individual superclass ( multiple heritage ) .
Figure 14.2: Multiple Inheritance
Inheritance can be implemented at the degree of types or at the degree of tabular arraies. We will discourse them one by one.
With multiple heritage a category may hold more than one superclass. The class/subclass relationship is represented by a directed acyclic graph ( DAG ) . This is peculiarly utile when objects can be classified in more than one manner which are independent of each other.
Type Inheritance
To explicate type heritage let us foremost see the type definition for employee:
create type Employee as
( EmployeeID figure,
EmployeeName varchar ( 20 ) ,
EmployeeAddress varchar ( 50 ) ,
DateOfJoining day of the month )
Let us say that we want to hive away some excess information in the database about employee who are applied scientists, secretaries and technicians. Since applied scientists, secretaries and technicians are besides employee, we can utilize heritage to specify the applied scientist type, secretary type and technician types.
create type Engineer
under Employee
( EngType varchar ( 10 ) )
create type Secretary
under Employee
( TypingSpeed varchar ( 10 ) )
create type Technician
under Employee
( TGrade varchar ( 10 ) )
All the three i.e. applied scientist, secretary and technician inherit the properties of Employee – i.e. ID, name, reference and day of the month of fall ining. Engineer, secretary and technician are said to be subtypes of Employee and Employee is a supertype of applied scientist, secretary and technician.
Methods of a structured type are inherited by its subtypes, merely as properties are. But, a subtype can redefine the consequence of a method by declaring the method once more, utilizing overruling method in topographic point of method in the method declaration.
The above illustration cited supra is an illustration of individual heritage. We would besides mention an illustration of multiple heritage.
Multiple heritage allows a category to inherit from multiple categories. See the illustration of a category named Performer to inherit from a category named Vocals, a category named Guitarist, and a category named Drummer.
Vocal musics
Figure 14.3: Type heritage for Multiple heritage
Let us now define the Human category as follows:
create type Musician as
( Name varchar2 ( 10 ) ,
DateOfBirth day of the month,
Age whole number,
Address varchar2 ( 50 ) )
We now define Person, Musician and Worker as follows:
create type Vocal musics
under Musician
( Sexual activity char ( 1 ) ,
salary whole number,
Type varchar2 ( 50 ) )
method sing ( )
create type Guitarist
under Musician
( GuitarStyle varchar2 ( 10 ) ,
salary whole number )
method playGuitar ( )
create type Drummer
under Musician
( DrumType varchar2 ( 10 ) )
method playDrums ( )
Now we would demo how to implement the type Performer, which involves multiple heritage. Performer can be implemented as:
create type Performer
under Vocal musics, Guitarist, Drummer
Performer would inherit all the properties of Vocal musics, Guitarist and Drummer. In SQL as in most other linguistic communications, a value of a structured type must hold precisely one “ most-specific type. ” That is, each value must be associated with one specific type, called its most-specific type, when it is created.
Table Inheritance
In the old subdivision, we have defined type heritage. Here we will discourse table heritage. For illustration, we define the employee tabular array as:
create table employee of Employee
We now define the tabular arraies Engineer, Secretary and Technician as sub-tables of employee, as shown below:
create table applied scientist of Engineer
under employee
create tabular array secretary of Secretary
under employee
create table technician of Technician
under employee
The types of the sub-tables must be subtypes of the type of the parent tabular array. Thereby, every property nowadays in employee is besides present in the sub-table. Further, when we declare engineer, secretary and technician as sub-tables of employee, every tuple nowadays in applied scientist, secretary or technician is implicitly present in employee.
Multiple heritage is possible with tabular arraies, merely as it is possible with types. See the followers as follows:
create table performing artist of Performer
under Vocal musics, Guitarist, Drummer
As a consequence of the declaration, every tuple nowadays in the performing artist tabular array is besides implicitly present in the Vocal musics, Guitarist and in the Drummer tabular array, and in bend in the Musician tabular array. It is notable to advert that tuples in a sub-table corresponds to tuples in a parent tabular array if they have the same values for all familial properties. But, each tuple of the super tabular array can match to at most one tuple in each of its immediate sub tabular arraies.
Object individuality and Reference types
An object retains its individuality even if some or all of the values of variables or definitions of methods alteration over clip. Object individuality is a stronger impression of individuality than in programming linguistic communications or informations theoretical accounts non based on object orientation. This comprises of:
Value – This is data value such as primary cardinal value used in relational systems.
Name – These are supplied by user and are used for variables in processs.
Built-in – It is identity built into informations theoretical account or programming linguistic communication. No user supplied identifier is required and it is the signifier of individuality used in object oriented systems.
Object identifiers
Object identifiers are used to unambiguously place objects. Object identifiers are normally alone and non two objects have the same identifier. Each object has merely one object identifier. As for illustration, Depandant_Parent field of a individual object may be an identifier of another individual object. It can be stored as a field of an object to mention to another object. It can be system generated or external, such as social-security figure. System generated identifiers are easier and convenient to utilize but can non be accessed across database systems. It may be excess if alone identifier already exists.
Object containment
Each constituent in a design may incorporate other constituents and this can be modeled as containment of objects. Objects incorporating other objects are called composite objects. As for illustration consider the undermentioned figure:
Figure 14.4: Object Containment
Multiple degrees of containment create a containment hierarchy. In such instances, links are interpreted as is-part-of alternatively of is-a. Object containment allows informations to be viewed at different coarsenesss by different users.
We all know that object oriented linguistic communications provide the ability to mention to objects. An property of a type can be a mention to an object of a specified type. As for illustration, we can specify a type Course with a field courseID and a field nexus which is a mention to the type Student, and a table class of type Course, as follows:
create type Course (
courseID varchar ( 10 ) ,
nexus ref ( Student ) range pupil
create table class of Course
Here, the mention is restricted to tuples of the table pupil. For initialising a mention property, the identifier of the tuple that is to be referenced is required. So, to make a tuple with the mention value, we foremost create the tuple with a void mention and so put the mention individually:
insert into class
values ( ‘C001 ‘ , nothing )
update class
set nexus = ( choice ref ( s ) from pupil where SName = ‘Ravi ‘ )
where courseID = ‘C001 ‘
Referenced tabular array must hold an property that shops the identifier, called the self-referential property:
create table pupil of Student
ref is EnrollmentID system generated ;
Specifying a Schema
Specifying a scheme for an Object Oriented database means specifying object categories. We define here simple object categories for a company database described below:
Superclass: object
ATTRIBUTE employeeName: Fictional character,
ATTRIBUTE employeeAddress: Fictional character,
ATTRIBUTE dateOfBirth: Date,
ATTRIBUTE dateOfJoining: Date
Superclass: Employee
RELATIONSHIP Department worksOn INVERSE departmentRegisters
RELATIONSHIP SET ( Domain ) belongsToDomain INVERSE domainSkill
Superclass: Employee
RELATIONSHIP Department worksOn INVERSE departmentRegisters
ATTRIBUTE EmployeeDetails: Employee,
ATTRIBUTE domainDetails: Sphere
We may explicate the scheme definition as follows:
Each category is defined by a alone name in the scheme: Employee, Engineer, Secretary and Project.
Three categories are defined on ace categories. The Employee category is said to organize a subclass of a system category ( meta-class ) called object.
The properties of the category Employee have been defined on pre-established informations types whole number, character and day of the month. These are said to be simple properties since they take a actual value and are defined on a standard information type such as whole number.
The subclasses Engineer and Secretary contain no property declarations, but contain relationship declarations for worksOn. For case, the Engineer category is declared as being related to the Department category. It is implicitly defined as a one-to-many nexus from Engineer to Domain since the relationship is implemented as a set of Domain identifiers. Both relationships have opposites defined. The opposite indicates a name for the traverse of the relationship from the linked category. Hence, the opposite relationship from Domain to Engineer is defined as domainSkill. This traverse will be defined in the Domain category and is besides likely to be one-to-many.
The category Undertaking might be considered one in which the construct of collection was of import. We might specify a Undertaking as being made up of Employee and Domain inside informations. The two properties in this category are complex properties since they contain aggregations and/or mentions – values that refer to other objects. Here the properties are defined as mentions to specific cases of other categories.
Persistent Programming Languages
Persistent scheduling linguistic communications ( PPL ) are those programming linguistic communications that allow objects to be even after the plan has been closed down. PPL by and large deals with relentless informations. A coder can pull strings relentless informations straight and there is no demand to bring it into memory and shop it back to disc, unlike embedded SQL. There is no demand for expressed format ( type ) alterations. Format alterations are carried out transparently by system. Without a relentless scheduling linguistic communication, format alterations become a load on the coder since more codification is to be written and there are more opportunities of bugs.
However the relentless scheduling linguistic communications suffer from certain drawbacks. Due to power of most programming linguistic communications, it is easy to do programming mistakes that damage the database. Besides, the Complexity of linguistic communications makes automatic high-ranking optimisation more hard and PPL do non back up declaratory querying every bit good as relational databases.
Continuity of objects
Persistent objects differ from transeunt objects in the sense that relentless objects is for lasting storage, whereas transient is for memory. Transient and relentless objects can entree each other reciprocally. Accessing a relentless object leads to lading the object into the transient pile. It is non accessed from transeunt objects any more, it will be written back to the relentless pile. A transeunt object becomes relentless every bit shortly as it can be reached from a relentless root. Approachs to do transeunt objects relentless include:
Continuity by category – This is to declare all objects of a category to be relentless. This attack is simple but inflexible.
Continuity by creative activity – To widen the sentence structure for making objects to stipulate that that an object is relentless.
Continuity by Taging – An object that is to prevail beyond plan executing is marked as relentless before plan expiration.
Continuity by reachability – To declare ( root ) persistent objects ; objects are relentless if they are referred to ( straight or indirectly ) from a root object. It is easier for coder, but more operating expense for database system and similar to garbage aggregation.
Object-Oriented versus Object-Relational Databases
We now have arrived to the last subject of this chapter. Here we will discourse how object oriented databases differ from object relational databases. We tabulate here the distinguishing characteristics:
Object Relational Database
Object Oriented Database
Use of datatypes
Object-relational databases are object-oriented databases built above the relational theoretical account and uses complex datatypes, but purpose at doing informations mold and questioning easier.
Persistent programming language-based OODBs uses really complex datatypes, with no informations interlingual rendition required. Can manage arbitrary complexness ; users can compose methods and on any construction.
Questioning capableness
Object relational databases have powerful querying capableness.
Questioning capableness of Object orientated database is hapless.
Object relational databases provide high degree of security.
Security is compromised in Object oriented Database.
Simplicity of development
Provides independency of informations from application, good for simple relationships.
Objects are a natural manner to pattern ; can suit a broad assortment of types and relationships.
Extensibility and content
Limited largely to new informations types.
Performance versus
Degree of safety varies with seller, must be traded off ; accomplishing both requires extended testing.
Degree of safety varies with seller ; most ODBMSs allow coders to widen DBMS functionality by specifying new categories.
Bequest people and the
catholicity of SQL
Can take advantages of
RDBMS tools and developers.
SQL accommodated, but intended for object oriented coders.
The keyword “ opposite ” is used in which of the followers?
All of the above
Which of the undermentioned is true refering an ODBMS?
They have the ability to hive away complex informations types on the Web.
They are catching RDBMS for all applications.
They are most utile for traditional, planar database tabular array applications.
All of the above.
Which of the followers is an disordered aggregation of elements that may incorporate extras?
Which of the undermentioned is true refering the undermentioned statement: category Manager extends Employee
Manager is a concrete category and a superclass.
Manager is a concrete category and a subclass.
Manager is an abstract category and a superclass.
Manager is an abstract category and a subclass.
In object-oriented databases, what is the name given to the ability of objects to be after an application plan has terminated:
Inactive Binding
Two stage commit
Object unity
What is the indispensable difference between object-oriented and conventional systems?
OO is more reclaimable
OO uses heritage
OO systems cut down development costs
Changes to informations constructions are localized
Justify including properties in category descriptions.
Define object individuality.
What is multiple heritage? When should it be used?
How can inheritance be implemented in a relational database?
Why can the public presentation of a pure object-oriented database transcend a relational or object-relational one?
Define ‘object ‘ ( one sentence ) . Name the four constituents of an object.
Cite this page
Study And Overview Of Object Oriented Database Computer Science Essay. (2020, Jun 02). Retrieved from
Let’s chat? We're online 24/7 |
Health, PE & Coaching
Course No. HE401M, HE501M
This class will address the important topic of childhood and adult stress. The impact of stress on any given child is significant and creates a tremendous strain on their academic learning. Though "stress" is often viewed as a negative impact on a life, this course will help each person to see the positive aspects of stress and anxiety. Recognizing that educators are in an excellent position to teach and impact each child, this class will give specific ideas to minimize the negative influence of stress/anxiety in the classroom. Specific strategies to help children to direct their stress into a positive arena and to learn critical coping skills will be taught. Peer relations, chaotic family structures, generalized feelings of anxiety, failure and negative thought processes, as well as many other topics will be addressed. Each person will have an opportunity to examine their professional sphere of influence, their personal sphere of influence and their collegial sphere of influence. The goal of this course will be to help each person find a better balance in their own personal and professional lives as well as to be able to effectively teach the skills to help children find that balance. It will be geared to a broad audience, encompassing K-12 students.
1. Learned how to implement stress management theory into their personal/professional lives.
2. Gained an understanding of the relationship between achievement, stressors, and balance of life as it relates to the educational process.
3. Developed an effective teaching plan for students and adults that shares intervention approaches.
4. Evaluated classroom stress, indicators and ways to evaluate external demands.
5. Examined principles of time management as they pertain to our personal and professional lives.
6. Effectively transfered programs and interventions across domains (school, home, community.)
Tell a Friend |
No products in the cart.
An Alternative to Spanking: How to Redirect
January 19, 2019, Author: Tamra Cater
Before you do redirect behavior, it’s important to think about whether or not your child is ready, but also if you are ready. As much as you might want to yell, check yourself first. Take some deep breathes. Step out and take a break for a minute, and then try to redirect. An added benefit of remaining calm is that you are modeling this skill for your child, so they are much more likely to learn this as a skill that can be used in the face of frustration and conflict. Once you are calm, connect with your child and then redirect.
Redirection Strategies
These are redirection strategies discussed by Siegel and Bryson (2016), and they use an acronym to help organize these strategies.
Reduce words
Embrace emotions
Describe, don’t preach
Involve your child in the discipline
Reframe a no into a conditional yes
Emphasize the positive
Creatively approach the situation
Teach mindsight tools
1.Reduce words
When addressing a behavior, don’t overtalk by engaging a long lecture. Often times, the child will just tune you out. This is especially important for younger children, as they are not yet able to take in a long lecture. There are some simple steps to use when addressing behavior that can help avoid the tendency to overtalk or lecture. My daughter had a tendency to hit me when she wanted something and didn’t get it. So, the first say thing I would do is address the feelings behind the behavior by saying, “I know you are angry, because you didn’t get the toy you wanted.” Then, I would address the behavior by saying, “Hitting hurts me.” Finally, I would offer an alternative by telling her to go hit her pillow.
2.Embrace emotions
It’s important to help children distinguish between feelings and actions. Thus, the message we should be conveying is, “You can feel whatever you feel, but you can’t always do whatever you want to do.” The first part of this involves acknowledging and validating their feelings. If if my daughter is angry that she didn’t get the toy she wanted, then I can express to her that it’s ok to be angry and to feel the way. But, I would also express to her that it’s not ok to hit me (I would do this by saying hitting hurts).
As parents, we should be careful about communicating that emotions should be turned off or that what they are feeling is silly. For example, I’m guilt of saying “You’re ok” to my daughter when she’s crying over something that I think is silly. This communicates the message that we are not interested in their emotions and that those emotions should be stuffed away. This might result in the child not wanting to share anything anymore. In addition, there’s a mismatch between what the child is feeling and the response that they are getting from the parent. As an adult, this person might doubt their subjective experience and may even feel that the emotions they feel in certain situations are not justified.
3.Describe, don’t preach
When a child misbehaves, as parents, we might naturally want to criticize and go into a lengthy lecture. However, often times, a simple description of what we are seeing is enough. My toddler, for example, likes to make a huge mess with her puzzle pieces by picking them, throwing, and yelling “Yay!” Rather than getting angry and telling her to stop, I can say “It’s hard for me to help you put the puzzle together when you are throwing them.” By just starting a dialogue and calling attention to the behavior, it opens up the door for more cooperation and better teaching. And in most situations, children do know right from wrong.
4.Involve your child in the discipline
Parents shouldn’t forgo their role as the authority figure and let their children decide everything. However, when children are involved in the process of discipline, they will feel more respected, buy into what you are saying, and help come up with solutions. For example, when my daughter would hit me, I say to her, “I can see that you are mad, because you really wanted that toy.” I can then say, “Instead of hitting, what are some other things you can do when you are mad?” It might be that she says go play in her room.
5.Reframe a no into a conditional yes
As a parent, there are many times that we have to decline a request from our children. However, when we have to say no, it matters how we say it. For example, my daughter absolutely loves going to my husband’s godparents house. They are like actual grandparents to her, and she has so much fun with them. When it’s time for me to pick her up and take her home, she sometimes refuses and gets angry. Instead of just saying, “No, we have to go home now, ” I can instead say, “Of course you can have more time with Chrissy. We need to go now, but Chrissy, can we come back tomorrow?” In doing this, I’ve identified and emphasized her feeling of wanting to spend more time at Chrissy’s house. This response also creates structure and skill (acknowledging the need to leave and the delay of gratification of a desire).
6.Emphasize the positive
Focusing on the positive aspects of what our children are doing is an effective way to deal with misbehavior. For example, my child whines when she wants something such as juice. Rather than saying “Stop whining!”, I can say “Ask me in your big girl voice.” Also, when my child wants a dessert before dinner, I say to her “You can have the piece of cake once you eat some of your peas” rather than saying, “No dessert until you finish your peas.”
Also, when your child is doing something well, compliment them. For example, your child may be having a hard time getting homework done on time. When they do get it done on time, say, “You worked hard on it, thank you for thinking ahead!”
7.Creatively approach the situation
There is no discipline technique that will work in every situation, so it’s important for parents to be flexible in their responses. It also takes knowing your child’s temperament and will, and what will work and what will not. For example, we eventually figured out that being silly and bringing humor to the situation when our daughter is upset helps calm her down. I have even tried to sit with her and hug her, but humor seems to be the best thing to help her calm down more quickly. Playfulness and humor are effective, because our brains like novelty. When we give our brain something that it didn’t expect, our brains pay attention. In turn, our children become more receptive to us.
My daughter being silly. If I can get her like this when she’s upset, I know I have got her, and she will be more receptive!
8.Teach mindsight tools
Mindsight involves being able to see our own minds and the minds of others. This redirection strategy helps children realize they don’t have to be stuck in a negative experience and that their mind can be used to take charge of how they feel and act. First of all, we should teach children to be aware of and sense their experiences. When they are dealing with something difficult, children shouldn’t stuff all of that down. They should be encouraged to talk about it. We also want our children to observe what’s going on within them and how the experience is impacting them. For example, children should focus on how their body feels and to be able to witness their own emotions. So, we want to teach them to do this, and use this awareness of their internal state to problem solve.
Example of mindsight
As an example, exams can be stressful and anxiety provoking for really anyone. If your child is worrying about an exam, help them understand their internal state. Their heart might be pounding, and they may be worried. Then, we can help them observe their internal state. The child might say, “It’s normal to be anxious about exams, because I want to do well on them. I can spend a few extra hours studying.”
Move it or lose it technique
There is a mindsight tool that can be used in this situation, and it’s called the “move it or lose it” technique. This would involve sitting floppy or like a noodle for a few minutes to become less tense. As this is happening, the parent and the child can talk about the difference in feelings and body sensations. Once this happens, the parent and the child can now discuss options for handling the situation.
As parents, if we can remain calm and talk to our children with warmth, this will further develop our relationship with our child. And if we can help them problem solve how to handle situations and disciplinary moments, this helps develop the child’s “upstairs” brain that deals with more logic and problem solving (the “downstairs” brain deals more with emotions and impulses).
Follow me on social media: |
The Leader Within Us
Knowing the Leader within Us
Leadership is a verb, not a noun. Leadership is action, not a position. Leadership is defined by what we do, not the role we are in. Some people in “leadership roles” are excellent leaders. But too many are bosses, “snoopervisors,” technocrats, bureaucrats, managers, commanders, chiefs, and the like. Conversely, many people who have no formal leadership role are excellent leaders. In today’s fast changing world, we all need to be leaders.
To lead is to show the way by going in advance. To lead is to guide or direct a course of action. To lead is to influence the behavior or opinion of others. We all need to be leaders, regardless of our formal title or role. This starts with inner self-leadership and moves outward to influence, guide, support, and lead others. The process of becoming a leader is the same as the process of becoming a highly effective human being. Leadership development is personal development. Leadership ultimately shows itself in what we do “out there.” But it starts “in here.”
It would be easy if we could all become leaders by following a simple set of steps. But the journey of personal growth means finding our own way. There are, however, critical areas of personal development based on timeless principles. The distance we need to grow along each leadership dimension will differ for each of us, but defining and continually growing along each of these paths is the way of the leader.
Strong leaders are well-rounded and constantly expanding their personal leadership across these key areas:
• Choose Not to Lose. Whether we choose to focus on our problems or our possibilities is a key leadership issue. When we are faced with obstacles and failure, those who can overcome adversity and learn from their experiences, turning them into opportunities, are the ones who will be truly successful.
• Focus and Context. The core of my being: This is central to our growth along all the other dimensions. Our Focus and Context is shaped by three vital questions: Where am I going? (my vision); What do I believe in? (my principles and values) and; Why do I exist? (my purpose or mission).
• Responsibility for Choices. If it’s to be, it’s up to me: Leadership means accepting responsibility for our choices in life. Leaders realize that life accumulates, that choice more than chance determines their circumstances. They refuse to succumb to the “Victimitus Virus” (“it’s all their fault” and “there’s nothing I can do”).
• Authenticity. Getting real: Leadership isn’t just what we do, it’s something that we are, which then drives what we do. Genuine leadership comes from within. It’s authentic, and based on honesty, integrity, and trust. We must ring true to ourselves by exploring our inner space, gathering feedback on our personal behavior, and ensuring consistency with our stated values and principles.
• Spirit and Meaning. With all my heart and soul: What is the purpose of our work? Of our lives? Material success alone is not enough. Leaders seek within and find something more. In what is too often a mad dash from cradle to grave, we need to take time in work and life to nourish our inner selves.
• Growing and Developing. From phase of life to way of life: The popular goals of security, stability, and predictability are deadly. The closer we get to these dangerous goals, the more our growth is stunted. True and lasting security comes from constant growth and development, based on regular reflection and renewal.
• Mobilizing and Energizing. Putting emotions in motion: Leaders don’t motivate with rewards and punishments. Whether at home or in the workplace, they energize people to motivate themselves. Highly effective leaders boost the energy of others with their passion and appreciation. They engage people’s hearts as well as their minds. They get them involved and participating. They actively nurture the “being” or culture of the group, not just the “doing.”
The more the world changes, the more leadership principles stay the same. Leadership principles are timeless. And they apply to all of us; no matter what role we play in society or organizations. |
Professor looks at dangerous aerosols spreading during Thanksgiving
Professor looks at dangerous aerosols spreading during Thanksgiving
Posted at 2:22 PM, Nov 25, 2020
and last updated 2020-11-25 16:22:54-05
This week, experts are sending warnings to those considering seeing people outside their household without quarantining first. One aerosol expert weighs in on just how dangerous the holiday could be.
"My simplest advice is it is not a good idea to meet with people outside of your household for a holiday meal. That’s the most important message that can be underscored, and the reason for that is there are multiple ways this virus can be transferred,” said Alex Huffman, an aerosol expert and associate professor at the University of Denver. “The closer you are increases the chances of that, but aerosols can come out of your mouth and mix into the room. The longer you're in that room, the more chance you have of getting sick.”
Huffman says time, ventilation and proximity have a big impact on whether coronavirus droplets can spread and infect others.
"When you breathe and talk, the louder you talk, droplets and aerosols come out of your mouth. So, traditionally, droplets are on the bigger side, aerosols are on the smaller side," said Huffman.
With no mask on, these droplets can land on the faces of people around you or on their plates.
"And so, the biggest danger with the Thanksgiving meal or holiday meal or any meal specifically, restaurants included, are that you have to take off your mask to eat and that is why eating together indoors is so dangerous," said Huffman.
Huffman demonstrated how fast droplets can spread in the air by showing how quickly food coloring can spread in water. He also analyzed the risks of eating a Thanksgiving meal in person, taking commonly-used models and applying varying factors that come into play when eating with people outside of your household.
"And then, I used the same model to say, ‘What happens if we meet for holiday meals?’ Let's say we have 10 people. We all eat for two hours. We all don't have masks on, and then, we ran different scenarios. If it was a small room, a large room, a medium-sized room and then estimate the amount of risk that would be from aerosol," said Huffman.
Matching with community transmission rates, Huffman estimated that the probability of each person at the table having COVID-19 was about 5 percent.
"If it's a small room, everybody has something like a 15 percent chance of getting infected, even if we had no idea if anybody was infected or not. If it's a big room, it's a little bit less than that," explained Huffman.
Ventilation also comes into play, which is why experts are advising that if you really are planning to meet with family this holiday, do it outside. Opening windows and doors also helps. Huffman also has some tools people can use, such as a carbon dioxide monitor or you can create your own box fan air filter.
"On the back, this is a furnace filter that’s also 20 inches and so you tape them together so they're well-sealed. You turn it on high and you blow the air through this filter and that removes the particles in the room that could potentially contain virus in it," said Huffman.
Still, Huffman and other medical experts agree this won't completely eliminate the risk of spreading COVID-19. The safest thing to do is stay home and avoid celebrating Thanksgiving with people who are not part of your household. |
Any approach which aims to improve the quality and safety of eggs is of limited value unless it can relate to the incidence of breakages in the field. The incidence of thin and broken shelled eggs increases as the laying cycle progresses. The thin shell eggs are liable to break before collection at the farm and break during the transportation and handling process. The economic loss to the commercial layer industry is estimated to be about 5-7% loss of eggs at the farm and about 10% during transportation and handling.
Poor eggshell quality is a huge hidden cost to the egg producer. Estimates are that more than 10% of eggs produced in the hen house are uncollectible or break before intended use. The first 2-5 percent is lost simply, due to form which may be shell-less, cracked, or broken to the extent that they are not suitable for collection. Another 3- 8 percent is lost during collection, moving through the belts, cleaning, packing, and transportation to the end-user.
Improved understanding of the factors that affect the performance and quality of the eggshells produced by commercial laying hens is essential to produce the highest quality eggs.
Trace minerals are essential in the diet of laying hens because they participate in the biochemical processes necessary for normal growth and development, including bone and eggshell formation. Zinc is a cofactor of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase inhibitors that are involved in the formation of the eggshell. Manganese acts as an activator of the enzymes that are involved in the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins, which contribute to the formation of the organic matrix of the shell. Copper is an integral part of the lysyl oxidase enzyme that is important in the formation of collagen present in the eggshell membrane.
Large-sized eggs will usually break more easily than small ones. The main reason for this is that the hen is generally capable of placing only a finite amount of calcium in the shell. As the hen ages and the eggs get bigger a similar amount of calcium must be spread over a larger surface. Therefore, controlling the rate of egg weight change can influence eggshell quality as the hen ages.
Sometimes a thinner eggshell is stronger than a thicker eggshell. The reason for this is due to the shape and organization of the organic and inorganic components of the shell. This organic material has calcium-binding properties and its organization during shell formation influences the strength of the shell. The organic material must be deposited so that the size and organization of the crystalline components (calcium carbonate mostly) are ideal, thus leading to a strong shell.
There is a significant improvement in eggshell breaking strength is molting. Interestingly, neither the eggshell thickness nor the amount of organic matter varies significantly are molting. However, a decrease in grain size, as measured by optical microscopy (from about 72 to 58 μm), was responsible for the observed improvement in mechanical properties.
Presently, dietary manipulation is the primary means of trying to correct eggshell quality problems. Many factors influence eggshell breakage and it is directly related to the quality of the shell. Realizing the importance of shell strength, many researchers have considered the connection between the feed and shell formation. The major player in the equation is calcium. The calcium metabolism in hens, and especially its absorption in the intense, calcium transport to the oviduct for the shell synthesis in the uterus and calcium deposition in medullary bones decides the egg production and quality. The laying hen is also not 100% efficient in extracting calcium from the available sources in the diet. The calcium availability values are sometimes not known, and hence higher daily intakes are needed when the availability values are known to below. Therefore, many times the diet must furnish in excess of 4 grams of calcium to the hen daily. Most good quality eggshells from commercial layers contain approximately 2.2 grams of calcium in the form of calcium carbonate.
Apart from overcoming the deficiencies of affecting eggshell quality, SHELLVIN positively influences the formation of the shell ultrastructure. SHELLVIN triggers the organic constituents (proteins) of the eggshell matrix to modify the morphology of calcite crystals which eventually improves the texture and mechanical properties of the eggshell. Recent studies have established the relationship between textural structure and the mechanical properties and also helped to correlate the variations in the eggshell strength even when the parameters (shell weight, percentage, and thickness) are good.
• Optimizer egg production & size
• Increases hatchability percentage
• Improves eggshell quality and decreases egg breakage |
The Taste Physiology: Understand And Taste Better
Sweet, salty, sour, bitter and umami – these are the 5 elements of taste perception. Obviously, each person has their own unique taste bud blend, but why? And how does a person’s sense of taste form?
Characteristics of the 5 Types of Taste
You are probably familiar with the first four tastes listed above since they’ve been known for hundreds of years, even well before taste buds were discovered. Umami on the other hand is relatively new. This savory taste was not officially recognized until 2002.
Each type of taste is unique largely because of its molecular shape and texture:
Sweet – large, round atoms
Salty – atoms with an isosceles triangle shape
Sour – large, rough and angular atoms
Bitter – atoms that are smooth, spherical and small
Umami – atoms that are large and prism-like
There are specialized receptors for each taste throughout the entire mouth, but they are most heavily concentrated on the tongue. That is correct, I am talking about taste buds. They are like keyholes in which one of the tastes fits perfectly. The types of taste buds we have largely determine which types of tastes we like best.
How Our Sense of Taste Develops
At just eight weeks in the womb, a baby starts to form taste buds. Four weeks later the baby can start swallowing and puts their maturing taste buds to work. The tastes of the food that the mother eats will make its way to the amniotic fluid that the baby swallows. Long before they are born, the baby’s taste preferences are beginning to form and are heavily influenced by mommy’s diet.
By the time the baby is born, taste is their most heightened sense. Babies that are breastfed will continue to be influenced by their mother’s diet since various flavors will come through in the milk.
Taste Buds are the Best Buds
Every person has between 2,000-10,000 taste buds on their tongue, and each taste bud has 50-150 taste receptor cells. When foods react chemically with the receptors, a taste is produced. Taste buds react favorably or unfavorably to all types of tastes, which is why each person has a unique set of preferences.
Influential Factors
But there are three other influential factors at play – texture, temperature and smell. Together with taste they form flavor. Age also plays a role. It is estimated by experts that by the time a person turns 20 they have lost around half their taste buds. It’s one reason why food tastes differently as an adult than it did when you were once a kid.
WorkWeekFoodie meal ideas you will certainly help you to try and test a wide variety of fresh foods I am sure you will be able to hit various types of taste buds all at once with these meals. It is all about variety in my kitchen so each lunch is like a trip to another country. I always try to compose meals with delicious mix of flavors that activate taste buds across the entire tongue. This also helps to keep healthy eating sustainable because of the said variety. Remember keep it simple and never repetitive and boring. Add colors, work with creating different textures and tastes. That way you will never get bored with healthy eating. And you will always enjoy your meals.
Leave a Comment
Sign up, it's free!
Tastes Great!
Min. Sugar
Healthy Fats
Nutrient Dense
Complex Protein
%d bloggers like this: |
First Aid Care in Schools
Health and safety of individuals is becoming more and more prominent in everything we do these days. It is now common for workers to have undergone a basic health and safety course before they are even allowed to set foot inside an office or store to begin their new job. Hand in hand with this practice is the availability of first aid stations in workplaces and other public areas. However, schools are probably the most likely public location where minor first aid is carried out on a weekly if not daily basis. The law and provision of these first aid services and health and safety also extends to schools and has done for some time.
With our kids spending about a third of the day in school it is not unusual for this to be a location where they experience minor injury and thus having first aid supplies on hand is essential.
Children are more mobile and energetic that adults and spend more time running around on a daily basis than we do. As a result they are constantly getting some bumps and bruises from their activities in the playground. In most cases just having a band-aid applied to a minor cut or scrape on their elbows or knees is all they will need and will have them feeling fine in no time at all.
Depending on the size of the school, the first aid care will be deployed in one of many different ways. If you consider a small school with just a few classrooms then the first aid kits may be stored in a single common location for access by each of the first aid carers in the school. However, larger schools with many classrooms may typically have a first aid kit in each classroom with each teacher being trained in basic first aid care. This way if an injury is encountered inside or close to a particular classroom then the treatment can be administered quickly without the teacher having to cover a large distance to locate and bring back the first aid supplies.
Your school first aid kit will not be too dissimilar to what you may (should) have at home – typically though it will be larger due to the size of the population in the school. The school first aid kit should include different sizes of gauze pads, rolls of gauze, varying sizes of band-aids, adhesive tape, antiseptic, latex gloves, burn cream, antibiotic cream, antiseptic wipes, blood clot spray or powder, and cleaning wipes.
Its a common feature in schools that we have experienced ourselves, that mock drills are carried out for fires, tornados and other potential disasters. Equally important though is that the school staff themselves be trained in coping with minor medical emergencies such as cuts and bleeding to ensure that these don’t become more serious medical problems. Additionally, this medical training should include training in CPR. The need for this becomes more obvious when we consider physical activities at schools such as swimming practise.
Fortunately, fatal accidents at school are rare and it’s a testament to proper first aid care being available and administered when required. This can make all the difference in the minutes that it takes for the medical professionals to respond to such a situation.
Source by David G Johnston
Leave a Reply
|
education and science
Work to attract, recruit and retain ladies into STEM majors and fields in schools and universities.
These embrace libraries, public health and environmental organizations, museums, nationwide parks, and youth serving and adult organizations. Much extra fascinating is centralized administration of science materials by schools or districts. Some localities with properly-established science applications for grades K-eight provide lecturers with kits containing all of the science supplies needed for a three–9 week unit.
As in mathematics, new tests in science measure totally different aspects of proficiency, such as making inferences, understanding relationships, decoding scientific knowledge, forming hypotheses, developing plans, and investigating particular scientific questions. Again, boys show barely higher average scores in third grade and preserve a small distinction through fifth grade.
As students labored via the project, they noticed for themselves where there were gaps in mobile-cellphone coverage and developed a deep understanding of the mathematical ideas. offered a more sociohistorically informed position as they sought to grasp “what background, capability, and highschool expertise components are related to selection of a quantitative main” (p. 42). However, they supported the fundamental argument that the failure of scholars to attain success of their careers could possibly be directly attributed to decisions.
Even as casual science education is gaining more prominence, people who know the field say inadequate money remains an enormous barrier to increasing its role. The Jim Henson Co. and KCET/Los Angeles developed the program for PBS KIDS as the primary science present targeted at preschool-age youngsters.
Media Arts and Sciences
The final space is illustration in what is valued and includes the inequities, inequalities, and exclusion that are most acknowledged in training normally and science schooling in particular. This illustration spans the gamut of what the science curriculum features; what the instruction highlights; and whose methods of being, interacting, and communicating classroom events esteem to who society elevates as people who do STEM. • School and district staff ought to systematically evaluation insurance policies that impression the flexibility to supply science investigation and engineering design alternatives to all college students. They ought to monitor and analyze differences in course choices and content between faculties, in addition to patterns of enrollment and success in science and engineering programs in any respect faculties. |
Life in black and white
Little kids are taught colors very early in life. Apples are red. The sky is blue. Grass is green. When Kit Hudson got to kindergarten and couldn’t distinguish between the colors, his teachers thought he had a learning disability.
Once he was brought to the eye doctor, they discovered something.
Hudson is monochromatically color blind. He was born three months premature, and the part of his brain responsible for deciphering color did not develop completely. He sees everything in black and white.
“It’s just a rare degenerative disease. I am a lot more fortunate than many people who were born as early as I was,” Hudson said.
According to Hudson, most people don’t realize how much the world relies on color. Whenever he buys new clothes, he sends pictures of them to friends and family, and then writes the colors on the tags so he can properly match his outfits.
When working with costumes in the theater department, it’s important that they all separate their clothing by color in the bins for Kit to wash so nothing goes wrong.
Angela Brande, an assistant professor in the theater department, loves working with Hudson.
“Well you don’t notice at first and then you mistakenly say will you grab the green shirt from the table and bring it over here. Then he looks at you forgivingly because he’s waiting for something other than color direction. Luckily he’s very patient with me. It makes you realize how much of your life depends on seeing color,” Brande said.
Though there is a surgery available to allow Hudson to see color, he has decided to opt out, stating that it could take away his entire ability to see.
While in college, Hudson had a procedure performed on his eyes that could have potentially helped, but there was no way of knowing whether what he was seeing was actually color.
“They told me what I saw was most likely not color. It was still absolutely fascinating because it allowed me to more accurately guess a color, but I still got a lot wrong,” he said. “Long story short, my guess is that I probably didn't actually see color, the surgery just helped my brain with shades, and it eventually reverted back to where it is now.”
In recent years, a pair of sunglasses has been developed and released that allows color blind people to see in the correct shades.
These do not work for Hudson.
“I’ve actually tried them before. For people who are partially color blind, it can help them see new colors. My mind can’t comprehend that color. They don’t do anything for me, but it’s hard to miss something you never had,” Hudson said.
Junior Katy Albert, another member of the theater department, says Hudson does not let it affect his demeanor.
“He pokes fun at himself. Once we lined up a bunch of markers and he was trying to
guess what colors they were,” Albert said.
Albert also recalled a time when Hudson wore a pair of green gloves with a blue sweatshirt and was “exasperated” when he learned that they did not match.
Though Hudson cannot comprehend color, his depth perception is impaired and he requires accommodations that most people don’t even think of, there are some benefits.
“It makes my night vision way better for some reason. In the middle of the night, as long as there’s like a little bit of light, I can look across a field and see things. It’s the world’s most underwhelming super power,” Hudson said.
Brande likes the challenge of finding different ways to describe things for Hudson.
“When he was first interested, he was very apologetic and seemed as though he was going to be somewhat difficult to work with and we would have trouble finding something for him to do, but it’s just about finding a different way to describe things. With Kit, it’s talking about shades,” Brande said.
Hudson appreciates the fact that he has a conversation starter, and doesn’t mind when people ask questions.
“I look at it positively. You deal with it, play with the hand you’re dealt. It only impacts you negatively if you let it,” Hudson said. |
Post Disease Rehabilitation
Ayurveda or the Science of Life, is not just a system of medicine but a holistic approach to healing, healthy life and longevity. The main focus of ayurvedic treatment is to treat the patient and not disease, by balancing the imbalanced or vitiated tridosha i.e. vata, pitta and kapha.
After the treatment of patient, it is important to enable optimal physical, sensory, intellectual, psychological and social functional levels of the patient by rehabilitation.
Ayurvedic Rehabilitation Therapies
1. Pizhichil
2. Njavarakizhi
3. Sirodhara
4. Sirovasthi
5. Udvarthanam
6. SarvangaAbhyangam
7. Patrapotalasveda/ Jambeerrapindasveda
8. Kativasthi
9. Urovasthi
10. Ksheeradhoomam
11. Siropadalepa,
12. Tarpana and Putapaka
13. RejuvenativeRasayanas
14. Yoga and Pranayama
Effects of Ayurvedic Rehabilitation
1. Reduced symptoms
2. Improved blood circulation
3. Toned up weak muscles
4. Improved activities of daily living
5. Relief from pain and edema
6. Increased resistance to disease |
What is an executive summary in a marketing plan
How do you write an executive summary for a marketing plan?
Your executive summary should include:
1. The name, location, and mission of your company.
2. A description of your company, including management, advisors, and brief history.
What is included in an executive summary?
How do you write a good executive summary?
How to Write an Effective Executive Summary
1. Executive summaries should include the following components: …
2. Write it last. …
3. Capture the reader’s attention. …
4. Make sure your executive summary can stand on its own. …
6. Include supporting research. …
7. Boil it down as much as possible.
What is the length of an executive summary?
What is the difference between executive summary and introduction?
The introduction is the first section of the document. It explains what the document is about and why you have written it. An executive summary is the full document, which can be 20 to 30 pages or more, condensed down to a few bullet points or paragraphs.
You might be interested: What is organization marketing
Where does an executive summary go in a report?
Executive summaries are frequently read in place of the main document, so spell out all uncommon symbols, acronyms, or other terminology. In most documents, the executive summary is the first section of the document appearing after the table of contents and before the introduction.
How do you end an executive summary?
How Do You End An Executive Summary? Although the executive summary begins a document, it concludes so that it can stand alone from the rest of the content and still be of value. Use the conclusion to recap your findings, make recommendations, and propose solutions to the problem.
How do you start off a summary?
How do you start a summary example?
Start a summary with an introductory sentence about an article by mentioning the name and surname of the author (s), including the title. Write about the main message in the article made by the author(s). Cover supporting points found in the article. Include relevant details to the topic used by the author(s).29 мая 2019 г.
What is an executive summary in a business plan example?
You might be interested: Which of the following is a role of the marketing plan?
Is an executive summary double spaced?
Most abstract s have only 250-500 words, but an executive summary is generally 1 or 2 double-spaced pages, or about 5% of the length of the report.
How long is a summary report?
The length of an article summary will depend on the length of the article you are writing about. If the article is long (say, 10-12 pages) then your summary should be about four pages. If the article is shorter, your summary should be about one to two pages. Sometimes, an article summary can be less than one page.
Leave a Reply
|
Profile Image
Sharon A Kessler
Botany and Plant Pathology
• Associate Professor of Plant Biology
WSLR Room B022
General Information
Dr. Kessler’s research explores the molecular mechanisms behind plant reproduction. In angiosperms, successful pollination depends on intercellular communication between the male gametophyte (also known as the pollen tube) and pistil cells as the pollen lands on the stigma and sends out a pollen tube that travels through the transmitting tract of the style to reach the ovary. The synergid cells of the female gametophyte (also known as the embryo sac) emit signals to attract pollen tubes and then communicate with the pollen tubes so that they know when to cease tip growth and burst to release the sperm cells so that double fertilization can occur to produce viable seeds. The Kessler Lab takes a molecular genetic approach to understand how the specialized cells of the female reproductive tract develop and function, with a focus on the ovules and the stigma. Our studies with the Arabidopsis thaliana MLO protein NORTIA and the receptor-like kinase FERONIA have shown that the final stages of pollination shares similar molecular mechanisms with plant-pathogen interactions. We are using NORTIA as an anchor molecule to learn more about the intricate signaling mechanism that takes place in the ~30-minute “communication phase” when the pollen tube arrives at the ovule and prepares to release the sperm cells.
Featured research highlight article:
Sign In |
Celebrating Black History Month with the father of organic agricultural science
It is Black history month and I have decided to highlight black scientists that have contributed to sustainability and corporate social responsibility.
In this first issue I would like to present George Washington Carver.
Image for post
Image for post
George Washington Carver
TIME magazine [1]
This is how the TIME magazine described Georges Carver Washington in 1941.
I am not going to go into everything which is wrong in these sentences, but that was a compliment at the time!
I would prefer the quote of Henri Ford, who called him in 1940’s
An artist, a scientist, a botanist, a geologist, a poet, an educator, and a humanitarian, this is a lot for one man.
Can you imagine the achievement, to reach that unanimous status, especially if you are born in the U.S.A. in 1864, during the civil war?
Being an orphan child of a race considered to be inferior, at a time where slavery and all the atrocities associated with it were still the norm, has probably an effect on the path he has built for himself.
All his life, segregation, preconception, limited resources, racial prejudice have always been delaying his education, his work, his search for answers, but he is resilience was admirable.
A lover of nature from an incredibly young age, he used to spend hours, observing it, understanding it, and healing it when necessary and/or possible.
From Diamond Grove to Neosho, from Fort Scott Kansas to Minneapolis, in a segregated school system, Carver attended all Black schools before his desire to learn more led him to Simpson College.
Image for post
Image for post
George Washington Carver as a young boy
From foster families to foster families, he met:
• People who believed in his potential;
• Role models that gave him his sense of purpose.
And that will be key in his life achievements.
“Education is the key to unlock the golden door of freedom”.
Georges Washington Carver
At Simpson College, he was warmly accepted, and started to study as an artist.
He had a particular genius in capturing the beauty of the nature.
Image for post
Image for post
George Washington Carver’s painting
His art teacher, Etta Butt, helped him flourish as an artist, but realised that as a black man it would be exceedingly difficult for him to make a living.
But she also realised that he had a great interest for agriculture.
So, she encouraged him to pursue a degree in sciences at the Iowa University.
There, he had to face discrimination and humiliation in a daily basis.[2]
“Diversity is having a seat at the table; inclusion is having a voice and belonging is having that voice be heard”.
Eileen Hoenigman Meyer
These words of Eileen Hoenigman Meyer, written in her blog in 2019 to explain why diversity means more than having a diverse staff, were absolutely true then, and are still very relevant more than 100 years later.
Thanks to few white allies, such as Mrs Sophia Liston,[3] who understood that Mr. Carver was facing structural discrimination, and educated others to the importance of inclusion and belonging, he became the first African American to have a Master’s degree.
Image for post
Image for post
Mrs. Sophia Liston (right) and Family
He was one of the first scientist to have a scientific approach to agriculture.
He earned lots of respect as a botanist thanks to his work on plant hybridisation, plant pathology, and mycology.
Eventually, he became the first black faculty member.
In 1895, Georges Carver had made a name for himself and seemed destined for a career as a professor.
Image for post
Image for post
George Washington Carver at Iowa State College
At the end of 1895, he was invited by Booker T Washington,[4] the president of the Tuskegee Institute, a teaching institute for black students in Alabama to lead the agricultural department.
Image for post
Image for post
Booker T Washington
The purpose of Booker T Washington was to make of Tuskegee a leading institution in agriculture, and for this, he needed a black man with an advanced degree in agriculture, and this man was George Washington Carver.
At this point you wonder, why going to the South, were the Jim Crow laws were enforced?
Why going to the South where segregation and violence against black people were known to be more violent and atrocious than in the rest of the country, despite the end of slavery?[5]
Because he had a purpose.
Mariah Watkins
The man did not hesitate to go there as the words of Mariah Watkins,[1] one of his foster mothers, kicked in.
Image for post
Image for post
Mrs. Mariah Watkins
In 1896, when he joined the faculty of Tuskegee led by Tucker T. Washington, he faced great challenges.
From Iowa to Tuskegee, the land was quite different.
The green and colourful countryside was replaced by cotton and nothing else.
Image for post
Image for post
Black Cotton Farming family in 1890s
When Carver arrived in the South, there were 5 000 000 black farmers, only 1/5 of them owned any land.
All of them had common problems:
• Over-reliance on cotton, the region’s main crop
• Decades of sharecropping system leading to poor, eroded soils
• Simple tools, and outdated techniques
Initially Carver wanted to teach the farmers a more modern, updated, and scientific approach to farming, for example with new machinery.
But the poverty of the farmers prevented from getting modern equipment.
So, he adapted his approach to practical ways to improve the lives of tenant farmers in the South.
“Whenever the soil is rich, the people flourish, physically and economically. Whenever the soil is wasted, the people are wasted.”
George Washington Carver
For example, he taught them:
• crop rotation to improve cotton yield and give farmers alternative cash crops.
• that, what others would merely regard as weeds, could be edible plants
• acorns and wines could become food for their animals.
• wild fruits could be canned and preserved.
• fertilizer could be created from waste.
• the value of planting soil restoring crops such as sweet potatoes, peanuts, soy beans, cowpeas and even published recipes to use them.
In one word, he was the father of organic agriculture.
has said Carver in the late 1930’s while looking back at his career.
A master of science communication
Carver was not only a passionate scientist, he was also a great teacher and knew how to communicate his research findings so that everybody whatever their background could understand him.
He published illustrated “Agriculture bulletins” such as uneducated farmers could understand it.
He developed a mobile agriculture experiment teaching wagon to be closer to its public, the black farmers, the Jessop wagon.
Image for post
Image for post
The Jessop wagon
He preached sustainability and conservation all over the country.[7]
Working with soil restoring crops, Carver’s research led to industrial products beyond food such as dyes, paints, healthcare products (e.g. massage oil for polio victims).
He invented over 300 products from peanuts, paint products from clay, Cosmetics, etc. [8]
Image for post
Image for post
Image for post
Image for post
All his ideas were very ecologically sound, sustainable and helped the farmers to improve their life.
He befriended leaders all over the world:
With Henri Ford, he made industrial products from agriculture crops, and together they started to advocate for a greener industry.
He became an advisor for the President Theodore Roosevelt on race relations.
Image for post
Image for post
Franklin D. Roosevelt greeting George Washington Carver in 1936
He advised Mahatma Gandhi on vegetarian diet and was one of the pioneers to introduce soy as vegetal protein in vegetarian diet.[9]
George Washington Carver has been reproached not to have been an activist, not to have fought enough white racism, to have just lived around it.
We think that this is quite unfair to him.
He was a distinguished scientist, able to have an influence all over the world, he helped black farmers to live better, while preserving the planet.
He was also an artist, recognised by his peers at the time and today.
He deeply loved people, he deeply loved the nature and tried to flourish them both.
Experiencing hate, despite, danger, disappointment he was never bitter, and this is probably why his life is so impactful.
Even at the peak of his fame, he had to endure discrimination and racism, nevertheless he continued to promote interracial understanding by giving the example, and restlessly talking about it.
If you want to know more about corporate social responsibility and sustainable development, visit my blog: https://www.science-by-trianon.com/our-voice
Get the Medium app
|
Dear Uncle Colin,
I’m working on a (3D) computer graphics course, and my notes have some equations in that I don’t understand. I have a point light at (4D) position $\vec L$, an object translated by a 4D matrix $\bb M$ and a (4D) point on the surface at $\vec p$, as measured from the object’s centre. I want to know the (4D) direction vector $\vec w$ of the light.
My notes say it’s $\vec w = \vec L - \bb M \vec p$, but it might as well be Greek!
A Ray? It’s Simple To Obtain The Light Equations
The first thing to clear up, ARISTOTLE, for regular readers of Ask Uncle Colin, is what on earth all this 4D stuff has to do with a 3D set-up. It’s actually quite a neat trick: if you extend your three dimensions into four, and call the fourth component always 1, it means you can represent translations using a matrix, as well as the traditional enlargements, reflections, rotations, shears and so on – at the cost of an extra coordinate, all of the transformations you’re likely to need become linear, and you don’t need to mix multiplying and adding matrices.
For example, to translate the point $(1, 2, 3)$ by the vector $(-4, 5, -6)$, you would represent the point as the vector $(1, 2, 3, 1)^T$ and the translation as the matrix
$\left( \begin{array}{cccc} 1 & 0 & 0 & -4 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 5 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & -6 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array} \right)$
(it’s the identity matrix with the vector to be translated by as the top three elements of the final column).
Multiplying this by the vector gives you the vector $(-3, 7, -3, 1)^T$, which corresponds to the point $(-3, 7, -3)$, as required.
So what has that to do with the question?
Ah, I thought you’d never ask.
If we knew where the point (let’s call it $\vec x$) was with respect to the origin $O$, we could immediately work out the direction of the light from the point: it’s simply $\vec L - \vec x$. (You travel to the origin backwards along $\vec x$ and then to the light forwards along $\vec L$ – but rather that $-\vec x + \vec L$, we prefer to write $\vec L - \vec x$ for reasons of neatness.
We’re nearly there! Where is the point, exactly? It would be at the point $\vec p$ if we hadn’t transformed it, but the transformation moves it to $\bb M \vec p$. If we replace the $\vec x$ by that, we get:
$\vec w = \vec L - \bb M \vec p$, as your notes say.
-- Uncle Colin |
Clever treatise marries economics, storytelling
What does economics have to do with how I protect my shoes from thieves outside a temple, or with the “atithi devo bhava” motto, or whether to wear a seatbelt versus solely relying on a prayer to keep me safe while driving? Virginia Tech’s Dr Sudipta Sarangi’s book The Economics of Small Things entertains us with often witty anecdotes as he brings out connections between economics and everyday behavioural choices. Delightful incidents from films, music industry, social media, history, and author’s personal experiences intersect in this book to reveal how laws of economics govern social norms and preferences.
Mahatma Gandhi’s economically non-defensible complaint against the railways makes for an interesting case to talk about economic motives behind pricing of goods. Laws of demand explain why the best alphonso mangoes get exported from India and become cheaper abroad. The financial success of the music company T-series and the profitable placement of breakfast cereals in a grocery store, demonstrate how you can benefit from writing a resume that uses the concept of product differentiation. Managers can learn team building skills from a gang of Scandivanian shoe stealers via the complementary goods theory. The story of Pied Piper of Hamelin is analyzed using game theory to prove that it is wise to not keep your work skills a secret if you want to be paid for them. I wish I had such an easy to read and humourous collection of examples to relate complicated economic theories with, when I was studying for my Bachelors in Economics.
Dr Sarangi weaves anecdotes, recent and historical economic incidents with fascinating studies by economists, including Nobel laureates, to create stories that elucidate the reasoning behind human exploits. To give an example, here is an excerpt from the chapter “A Tale of Two Bounties” — Apparently, worried about the number of cobras in Delhi, the British colonial government had started offering a bounty to anyone who turned in a dead cobra. The story goes that in response to this, some smart people started farming cobras. As a result, the government finally had to kill the programme. The German economist, Horst Siebert, is supposed to have coined the term ‘Cobra Effect’ to describe the phenomenon in a book where he provided numerous examples of such perverse incentives. The author describes various riveting incidents to interpret that incentives impact human behaviour but large incentives like bounties can distort human behavior. Hence nation states don’t deal with hostage takers or protect falling banks to not encourage more hostage taking or risky financial practices.
Economics of Small Things comprises of chapters that don’t have to be read in any particular order. The flexibility allows one to read the book in small chunks over time or smile through it in one go, like I did. Professor Sarangi’s book tells tales of everyday economics, in a style that makes one reminiscent of long conversations with friends over endless cups of tea. The book has elements of travel cum memoir, the author drawing upon personal encounters, funny anecdotes, and travels to show how the world can be explored through the spectrum of economics. This excerpt is from the author’s time in Istanbul for the Fourth World Congress of the Game Theory Society aka Game Theory Olympics in the chapter “Palaces, Raki and Game Theory” — Drinking Raki usually requires a group of good friends and plenty of food, especially cheese (peynir in Turkish) and kebabs, and the circle that is formed is the equivalent of the Indian adda. So gather up a bunch of friends, order plenty of food, eat a bit and raise a toast (serefe in Turkish) and take a sip; no bottoms up here. If you are looking to generate some sure-fire table talk, this book is brimming with tales, incidents, events and phenomenon — a conversation starter, its engaging stories and facts make it a delightful read for fiction and non-fiction lovers. Dr Sarangi teaches a popular course, “Economic Puzzles in History, Literature & Movies” at Virginia Tech.
Being easy to relate to, The Economics of Small Things appeals to both young minds like my tween son who could connect with many concepts including that of “the free rider”, and to specialists like Kaushik Basu, who wrote the foreword. Cornell University professor, Kaushik Basu was formerly the chief economist at the World Bank and chief economic advisor to the Government of India.
The word, economics, is synonymous with complex and difficult to grasp terms such as income, inflation and interest rates. This is a rare story-telling from an economist. It builds a lot of anticipation as chapters progress, hence it could have ended with a crescendo rather than a summation. If economics were a stand-up comedian, it would become The Economics of Small Things.
Show More
Related Articles
Leave a Reply
Back to top button |
Quick Answer: Can You Reverse Ear Damage?
Is hearing loss in one ear a disability?
Hearing loss, deafness, hard of hearing, anacusis, or hearing impairment, is defined as a partial or total inability to hear.
How do you know if your inner ear is damaged?
Individuals with inner ear damage often experience dizziness, oscillopsia and an unsteady gait. If the section of the inner ear associated with auditory processing is affected, the individual may also experience tinnitus.
How do you fix nerve damage in your ear?
Can you regain hearing after a ruptured eardrum?
A small tear or hole in your eardrum usually heals within a few weeks. Your hearing will usually get back to normal after the eardrum has healed. If a ruptured eardrum does not heal and is not surgically repaired, you may have permanent hearing loss. Keep your ear dry.
How can I restore my hearing naturally?
5 activities to improve your hearingSolve puzzles to combat your hearing loss. The brain plays such a major role in processing the sound information our ear receives that we can’t ignore it. … Do yoga to improve your hearing. … Exercise daily to help your hearing. … Meditate to improve your hearing. … Practice focusing on and locating sounds to sharpen your hearing.
How do you open a blocked ear?
Why am I losing hearing in my left ear?
What vitamins help with hearing?
If your hearing loss is related to exposure to loud noise, consider vitamins A, C, and E taken alongside magnesium. If your hearing loss is simply an effect of growing older, folic acid may help keep your ears sharp. To reduce noise-induced hearing loss, vitamins A, C, and E coupled with magnesium may be the answer.
Can inner ear damage be repaired?
Sensorineural hearing loss is permanent. No surgery can repair damage to the sensory hair cells themselves, but there is a surgery that can bypass the damaged cells.
Can SSHL be reversed?
SSHL is permanent and cannot be cured; once the hair cells in the inner ear responsible for transmitting electrical impulses to the brain where they are converted into sound are damaged, they cannot be fixed. However, there is a surgical procedure that can bypass the damaged cells.
How do you fix hearing loss in one ear?
Depending on the cause, treatment options when you can’t hear out of one ear may include:Antibiotics (for ear infections)Removing the impacted ear wax (or foreign object stuck in ear)Surgery (ex. to repair a perforated eardrum)Hearing aids.
Can the ear repair itself?
Why is my hearing worse in one ear?
Causes of hearing loss sudden hearing loss in 1 ear may be due to earwax, an ear infection, a perforated (burst) eardrum or Ménière’s disease. sudden hearing loss in both ears may be due to damage from a very loud noise, or taking certain medicines that can affect hearing.
What foods improve hearing?
Here are just a few foods that are good for your hearing and the nutrients that make it possible:Beans and leafy greens | Folate.Avocado, dark chocolate, whole grains | Magnesium.Nuts and seeds | Zinc.Bananas, melons, oranges | Potassium.Flaxseed, walnuts, and fish | Omega-3s.More items…•
What percent of hearing loss qualifies for disability?
Cochlear implantation is considered a disability for one full year after surgery. After the year has passed, you can still qualify for disability benefits if you have a word recognition score of 60% or less using the Hearing in Noise Test (HINT).
Is it possible to regain hearing?
The good news is: Although it is impossible to restore hearing, it is possible to treat and improve hearing loss with hearing aids! There are several different types of hearing loss. By far, the most common type is hearing loss that happens due to aging.
Is inner ear damage permanent?
As inner ear damage is generally irreversible, early diagnosis allowing prompt treatment is important.
What are the symptoms of nerve damage in the ear?
SymptomsHearing loss, usually gradual — although in some cases sudden — and occurring on only one side or more pronounced on one side.Ringing (tinnitus) in the affected ear.Unsteadiness, loss of balance.Dizziness (vertigo)Facial numbness and very rarely, weakness or loss of muscle movement.
Can a slap damage the ear?
Does depression count as a disability?
|
1. Forum
2. >
3. Topic: Hawaiian
4. >
5. "It is now one o'clock."
"It is now one o'clock."
Translation:Kani ka hola ʻekahi.
March 18, 2019
Hola ʻehia kēia? = What time is it? (or) ʻO ka hola ʻehia kēia? = What time is it?
Kani ka hola ʻekahi. = It is now one o'clock.
Kani is "sound."
Kani ka hola, = "The hour sounds."
Kani ka hola 'ekahi. = "The hour 1 sounds."
So why isn't "one" translated to "hoʻokahi" here?
What is the reason for "hoʻokahi" not being appropriate in this case?
"ho'okahi" typically is used more for "one" as a quantity. Here, "one" is functioning like an adjective, describing which hour of the day it is, rather than how many hours.
If you state "ho'okahi hola", it would mean "one hour". "Ka hola 'ekahi" is "one o'clock", or more literally "the first hour". Hope this helps! Aloha.
Learn Hawaiian in just 5 minutes a day. For free. |
Quick Answer: What Is The Highest Alarm Fire Ever?
What is an all hands fire?
In the Fire Department of New York, that same preliminary progress report would be considered an “all-hands” fire – that is, all the first-alarm units are operating and being used or anticipated to be put to work.
Those first-alarm units would equal approximately 60 firefighters and two emergency medical technicians..
How many alarms was 911?
September 11 was on the order of five five-alarm responses, involving more than 214 FDNY units—112 engines, 58 ladder trucks, five rescue companies, seven squad companies, four marine units, dozens of chiefs, and numerous command, communication, and support units.
What does alarm mean?
What Is A 2 11 alarm?
2-11 = 4 Engines, 2 Trucks, 1 Tower Ladder, 2 Battalion Chiefs, 1 District Chief, 1 Air. Mask Truck, Media Affairs. 3-11 = 4 Engines, Assistant Deputy Fire Commissioner/Deputy Fire Commissioner. 4-11 = 4 Engines, Fire Commissioner.
What are the different levels of fire?
Low Fire Danger – color code is green. • Fuels do not ignite readily from small firebrands, although a. … Moderate Fire Danger – color code is blue. … High Fire Danger – color code is yellow. … Very High Fire Danger – color code is orange. … Extreme Fire Danger – color code is red. … For more information.
What is a 6 alarm fire?
Three-alarm fire: 60 firefighters, six from command staff. Four-alarm fire: 80 plus eight. Six-alarm fire: 120 plus 12 (though by this time the LFD is prepared to dispatch just about everyone and call in other districts).
What is a level 4 fire?
Qualification: Level 4 Certificate in Fire Safety This national qualification is suitable for those who assess fire safety in complex premises e.g: Regulators – fire services, local building control officers and approved inspectors. Assessors – fire risk assessors and fire safety professionals.
What are 3 types of fires?
How many alarms are there for a fire?
There are several different degrees of fire alarms, and they are all based on how serious the fire is, how quickly responders can react to it and how many responders are needed to put out the fire. In general, there are one alarm fires, multiple alarm fires (up to a three fire alarm) and five alarm fires.
What is a third alarm fire?
Call a three-alarm fire and you’ll triple it. If it’s a three- or four-alarm fire, the department will also send out trucks that store extra oxygen and area lighting, media relations crews to wrangle journalists, and even a snack truck to keep firefighters fuelled.
What is a 2 alarm fire?
The number of alarms corresponds to the number of firefighters called to the scene. But there’s no simple relationship between the two. A two-alarm designation doesn’t mean you’re calling in two companies, two brigades, two firehouses, or twice as many people as you would call in for a one-alarm.
What does 5 alarm fire mean?
5 Alarm Fire….you’ve heard it on the news, but what does it mean? The simple answer…the status indicates the level of response required by local authorities. Every degree alarm requires a different number of response units, which can be any type of vehicle including fire engines, ladder trucks and supervisor trucks.
What is a 4th alarm fire?
For example, a code commonly used throughout the US was four rings, a pause, and another four rings (known to fire alarm specialists as “Code 4-4” or simply “4-4”) to indicate a particularly intense fire, giving rise to the phrase “four alarm fire”.
What is a FDNY box alarm?
This term is a holdover from when we transmitted signals by telegraph. When the central office received an alarm, we would transmit that box by telegraph to the firehouses in the area. The units receiving that transmission would look at the alarm assignment card (also called run cards) to see who is to respond.
What was the worst fire in history?
Peshtigo FireThe Peshtigo Fire was the deadliest in US history. It killed at least 1,152 people. The Peshtigo Fire struck Wisconsin in 1871 and claimed more lives than any other forest fire in US history. The blaze ignited on October 8 and raced through the area, burning around 1.2 million acres.
What is the biggest fire in US history?
The Great Fire of 1910 burned through 3 million acres in northern Idaho and western Montana. According to the Forest History Society, the wildfire killed 87 people, mostly firefighters, and is believed to be the largest wildfire in U.S. history.
What is a Type 4 fire risk assessment?
A Type 4 fire risk assessment covers the same areas as the Type 3 fire risk assessment, except that there will be some destructive inspection in the common parts and in a sample of the flats. This will normally require a contractor to gain access to the elements to be examined and for making good after the inspection.
What is the highest number of alarms for a fire?
The categorization starts from level one of fire alarms and can theoretically go up to an infinite number. However, this is usually not the case, as they are separated into one alarm fire, multiple alarm fires and five alarm fires. It all depends on the area, and sometimes this number can go above five. |
Freemasonry and Judaism - Leon de Poncins
Causes of Hostility Between Jews and Non-Jews
The Jews have always been the object of general hostility on the part of the peoples among whom they lived; are they then victims, as they pretend, or oppressors? As Bernard Lazare one of themselves, says clearly:
"If this hostility, even aversion, had only been shown towards the Jews at one period and in one country, it would be easy to unravel the limited causes of this anger, but this race has been on the contrary an object of hatred to all the peoples among whom it has established itself. It must be therefore, since the enemies of the Jews belonged to the most diverse races, since they lived in countries very distant from each other, since they were ruled by very different laws, governed by opposite principles, since they had neither the same morals, nor the same customs, since, they were animated by unlike dispositions which did not permit them to judge, of anything in the same way, it must be therefore that the general cause of Anti-Semitism has always resided in Israel itself and not in those who have fought against Israel."
The reasons of this antipathy have been exposed many times and may be summed up in the three following groups:
• The Jews everywhere and always have been strangers, parasites and revolutionaries, moreover, during the Middle Ages they were regarded as the putters to death of Christ.
• The accusation of putting Christ to death, having with the weakening of Christianity lost its vigor, we only mention it without commentary.
• They are strangers: unsociable and not to be assimilated because they are exclusive and intolerant.
"What virtues and what vices brought upon the Jew this universal emnity? Why was he in turn equally maltreated and hated by the Alexandrians and the Romans, by the Persians and the Arabs, by the Turks and by the Christian nations? Because everywhere and up to the present day, the Jew was an unsociable being.
"Why was he unsociable? Because he was exclusive and his exclusiveness was at the same time political and religious, or, in other words, he kept to his political, religious cult and his law. To his unsociability the Jew added exclusiveness. Without the Law, without Israel to practise it, the world would not exist, God would make it return again into a slate of nothing; and the world will not know happiness until it is subjected to the universal empire of that law, that is to say, to the empire of the Jews. In consequence the Jewish people is the people chosen by God as the trustee of his wishes and desires; it is the only one with which the Divinity has made a pact, it is the elected of the Lord . . .
"Israel is the favourite son of the Eternal, the one who alone has the right to his love, to his benevolence, to his special protection, and other men are placed beneath the Hebrews; they have only the right through pity to the Divine bounty, since the souls of the Jews alone descend from the first man. The possessions entrusted to the nations belong in reality to Israel, and we see Jesus himself reply to the Greek woman:
"'It is not right to cast the bread of the children to the dogs.' This faith in their predestination, in their election, developed in the Jews an immense pride; they came to look upon non-Jews with contempt and often with hatred, when patriotic reasons were added to theological ones."
Beyond the fact of being strangers, the Jews have been reproached with being parasites producing nothing themselves but exploiting the work of others. It is unnecessary to return to this subject which we have treated in the chapter: Jews and Economic Life.
Let us pass therefore to the third complaint: the Jews are revolutionaries. They have always been so and the numerous examples which we have quoted of their activity in socialism bring to the support of this assertion an alarming confirmation.
Their revolutionary tendencies assume today two phases. On the one hand they are rebels fighting against all authority and on the other they are revolutionaries in the present meaning of the word, that is to say, they are the best supporters of the principles of 1789 and socialism is to a great extent one of their creations.
"They were always malcontents.
"I do not mean to suggest by that that they have been simply fault-finders and systematic opponents of all government, but the state of things did not satisfy them; they were perpetually restless, in the expectation of a better state which they never found realized. Their ideal was not one of those which is satisfied with hope — they had not placed it high enough for that — they could not lull their ambition with dreams and visions. They believed in their right to demand immediate satisfactions instead of distant promises. From this has sprung the constant agitation of the Jews.
|
The Aurora Borealis, better known as the Northern Lights, is one of the most spectacular sights that nature bestows upon us earth dwellers. The lights are formed from collisions between gaseous particles in the Earth’s atmosphere with charged particles released from the sun’s atmosphere generating heat, which is released as these hues. The lights generally extend from 50 miles to as high as 400 miles above the Lithosphere. The lights have, due to their eerie nature and prominent positioning in the sky, possessed many symbolic meanings from different cultures: Romans believed that they were harbingers of ill-tidings, such as war or famine, while the Inuits of Alaska believed that the lights were the spirits of hunted animals.
The Lights are generally seen in the northern and southern hemispheres over the poles. Areas free from pollution with a thin atmospheric layer are the best places to observe them. Locations in Canada, Alaska, Greenland, and Iceland are excellent hosts to these magnificent lights, and, as I was to learn for myself, they are not the only locations where you might be lucky enough to catch a glimpse of them.
Photo credit: https://oceanwide-expeditions.com/to-do/experiences/aurora-borealis-northern-light
As I returned from my lectures, walking through the city over the Emajogi river, the backdrop that adorned the bridge was truly eye-catching. Spanning the horizon before I was an aberrant yet beautiful expanse of light in the sky, radiating a soft glow all over the scenery with patches of green, lighting up the night.
The thought of an artist setting up his tools to draw the landscape or a nature-inspired photographer taking wide angles of the view filled my mind: how else could one react to such a magnificent sight? The radiance that glowed over the cityscape was mesmerizing, and it was awe-inspiring to see nature marking the sky over the City of Good Thoughts. The intensity increased as dusk broke and the eerie lights filled the night sky with hues of green and yellow, casting brilliant lights all over the cityscape.
It did not take long for my excitement to rise as realization dawned upon me; a similar image that I had seen in my early days while exploring the mysteries, the vast expanse of space held for us. A walk down memory lane flipped me back to the illuminated sky that I had yearned to see as a child. As a space enthusiast driven by the conundrums of nature, the occurrence of Northern Lights in pictures and references, a truly spectacular sight even within the those framed pictures, motivated me to take a trip someday and personally experience the natural occurrence.
And here I was standing truly amazed at the sight before me, for I was actually witnessing the Northern Lights in the skies over Tartu. Stretching across the sky, above the city skyline, the blazing lights glowed with ecstasy, filling the ordinarily darkened skies with the wondrous display of nature’s majesty.
The sight kept me infatuated for a while mesmerized, under the influence of the aura of the aurora. Nevertheless, with a smile on my face and an enlightened soul, witnessing yet another beautiful autumn night in Tartu, I proceeded back to my dormitory with a new sense of appreciation for the natural beauty of our world.
That’s the beauty of nature; it beckons us to its most beautiful sights unexpectedly. All we can do, as contrary as it might sound, is be prepared for that which cannot be prepared for and be willing to succumb to the enigma that it holds. The sights of nature are usually accompanied by the serenity associated with receiving a reminder of the true purpose of life. Pulling us out of our artificial constructs, nature brings us face front with the reality of existence. It ultimately is another reminder to preserve that which nurtures and intrigues us, to protect the fragile and wondrous beauty of our world as we seek to grow and develop an intelligent species. |
Question: What Stage Is Thyroid Cancer That Has Spread To Lymph Nodes?
How quickly does thyroid cancer spread?
The Memorial Sloan-Kettering institutional database was searched for patients with thyroid cancer with distant metastases found either at diagnosis or during follow-up.
Spread of the cancer to single organs developed in 93 patients and multi-organ spread was seen in 32 patients.
The average follow-up was 77 months..
Does cancer in lymph nodes spread fast?
On the other hand, if your doctor finds the cancer cells have traveled to lymph nodes far from the initial tumor, the cancer may be spreading at a faster rate and could be in a later stage. Additionally, it’s important to know how many cancer cells have traveled to the respective lymph node.
Does thyroid cancer spread easily?
What are the symptoms of stage 4 thyroid cancer?
Other symptoms of thyroid cancer only tend to occur after the condition has reached an advanced stage, and may include:unexplained hoarseness that doesn’t get better after a few weeks.a sore throat or difficulty swallowing that doesn’t get better.pain in your neck.
What is Stage 2 thyroid cancer?
Stage II: This stage describes a larger, noninvasive tumor (T2) with no spread to lymph nodes (N0) and no metastasis (M0). Stage III: This stage describes a tumor larger than 4 cm but still contained in the thyroid (T3) with no spread to lymph nodes (N0) and no metastasis (M0).
Can chemo kill cancer in lymph nodes?
How long can you live with Stage 4 thyroid cancer?
Stage 4: In this stage, the tumor has spread into neck tissues under the skin, the trachea, esophagus, the larynx, or distant parts of the body such as the lungs or bones. The 10-year outlook significantly declines at this point: Only 21 percent of people diagnosed at this stage are alive after 10 years.
Do you need chemo for thyroid cancer?
Chemotherapy is seldom helpful for most types of thyroid cancer, but fortunately it is not needed in most cases. It is often combined with external beam radiation therapy for anaplastic thyroid cancer and is sometimes used for other advanced cancers that no longer respond to other treatments.
What happens to your body when you have thyroid cancer?
Which thyroid cancer has the worst prognosis?
Thyroid cancer is three times more common in women than in men, but according to European statistics, the overall relative 5-year survival rate for thyroid cancer is 85% for females and 74% for males….Prognosis.Thyroid cancer typePapillary5-year survivalStage II100%Stage III93%Stage IV51%Overall96% or 97%3 more columns
How serious is cancer in the lymph nodes?
How is cancer of the lymph nodes treated?
Treatment for cancer in the lymph nodes Surgery may be used to treat some forms of metastatic cancer that have spread to the lymph nodes. Other treatment options for cancerous lymph nodes may include chemotherapy, stem cell transplantation as well as other therapies.
How do you know what stage of thyroid cancer you have?
What are the symptoms of advanced thyroid cancer?
Common symptomsNeck lump. A single lump on the front of the neck is the most common symptom. … Neck pain. Pain in the front of the neck may be related to the growth of a thyroid tumor. … Hoarseness. … Coughing. … Trouble swallowing (dysphagia). … Shortness of breath (dyspnea).
What happens if thyroid cancer spreads to lymph nodes?
In patients with larger papillary thyroid cancers, lymph node spread (metastases) within the neck lymph nodes may occur in up to 75 percent of cases. The presence of lymph node metastasis in the neck may be associated with a higher chance that the cancer comes back months or years later (a higher recurrence rate). |
kids encyclopedia robot
American shrew mole facts for kids
Kids Encyclopedia Facts
Quick facts for kids
American shrew mole
Shrew Mole (Neurotrichus gibbsii).jpeg
Conservation status
Scientific classification
American Shrew Mole area.png
American shrew mole range
The American shrew mole (Neurotrichus gibbsii) is the smallest species of mole. It is the only living member of the genus Neurotrichus and the tribe Neurotrichini. It is also known as Gibb's shrew mole and least shrew mole.
kids search engine
American shrew mole Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia. |
kids encyclopedia robot
Galaxias arcanus facts for kids
Kids Encyclopedia Facts
Quick facts for kids
Riffle galaxias
Conservation status
Scientific classification
G. arcanus
Binomial name
Galaxias arcanus
Raadik, 2014
Galaxias arcanus, the riffle galaxias, is a galaxiid of the genus Galaxias, a member of the Mountain Galaxias species complex group of freshwater fish, found in Australia.
Galaxias arcanus has the typical Galaxias body form, with a long tubular body and a maximum recorded standard length (SL) of 98 millimetres (3.9 in), typically 60–75 millimetres (2.4–3.0 in). Fins have slightly fleshy bases, although less so in the paired fins, and are thin, moderately long and are generally paddle shaped. The pelvic fins are inserted about midway along the SL, with the dorsal fin somewhat further back with the anal fin starting about even with or slightly before the rear end of the base of the dorsal fin. The caudal (tail) fin is moderately lobed and somewhat shorter than the caudal peduncle. Colour is overall beige to olive-brown becoming silvery white on the under sides. The main colouration is overlain with large blotchy darker makings usually merging into uneven bands, often overlaid with tiny dark grey spots. The body often has a horizontal band, sometime two, of gold or copper coloured flecks, also sometimes over the head and snout and sometimes extending onto the caudal peduncle.
Galaxias arcanus distribution map
The riffle Galaxias range is confined to a narrow strip to the north of the Great Dividing Range in eastern Victoria, extending in the west to the head waters of the Golbourn river and in the east to the head waters of the Murray River. It has not yet been recorded from the Broken catchment in northern Victoria, but may be present with a restricted range limited to the cooler faster flowing areas. Not recorded in the Murray River downstream of the Albury area. May be limited to steeper streams in more upland areas by the need for variable substrates and faster water flows.
G.arcanus prefers cold to cool clear water in shallow 100–400 millimetres (3.9–15.7 in), fast flowing streams varying from 1–20 metres (3.3–65.6 ft) in width at an elevation of 150–880 metres (490–2,890 ft). The fish is generally found in high energy areas such as riffles and runs. The stream bottoms of the preferred areas mostly consist of pebbles and rocks with small amounts of bedrock, boulders and gravel. The fish are usually found in amongst or under rocks or in deeper water within the gaps in the substrate material. The fish are not usually found amongst instream vegetation, but sometimes occurs with submerged timber debris.
The riffle Galaxias is often found in streams with large number of predatory, introduced trout. The species preference for high velocity areas and its habit of hiding between rocks and pebbles on the stream bed together with its cryptic colouration appear to provide it with protection from predation. Risks identified for the species include inundation (thus providing access to predators) and drying out of the riffle zones, due to river regulation.
The spawning period for G.arcanus is reported to probably be between October to December, possibly into January. Ripe to running-ripe adult fish have been collected in Corryong Creek (upper Murray) in early November and from the Acheron River (Goulburn R. catchment) in mid October to mid November. To complicate matters running ripe females have been recorded in late June in the upper Murray and nearly ripe from the Goulburn River system in May.
Juvenile fish have been observed in large loose shoals of more than fifty individuals moving upstream along the shallow edge of pools between riffle zones. This suggests that the younger fish engage in active upstream dispersal.
Utility to humans
Not an angling target due to small size.
kids search engine
Galaxias arcanus Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia. |
Question: Who We Are Or Who Are We?
Is it you are all or you all are?
Both are grammatical, but the first is more usual.
We are all is much more frequent than we all are in both the Corpus of Contemporary American English and in the British National Corpus.
There are, however, some contexts where we all are would be used..
Who are we or whom are we?
Is it OK to say you all?
In most contexts “all of you” would be considered the correct phrasing. Some listeners or readers perceive “you-all” to be incorrect. Both are technically correct, but the second (“you all”) is less preferable because of the ambiguity of whether you mean y’all * or simply you all.
Who all are coming or who all is coming?
Both are incorrect. “Who is coming to the movies?” or “Who wants to come to the movies?” are more appropriate. MT_Head’s answer sounds right to me when it comes to southern US English, but in Indian English, the situation is a little different – “who all are” is the correct plurality for the verb.
Is so fun proper English?
Is it correct to say we?
You was can be used but we were would be the correct for instead of we was. Only under certain conditions may “were” be used with the other pronouns (I, He, She, It) and that is if the sentence or overall idea of it is not real but rather imaginary, fictional, or hypothetical.
Who do I love or whom I love?
Both are correct, but for different reasons. In these interrogative sentences. who/whom is the direct object of the verb love: “You love who/whom.” The rules for formal written English say that the word should be whom, because it is in the objective case. But whom is disappearing from spoken American English.
Who is VS that is?
What can I say instead of you all?
What is another word for you all?youchay’allyeyou galsyou guysyou lotyou-unsall y’allall of you6 more rows
Who I love dearly or whom I love dearly?
“Them” is the objective case. So you should use also use the objective case of who/whom. Thus: “…, all of whom I love dearly.” (And so that first question should be “whom do I love”.)
Who I respect or whom I respect?
The Quick Answer: When to Use Who and Whom If a question can be answered with him, the pronoun whom is correct—just remember that both words end with an -m!
Is for why proper English?
Other senses of the expression (for example, it was used as a conjunction meaning “because”) gradually over time all dropped out of use, so the word is completely obsolete and is marked as such by the OED. At this point “for why” isn’t even used in contexts where people are trying to sound archaic.
Which is more correct grammatically?
“More correct” is acceptable (especially in the adverbial form “More correctly”). That said, you will usually see “More accurate” instead. “More correct” is certainly used when talking of forms of address.
Who are we or about us?
What does us mean? Us is also a first person plural pronoun. Like we, us refers to a group of two or more people, and it is also nongendered. The difference between we and us is that we is a subject pronoun, and us is an object pronoun.
Can we start a sentence with us?
1 Answer. Yes, you’re right.
Should US or should we?
Should we read them again? When you want to use we or us before a noun, first decide whether or not the noun is the subject. If it is, use the pronoun we. If it’s not, you must be dealing with an object and you’ll want to use the other first-person plural pronoun: us.
Is US 3 or 3?
3 Answers. “Us three” is correct. In “we three” the meaning is “we, who are three in number”. “Three” is used post-positionally and adjectivally (or in apposition) and does not influence the case change of “we” to “us”, i.e. it does not prevent the change from the subjective “we” (nominative) to the objective “us”.
Who is example sentences?
Apparently Señor Medena had two children who denied him. How can he remember well his ignorance–which his growth requires–who has so often to use his knowledge? Jonathan glanced up at Alex, who met his gaze sternly. If he knew who Alex really was, he probably knew more than Alex did. |
How can we preserve Indigenous perspectives of history?
Share this Research
The Truth and Reconciliation Commission’s recent landmark report has much to say about Indigenous education. After years of hearings and testimony from thousands of residential school survivors, the commission recommended new legislation to protect languages and cultures, and to close the education gap for Indigenous people.
Josh Manitowabi, a master’s student in cultural anthropology at McMaster University, is poised to launch a research project that looks at how such lofty goals might be achieved in Wikwemikong Waase Abin High School and other schools with Anishinabe students.
Manitowabi is a Potawatomi from the Wikwemikong Unceded First Nation on Manitoulin Island and a graduate of the island’s Wikwemikong Waase Abin High School. Now he plans to use it and a handful of others as a case study. He hopes his research will lead to greater insight into how to integrate Indigenous learning into the existing curriculum.
“We had our own education system before contact. We had our own styles of teaching and learning,” he says. “So how do we balance Indigenous knowledge with a Eurocentric education system?”
There is an appetite for creating this balance in his community, where people have made significant strides in reviving important traditions such as the week-long moose hunt. On the education front, the high school offers native studies, and teachers regularly take students outside to practice traditional skills such as ice fishing, medicinal plant identification and rabbit snaring. But Manitowabi says there is always more that could be done.
Scientists and teachers
He is particularly eager to see elders more involved in the curriculum. “I want to utilize elders’ knowledge. They were the scientists and teachers. In my community, the elders are all fluent in Anishinabemowin and they could have more integration within a classroom setting.”
Through interviews with elders, teachers and others, Manitowabi hopes to paint a more fulsome picture of traditional approaches to education and recommend ways to integrate some of those approaches into the current curriculum.
“I’ve always had a passion for history of First Nations people. Even as a child, my hobby was to research past chiefs like Tecumseh, Sitting Bull, Red Cloud and Chief Joseph,” he says. “I believe that our history as First Nations people is an integral part in asserting ourselves, our inherent rights and our sovereignty.”
**On February 2, 2016, the Council of Ontario Universities proudly launched the Let’s Take Our Future Further campaign highlighting Aboriginal learners’ achievements at Ontario universities and their contributions to Ontario’s social, cultural, and economic fabric. As part of the launch of the Future Further website, Research Matters is proud to feature five influential Aboriginal researchers from Ontario universities.
More Researchers
Western University
Why does mining need space?
York University
What leads a young person away from violence?
University of Toronto
How can we create high-performing, efficient healthcare systems? |
Quick Answer: What Is A 5th Degree Burn?
What kills you first in a fire?
The inhalation or exposure to hot gaseous products of combustion can cause serious respiratory complications.
Should a burn be kept moist or dry?
Why is ice bad for burns?
Can you survive 6th degree burns?
Even with prompt medical treatment, fourth, fifth, and sixth degree burns are often fatal. Burns this severe require immediate medical treatment in order to give the victim the best chances of survival.
What does a 4th Degree Burn look like?
The burn site may look white or blackened and charred. Fourth-degree burns. Fourth-degree burns go through both layers of the skin and underlying tissue as well as deeper tissue, possibly involving muscle and bone. There is no feeling in the area since the nerve endings are destroyed.
How do you know what degree burn you have?
BurnsFirst-degree burns affect only the outer layer of the skin. They cause pain, redness, and swelling.Second-degree burns affect both the outer and underlying layer of skin. They cause pain, redness, swelling, and blistering. … Third-degree burns affect the deep layers of skin. They are also called full thickness burns.
What happens when skin is burned?
What’s the worst burn degree?
Third-degree burn Excluding fourth-degree burns, third-degree burns are the most severe. They cause the most damage, extending through every layer of skin. There is a misconception that third-degree burns are the most painful.
What is the highest degree burn?
Fourth-degree. This is the deepest and most severe of burns. They’re potentially life-threatening. These burns destroy all layers of your skin, as well as your bones, muscles, and tendons. Sometimes, the degree of burn you have will change.
How long does a boiling water burn last?
Scald burns take time to heal. While mild cases can take days, more severe cases can take weeks to fully heal. If you begin to notice shock symptoms or signs of infection, or if your burn is larger than three inches, seek immediate medical attention.
How do I know if a burn is serious?
In general, if the burn covers more skin than the size of the palm of your hand it needs medical attention. Signs of infection. If the pain increases, there is redness or swelling, or liquid or a foul odor is coming from the wound then the burn is likely infected. Worsening over time.
How do burn victims die?
Respiratory failure and sepsis are the leading causes of death in severely burned pediatric patients. Deficiencies or delays in resuscitation increase risk of death after burn despite the size of burn injury. Multi-organ failure is present in over 50% of all deaths after burn injury. |
Land use/food growing
This idea was locked by a moderator
Every planning application for housing should have a legal requirement to provide growing space. There is an enormouse waiting list/demand for both individual allotments, and community gardens. Even blocks of flats should have an area where residents can grow both food and flowers. All applications for houses (not flats) should have an area that could be divided up into individual plots. The local authority 'Greenspace' department should then provide equipment/tools/expert advice etc. to encourage residents. Plots not required could be offered to those on the waiting list. Encouragement and advice should be given (especially to children and first-time gardeners) regarding organic methods, and composting of garden and kitchen waste.
Why the contribution is important
If this was done, there would be a reduction in CO2 emissions as a result of fewer vehicle journeys for fruit and veg shopping; less fruit and veg would be imported from long distances away in other countries; organic methods of gardening require less peat-based composts, which would reduce the extraction of peat, one of the main causes of CO2 emission release. Correct composting methods would reduce the need for green bin collection by local authorities (less CO2 emissions from vehicles.)
Community gardens and allotments would stimulate community interest, especially in children, and fuether general interest in the problems of climate change.
by AftonCottage on October 25, 2020 at 03:26PM
Current Rating
Average rating: 0.0
Based on: 0 votes |
Executive Summary
This course takes a critical look at what is deemed an innovation in Islam. It clarifies the definition of innovation and the difference between good and bad innovations. Then five cases of perceived innovation are considered and debunked, followed by five actual cases of innovation that Muslims must be wary of.
Course Summary
The term “innovation” has contemporarily been a controversial and typically negative term for Muslims. With lack of understanding, many haphazardly use the term incorrectly, leading to confusion for Muslims in general. This course seeks to clarify these confusions by taking a critical look at innovation in Islam.
It does so by analyzing the definition of the term “bid’ah” and clearing up what constitutes good innovation and bad innovation. Next there is a brief look at what the Prophet (saw) had to say about innovations in Islam. This is followed by an analysis and debunking of five actions that may be considered bad innovation by some. Finally, there is an analysis of five actions that are actually bad innovation that many people might not know of.
Course Outline
Part One: Innovation (Bid’ah) Defined
• The problem with misinterpreting the words of the Prophet (saw)
• Understanding the Prophet’s (saw) words regarding innovation
• Clarifying good versus bad innovation in religion
Part Two: Five Innovations
• Analysis of five misinterpreted actions that are thought to be innovation
Part Three: Five Very Real Innovations
• Analysis of five actions that are true examples of innovation that Muslims should be wary of
Learning Outcomes
• What is the meaning of bid’ah (innovation)?
• what has the Prophet (peace & blessings be upon him) said about innovations?
• What is the difference between a praiseworthy & blameworthy innovation?
• What are some common examples of innovations that may be misunderstood, and how should we understand them. |
Do Laptops Emit Radiation?
When should I stop using electronics before bed?
The National Sleep Foundation recommends that you should stop using electronic devices, like your cellphone, at least 30 minutes before bedtime..
Where should you put a computer in a bedroom?
If you are going to keep your desk against the wall, consider setting it up so you can face away from the wall and feel less claustrophobic, or keep it next to a sidewall. You want to avoid having your back face the entrance to your bedroom, so get creative with your desk placement and the nearest wall.
Are laptops dangerous?
Can laptops make you sick?
Probably not, experts say.
How can I reduce my laptop radiation?
11 Tips For Reducing Computer Radiation ExposureGet off Wifi. … Keep Your Laptop Off Your Lap. … Get An EMF Meter. … Ground Your Laptop. … Careful of Magnetic Field Exposure. … Step Away From Your Computer. … Get Some Plants. … Get a Himalayan Salt Lamp.More items…•
Do laptops cause cancer?
Do laptops kill eggs?
While heat-generating devices do affect reproductive health, Science says that laptops aren’t hot enough to melt your intimate parts. … Several doctors have agreed that a laptop hurting the sperm count in males or the egg fertility in females should be of least concern.
Can you get cancer from laptop radiation?
Current scientific evidence indicates there is no link between using a portable (laptop) computer and cancer. Most of the theories about laptops and cancer relate to heat, electromagnetic radiation, or radiation from wireless networks (WiFi).
What stops sperm from reaching the egg?
Cervical mucus may prevent sperm from passing into the uterus, but during ovulation when the egg is released from the ovaries, the mucus gets thinner and lower in pH.
What foods kill sperm cells?
Do laptops kill sperm?
Fact: Heat from your laptop, unfortunately, has been shown to damage sperm count, according to Fertility and Sterility Journal. In addition, if your laptop has a wireless connection turned on, it may cause DNA damage and less motility in sperm.
Can your computer give you cancer?
Too much screen time has been linked to heart disease and cancer in a new study. Researchers at the University of Glasgow analysed the amount of time 390,089 people spent looking at TV and computer screens during leisure time.
How dangerous is laptop radiation?
Your laptop emits many forms of radiation including waves from across the electromagnetic spectrum. … But all of the radiation emitted by your laptop is too low-frequency and too low-intensity to be harmful to humans. Also, many of these types of radiation emission are not unique to laptops.
How can I reduce my phone radiation?
Are computers harmful to health?
The computer is a vital tool in many different jobs and activities, for adults and children. But long periods of using a computer can increase your chance of developing an injury. Inappropriate computer use can cause muscle and joint pain, overuse injuries of the shoulder, arm, wrist or hand, and eyestrain.
Do laptops emit radiation when turned off?
Laptops can emit an EMF (electromagnetic field) radiation level of up to 150mG (milliGauss). … Especially when your laptop is turned on and charging, the EMF is significantly higher than when it is turned off and unplugged.
Do computers emit radiation?
Computers emit nonionizing radiation. … There is no measurable ionizing radiation (x rays) emitted from a computer monitor. The nonionizing radiation or electromagnetic radiation that may be emitted does not represent a reproductive risk either.
Is sleeping near a computer bad for you?
Why taking your laptop to bed is a bad idea The level of melatonin in the brain peaks at around one in the morning and ensures a good night’s sleep. Artificial light can shift the time at which melatonin is released by the brain so that it peaks far too late in the night. This means that you get a poorer night’s sleep. |
Cobnut vs Filbert - What's the difference?
cobnut | filbert |
Filbert is a see also of cobnut.
Cobnut is a hyponym of filbert.
As nouns the difference between cobnut and filbert
is that cobnut is the nut of the common hazel ((taxlink)); hazelnut while filbert is the hazelnut.
(wikipedia cobnut)
(en noun)
• The nut of the common hazel (Corylus avellana ); hazelnut
• A game played by children with nuts.
• See also
* filbert (usually the , which is common in Oregon)
Alternative forms
* filberd
(en noun)
• The hazelnut.
• * 1610 , , act 2 scene 2
• I'll bring thee / To clust'ring filberts , and sometimes I'll get thee / Young scamels from the rock.
• The hazel tree.
• Synonyms
* (nut) hazelnut * (tree) hazelnut
* cobnut (usually the common hazel (Corylus avellana ) which grows in the UK and Europe) |
시간 제한 메모리 제한 제출 정답 맞은 사람 정답 비율
3 초 256 MB 113 90 64 84.211%
The great pioneers of group theory and linear algebra want to cooperate and join their theories. In group theory, permutations – also known as bijective functions – play an important role. For a finite set A, a function σ : A → A is called a permutation of A if and only if there is some function ρ : A → A with
σ(ρ(a)) = a and ρ(σ(a)) = a for all a ∈ A.
The other half of the new team – the experts on linear algebra – deal a lot with idempotent functions. They appear as projections when computing shadows in 3D games or as closure operators like the transitive closure, just to name a few examples. A function p : A → A is called idempotent if and only if
p(p(a)) = p(a) for all a ∈ A.
To continue with their joined research, they need your help. The team is interested in non-idempotent permutations of a given finite set A. As a first step, they discovered that the result only depends on the set’s size. For a concrete size 1 ≤ n ≤ 105, they want you to compute the number of permutations on a set of cardinality n that are not idempotent.
The input starts with the number t ≤ 100 of test cases. Then t lines follow, each containing the set’s size 1 ≤ n ≤ 105.
Output one line for every test case containing the number modulo 1 000 000 007 = (109 + 7) of non-idempotent permutations on a set of cardinality n.
예제 입력 1
예제 출력 1 |
Ambrell Induction Heating
Ambrell Induction Heating
levitation melting picture
How Levitation Melting Works with Induction Heating
Achieving minimal contamination of conductive material during manufacturing can prove to be a difficult task. One successful technique is known as levitation melting. This technique produces small quantities of electrically conductive material by suspending and then melting the material with induction heating, as induction creates a strong enough force within the coil to counter gravity. Once the material has melted, the induction power is shut off, and the molten mass can be dropped or forced into a mold for forming. With levitation not requiring a crucible, it offers a contaminant-free environment. This application is leveraged in the jewelry, dental, electronics, and aerospace research industries.
Contact Us
Levitation Melting Application Notes
Click to read how induction melting can improve the efficiency, effectiveness and safety of your heating process.
A levitation melting system for micro-gravity metal processing
Design a modular electromagnetic levitor (MEL) to aid in the study of RF systems used to process metals in the microgravity of space.
Levitation melting of steel balls
Benefits: Minimal contamination of conductive material during manufacturing, removal of insoluble inclusions while leaving desired alloying constituents intact, even distribution of heating
Ambrell has offered cutting-edge levitation solutions since 1986. Our engineering expertise has been applied in many levitation melting applications worldwide.
Important Induction Heating Brochures
About Induction Heating
Induction Heating Work Coils
|
Ebook Coder
سلسلة Taylor$\ frac {\ sin x} {x} $
Power series
where a n represents the coefficient of the nth term and c is a constant. Power series are useful in mathematical analysis, where they arise as Taylor series of infinitely differentiable functions.In fact, Borel's theorem implies that every power series is the Taylor series of some smooth function. In many situations c (the center of the series) is equal to zero, for instance when considering ... In mathematics, a Fourier series (/ ˈ f ʊr i eɪ,-i ər /) is a periodic function composed of harmonically related sinusoids, combined by a weighted summation.With appropriate weights, one cycle (or period) of the summation can be made to approximate an arbitrary function in that interval (or the entire function if it too is periodic).As such, the summation is a synthesis of another function. Fourier series |
10 of the Most Significant Battles in British History | History Hit
10 of the Most Significant Battles in British History
Tristan Hughes
10 Jun 2020
HISTORYHIT.TV A new online only channel for history lovers
Britain has been involved in some of history’s most significant wars: the American Revolution, the Napoleonic Wars and both World Wars to name a few. For better or for worse during these wars battles occurred that have helped shape the fabric of Britain today.
Here are ten of the most significant British battles in history.
1. The Battle of Hastings: 14 October 1066
William the Conqueror’s victory against Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings was an era defining moment. It ended over six hundred years of Anglo-Saxon rule in England and ushered in nearly a century of Norman dominion – a period epitomised by the construction of formidable castles and cathedrals as well as significant changes to English society.
2. The Battle of Agincourt: 25 October 1415
On 25 October, also known as St Crispin’s Day, 1415 an English (and Welsh) ‘band of brothers’ won a miraculous victory at Agincourt.
Despite being outnumbered, Henry V’s army triumphed against the flower of the French nobility, marking the end of an era where the knight dominated the battlefield.
Immortalised by William Shakespeare, the battle has come to represent an important part of British national identity.
3. The Battle of the Boyne: 11 July 1690
A painting of William of Orange at the Battle of the Boyne.
The Battle of the Boyne was fought in Ireland between a recently-deposed King James II and his Jacobites (James’ Catholic supporters) and King William III and his Williamites (William’s Protestant supporters).
William’s victory at the Boyne secured the fate of the Glorious Revolution that had occurred two years before. Because of this no Catholic monarch has ruled England since James II.
4. The Battle of Trafalgar: 21 October 1805
On 21 October 1805 the British Royal Navy defeated the combined battle fleets of the French and Spanish empires 20 miles northwest of a promontory of rock and sand in southern Spain. This is the story of the Battle of Trafalgar.Watch Now
On 21 October 1805, Admiral Horatio Nelson’s British fleet crushed a Franco-Spanish force at Trafalgar in one of the most famous naval battles in history.
The victory sealed Britain’s reputation as the world’s leading maritime power – a reputation which arguably remained until the end of World War Two.
5. The Battle of Waterloo: 18 June 1815
Ten years after the Battle of Trafalgar, Britain gained another of its most iconic victories at Waterloo in Belgium when Arthur Wellesley (better known as the Duke of Wellington) and his British army decisively defeated Napoleon Bonaparte, with aid from Blücher’s Prussians.
The victory marked the end of the Napoleonic Wars and peace returned to Europe for the next generation. It also paved the way for Britain becoming the world superpower during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
In British eyes, Waterloo is a national triumph that is still celebrated to this day and commemorations of the battle remain visible in various formats: songs, poems, street names and stations for instance.
London Waterloo Station today, named after the decisive British victory in 1815. Credit: David Martin / Commons.
6. The Battle of the Somme: 1 July – 18 November 1916
The first day of the Battle of the Somme holds an infamous record for the British army, being the bloodiest day in its history. 19,240 British men lost their lives that day due mainly to poor intelligence, inadequate artillery support, and an underestimation of their foe – a contempt that has proven fatal so many times in history.
By the end of the battle 141 days later, 420,000 British soldiers lay dead for the prize of just a few miles of land gained.
7. The Battle of Passchendaele: 31 July – 10 November 1917
Also known as the Third Battle of Ypres, Passchendaele was another of the bloodiest battles of World War One.
A new German strategy called defence in depth exacted heavy losses on initial Allied attacks before General Herbert Plumer’s bite and hold tactics, which aimed at taking more limited objectives rather than driving deep into enemy territory in one push, turned the tables for a while. But unseasonably heavy rains turned the battlefield to a deadly quagmire, making progress difficult and adding to the already heavy toll in manpower.
The casualty figures for Passchendaele are highly contested but it is generally agreed that each side lost a minimum of 200,000 men and likely as many as twice that.
Passchendaele had a particularly catastrophic impact on the German Army; they suffered a devastating rate of casualties which by that stage of the war they simply could not replace.
8. The Battle of Britain: 10 July – 31 October
The Battle of Britain was fought in the skies above southern England during the Summer of 1940.
Having conquered France and most of mainland Europe, Adolf Hitler planned an invasion of Britain – Operation Sealion. For this to go ahead, however, he first needed to gain control of the air from the Royal Air Force.
Although significantly outnumbered by Herman Goering’s infamous Luftwaffe, the Royal Air Force successfully fended off the German Messchersmitts, Heinkels and Stukas, forcing Hitler to ‘postpone’ the invasion on 17 September.
Britain’s ultimate victory in the skies stopped a German invasion and signified a turning point in World War Two. At the time of Britain’s Darkest Hour this victory brought hope to the Allied cause, shattering the aura of invincibility that had until then surrounded Hitler’s forces.
9. The Second Battle of El Alamein: 23 October 1942
On 23 October 1942 Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery spearheaded a British-led victory at El Alamein in modern day Egypt against Erwin Rommel’s Afrika Korps – the decisive moment of the Desert War in World War Two.
The victory marked one of the most important turning points, if not the most important, of the war. As Churchill famously remarked,
‘Before Alamein we never had a victory. After Alamein we never had a defeat’.
British artillerymen at the Second Battle of El Alamein.
10. The Battles of Imphal and Kohima: 7 March – 18 July 1944
The Battles of Imphal and Kohima was a key turning point during the Burma campaign on World War Two. Masterminded by William Slim, British and Allied forces won a decisive victory against the Japanese forces situated in north-eastern India.
The Japanese siege of Kohima has been described as ‘the Stalingrad of the East’, and between 5 and 18 April the Allied defenders were engaged in some of the bitterest close-quarter fighting of the war.
Tags: Battle of Agincourt Battle of Britain Battle of Hastings Battle of Passchendaele Battle of the Boyne Battle of the Somme Battle of Trafalgar Battle of Waterloo Battles of Imphal and Kohima
Tristan Hughes |
1.4m readers
Countries Ruled by Dictatorship
1.4m views23 items
Even in today's modern world, where freedom is prized and respected, you will still find examples of dictatorship governments around the globe. This is a list of countries, nations, and states governed or ruled by a dictatorship, sorted alphabetically. In some cases, nations may have multiple ruling bodies or government types, meaning they're not exclusively countries that are governed by dictatorship. This list of countries that use dictatorship as their form of government contains various bits of information about each nation, such as the official language or currency of the country. If you're looking for the names of countries with dictatorship governments then you're in the right place.
In a dictatorship, power rests with one supreme ruler. This list answers the questions, "Which countries are ruled by dictatorship?" and "Which countries are governed by dictatorship?" Current dictatorships include Zimbabwe, Uzbekistan, and North Korea. Perhaps someday some of these modern dictatorships will cast off their dictators and embrace a more democratic and inclusive form of government. But for today, these are the world's dictatorships.
• Belarus
Photo: Metaweb / CC-BY
Belarus, officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Its capital is Minsk; other major cities include Brest, Hrodna, Homiel, Mahilyow and Vitsebsk. Over 40% of its 207,600 square kilometres is forested. Its strongest economic sectors are service industries and manufacturing. Until the 20th century, the lands of modern-day Belarus belonged to several countries, including the Principality of Polotsk, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the Russian Empire. In the aftermath of the Russian Revolution, Belarus... more
• Capital: Minsk
• Language: Belarusian language, Russian Language
• Capital: Phnom Penh
• Language: Khmer language
• Cameroon
Photo: Metaweb / CC-BY
• Capital: Yaoundé
• Language: French Language, English Language
• Chad
Photo: flickr / CC0
• Capital: N'Djamena
• Language: Arabic Language, French Language |
Space & Innovation
Digital Image Founder Smooths Out Pixels
Fifty years later, the creator of the first digital image aims to smooth the edges off the square pixel.
- More than 50 years ago, the first digital image was captured.
- Now the creator of that image wants to smooth out the square pixels that make up most digital images.
Russell Kirsch says he's sorry.
As a scientist at the National Bureau of Standards in the 1950s, Kirsch worked with the only programmable computer in the United States. "The only thing that constrained us was what we imagined," he says. "So there were a lot of things we thought of doing. One of which was, what would happen if computers could see the world the way we see it?"
Kirsch and his colleagues couldn't possibly know the answer to that question. Their work laid the foundations for satellite imagery, CT scans, virtual reality and Facebook.
Kirsch made that first digital image using an apparatus that transformed his picture into the binary language of computers, a regular grid of zeros and ones. A mere 176 by 176 pixels, that first image was built from roughly one one-thousandth the information in pictures captured with today's digital cameras. Back then, the computer's memory capacity limited the image's size. But today, bits have become so cheap that a person can walk around with thousands of digital baby photos stored on a pocket-sized device that also makes phone calls, browses the Internet and even takes photos.
"Squares was the logical thing to do," Kirsch says. "Of course, the logical thing was not the only possibility ... but we used squares. It was something very foolish that everyone in the world has been suffering from ever since."
He applied the program to a more recent picture of his son, now 53 years old, which appears with Kirsch's analysis in the May/June issue of the Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology.
"Finally," he says, "at my advanced age of 81, I decided that instead of just complaining about what I did, I ought to do something about it."
Kirsch has also used the program to clean up an MRI scan of his head. The program may find a home in the medical community, he says, where it's standard to feed images such as X-rays into a computer.
Kirsch's approach addresses a conundrum that the field of computational photography continues to grapple with, says David Brady, head of Duke University's imaging and spectroscopy program in Durham, N.C.
Images built from pixels can show an incredible amount of detail, Brady says. "It's fun to talk to kids about this because they don't know what I'm talking about anymore, but the snow on analog television -- a block-based imager can reconstruct that pattern exactly."
But images taken from real life never look like that, Brady says. Typically, they have several large uniform sections -- forehead, red shirt, blue tie. This means there's a high probability that one pixel in an image will look the same as the pixel next to it. There's no need to send all those look-alike pixels as single pieces of information; the information that's really important is where things are different.
"I always joke that it's like Los Angeles weather," Brady says. "If you were a weatherman in Los Angeles you would almost always be right if you say tomorrow is going to be the same weather as today. So one thing you can do is say, I'm going to assume the next pixel is like this one. Don't talk to me, don't tell me anything about the image, until you get something different. A good weatherman in Los Angeles tells you when a big storm is coming. In an image, that's an edge. You want to assume smoothness but have a measurement system that's capable of accurately finding where the edges are."
Where Kirsch uses masks to accomplish that task, researchers today typically use equations far more complex than his to strike the balance between shedding unnecessary information and keeping detail. Pixels are still the starting point of digital pictures today, but math -- wavelet theory in particular -- is what converts the pixels into the picture. Wavelet theory takes a small number of measurements and turns them into the best representation of what's been measured. This best estimation of a picture allows a megapixel image to be stored as mere kilobytes of data. |
Which is the proper face masks to forestall COVID-19
As novel coronavirus spreads in India with 29 constructive cases of being reported to date within the country, persons are rushing to medical stores to buy face masks and hand sanitizers. Because of this, the demand for protective masks and sanitizers has gone up significantly and the costs have shot up multiple times.
The 29 infected folks embody students, 16 Italian nationals and one worker each of Paytm and Oyo.
Quite a lot of masks are available in the market. Choosing a random mask won’t protect you from being contaminated by COVID-19. As an illustration, a daily medical mask just isn’t sufficient to protect you from the new coronavirus when it’s used alone.
The Centers for Illness Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends an N95 respirator face masks to protect one from contracting COVID-19.
An N95 respirator face masks removes particles from the air which can be breathed by way of it. These respirators filter out at least 95 percent of very small (0.3 microns) particles. These masks are capable of filtering out all types of particles, including bacteria and viruses.
Why N95 respirators are totally different from face masks
N95 respirators reduce the wearer’s publicity to airborne particles, from small particle aerosols to large droplets. “When properly fitted and worn, minimal leakage occurs round edges of the respirator when the user inhales air. This means almost all of the air is directed by way of the filter media,” the CDC explains.
Not like N95s, other face masks are loose-fitting and provide only barrier protection against droplets, including large respiratory particles. They don’t successfully filter small particles from the air and do not stop leakage across the edge of the masks when the person inhales.
When to use a masks
If you’re healthy, you only have to wear a mask if you are taking care of a person with the suspected 2019-nCoV infection. Wear a mask if you’re coughing or sneezing.
Masks are efficient only when utilized in combination with frequent hand-cleaning with alcohol-primarily based hand rub or soap and water. In the event you wear a masks, then you must know the right way to use it and get rid of it properly.
Easy methods to placed on, use, take off and eliminate a mask
Earlier than putting on a mask, clean fingers with alcohol-based mostly hand rub or soap and water. Cover mouth and nostril with mask and make sure there aren’t any gaps between your face and the mask.
Keep away from touching the mask while utilizing it. In the event you do, clean your hands with alcohol-based mostly hand rub or soap and water. Substitute the masks with a new one as soon as it’s damp and do not reuse single-use masks.
To remove the masks: Remove it from behind (don’t contact the front of the masks) and discard it immediately in a closed bin. Then, clean fingers with an alcohol-based hand rub or soap and water.
Different preventive measures
The CDC recommends on a regular basis preventive actions to prevent the spread of coronavirus. It contains avoiding people who find themselves sick, avoiding touching your eyes or nose, and covering your cough or sneeze with a tissue. It recommends people who find themselves sick to stay dwelling and not go into crowded public places or go to folks in hospitals.
|
- The Torah World Gateway
Beit Midrash Torah Portion and Tanach Emor
Kohanim and the Illusion of Death
Click to dedicate this lesson
"God told Moses, 'Speak to the kohanim, the descendants of Aaron. Let no [kohen] defile himself [by contact] with a dead soul among his people." (Lev. 21:1)
Why are kohanim not allowed to come in contact with a dead body? Why does the Torah refer to the dead person as a "dead soul"? After all, it is the body that dies, not the soul!
The Parable of Twin Brothers
In his book on mourning practices, Gesher Hachaim, Rabbi Tukachinsky used the following parable to explain the Jewish view on life after death:
Twin brothers, fetuses in their mother's womb, enjoyed a carefree life. Their world was dark and warm and protected. These twins were alike in all aspects but one. One brother was a 'believer': he believed in an afterlife, in a future reality much different from their current, miniature universe.
The second brother, however, was a skeptic. All he knew was the familiar world of the womb. Anything besides what he could feel and sense was only an illusion. The skeptic tried to talk some sense into his brother. He warned him to be realistic, but to no avail. His naive brother insisted on believing in an extraordinary world that exists after life in the womb, a world so immense and fantastic that it transcends their wildest dreams.
The months passed, and the fatal moment arrived. Labor began. The fetuses became aware of tremendous contractions and shifting in their little world. The freethinker recognized that 'this is it.' His short but pleasant life was about to end. He felt the forces pressuring him to go down, but fought against them. He knew that outside the womb, a cruel death awaited, with no protective sack and no umbilical cord. Suddenly, he realized that his naive brother was giving in to the forces around them. His brother was sinking lower!
"Don't give up!" he cried, but his twin took no heed. "Where are you, my dear brother?" He shuddered as he heard the screams from outside the womb. His poor brother had met his cruel fate. How naive he had been, with his foolish belief in a bigger, better world!
Then the skeptic felt the uterine muscles pushing him out, against his will, into the abyss. He screamed out ...
"Mazal Tov!" called out the doctor. "Two healthy baby boys!"
The Illusion of Death
Rav Kook wrote:
"Death is a false illusion; its defilement is due to its deceptive nature. What people call 'death' is in fact the intensification of life. Because man wallows in pettiness, he pictures this increase of life in a pained, black fashion, which he calls 'death.'"
The word 'soul' in the verse does not refer to soul of the dead person. It refers to the soul of the kohen. This is how the verse should be understood: "For the sake of the soul, the kohen shall not defile himself among his people" — for the sake of the kohen's soul, he must distance and protect himself from death and its illusions.
Gold from the Land of Israel pp. 207-209. Adapted from Orot HaKodesh vol. II, p. 380.)
Rabbi Chanan Morrison
More on the topic of Emor
את המידע הדפסתי באמצעות אתר |
Question: What Are The Different Perspectives?
What is the difference between perspective and point of view?
Perspective is how the characters view and process what’s happening within the story.
Point of view focuses on the type of narrator used to tell the story.
Perspective focuses on how this narrator perceives what’s happening within the story..
What does it mean to have different perspectives?
How can you see life in different perspectives?
Changing Your PerspectiveChange your routine. Take that morning walk the opposite way you normally do. Head out the back door and go left instead of right. … Take back your power. Let’s face it. … Visualize. Practice visualizing the problem from different perspectives.
How do you teach different perspectives?
How Teachers and Students Can Practice Perspective-TakingUse current events, historical event.Use fiction, including children’s literature.Use project-based learning opportunities.Use role-play in instruction or problem-solving.Use open-ended questions (“What if…”)Recognize and tap into existing empathy.More items…•
What are the 5 major perspectives in psychology?
What are the 5 types of point of view?
There are three primary types of point of view:First person point of view. In first person point of view, one of the characters is narrating the story. … Second person point of view. Second person point of view is structured around the “you” pronoun, and is less common in novel-length work. … Third person point of view.
What is the you perspective?
The second-person perspective is also known as the “You-person Point of View.” In this writing style, we use second-person pronouns such as you, yours, yourself, and yourselves. … When using the second-person perspective think of it as if you are talking to a singular person in front of you.
What is a perspective view?
Perspective view is a view of a three-dimensional image that portrays height, width, and depth for a more realistic image or graphic.
What are the different perspectives in writing?
There are three writing perspectives: first person, second person and third person. Each affects the tone and message of the text and how the reader perceives the writing.
What are some examples of perspective?
Why is it important to have different perspectives?
What is a perspective?
What are the 6 psychological perspectives?
Psychology: Six Perspectives shows students a measure of unity and continuity within this fragmented field by briefly and coherently discussing six primary perspectives that have arisen: biological, psychoanalytical, behavioral, humanistic, cognitive, and evolutionary.
What are the 3 psychological perspectives?
Major psychological perspectives discussed by researchers and practitioners today include biological, psychodynamic, behaviouristic, humanistic, cognitive, and evolutionary perspectives (Figure 2.1, “Major Psychological Perspectives Timeline”).
What are the 7 major perspectives in psychology?
At this point in modern psychology, the varying viewpoints on human behavior have been split into eight different perspectives: biological, behavioral, cognitive, humanistic, psychodynamic, sociocultural, evolutionary, and biopsychosocial.
Why do perspectives matter?
Seeing from another person’s perspective helps you to understand things in a different light and opens up the path for a whole lot more of understanding and tolerance. Sometimes things appear to be big, but in the big picture, it is actually something small.
What are the three perspectives in writing?
Writers may choose to tell their story from one of three perspectives:First-person: chiefly using “I” or “we”Third-person: chiefly using “he,” “she,” or “it,” which can be limited—single character knowledge—or omniscient—all-knowing.Second-person: chiefly using “you” and “your”
What are the 4 types of point of view?
|
What To Expect When You Take Your Child To The Pediatrician For Ear Pain
It's not unusual for kids to complain of pain in their ears. Usually, this pain is caused by an ear infection. Occasionally, it is due to a foreign object or even a bug having been introduced to the ear. Both of these issues require attention from the pediatrician. But what can you expect when you take your child to the pediatrician for ear pain?
Simple, Visual Tests
The first thing a doctor will do when you take your child in for ear pain is simply look in their ears. You've probably seen this being done before. The doctor simply shines a light in your child's ear and looks inside using a mirror. This is painless, and it can tell your child's pediatrician a lot. If there's something in their ear, the doctor will see it. They can then simply grasp and remove the item, in most cases. If there is an ear infection, the doctor will see redness and swelling inside the ear and can make a diagnosis based on these observations.
A Possible Hearing Test
Depending on the severity of the ear infection or other issue, the doctor may want to check whether your child's hearing is impacted. This can give more of an indication of how serious an infection is. Your child will probably be asked to put headphones on and raise their hand whenever they hear a noise. This only takes a few minutes.
Pain Management Recommendations
Once the pediatrician has confirmed that your child has an ear infection or ear obstruction (and has removed the obstruction, if relevant), they will tell you how you can keep your child's pain under control in the coming days. They may prescribe a pain reliever, and they'll probably recommend doing things like holding a heating pad against the ear or letting your child take a warm shower.
If an ear infection is to blame for your child's ear pain, then the pediatrician will prescribe an antibiotic. The antibiotic will help kill the bacteria that are causing the infection and pain. It will be very important for your child to continue taking the medication for the full prescribed period, which is often 10 days.
Hopefully, you now have a better idea of what to expect when taking your child to the pediatrician for ear pain. Pediatricians are used to dealing with this common issue and should be able to effectively treat it.
For more information, contact a pediatric service like Better Foot Care LLC.
About Me
understanding your doctor's orders
|
Thursday, 4 February 2016
Teaching the teachers about technology
I've spoken a lot right here about the importance of technology in education, and how it can help to facilitate learning and bring effective teaching to learners in the more remote areas. How it can be harnessed in a variety of ways to improve the quality and reach of education in South Africa.
All this is very promising. However, if we are able to use technology appropriately and effectively in the process of educating our children, we first need to make sure that our teachers are thoroughly familiar and comfortable with the technologies and teaching methods themselves.
Training teachers to use technology
In order for teachers to deploy technology, they need training in it. What we often lose sight of when we think about all the potential that technology holds for education, is that there is still a significant human element involved. No matter what technology is used, someone still needs to do the actual teaching, as well as provide learners with the necessary support when using the technology. At least until we invent teacher robots.
So while we are already seeing the deployment of technology in South African classrooms, this has to be combined with comprehensive teacher training, not only in the use of the technology, but in how to teach learners to use it.
Education experts believe that there is a vast amount of teacher training that has to occur before we will be able to reap the full benefits of technology in the classroom.
A change in orientation
In many cases before we can get to the point of actually beginning teacher training in technology, we need to overcome existing hesitancies and attitudes, and sometimes even fear of technology. There is often a technophobic reaction among people who are not familiar with it. This is usually caused by a lack of previous exposure.
In South Africa we need to face the challenge of teachers themselves being completely unfamiliar with technology and having a resistance to implementing it in the classroom. This resistance isn't due to them being anti-technology; it's simply that they are unsure of it and don't feel comfortable using it. It's this orientation that first needs to be changed, so that teachers can fully embrace the technology that they will be using.
Creating relevance
The most fundamental thing to establish when training teachers in the use of technology is relevance. Much of the resistance to technology adoption comes from a lack of appreciation of its relevance to the day-to-day business of teaching. We need to assist teachers to grasp this relevance – to their subjects and to their teaching methods.
We need to clearly show teachers how technology can improve their teaching and create better learner performance. This can only be done using face-to-face training, where a human experience is combined with technology.
Once teachers fully appreciate the relevance of technology to their work, and the many ways in which it can help them, they will be in a much better position to employ technology in their classrooms.
No comments:
Post a comment |
Sedition Charges Constantly Evoked but Hardly Stick
– Pearl Maheshwari
Indore Institute of Law
Prior independence, the provision of sedition was propounded and inserted into the statue book by the British colonial rulers in order to suppress the revolutions carried out by the freedom fighters such as Mahatma Gandhi, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai etc against the British Raj. It was a colonial-era-law of that time which intended to quash the voice of freedom. The British rulers in order to uphold their tyranny enacted such draconian law so as to stifle and restrain the voices of dissent that emerged against them during that period of time.
The offence of sedition is an offence against the state. It embraces all those practices, whether by words, deeds or writing which are mainly determined to disturb the tranquility of the state. Sedition has been explained as disloyalty in action which leads to a civil war, creates public disturbance, excites discontent or disaffection or ordinarily all the endeavors that promote public disorder. It is in force in India in the form of a penal offence.
Sedition was brought into Indian Penal Code in 1870, almost 10 years after the code was enacted. This section was amended in 1891 and explanations were added to it. Sedition is an offence defined under section 124A of IPC, 1860. As per this section:
Explanation 3 – Comments expressing disapprobation of the administrative or other action of the government without exciting or attempting to excite hatred, contempt or disaffection, do not constitute an offence under this section.”1
The existing section of sedition under 124A of IPC was originally framed under section 113 of Macaulay’s draft Penal Code of 1837-39.
Sedition is a violent revolt against an established authority or government mainly in the form of defamation against the government. It is a type of conduct or a speech given that incites people to rebel against the authority of a state or monarch. The fundamental characteristic of sedition consisted in the betrayal and dishonesty of that faith and fidelity which were due from a subject to his sovereign as supreme head of state. It is an insurrectionary movement which involves all the attempts made by the meetings, speeches or publications that interferes with law and order of the state. Sedition is considered as a subversive act whose ultimate object is the violation of public peace though not aimed at direct and open violence against the laws. A seditionist is one who is involved in or fosters the interests of sedition and if convicted, he can face punishment up to life in prison.
History of sedition laws in India Before Independence
The history of offence of sedition in IPC holds one of the major conflicts in the judicial interpretations and enactments. In pre-Independence era, huge number of cases were decided and pronounced by Privy Council as well as Federal Court. These two highest judicial bodies at that time have taken absolutely opposite and different standing on the meaning and scope of sedition as a penal offence. The judges of the Federal Court were of the view that sedition implies resistance or disorder of some kind and has emphasized mainly on the point that if there is no incitement to violence or public disorder then there is no offence of sedition. On the other hand, Privy Council was of the view that while deciding the blameworthiness and culpability of a person charged with offence of sedition, it would be immaterial to take into consideration the acts like incitement to violence and insurrection.
Being a Victorian-era law, sedition law has been applied several times and has undergone several interpretations in number of cases:-
Queen v. Balgangadhar Tilak2
Bal Gangadhar Tilak, a leading advocate and freedom fighter of India, was charged with sedition on two of the occasions. He was prosecuted for the speeches rendered by him and for the seditious writings in his newspaper. He was convicted and sent to jail for six years.
In this case, the disaffection was mainly described as the absence of affection towards the government. Strachey J. stated that a man must not make or attempt to make others feel ill will or abhorrence of any kind towards the government. To constitute an offence under this section, it is not necessary that one must excite or attempt to excite mutiny or rebellion or any sort of actual disturbance towards the government. But it would be sufficient that one tries to excite feeling of hatred or contempt or certain other bad feelings towards the government.
Emperor v. Sada Shiv Narayan3
In this case, the Privy Council restated the law on sedition which was enunciated in Tilak’s case and held that if accused neither excited nor intended to excite any rebellion or forcible resistance against the authority of government but if he still attempted to excite the feelings of enmity against government then it would be sufficient to make him guilty under this section.
After Independence
Post independence, there has been a huge debate regarding freedom of speech and expression and the offence of sedition. While interpreting the offence of sedition, K.M. Munshi said that a line must be drawn between constructive criticism of government which should be allowed and welcomed and incitement that leads to impairment of security or public interest or destroys the set-up of civilized life or aimed at the subversion or overthrowing of the government which should be restrained. After coming into force of the Constitution, the constitutional validity of offence of sedition was taken into account by the Supreme Court of India in many of the cases:
2 I.L.R. 22 Bom. 112
3 A.I.R. 1943 P.C. 82
Kedar Nath Singh v. State of Bihar4
The subject matter of case was that the accused was a member of the Forward Communist Party and had given a harsh speech against the government in power and rendered the speech in a violent language. It then became necessary to decide the constitutional validity of Section 124A which was questioned on the ground that the provisions of this section were in violation with the freedom of speech and expression. The plea was dissented by the court and the section was held to be constitutional. In order to make sure that section 124A did not infringe the fundamental rights, the explanation to the section was added by the Supreme Court stating that strong words expressing disapprobation of the measures of government with a view of obtaining their alteration or improvement by lawful means and comments on government action or criticism of public measures, however strongly worded, within the reasonable limits and consistent with the fundamental right of freedom of speech and expression would not constitute an offence under this section. It is only when the words having malignant or detrimental tendency or intention of creating public disorder or disturbance of law and order, the provisions of this section are attracted. In other words any written or spoken words etc. implicitly having an idea of subverting government through violent means have been made penal under this section.
Balwant Singh v. State of Punjab5
After the assassination of Indira Gandhi, two Sikhs raised anti-slogans in Chandigarh. These slogans included – “Khalistan Zindabad”, “Raj karega Khalsa” and “Hinduan nun Punjab chon kadh ke chhadange, hun mauka aya hai raj kayam karan da” [We will drive Hindus out of Punjab and establish our rule]. Instead of the disturbance and annoyance created by these slogans, the Supreme Court acquitted both of them because these slogans did not imminently incite the violence. The court observed that such casual raising of the slogans by appellant cannot be said to be aimed at exciting or attempt to excite hatred or disaffection towards the Government and it also didn’t stimulate any response from any person of Sikh community or any other reaction from the people of any other communities and the people remain unaffected and carried on with their normal activities. Thus a person can be punished for the offence of sedition only if there is any menacing and forthcoming incitement to violence in pursuance of his conduct or action.
In brief, the Supreme Court has tried to indicate that the sedition charges will only stand
4 A.I.R. 1962 S.C. 955
5 1995 (1) SCR 411
when it is being used to incite the mob which leads to a violent action. Just shouting out words in a public place does not amount to sedition unless and until this leads to immediate incitement of violence. Mere words and phrases spoken, no matter how much dissatisfactory, do not amount to a criminal offence unless the above mentioned condition is met.
Recent cases indicating changes in the concept of sedition 1.) Sedition turmoil going on in JNU:-
What had happened in JNU which leads to a huge sedition uproar?
Sedition is in the air and a lot of hot air has been generated after the JNU incident.
Kanhaiya Kumar, a young student leader from Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) is the latest victim of sedition charges. He is the current president of Jawaharlal Nehru’s University Student’s Union and also a leader of All India Student Federation (AISF), the student wing of Communist Party of India (CPI).
The 28-year-old student was arrested on 12 February, 2016 and charged with sedition charges by Delhi police for allegedly raising anti-Indian slogans in a student rally. Marking the death anniversary of Afzal Guru, the rally was called in order to protest against the hanging of Mohammad Afzal Guru, a Kashmiri who was convicted and hanged in Delhi’s Tihar jail in 2013 for his alleged role in Indian Parliament attack, 2001. Two more students, Umar Khalid and Anirban Bhattacharya were arrested on the same charges and remanded to 14 days judicial custody.
A case was registered against Kanhaiya on 13 February, under sections 124A and 120B of IPC. He, however, denied the charges and said that he was neither shouting any slogan nor saying anything against the integrity or solidarity of nation. He claimed that he didn’t say anything that was seditious and insisted that he had full faith in the Constitution of country.
Kanhaiya Kumar’s arrest led to huge students protests both at the university as well as in many cities across the country. His arrest has triggered a public debate around the country regarding freedom of speech and expression.
Why JNU’s Kanhaiya Kumar did not commit sedition and won’t get convicted for it?
In 1962, the Supreme Court in Kedar Nath case had already added a caution that sedition
charges must be surely accompanied by violence or direct incitement to violence. Raising anti-Indian slogans do not amount to incitement of violence.
In recent years, local authorities and state have used sedition laws to intimidate peaceful protestors and to silent the criticism. Kanhaiya Kumar finds himself in exalted company of many Indians who have been slammed by charges of sedition which includes Assem Trivedi, Simranjeet Singh Man, Arundhati Roy etc. but the charges could not stand against them due to the absence of inciting violence against the nation.
Noted writer Arundhati Roy and Hurriyat leader Syed Geelani were booked on charges of sedition for their “anti-India” speech at a seminar on Kashmir titled “Azaadi-the only way” in 2010 but the charges were lastly dropped because merely criticizing the government do not cause the threat of violence against the nation.
Simranjeet Singh Mann, president of Shiromani Akali Dal- Amritsar, was also arrested for raising pro-Khalistan slogans in the golden temple on 21st anniversary of Operation Blue Star and thus was booked under section 124A of IPC for making provocative speeches but was again not prosecuted as the investigations could not substantiate the charges against him. Aseem Trivedi, a cartoonist and free speech activist was also held guilty under section 124A for allegedly poking fun at the Constitution and national emblem by drawing cartoons but again the charges were dropped against him because the cartoons displayed were against the corruption prevailing in political system and not exhibited with the purpose of evoking violent actions against the government.
While going through all the cases mentioned aforesaid, it is almost certain that Kanhaiya Kumar won’t get convicted for sedition because merely raising anti-Indian slogans or speeches do not leads to inciting violence or creating public disorder.
Various views expressed over JNU incident
Senior advocate Raju Ramachandran emphasizes on the point that Delhi police has to prove that Kumar literally made an attempt to incite a mob against the government but if it failed to do so then the case has to be quashed at the threshold. In order to make Kanhaiya guilty of sedition, there must be an element of incitement of violence.
As per a senior criminal advocate Sushil Kumar, there is hardly any conviction in such cases because it is more of a political gimmick and the law is often misused to stifle free speech and expression. He says, “There is nothing seditious when a group of students protest over an incident which they believe to be wrong or debate over a judgment which
they feel to be erroneous. But if the spokesman motivates the crowd to pick up arms and attack the government then it would be termed as seditious”.
Justice Ajit Kumar Sinha, former judge of the Jharkhand High Court, stated that a simple protest cannot come under the law of sedition if it was held to criticize the government or any action of the government and not to break the country.
A major point that has been mainly affirmed by many of the experts over the JNU incident was that that the anti-Indian slogans are not always seditious as long as they are made with the tendency to criticize and not to overthrow the established authority or existing government.
Kanhaiya Kumar released on an interim bail
The Delhi High Court approved Kanhaiya Kumar’s interim bail for 6 months on 2nd March, 2016 on a conditional bond of Rs. 10,000. He was released on bail but has been asked to assure that he will not take part in any of the further ‘anti-national activity’ and he will be present whenever required for investigations regarding the speech delivered by him to commemorate the hanging of Afzal Guru. However, the police had argued against his bail by claiming that they have enough evidence of anti-national activities against him.
2.) Sedition charges against Hardik Patel
Hardik Patel is a leader of Patidar Anamat Andolan Samiti (PAAS) and is an Indian political activist who is campaigning for inclusion of Patidar caste in the Other Backward Class (OBC) category so that they can qualify for the reserved quotas in education and other government jobs.
Patel quota agitation leader Hardik Patel was slapped by sedition charges under IPC sections 124A (sedition), 121A (conspiracy to wage war against the government) and 120B (criminal conspiracy) in Surat on 19th October, 2015 for his alleged comments and remarks for instigating a community youth to kill policemen instead of committing suicide.
The charge-sheet filed by the cops against Hardik Patel contended that accused was involved in provoking Patel community youths to resort to violence in order to put an undue pressure upon the government so that their unconstitutional demand of quotas in educational and government jobs can be accepted. Sessions court in Ahmedabad rejected the bail application of Patel reservation movement leader Hardik Patel and he
is still in judicial custody facing charges of “waging war against the nation” and many others.
3.) Sedition charges against Kashmiri students
Around 67 Kashmiri students from Swami Vivekanand Subharti University in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, who had cheered and supported Pakistan team against India and some of them shouted slogans such as “Pakistan Zindabad” in Asia Cup match were slammed with sedition charges under sections 124A, 153 and 427 of IPC. Their act triggered tension in the university.
Hours after the Uttar Pradesh police slapped sedition and other charges on 67 Kashmiri students of a private university in Meerut, the State government dropped the charge of sedition against them as the charges against them had caused dismay and outrage in political and legal circles and had also been criticized severely across the country.
However, the other charges such as promoting enmity between different groups
(Section 153A) and mischief (Section 427) under the IPC invoked against them stayed. The framing of sedition charge against the Kashmiri students was a gross abuse of law. It is evident and clear that sedition law applies only against those who incite violence
against the government of India and mere cheering for Pakistan, even if it is true does not attract the provisions of this section.
Sedition and Freedom of Speech & Expression in India
One of the constant and controversial judicial problems is balancing the treatment between sedition and freedom of speech and expression. It is mostly argued that along with the colonial laws like criminal defamation, laws on obscenity and blasphemy, sedition law also runs against freedom of speech and expression which is being guaranteed under Article 19(1) (a) of the Indian Constitution although it is not as such that sedition laws curb the freedom of speech and expression in India if it is so used in diligent and proper manner.
Article 19 (1) (a) of the Indian Constitution says that all the citizens have the right to free speech and expression that means the right to express one’s own convictions and opinions freely by words of mouth, writing, printing, pictures or any other mode. It also includes expression of one’s idea through any of the communicable medium or any type of visible representation such as gestures, signs or the like. But this right is not absolute and it is limited by ‘reasonable restrictions’ which is laid down in Article 19(2). These reasonable restrictions are in the interest of public order, security of the state, friendly
relations with foreign states, sovereignty and integrity of India, decency or morality or in relation to contempt of court, defamation or incitement to violence.
According to Mahatma Gandhi, “Affection cannot be produced or regulated by law. If one is having no affection for a person then he/she should be freely given the fullest opportunity and expression to his/her disaffection as long as he/she does not envisage, stimulate or provoke violence”.
The debate regarding the scope and constitutional validity of sedition law revolves around the question of limits granted in the course of legitimate protests and strikes, dissent and criticisms of government which is being restricted in the interest of public order. The constitutional validity of sedition law has been decided in many of the cases in post independence era as discussed above.
In Romesh Thappar6 case, the Madras government, after declaring the Communist party illegal, banned the left leaning magazine Crossroads for being excessive condemnatory and negative in respect of Nehru government. But the court found that the ban constituted a violation of right to freedom of expression which includes freedom of propagation of ideas and that freedom is ensured by the freedom of circulation and liberty of publication.
In Kedarnath Singh7 case, section 124A was held valid but if it is used arbitrarily then it would violate freedom of speech and expression guaranteed under Article 19 of the Indian Constitution.
The main assertion here is that criticizing government policies and their decisions within just and reasonable limit that does not lead to incitement of violence or hatred amongst the people or provoke them to rebel against government is consistent and compatible with freedom of speech and expression. Only when any speech or mode of expression amounts to an incitement to violence, such section should be brought in and the person should be strictly punished in accordance with law.
Citizens in India are free to criticize their government as it exhibits participatory democracy though freedom of speech has never been a cake walk or bed of roses in any democracy. The recent affair at JNU shows that the dissent has totally lost its ground and
6 A.I.R. 1950 S.C. 124
7 A.I.R. 1962 S.C. 955
that too in a democratic country. Our founding fathers have showed a love for dissidence but it’s really shocking that Indian government has little patience for the same.
With the help of various judgments given in the pretext of sedition laws, it can be affirmed that freedom of speech and expression cannot be encroached upon if there is no incitement to violence or intention of disrupting public disorder. Mere criticism against the government is not seditious in the eyes of law.
During the pre independence era, colonial government in India inserted section 124A in the code for the purpose of suppressing the dissenting voices from Indian media, intellectuals and freedom fighters. As the time passes, the law on sedition kept on interpreting by various judicial experts as per the time and need of the situation. Post independence, sedition is said to be made out when someone performs such an action that is likely to obstruct or destabilize the government or lead to disintegration of the country. The intention to commit violence must be real and credible but it should not be imposed to suppress political dissent which was mainly done during the British Raj but in today’s scenario if an act does not amount to violence then it will not be termed as crime of sedition under section 124A.
The colonial legacy like sedition law, which presumes popular affection for state as a natural condition and expects citizens not to show any type of enmity, hatred, contempt or hostility towards the government established by law needs to be charged and invoked with utmost caution and care because sedition charges have been frequently framed without having any regard to substantial evidences and thus as a result it leads to acquittal of accused due to lack of evidences.
Sedition laws as a part of framework of colonial laws should not be used by government as a weapon to curb the citizens’ freedom of speech and expression. The ability of citizens to freely express themselves as well as to constructively criticize or express dissent against the government would not be treated as seditious expression against the state.
In the modern era, merely shouting and raising slogans would not amount to sedition as it requires violent actions which would endanger the security of state. Criticizing the government or any of its decisions is not enough to formulate the charges of sedition unless and until it is accompanied with intention to overthrow the government or creates a situation which is a menace or threat to security of nation.
Sedition law should not be used as a convenient medium to stifle any form or expression of dissent or criticism. The alacrity with which government uses colonial laws to crush people with whose views they don’t agree with is completely unacceptable.
Freedom of speech and expression must be balanced with integrity and solidarity of nation. This right must be used in such a manner so as not to harm the integrity of state and any form of speech or expression does not lead to incitement to violent actions against state or hampers the security and safety of nation and if this right does not complies with the above mentioned conditions then it would lead to seditious expression against the state that has been made punishable under section 124A of IPC subject to the condition that the sedition law should not be allowed to limit the freedom of speech. |
Colorado River v. Colorado
Editor’s note: the following is the text of the federal lawsuit brought by Deep Green Resistance members against the State of Colorado in a first-in-the-nation lawsuit requesting that the court recognize the river’s rights to exist, flourish, regenerate, and naturally evolve, and grant the river “personhood” and standing to sue in American courts.
1851 BASSETT, STE 509
DENVER, CO 80202
Attorney for Plaintiff
DEEP GREEN RESISTANCE, The SouthWest Coalition, Deanna Meyer, Jennifer Murnan, Fred Gibson, Susan Hyatt, Will Falk.
Case No.: [Number]
Our system of law has failed to stop the degradation of the natural environment, and consequently, has failed to protect the natural and human communities which depend on it for their survival and livelihood. Environmental law has failed to protect the natural environment because it accepts the status of nature and ecosystems as property, while merely regulating the rate at which the natural environment is exploited. Its failure can be seen from the worsening of climate change, the continued pollution of ground and surfacewater, and the decline of every major ecosystem on the continent.
The Colorado River is one such ecosystem. Climate change is worsening Colorado River droughts, many of its tributaries have receded, and the River has been prevented from making its way to the sea. The Colorado River’s continuing existence, let alone its ability to continue to provide sustenance for both human and natural communities, is now at issue.
Faced with similar threats to important ecosystems, courts and legislatures around the globe have begun to create a new kind of environmental law, one which recognizes that ecosystems themselves possess certain rights, and which allows communities to sue on their behalf for damages caused to the ecosystem. By recognizing standing on behalf of the ecosystem itself, injuries caused to the ecosystem are directly recoverable, rather than being dependent solely on harms caused to the users of those ecosystems. Much in the same way that African-Americans and women became “visible” to courts in the 1800’s, courts and legislatures now are making ecosystems visible to the institutions of government.
Through this action, the Plaintiffs are asking this Court to recognize and declare that the Colorado River is capable of possessing rights similar to a “person,” and that as part of that declaration, that the Colorado River has certain rights to exist, flourish, regenerate, and naturally evolve. In the absence of such a finding, Plaintiffs contend that existing environmental laws will continue to fail to protect the Colorado River, and thus, continue to fail to protect the human and natural communities that are dependent on the River.
3. No ecosystem is more responsible for the facilitation of life – human and non-human – in the arid Southwest than the Colorado River.
4. Human language lacks the complexity to adequately describe the Colorado River Ecosystem. Any attempt to define it or account for the sheer amount of life made possible by it will necessarily be arbitrary
5. Nevertheless, we are asked to bring an accurate description of the Colorado River from the vastness of the real, physical world into the small confines of a courtroom. We shall start with this: The Colorado River Ecosystem is best understood as a complex collection of relationships.
6. These relationships are nearly infinite. The most fundamental include the attraction between hydrogen and oxygen; the liquid, ice, and gas that water and heat create together; the irresistible paths fashioned by the interplay of mountain and gravity; and the climate born from the intercourse of the Sun’s energy and Earth’s atmospheric gasses.
7. If we begin with water, we see – high in the sky – water dancing as vapor on wind currents. When the dance brings enough water together, clouds form. As clouds pass over the high Colorado Rockies, water freezes and falls as snow. Over the course of winter, clouds contribute their stores of water and snowpack builds. In Spring, snowmelt forms creeks and streams who are guided by mountains through canyons and valleys. Rare summer rains do what they can to join the snowmelt.
8. Beneath the Earth’s surface, springs pull groundwaters to form their own creeks and streams. Snowmelt, rain, and spring waters intermingle with gravity. And, gravity gathers these waters as they tumble down stone faces, run across tree roots, and seep into sand and soil. The snowmelt, spring water, and gravity build in power as they mix. They soften mountainsides, carve through red rock, and brave the deserts who seek to exhaust them.
9. The moving waters that create the Colorado River and sustain countless species of flora and fauna cover much more expansive distances than the space between riverbanks commonly understood as the “Colorado River.”
10. The traditional conception of the Colorado River locates the river’s headwaters in La Poudre Pass, in Colorado’s Rocky Mountains. Before the construction of dams and large- scale diversion, the Colorado flowed 1,450 miles into the Pacific Ocean near Sonora, Mexico. Since the completion of the Glen Canyon Dam in 1963, the Colorado has rarely connected with the sea.
11. The Colorado River Drainage Basin is the seventh largest drainage basin in North America, covering 246,000 square miles. Ninety-seven percent (97%) of the drainage basin is in the United States. Twenty-five significant tributary rivers join the Colorado River, including the Green, Gila, San Juan, Little Colorado, Dolores, Gunnison, and Virgin Rivers.
12. Fourteen native fish lived in the Colorado River when European settlers arrived in the West, including four fish that are now endangered: the humpback chub, Colorado pikeminnow, razorback sucker, and bonytail. Only six known humpback chub populations persist. Colorado pikenminnow are no longer found below the Glen Canyon Dam. Wild populations of bonytail no longer exist. Endangered fish species with restricted ranges in Colorado tributaries include the Little Colorado spinedace, Kendall Warm Springs dace, desert pupfish, and springfish.
13. Springs that feed the Colorado, and the Colorado’s tributaries, support several species of very rare snails including the Overton assiminea, Grand Wash springsnail, Pahranagat pebblesnail, Moapa pebblesnail, and Hot Creek pebblesnail.
14. The Colorado River’s natural communities include a diversity of forest and flora including dense spruce-fir, pinyon-juniper, and mixed broadleaf and cottonwood forests; moist mountain grasslands where tufted hair grass, Thurber’s fescue, and blue joint grass flourish; prolific willow carrs; desert scrublands; and sparse saltbush-greasewood basins.
15. The Colorado River’s riparian communities are among the most important habitats for winged creatures in the Western United States. One hundred and thirty-nine (139) confirmed butterfly species can be found in Rocky Mountain National Park, alone. Iconic, and endangered or threatened, birds like the bald eagle, greater sage grouse, Gunnison sage grouse, peregrine falcon, yellow-billed cuckoo, summer tanager, and southwestern willow flycatcher make their homes in the Colorado River watershed.
16. The scarcity of water in the deserts of the Southwest make the Colorado River Watershed vital for several amphibian species including the Colorado River toad, lowland leopard frog, and the relict leopard frog. Development and water diversion endanger these rare desert amphibians.
17. Many of the West’s most recognizable mammals depend on the Colorado River Watershed for water and to sustain adequate food sources. Gray wolves, grizzly bear, black bear, mountain lions, coyotes, and lynx walk the banks of the Colorado. Elk, mule deer, and bighorn sheep live in the Basin’s forests. Beavers, river otters, and muskrats live directly in the River’s flow as well as in streams and creeks throughout the Colorado River Basin.
18. The Colorado River provides water for close to 40 million people and irrigates nearly 4 million acres of American and Mexican cropland.
19. In 1922, the Colorado River Compact allocated the River’s water between 7 states (Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming, Nevada, Arizona, and California). The Compact set the River’s annual average at 15 million acre feet (“maf”) and used this number to distribute water among the states. Between 1914-1923, the River’s annual average was 18.8 million acre feet which is the wettest recorded ten-year period of the last 100 years. The River now averages 14.7 million acre feet annually.
20. Thirty-four (34) Native American reservations exist within the Colorado River Basin, many of whom seek new water rights not contemplated in the Colorado River Compact. In 1944, the International Boundary Water Commission facilitated a treaty between the United States and Mexico which granted Mexico 1.5 million maf annually.
21. Agriculture uses the vast majority of the Colorado’s water. In 2012, 78% of the Colorado’s water was used for agriculture alone. Forty-five percent (45%) of the water is diverted from the Colorado River Basin which spells disaster for Basin ecosystems. Major cities that rely on these trans-Basin diversions include Denver, Los Angeles, and Salt Lake City.
1. Members of DEEP GREEN RESISTANCE (“DGR”) serve as “next friends,” for, and guardians of, the Colorado River Ecosystem. DGR is a worldwide, membership-based, grassroots organization rooted in the truth that all life is sustained by soil, air, water, and countless natural communities of living creatures. Because ecosystems sustain life, DGR recognizes that the needs of ecosystems are primary and DGR is committed to protecting vulnerable ecosystems across the planet. DGR, as shown infra, has exemplified a long-standing history of responsible care for the Colorado River Basin.
2. Next Friend and Guardian DEANNA MYER is a member of DGR and DGR’s Southwest Coalition and resides at 1680 M Hwy 67 Sedalia, CO 80135.
3. Next Friend and Guardian JENNIFER MURNAN is a member of DGR and DGR’s Southwest Coalition and resides at 5125 Ute Hwy Longmont, CO 80503.
4. Next Friend and Guardian FRED GIBSON is a member of DGR and DGR’s Southwest Coalition and resides at 6830 Dream Weaver Dr Colorado Springs, CO 80923
5. Next Friend and Guardian SUSAN HYATT is a member of DGR and DGR’s Southwest Coalition and resides at 457 Walker St Moab, UT 84532.
6. Next Friend and Guardian WILL FALK is a member of DGR and DGR’s Southwest Coalition and resides at 371 N 200 E Heber City, Utah 84032.
7. DEEP GREEN RESISTANCE (DGR) is a social and environmental justice organization formed in 2011. Over the past 6 years, DGR has grown to include members across the nation and worldwide.
8. DGR is committed to the principle that the soil, the air, the water, the climate, and the food we eat, are created by complex communities of living creatures like those creating the Colorado River. The needs of these living communities, worldwide, are primary. Similarly, the needs of the Colorado River, in the American Southwest, are primary. Local, state, and national jurisprudence must emerge from a humble relationship with the living communities which give us life.
9. DGR engages in a diversity of tactics to protect ecosystems. This includes building public awareness of the interconnectedness of life, the creation and distribution of ecological and political analysis in media worldwide, fundraising to support grassroots campaigns, organizing conferences to bring the most talented minds of the environmental and social justice movements together to discuss strategy, developing activist training programs, and conducting non-violent, civil disobedience to confront ecological violence.
10. Aside from legal definitions, DGR conducts itself as an organization by: (1) publishing by-laws which govern its activities; (2) operating a process for gaining membership which includes a written application and interview; and by (3) conducting an active membership maintenance program where members must either pay monthly dues or file a quarterly written proposal detailing the work the member plans on doing within DGR’s mission.
11. SOUTHWEST COALITION is a subcommittee of Deep Green Resistance specifically focused on preserving the Colorado River and the Colorado River Ecosystem.
12. A number of DGR members live in the Colorado River’s drainage basin, or live in communities who depend on the Colorado. These include members who live in Moab, UT; Heber City, UT; Boulder, CO; Colorado Springs, CO; and Sedalia, CO. These members form the majority of DGR’s SOUTHWEST COALITION.
13. Relevant SOUTHWEST COALITION Members are listed individually herein as “next friends” of the natural communities creating the Colorado River: Deanna Meyer, Jennifer Murnan, Fred Gibson, Michael Carter, Susan Hyatt, and Will Falk.
14. In 2015, DGR SOUTHWEST COALITION officially committed to protecting water as its primary focus in a public document titled, “Water: Southwest Coalition Statement of Commitment and Call for Allies.” The health of the Colorado River was prioritized in this document.
15. The document states, “More than any other area of North America, the Southwest faces water shortages just as demands for water increase…Deep Green Resistance chapters across the Southwest recognize the imminent catastrophe. We view the protection of ground and surface water as critically important. We declare water preservation and justice as our primary focus…”
16. In 2013, prior to DGR SOUTHWEST COALITION’s publication of this document, DGR formed an alliance with members of the Ely Shoshone Tribe and the Great Basin Water Network to oppose the Southern Nevada Water Authority’s (SNWA) Groundwater Development Project. The Project, which has still failed to gain the necessary permits, would pump 27 billion gallons of groundwater from southeastern Nevada and transport it by pipeline to service Las Vegas. A significant portion of this water naturally flows into the Colorado River through the White and Moapa Rivers. Stopping SNWA protects billions of gallons of the lower Colorado’s water.
17. In opposition to the SNWA Groundwater Development Project, DGR members organize an annual Sacred Water Tour to show the public the natural and human communities that will be destroyed if the Project is approved. Included on this tour are several areas within the Colorado River Drainage Basin. The 2017 Sacred Water Tour was the event’s 4th edition. Additionally, DGR members have engaged in a public awareness campaign about the Project with news and opinion articles in local and national media platforms; and through radio interviews and podcasts, videos, and photo journals.
18. In 2015, in conjunction with DGR SOUTHWEST COALITION’s Water Statement, several DGR members formed the Pinyon-Juniper Alliance to oppose the Bureau of Land Management’s and U.S. Forest Service’s “pinyon-juniper treatment projects.” These projects, happening across the Colorado River Basin, clearcut millions of acres of old-growth pinyon-juniper forests to open rangeland for livestock grazing and to clear the way for mine expansions. Pinyon-juniper deforestation contributes to desertification and causes precious high desert topsoil and surface pollution to wash into the Colorado River.
19. The Pinyon-Juniper Alliance circulated a petition asking BLM to place a moratorium on pinyon-juniper treatment projects while conducting additional research into how, among other things, deforestation affected the Colorado River. The petition gained over 61,787 signatures. DGR members are also involved in organizing experts in the scientific and ecologic communities to speak out against pinyon-juniper deforestation. DGR members wrote a widely-shared essay series about pinyon-juniper deforestation, made videos, and gave radio interviews on the topic.
20. DGR SOUTHWEST COALITION recently approved a plan to build a water protection and climate change action campaign in Northeastern Utah. The plan targets oil and natural gas hydraulic fracturing (fracking) processes around the Duchesne River which is a major tributary of the Colorado River. Fracking is known to pollute ground and surface water sources. The plan also targets the yellow crude oil refining process in Northeastern Utah which involves heated oil tanker trucks carrying volatile, toxic oil along highways running near creeks, streams, and the Duchesne River, which all empty into the Colorado River. An educational component of the plan seeks to illustrate how climate change threatens the snowpack that feeds the Colorado River and how fracking produces toxic runoff that may find its way to the River.
21. Defendant John Hickenlooper is the Governor of the State of Colorado, and is being sued in his official capacity as the executive of the State. The Governor’s Office is located at 136 State Capitol Building, Denver, Colorado 80203.
1. Diversity is extant between Plaintiff and Defendant so that jurisdiction is proper pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332.
2. This Court is vested with original jurisdiction over these federal claims by operation of 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 and 1343.
3. This Court is vested with authority to grant the requested declaratory judgment by operation of 28 U.S.C. §§ 2201 and 2202, and pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 57.
4. Venue is proper in the United States District Court for the District of Colorado under 28
U.S.C. § 1391(b), in that the events giving rise to the claim occurred within the district.
1. Life is created by complex natural communities of living creatures in ecosystems. Water, air, soil, climate, and the food we eat depend on natural communities. The needs of these communities are primary; individual morality, institutional morality, and Law must emerge from a humble relationship with these natural communities. True sustainability is impossible without such a relationship.
2. For the vast majority of human history, humans lived in humble relationships with natural communities. We developed traditional cultures that were rooted in the radical interconnectedness of all living beings. Along with other teachings, these cultures insisted upon the inherent worth of the natural communities who give us life.
3. The dominance of a culture that defines Nature as property enables its destruction. Meanwhile, the planet is on the verge of total collapse. To avert collapse, the destruction must stop. For the destruction to stop, institutions within the dominant culture must recognize the inherent worth of the natural communities who give us life. If American courts do not recognize the inherent worth of natural communities, the dominant culture will not change, and collapse will only intensify. American courts must recognize the legally enforceable rights of ecosystems and nature for those reasons.
4. The concept that nature should have the right to sue for its own protection has been recognized by members of the United States Supreme Court. In his dissenting opinion in the landmark environmental law case, Sierra Club v. Morton, 405 U.S. 727 (1972), Justice Douglas argued that “inanimate objects” should have standing to sue in court:
1. As a practical matter, the difficulty in recognizing this equitable concept (of conferring standing and rights on Natural entities) arises from the fact that nature–which any of us who have spent a day in the Rockies or along The Colorado would never describe as “inanimate”—does not have the ability to hire a law firm, actively participate in its representation or testify in Court. (One shudders at the idea of nature testifying against us. That said, in many real ways, it is testifying against us right now.)
2. But as Justice Douglas stated in his dissent, inanimate objects who do not have the ability to testify themselves are commonly parties in litigation. A ship has a legal personality, a fiction found useful for maritime purposes. The corporation sole – a creature of ecclesiastical law – has been deemed to be an acceptable adversary and large fortunes ride on its cases. The ordinary corporation has been repeatedly recognized as a “person” for purposes of constitutional protection and enforcement.
3. Corporate rights provide an instructive analogy. The Colorado is 60 to 70 million years old and has enabled, sustained, and allowed for human life for as long as human life has been extant in the Western United States, yet the Colorado has no rights or standing whatsoever to defend itself and ensure its existence; while a corporation that can be perfected in fifteen minutes with a credit card can own property, issue stock, open a bank account, sue or defend in litigation, form and bind contracts, claim Fourth Amendment guarantees, due process, equal protection, hold religious beliefs and perhaps most famously invest unlimited amounts of money in support of its favorite political candidate. See Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, 130 S. Ct. 876, 903 (2010). See also, Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc., 134 S. Ct. 2751, 2759 (2014).
4. The American system of law is replete with doctrines, examples and solutions with regard to when a party cannot bring suit itself and requires another to stand in its stead, including guardian ad litems, parens patriae, executors who can bring suits on behalf of an estate, and trustees. The fiduciary relationship in which one party can litigate in the best of interests of another party has long been recognized by U.S. courts.
5. One does not have to wax poetic to reasonably assert that a natural entity that has existed for millions of years as a complex ecosystem, and which created the Grand Canyon through its natural flow has, in many ways, respectfully, more volition or will than some of the dependent persons and entities that are currently represented by guardian ad litems and executors in our courts of law. [1]
6. For that reason and others, courts around the world have come to legally recognize that natural entities on which life depends have the right to exist, which in our law is cognized as the standing, and the right, to bring actions to be heard before our courts.
7. On July 27, 2014, Te Urewera, an 821-square mile area of New Zealand, was designated as a legal entity with “[A]ll the rights, powers, duties and liabilities of a legal person.” Section 11(1), Te Erewera Act of 2014.
8. Te Urewera can now bring causes of action on its own behalf without having to prove direct injury to human beings.
9. In 2008, the country of Ecuador amended its national constitution to establish the rights of ecosystems within the country to exist, regenerate, evolve, and be restored. Those constitutional provisions have triggered several enforcement cases protecting the rights of rivers and other ecosystems in the country.
10. In November of 2016, Colombia’s Constitutional Court found that the Atrato River, including its tributaries and watershed, is “an entity subject to rights to protection, conservation, maintenance and restoration.” In addition, the Court decreed that the Colombian State shall “exercise legal guardianship and representation of the rights of the river in conjunction with the ethnic communities that inhabit the Atrato river basin.” In its ruling, the court explained
that human populations are those that are interdependent on the natural world –not the other way around- and that they must assume the consequences of their actions and omissions in relation to nature. It’s about understanding this new socio-political reality with the aim of achieving a respectful transformation with the natural world and its environment, just as has happened before with civil and political rights…economic, social and cultural rights…and environmental rights…Now is the time to start taking the first steps towards effectively protecting the planet and its resources before it is too late or the damage is irreversible, not only for future generations but for the entire human species.
Const. Ct. of Colombia, Judgment T-622 DE 2016.
1. On March 20, 2017, the High Court of Uttarakhand at Nainital, in the State of Uttarakhand in northern India, issued a ruling declaring that the Ganges and Yamuna Rivers are “legal persons/living persons.” This comes after numerous rulings by the court which found that while the rivers are “central to the existence to half of Indian population and their health and well being,” they are severely polluted, with their very existence in question. The court declared that throughout India’s history, it has been necessary to declare that certain “entities, living inanimate, objects or things” be declared as “juristic person[s].” In the case of the Ganga and Yamuna, the court explained that the time has come to recognize them as legal persons “in order to preserve and conserve” the rivers. (Writ Petition (PIL) No.126 of 2014).
3. The Court will rightly concern itself with the question of judicial efficiency with regard to the possibility, which opposing party will almost certainly present, of an unwieldy amount of law suits suddenly being brought on behalf of the Colorado River and the Colorado River Ecosystem by individuals who are well-intentioned and rightly concerned, but who lack the direct relationship and stewardship of the Colorado.
4. This concern is easily addressed by requiring that the filer of the suit evidence a relationship to The Colorado, so that the filer is provably capable of representing its best interests. The same operation of law occurs in class action certifications with regard to certifying representative plaintiffs and class counsel as well as in any adjudication in which a person is appointed guardian ad litem.[2]
1. All prior paragraphs of this Complaint are incorporated herein.
2. The Colorado River Ecosystem is essential to life – human and non-human – in the American Southwest.
3. Threats to the Colorado River Ecosystem are threats to life.
4. Because threats to the Colorado River Ecosystem are threats to life, the Colorado River Ecosystem must possess the ability to protect itself from threats to its survival.
5. The ability to protect itself requires that the Colorado River Ecosystem have access to the courts, and that the courts recognize that the Colorado River Ecosystem possesses rights.
6. Recognition of the capacity of Colorado River Ecosystem to possess rights requires a recognition that the Colorado River Ecosystem is a “person” for purposes of asserting those rights.
7. Recognition as a “person” requires that courts find that “next friends,” or guardians, may defend and enforce those rights on behalf of the Colorado River Ecosystem.
8. Therefore, the “next friend” Plaintiffs, request that this Court declare that the Colorado River Ecosystem is a “person” capable of possessing rights and securing those rights through enforcement and defense of those rights, and that the Plaintiffs may serve as “next friends” to seek that relief.
1. All prior paragraphs of this Complaint are incorporated herein.
1. As a “person” pursuant to the law, the Colorado River Ecosystem must possess certain specific rights to protect and defend itself.
2. Basic rights necessary for the protection of the Colorado River Ecosystem inherently include the Colorado River Ecosystem’s right to exist, the right to flourish, the right to regenerate, the right to be restored, and the right to naturally evolve.
3. Lacking those basic rights, the Colorado River Ecosystem’s status as a “person” would be meaningless, because it would be unable to secure and protect those basic rights, and thus, would be unable to protect its life and existence.
4. Therefore, the Plaintiffs ask this Court to declare that the Colorado River Ecosystem has a right to exist, flourish, regenerate, be restored, and naturally evolve.
1. All prior paragraphs of this Complaint are incorporated herein.
2. The Colorado River Ecosystem possesses the right to exist, flourish, regenerate, be restored, and naturally evolve.
3. The rights of the Colorado River Ecosystem establish duties on behalf of the State of Colorado, and all other governments, to respect those rights.
4. Actions taken by Defendant State of Colorado, to approve permits and issue other regulatory approvals for certain actions regarding the Colorado River Ecosystem, may violate those rights.
5. In August 2015, the portal of the Gold King Mine was breached, releasing an estimated three million gallons of mine wastewater and 880,000 pounds of heavy metals down the Animas and San Juan rivers (two of the Colorado’s tributaries). This waste flowed into the Colorado River and injured downriver communities. The spill is part of decades of toxic drainage from mines at the headwaters of the Animas River near Silverton, Co.
6. Before the spill, the State of Colorado and Sunnyside Gold Corporation reached a decision to shut down a water treatment plant in favor of placing bulkheads at the entrance of Sunnyside’s drainage point, the American Tunnel. Most researchers familiar with the Animas watershed believe the bulkheads caused the mine pool of the Sunnyside Mine to back up and cause other mines including the Gold King to discharge acidic water.
7. Recently, the United States Supreme Court denied the State of New Mexico’s motion for leave to file a bill of complaint against the State of Colorado for harms caused. The Court did not write an opinion with the denial. EPA decided to list the Upper Animas Mining District on the Superfund National Priorities list. Apparently, the Court believes that EPA’s decision to list the District on the NPL completely resolves the harms that EPA, Colorado, and others wrought on the Animas River, the Colorado River, and downstream.
8. The underlying policy problem here is the American legal system’s insistence that the EPA provides adequate protections, and is the only proper mechanism for gaining recourse for injuries to ecosystems.
9. Over-Allotment: One reason the Colorado River rarely reaches the sea is the compacts and laws that regulate how much water can be diverted from the river allow humans to take more water from the river than physically exists. The State of Colorado takes more water from the river than any of the other jurisdictions, save California.
10. The State of Colorado is party to the 1922 Colorado River Compact, the 1948 Upper Colorado River Compact, and a related set of laws, court decrees and an international treaty collectively known as the “Law of the River.” The parties to the 1922 compact assumed that the river’s flow would remain at a reliable 17 million acre-feet of water per year. But, hydrologists now know this 17 million acre-feet per year standard represented an unusually high flow and was a mistake. Streamflow records showed that the Colorado River’s flow was only 9 million acre-feet in 1902, for example. From 2000-2016, the River’s flow only averaged 12.4 million acre-feet per year.
11. Regardless, the 1922 Compact was enacted over calls for time-limited allocations that would allow for the parties to reassess allotments. The Compact’s framers divided, in perpetuity, 15 million-acre feet. So, for most of the last 16 years, the States are legally allowed to use more of the Colorado River’s water than actually exists.
12. This 15 million-acre feet was further divided with 7.5 million acre-feet allocated to the lower basin states (Arizona, California, and Nevada) and 7.5 million acre-feet allocated to the upper basin states (Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming).
13. In the negotiations, Colorado and the other upper basin states succeeded in barring the application of the Doctrine of Prior Appropriation across states lines to allocation of Colorado River water. The Doctrine of Prior Appropriation is commonly known as “first in time, first in right.” In 1948, the Upper Colorado Basin Compact was enacted between Colorado, New Mexico, Utah Wyoming, and Arizona (a small part of Arizona lies in the upper basin) with Colorado receiving most of the Upper Basin’s allotted 7.5 million acre-feet. Colorado was allowed 51.75 percent, Utah 23 percent, Wyoming 14 percent, and New Mexico 11.25 percent. The small part of Arizona received 50,000 acre-feet.
14. Dams: Another reason the Colorado River rarely reaches the sea is the presence of dams that block the river’s flow. The State of Colorado operates dams on the Colorado River including the Price-Stubb Dam, Grand Valley Diversion Dam, Windy Gap Dam, Granby Dam, and Shadow Mountain Dam. The State also operates dams on major tributaries of the Colorado River including the Blue Mesa Dam and the Morrow Point Dam on the Gunnison River, the Dillon Dam and Green Mountain Dam on the Blue River, and the McPhee Dam on the Dolores River.
15. The State of Colorado has constructed these dams in an effort to seize a larger share of dwindling water supplies before that water flows downstream.
16. In addition to choking up the Colorado River, dams are disasters for downstream ecosystems and endemic species. Dams are leading cause of the population collapses of the Colorado River’s four species of endangered fish, the humpback chub, bonytail chub, Colorado pikeminnow, and razorback sucker. Farther downstream, the world’s most rare marine mammal, the vaquita porpoise who calls the Gulf of California home, is dangerously close to extinction because the Colorado River rarely reaches the Gulf of California.
17. The Plaintiffs are asking this Court to declare these and other actions taken by the State of Colorado, and certain inaction by the State of Colorado, capable of violating the rights of the Colorado River Ecosystem.
1. Plaintiffs request that this Honorable Court, pursuant to FRCP 65, grant an evidentiary hearing as the issues herein are of importance to the public interest.
1. Pursuant to D.C.COLO.L Civ R 3.2, there are no related or similar cases before any courts. This is a matter of first impression.
1. Plaintiff the Colorado River Ecosystem seeks a declaration from this Court that:
2. The Colorado River Ecosystem is a “person” capable of possessing rights;
3. The Colorado River Ecosystem possesses the rights to exist, flourish, regenerate, be restored, and naturally evolve;
4. That DGR may serve as guardians, or “next friends,” for the Colorado River Ecosystem; and
5. That certain activities permitted by, or carried out by, the State of Colorado, may violate the rights of the natural communities creating the Colorado River, and that the Plaintiffs may proceed to file for injunctive relief to enjoin the State of Colorado from taking action related to those activities, or to force the State of Colorado to take certain actions, as violations of the rights of the Colorado River Ecosystem.
Respectfully submitted this the 26th day of September 2017,
s/Jason Flores-Williams, Esq.
Counsel for Plaintiff
Phone: 303-514-4524
1851 Bassett St.
Denver, Colorado 80202
[1] In his 1797 Transaction of the American Philosophical Society, Thomas Jefferson, the chief framer of our constitutional rights, stated:
The movements of nature are in a never ending circle. The animal species which has once been put into a train of motion, is still probably moving in that train. For if one link in nature’s chain might be lost, another and another might be lost, till this whole system of things should vanish by piece-meal; a conclusion not warranted by the local disappearance of one or two species of animals, and opposed by the thousands and thousands of instances of the renovating power constantly exercised by nature for the reproduction of all her subjects, animal, vegetable, and mineral.
[2] For purposes of judicial economy, Fed. R. Civ. P 53 empowers the Court to appoint a special master. In cases where identifiable natural entities such as the Colorado are being threatened or facing extinction, an R.53 appointment could be in place to screen claims brought in the name of the Colorado River Ecosystem. |
X-Plane 11’s Physically Based Rendering (PBR) uses a new material model for solid textured objects and meshes.
Physical Simulation
The X-Plane lighting and material model divide the light interaction with materials into two categories:
• Specular reflection – this is light that bounces directly off the surface of a material. Speuclar reflection is responsible for mirror-like reflections, glossy appearances on materials and any white “sun spot”.
• Diffuse reflection – this is light that makes it past the surface of the material and is partly absorbed. Diffuse reflection is significantly less directional and may be strongly tinted. Diffuse reflection gives materials a “matte” look.
X-Plane 11 conserves energy between diffuse and specular reflection – having a stronger specular reflection reduces the amount of diffuse reflection automatically; in this way highly glossy and reflective materials don’t appear to be overly bright compared to matte materials.
Comparison to X-Plane 10: in X-Plane 10, specularity could be added without reducing diffuse reflectance; this meant that most reflective materials were brighter than non-reflective ones. An artist could choose to manually darken the albedo of a texture to compensate.
The microsurface of a material is considered to be rough or glossy (or some measure in between); roughness and glossiness are measures of how smooth the surface is, not how reflective it is. A surface can be highly reflective and highly rough at the same time.
Roughness serves to spread out specular reflections; a mirror image in a rough surface appears blurry, as each ray of incoming light bounces in several directions.
X-Plane 11 conserves energy as roughness is adjusted; the same amount of energy is reflected in a rough or glossy surface. The difference is that a glossy surface has a highly focused reflection; a light source’s specular reflection will go in one direction on a glossy surface, resulting in a specular highlight that is very bright but small.
By comparison, a rough surface diffuses the specular energy in all directions; the specular reflection is visible over a wide range of angles but is not very strong.
Comparison to X-Plane 10: in X-Plane 10, all surfaces are glossy and only the overall specular reflectance could be changed. Therefore it was impossible in X-Plane 10 to model a surface like asphalt, which is simultaneously very reflective and very rough. An artist could attempt to simulate this by creating a high frequency noise pattern of highly reflective and non-reflective pixels to manually “break up” the reflection, but when zoomed out this effect is incorrect.
Surfaces become more reflective when viewed at glancing angles; this is called the Fresnel effect. X-Plane 11’s rendering engine simulates this automatically. The specular reflectance of a material that is specified by the artist is its minimum reflectance, when the material is viewed directly (e.g. the camera is orthogonal to the surface).
X-Plane 11 automatically decreases diffuse light as the effective reflectivity increases. This avoids materials appearing too bright at glancing angles.
(This is probably a bug – the incoming light is not more glancing based on view angle! The actual effect of fresnel is more complicated because it is affected by the integral of all incoming light.)
Comparison to X-Plane 10: X-Plane 10 does not provide camera-angle-based variable reflectivity; as a result, materials often have to be made too reflective at all angles to make glancing angles look adequately reflective.
Material Properties
The major properties of a material are controlled by two channels of the normal map of a model:
• Roughness is stored in the alpha channel of the object, with 1.0 (maximum opacity) being the most glossy surface, and 0.0 (the most transparent) being the roughest surface.
• Base reflectance (how much light is reflected off of the surface at an orthogonal angle) is optionally stored in the blue channel; no blue means no base reflectance and maximum blue means a completely reflective material at all viewing angles.
This scheme is opt-in; objects use the NORMAL_METALNESS directive to indicate that the blue channel is suitable for base reflectance. (Since legacy models typically have strong blue values from tangent space normal maps, the blue channel must be ignored in legacy models.)
If metalness is not used, a base reflectance of 0.04 is assigned to the entire material; this is a good approximation for most dielectrics (plastic, wood, concrete, etc.) and also a reasonable backward-compatible value for X-Plane 10 content. The roughness channel is intentionally encoded to have the highest gloss value in X-Plane 11 match the most reflective material in X-Plane 10. (Since X-Plane 10 specular reflections were all highly glossy, this means that at least plastics and matte materials “just work” in X-Plane 11.)
X-Plane 11’s treatment of the albedo color (day texture) changes as base reflectance increases:
• The albedo is used to tint specular reflections. While this is not strictly physically correct, it provides an affordable way to create tinted metallic reflections.
• Because base reflection is increasing, the diffuse color becomes darker due to energy conservation.
Glass Effects vs Decals
The alpha channel of the albedo (day texture) is used to create translucent rendering, e.g. the mesh being drawn is blended with the mesh behind it to create a mixture of both colors. There are two physical interpretations of this alpha effect:
• The top mesh is “translucent”, e.g. like tinted glass; the color taken from behind the mesh represents light transferred through the top mesh (translucency).
• The top mesh does not always exist in the alpha-clear parts of the texture, e.g. like the holes in a fence. The top texture acts like a ‘decal’ over what is behind it. In this situation, partial alpha represents a blend of both materials as if there is a pattern of holes in the top mesh so small that both the presence and absence of the material happen in a single pixel. (Think of zooming out with a chain-link fence – the result is translucency.)
In practice, authors use one effect (alpha blending) for both physical cases (translucency and decals). The meaning of alpha matters for physical correctness.
When alpha means ‘decal’, clear alpha removes all lighting effects from the mesh. This is the correct simulation of the mesh not existing.
When alpha means ‘glass’, clear alpha removes the diffuse but not specular component of lighting effects from the mesh. This is the correct simulation of light passing through the boundary layer from ‘stuff behind the mesh’, rather than being absorbed.
X-Plane 11’s default interpretation is the ‘decal’ interpretation, which:
• Matches X-Plane 10.
• Is HDR/deferred rendering compatible.
• Preserves decal behavior on surfaces like runway pavement.
Authors have the option in X-Plane 11 to use glass alpha as long as:
1. The object is attached to an aircraft and
2. The aircraft’s lighting mode is marked as “glass”.
In this situation, authors can put the BLEND_GLASS directive into an object header; this will cause alpha to make the diffuse channel translucent while keeping specular effects, for reflections on clear glass.
24 comments on “X-Plane 11 Material Model
1. I’m not an expert designer/programmer, so I need to see an example of an object with these atributes. I added NORMAL_METALNESS and the texture with blue channels, but nothing happened. Does it go below the TEXTURE and TEXTRE_LIT lines (and then the texture)? Or is it after the ATTR…etc. Help, please. Sorry for being ignorant.
1. I’m sorry, I didn’t see this reply until now. I’m using Blender to export the obj, but I’m editing the obj in text (using NotePad++).
So it would be something like:
NORMAL_METALNESS Apron_1_NM.png
TEXTURE Apron_1.png
LAYER_GROUP taxiways +1
SURFACE asphalt
SCALE 35 35
DECAL_LIB lib/g10/decals/apt_asphalt.dcl
1. NORMAL_METALNESS doesn’t have a parameter – it doesn’t have have anything afterwards like a file path. I’m surprised that the log doesn’t have a relevant message about that. It it doesn’t or it wasn’t helpful I suggest filing a bug saying what you thought it meant and what you think might communicate it better.
2. The NORMAL_METALNESS should just be used to tell X-Plane it uses the new PBR functionality. Your file should look like this instead.
TEXTURE Apron_1.png
TEXTURE_NORMAL Apron_1_NM.png
GLOBAL_specular 1
LAYER_GROUP taxiways +1
SURFACE asphalt
SCALE 35 35
DECAL_LIB lib/g10/decals/apt_asphalt.dcl
2. In the text above it states
“Roughness is stored in the alpha channel of the object”
what alpha channel? I have exported out of substance painter with glossiness channel in the alpha of the normal map but I have to save as a .tiff (for example) to keep the alpha channel?? my understanding is .PNG cant be saved with an alpha channel? How can a PGN have an alpha channel?
1. I’m not sure how Surface Painter works, but .png can definitely have an alpha channel. You might want to look again to see what Substance Painter is doing.
1. Hi Ted,
thanks for replying
Take substance Painter out of the equation, lets say then I have a normal map saved as a .psd in photoshop which has R,G,B and alpha channels. The R and G channels are the X and Y for the normal, the Blue is metalness and the Alpha is Glossiness (roughness) and I save it as a PNG. If I reopen the PNG in photoshop it only has the R,G,B channels and the alpha is lost. I cant seem to save it with an alpha channel, I can save it with transparency if I save for web or export the PNG.
is it a case of or should I assume that Photoshop is saving the Alpha out and it is when I reopen it in photoshop to view it, is when the Alpha channel is lost???
At the moment i am using .dds
thanks for your time.
2. Hi
Interestingly, Photoshop (the 2015 version I use) indeed does loose the alpha when I reopen it. I saved the file from photoshop then downloaded and opened the file in Gimp, where the alpha channel is present. if I open the same file in photoshop no alpha channel is present.
live and learn! paid for program, free program…go figure!
1. Just to double check, when opening a png in photoshop, do
Layer -> Layer from transparency
Should generate an alpha channel if it isn’t explicitly shown in the channels box.
2. An alpha channel is usually a grayscale channel like RGB with 256 bits of information. What X-Plane and the .png format uses (as I understand it) is called opacity instead. Opacity is a 0 to 100 instead of 0 to 255. This means a little less detail in the opacity layer but also a lower file size.
3. I want to know how to set two-sided model in .obj format. My obj model is all single-sided, which makes some models look strange. I make it through 3dsmax, but I found this problem finally. Can I modify it in the code of .obj model? My friend built it through SketchUp, but he didn’t encounter this problem.I found the two-sided problem in the file of obj format, but it didn’t seem to tell me how to set it, just told me that the default is single-sided
1. Ben – Is the thinking that the viewpoint will never be inside of a totally closed object, since there will always be doors and windows on an aircraft?
1. Partly it’s that you won’t be inside, so it’s better to cull the inside than draw it. But also it’s rare that in the real world the things you go inside look the same from the inside and outside. The exception is e.g. a wood fence modeled as a vertical quad in autogen – there we’re doubling the geometry just because geometry is cheap and shader changes are expensive. But e..g if you go into an aircraft ,the inside looks different from the outside, so for most cases, you want to double the geometry, reverse its side, and then retexture it.
1. Ben –
I’m creating a model of a Grumman G-159 (a.k.a. G-1) using Autodesk Fusion 360. I’m a ME/Product Designer who’s been using professional CAD software for 3 decades and prefer the accuracy and precision of CAD/CAM over apps like Blender and Maya. I’ve had excellent results exporting the Fusion models as .fbx files and importing them into Blender. The import/export process is good enough that some of the materials and appearances I applied in Fusion make it into the Blender file and show up correctly on the imported model. Getting those out of Blender and into xPLane has proven to be a challenge.
My ultimate goal is to create a full 3D version of the G-1 and I thought I’d start with the 2D version I’ve already done. As a relative NOOB, my workflow may be misguided. Are there any articles from Laminar describing the process of converting a 2D aircraft to 3D?
I was hoping there might be a way to utilize existing resources in PlaneMaker, but at this point I’ve had mixed results. I was able to borrow some instrument .obj files from the Laminar C-172, place them into the objects folder and nudge them into position using their global co-ordinates using PlaneMaker, but I need turbine RPM gauges and TIT gauges. (Rolls Royce Dart engines) The complexity of the Blender and xPLane2Blender UI’s is a bit daunting also.
4. Above it says “The aircraft’s lighting mode is marked as glass.” Should that be “The object’s lighting mode is set to Glass in PlaneMaker.” ?
5. Hello. I am a bit confused with the opacity.
BLEND_GLASS only applies for aircraft objects. But, what happens with scenery objects. IE. I have a hangar with windows that I want to show the interior of the hangar. I have already modeled the interior with “double walls” to avoid the back culling, but still when I see through the window glass, I don´t see the inside wall but full transparency, as if there was no wall. Funny thing is that I can see the airplane inside the hangar through the window properly, but not the inside wall.
When I look through the open hangar door, everything looks fine, showing the interior of the hangar as it should.
So, what ATTR I should use in this case?
1. First: BLEND_GLASS wouldn’t address this issue – the issue you see is the depth buffer occluding geometry behind the windows. BLEND_GLASS does not fix this.
There is no general way to fix this in X-Plane but there are some work-arounds:
1. Within the OBJ, make sure the glass mesh is last in the OBJ, as they are drawn in order. If you have interior and exterior windows (each one-sided), have the exterior be last.
2. If you have lots of scenery and only a small number of translucent objects, put the objects into layer groups OBJECTS +1 to ensure they are drawn after the rest.
What we don’t have is a generalized distance sort of those objects against each other, so e.g. there’s no way to make a series of glass phone booths as separate objects with correct Z order. But the above two steps can fix a lot of problems.
6. Thanks for the reply Ben.
Now seems more clear. For the layer groups is fine and pretty straight forward. I tried it and it is working. Thank you for this tip.
For finding in the .obj file the vertex groups for the face with the transparency is a bit more complicated, unless I am missing something on how to find or group those vertices and move them to the end.
By the way Xplane 11.5 rocks!!!
Leave a Reply
Please do not report bugs in the blog comments. |
Education Technology
Discriminating Against the Zero
Activity Overview
In this introductory activity, students explore when a graph has two zeros, one zero, and no real zeros. They will also determine when a graph has real, rational, irrational, or imaginary roots. The teacher should then follow up with a formal discussion on the discriminant.
Key Steps
• Image
In this activity, students explore the roots or zeros or a quadratic function. They will use sliders to change the value of b and c in the function f(x) = ax2 + bx + c. They will compare the number and type of zeros of the graph to the number under the square root of the quadratic formula. The connections that students make will introduce them to the discriminant.
• Image
After exploring the graph, students will use the quadratic equation to find irrational and imaginary roots. They are to first do it by hand and then check their answers using the handheld.
• Image
The last two parts of the activity can be used as an extension where students are able to change the value of a in the quadratic function. They can also investigate the zeros of the graph when a, b, and c are not integers. |
What does 'vaulting' mean here?
Macbeth uses the term in Act I, scene 7:
I have no spur
To prick the sides of my intent, but only
Vaulting ambition, which o'erleaps itself
And falls on the other.
Even though Macbeth states this as a reason to justify his evil deed of killing Duncan, can we say that ambition could be used in a positive way as well? Or is vaulting ambition a negative trait overall?
Can we say that Macbeth willingly contributed to creating this ambition of his for anything he did? Or for the sole purpose to kill Duncan?
Overall, could we say that Macbeth's "vaulting ambition" was in no way related to the murder, but it was a trait he held long before the thought of murder aroused to him?
Can this ambition of his be considered good in any way?
This is a passage that has puzzled many readers!
“Vault” means “jump or leap, especially over or onto something”. The word is still used for various kinds of gymnastic feat, whether over equipment, or on the backs of horses.
So in these lines, Shakespeare gives us two metaphors in quick succession. In the first, Macbeth likens his intent (his plan to murder Duncan) to a horse and his ambition to the spur which is the only way to make the horse go forward. In the second, Macbeth likens his ambition to a rider jumping into the saddle of a horse, who leaps too high (tries to seize the crown of Scotland) misses his seat, and falls (meets with disaster).
I apprehend that there is not here one long-drawn metaphor, but two distinct ones. I have no spur to prick the sides of my intent; I have nothing to stimulate me to the execution of my purpose but ambition, which is apt to overreach itself; this he expresses by the second image, of a person meaning to vault into his saddle, who, by taking too great a leap, will fall on the other side.
Edmond Malone (1821). The Plays and Poems of William Shakspeare, volume XI, p. 81. London: F. C. and J. Rivington.
But difficulties arise if you attempt to reconcile the two metaphors into a single figure, for then you have to figure out how ambition can be both a spur and a rider. And if you have difficulty finding a satisfying combination, you might be tempted to suppose a misprint, insert a missing word, or invent a new sense of a word.
Here’s a selection of attempts by critics over the years to resolve these difficulties.
And here it may be permitted the Editor to profit by … correcting in Shakespeare what is absolute nonsense as now printed: “Vaulting ambition that o’erleaps itself”. It should be its sell. Sell is saddle, in Spenser and elsewhere, from the Latin and Italian.
Walter Savage Landor (1834). Citation and Examination of William Shakspeare, p. 65. London: Saunders and Otley.
It has been proposed (by whom we do not recollect) to read, instead of itself, its sell, its saddle. However clever may be the notion, we can scarcely admit the necessity for a change of the original. A person (and vaulting ambition is personified) might be said to overleap himself, as well as overbalance himself, or overcharge himself, or overlabor himself, or overmeasure himself, or overreach himself. There is a parallel use of the word over in Beaumont & Fletcher. “Prove it again, sir; it may be your sense was set too high, and so overwrought itself.” The word over in all these cases is used in the sense of too much. … After other Hanmer introduced side. The commentators say that the addition is unnecessary, inasmuch as the plural noun, sides, occurs just before. But surely this notion is to produce a jumble of the metaphor. Macbeth compares his intent to a courser: I have no spur to urge him on. Unprepared, I am about to vault into my seat, but I overleap myself and fall. It appears to us that the sentence is broken by the entrance of the messenger; that it is not complete in itself; and would not have been completed with side.
Charles Knight (1846). The Standard Edition of the Pictorial Shakspere, volume II, p. 16. London: Charles Knight.
I do not perceive any difficulty here, when we consider that the image in the Poet’s mind was that of horseman gallantly mounting into his seat. The words “spur” and “vault” plainly shew what was in the Poet’s mind. Macbeth says that it is no instigation from without, only the working of ambition within; the purposes of which are often defeated, as a person mounting a horse may take too high a leap, and so, instead of seating himself in the saddle, fall on the other side of the horse. The word “oft” seems lost before “o’erleaps,” and the word “side” is wanting to make the sense complete.
Joseph Hunter (1845). New Illustrations of the Life, Studies, and Writings of Shakespeare, volume II, p. 178. London: J. B. Nichols.
Here ‘other’ may be used substantively, as equivalent to ‘other side,’ which reading was given by Hanmer, and has support in the fact that it completes the quota of syllables for a perfect line. Perhaps ‘side’ was meant to be understood, with reference to the occurrence of the word in the preceding clause of the sentence.
Richard Grant White (1862). The Works of William Shakespeare, volume X, p. 520. Boston: Little Brown.
Malone’s explanation … does not assist us much; still less does the fanciful suggestion to read for “itself” its sell, i.e. its saddle. The only resolution of the enigma which presents itself to our mind is to suppose Intent and Ambition are represented in Macbeth’s disordered imagination by two steeds, the one lacking all incentive to motion, the other so impulsive that it overreaches itself and falls on its companion.
Howard Staunton (1864). The Works of William Shakespeare, volume IV, p. 315. London: Routledge.
As the text stands … we have in shadowy imagery a most extraordinary horse and rider. Macbeth was no more likely to wear a single spur that would strike on both sides than the Irishman was to discover the gun that would shoot round the corner. Moreover, his horse must have had three sides to it at the least. Now a horse may have four sides, right and left, inside and outside, and the street gamins will at times advise an awkward horseman to ride inside for safety, but it cannot have three sides. And if the single spur had pricked two sides, there could have been no other left for ‘vaulting ambition’ to fall on. The truth is that ‘sides’ is a misprint. The single spur of course implies a single side—the side of Macbeth’s intent, which leaves ‘the other’ for the ‘vaulting ambition’ to alight on in case of a somersault—the side of Macbeth’s unintent. The passage comes perfectly right if we read—‘To prick the side of my intent …’
Gerald Massey (1866). Shakspeare's Sonnets Never Before Interpreted: His Private Friends Identified, p. 599. London: Longmans.
Macbeth says he has nothing to goad him on to the deed,—nothing to stimulate his flagging purpose, like the private wrongs which he urges upon the murderers of Banquo,—but mere ambition, which is like one who, instead of leaping into the saddle, leaps too far and falls on the other side. The passage supplies a good example of confusion of metaphors. If the sentence be complete, ‘the other’ must be taken to mean ‘the other side,’ a not unnatural ellipsis, but one for which we can adduce no example. Hanmer reads ‘on the other side,’ which makes both sense and metre complete. Rowe prints ‘on th’other—,’ as if the sentence were interrupted by the entrance of Lady Macbeth. Mason conjectured ‘on the rider,’ and Bailey ‘on the earth’. For ‘itself’ in the previous line Singleton guessed ‘its sell’, i.e. ‘its saddle’.
William Clark & William Wright (1869). Macbeth, p. 99. Oxford: Clarendon.
Now by what aspect of the figure of equitation† shall this vacillation be set before us? Is it by the image of one getting on his horse, as the commentators explain; or of one mounted, and urging his steed towards the goal? The former might symbolise a single act of mind, but the case demands a figure that shall set forth a double, nay, a complex and conflicting state of motives. Moreover a person mounting clearly would not need any spurs either as instruments of or incitements to mounting. … No; Shakespeare’s hero is already mounted, and eager for the goal; but he and his steed are not of one mind, and for want of a spur, cannot be brought into harmony of action. To set forth the conflict between Macbeth’s ambition and his irresolution—whether this irresolution sprang from weakness, cowardice or conscience—what so apt as the two-fold image of an eager horseman on a balking horse, the spurless rider leaning forward (vaulting) on his laggard steed? This was the poet’s metaphor. … Manifestly we have here a figure of equitation. ‘Intent’ is the steed, ‘Ambition’ is the rider. The rider has no spur to prick on his halting steed, while he himself is urged forward by strong desires. Rising in his stirrups, and bending over (‘vaulting’), he overleaps himself. The goal of Macbeth’s ‘intent’ is the assassination; the goal of his ‘ambition’ is the throne. Macbeth must be a murderer before he can be a monarch. If the intent to murder halts, the desire to mount the throne will be futile. All this Macbeth knows and feels. He does not repine at any lack of ambition; that is in full force and action; it is o’erwrought: but over his purpose he mourns—that is infirm; over his courage—that needs ‘screwing to the sticking place’; and so, like an eager rider on a sluggish steed, he o’erleaps himself and ‘falls on the withers,’ and so Shakespeare wrote. … This reading seems to me to meet all the demands of the passage. Withers calls for no explanation, it explains itself. Whether copied by eye or ear, it was easy to mistake in sound or appearance ‘other’ for withers. This reading charges Shakespeare with no mixed or imperfect metaphors. It leaves his rhetoric and imagination unsuspect, brings the whole passage into harmony with itself and with the character of Macbeth—too ambitious to be innocent in thought, too cowardly to be guilty in deed. His imagination sicklied o’er with the pale cast of conscience, he is vacillating in purpose, irresolute in action, and querulous in speech.
Joseph Baugher Bittinger (1876). ‘What Shakespeare knew of horsemanship—a new reading of Macbeth I.7’. In Proceedings of the American Philological Association 1876, p. 40.
† Horsemanship.
In my opinion, Malone is right that there are two metaphors here—no doubt the second metaphor was suggested or inspired by the first, but it is still a separate figure—and if you try to combine them and get something as absurd as Staunton’s show-jumping, or Bittinger’s theory that “vault” meant “lean forward” rather than “leap” and “other” was a misprint for “withers”, that is a sign that your criticism has o’erleaped itself.
Gareth Rees has cited several 19th-century editors, some of whom saw two metaphors in these lines from Macbeth. Modern editors tend to agree to the extent that they see two plausible interpretations, but they differ in the details.
For example, G. K. Hunter writes in his edition (New Penguin Shakespeare. Penguin, 1967),
The horse imagery of 'Striding' and 'horsed' leads now (1) to a view of Macbeth's intention to murder as a horse that must be spurred, and (2) to a view of ambition (which could be a spur or stimulus) as a rider vaulting into his saddle, but overshooting the mark and falling on the other side.
A. R. Braunmuller's edition of Macbeth (New Cambridge Shakespeare. Cambridge University Press, 1997) also presents two interpretations of these lines. The first one is based on the observation that the lines continue the equine imagery from the preceding lines ("Striding the blast, or heaven's cherubin horsed ..."). Hunter points out a distinction that other editors don't mention:
Macbeth distinguishes his intent to murder, which he imagines as an unspurred horse, from his ambition to be king, which he imagines as an eager rider who overdoes his vault ("o'erleaps") and thus fails to land in the saddle; (...)
Braunmuller's second interpretation is that
horse and rider together fall when the pair fails to over-leap an obstacle.
For support for the second interpretation, Braunmuller refers to Catherine Belsey's paper "Shakespeare's 'vaulting ambition'" (English Language Notes, 1972), which associated Shakespeare image with medieval and renaissance "depictions of Pride as a vaulting figure" (Braunmuller, page 133).
Both interpretations assume that Lady Macbeth's entrance prevents Macbeth from completing the sentence with the word "side".
Kenneth Muir's edition (The Arden Shakespeare. Routledge, 1962, 1984) adds, among other comments,
[John Dover] Wilson mentions that vaulting into one's saddle was a much-admired feat.
(John Dover Wilson's edition of Macbeth in the older Cambridge Shakespeare series was published in 1947.)
None of these editions follow Walter Savage Landor's suggestion to emend "itself" to "its sell" (i.e. its saddle).
Editors don't gloss "vaulting" because the verb vault here as the same meaning as today: "to jump or leap over". (For this reason, the verb has no entry in A Shakespeare Glossary by C. T. Onions, revised by Robert D. Eagleson; Oxford University Press, 1986.)
What the footnotes and endnotes cited above don't comment on is the concept of ambition, which is not listed in A Shakespeare Glossary, either. It can be instructive to look at other passages in Shakespeare's plays that use the words "ambition" or "ambitious". For example, Brutus says in Julius Caesar, Act 3, scene 2:
As Caesar loved me, I weep for him;
fortune; honour for his valour; and death for his
Ambition is mentioned also in other passages in the play, for example, Antony's defence of Julius Caesar against Brutus's accusation of ambition.
Oliver says in As You Like It, Act 1, scene 1:
I'll tell thee, Charles:
it is the stubbornest young fellow of France, full
of ambition, an envious emulator of every man's
good parts, a secret and villanous contriver against
me his natural brother
In Henry IV Part I, Act 5, scene 4 Prince Henry speaks the words
Ill-weaved ambition, how much art thou shrunk!
These words are spoken after the death of Henry Percy (Hotspur), leader of the northern rebellion against King Henry IV.
These passages are intended to show that the word ambition in Shakespeare's works had stronger negative connotations than today; it is often associated with political figures who try to gain more power than was appropriate for their position in society. In Shakespeare's works, this type of ambition is not merely a matter between humans, but disturbs the natural order (see also the images of strange natural phenomena in Macbeth) and has more "cosmic" implications. For a fuller exposition of this connection between human and natural order, see Ulysses's speech on "degree" in Troilus and Cressida, Act 1, scene 3.
Your Answer
|
Episode #103: Learning and Teaching Early Math: An Interview With Dr. Doug Clements
Nov 16, 2020 | Podcast | 2 comments
In this episode we speak with author, early years math curriculum designer Doug Clements. Doug is a professor at the university of Denver. He’s published over 130 research studies, authored 23 books on early years mathematics. He’s served on the U.S. President’s National Mathematics Advisory Panel and he’s a co-founder of Learningtrajectories.org with his partner Julie Sarama.
Stick around while we dive into why we need to think deeply about early elementary mathematics; how we can help students think conceptually about mathematical ideas at a young age; learn about resources you can use at home to strengthen early years mathematics; and, how parental mindset is key in a student’s progression of mathematics.
You’ll Learn
• Why we need to think deeply about early elementary mathematics.
• How we can help students think conceptually about mathematical ideas at a young age.
• Resources you can use at home to strengthen early years mathematics.
• How parental mindset is key in a student’s progression of mathematics.
Doug Clements: So to build visual imagery of these things and the like understanding more about that is really important so people see the richness of it. Otherwise, all of us, all of us, me included, tends to default back to the math we were taught, which means, "Oh, I better get a worksheet or something." We're trying to show them, a lot of parents, a lot of the mathematics you missed or think you're no good at it is the fault of your experiences.
Kyle Pearce: In this episode, we speak with author and early years math curriculum designer and researcher, Doug Clements. Doug is a professor at the University of Denver. He's published over 130 research studies, authored 23 books, and actually, we might even need to double check that number because it seems like there's always something new coming out on early years mathematics. He served on the U.S. President's National Mathematics Advisory Panel. And he's a co-founder of learningtrajectories.org with his partner, Julie, Sarama.
Jon Orr: Stick around while we dive into why we need to think deeply about early elementary mathematics, how we can help students think conceptually about mathematical ideas at a young age. Learn about resources you can use at home to strengthen early years mathematics and how parental mindset is a key in a student's progression of mathematics. Hey, cue up that music. (Music playing).
Kyle Pearce: Welcome To The Making Math Moments That Matter Podcast. I'm Kyle Pearce from tapintoteenminds.com.
Jon Orr: And I'm Jon Orr from mrorr-isageek.com. We are two math teachers who together-
Kyle Pearce: With you, the community of math moment makers worldwide, who want to build and deliver math lessons that spark curiosity-
Jon Orr: Fuel sense-making.
Kyle Pearce: And ignite your teacher moves. Jon, are you ready to dive into this awesome chat with the ever so friendly ever so awesome, Doug Clements.
Jon Orr: Yeah, we've been waiting for this one for a while now, and I can't believe we get to chat with Doug. It's going to be an awesome discussion.
Kyle Pearce: Before we dive in and get to our talk with Doug, we want to thank you for listening to us wherever you are, wherever you're from, whether it's in the car, at the gym, in the kitchen washing dishes, or maybe on your prep time. If you've listened to us before and enjoyed the episode and got some value out of it, you don't know how much it means to us for you to let us know how things are going. We read all of the reviews of this podcast. And right now, we want to share one of those reviews with you from K Squared_Math. And this one comes from Apple Podcasts.
Jon Orr: K Squared_ Math says, "Keep the math conversation going. This podcast is allowing me to learn and reflect on all things math on my commute. I cannot recommend this podcast enough. Jon and Kyle bring together so many amazing math heroes that share so many great ideas. Thank you for helping make me a better math educator." Huge shout out for Nova Scotia.
Kyle Pearce: Awesome stuff. We've got friends out on the East Coast of Canada and Nova Scotia, what a beautiful place. So great that they're listening out there. Thank you so much to K Squared_Math. As I mentioned, nothing energizes us more, but even more importantly, by adding to those ratings and reviews, it helps more educators find the podcast and be able to dive into the same learning that you're getting right here.
Jon Orr: If you haven't taken 10 seconds, hit the pause, scroll down in your podcast app and tap on the five stars. Okay, okay. Don't tap five stars if you don't think it's accurate, but please do hit a star rating to give us that quick feedback.
Kyle Pearce: If you want to be a math moment maker hero, then take the extra minute or two to just write a short one to three sentence review. This goes a huge way in helping the podcast reach more math moment makers from all over the world. All right my friends enough from us, let's get onto this fantastic conversation with Doug.
Jon Orr: Hey there, Doug. Welcome To The Making Math Moments That Matter Podcast we are as always excited to talk to you and have you on the show today, how are you doing today? Wherever you are, let us know where you're coming from.
Doug Clements: Hey, I'm in Denver, Colorado. I'm at the University of Denver here, but of course, I only am in the university for an hour or two in a week. And working out at my home where I'm talking to you from now.
Kyle Pearce: Oh, fantastic. We are, as Jon mentioned, very excited to have you on the show. I've learned so much from yourself, from Julie, and let's make sure that math moment makers, I'm sure there's many out there who are saying and looking forward just seeing your name on this episode, especially our K thorougher, I guess, birth through grade three to maybe grade five age teachers would probably know you more than maybe some of our secondary educators, but tell us a little more about yourself. What's your role in math education and how did you land in this crazy place we call math education?
Doug Clements: I'll take the second question. First as I put, I was in early childhood and elementary education, loved math and science, right? As a kid and in high school and everything else, but saw myself as a generalist teacher. However, when I was starting my PhD, I happened to get a graduate research assistantship with a Dr. inaudible in a project called Project Vanguard, where we actually drove a van around and showed people exciting new developments in mathematics education, the materials, the approaches, videos, and everything like that. Because of that, I started just diving into math more and more. And then when I taught kindergarten, I taught with a wonderful program by the now deceased inaudible well, workshops too was one at first, but Math Their Way was the premiere kind of thing. It really showed me the potential of young children's thinking.
So I taught kindergarten for five years, preschool for one year and just became fascinated with younger and younger kids all the time and not only the surprising potential of those young children, but the really surprising lack of resources that we sometimes have to realize their potential. And so long story short, I did my dissertation with pre-schoolers and everything, and then kept my interest in elementary for sure, but now have extended it to birth through grade six in a desire both for equity reasons, because some kids don't have the resources geographically that other kids have in this country. And that's a shame, but also for all kids, there's a certain gap in our availability of really high quality mathematics, professional development for teachers, curriculum for teachers and kids and so forth.
Kyle Pearce: Interesting. Yeah, that's a great intro into what your role looks like and how you even got into that role. And I'm eager just, when you said van around the country, I just had that image, Doug, that you just pulled up on a beach somewhere and you just opened this van up and you were like, "Hey guys, come check out this math, this awesome math going on right here." I had that image. But the other thing that really intrigues me is most researchers or professional development experts are focused on school age children and I find it very interesting that you've got resources for birth through first year and second year, all the way up. Do you even getting in school? How did you come across that as a focus?
Doug Clements: Yeah, that's interesting. That's a great question. Again, as I said, I taught preschool and kindergarten, but then got involved with the national science foundation projects that developed curriculum for elementary school, very much child centered, children's thinking constructionism kind of focus and thought that was very interesting. And then the National Science Foundation, NSF, put out a request for proposals for early childhood years. Then Julie and I, who had met actually writing the elementary math curriculum, my wife and colleague Julie Sarama, met doing that activity. We decided to put in a grant because we hadn't done as much with the kindergarten and nothing below kindergarten previously. And since I had experience and the like, that seemed interesting. That started things off. More than two decades ago, we were funded by NSF to do a preschool curriculum.
Originally it was supposed to be preschool through grade two, but they didn't have enough money when it came to fund. So all the projects that they wanted to fund were just reduced in scope. So Julie and I decided technology, we'll do that preschool through grade two original plan, but the whole curriculum, people have kindergarten through grade two, so we're going to concentrate on preschool. That's the genesis of the building blocks project of preschool curriculum for mathematics that then dominated Julie's and my life right up for decades afterwards. It got us excited about it. We were funded by the US Department of Education's Institute of Educational Studies to do what's called efficacy trials.
That is inaudible under good conditions, you get a good statistically and practically significant effect of your approach we did and then scale up, can you bring it to an entire district? And we did. And each of these years, and years and years, but it got us into the domains of professional development and all that. And then because we followed these kids up in the large scale study into the primary grades, we extended our approach, which is based on learning trajectories beyond just preschool to go up and up. And then I'd better stop and have you ask a question because I can go on like this forever. But then we developed tools for professional development and had people telling us, "What about three-year-olds? What about toddlers?"
And so we took the time to look at the research because we don't make these things up, we create them based on the shoulders of giants, of hundreds, and sometimes thousands of studies of people from early childhood math, cognitive psychology, developmental psych, and other fields, where we put that research together and then test these so-called learning trajectories. So now we've developed a really birth through grade two or three and have done research with them, still developing tools for them, and the like.
Kyle Pearce: I think that gives people a really good sense of who you are and your journey along, so that's fantastic. And I know for me, Jon and I, and I know you know this from when we had chatted at, I think it was NCTM that we've come out of the secondary classroom. And for us, it was sort of a similar scenario you were just referencing how people were saying, "Well, then what about this? What about that?" And backing all the way up and going right out of those elementary grades, right into those preschool grades or ages. And it was the same for us as well. We were looking at our grade nine courses we were teaching and seeing students struggle. And then the next thing you know, we're going, "Well, if they don't understand, or aren't feeling successful with this idea, I've got to go back and figure out where the struggle is."
And the next thing you know, you're down in the middle grades and you're down in the elementary grades and I've been very fascinated as I've been digging, starting from this, the high school grades and working my way back. And I'm fascinated as obviously you've mentioned earlier at how interesting and how different students' responses can be based on the types of questions we're asking them and where they are along those learning trajectories and it's really fascinating. I also want to mention, before we get into our next chunk here, we've had Dr. Nikki Newton on a previous episode, and she was raving about your learningtrajectories.org site and I'm sure we'll get into that later as well.
So I'm sure many are really excited to dive in. And Jon and I are really excited to ask you this question, which is one that we ask all of our guests and it's to describe a memorable math moment from your past this episode, or this podcast is Making Math Moments That Matter and we're wondering if you think back to your experience in school as a student, it's usually from when you're a student, but you're welcome to go outside of that if you'd like, what would be a math moment, a memorable math moment that pops into your mind when you think back to those memories.
Doug Clements: Boy, that is so cool. I will probably think of many, many, especially after you hang up with me.
Jon Orr: That's the way it goes.
Doug Clements: I'll probably be like, "I forgot this one." One pops into my mind right away. This is early on when I taught kindergarten, I just got my first job. I had taught preschool, but that was with my sister and there was plenty of guys. This was my first I'm in charge alone job. And then I had already been through this project, Vanguard. I already had thought a lot about math. I started teaching with Math Their Way, like I said, but this just hit me. I had this really bright boy, he was called Eric and he loved school. He walked to school. I taught in a fairly rural area. And he was just down the street and he'd come in early and he'd stay late because he'd fool around with stuff.
And so, one day he came in and he said to me, "Can I play with your calculator?" Because he noticed inaudible of course I said. And then he comes back to me and he says, "What is this?" And he points to the square key. And I said, "Oh boy, Eric, that's really complicated to talk about. Well, it gives me really big numbers." Yeah, can you explain it. "Okay, Eric. Here, let me try this, take these tiles, make square and then make a bigger square and then make a bigger square and then come back to me." Because I'm trying to get ready for the day he comes in before, I got to get ready for all the other 23 kids. And he comes back and says, "Okay, I made it." I said, "Now put in this one, how big is that square?" Well, that's four. "Yeah, but how many on a side?"
Two on a side, two on a side, he said. So press two and then the square key. Oh! Yeah, that's how many are in there. Well, try that for the other ones. And I just left again because I'm frantic trying to get my room ready for the other kids. He comes back and says, "So every time I press this square key, however big a side is, that's how many tiles are in the middle." And I said, "Yep, and that makes the squares." And he went off and comes back to me with this long chart, two and four and three and nine and way up to 10 and 100 and beyond. And goes home, tells his mom, it made me think, holy macro, I was willing to say a bright kid, this was beyond them, not necessarily, right?
And to me, that has fundamentally changed my view of what kids could be capable of and why we should always keep our minds open to the possibility that if done in a way that makes sense to them, I'm thinking back to old Seymour Packard, who said, when he talked about gears and how gears taught him ratio at a very early age, if you can assimilate some mathematical idea to models that are meaningful for you, you can understand way more than people think usually. And so it's surprising what people can learn, if they can assimilate to meaningful models for themselves.
Jon Orr: I really love that story as that memorable moment for you and it makes a lot of connections. And one thing that I often think about, because this is going to be two pieces to this comment that I want to make to this because you're making awesome connections with this student who, and we've said this on the podcast before that those connections about square numbers in particular, I don't remember having discussions like that in elementary school. I don't even remember having discussions like that in high school. It wasn't until I was a teacher that I remember, it wasn't even that long ago where I was in a position where I'm like, wait a minute, when I hit the squared button or just when I square numbers, and this became more clear when I was working with completing the square in algebra and in expressions that we were actually dealing with squares in the areas of squares, like the Pythagorean Theorem, we said that over here before on this podcast, A2+B2=C2 is something I memorized in school.
However, it didn't occur to me that we're really talking of the area of squares off the triangle. It blew my mind and I really love the fact that you had this conversation with a kindergartner and it goes to show this point that you just hit home is a lot of the times we don't give kids credit for having deep level thinking on concepts, just because, "Oh, that's a high school concept or that's a grade eight concept." It's mind boggling that we don't have more of those. This is the other part that I wanted to touch on is that I had some really great elementary school teachers and it's possible that I did have that conversation a long time ago, but whoever, it may be throughout the ranks of going from grade to grade to grade, it became lost by the time I got to high school, when I started to work with square numbers where it was just like, "Yeah, we just hit this button and now we move on."
And it was like this wonder is gone. And I feel like that happened to me is that maybe there was some great wondering moments in elementary school, but by the time you get to high school, it feels like, and this is why Kyle and I created the podcast initially is because it feels like high school we're just crunching through content, we're not exploring these concepts that connect so far in the future to higher level, but also in the past to younger grades. I really love that story you just shared.
Doug Clements: Hey, and you mentioned Pythagorean Theorem and another massive moment for me, but this was for me, not for me with kids, it was a math moment for me, but it was also a math moment for Eric. One of my own was when I opened my eyes to the Pythagorean Theorem, you can put any shape on the side of a inaudible triangle, as long as they're similar, it works out. It doesn't have to be a square. How many years have I thought that it had to be a square? The only way you could do that kind of thing and not understood the basic mathematics. You mind me keep going on this?
Jon Orr: Yeah, for sure.
Kyle Pearce: Oh, absolutely, you keep riffing my friend.
Doug Clements: inaudible and I had an email conversation where one of them wrote and said, "Why is it that we found in our research and I'll simplify his research finding, but the amount of preparation of kids coming to kindergarten, these are very small kids, there's a research group that works with very small kids, did not depend on the educational level of the parents." And he thought it would, it does in almost everything else, literacy, naming letters, language ability and stuff like that. Education level of the parents gives the kids a resource that not all kids share equally, it's a shame, but there it is. And he wrote back and said, "Does anybody have any ideas?"
And I wrote back saying, "Yeah, the U.S. education system misrepresents and misteaches math to so many with little emphasis on conceptual understanding that the education level of the parents may not have the same cognitive influence." And he wrote back and said, "I guess so, but come on, this is just three and four year olds we're talking about, they understand the math for three and four year olds." And I wrote, "No, I don't think so. Look at fractions as an example, many, a high school teacher who knows fraction procedures, expertless consults problems, applies fractional knowledge algebraic manipulations, these teachers are pretty dismissive. I got to say of early childhood educators and elementary educators, they know the inaudible."
But ask them, why does the procedure for the division of fractions work? Can you show me with a model? Can you give me three real world examples of division of fractions? You'll often see that these teachers and adults similarly, who know their mathematics can't justify them or model them with concrete materials, that is procedures, they may know, but they may not have the basic foundational understanding that can exist in well-taught intermediate grade students.
Kyle Pearce: Yeah, what you're sharing is something that is always, always top of mind for us and that is one of our major pieces when we share and we talk about a three-part framework. We're all about curiosity, but the second piece is fueling sense-making to our three-part framework. And it's just that and Jon and I both came to realize much later in our career than I wish we ever realized. I wish we knew it going in, but we knew how to crank through problems procedurally, but we did not understand and we use that division of fractions as a great example. Another great question that's really interesting is, to ask middle school teachers, what is a proportional relationship? To define it, to really get an understanding or to ask someone about division.
And a lot of people will define division as one of the two types of scenarios, like part of, or quoted of usually if you ask a teacher of a younger student, they tend to default to that fair sharing, right? That part of the scenario. And then we head into this long division world and all of a sudden we do the goes into thing, that whole quoted of scenario. And as you mentioned, to me, that makes perfect sense why the education level of parents is probably not that important is because so many are either procedural or maybe didn't like math, even though they have a high level of education, right? Or didn't feel successful as a math student growing up in that procedural world.
So that definitely connects to us so much so and I think it leads us to dive into this conversation a little deeper. I'm wondering if that's the case, because I think back to parents and most parents, I think they treat early math education similar to the alphabet, but all of it's the alphabet it's like, you've got to learn your alphabet, you've got to learn how to count and we're going to have you memorize some basic facts, but not that conceptual piece. And that to me is so important. And I wonder if someone's listening and they're saying, "Okay, I have young children at home, or maybe I teach young children and I'm not sure about the conceptual understanding, especially with young children in the early years." What would be important for parents and educators of young children to add mathematics to their, I guess, their regular diet at home? Are there any tips, any suggestions where they might start to dive in here?
Doug Clements: Yeah, that's a great one. If I can still keep going with what I was saying before to get myself there?
Kyle Pearce: Absolutely.
Doug Clements: I'll give an early childhood example, Julie and I, and our learning trajectories for counting always have to talk about counter small numbers where kids know how to recite the numbers, counting numbers, they also know how to finally chip one-to-one correspondence between reciting those numbers and objects they are counting, but only at this counter small numbers level, do they understand that the last counting word when you count a set, one, two, three, four, five, the five tells how many. Now you might say, "Wait, college educated people can count. They know that the last word tells how many, they understand." No, we ask them, we talk to them. "Well, I guess so, but they don't understand it as a conceptual principle, they haven't reflected on it.
They don't know this when kids don't know it, because that is given. They don't understand that you move from an ordinal kind of counting one, two, three, four, to a cardinal, or how many, this kind of understanding, as a clear conceptual shift, that's a different kind of understanding number than counting as performance, just like you just said, the fractional division or procedures are a different kind of understanding from why that works mathematically. So we really work to try to provide parents and teachers, early childhood teachers, parents, families with resources that will help them with both. Here's some cool places to start, here's some cool activities, and here is why those are important. So finally getting to your question here, where do they start?
If I can suggest a resource and then maybe we can give some examples of it, Julie and I, over the decades that we developed building blocks and professional development for developed a website that taught teachers learning trajectories and we were funded by The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and The Heising Simons Foundation to make that free to everyone, not tie to the building blocks copyrighted materials, which the original website was. The original website was 20 year old, it finally had to go, it's a security risk at this point. A 20 year old code is a little outdated. So the learning trajectories.org website, learningtrajectoriesonecompoundword.org provides a view of kids' development and then what you can do to promote that development. It teases it out by age.
So if you've got a toddler, you can click on that age and it will highlight the kind of levels for each of the topics that's there. We don't quite have what we want, I realize, which is what we're trying to get to is that you put in information about your kid or kids, and it will guide you through a full sequence. We're working on that, but we're not there yet, but it does try to provide videos of kids thinking and a little video of us talking about the mathematics because to us, a learning trajectory is three parts, right? There's a mathematical goal, you have to understand the math. There's a developmental progression, you have to understand the levels of thinking through which kids pass and learning that math. And then there are the instructional activities, approaches, strategies and the like, that help you move from each level to the next.
So that's what's provided on the website and what can people do, you're asking me? I think mostly at home at this point. So becoming more aware of all the mathematics that are around people and becoming aware of how that mathematics develops, but really the depth of that mathematics, like your fractions example, like algebra example, like by last number counting kind of example, you really get a richer picture of this. So we provide on the website and through publications and everything an attempt to give people all those parts. But we realized especially for parents, sometimes this comes because we give them a rich activity. Some of the activities are right online, so they don't have to do much, but help the kid get online and do it and then they'll notice the interesting things kids can do that they didn't think.
Some activities, again, they have to do with the kids, but we try to design them so that it makes salient the kind of mathematical thinking of which kids are capable. And some of the activities, we try to do little videos that explain why this is important and the like. So what kind of activities, I mean, rather than in geometry, rather than just holding up a square or a triangle always base horizontal and saying, this is a triangle, what is this? A triangle. We try to go way beyond that to look at geometry and spacial thinking dynamically.
So we do a lot with shape composition, where kids are putting together different shapes to make pictures first and then ultimately to understand the inaudible can compose to make units of units, to make other shapes. We do a lot with spatial virtualization where kids will make mental images and a game called snapshots where the metaphor is, take a picture with your eyes, but I'll only show you this composed set of three shapes for two seconds and then you'll have the same shapes, but you have to put them together to match that. So to build visual imagery of these things and the like. Understanding more about that is really important so people see the richness of it.
Otherwise, all of us, all of us, me included, tends to default back to the math we were taught, which means, "Oh, I better get a worksheet or something. Put facts on a page and do that." And we're trying to show them, the parents, a lot of the mathematics you missed, a lot of the reason you don't even like math that much or think you're no good at it is the fault of your experiences. And Julie has this wonderful phrase she always tells teachers and parents, "We have to stop the cycle of abuse. We have to stop saying rectangles have two long sides and two short sides when that is one of the worst definitions in all of mathematics."
Jon Orr: You've opened my eyes for a lot of different things, but I really appreciate you sharing the resources and where people can go to learn more about this, but getting at the deeper level of conceptual understanding, I think is so important. And I think when you said parents, "I'm just going to go back to a worksheet because that's what I was used to." I had that exact thought with my own daughters. I wanted them to have more of a rich mathematical experience at home and we were told, this is how you become a good parent and a good educator as a parent is that you have to read to your sons or daughters at night before bed. And we did that, we got to follow that every night, we're going to get a book, we're going to read together before we go to sleep. And then I remember having a book by Christopher Danielson called Which One Doesn't Belong? A shapes book. And we were-
Doug Clements: Oh, I love that book.
Jon Orr: Yeah, it's such a great book, isn't it? And with that book, we would lay in bed after we'd read a story. We were like, "You know what, let's pull his book out and we'll do one, Which One Doesn't Belong page." And then we just share our thinking of why we think that doesn't belong. And it would open that discussion up to talk about so many things that we would normally not talk about. That book as you know, Doug is pretty short in the sense that you wish you had more.
Doug Clements: Yes.
Jon Orr: So I was like, "Well, I'd love to get some more." So I asked my daughter at the time and I said, "Well, what are you working on in school? What does your book look like?" And so all I get is like, "Let's continue these rich conversations at night, every single night." And the sheets were just worksheets on adding or multiplying or whatever it was at the time, it wasn't a discussion starter. It wasn't a rich conversation that we can have about it like the shapes book. And actually, I started to create my own and that's what ended up being Math Before Bed, the website that I've used with my own daughters is that it was just a collection of rich pictures of things around the home or which one doesn't belong, or just a prompt to get us to have a discussion before we went to sleep to talk about math numeracy and connect it to literacy really. But I really appreciated you saying that because I think it's so important to name, to understand as parents, the conceptual understanding behind these things so that we can have those deep conversations with our kids.
Doug Clements: Absolutely. And you guys' resources and website, obviously I assume people who listen to these podcasts know about them all, but those are so valuable to change people's view of what mathematical thinking is about. Everybody knows that the goal of literacy and language is to speak and listen and think and read and write and things like that. In mathematics, it's like, fill out a worksheet, compute, get the right answer. And I love a physicist, I think and the name escapes me, said years and years ago, "If we ever taught literacy and language like we teach mathematics, kids would spend all their time up to grade 12 and never read a story and never write a poem."
Jon Orr: Wow.
Kyle Pearce: Oh, boy.
Doug Clements: We've got to change that view. There's so much creativity and interest in thinking and mathematics. Mathematics predicts schools success. Early mathematics, kindergarten entries mathematics, predicts later school success better than any other factor they found. Executive function, social skills, reading ability, nope, mathematics comes out on top. It's not like things aren't related and all of those are important, but we deny the importance or we minimize what's interesting about mathematics to our peril because it's also a way of thinking that's fundamental to all domains.
Kyle Pearce: You raise so many interesting points there. And in particular, this idea, and this is something that we've mentioned as well, the idea of how highly correlated success in early math and then success in school in general, including in literacy and reading. I was shocked by that, but then when you actually think about it, it seems so obvious, but the way we teach math typically, or at least in kind of the old North American style that we would do things procedurally, we're robbing so many students of the opportunity to have that success simply because it is so procedural and it really only leaves the door open for some students who are able to memorize and maybe recognize a pattern to get them through.
But early on, the part that I wish I made a comment on earlier, you had referenced that experience with that young kindergartner who was working with the square numbers. And I think one of the biggest shifts that we can make is just by asking kids, not only to construct their own learning like you were doing there, but to give them the opportunity to reason through problems. And we tend to do less and less of it with every passing day, with every passing grade, it becomes more procedural. So you bring up this idea of mindset and we've heard about mindset from so many great researchers and educators, Jo Boaler, obviously comes to mind for the math moment maker community, I'm sure.
And those negative mindsets are something that we obviously need to overcome. And we appreciate the positive comment there about our goal here at Make Math Moments is to try to do some of those things. What sort of research might you be able to share with us that links between this mindset? And I guess, do you have any research about that parent mindset and how that may shift what they do with their children at a young age around mathematics and I guess sort of the response would be, how does that impact their future success in math and maybe in some other subject areas as well?
Doug Clements: Yeah, it's so important. The kind of discouraging or searches that especially parents of children who come from low resource communities and don't have the mathematical charging stations in their homes, community, and schools that other kids are privy to, part of the lack of resources that they have is they have a lack of vision because of their own experiences of this kind of view of mathematics that you just so eloquently described. And thus what they think is that I'm not very good at math, so I shouldn't talk and kids will learn that in school. And so there's even less of an emphasis on the mathematics in the home, less of an intentional emphasis, they might read to their kids, but they're not going to mess up the kids on math because you know math has one right way of doing it, yet if you don't do it that way you're wrong.
So they don't want to mess up their kids. So that's unfortunate. The good news is that with resources and it can be training programs, it can be websites such as yours, it can be a lot of things that everybody's making, it really can change their view of the mathematics and can give them games and activities that like I say, sometimes you need to dive into it and come in at the ground level. You two probably know the theory of van Hiele's where they say learning geometry, you start at visual level and then you start thinking about the properties of shapes, and then you can become logical with them.
In a similar way, it's big conceptual or metaphorical leap, but in a similar way, I think teachers and parents sometimes have to start at the visual level, do this with your kids. What do you notice? Now let's think about it and talk about the mathematics. Coming at them saying, "Your math is incomplete. I'm going to teach you all this mathematics." And then finally you can go teach your kids is probably not going to be a motivating or necessarily even the most understandable approach.
Jon Orr: If I'm a listener right now, Doug, or an educator or a parent, where might someone go to learn more about what you're offering, you and Julie? I know that you've already mentioned learning trajectories.org, is that where everyone here should go right next to learn more about what we're talking about here? Is there a book that we can be sharing out here so that they can say, take that on and read in deeper into these ideas? What would you recommend as people's next step after listening to this episode?
Doug Clements: Yeah, I think the learningtrajectories.org has a lot to offer, because what we've tried to do again is not just give words, words, words, but videos of kids at each level of thinking. So you can say, "Yeah, that's the way my child or my children, my students, or whatever think. So I can start there and move to that next level." And then you can see videos and write-ups and resources for kids at the next level. We do have a book that's out too, can you believe it? I got to go across the room to figure out what the title is.
Kyle Pearce: That's awesome. You'll probably be referring to learning and teaching early math.
Doug Clements: That's it. The learning inaudible approach, which of course, everyone around me calls the blue book, so it doesn't help us remember the precise title. I just finished it last week, the third edition of it. But it'll be a good year before that one's out. And that's the one I featured your website in guys, which is inaudible communication first, because I loved your website, it's so consistent with our approach and everything we've been talking about today, which is a new vision of mathematics going forward.
Kyle Pearce: And what a great book as well. The picture in my mind is it is the blue book. Before the episode, I had to re look it up because I didn't want to get, sometimes I put teaching first, learning for, I don't remember what the order was, but it's a great resource and also, I do want to speak to the learning trajectories.org website. We have used it in our district quite a bit. I've used it obviously for my own personal learning and trying to better understand the progression, the trajectories that students work through in the early years, but also, that website is just fantastic to be able to move through each stage. If you're sitting there thinking you go to learning trajectories.org and you start, it's great.
You can start wherever you'd like, but let's say you start at the beginning, and sometimes the name of the stage might be a little daunting because you may have never heard it described in that way, but there's a video there, it will show asking questions to students so you can see what it looks like and what maybe it doesn't look like. And then also some activities that you can actually try for your own classroom or with your own students, your own children at home. I guess parents right now during the COVID situation are saying, "Yeah, they are my students at home now." So that's a great resource for people to lean on as well.
So at this point, Doug, we want to be so respectful of your time. We really appreciate you taking the time. We also appreciate you supporting the work that Jon and I are trying to do in the math community as well. So keep on doing the great things you're doing. I hope Julie, next time we get you on, will be able to join you. I know she's on the road right now and we just want to wish you an awesome day. We'll include all those links and resources and we'll also share back when this episode goes live so that you and Julie can listen and share as you see fit.
Doug Clements: And that'd be great. And Julie would be happy to. And once you have Julie on air, you'll not come back to me, I can promise you. crosstalk. Thanks, I love Make Math Moments. I think the work you guys are doing is really, really important. I appreciate being a little part of it.
Jon Orr: And you too. So thanks so much for saying that.
Kyle Pearce: All we can thank, Doug again for spending some time with us to share his ideas and insights with us and you, the math moment maker community.
Jon Orr: Also, if you're liking what you're hearing, please share the podcast with a colleague and help us reach a wider audience by leaving us a review on Apple Podcasts and tweet us @MakeMathMoments on Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook.
Kyle Pearce: Show notes and links to resources from this episode can be found at makemathmoments.com/episode 103. That is, makemathmoments.com/episode 103.
Jon Orr: You can also find full transcripts there and download them right to your computer. So we've got transcripts and notes all at makemathmoments.com/episode 103.
Kyle Pearce: Well, my friends, until next time. I'm Kyle Pearce.
Jon Orr: And I'm Jon Orr.
Kyle Pearce: High fives for us and high five for you. (Music playing).
powered by
MMM From A Distance Cheat Sheets Smaller.001
Make Math Moments From A Distance Course
Thanks For Listening
To help out the show:
1. Jessica
Thank you Dr. Clements for all your contributions in math education.
Submit a Comment
|
28 January 2021
Pull Requests are a mechanism popularized by github, used to help facilitate merging of work, particularly in the context of open-source projects. A contributor works on their contribution in a fork (clone) of the central repository. Once their contribution is finished they create a pull request to notify the owner of the central repository that their work is ready to be merged into the mainline. Tooling supports and encourages code review of the contribution before accepting the request. Pull requests have become widely used in software development, but critics are concerned by the addition of integration friction which can prevent continuous integration.
Pull requests essentially provide convenient tooling for a development workflow that existed in many open-source projects, particularly those using a distributed source-control system (such as git). This workflow begins with a contributor creating a new logical branch, either by starting a new branch in the central repository, cloning into a personal repository, or both. The contributor then works on that branch, typically in the style of a Feature Branch, pulling any updates from Mainline into their branch. When they are done they communicate with the maintainer of the central repository indicating that they are done, together with a reference to their commits. This reference could be the URL of a branch that needs to be integrated, or a set of patches in an email.
Once the maintainer gets the message, she can then examine the commits to decide if they are ready to go into mainline. If not, she can then suggest changes to the contributor, who then has opportunity to adjust their submission. Once all is ok, the maintainer can then merge, either with a regular merge/rebase or applying the patches from the final email.
Github's pull request mechanism makes this flow much easier. It keeps track of the clones through its fork mechanism, and automatically creates a message thread to discuss the pull request, together with behavior to handle the various steps in the review workflow. These conveniences were a major part of what made github successful and led to "pull request" becoming a fundamental part of the developer's lexicon.
So that's how pull requests work, but should we use them, and if so how? To answer that question, I like to step back from the mechanism and think about how it works in the context of a source code management workflow. To help me think about that, I wrote down a series of patterns for managing source code branching. I find understanding these (specifically the Base and Integration patterns) clarifies the role of pull requests.
In terms of these patterns, pull requests are a mechanism designed to implement a combination of Feature Branching and Pre-Integration Reviews. Thus to assess the usefulness of pull requests we first need to consider how applicable those patterns are to our situation. Like most patterns, they are sometimes valuable, and sometimes a pain in the neck - we have to examine them based on our specific context. Feature Branching is a good way of packaging together a logical contribution so that it can be assessed, accepted, or deferred as a single unit. This makes a lot of sense when contributors are not trusted to commit directly to mainline. But Feature Branching comes at a cost, which is that it usually limits the frequency of integration, leading to complicated merges and deterring refactoring. Pre-Integration Reviews provide a clear place to do code review at the cost of a significant increase in integration friction. [1]
That's a drastic summary of the situation (I need a lot more words to explain this further in the feature branching article), but it boils down to the fact that the value of these patterns, and thus the value of pull requests, rest mostly on the social structure of the team. Some teams work better with pull requests, some teams would find pull requests a severe drag on the effectiveness. I suspect that since pull requests are so popular, a lot of teams are using them by default when they would do better without them.
While pull requests are built for Feature Branches, teams can use them within a Continuous Integration environment. To do this they need to ensure that pull requests are small enough, and the team responsive enough, to follow the CI rule of thumb that everybody does Mainline Integration at least daily. (And I should remind everyone that Mainline Integration is more than just merging the current mainline into the feature branch).
The wide usage of pull requests has encouraged a wider use of code review, since pull requests provide a clear point for Pre-Integration Review, together with tooling that encourages it. Code review is a Good Thing, but we must remember that a pull request isn't the only mechanism we can use for it. Many teams find great value in the continuous review afforded by Pair Programming. To avoid reducing integration frquency we can carry out post-integration code review in several ways. A formal process can record a review for each commit, or a tech lead can examine risky commits every couple of days. Perhaps the most powerful form of code review is one that's frequently ignored. A team that takes the attitude that the codebase is a fluid system, one that can be steadily refined with repeated iteration carries out Refinement Code Review every time a developer looks at existing code. I often hear people say that pull requests are necessary because without them you can't do code reviews - that's rubbish. Pre-integration code review is just one way to do code reviews, and for many teams it isn't the best choice.
Chris Ford, Dan Mutton, Jeremy Huiskamp, Kief Morris, Pramod Sadalage, and Ryan Boucher commented on drafts of this post on our internal mailing list.
1: A colleague of mine recently calculated the time a client spent waiting for pull requests that had no comments (true of 91% of them). Total time waiting in 2020 for 7000 PRs was 130,000 hours. This figure included time elapsed over nights and weekends. |
Quick Answer: What Are Signs Of A Gifted Child?
Is early reading a sign of intelligence?
Children with strong reading skills are more likely to have higher intelligence levels as young adults, according to a study..
When should a child count to 10?
What is the difference between a bright child and a gifted child?
The bright child is interested and attentive at school; she listens to the material and is receptive; she enjoys her peers. The gifted learner, conversely, is more than merely interested in the way that seasons change: he is highly curious about it. … She is receptive at school; he can be downright intense at school.
How do you identify a gifted child?
How does a child become gifted?
What age should a child be tested for gifted?
How do you tell if your child is a genius?
Mensa’s 17 signs your child could be a geniusAn unusual memory.Passing intellectual milestones early.Reading early.Unusual hobbies or interests or an in-depth knowledge of certain subjects.Intolerance of other children.An awareness of world events.Set themselves impossibly high standards.May be a high achiever.More items…•
What age should child be able to write their name?
Some children will learn to write their name when they are 2 or 3 (this is rare, don’t feel like your 3 year old should be able to write their name) while others are still having difficulty when they are in year 1 (this is something that I would certainly be working on, but I see it often enough to know its common).
Can a 4 year old take an IQ test?
The IQ test for children from 4 to 9 years old This indicator will help parents to quickly identify their child’s abilities, thereby giving them appropriate learning orientations. … Another advantage of this test is that the test time is quite fast (only 15 minutes).
What is a gifted child personality?
However, there are common characteristics that many gifted individuals share: Unusual alertness, even in infancy. Rapid learner; puts thoughts together quickly. … Thinking is abstract, complex, logical, and insightful. Idealism and sense of justice at early age.
How do I know if my 4 year old is gifted?
Can behavior problems be a sign of giftedness?
Yes, it can be. Some gifted children are mistakenly suspected of having ADHD, autism, or another condition with behavioral elements. Along with other gifted characteristics, many gifted children have sensory sensitivities. … They may also have behavior problems because of frustration or boredom.
Does giftedness run in families?
How do you raise an intelligent child?
|
Two lanterns for the South (and humanity) – a reprise
I wrote this article over four years ago, I felt we needed to escape politics of the day.
Two of my favorite authors have died in the past weeks – Harper Lee and Pat Conroy. They both were lanterns into southern life, showing the world our love, anguish, bigotry, eccentricity, manners and eccentricities. Yet, they showed all of humanity these same attributes and asked us why must we have these barriers to each other?
Harper Lee wrote the best and most impactful novel I have ever read about the south in “To Kill a Mockingbird.” She created through Scout’s eyes a hero in her father, Atticus Finch, that she had to learn how great and brave a man could be. She had written a previous manuscript, which was initially not accepted, but it was released this past year as “Go set the Watchman.” I have this book, but have not read it, as it paints a different version of Atticus, a journey I do not want to take.
In her Pulitzer Prize winning Mockingbird, we learn what racism under Jim Crow looks like. She sneaks it up on you, so by the time the reader understands what is going on, they are hooked and ready to take up for Atticus and Tom Robinson, just like Scout and Jem did. I have written before about the novel and movie, but let me repeat my favorite parts. First, when Atticus leaves the court room after losing the case, the minister admonishes Scout to stand like everyone else is because “Your father is passing.”
The other is when the female neighbor is consoling Jem after the loss. She notes “There are people who are put on this earth to do our unpleasant tasks. Your father is one of them.” Yet, that is what makes the book so marvelous, we are seeing Atticus and racism through a child’s lens. And, it also confirms what is noted in the Rogers and Hammerstein “South Pacific” that bigotry has to be carefully taught. Scout and Jem have been taught not to be bigoted.
As for Conroy, he put in words stories and characters who make the south live. Critics have noted that he has written novels around his father being a very abusive man. It is true that many of his novels, like “The Great Santini,” “The Prince of Tides,” of “South of Broad,” have elements of his father therein, with Santini being a thinly veiled biography. Yet, his books are much more than that.
My first Conroy book was “The Lords of Discipline” which is about a young cadet being asked to look after the first black cadet at a southern military school, which looks and smells like The Citadel, where he went to college. I normally like to read the book before seeing the movie, but the latter lead me to the book. The Bear was the grandfatherly mentor at the school referring to his mentees as “his lambs.” And, he called the lead character Bubba, which is a nickname for brother, usually because a younger sibling could not pronounce brother.
“The Water is Wide” is great auto-biographical read and was made into a movie called “Conrack,” which is how the Daufuskie Island children, who spoke Gullah, pronounced Conroy’s name. He set out to teach these kids how to read and expose them to new things, rather than just shepherd them along. Eventually, he was fired for being rebellious, as the principal did not want these kids getting aspirations.
He also penned “My Losing Season,” which is a true story of his basketball playing days for a very poor and inconsistent coach. Reading this book led me to a realization that I actually saw Conroy play basketball in the mid-1960s, when The Citadel played Jacksonville University. He spoke of the players I saw for the Jacksonville team, as my father would take us to the games and this is where I learned what The Citadel was.
Yet, my favorite is “The Prince of Tides,” which also was made into a movie with Barbra Streisand, Blythe Danner and Nick Nolte. The movie was good, but left out the best example of a character in a Conroy novel. The grandfather was so religious, every Easter he would drag a cross around town to suffer like Jesus did. When he got too old to do this, the family put the cross on roller skates, so he could wheel it around. That is classic eccentricity.
If you have not read them, please give them a chance. The movies are excellent, but the books have so much more to offer. These two will be missed. |
Breakup of Yugoslavia
The breakup of Yugoslavia occurred as a result of a series of political upheavals and conflicts during the early 1990s. After a period of political and economic crisis in the 1980s, constituent republics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia split apart, but the unresolved issues caused bitter inter-ethnic Yugoslav wars. The wars primarily affected Bosnia and Herzegovina, neighbouring parts of Croatia and, some years later, Kosovo.
After the Allied victory in World War II, Yugoslavia was set up as a federation of six republics, with borders drawn along ethnic and historical lines: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia. In addition, two autonomous provinces were established within Serbia: Vojvodina and Kosovo. Each of the republics had its own branch of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia party and a ruling elite, and any tensions were solved on the federal level. The Yugoslav model of state organisation, as well as a "middle way" between planned and liberal economy, had been a relative success, and the country experienced a period of strong economic growth and relative political stability up to the 1980s, under dictatorial rule of Josip Broz Tito. After his death in 1980, the weakened system of federal government was left unable to cope with rising economic and political challenges.
In the 1980s, Albanians of Kosovo started to demand that their autonomous province be granted the status of a constituent republic, starting with the 1981 protests. Ethnic tensions between Albanians and Kosovo Serbs remained high over the whole decade, which resulted in the growth of Serb opposition to the high autonomy of provinces and ineffective system of consensus at the federal level across Yugoslavia, which were seen as an obstacle for Serb interests. In 1987, Slobodan Milošević came to power in Serbia, and through a series of populist moves acquired de facto control over Kosovo, Vojvodina, and Montenegro, garnering a high level of support among Serbs for his centralist policies. Milošević was met with opposition by party leaders of the western republics of Slovenia and Croatia, who also advocated greater democratisation of the country in line with the Revolutions of 1989 in Eastern Europe. The League of Communists of Yugoslavia dissolved in January 1990 along federal lines. Republican communist organisations became the separate socialist parties.
During 1990, the socialists (former communists) lost power to ethnic separatist parties in the first multi-party elections held across the country, except in Serbia and Montenegro, where Milošević and his allies won. Nationalist rhetoric on all sides became increasingly heated. Between June 1991 and April 1992, four republics declared independence (only Serbia and Montenegro remained federated), but the status of ethnic Serbs outside Serbia and Montenegro, and that of ethnic Croats outside Croatia, remained unsolved. After a string of inter-ethnic incidents, the Yugoslav Wars ensued, first in Croatia and then, most severely, in multi-ethnic Bosnia and Herzegovina. The wars left long-term economic and political damage in the region, still felt there decades later.
In political science the events and the surrounding issues have been described as furthering Balkanisation.
The important elements that fostered the discord involved contemporary and historical factors, including the formation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the first breakup and subsequent inter-ethnic and political wars and genocide during World War II, ideas of Greater Albania, Greater Croatia and Greater Serbia and conflicting views about Pan-Slavism, and the unilateral recognition by a newly reunited Germany of the breakaway republics.
The Ustaše resolved that the Serbian minority were a fifth column of Serbian expansionism, and pursued a policy of persecution against the Serbs. The policy dictated that one-third of the Serbian minority were to be killed, one-third expelled, and one-third converted to Catholicism and assimilated as Croats. Conversely, the Chetniks pursued their own campaign of persecution against non-Serbs in parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Sandžak per the Moljević plan ("On Our State and Its Borders") and the orders issues by Draža Mihailović which included "[t]he cleansing of all nation understandings and fighting".
Both Croats and Muslims were recruited as soldiers by the SS (primarily in the 13th Waffen Mountain Division). At the same time, former royalist, General Milan Nedić, was installed by the Axis as head of the puppet government and local Serbs were recruited into the Gestapo and the Serbian Volunteer Corps, which was linked to the German Waffen-SS. Both quislings were confronted and eventually defeated by the communist-led, anti-fascist Partisan movement composed of members of all ethnic groups in the area, leading to the formation of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
The official Yugoslav post-war estimate of victims in Yugoslavia during World War II was 1,704,000. Subsequent data gathering in the 1980s by historians Vladimir Žerjavić and Bogoljub Kočović showed that the actual number of dead was about 1 million. Of that number, 330,000 to 390,000 ethnic Serbs perished from all causes in Croatia and Bosnia. These same historians also established the deaths of 192,000 to 207,000 ethnic Croats and 86,000 to 103,000 Muslims from all affiliations and causes throughout Yugoslavia.
Prior to its collapse, Yugoslavia was a regional industrial power and an economic success. From 1960 to 1980, annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth averaged 6.1 percent, medical care was free, literacy was 91 percent, and life expectancy was 72 years. Prior to 1991, Yugoslavia's armed forces were amongst the best-equipped in Europe.
Economic growth was curbed due to Western trade barriers combined with the 1973 oil crisis. Yugoslavia subsequently fell into heavy IMF debt due to the large number of International Monetary Fund (IMF) loans taken out by the regime. As a condition of receiving loans, the IMF demanded the "market liberalisation" of Yugoslavia. By 1981, Yugoslavia had incurred $19.9 billion in foreign debt. Another concern was the unemployment rate, at 1 million by 1980. This problem was compounded by the general "unproductiveness of the South", which not only added to Yugoslavia's economic woes, but also irritated Slovenia and Croatia further.
Structural problems
—and two autonomous provinces within Serbia,
Death of Tito and the weakening of Communism
On 4 May 1980, Tito's death was announced through state broadcasts across Yugoslavia. His death removed what many international political observers saw as Yugoslavia's main unifying force, and subsequently ethnic tension started to grow in Yugoslavia. The crisis that emerged in Yugoslavia was connected with the weakening of the Communist states in Eastern Europe towards the end of the Cold War, leading to the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. In Yugoslavia, the national communist party, officially called the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, had lost its ideological potency.
Meanwhile, the more prosperous republics of SR Slovenia and SR Croatia wanted to move towards decentralization and democracy.
The historian Basil Davidson contends that the "recourse to 'ethnicity' as an explanation [of the conflict] is pseudo-scientific nonsense..." Even the degree of linguistic and religious differences "have been less substantial than instant commentators routinely tell us". Between the two major communities, the Serbs and the Croats, Davidson argues, "the term 'ethnic cleansing' can have no sense at all". Davidson agrees with Susan Woodward, an expert on Balkan affairs, who found the "motivating causes of the disintegration in economic circumstance and its ferocious pressures".
Economic collapse and the international climate
As President, Tito's policy was to push for rapid economic growth, and growth was indeed high in the 1970s. However, the over-expansion of the economy caused inflation and pushed Yugoslavia into economic recession.
A major problem for Yugoslavia was the heavy debt incurred in the 1970s, which proved to be difficult to repay in the 1980s. Yugoslavia's debt load, initially estimated at a sum equal to $6 billion U.S dollars, instead turned to be equal to sum equivalent to $21 billion U.S. dollars, which was a colossal sum for a poor country. In 1984 the Reagan administration issued a classified document, National Security Decision Directive 133, expressing concern that Yugoslavia's debt load might cause the country to align with the Soviet bloc. The 1980s were a time of economic austerity as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) imposed stringent conditions on Yugoslavia, which caused much resentment toward the Communist elites who had so mismanaged the economy by recklessly borrowing of money abroad. The policies of austerity also led to uncovering much corruption by the elites, most notably with the "Agrokomerc affair" of 1987, when the Agrokomerc enterprise of Bosnia turned out to be the centre of a vast nexus of corruption running all across Yugoslavia, and that the managers of Agrokomerc had issued promissory notes equivalent to US$500[dubious ] without collateral, forcing the state to assume responsibility for their debts when Agrokomerc finally collapsed. The rampant corruption in Yugoslavia, of which the "Agrokomerc affair" was merely the most dramatic example, did much to discredit the Communist system, as it was revealed that the elites were living luxurious lifestyles well beyond the means of ordinary people with money stolen from the public purse, in a time of austerity. The problems imposed by heavy indebtedness and corruption had by the mid-1980s increasingly started to corrode the legitimacy of the Communist system as ordinary people started to lose faith in the competence and honesty of the elites.
A wave of major strikes developed in 1987-88 as workers demanded higher wages to compensate for inflation, as the IMF mandated the end of various subsidies, and they were accompanied by denunciations of the entire system as corrupt. Finally, the politics of austerity brought to the fore tensions between the well off "have" republics like Slovenia and Croatia versus the poorer "have not" republics like Serbia. Both Croatia and Slovenia felt that they were paying too much money into the federal budget to support the "have not" republics, while Serbia wanted Croatia and Slovenia to pay more money into the federal budget to support them at a time of austerity. Increasingly, demands were voiced in Serbia for more centralisation in order to force Croatia and Slovenia to pay more into the federal budget, demands that were completely rejected in the "have" republics.
The relaxation of tensions with the Soviet Union after Mikhail Gorbachev became leader in 1985 meant that western nations were no longer willing to be generous with restructuring Yugoslavia's debts, as the example of a communist country outside of the Soviet bloc was no longer needed by the West as a way of destabilising the Soviet bloc. The external status quo, which the Communist Party had depended upon to remain viable, was thus beginning to disappear. Furthermore, the failure of communism all over Central and Eastern Europe once again brought to the surface Yugoslavia's inner contradictions, economic inefficiencies (such as chronic lack of productivity, fuelled by the country's leaderships' decision to enforce a policy of full employment), and ethno-religious tensions. Yugoslavia's non-aligned status resulted in access to loans from both superpower blocs. This contact with the United States and the West opened up Yugoslavia's markets sooner than the rest of Central and Eastern Europe. The 1980s were a decade of Western economic ministrations.
A decade of frugality resulted in growing frustration and resentment against both the Serbian "ruling class", and the minorities who were seen to benefit from government legislation. Real earnings in Yugoslavia fell by 25% from 1979 to 1985. By 1988 emigrant remittances to Yugoslavia totalled over $4.5 billion (USD), and by 1989 remittances were $6.2 billion (USD), making up over 19% of the world's total.
In 1990, US policy insisted on the shock therapy austerity programme that was meted out to the ex-Comecon countries. Such a programme had been advocated by the IMF and other organisations "as a condition for fresh injections of capital."
Rise of nationalism in Serbia (1987–89)
Slobodan Milošević
Serbian President Slobodan Milošević's unequivocal desire to uphold the unity of Serbs, a status which was threatened by each republic breaking away from the federation, in addition to his opposition to the Albanian authorities in Kosovo, further inflamed ethnic tensions.
On another occasion, he privately stated:
Anti-bureaucratic revolution
The Anti-bureaucratic revolution was a series of protests in Serbia and Montenegro orchestrated by Milošević to put his supporters in SAP Vojvodina, SAP Kosovo, and the Socialist Republic of Montenegro (SR Montenegro) to power as he sought to oust his rivals. The government of Montenegro survived a coup d'état in October 1988, but not a second one in January 1989.
As a result of these events, in February 1989 ethnic Albanian miners in Kosovo organized a strike, demanding the preservation of the now-endangered autonomy. This contributed to ethnic conflict between the Albanian and Serb populations of the province. At 77% of the population of Kosovo in the 1980s, ethnic-Albanians were the majority.
Final political crisis (1990–92)
Party crisis
In turn, the Croats and Slovenes sought to reform Yugoslavia by delegating even more power to six republics, but were voted down continuously in every motion and attempt to force the party to adopt the new voting system. As a result, the Croatian delegation, led by Chairman Ivica Račan, and Slovene delegation left the Congress on 23 January 1990, effectively dissolving the all-Yugoslav party. Along with external pressure, this caused the adoption of multi-party systems in all the republics.
Multi-party elections
In multi-party parliamentary elections, re-branded former communist parties were victorious in Montenegro on 9 and 16 December 1990, and in Serbia on 9 and 23 December 1990. In addition Serbia re-elected Slobodan Milošević as president. Serbia and Montenegro now increasingly favored a Serb-dominated Yugoslavia.
Ethnic tensions in Croatia
Еthnicities in Croatia 1991
Croats (78.1%)
Serbs (12.2%)
Yugoslavs (2.2%)
Others (9.7%)
In Croatia, the nationalist Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) was elected to power, led by controversial nationalist Franjo Tuđman, under the promise of "protecting Croatia from Milošević", publicly advocating Croatian sovereignty. Croatian Serbs were wary of Tuđman's nationalist government, and in 1990 Serb nationalists in the southern Croatian town of Knin organized and formed a separatist entity known as the SAO Krajina, which demanded to remain in union with the rest of the Serb population if Croatia decided to secede. The government of Serbia endorsed the rebellion of the Croatian Serbs, claiming that for Serbs, rule under Tuđman's government would be equivalent to the World War II era fascist Independent State of Croatia (NDH), which committed genocide against Serbs. Milošević used this to rally Serbs against the Croatian government and Serbian newspapers joined in the warmongering. Serbia had by now printed $1.8 billion worth of new money without any backing of the Yugoslav central bank.
Croatian President Franjo Tuđman
Croatian Serbs in Knin, under the leadership of local police inspector Milan Martić, began to try to gain access to weapons so that the Croatian Serbs could mount a successful revolt against the Croatian government. Croatian Serb politicians including the Mayor of Knin met with Borisav Jović, the head of the Yugoslav Presidency in August 1990, and urged him to push the council to take action to prevent Croatia from separating from Yugoslavia, because they claimed that the Serb population would be in danger in Croatia which was ruled by Tuđman and his nationalist government.
At the meeting, army official Petar Gračanin told the Croatian Serb politicians how to organize their rebellion, telling them to put up barricades, as well as assemble weapons of any sort, saying "If you can't get anything else, use hunting rifles". Initially the revolt became known as the "Log Revolution", as Serbs blockaded roadways to Knin with cut-down trees and prevented Croats from entering Knin or the Croatian coastal region of Dalmatia. The BBC documentary The Death of Yugoslavia revealed that at the time, Croatian TV dismissed the "Log Revolution" as the work of drunken Serbs, trying to diminish the serious dispute. However, the blockade was damaging to Croatian tourism. The Croatian government refused to negotiate with the Serb separatists and decided to stop the rebellion by force, sending in armed special forces by helicopters to put down the rebellion.
The pilots claimed they were bringing "equipment" to Knin, but the federal Yugoslav air force intervened and sent fighter jets to intercept them and demanded that the helicopters return to their base or they would be fired upon, in which the Croatian forces obliged and returned to their base in Zagreb. To the Croatian government, this action by the Yugoslav air force revealed to them that the Yugoslav People's Army was increasingly under Serbian control. SAO Krajina was officially declared a separate entity on 21 December 1990 by the Serbian National Council which was headed by Milan Babić.
Following the first multi-party election results, the republics of Slovenia, Croatia, and Macedonia proposed transforming Yugoslavia into a loose federation of six republics in the autumn of 1990, however Milošević rejected all such proposals, arguing that like Slovenes and Croats, the Serbs also had a right to self-determination. Serbian politicians were alarmed by a change of phrasing in the Christmas Constitution of Croatia that changed the status of ethnic Serbs of Croatia from an explicitly mentioned nation (narod) to a nation listed together with minorities (narodi i manjine).[clarification needed]
Independence of Slovenia and Croatia
In the 1990 Slovenian independence referendum, held on 23 December 1990, a vast majority of residents voted for independence: 88.5% of all electors (94.8% of those participating) voted for independence, which was declared on 25 June 1991.
In January 1991, the Yugoslav counter-intelligence service, KOS (Kontraobaveštajna služba), displayed a video of a secret meeting (the "Špegelj Tapes") that they purported had happened some time in 1990 between the Croatian Defence Minister, Martin Špegelj, and two other men. Špegelj announced during the meeting that Croatia was at war with the Yugoslav army (JNA, Jugoslovenska Narodna Armija) and gave instructions about arms smuggling as well as methods of dealing with the Army's officers stationed in Croatian cities. The Army subsequently wanted to indict Špegelj for treason and illegal importation of arms, mainly from Hungary.
The discovery of Croatian arms smuggling combined with the crisis in Knin, the election of independence-leaning governments in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, and Slovenia, and Slovenes demanding independence in the referendum on the issue suggested that Yugoslavia faced the imminent threat of disintegration.
On 1 March 1991, the Pakrac clash ensued, and the JNA was deployed to the scene. On 9 March 1991, protests in Belgrade were suppressed with the help of the Army.
The Yugoslav presidential crisis reached an impasse when Kosovo's Riza Sapunxhiu 'defected' his faction in the second vote on martial law in March 1991. Jović briefly resigned from the presidency in protest, but soon returned. On 16 May 1991, the Serbian parliament replaced Sapunxhiu with Sejdo Bajramović, and Vojvodina's Nenad Bućin with Jugoslav Kostić. This effectively deadlocked the Presidency, because Milošević's Serbian faction had secured four out of eight federal presidency votes, and it was able to block any unfavorable decisions at the federal level, in turn causing objections from other republics and calls for reform of the Yugoslav Federation.
The beginning of the Yugoslav Wars
War in Slovenia
Both Slovenia and Croatia declared their independence on 25 June 1991. On the morning of 26 June, units of the Yugoslav People's Army's 13th Corps left their barracks in Rijeka, Croatia, to move towards Slovenia's borders with Italy. The move immediately led to a strong reaction from local Slovenians, who organized spontaneous barricades and demonstrations against the YPA's actions. There was no fighting, as yet, and both sides appeared to have an unofficial policy of not being the first to open fire.
By this time, the Slovenian government had already put into action its plan to seize control of both the international Ljubljana Airport and Slovenia's border posts on borders with Italy, Austria and Hungary. The personnel manning the border posts were, in most cases, already Slovenians, so the Slovenian take-over mostly simply amounted to changing of uniforms and insignia, without any fighting. By taking control of the borders, the Slovenians were able to establish defensive positions against an expected YPA attack. This meant that the YPA would have to fire the first shot, which was fired on 27 June at 14:30 in Divača by an officer of the YPA.
Whilst supportive of their respective rights to national self-determination, the European Community pressured Slovenia and Croatia to place a three-month moratorium on their independence, and reached the Brijuni Agreement on 7 July 1991 (recognized by representatives of all republics). During these three months, the Yugoslav Army completed its pull-out from Slovenia. Negotiations to restore the Yugoslav federation with diplomat Lord Carrington and members of the European Community were all but ended. Carrington's plan realized that Yugoslavia was in a state of dissolution and decided that each republic must accept the inevitable independence of the others, along with a promise to Serbian President Milošević that the European Union would ensure that Serbs outside of Serbia would be protected.
Lord Carrington's opinions were rendered moot following newly reunited Germany's Christmas Eve 1991 recognition of Slovenia and Croatia. Except for secret negotiations between foreign ministers Genscher (Germany) and Mock (Austria), the unilateral recognition came as an unwelcome surprise to most EU governments and the United States, with whom there was no prior consultation. International organisations, including the UN, were nonplussed. While Yugoslavia was already in a shambles, it's likely that German recognition of the breakaway republics—and Austrian partial mobilization on the border—made things a good deal worse for the decomposing multinational state. US President George H.W. Bush was the only major power representative to voice an objection. The extent of Vatican and Federal Intelligence Agency of Germany (BND) intervention in this episode has been explored by scholars familiar with the details, but the historical record remains disputed.
War in Croatia
Independence of the Republic of Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnian Muslim President Alija Izetbegović
Bosnian Serb President Radovan Karadžić
From 1991 to 1992, the situation in the multiethnic Bosnia and Herzegovina grew tense. Its parliament was fragmented on ethnic lines into a plurality Bosniak faction and minority Serb and Croat factions. In 1991, Radovan Karadžić, the leader of the largest Serb faction in the parliament, the Serb Democratic Party, gave a grave and direct warning to the Bosnian parliament should it decide to separate, saying:
In the meantime, behind the scenes, negotiations began between Milošević and Tuđman to divide Bosnia and Herzegovina into Serb and Croat administered territories to attempt to avert war between Bosnian Croats and Serbs. Bosnian Serbs held a referendum in November 1991 resulting in an overwhelming vote in favor of staying in a common state with Serbia and Montenegro.
A referendum on independence sponsored by the Bosnian government was held on 29 February and 1 March 1992. The referendum was declared contrary to the Bosnian and federal constitution by the federal Constitution Court and the newly established Bosnian Serb government, and it was largely boycotted by the Bosnian Serbs. According to the official results, the turnout was 63.4%, and 99.7% of the voters voted for independence. It was unclear what the two-thirds majority requirement actually meant and whether it was satisfied.
The executive council building in Sarajevo in flames after being hit by Serbian artillery in 1992.
Bosnia and Herzegovina declared independence on 3 March 1992 and received international recognition the following month on 6 April 1992. On the same date, the Serbs responded by declaring the independence of the Republika Srpska and laying siege to Sarajevo, which marked the start of the Bosnian War. The Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was subsequently admitted as a member state of the United Nations on 22 May 1992.
In Bosnia and Herzegovina, NATO airstrikes against Bosnian Serb targets contributed to the signing of the Dayton Agreement and the resolution of the conflict. Around 100,000 people were killed over the course of the war.
In the Macedonian independence referendum held on 8 September 1991, 95.26% voted for independence, which was declared on 25 September 1991.
Five hundred US soldiers were then deployed under the UN banner to monitor Macedonia's northern border with Serbia. However, Belgrade's authorities neither intervened to prevent Macedonia's departure, nor protested nor acted against the arrival of the UN troops, indicating that once Belgrade was to form its new country (the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in April 1992), it would recognise the Republic of Macedonia and develop diplomatic relations with it. As a result, Macedonia became the only former republic to gain sovereignty without resistance from the Yugoslav authorities and Army.
In addition, Macedonia's first president, Kiro Gligorov, did indeed maintain good relations with Belgrade as well as the other former republics. There have been no problems between Macedonian and Serbian border police, even though small pockets of Kosovo and the Preševo valley complete the northern reaches of the historical region known as Macedonia, which would otherwise have created a border dispute (see also IMORO).
International recognition of the breakup
State entities on the former territory of SFR Yugoslavia, 2008.
On 15 January 1992, the independence of Croatia and Slovenia was recognized by the international community. Slovenia, Croatia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina would later be admitted as member states of the United Nations on 22 May 1992. Macedonia was admitted as a member state of the United Nations on 8 April 1993; its membership approval took longer than the others due to Greek objections.
In 1999 Social Democratic Party of Germany in his May Day speech leader Oskar Lafontaine criticised the role played by Germany in the break up of Yugoslavia, with its early recognition of the independence of the republics.
Some observers opined that the break up of the Yugoslav state violated the principles of post-Cold War system, enshrined in the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE/OSCE) and the Treaty of Paris of 1990. Both stipulated that inter-state borders in Europe should not be changed. Some observers, such as Peter Gowan, assert that the breakup and subsequent conflict could have been prevented if western states were more assertive in enforcing internal arrangements between all parties, but ultimately "were not prepared to enforce such principles in the Yugoslav case because Germany did not want to and the other states did not have any strategic interest in doing so." Gowan even contends that the break-up "might have been possible without great bloodshed if clear criteria could have been established for providing security for all the main groups of people within the Yugoslav space."
In March 1992, during the US-Bosnian independence campaign, the politician and future president of Bosnia and Herzegovina Alija Izetbegović reached an EC brokered agreement with Bosnian Croats and Serbs on a three-canton confederal settlement. But, the US government, according to the New York Times, urged him to opt for a unitary, sovereign, independent state.
Aftermath in Serbia and Montenegro
The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia consisted of Serbia and Montenegro.
The independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina proved to be the final blow to the pan-Yugoslav Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. On 28 April 1992, the Serb-dominated Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) was formed as a rump state, consisting only of the former Socialist Republics of Serbia and Montenegro. The FRY was dominated by Slobodan Milošević and his political allies. Its government claimed continuity to the former country, but the international community refused to recognize it as such. The stance of the international community was that Yugoslavia had dissolved into its separate states. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was prevented by a UN resolution on 22 September 1992 from continuing to occupy the United Nations seat as successor state to SFRY. This question was important for claims on SFRY's international assets, including embassies in many countries. The FRY did not abandon its claim to continuity from the SFRY until 1996.
The war in the western parts of former Yugoslavia ended in 1995 with US-sponsored peace talks in Dayton, Ohio, which resulted in the Dayton Agreement. The five years of disintegration and war led to a sanctions regime, causing the economy to collapse. The Kosovo War started in 1996 and ended with the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia; Slobodan Milošević was overthrown in 2000.
The FR Yugoslavia was renamed on 4 February 2003 as the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. The State Union of Serbia and Montenegro was itself unstable, and finally broke up in 2006 when, in a referendum held on 21 May 2006, Montenegrin independence was backed by 55.5% of voters, and independence was declared on 3 June 2006. Serbia inherited the State Union's UN membership.
Kosovo had been administered by the UN since the Kosovo War while nominally remaining part of Serbia. However, on 17 February 2008, Kosovo declared independence from Serbia as the Republic of Kosovo. The United States, the United Kingdom and much of the European Union recognized this as an act of self determination, with the United States sending people to help assist Kosovo. On the other hand, Serbia and some of the international community—most notably Russia, Spain and Chinahave not recognised Kosovo's declaration of independence. As of July 2015, Kosovo is recognized as an independent state by a majority of the international community (56% of the United Nations' member states).
See also
Further reading
• Almond, Mark, Europe's Backyard War, William Heinemann Ltd, Great Britain, 1994
• et al. Duncan, W. Raymond and Holman, G. Paul, Ethnic Nationalism and Regional Conflict: The Former Soviet Union and Yugoslavia, Westview Press Inc, USA, 1994.ISBN 0-8133-8813-9
• Dragosavljevic, Angelija, Slobodan Milosevic: A Study in Charismatic Leadership And Its Distortions 1987–1992, Australian National University Press, Canberra, 1993
• Glenny, Misha, "The Fall of Yugoslavia", Penguin, 3rd Edition 1996,ISBN 0-14-026101-X
• LeBor, Adam "Milosevic: A Biography", Bloomsbury, 2002,ISBN 0-7475-6181-8
• Magas, Branka, The Destruction of Yugoslavia: Tracking the Break-up 1980–1992, Verso, Great Britain, 1993.ISBN 0-86091-593-X
• Mojzes, Paul, Yugoslavian Inferno: in the Balkans, The Continuum Publishing Company, USA, 1994
• Radan, Peter, Break-up of Yugoslavia and International Law, Routledge, Great Britain, 2002
‘’Yugoslavian is also a very beautiful country.’’Continuum Publishing Company
External links
Uses material from the Wikipedia article Breakup of Yugoslavia, released under the CC BY-SA 3.0 license. |
Smoking Aspects in Developing Africa
Vapor Cigarette
Smoking Aspects in Developing Africa
Africa today is developing and making tobacco a part of its discussion and is focussing on its economics and cultivation. The tobacco cultivation in Africa is being established and encouraged by multinational firms, especially Rothmans and British American tobacco, avoiding the import duty based on raw materials.
Nigeria has around 60,000 farmers that grow tobacco in a space of 120,000 acres. The three main deleterious effects due to cultivation of tobacco are; the competition in staple food harvest like cassava, millet, guinea corn and rice; the displacement of cash crops like cotton; And timber loss through bush fires and tree felling because of lit cigarette stubs.
In Nigeria’s Sokoto region, more preference is given to tobacco cultivation instead of rice cultivation as it provides them with ready cash; hence the growing of rice becomes a second choice. The result of this displacement of food crops is that, now rice is being imported in Nigeria. As any economist seeking development and welfare would cultivate rice and not tobacco. The forest reserves is also affected as the clearing of bush is taking place, in order to promote tobacco cultivation and making use of the wood fuel when it comes to flue-curing tobacco. Ecological consequences too have become disastrous in bordering areas of the desert. Yet the growth of tobacco, by any means, is not being dismissed. Major reason is the cash returns they gain from tobacco and not food crops.
Today the multinational firms are putting in a lot of effort in teaching their farmers the modern methods for land preparation. This fight against immense cultivation of tobacco can only be won by planned thought and actions. As a matter of fact, the cigarette consumption is highly underestimated in commercial or government statistics, since the smuggling of total cigarettes amounts to 25%.
It is a known fact that growing tobacco needs bigger and more lands which could otherwise serve as a purpose for growing other essential food. Besides that, curing the leaves of tobacco needs great amount of heat, which is formed by burning timber or oil and which results in deforestation, desertification and soil erosion. Although, tobacco is grown as a crop that’s exported, its hazardous health effects cannot be escaped by the country, including its economic consequences like absenteeism from the work or increasing heath care cost.
Africa is a country where the health and smoking issue is quiet complicated as the tobacco here is grown vastly and commercially and happens to rely on bringing foreign exchange through exportation. The ministries of certain nations are working on cross purposes. However, the controlling measures of tobacco cultivation must include these; public information, legislation, education and data collection. Africa does not only involve tobacco in smoking but they snuff and chew it and increases the risks for heart and coronary diseases. Tobacco firms smartly take complete advantage of lack of regulations and legislations regarding the use and promotion of tobacco in Africa.
The question here that now arises is that, if Africa is really moving forward and becoming a developed country or is it just moving forward in a hazardous way.…
Tobacco and its Perceptions in Different Professions
Vapor Cigarette
Tobacco and its Perceptions in Different Professions
Smoking certainly has an impact on people’s professional life, just like on their health. Being a chain smoker or tobacco user can affect people’s income; affect their recruitment and even career prospects. People who smoke, end up falling sick more often and take days off, than regular employees. This is why they are not preferred to be hired by employers. But as a matter of fact, these conditions might differ in different professions.
Smoking habits of people in the following profession;
• Food service – 30.3%
• Administrative and office workers – 14.4%
• Finance department – 12.66%
• Media, design and art – 17.3%
• Education and science – 9.2%
• Transportation employees – 26.1%
• Legal professionals – 12.3%
1. Blue collar labourers
Tobacco is usually banned in this profession, which in turn protects the employees from second or third hand smoke. The companies save themselves time as well, but there are still certain professions where the employees still make use of tobacco. This happens to be common in mechanics, corporate and auto mechanic shops and few even run it as a personal hobby. So when it is done on a smaller scale, there’s no one to stop an individual from smoking. They happen to be stereotypically hardworking, strong, middle-low class men and hence contribute to the largest demographic when it comes to tobacco use.
Firefighters too are a profession where tobacco use is common. Major reason behind why they began smoking is boredom. Certainly, the cities are not always on fire, so till the time they wait for the calls to save lives or buildings, they end up entertaining themselves with tobacco. Labourers working in the industries wait for the break to smoke, as smoking indoors is prohibited. Few work men get the break due to this reason, and if they stopped smoking they may lose the break as well. In jobs like these, the chances for accidents are higher, as it can be a big distraction for workers. Accidents also occur due to residual effects caused by cigs like confusion and lethargy.
1. Tobacco in art world
When you picture a creative artist professional not only you, but most of us stereotype them to be bold personalities dapper clothing and of course with cigs. Biggest examples in the media are celebrities like Leonardo Dicaprio, Miley cyrus, Daniel Radcliff, Zayn Malik, lady gaga etc had been seen smoking. The music industry too considers smoking to be cool and people entering the showbiz are under pressure to smoke as others. Models develop this habit to stay skinny, as nicotine in tobacco acts as a hunger suppressant. Although, smoking can cause wrinkles and ageing, decrease skin elasticity, models still smoke to maintain their figures.
1. Tobacco use in service industry
The industry of service includes professions like catering employees, delivery workers, textile workers and commercial drivers etc. These people make use of tobacco. This creates problems for the firms as well. Workers can form negative impression of the company they are working for. For instance, if you smoke around the textiles it can lead to odor and discoloration. Also, smell of tobacco from the body can cause trouble if you are providing service to the client.
Basically, no profession is void of tobacco; other professions that include high usage of cig are medical and paramedics.…
Apps that Can Help you Quit Tobacco
Vapor Cigarette
Apps that Can Help you Quit Tobacco
Yes you read it right. There are apps today to help you out of your misery and constant struggle of quitting tobacco. The apps that are mentioned below are chosen based on its interface usability, user ratings, their design, and their frequency of update and of course it’s ability to make you quit
People definitely find it difficult to quit because of certain withdrawal symptoms of nicotine and also their high dependence on this substance. Although there are various natural and medicated ways to give up tobacco, the most interesting way is through these certain tobacco quitting apps. It will surely keep you hooked and would give you the desired consequences.
Android- Free
Iphone- Free
This one is the most favourite one for many also because of its colourful, clear and easy flexible interface. QuitNow, claims to have around 2 million tobacco quitters till date and boasts about its unique chatting functions and consider it to be the key behind their success into this competitive field. This app community provides support and a space for people to share their success, struggles, milestones, and even goals of their journey to give up nicotine.
One more thing that is engaging is the milestone system in the app which keeps people committed and focussed and each achievement or goal has been marked with vibrant and quirky illustrations. Their health indicators are associated with WHO data.
Kwit app is inspired by gaming, game design and game mechanics. Gamification has become an aid for people and helps them change the behaviour and stay committed. It is modern and clean in its design and contains useful statistics to keep a tab at. If you hit the score zero then naturally you must start again. You will surely KWIT with this as it will keep you on your toes.
Smoke free
Android – free
iphone- free
This app flawlessly keeps track of the amount you saved, the number of cigs you are avoiding or how long you have remained smoke free. Once you start craving then you can set a record on it and gain help and solutions to curb them by using Smoke free tools. The app’s dashboard shows the progress on your health by providing insights on oxygen, carbon monoxide and blood pressure levels. It keeps a tab on your breathing, irregular circulation or cancer risk. You gain badges once you succeed. Each day you will face a task that will help you recover, and once you set your mind on achieving it there’s no stopping then.
Quit it Lite
iphone – free
A motivational and encouraging app designed to support and stop the smokers to smoke. Through basic interface you get to know the cost you are saving and how the habits of tobacco are gradually changing. It distracts you positively while you crave tobacco and displays the benefits one would attain while following it. When the app keeps you informed about your improving heart rate, oxygen levels, normal pulse rate, you naturally feel enlightened and motivated and continue staying committed till you succeed.…
Vapor Cigarette
A Move Towards Vapor Cigarette Restriction In California
A group of 6 California state senators is moving to position severe constraints on electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and e-juices of all tastes. SB-38 would shutter every vape store, avoid retail outlets from offering electronic cigarettes.
The very first state to legislate medical cannabis, method back in 1996, might quickly be imposing stringent laws would punitively limit and in lots of cases even cutoff adult access to electronic cigarettes.
Get all set to wait for the mailman if you presently purchase your vaping items online. Because signature confirmation by a celebration over the age of 21 would be made compulsory by SB-39 and product packaging would need to be notably identified with the words: “INCLUDES TOBACCO PRODUCTS: SIGNATURE OF INDIVIDUAL 21 YEARS OF AGE OR OLDER REQUIRED FOR SHIPMENT.” The constraints laid out in SB-39 might produce an overwhelming challenge for rural vapor cigarette users, particularly since the majority of e-cig business has embraced harsh age confirmation treatments.
The Gang Of 6
As if this overwrought rhetoric was not enough, San Francisco Chronicle pointed out the now-familiar story that is being utilized to bludgeon the electronic cigarette market into submission: “Attracted by fruit, sweet and other attractive tastes, high school and intermediate school trainees throughout the U.S. are vaping in record numbers. The rise has reversed the decrease in minor usage of all tobacco items.”
Restriction And Legalization
California Senate Expense Sb-38 Calls Fda Laws Approximately Eleven
One of the two problematic pillars of the FDA’s method to the guideline is the undisputed facility that sweet e-juice tastes exist to attract minors to vape. The portion of children that utilize fruit/dessert tastes is more significant still; however, this makes sense when you think about that tobacco type tastes are most popular with heavy cigarette smokers who just recently stopped.
One review of the FDA guidelines was that they are exceeding their bounds by distinguishing in between sales channels. The California law is the level playing field. The corner store, gasoline station, vape stores, and online merchants all get hammered.
Restriction And Legalization
The supposed advantages of medical cannabis were trusted in 1996 by Californians. This happened in spite of a lack of peer-evaluated, essential gold proof in high effect medical journals. On the other hand of the formula, the prospective advantages of e-cigarettes have been mostly cast aside because of a boost in teenager vaping.
At least Scott Gottlieb acknowledges the possible advantages that electronic cigarettes supply to cigarette smokers. The embarrassing failure of the Restriction ordeal in the 1920s and excesses that took place throughout the war on drugs must serve as cautionary tales.
The failure of Restriction is, in fact, an imperfect example. The restriction did highlight the futility of trying to enact laws a popular item out of presence. |
How to Train Your Voice to Sing High Notes
Mariah Carey, Charlotte Church and Eric Benet--the thing all of these singers have in common is their ability to reach high notes. If you are longing to be like these artists and many others who can trounce across the highest heights of their vocal register without stumbling, then you need to train your voice to do it. Training your voice to sing high notes will happen quickly if you are persistent in your pursuit, though everyone's body and voice is different and will make improvement at its own pace. However, by following the steps below, you will speed up your vocal "metabolism." Minimal to maximum improvement can start to be seen in as little as a week, but will definitely be noticeable after a few weeks of consistent practice.
Heat up the pipes. Everyone knows that before you do any type of exercise it is best to warm up first. Apply this logic to your voice as well when singing. Start with a short song, such as the "Happy Birthday" song, and progressively increase the key of the song from the lowest in your range to the highest in your range.
Stretch your vocal range. One of the keys to singing higher notes with your voice is to slowly but surely increase the workload you place on your vocal chords. Your vocal chords are a muscle and can be out of shape, generally being noticeable when higher notes that are outside of your normal speaking voice are attempted. Practicing high notes everyday without overdoing it will set you on course to singing higher notes in a very short amount of time. Be careful, however, not to do too much too fast because this can strain your vocal chords and cause you to lose your voice. During the first week, practice no more than 2 hours of actual singing daily so you avoid straining your voice. Start by singing songs that are well within your vocal range (soprano, alto, tenor and bass) and offer a few points that are higher than you usually sing. After you can sing these notes comfortably, move on to more challenging songs that offer more higher notes than you are used to in your own vocal range.
Swallow instead of clearing. Bad habits such as clearing your throat or hacking excessively can damage your voice. It is better instead to swallow or clear your throat gently in a breathy manner. Yelling excessively is another activity that should be avoided as it can damage the voice, starting especially with the part used for high notes.
Diet to weigh in higher on the scale. You won't hear this often, but you will need to have a well-balanced diet and good eating habits in order to weigh in higher on the scale--the vocal scale, that is! Drinking lots of water and tea and eating plenty of fruits and vegetables can help prevent mucous from building up and negatively affecting the voice. Dairy products, fried foods and caffeine should be avoided as well, as they are not good for the voice and will make it difficult to sing higher notes if you able to do it at all.
Sleep for success. Getting enough is essential when training your voice to do anything with singing. Just as you must obtain ample rest when exercising, your voice too must rest and allow the body to repair it. How much sleep you get is also related to seeing how much improvement your voice makes. Try to sleep in a room with moist air as not to dry out your throat during slumber.
• Refrain from eating just before bed as acid reflux can wreak havoc on the voice. |
Quick Answer: How Much Of Our Brain Do We Actually Use?
Do humans use 100% of their brains?
Do we use 20% of our brain?
“Let’s put it this way: the brain represents three percent of the body’s weight and uses 20 percent of the body’s energy.” So that settles it, once and for all—with all due respect to Mr. Freeman, who shouldn’t take this debunking personally.
Who use maximum brain in world?
How can I increase my brain neurons?
How many GB of memory does the human brain have?
What is brain science called?
Cognitive Psychology Explores Our Mental Processes. Cognitive psychologists, sometimes called brain scientists, study how the human brain works — how we think, remember and learn. They apply psychological science to understand how we perceive events and make decisions.
Can you use more of your brain?
The belief that humans only use 10 percent of their brain is a myth. The brain is a living, hard-working organ that governs most of the body’s functions. However, you can expand your capabilities and use more of your brain by maintaining your healthy and challenging yourself to try new things.
How much do we know about the human brain?
We humans have approximately 86 billion neurons in our brains, woven together by an estimated 100 trillion connections, or synapses. It’s a daunting task to understand the details of how those cells work, let alone how they come together to make up our sensory systems, our behavior, our consciousness.
Are dolphins smarter than humans?
Who discovered the brain?
Can the brain understand itself?
Huettel and other neuroscientists can’t step outside of their own brains (and experiences) when studying the brain itself. “A more pernicious factor is that we all think we understand the brain — at least our own — through our experiences.
Do we really use 10% of our brain?
How much of the human body is water?
|
How Much Compost Do I Need For My Lawn & Garden?
Making your own compost at home is a great way to put your kitchen scraps and garden waste to use feeding your lawn and garden without dangerous chemicals.
By composting at home, you’ll have a constant supply of nutrient-rich and powerful fertilizer full of everything your plants need to thrive and produce plentiful fruits and vegetables for your family to enjoy.
Compost isn’t a one size fits all solution. You’ll want to use different amounts of compost based on your landscaping needs to keep all your plants happy and healthy.
If you don’t have enough homemade compost, you may have to purchase a few bags of compost from your local nursery to ensure all your plants get the nutrition they need.
To do this, you’ll need to know exactly how much compost each area of your yard needs.
How Much Compost Is Required
Each part of your lawn will need different amounts of compost, and depending on your project, you may need to apply this compost at a specific depth.
A general rule of thumb to keep in mind is to add between ¼ and ½ inch of compost when topdressing the soil and between 1 and 2 inches if amending the soil.
Specific guidelines to follow for each area of your property:
When preparing new garden beds or adding compost to annual garden patches, it’s recommended to add the soil in the spring, before planting seeds or seedlings.
Spread 1 to 3 inches of compost on top of the garden area and work it into the soil. A depth of 4 to 8 inches should do!
If you have a larger garden and want to preserve your precious compost, you can add a trowel of compost directly to each planting hole instead.
Setting up a brand new raised bed garden requires a different proportion as well. It is recommended to combine equal parts of garden soil, compost, and sand to create a growing area with enough nutrition as well as proper drainage.
If your garden soil is already sandy, you can simply combine 1 part garden soil with two parts compost for a well-balanced garden bed.
Brand new laws can be treated like any new garden bed. Add 1 to 2 inches of soil to the surface and till it into the soil to a depth of 4 to 8 inches before getting started. Afterward, you can sow your grass seeds or sod.
Existing laws only need a topdressing of ¼ to ½ inch of compost to keep them healthy and green. If there are any bare spots or patches on your lawn, add ¼ to ½ inch of compost and gently rake it into the existing soil.
Flower Beds
Perennial flower beds can also greatly benefit from regular compost application too. Simply add 1 inch of compost to the existing bed and cover with 2 inches of mulch.
If you choose to mulch using compost, just add 2 to 4 inches of compost over the soil around your flower bed, extending it at least 12 inches away from your plants.
New flower beds should be prepared the same as a regular garden bed, with 1 to 3 inches of compost tilled to a depth of 4 to 8 inches.
Around Trees & Hedges
When planting new trees and hedges, dig a hole as deep as your plant’s root ball and two to three times as wide.
For every 4 to 6 inches of root ball depth, mix ½ to 1 inch of compost with the excavated soil and blend. Backfill with the soil-compost blend after planting the tree or shrub.
Do not add too much compost to the backfill. Otherwise, the tree or shrub’s roots won’t spread into the surrounding soil in search of water and nutrients and will fail to develop a strong anchor.
Amending the backfill soil with just a small amount of compost will ensure the young plant has enough nutrients to fuel its development without discouraging it from exploring outward with its roots.
You can also mulch existing trees and shrubs with compost. Just add 2 to 4 inches of compost around the tree or shrub. When mulching trees, keep the compost 4 to 6 inches away from the plant’s trunk.
How Much Is A Yard Of Compost?
Compost is sometimes sold by the cubic yard, which is a three-dimensional cube measuring 3 feet long by three feet tall.
How many yards of compost you’ll need for your garden project will depend on the size of the area you need to compost and how deep you’ll be adding compost.
square feet x inches of compost x 0.0031 = # of cubic yards needed
First, measure the length and width of the area you want to cover in feet. Then, calculate the square footage of your project area by multiplying the length by the width.
Finally, multiply the square feet by the inches of compost by 0.0031, and you’ll get the number of cubic yards you’ll need.
How Much Does A Yard Of Compost Weigh?
Although the weight of a cubic yard of compost will vary by moisture content, it usually ranges from 1000 to 1600 pounds. The more it weighs, the more moisture it holds and the less it weighs the drier it will be.
What Does It Cost To Buy A Yard Of Compost?
There are many different factors that can influence how much you’ll pay for a cubic yard of compost, so it’s impossible to give an exact price.
Compost can range from $25 up to around $50 per square foot depending on your location, bulk pricing and, most importantly, the quality of the compost.
Expect to pay a premium for potent compost made from high quality or strictly organic ingredients. Worm castings, for example, can be particularly expensive.
If you’re having your compost delivered to your home, the distance the compost has to travel will be factored into the price as well.
Finally, the more you buy, the less you’ll pay. So if you know you’ll use it, consider buying in larger amounts in order to pay less per yard even if it means spending more upfront. |
Thursday, September 8, 2016
Part 2: Gaming, Gamification and Education: What if I'm not a Gamer? How do I keep up?
*Note: This is part 2 of a series on why I think educators need to pay attention to Gaming and Gamification. There are resources provided to help!
Let's face it, most active classroom teachers, administrators, and parents are busy! After our school day ends, we are cooks, cleaners, chauffers, coaches, puppeteers, and volunteers, (ok, so I snuck that puppeteer one in to make sure you were still with me.)
Our children are growing up in a video game rich environment. From Angry Birds to Pokemon Go to World of Warcraft, most of our students are exposed to some sort of gaming environment. So most educators and parents should be aware of these games for two important reasons:
1. Relevant Content: Many video games have amazing content that could correspond to school based topics and curriculum. Many video games have historic themes and narratives that could be harnessed for a history class or literature class. Most of us have watched Hollywood movies in our classrooms that can help with the content we are trying to get across. Video games have this potential too.
2. Harmful Content: Parents and educators certainly should be aware that many games have violent and sexual themes and content. The Gaming industry has a ratings system called the ESRB. This is very similar to the movie ratings system. Many parents may not be aware of this system and unwittingly purchase games that are not age appropriate for their children. Stores that sell video games are required to not sell to minor's based on the content ratings. From what I have seen, retailers have been following these guidelines. I think parents often purchase games based on what their children ask for and don't do the due diligence to look at the ratings. Please don't misunderstand, I'm not trying to come down on parents too harshly. We live in an entertainment saturated world and preventing our children from accessing inappropriate content is incredibly challenging. However, with a little more vigilance and some tough love parenting, (namely saying no to R-Rated movies and gaming content).
With that said, I have some assistance for you. There are some awesome websites out there that will give you content analysis and maturity level analysis, so you can do some quick and easy research before you empty your wallet for a game your child has asked for. Also for the teachers looking for writing prompts or content specific conversations that they can engage their students on, some of these resources will help give you some guidance about content.
My top 3 Resources from this list?
1. Common Sense Education- Ratings and Content Review Awesome Site!!!
2. Pixelkin- Game Reviews for Families. Can filter by age level!
3. Wikipedia- Yes Wikipedia. I know many look down upon Wikipedia for various reasons. But Wikipedia has content reviews of many of the popular game programs. Its valuable because it will give you the historical background as a teacher or parent so you can make sure that the game based content is accurate and appropriate. Here is an example: Assassins Creed
I hope these resources will give you some guidance and peace of mind when you go to purchase or talk to students about their gaming experiences.
The key takeaway: Be Not Afraid! Be Informed!
Friday, September 2, 2016
Gaming and Gamification in Education Part 1- Resources for Teachers
I have spent the last few years of my career, really digging into and exploring how gamification principles that are employed mostly by video games, can be successfully integrated into K-12 Education. As I have found valuable resources I have collected them on a Symbaloo Mix. I have Linked the Mix HERE. I will take some time over the next few posts to talk about how I organized my resources.
The first grouping of my resources are resources for teachers that can be used right now! If you are looking to start using badges in your classroom, keep in mind Badges aren't just stickers. They need to have meaning behind them. Whenever I talk about badging and education I ask teachers to think about how the Boy and Girl Scouts use badges. Each badge, button, or ribbon that is earned in these groups has important criterion behind them. Your students should know the criteria going that will be used to earn the badge. It is very motivating to earn a badge that you have earned by accomplishing something. The badge itself then represents a level of accomplishment. Much like your teacher certification or Diploma. They are meaningful, because there was real achievement behind these goals. Displaying your diploma on a wall or displaying a badge on your dashboard is a measure of accomplishment and not a way of bragging. This should be understood clearly about badging. Early in my teaching career, I used to give out homework stickers thinking they were motivating. I didn't really establish a strong criterion for earning the sticker so the motivation level really wasn't compelling for students long term.
For teachers wanting to start with badging, I can recommend Credly and Classbadges for creating a badging Dashboard or Suitcase for your students. They are both pretty easy to create and award badges for your students. To create a quick and easy badge as an image, I highly recommend using Website. Very quick and easy to create and download your own personal badges. For some places to create a more high powered gaming interface for levels and badges I would definitely check out ClassCraft and 3D Gamelab. These have Freemium versions that are very workable. If you're not familiar with gaming protocol, don't be afraid to give these a try. Your students will help you!
Last, but not least, I want to talk about a couple of ready to go gaming packages that are fun, AND highly engaging for students. Kerbal, a paid for program, is an amazing SpaceShip creator gaming system that will amaze parents and teachers with the level of physics knowledge children will get tangentially. (More on Tangential Learning later) The other program which is free, is the Mission US Game. This is perfect for teaching US History for grades 4-8. There are various missions that engage students through problem solving, historical music, and primary source documents. The document list and resources for educators is one of the best I have come across. Please tell your elementary/ middle social studies teachers about this game. I can't recommend it enough.
I hope you will enjoy my resources and take some time to explore them. Of course I would love to learn some more about resources for gaming that educators can use so I can add them to my list. |
7. Diabetes
Believe it or not, both getting too little sleep and getting too much sleep are associated with diabetes. While this link is not entirely understood, some research has found that when we don’t get enough sleep, the body responds in a manner very much like insulin resistance. Insulin resistance is a precursor to type 2 diabetes. Some speculation indicates that a lack of sleep can lead to changes in the nervous system that in turn unbalance the production of insulin within the body. Insulin-producing cells may then produce insulin incorrectly, which can lead to an increased risk of diabetes.
6. Back Pain
back pain
It’s thought that excessive sleep could be related to persistent back pain based on a lack of stimulation. Essentially, the problem arises when your back muscles become too weak to properly support your body. Any muscle, if not exercised regularly, will become weaker over time, and the muscles in the back, designed for stability and support, are no exception. In order to avoid this, try and work in a workout that targets muscles in the back, something with low intensity in order to build up your strength and stamina. You may also want to look into correcting your sleep posture.
5. Headaches
Much like back pain, it is possible to develop headaches from oversleeping as well. It’s not entirely understood why this happens, but researchers believe that it has a lot to do with the neurotransmitters in the brain. Specifically, these neurotransmitters can be damaged by oversleeping, and this can even have an effect on serotonin levels. Serotonin plays a significant role in regulating the sleep-wake cycle along with melatonin, and when too much sleep occurs, less serotonin is produced. This in turn generally leads to a hormonal imbalance, which may include effects such as inflammation, daytime fatigue and of course, headaches.
Related: 8 Foods to Help You Get to Sleep
Social Sharing
Site Info
Follow Us
Facebook Twitter Pinterest
HealthiGuide © 2021 |
Telstar 2
Telstar 2
Telstar 2.jpg
Telstar 2
Mission typeCommunications
OperatorAT&T / NASA
COSPAR ID1963-013A
SATCAT no.00573
Mission duration2 years
Spacecraft properties
ManufacturerBell Telephone Laboratories
Launch mass176.0 kilograms (388.0 lb)
Start of mission
Launch dateMay 7, 1963, 11:38 (1963-05-07UTC11:38Z) UTC[1]
RocketDelta B
Launch siteCape Canaveral LC-17B
Orbital parameters
Reference systemGeocentric
RegimeMedium Earth
Perigee altitude974 kilometres (605 mi)
Apogee altitude10,803 kilometres (6,713 mi)
Period225.1 minutes
EpochMay 7, 1963 (1963-05-07)
Telstar 2 was a communications satellite launched by NASA on May 7, 1963. It remained active for 2 years.
Telstar 2, primarily a communications satellite, carried an experiment designed to measure the energetic proton and electron distribution in the Van Allen belts. The spacecraft spin axis shortly after launch was about 80 deg to the ecliptic plane. The initial spin rate was 180 rpm, and it varied slowly over the life of the spacecraft. Telstar 2 was essentially identical to the Telstar 1 satellite. It employed two transmitters, and data were telemetered via a PCM/FM/AM encoder. The telemetry sequence required about 1 min. Telstar 2 differed from Telstar 1 by employing provisions for scientific information to be transmitted in real time via the microwave telemetry system so that telemetry could be obtained after the 2 years timer had turned off the VHF beacon. On May 16, 1965, at 1403 UT, during the satellite's 4736 orbit, the VHF transmitter was turned off. All systems operated normally until that time.[2]
The satellite was launched into space on May 7, 1963, on a Delta-B rocket from the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida, United States. The European receiving station for Telstar 2 was built in Brittany, France, near the village of Pleumeur-Bodou, at which the 340-ton pivotally mounted antenna sits under a 50-meter diameter radar dome. These buildings still exist as part of a communications museum. The transmissions were not continuous, being restricted to 30 minutes, since the low orbit of the satellite made it difficult for the receiving and transmitting antennas to pick up its signal.
See also
1. ^ McDowell, Jonathan. "Launch Log". Jonathan's Space Page. Retrieved May 3, 2017.
2. ^ NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center. "Telstar 2". NSSDC Master Catalog. Retrieved May 3, 2017. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. |
9 ways to help your kids cope with natural disasters
No matter where you live in the world, at some point you'll likely face at least one type of natural disaster, whether it's a simple thunderstorm, a long power outage from a snowstorm, flooding, an earthquake, or even a house fire. Such events can be stressful and traumatic for adults. As parents, we also worry about protecting our kids and helping them get through natural disasters.
I live in Houston, and in the aftermath of Hurricane Harvey, we have a lot of work for both physical and emotional recovery. In the process, we can't forget our kids are recovering from trauma as well.
1. Make a plan
Believe it or not, helping your kids through a natural disaster starts long before the natural disaster strikes. Create an emergency plan in advance and discuss it as a family. When or if a disaster comes, hopefully you and your children can act more quickly, calmly, and efficiently.
Michaela Fuller, a Houston resident and mother of three, often talked about her family's contingency plans over the phone with out-of-town family. One day, as she told her children to put on their shoes quickly and get in the car, her son asked, "Is it time to abandon the house?" Although young, he was aware of the plan and wanted to make sure his family followed it to keep them safe.
Sometimes even the best laid plans don't fully prepare you. In the case of Hurricane Harvey, although weather experts knew it would be extreme, they couldn't predict how badly the rainfall and flooding would affect the Houston community. However, a family emergency plan gives you a better chance during a crisis.
2. Make it as fun as you can
Sometimes you can make the situation light and fun. If you're seeking shelter from a tornado at night, collect everyone for a family sleepover. During power outages, bust out the board games and get creative with games and food recipes. Obviously, try to stay appropriate with jokes or light discussion about the situation according to what you and your children can handle and the severity of the natural disaster.
As a Houstonian whose house wasn't flooded in Harvey, I've been aiding my neighbors and friends in Houston muck out their homes. Some of the homeowners I've met, while devastated to lose so much, joked that they had too much stuff anyway. They smiled and focused on what they did have. It has boosted everyone's morale.
Although I appreciated seeing lighthearted footage of people kayaking in the Harvey flooding, I winced seeing people, especially kids, swim in it. With debris of all kinds (including sewage), alligators or snakes in the water, and the potential of getting swept away, it isn't worth the risk of getting sick, hurt, or killed just to amuse yourself.
3. Keep your kids close
According to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) young children feel most insecure about being left alone and getting separated from their loved ones. As the natural disaster occurs and also afterwards, try to keep your children physically close to you. Hug them and verbally reassure them you're all together and safe.
That being said, after the disaster, try to resume your normal routine as much as possible. Continue normal bedtimes as you are able. As daycares and schools reopens, return to routines that are comforting to children, but be aware that children will likely be extra clingy and need extra care and reassurance.
4. Be honest with your kids
In accordance with their ages, communicate to your children the facts of the situation both during and after. In many instances, they need to know the facts so they can use the plan you've created or at least understand what's going on. Many sources, including FEMA, recommend limiting media exposure and conversations that children may overhear to content appropriate for their ages, their sensitivities, or your specific situations to prevent any further trauma.
Also, let them express their feelings honestly. You feel fear and should talk about it with another adult, so let your children do the same with you or a counselor. Their feelings are just as valid, and talking about them will help children heal after a crisis.
5. Give them control
As helpless as you feel in a potentially devastating situation, remember that children likely feel even more so. According to the National Association for the Education of Young Children, adults need to try to give children power over at least a few daily choices so they have some control over their lives. It can be as little as what game to play or song to sing next. Any amount of control you can give them only adds to feelings of security.
6. Read books with them
As with just about any topic in life, there are children's books about facing and recovering from natural disasters. Some include familiar characters children know and love, such as Clifford, while others include no words at all. Choose whichever ones you think will be the most helpful for your children.
7. Let them help
Allow and encourage your children to participate in the physical recovery process in age-appropriate ways. Although seeing their own belongings destroyed can be heartbreaking for anyone, older children can feel closure and a sense of control if they're the ones throwing out their damaged possessions or at least contributing to the cleanup effort.
Especially for kids and families who weren't affected by natural disasters, encourage your children to join the aid effort for other families. Showing compassion increases gratitude and awareness of the needs of others. I've worked alongside several teenagers mucking out houses, and they have shown amazing work ethic to help those in need. Other kids went door-to-door delivering lunches for those of us working in houses. The kindness we've seen has brought so much unity and support in our community, and our children should see and be part of it as much as possible.
8. Be patient
If children have been directly or indirectly affected by a natural disaster, they may regress to younger behavior such as bed-wetting, separation anxiety, or thumb sucking. Sometimes when they lack the ability to verbally express their feelings, children can develop negative behaviors such as aggression, depression, and others.
As you spend more time with your children, reassuring them that you are all together and safe and listening to their concerns and feelings, those behaviors should subside in the days, weeks, or months after the events.
9. Get help
If regressive behavior or symptoms of PTSD continue – or just to supplement your own efforts to help your children cope – please consider seeking professional counseling for yourself and your children. Many agencies provide resources and guidance for children's mental health recovery.
Even if you decide you don't want a counselor's help, still use a support network to buoy up you and your children, including friends, family, your kids' teachers, and other community members. The road to recovery for those who endure major disasters is long, expensive, and difficult. If you have weathered a natural disaster, it doesn't have to fall on your shoulders alone to heal and sustain your family. |
Symptoms & Causes of Gastritis & Gastropathy
What are the symptoms of gastritis and gastropathy?
In some cases, gastritis and gastropathy cause symptoms of indigestion, also called dyspepsia. Symptoms may include
• pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen
• nausea or vomiting
• feeling full too soon during a meal
• feeling too full after a meal
• loss of appetite
• weight loss
If gastritis or gastropathy leads to erosions or ulcers, the stomach lining may bleed. If you have symptoms of bleeding in your stomach, seek medical help right away. Symptoms of bleeding in your stomach may include
• black or tarry stool or red or maroon blood mixed with your stool
• cramps, discomfort, or pain in your abdomen
• feeling tired, short of breath, or light-headed
• red blood in vomit or vomit that looks like coffee grounds
If you have mild bleeding in your stomach, you may have a small amount of blood in your stool and not notice it. This is called occult bleeding.
What causes gastritis and gastropathy?
Different types of gastritis and gastropathy have different causes.
Common causes of gastritis and gastropathy
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) gastritis. Infection with H. pylori bacteria causes H. pylori gastritis. Researchers are still studying how people become infected. H. pylori bacteria may spread from person to person through contact with an infected person’s vomit, stool, or saliva. Food or water contaminated with an infected person’s vomit, stool, or saliva may also spread the bacteria from person to person.
Reactive gastropathy. Reactive gastropathy is caused by long-term contact with substances that irritate the stomach lining, most often nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), alcohol, and bile reflux, which is backward flow of bile from the small intestine to the stomach. Surgery that removes part of the stomach, such as some types of bariatric surgery, is the most common cause of bile reflux.
Clear cup of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) spilling out onto table.
Long-term use of NSAIDs may cause reactive gastropathy.
Autoimmune gastritis. In autoimmune gastritis, the immune system attacks healthy cells in the stomach lining.
Acute erosive gastropathy. Serious health problems—such as severe injuries or burns, critical illness, or sepsis—can reduce the blood flow to the stomach lining, causing a form of acute erosive gastropathy called stress gastritis.
Contact with substances that irritate the stomach lining—including NSAIDs, alcohol, and cocaine—can also cause acute erosive gastropathy.
Other causes of gastritis and gastropathy
Less common causes of gastritis and gastropathy include
August 2019
|
Saturday, February 27, 2021
Purifying water
Water stops the aging process
Purifying water
Image from Pixabay
Water has memory and differs from other compounds in nature by the ability to store information. As we already know, our cells contain 70% water. Water in a diseased organism contains information about that disease. Medicinal treatment changes the structure of the water for a period, but after therapy, the water still remembers the disease.
Water memory is a very complex process that is based on thousands of different reactions. To understand this we do not need to look at complicated formulas. The unique qualities of water have their advantages and disadvantages. The ability to perpetuate chronic diseases by storing information about them is a disadvantage.
We can prevent the storage of negative information by trying to change the structure of the water in our body. There are two methods that improve health. The first method: for five months, drink only water obtained from melted ice for drinking and cooking (autumn and winter months). Second method: drink freshly prepared vegetable and fruit juices, 2-4 cups (0.5-1 liter) per day in the months of spring and summer.
Elimination of toxins awakens the ability to renew
Purifying water
Image from Pixabay
A very simple but very powerful purification technique is to increase water consumption. The human body contains about three-quarters of water and most biochemical reactions work best within a very narrow concentration range.
Our sensitivity to thirst diminishes with age and thus leads to the risk of developing subtle levels of dehydration, of which we are not aware. Most people do not drink enough water, which can lead to a lot of symptoms.
Headaches, constipation, dry skin, fatigue and indigestion may actually reflect subtle dehydration. Some medical research has suggested that many of the current health disorders, including high blood pressure, asthma and chronic pain, originate in dehydration.
Those who do not have kidney or liver problems, should get used to drinking water all day. The recommended daily water consumption (in litres) is calculated by dividing your weight by two kilograms. For example, a person who weighs 80 kilograms, the daily water consumption must be more than two liters.
Fizzy drinks, tea and coffee do not matter, because their caffeine content has a diuretic effect. Also, alcohol leads to water loss and does not contribute to rehydration. When we do sports,we take diuretics or we live in a dry, warm climate, we have to add to the usual water consumption another 10-15%.
Purifying water
Image from Pixabay
The most water-rich fruits and vegetables are: cantaloupe melons, grapefruit,peaches, melons, asparagus,peppers, carrots and mushrooms. It is good to reduce the consumption of artificially sweetened beverages. When we drink enough water, we feel the need to empty the bladder every two hours.
Many of those who follow this water program say that they lose much more weight, have more energy and less chronic pain and suffering. Drinking plenty of fresh, pure water is one of the easiest and cheapest ways to stop the aging process.
Think positively, meditate with your eyes closed, for at least twenty minutes, twice a day, a restful sleep, all synchronized with the biological rhythms and nature, harmonizes and rejuvenates us. Deep rest between the body and mind leads to rejuvenation. As rain purifies nature, so our body becomes younger, more energetic, if we take care to hydrate it properly.
Must Read
What color do we choose your wallet to attract prosperity
The wallet that brings us prosperity When it comes to gifts,many of us turn to useful objects that bring fond memories to the recipient. Wallet...
Rituals and remedies for cleaning the energy of the house at the beginning of the year
Rituals and remedies for a fantastic year An energy cleaning of the house is required periodically and especially at the beginning of the year to...
What awaits us in the Year of the Metal Ox 2021
Year of the metal ox 2021 in the Chinese zodiac The year of the metal ox begins on February 12 and ends on February 2,... |
Identifying and stopping panic attacks
Midland, TEXAS (Big 2) – The Center for Children and Families has had more patients come in for anxiety and panic. Some experience panic attacks, a sudden episode of intense fear that triggers physical reactions when there’s no real danger or apparent cause. In this week’s segment of “Centers Solutions: COVID Edition, “Kristi Edwards and Melanie Saiz explain the impact the attacks have on people, and why people experience them.
” There isn’t really a specific known cause for panic attacks, but there are factors that might be related such as genetics. If you have a family member that has experienced them, it’s more likely that you might as well. Major stress, sudden loss of a loved one or a job, breakup, financial burdens, relationship issues of any kind, and as we can see now, world events. Many people are having a tough reaction and a difficult time coping with what’s going on in the world right now,” says Centers Marketing and Development Director Melanie Saiz.
To prevent panic attacks, it’s key to know how to figure out if somebody is having one. As Kristi Edwards explains, sometimes panic attacks begin with no warning.
” The symptoms might, and often do include, for the person having the panic attack, a sense of impending doom or intense fear or death, a feeling of detachment from reality, which is kind of one of the number one things that people will say that they get some tunnel vision. You can have a racing heart, sweating, trembling or shaking, shortness of breath, your throat might tighten up, you can have chills or hot flashes,” says Centers Executive Director Kristi Edwards.
Another common symptom is chest pain, so sometimes people confuse a panic attack for a heart attack. If panic attacks aren’t treated, they can have a negative impact on your life.
” Some of the complications that you might experience are frequent medical care, health concerns that come up, we always talk about the mental health and physical health connection and that’s very true when you’re allowing yourself to get to the point where you’re having frequent anxiety issues. Problems at work or at school, alcohol or substance abuse issues might pop up-and another thing is people might start to avoid social situations, which I know is already difficult right now, but you can’t isolate yourself and really be a healthy person. And sometimes if you’re having panic attacks, that’s a natural reaction is to isolate,” says Saiz.
As Edwards explains, there are ways to try and stop a panic attack.
“For years, we’ve tried to teach people in therapy how to use deep breathing to bring yourself out of a panic attack. And one of the tried and true is called box breathing. And what you do is you’re going to breath in for four, the count of four, hold your breath for the count of four, breathe out for the count of four, and hold for four. Do that five times, and chances are, you’re going to slow your heart rate and maybe get your breathing under some control to where you’re not quite as panicky feeling,” says Edwards.
Edwards also says that holding an ice cube, or putting your hand under really cold water can help divert your attention from the anxiety. If you don’t know what your symptoms are and you need immediate medical treatment, call 911. If you have experienced a panic attack, call your doctor, and you can contact centers if your anxiety is overwhelming you.
Don't Miss
More Don't Miss |
Astrophysics (Index)About
Thomson optical depth
T, τ, Thomson scattering optical depth)
(a measure of effects of Thomson scattering)
The Thomson optical depth (τT or just τ) is optical depth due to Thomson scattering and is of interest when the latter is the primary type of scattering, e.g., when electromagnetic radiation (EMR) passes through a medium in which it is likely to pass close to electrons, such as within an ionized medium. It is often cited/used in cosmology. Determining the Thomson optical depth is of interest in studying distant EMR such as the cosmic microwave background (CMB), that passed over a long distance through reionized media, since the opaqueness due to Thomson scattering tends to cover up interesting detail in the primordial CMB such as its deviations and polarization. The term Thomson thick refers to material with considerable Thomson optical depth.
Similarly, the terms Compton optical depth, and Compton thick are used for Compton scattering, which is a subject of study regarding X-rays from active galactic nuclei. Resulting spectral features are used to determine whether such scattering is occurring, and to work out what sort of EMR produced the observed results.
The Thomson optical depth and dispersion measure (DM) (used in radio astronomy regarding pulsar signals and fast radio bursts) are both measures of electron column density: the DM is scaled to match it and the Thomson optical depth is this column density multiplied by the Thomson-scattering cross section of an electron.
Further reading: |
Eternalism is a philosophical approach to the ontological nature of time, which takes the view that all existence in time is equally real, as opposed to presentism or the growing block universetheory of time, in which at least the future is not the same as any other time.[1] Some forms of eternalism give time a similar ontology to that of space, as a dimension, with different times being as real as different places, and future events are «already there» in the same sense other places are already there, and that there is no objective flow of time.[2] It is sometimes referred to as the «block time» or «block universe» theory due to its description of space-time as an unchanging four-dimensional «block»,[3] as opposed to the view of the world as a three-dimensional space modulated by the passage of time.
Humanity’s quest for immortality
How do we deal with a purposeless universe and the finality of death? From Victorian séances to the embalming of Lenin’s corpse to schemes for uploading our minds into cyberspace, there have have been numerous attempts to deny man’s mortality. Why can’t we accept the limits of science? |
Energy Drinks, Worth the Risk?
The beverage manufacturing industry has just discovered a big new bonanza for making profits, in the production of the so-called "energy drinks". Now that sodas and sports drinks have gotten a tainted reputation for their high sugar and low nutrition content, the industry has found a new angle: the "energy drink".
Energy drinks have several extra ingredients added to sugar water which is the main ingredient. Most have very large amounts of caffeine, plus a combination of other ingredients such as guarana, ginseng, taurine and carnitine. These extra ingredients have unproven claims of increased performance and possible unknown harmful effects. But the caffeine is the major concern from a medical point of view.
Some countries are so concerned about energy drinks that they are restricted. For example, in Australia all energy drinks have warning labels saying not recommended for children or pregnant women.
Caffeine Effects
Although caffeine in smaller amounts has been shown to increase alertness (it's a stimulant drug), it also has many troublesome side effects. High doses of caffeine can cause jitteriness, headache, anxiety, rapid heart rate, insomnia, high blood pressure, irritability, and indigestion. Caffeine is addictive: children as well as adults can experience withdrawal symptoms when they stop using caffeine. Withdrawal symptoms are similar to the side effects, and include irritability, anxiety, fatigue and headache.
Caffeine is also a diuretic, so it increases urine output. This means your body loses water, and you can get dehydrated, so energy drinks could be dangerous during sports activity!
College students have a long history of using caffeine (such and coke and coffee) to stay alert cramming for exams and studying late at night. But an alarming trend is developing with the use of energy drinks. These have many times the amount of caffeine, plus other possibly harmful ingredients. What are the long-term effects of "whipping" your body and your brain with so much caffeine?
Deadly Drink
Even worse: young adults and teens are starting to mix hard liquor with energy drinks so they don't pass out from the alcohol so easily. This is a very dangerous habit!! High school and college kids sometimes experiment with drinking, and might drink so much they pass out. Most of the time they will pass out from drinking before they reach a lethal (deadly) amount. Then they sleep it off. With the energy drink mixture, they are now able to keep drinking past the lethal dose, so when they pass out, they stop breathing and die.
Even if you don't die from alcohol overdose, drinking energy drinks with alcohol is dangerous for other reasons. The alcohol increases your chances of dehydration, and blocks the warning signs of caffeine overdose such as headache, weakness and dry mouth. More dangerous yet, the caffeine changes your perception of how coordinated you are, so you think you can drive when you are actually too drunk to drive. This greatly increases your chances of DUI arrest or vehicular homicide.
© Rick Voakes 2021 |
Date: 07.08.2019 to 08.08.2019
Program : A Seminar on Technical Education;
Theme: Personality development
As a part of our Induction program we invited Dr. S. Ramakrishna, a special counselor for students. He took classes for the students for three days. He explained the importance of technical education for Engineers. Education establishes the framework stone for our future. An uneducated individual can think that its hard to adapt to certain parts of life. Education extends our vision and makes mindfulness. It causes us build up a trained life and gives us better acquiring chances. It empowers us to know the world past our very own environment. Education is likewise an essential of the success and modernization of any nation.
It depends on the humanism, opportunity, fairness, popular government, and human rights. The substance of education keeps pace with the necessities of present day society and is a reflection of its objectives, qualities, and needs. The present modern culture has opened up an a lot of occupations which require individuals with particular aptitudes and information. Thus, education is an essential methods for annihilating the joblessness issue. It can lessen neediness in various manners. Yet, we need to recollect that there is an incredible requirement for the development of the professional education with the goal that each individual could seek after a satisfying vocation that guarantees a fulfilled life.
The education which gives extraordinary down to earth information and abilities in known as technical education. It is not quite the same as general education. In the event that makes students well-gifted in the extraordinary fields, for example, horticulture, carpentry, designing, restorative, driving, steering, and so forth technical education worries with innovation. The individuals who have extraordinary technical aptitude and information are called experts. Woodworker, drivers, mechanics, engineers, specialist, pilots, etc are experts.
Technical education assumes the essential job for the improvement of a nation. Professionals are required in the each field of development. To make processing plants, streets, spans, channels, structures, air terminals and so forth needs professionals. On the off chance that a nation possesses adequate technical hands, it without a doubt quickens the pace of advancement. So as to create power, to work in mines, to develop enough yields and vegetables, etc we need various sorts of experts.
Close Menu
error: Content is protected !! |
Annotated bibliography reference style
Like the References page, it is a list of citations (or references) for all the sources (books, articles, documents, etc.) used for …. Two types of annotated bibliographies are the most common:. Annotated Bibliography Examples The act of compiling a bibliography of this type involves: how to write a book review title 1. 7000+ styles including APA & Chicago. They are similar to the list of references but something that makes it different is that it has an explanation of all the given references. Citation. The title should be centered and presented in plain type. Summarize: Some annotations merely summarize the source Jul 17, 2020 · First and foremost, you need to know what type of Annotated Bibliography or style is annotated bibliography reference style to be used in your research work. The annotated bibliography MLA citation style, even though it can be a little complicated, can be easily learned and mastered. Depending See more on Annotated Bibliography Samples // Purdue Writing Lab Consider the purpose of your annotated bibliography and/or your instructor’s directions when deciding how much information to include in your annotations. This paper follows admissions essay counseling the style guidelines in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , 6th ed. This style must always be followed american creed annotated bibliography consistently and correctly throughout your paper, especially when it comes to your citations and references. Mar 13, 2014 · As you may have guessed, there isn’t one; APA Style doesn’t use bibliographies of any sort. An annotation can be helpful to the researcher in evaluating whether the source is relevant to a given topic or line of inquiry.". What Elements Are Included in An Annotated Bibliography? A bibliography usually just includes the bibliographic information (i.e., the author, title, publisher, etc.). ANNOTATIONS VS Jan 23, 2019 · Formatting Annotated Bibliography in an APA Style Basic requirements. Oct 09, 2020 · What is an Annotated Bibliography. Each citation is followed by a brief (approximately 150-word) descriptive and evaluative paragraph, the annotation. The basic format of an annotated bibliography is the same as a non-annotated bibliography entry. Apr 14, 2020 · Reference list entries must have a hanging indent (to do this in Microsoft Word 2003, click Format, bergen academies admission test essay then Paragraph, then Special, and choose Hanging). The majority of academic assignments are written in APA format, especially in scientific research papers. Provide information as to the type of source annotated bibliography reference style being used: such as book or website. Citation Machine®: APA-ANNOTATED-BIBLIOGRAPHY Format & APA-ANNOTATED-BIBLIOGRAPHY Citation Generator. An annotated bibliography is an alphabetical list of review of literature vs annotated bibliography information sources (e.g. Consider creating a descriptive title, with the inclusion of "An Annotated Bibliography" as the subtitle Oct 02, 2020 · However, your professor may assign an annotated bibliography in MLA style. An annotated bibliography summary should be about 100 - 200 words per citation—check with your lecturer/tutor as …. The annotated bibliography looks like a References page but includes an annotation after each full citation Bibliography. - sample annotated bibliography pdf
Leave a Reply
|
What’s the difference between Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) and Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES)?*
Difference between tDCS and CES
When we think about noninvasive forms of neuromodulation, two big players in the field that immediately pop into mind are transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES). tDCS and CES are often confused with one another due to their similarities in application. While both are incredibly useful in their own rights, there are distinct differences in the mechanisms of action of both forms of stimulation and their respective target elements.
tDCS Overview and Waveform
tDCS is one of many forms of non-invasive neuromodulation. tDCS works by applying a low energy direct current (DC) waveform to a targeted region of the brain. This low energy current does not cause neurons to fire but rather effects the plasticity of the brain. In other words, tDCS does not directly cause neurons in the brain to fire, but rather manipulates the likelihood of the neuron to fire under certain circumstances. Depending on where the elctrodes are placed, research has shown that different effects can be obtained. This figure shows the standard direct current (DC) waveform used in tDCS. At th onset of a tDCS session, a well designed tDCS device will slowly ramp up the current to the target intensity. The tDCS device will then ensure a constant DC output for the duration of the session, followed by a gradual ramping down of the current to end the stimulation.
tDCS Device waveform
CES Overview and Waveform
Like tDCS, CES is a form of non-invasive neuromodulation. However, CES uses a very different waveform. In cranial electrotherpay stimulation, a low energy pulsed alternating current (AC) is applied to stimulate the cranial nerves in the forehead. CES is typically administered across the temples using sponge or hydrogel electrodes but can also be done via stimulation of the earlobes using earclip electrodes. CES is FDA cleared for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and insomnia. A standard CES waveform can be seen in the image.
CES Device waveform
Are tDCS or CES FDA Cleared?
tDCS is considered an investigational technology by the FDA, and as such, cannot be marketed for a medical indication. tDCS is being researched for ADHD, impulse control, addiction, chronic pain, depression, and insomnia. In studies, tDCS has also be used to improve attention, mathematical ability, learning, audio perception, and creativity. New studies are also constantly being conducted every day and subsequently new potential treatments targets are bound to be discovered regularly. In Europe, tDCS has received CE clearance for the treatment of depression and chronic pain such as migraine and fibromyalgia.
CES is currently FDA cleared, and is marketed to treat depression, anxiety, and insomnia. Doctors may also prescribe CES off-label to treat pain, addiction, improve focus, and other conditions. As CES is considered a Class III medicald device, authorization from a licensed healthcare practioner is required to purchase a device.
What works better, tDCS or CES?
tDCS is not FDA cleared and is labeled as an investigational technology. As such, there are no medical claims assocaited with tDCS in the US. In Europe, tDCS is CE cleared for the treatment of depression and chronic pain such as migraine or fibromyalgia. Even though tDCS is not cleared for a medical indiciation in the US, this technology is more popular then CES and new research is being conducted daily by leading universities and clinics around the world.
Unlike tDCS, CES is FDA cleared for the treatment of depression, anxiety and insomnia. This technology has been around for many years and is availble with a prescription or device authorization. Many physicians, primarily psychiatrists, will prescribe a CES device as drug free alternative for treating depression. CES is also commonly provided as a maintenance device to those who receive TMS treatment.
What are the side effects of tDCS and CES?
tDCS and CES are similar in that their safety is supported by medical literature. Both CES and tDCS studies have reported short term side effects limited to mild and reversible skin irritation when using standard protocols and guidelines.
*Disclaimer: Caputron provides top-quality EEG, TMS, CES and tDCS devices and accessories from the leading device manufacturers. Some of the products offered are investigational devices and Federal (or United States) law limits such devices to investigational use. The information provided here is not medical or legal advice. It is not an endorsement of any device, application or use. It is based entirely on information in the listed publications and information from manufacturer websites. Investigational devices are controlled and limited to researchers or medical doctors. In order to obtain such products, certain information must be provided. To see if you are eligible to obtain an investigational device, please request a quote or contact us and an authorized representative will help guide you through the process. |
Straw-necked ibis
The straw-necked ibis (Threskiornis spinicollis) is a bird of the ibis and spoonbill family Threskiornithidae. It can be found throughout Australia, New Guinea, and parts of Indonesia. Adults have distinctive straw-like feathers on their necks.
Straw-necked ibis
Threskiornis spinicollis - Centenary Lakes.jpg
Adult in Queensland
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Pelecaniformes
Family: Threskiornithidae
Genus: Threskiornis
T. spinicollis
Binomial name
Threskiornis spinicollis
Jameson, 1835
Straw-necked ibises are large birds, around 59–76 cm (23–30 in) long, with a bare black head and a long, downcurved black bill. They have a distinctive, highly iridescent plumage, which can appear fairly uniform dirty dark brown in indifferent light;[2] the wings are dark, with an iridescent, multicoloured sheen in sunlight. They have a shiny blue-black back, with a metallic purple, green and bronze glow, and a dark collar.[2] The upper neck is white, as are the underparts and the undertail; their legs are usually red near the top and dark grey toward the feet. Adults have straw-colored feathers on the neck, giving the bird its common name.[3][4] Their wingspan is about 100–120 cm (39.5–47 in) and weight is generally 1.1–1.5 kg (2.5–3.5 lb).[2]
Sexes are similar, although males have longer bills and females have a dark band across their upper breast. Juveniles have duller colors and shorter bills with less curvature, and lack the straw-like plumes on the neck.[5]
Distribution and habitatEdit
Straw-necked ibises are commonly found throughout Australia, nesting at least occasionally in all mainland states and territories, except in the arid interior.[6] They are most abundant on the east coast, and are vagrant to New Zealand, Norfolk Island and Lord Howe Island.[7] They are less frequently seen in New Guinea, Indonesia, and occasionally in Tasmania and other islands of the Bass Strait.[8][2]
Found around shallow freshwater wetlands, cultivated pastures, edges of swamps and lagoons, and wet or dry grasslands. They tend to avoid arid and saltwater areas, and coastal mudflats. They are extremely nomadic, and are constantly on the move searching for suitable habitats.[9] They are frequently seen standing on high branches of bare trees, silhouetted against the sky.[10]
Straw-necked ibis flock
Straw-neck ibises are partly migratory: some birds are sedentary, while others make seasonal or erratic movements when water conditions vary. Seasonal migrations are recorded from south-eastern and northern Australia, as well as from coast and inland wetlands in central Australia, and across the Torres Strait between north-eastern Australia and southern New Guinea. Non-breeding migrants arrive in western Australia and leave in autumn, the arrival dates are closely correlated with rainfall during the preceding spring. They typically fly in line or in V formation, reaching high altitudes during long distance movements.[2]
Vocalizations are made mainly around breeding colonies; calls are composed of croaks, barks and grunts. In flight, at intervals, they may produce a hoarse grunt. They feed in flocks of up to 200 birds; they probe in soil, mud, crevices, vegetation or shallow water.[2]
Straw-necked ibises feed primarily on aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates, although their diets can vary.[6] In shallow waters, straw-necked ibises feed on aquatic insects, molluscs, frogs, freshwater crayfish (Cherax) and fish. On land, they thrive on grasshoppers, crickets, and locusts, and are often called the Farmer's Friend because they feed on pests that would otherwise eat farm crops. They also eat small lizards, skinks, and other small reptiles.[8][9]
Occasionally, they can eat toads (Bufo marinus), snakes and rodents; human waste may also be taken.[2] However, compared to the Australian white ibis, they have not adapted to a wide variety of food and are rarely opportunistic scavengers.[8]
Threskiornis spinicollis egg - MHNT
Breeding season is highly variable, mainly influenced by water conditions. In southwestern Australia, it normally occurs from August to December; occasional breeding takes place in the north, but on a very small scale.[6][11] Breeding has been observed for all months throughout the central and northern regions, usually occurring over the year following heavy rain in some areas.[2]
They build a large, rough, cup-shaped nest of sticks and trampled plants among reeds, paperbarks, bulrushes, or trees over water. They breed in colonies, often with the Australian white ibis. Nests are used year after year.[8] Clutches vary from 2–5 eggs, with an incubation period of around 24 to 25 days, by both parents. Both parents feed and care for the young, about 35 days after hatching. Feeding is by regurgitation and continues up to two weeks after leaving the nest.[6]
1. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Threskiornis spinicollis (amended version of 2016 assessment)". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22697525A129656213. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697525A129656213.en.
2. ^ a b c d e f g h Matheu, Eloïsa; del Hoyo, Josep; Garcia, Ernest; Boesman, Peter F. D. (2020-03-04). "Straw-necked Ibis (Threskiornis spinicollis)". In Shawn M. Billerman; Brooke K. Keeney; Paul G. Rodewald; Thomas S. Schulenberg (eds.). Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 2020-11-27.
3. ^ "Straw-necked Ibis". Sedgwick County Zoo. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2020-11-27.
4. ^ Dutson, Guy (2011-11-30). Birds of Melanesia: Bismarcks, Solomons, Vanuatu and New Caledonia. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4081-5246-1.
5. ^ "Straw-necked ibis". Fourth Crossing Wildlifeoo. Archived from the original on 2016-03-11. Retrieved 2013-12-14.
6. ^ a b c d Hancock, James; Kushlan, James A.; Kahl, M. Philip (2010-09-30). Storks, Ibises and Spoonbills of the World. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4081-3500-6.
7. ^ "Straw-necked Ibis (Threskiornis spinicollis)". Lord Howe Island Museum. Retrieved 2020-11-27.
8. ^ a b c d "Straw-necked ibis". Birds in backyards. Retrieved 2013-12-14.
9. ^ a b "Straw-necked ibis". Archived from the original on 2008-07-26.
10. ^ "Critters of Calamvale Creek. Strut, the straw-necked ibis". Calamvale Creek. Archived from the original on 2007-11-21. Retrieved 2013-12-14.
11. ^ Mckilligan N. G. "Breeding and Movements of the straw-necked ibis in Australia". Emu. 75 (4): 199–212. doi:10.1080/01584197.1975.11797866.
External linksEdit |
Begin typing your search above and press return to search.
Homechevron_rightTechnologychevron_rightMissing link between...
'Missing' link between brain and immune system found
Missing link between brain and immune system found
Researchers from University of Virginia's School of Medicine found that brain, like every other tissue, is connected to the peripheral immune system through meningeal lymphatic vessels previously thought not to exist.
The vessels may explain current medical mysteries such as why patients with Alzheimer's disease have accumulations of large protein plaques in the brain.
The vessels also appear different as people age, suggesting that they may play a key role in the ageing process.
"I really did not believe there are structures in the body that we are not aware of. I thought the body was mapped. I thought that these discoveries ended somewhere around the middle of the last century. But apparently they have not," said lead researcher Jonathon Kipnis, director of centre for brain immunology and glia at University of Virginia.
"We believe that for every neurological disease that has an immune component to it, these vessels may play a major role. [It's] hard to imagine that these vessels would not be involved in a [neurological] disease with an immune component," he added.
The discovery that may lead to a complete revision of biology textbooks was made possible by the work of Antoine Louveau, a postdoctoral fellow in Kipnis' lab.
The vessels were detected after Louveau developed a method to mount a mouse's meninges -- the membranes covering the brain a" on a single slide so that they could be examined as a whole.
After noticing vessel-like patterns in the distribution of immune cells on his slides, he tested for brain's elusive lymphatic vessels and there they were. The impossible existed.
"It was so close to the blood vessel, you just miss it. If you do not know what you are after, you just miss it," Kipnis said.
For example, take Alzheimer's disease. In Alzheimer's, there are accumulations of big protein chunks in the brain.
"We think they may be accumulating in the brain because they are not being efficiently removed by these vessels," Kipnis added.
The study appeared in the journal Nature.
Show Full Article
Next Story |
New answers tagged
In pixel art, typically A is called 1 pixel thick, and I think most people would call C 2 pixel thick. That leaves B as 1.5 pixels thick.
You could call the V shape in a letter M the "vertex". On Identifont they use this terminology, and call the V shape in the M a "centre vertex". They describe it like this The upward pointing corners of the M are sometimes called an "apex", so technically, the M only has one vertex, so there's no need to call it a "centre ...
Flush left Flush left, for most English language typesetting, means to align text on the left side without indents or any odd alignment. Indents, or specific variations beyond the flush left, would be specified in addition to specifying the flush left. In typesetting and editing, flush left is indicated by an open left bracket ... [ See image below. [ image ...
Top 50 recent answers are included |
Covid variants, vaccines, and all our clean hands
An assistant professor of food science says that all the hand washing, surface cleaning, and food washing we’re doing may or may not keep Covid in check but has kept us from spreading salmonella, e.coli, and listeria.
It’s not what we’re trying to do, but it is good for us.
There’s no evidence that Covid is spread through food, although that’s not the same as saying that it isn’t spread that way.
But having (with her team) overdosed on US and Canadian internet videos telling us how to clean everything in sight, Yaohua “Betty” Feng reports that a bunch of them have it wrong. Of the videos telling people how to wash their hands, only 41% of the presenters used soap. The remainder, presumably, relied on good wishes and intense looks. Less than 33% mentioned hand sanitizer. And how many of us, since the start of the pandemic, can get through a day without mentioning hand sanitizer?
Like–I’m going to assume–you, I thought I knew how to wash my hands. I’ve been doing it for better than 70 years now, most of the time without supervision, but there’s no predicting what people will feel the need to learn in these difficult times. Maybe I’ve been doing it wrong. Maybe, for instance, I’ve mistaken my hands for some other body parts.
Irrelevant photo: The first spring violets.
Other videos were about washing produce, and 16% of the presenters used soap while 12% used other chemical cleansers. That sounds promising, but they’re both no-nos. If you don’t rinse them off completely, they can cause diarrhea.
Feng didn’t say this, but you might draw the conclusion that random internet videos aren’t the best places to look for reliable information. Or you might not.
British and (eek!) foreign Covid variants
The British Covid variant, which to make things more complicated is now called the Kent variant, after the part of England where it was first found–
Let’s start that over: The Kent Covid variant has mutated since it was first identified. That’s standard operating procedure in the viral world. Every new infection is a chance for the disease to pick up a mutation. Some of those won’t work well for it and will die out and others will make the disease better at hiding from the immune system. Those are the ones that will spread.
So the Kent variant has picked up a new mutation, and it’s similar to one of the mutations on the South African variant. The going theory is that it evolved the change on its own rather than picking it up like an STD after a one-night stand with the South African variant. Which basically means that two strains of the virus have found the same way to partially evade the human immune system.
There’s been a lot of focus on stopping, or at least getting control of, the imported Covid variants. In parts of the UK, house-to-house testing is looking for the South African variant.
“Closing borders/restricting travel may help a little with this, but there is now probably already a sufficient critical mass of virus-infected people within the endemic UK population to allow this natural selection/evolution to proceed . . . so we really need to stick to the COVID-19 lockdown restrictions as much as possible.”
In other words, the more the people get infected, the more times the virus gets to mutate, and the more times it mutates the more chances it has of presenting us with a more difficult problem.
There’s something tempting about focusing on imported strains of the virus–Eek! South African! Argh, Brazilian!–but all Covid infections are dangerous. That’s what we need to focus on.
In England–possibly in all of Britain, but don’t trust me on that; I’m at least as confused as you are–the only way to book a Covid test is to claim at least one of three symptoms: cough, loss of smell or taste, and a high temperature. But a GP and senior lecturer in primary care, Alex Sohal, writes that the list should include a runny or blocked nose, a sore throat, hoarseness, muscle pain, fatigue, headache, vomiting, and diarrhea. She’s seen patients come in with them and go on to test positive for Covid.
“These patients have frequently not even considered that they may have Covid-19 and have not self-isolated in the crucial early days when they were most infectious.”
She advocates telling “the public, especially those who have to go out to work and their employers, that even those with mild symptoms . . . should not go out, prioritizing the first five days of self-isolation when they are most likely to be infectious.
“This will help to get—and keep—us out of this indefinite lockdown, as Covid-19 becomes increasingly endemic globally. Ignoring this will be at our peril.”
As it stands, if you have good reason to book a Covid test and don’t have the magic three symptoms, the best thing to do is lie. And almost none of us recognize the full list she gives as possible Covid symptoms.
The bad news
Some of the recent Covid mutations have outpaced the monoclonal antibodies we’d all been counting on as a treatment in case we did catch it.
Okay, if you have to ask, that says we haven’t all been counting on them, but let’s pretend we were so I can explain what’s happening.
Basically, monoclonal antibodies are human antibodies that have been cloned. In this case, they’re antibodies to Covid, and they’ve been used to treat serious Covid cases. The problem is that the humans who developed them did so in the presence of one form of Covid, not all of them. As the virus mutates, they can get left behind.
They also have another problem, which is that they’re expensive and not easy to make. Other than that, though, they’re great.
The good news
At the beginning of February, after a 25-day lockdown, the Isle of Man (population 84,000) lifted almost all its Covid restrictions. The exceptions are its border controls, which–well, I was going to say they take no prisoners, but in fact taking prisoners is exactly what they do. Someone who tried to get onto the island on a jet ski was jailed for four weeks.
They seem to have eliminated the virus. Before the lockdown, the island had 400 cases and it’s had 25 deaths.
The Isle of Man is in the water somewhere between Scotland and Northern Ireland. It’s a self-governing British crown dependency, and don’t ask what that means because it’s complicated and we’re running out of space here in the infinite internet.
Two bits of news about the AstraZeneca vaccine.
One, a single dose (which is what the UK is focused on at the moment, with the second one delayed for up to twelve weeks) is still 76% effective after three months. That’s not as good as the 82% protection it offers after the second dose, but it ain’t bad, and there’s finally some data backing up the government’s decision to focus on getting an initial dose to as many people as possible–at least for this vaccine.
Delaying the second dose may strengthen the protection, but that’s not definite.
Two, the vaccine may reduce the number of Covid transmissions by two-thirds. That’s not definite–it’s still preliminary–but it’s promising.
A late-stage trial reports that Russia’s Sputnik V vaccine is both safe and 92% effective. It can be stored in a normal refrigerator and comes in two doses, but the second dose is slightly different than the first one. They use different vectors–the neutralized viruses that they ride on. The idea is that this will give the immune system an extra boost and protect people for longer.
The little-bit-of-both news
Britain’s vaccinated over 10 million people with at least one dose of one vaccine or another, and the number of hospitalized Covid patients is coming down, but it’s still higher than it was during the first peak of the pandemic. England’s chief medical officer, Chris Whitty, said infection rates are also coming down“but they are still incredibly high.” That may mean, in the American tradition of Groundhog Day, that we get six more weeks of winter. Or lockdown. |
Telegraph, History of
The term “telegraph” was used from the late eighteenth century to describe line‐of‐sight distance communication systems, most notably Claude Chappé's semaphore network. By 1810, this network linked 29 of France's largest cities to Paris. Experimental telegraphs utilizing electricity passing over wire for signaling purposes were developed in the early 1800s, though it was the inventions of Cooke and Wheatstone in the UK in the late 1830s which led to their practical application, initially on railways, where, in warning of accidents and stoppages, this form of signaling had the obvious advantage of traveling much faster than any train itself. Around the same time Samuel Morse, in the US, developed his system of using a series of short and long pulses of electric current, generated by turning the current on and off with a Morse key, to represent letters of the alphabet (Morse code). This system came to dominate telegraph communication for the next 100 years
Original languageEnglish
Title of host publicationInternational Encyclopedia of Communication
EditorsWolfgang Donsbach
Place of PublicationOxford
ISBN (Print)9781405131995
Publication statusPublished - 2008
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Telegraph, History of'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Cite this |
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Sponsored – This post includes content sponsored by IVS (Industrial Vision Systems Ltd)
How can Artificial Intelligence (AI) help with recycling?
AI in it’s simplest form involves using computers to do the things that traditionally require human intelligence. This is achieved by creating algorithms to classify, analyse and draw predictions from data. However, unlike normal computer programmes AI involves acting on data, learning from new data, and improving over time.
AI powered robots are now being used and developed to identify and sort waste for recycling as they can do this at much faster rate than humans and also improve safety. This type of low paid, repetitive and dirty work is perfect for AI robotics.
And, as our problem with waste grows so does the demand for AI powered sorting machines to deal with it.
Companies across the UK are now investing in the technology with one well known large national company recently setting up it’s own recycling plant and using a machine it has developed to sort the plastic waste by colour. By sorting the plastics by colour this makes it easier to sell and they can retain the white plastic for use in their own manufacturing process.
There are also other companies using machines that can identify different objects by using scanners to measure each object’s surface structure, shape and material composition, and can be “taught” to recognise new materials making it a flexible solution.
For information on other potential AI solutions check out the website
Why do we need AI powered robots to help with recycling?
AI can provide us with waste sorting solutions but why do we need them. As I’ve mentioned before the actual process can be dirty, repetitive and dangerous. It can be difficult to find people who want to carry out these type of jobs and our problem with waste is growing and we need to find innovative solutions to deal with it.
The facts around waste in the UK is staggering:
• Up to 80% of a vehicle can be recycled.
Did you know that:
For more information check out my Blog – Recycling at Home
Is AI Robotic Waste Sorting the answer to our recycling problem?
Recycling involves a number of steps with the first step being to separate the mixed recyclables from one another—a task that AI-enabled robots are achieving with a growing level of accuracy. The article How robots are revolutionising recycling examines this in more depth. However, it is clear to see that AI has a place in the future of our waste recycling solution. Albeit there are still a number of Pros and Cons to weigh up when considering it as a solution.
The advantages to AI robotic sorting are:
• Quicker sorting – robots can be up to twice as fast as humans
• Quality control – robots are quicker and more precise
• Improved knowledge – AI powered robots are continually learning
• Safety – it’s safer for robots to mechanically sort through waste
And, although there are many advantages to AI robotics there are also disadvantages; with the main one currently being cost. AI powered robotics aren’t cheap.
The AI robotics revolution has started and I believe it’s definitely the future of recyclin
Written by
4 thoughts on “How Artificial Intelligence (AI) Can Help Recycling”
1. This sounds like a great solution for recycling. I can see where I live how a lot of the residents in our block of flats don’t use our communal recycling bins properly. He have shared food waste, recycling and rubbish bins and quite often I will go down and see how many people have just thrown their recyclable items into the normal rubbish bins.
2. I think using AI in this way would be hugely beneficial.
We are very good recyclers in our house but I do know that things get missed. I love going to the tip and seeing how much my county recycles each month. We are all doing so much but there is always room for more x
3. My partner works in AI and it truly is amazing just how much it is making change on all fronts including environmental. The truth is that the technology being deployed is actually a lot more advanced than we realise!
Leave a Reply
Your email address will not be published. |
What is a biosimilar medicinal product?
A biosimilar medicinal product is a product that has been developed in such a way as to be highly similar to a biological medicinal product already authorised in the European Union (EU). The existing biological medicinal product is considered the reference product or original medicinal product. After the patent and the exclusivity period of the reference medicinal product has expired, a biosimilar medicinal product is permitted to enter the market.
“Highly similar” means that the biosimilar medicinal product and its reference medicinal product are essentially the same, although their active substances may contain slight differences. These slight differences are due to the fact that the active substances are usually large and complex molecules, and they are produced by living cells.
Production processes are very sensitive to modifications (preparation, purification, formulation, etc.). Two production processes developed independently for the same biological medicinal product may therefore result in equivalent medicinal products, but never identical medicinal products.
However, any differences between the biosimilar medicinal product and its reference medicinal product must be kept within strict limits in order to guarantee that both products work identically. A biosimilar medicinal product can only be approved when it has been confirmed with certainty that its variability and any differences compared to the reference medicinal product will not have any significant effect on the quality, safety or effectiveness of the biosimilar. This is why detailed clinical trials and an in-depth comparative study must be carried out to demonstrate the equivalency between the medicinal products in terms of quality, safety, effectiveness and biological activity.
Furthermore, several biosimilars may exist for the same reference biological medicinal product but, given the complexity of their nature, each biosimilar must be subject to an entirely separate comparison with the reference medicinal product.
Why make biosimilar medicinal products?
Biological medicinal products are complex, which means their development can be very long and costly. Such restrictions may limit patient access to these medicinal products and form an obstacle to their coverage through healthcare systems. Biosimilar medicinal products can mitigate these problems for two main reasons.
• The development of biosimilar medicinal products relies on scientific knowledge obtained through the reference medicinal products. Consequently, not all of the clinical trials carried out on the reference medicinal product need to be repeated.
• When introduced to the market, biosimilar medicinal products drive down the INAMI cost of the reference medicinal product, and, in doing so, offer significant savings to the healthcare system. Furthermore, since 1 April 2018, the biocliff principle applies. This means that all legal price reductions that have yet to be applied will be applied at the same time, to both the reference biological medicinal product and to the biosimilar medicinal product.
More information about the biocliff principle and the “Cheap prescription” measure, which specifically discusses biosimilar medicinal products, is available on the INAMI website.
How are biosimilar medicinal products available in Belgium developed and authorised?
Biological medicinal products, including biosimilar medicinal products, are authorised at European level. In the European Union, marketing authorisation (MA) applications must be subject to a centralised authorisation procedure through the European Medicines Agency (EMA). The European Commission takes decisions on the approval of these medicinal products based on scientific opinions issued by the EMA. The resulting marketing authorisation is valid in Belgium and in all other European Union Member States.
From a legislative standpoint, biological and biosimilar medicinal products are subject to European Directive 2001/83/EC relating to medicinal products for human use. The concept of a biosimilar medicinal product was added in 2004 and the EMA drew up specific European guidelines on marketing authorisations for biosimilar medicinal products in 2006. That same year, the European Commission approved its first biosimilar medicinal product.
The data required for an MA for biosimilar medicinal products in the European Union is not exactly the same as for reference biological medicinal products. However, the same high quality, safety and effectiveness standards apply.
If the reference biological medicinal product is not required to follow the centralised procedure, its biosimilar medicinal products may be authorised through other authorisation procedures: national, mutual recognition or decentralised.
As is the case for any medicinal product, before approval can be granted the benefits of the biosimilar product must be shown to outweigh its risks. This process requires a large amount of data, in particular regarding its purity, its manufacturing and its mode of action. Given that the reference medicinal product will have already been approved for several years in the EEA and its clinical benefit has already been established, certain research carried out for the reference medicinal products does not have to be repeated for biosimilar medicinal products.
At this stage, the evaluation of a biosimilar medicinal product primarily lies in the comparison between the biosimilar and the reference medicinal product to prove that there is no significant therapeutic difference or, in other words, to prove their biosimilarity.
Comparisons are carried out progressively, beginning with detailed laboratory trials, comparing the structure and function of the medicinal products, and continuing with comparative clinical trials. The concept and comparison methodology are discussed in detail in the EMA’s guidelines. The quantity and scale of comparative clinical trials, in particular, are determined by the results of the initial stages of the process and the guidelines.
When the equivalent nature of the biosimilar to the reference medicinal product has been proven for an indication, an extrapolation of other indications can be determined using appropriate scientific justification.
Once the EMA has completed an in-depth scientific evaluation of their quality, safety and effectiveness, the biosimilar medicinal products can be approved by the European Commission for placement on the market throughout the whole European Union. Their availability in Belgium then depends on the company’s decision to commercialise the medicinal products on the Belgian market.
Last updated on 05/03/2019 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.