text stringlengths 144 682k |
|---|
More is less in science and climatology
The recent discovery published in BioScience by a group of scientists seems to add evidence for actions to be taken to prevent human influence on global warming.
The article elaborates evidence that reservoirs created by dams are an important source of greenhouse gasses that are understood as a significant influence on global warming. Most probably, there are no doubts that the article rests on the reliable scientific method. Methane is produced in large quantities from enormous surfaces of water trapped behind artificial dams.
Thus I do not challenge the science behind this article, but the science behind the concept of man produced and consequently man controllable global warming. And this article helps me in this respect a great deal. Why?
Because it adds evidence for complexity behind global warming issues, complexity emerges with the number of items that are interrelated through a network (Stuart Kauffmann: A World Beyond Physics). More evidence for linearity of global warming, less probable it becomes.
Consider this series of questions that fuel global warming phenomena.
Complexity of points
1. How many points in the atmosphere do we measure? We know that we can not measure all points around the globe up to 100.000 meters high in the Earth stratosphere. But then we see that we do not have to weigh all points all the time. We can calculate averages – but again those averages are more accurate with each additional measure point and with shorter time lapses between measurements. On micro measurements, we see that we can now predict the weather for the next ten days for a “point” of approximately 5 square km. While this is a joke in micro measurement, even more, important trick happens in climatology, in the macro analysis.
2. In climatology macro measurements come in place. But macro measurement also means macro time scale. Saying that in macro measurement, 100.000 years means as much as 1 second of our life or even less. Can we make a difference between 100.000 years ago and 200.000 years ago as meaningful for the climate to change? Even less, we can evaluate climate changes on the scale of 200 years that supposed to belong to the Anthropocene era. (By the way: the idea of the scientific community to declare the Anthropocene era as starting with industrial revolution is naive, ideological and anti-scientific. The hell: stupid! First of all, we can not say the moment when humans appeared on Earth since according to evolutionary theory, this would be utmost stupidity. And second: to erase 99% of human history from the Anthropocene era is something that one can only understand as blindness provoked by the notion that technology replaced a mighty God.) Due to such confusions in macro measurement climate change proponents compare (unreliable) short term temperature rises with quite reliable long term trends.
3. And then there is another utterly unresolved question to which mentioned article ads problems. Namely: what influences Earth climate and in what degree each of them influences climate. It should be quite clear that there is no such thing on Earth that would not affect thermodynamic equilibrium. We do know that butterfly wing movement in China could in theory and in practice influence a storm in the USA. This is not a metaphor. It is only a metaphor as it explains in clear language that it is impossible to list all provoked events from a butterfly in China to a storm in the USA. But this is only one event that happens each moment at each point of our atmosphere.
Nature is irreducible
What has to be done to manipulate Earth’s climate is to permutate all results of all three above questions. And since each of three questions produces a permuted (huge) number of possible outcomes, the permutation of all results brings many options and relations higher than the number of atoms in the entire Universe. We will understand relations with scientific experiments better every day. Still, we will never be able to develop an algorithm that would describe the system and allow us to influence it with predictable results.
Even more. As Stuart Kauffmann clearly describes in already mentioned A World Beyond Physics, the biosphere is irreducible and not explainable by any algorithm in principle.
Article in BioScience is thus crucial, for it adds additional evidence to the complexity of climate to those that still believe someday we will be able to deduce it to a manageable algorithm. But it is also crucial for another reason: it brings cognitive dissonance to all prophets of renewable energy mantra. Hydropower was acclaimed as one of “cleanest” and “carbon-free” energy sources available. With solar panels inefficient and causing problems in disposing of used solar panels, now we have hydropower not only to be blamed for huge “visual” damages to Mother Nature but also as crucial global warming factor. Poor global-warming-panic-makers, you will have to read some philosophy as well and learn that sometimes less is more and more is less.
Andrej Drapal |
Home > Jamaica Technology > Overview Of Salt Hydrides
Overview Of Salt Hydrides
wallpapers Jamaica Technology 2020-12-07
Hydride powder refers to a composite powder of hydrogen and metal or other elements. Methyl hydride is a binary compound formed by hydrogen and other elements. However, in general scientific and technological work, the binary compound of hydrogen and metal is always called hydride, and the binary compound of hydrogen and non-metal is called hydrogen.
Salt type
Ionic hydride is also called salt hydride. It is a binary compound formed by hydrogen and calcium, strontium, barium and radium in alkali metals and alkaline earth metals. The solid is ionic crystals, such as NaH, BaH2, etc. The electronegativity of these elements is less than that of hydrogen. In this type of hydride, hydrogen exists in the form of H-, and can conduct electricity in the molten state. Hydrogen is released at the anode during electrolysis, so this method is also called the metal hydrogen storage method. Ionic hydrides are colorless or white crystals, often gray due to metal impurities, and blue-purple in excess of metal.
The oxidation number of hydrogen in ionic hydride is -1, which has a strong tendency to lose electrons. It is a strong reducing agent. It reacts strongly with water in an aqueous solution to release hydrogen, making the solution strongly alkaline, such as:
The reducibility is stronger at high temperature, such as:
Ionic hydrides are unstable to air and water, and some may even ignite spontaneously.
Say something
• All comments(0)
No comment yet. Please say something!
Prev: No Page
Next: No Page |
Saturday 31 March 2018
Biafra: The Role of the British Government in the Nigeria - Biafra War
The excandescence of the Biafra struggle has triggered much curiosities, matters arising both on social and analogous platforms regarding records of Biafra from inception. Researches has proven and had exposed the wicked actions of the evil British Empire during the genocidal war against Biafrans from 1967-1970. Evidently, the body language of this evil Empire shows that the British government needed the blood of Biafrans more than Gowon, TY Danjuma and other people who contributed to the fall of innocent Biafran.
The war between the Nigeria government and the Indigenous People of Biafra which took place between 1967 -1979 was one of the most deadly inter country wars that took place in the twentieth century. Largely due to how Britain left the country at an uneasy state after Nigeria declared its independence in the beginning of 1960. The corrupted political system and uneasy citizens of the different portions of the country that Britain caused was a big underlying factor. The fight for the rule of Nigeria and the large amount of oil they sit on lasted for almost 4 years. But understand what caused the war with the political system and fear of what people thought was genocide and famine, was what people needed to understand.
Biafra was one of the great emotive causes of the late Sixties. The name still conjures up images of emaciated children, close to death, starved as a result of the blockade imposed by the Nigerian Federal Government to defeat the secession of the country's Eastern Region. Although I was not there, but historians and documents made the images unfading. Britain, the former coloniser of Nigeria and its main supplier of arms, could not escape involvement. As the outcry over the famine grew, Harold Wilson's government came under attack at home and abroad for providing the weapons that tightened the noose on Biafra.
Video conversations between the cabinet members of the British government has significantly proven how they intentionally sponsored the arm flood insurance to the Nigerian government who were already in the attack formation against a defenseless Biafrans. A cross section of investigation also reaffirms their greedy reasons which paramount to the Extermination of innocent people.
Gen Gowon imposed a blockade on Biafra, which meant that no oil could be exported anyway. This was a blow for the British economy, already floundering in the crisis that led to devaluation later in the year. Now the prime object of Whitehall was to get the blockade lifted. An important lever fell into British hands when Gen Gowon asked for more arms: 12 jet fighter- bombers, six fast patrol boats, 24 anti-aircraft guns.
Soon the war turned in Gowon's favour and in November the flexible Thomas wrote to Wilson again, proposing this time that arms supplies be stepped up: "It seems to me that British interests would now be served by a quick Federal victory."
That victory came, but not quickly. During 1967 the words "famine" or "hunger" appeared nowhere in the hundreds of official documents devoted to the conflict. They would not emerge until 1968, when I and other reporters went to Biafra and witnessed the scenes for ourselves.
By then the policy was too set to be altered. Too many reputations depended on the war's outcome. The conflict went on for another two years. The use of media and food blockade left not less than six million children dead even when they managed to report few deaths by starvation. - Ugochinyere Onyechere.
In the same issue, Mazi Victor Njoku wrote, "Biafra has suffered a lot in Nigeria, starting from 1914 when Nigeria was amalgamated. Biafrans were killed in the north in 1945 and 1954 and the colonial leaders of the county remains reticent and taciturn about the homicide and Holocaust against Biafrans.
In 1967 our fathers prognosticated and anticipated Nigeria political, economical instability and doom. So they decided to exit the unholy and unfavorable marriage (Nigeria). This time around Britain bountifully, obviously and openly aided and abated the killings of 6.5m Biafrans men, women and children rendering many homeless just for egoism, solipsism and narcissism.
It is clear that anomalous and atypical British government supplied Nigeria with weapon with which they used to kill Biafrans, and not only that they sent machinery soldiers, galvanized support and made sure they were on ground for Biafrans to be exterminated, extinguished and obliterated. Up till date Britain still Aline it self Nigeria and activities that attenuate and mitigate Biafrans.
There is this adage that say "a fool at 40 is a fool for ever" after 100years of amalgamation, after 50years of independence Nigeria is still catastrophic and catatonic, no reasonable developed in Nigeria. Because of oil Glory and personal aggrandizement Britain have chosen to commit crime against humanity, they have chosen to commit Holocaust and pogrom against Biafrans.
When is Nigeria going to ameliorate and vivify? When is Nigeria and Britain going to run rings round? The truth is that an old woman can never transform to a young girl, Nigeria is doomed oomed ad infinitum. I here by and there for ask ask British to desist and distance her self from any anti Biafra activity".
From Umuchiukwu Writers Desk
Share To:
0 comments so far,add yours |
What Is Heroin Cut With?
heroin abuse
Heroin is known as a powerful and illegal street drug and opiate, derived from morphine.
As a Schedule I substance, it has no medical use, and it is only available through illicit black markets. Because of this, nobody even really knows what they will get in a substance marketed as heroin.
This drug can easily be “cut” with a variety of difference substances. This means that drug dealers will add other drugs or non-intoxicating substances to the drug so they can sell more of it at a lesser expense to themselves.
It’s a bit like watering down alcohol, only the agents added to heroin are much more dangerous than a bit of water. Because heroin typically comes in a white powder, clear solution, or black tar-like substance, it’s easy to hide substances of a similar appearance to the drug and pass it off as pure. This practice is so widespread that it’s expected that no heroin found on the streets is actually pure. According to the John Hopkins University, heroin can be anywhere between 3 and 99 percent pure, making the effects of any batch highly unpredictable.
Common Cutting Agents
Common substances that heroin can be cut with include:
• Baking soda
• Sucrose (sugar)
• Starch
• Crushed over-the-counter painkillers
• Talcum powder
• Powdered milk
• Laundry detergent
• Caffeine
• Rat poison
None of these substances are particularly safe to be snorting or injecting directly into one’s bloodstream, but some are safer than others. Stimulants are dangerous because they can mask the signs of overdose, leading to a lack of treatment and a much higher risk of brain damage or death. Other substances don’t dissolve completely in the injection solution, which can lead to serious health problems as the particles build up or block arteries. This can lead to heart attacks and other heart conditions, including infection of the heart tissues, blockages in the brain, and liver damage.
There’s also a problem with heroin users themselves cutting the drug with other intoxicants to increase the effect. Recently, reports of heroin being cut with fentanyl are alarming health experts across the nation. Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid considered to be 30-50 times more potent than heroin, with the spokesperson for the DEA saying that in its pure form, it can be deadly to the touch. The combination of these powerful opioids significantly increases the chance of overdose and death. Reports found that from late 2013 through 2014, there were at least 700 deaths related to fentanyl in the US.
Opioid overdose involves severe depression of the respiratory system and other essential bodily functions as this class of drug depresses the entire central nervous system. This can cause a user to begin to breath very slowly or take very shallow breaths to the point that not enough oxygen can reach the brain. This leads to rapid cell death, coma, and brain damage.
Other Drugs That Are Cut
Heroin overdose symptoms can include:
• Disorientation
• Slow or shallow breathing
• No breathing
• Snoring or gurgling sounds
• No response to stimuli
• Unconsciousness
• Floppy arms and legs
• Blue lips or fingernails
An opioid overdose is very dangerous, but with quick medical intervention, most people can be saved.
Any individual showing signs of heroin overdose should be immediately rushed to an emergency room for immediate treatment.
Last Updated on November 25, 2019
Don’t wait. Call us now. |
Bright red cherries with tiny black spots in them as they ripen
Asked July 4, 2020, 3:14 PM EDT
Bright red cherries with tiny black spots in them as they ripen.Wondering what is little black spots are and why they happen. The cherries are bitter. How do I know when to pick and what causes these dark spots. Thank Steve
King County Washington
1 Response
I'm thinking that your cherry trees show symptoms of brown rot, a common fungal infection of stone fruits like cherries in Western Washington. There isn't much you can do about it this year, except for spraying the tree as recommended below just before harvest it rain is expected, removing and destroying affected fruit on tree and on the ground after leaf fall in autumn. because spores form on the wounded cherry, and spread the fungus. You should be able to prevent or reduce the chance for infection with a fungicide spray schedule as recommended below. BE SURE TO FOLLOW ALL LABEL INSTRUCTIONS. I hope this helps!
This article breaks it down a little better--Scroll down to the section on Cherries--about 3/4 down the page
Bloom stages --(first showing pink to petal fall)
–captan, chlorothalonil, or propiconazole
–Spray once or twice during early bloom.
Petal Fall stage:
-captan, chlorothalonil, myclobutanil, or propiconazole
Shucksplit stage (Shucksplit is when small, young fruit shed the papery sheath covering them shortly after bloom)
--captan, chlorothalonil, myclobutanil, or propiconazole
Summer 1 to 2 weeks before harvest if rain is likely
--propiconazole or sulfur
Leaf fall
--Remove and destroy any mummified fruit in or around trees.
WSU's Hortsense gives more information and examples of products containing the active ingredients listed above: |
Print and PDF Options
PHIL 2202 [0.5 credit] Topics in Marxist Philosophy
The dialectical materialism of Marx, Engels, and Lenin is compared with traditional materialist, idealist, and mechanist philosophy. Marxist views on issues such as equality, ethical objectivity, human well-being, matter and mind, the existence of God, knowledge versus skepticism, freedom of the will, and justice.
Precludes additional credit for PHIL 2200.
Prerequisite(s): PHIL 2201 or 0.5 credit in the history of philosophy at the 2000-level or above.
Lectures three hours a week.
...INDG, LACS, LING, MEMS, PHIL, RELI, SAST, SXST...2110 ; FREN 2401 ; FREN 2202 and FREN 2203... |
Computer super-virus shows anomaly of evolutionary thinking
News broke out in global media outlets at the end of May about the most sophisticated computer malware virus ever discovered. Dubbed Flame, it has infected hundreds of computers across the Middle East. Here is how media outlets describe it:
From Macleans
Kaspersky Lab, a Russian cyber security firm, has discovered that thousands of computers in the Middle East (mostly government machines, mostly in Iran) have been infected with a malicious piece of software they are calling Flame. Flame is insidious, destructive, and very cool. And no one will ever take credit for building it.
Similarities between Flame and the Stuxnet and DuQu viruses are leading to speculation that the programs were all created by the same people. Stuxnet, which bloodlessly set back the Iranian nuclear program by as much as a decade, is widely believed to be the product of an Israel-America cyberweaponry team-up. Of course, neither country has confirmed this.
From Discovery News
The most sophisticated and powerful cyberweapon to date — a Swiss Army Knife spy tool that can evolve and change to deal with any situation — has been discovered on the loose in several Middle Eastern countries, security researchers said Tuesday.
Flame can grow and change, too: What makes this cyberweapon so powerful is the ability to be reconfigured with new modules that turn an infected PC or industrial control system into whatever tool a spy dreams up.
From CBN
Experts see similarities between Flame and the Stuxnet virus, which disrupted Iran’s nuclear centrifuges in 2010. Stuxnet was widely believed to be the work of Israeli intelligence, leading to speculation that Israeli programmers may have struck again.
From Surface Earth
According to a report, The Flame virus is twenty times more complex than the Stuxnet virus , which struck Iran’ s nuclear facilities in 2007. Flame can take screenshots, and capture messages sent over an infected network, and even use the computer’s microphone to record conversations.
The experts believe that this level of complexity indicates that Flame was created by a government rather than an individual criminal or group of hacktivists. Commentators quoted in the Telegraph have suggested that Israel, China, or the United States may be responsible. Israel and United States were widely suspected of creating the Stuxnet virus, and Iran claims that it has noted significant similarities between Flame and Stuxnet, although the western cyber security firms investigating Flame disagree.
From National Post
He said there was evidence to suggest the code was commissioned by the same nation or nations that were behind Stuxnet and Duqu, which were built on a common platform.
Both Flame and Stuxnet appear to infect machines by exploiting the same flaw in the Windows operating system and employ a similar way of spreading.
That means the teams that built Stuxnet and Duqu might have had access to the same technology as the team that built Flame, he said.
From New York Times
Flame, these researchers say, shares several notable features with two other major programs that targeted Iran in recent years. The first virus, Duqu, was a reconnaissance tool that researchers say was used to copy blueprints of Iran’s nuclear program. The second, Stuxnet, was designed to attack industrial control systems and specifically calibrated to spin Iranian centrifuges out of control.
Because Stuxnet and Duqu were written on the same platform and share many of the same fingerprints in their source code, researchers believe both were developed by the same group of programmers.
From The Globe and Mail
In addition to its massive size and many modules, the software’s sophistication is evident from the way it infected machines in the first place. To get on a host computer, Flame was designed to provide a fake Microsoft security certificate. Pulling that off, experts say, would have required incredibly advanced knowledge of cryptography, indicating that math geniuses were among Flame’s authors.
Notice what these articles tell us that software security experts are deducing:
1. A common design team developed both the Flame malvirus and the earlier discovered Stuxnet and Duqu viruses because of similarity in architecture between them.
2. The ability of Flame to adjust and change (evolve) means that experts and resources on the level of nation states are behind this virus. This was not made by a bedroom hacker.
3. Complexity of the malware is broadly measured by its functionality. It can do many things, more things than Stuxnet, and is thus considered more complex.
This reasoning and these deductions seem so reasonable to us that we, without much thought, follow along in their line of reasoning. And that should make us re-think another line of reasoning that is directly confronted by this logic. Notice what the following university textbooks quotes tell us about evidence for naturalistic evolution.
It became apparent that animal species that were similar in their anatomy also had similar genetic instructions. Researchers have also shown that, even though the wing of an insect and the arm of a primate look very different, the same basic instructions are used during their development. … The only explanation for these similarities and this connectedness that has withstood scientific scrutiny is evolution, and the only mechanism for evolution that has withstood scientific scrutiny is natural selectionBernard Wood. Human Evolution. 2005. p. 22
Hox gene expression provides the basis for anterior-posterior axis specification throughout the animals. This means that the enormous variation of morphological form among animals is underlain by a common set of instructions. Indeed hox genes provide one of the most remarkable pieces of evidence for deep evolutionary homologies among all the animals of the world. Developmental Biology 8th Ed. 2006. SF Gilbert. p. 725
These two university textbooks (and many others could be cited) are telling us that similarity in genetic code is ‘one of the most remarkable pieces of evidence for deep evolutionary homologies’. Really? So why does similarity in code between computer viruses indicate to computer experts a common design team behind them? These are very analogous comparisons and yet the conclusions drawn are opposite.
So how strong is this evidence for evolution? A couple of years ago, because of my background in software development and database design I picked up a university textbook dealing directly with sequencing of genetic information and storing that information in computer databases. Note how an expert in DNA sequencing data sees similarity in genetic information.
It is important to distinguish sequence homology from the related term sequence similarity because the two terms are often confused by some researchers who use them interchangeably in scientific literature. To be clear, sequence homology is an inference or conclusion about a common ancestral relationship drawn from sequence similarity comparison when the two sequences share a high enough degree of similarity. On the other hand, similarity is a direct result of observation from the sequence alignment. Sequence similarities can be quantified using percentages… In dealing with real research problems the issue of at what similarity level can one infer homologous relationships is not always clear … Essential Bioinformatics Jin Xiong 2006 p 32
In other words, the homology (i.e. evolution) is just an inference from the data. Therefore other inferences could also explain the data. But Xiong notes that the scientific literature ‘often’ (his word) confuses the inference with the data itself. If this is the case, then these researchers will not recognize other inferences since they think that their inference is really data. The issue is not with the data, but with the mind interpreting the data.
The inferences drawn from the experts who reported Flame should lead us all to recognize that there is another good inference that can be drawn from similarity in DNA sequences between organisms. Similarity in code naturally infers common designer. And this makes sense. The reason that the iphone, ipad and the ipod share common features has nothing to do with evolution. They share common features because they share a common design team – those working in Apple. The fact that so many textbooks do not even acknowledge this very natural inference should raise our curiosity. The design inferences from Flame, in a context outside of biology, should prompt us to also consider design inferences in the natural sciences.
We recognize a mind behind the Flame virus because the code shows plan and purpose. No one disputes this. We can use this same reasoning to see if biblical events also exhibit verifiable plan and purpose. You can be the judge, but the remarkable coordination of events separated by thousands of years in the sacrifice of Abraham and the inauguration of Passover lead me to think there is a Mind behind the coordination of these events. And since they are converging on the same point it is reasonable to deduce that it is the same Mind behind these events, in the same manner that software experts deduce the same design team behind Stuxnet and Flame because of similarities between the two. This mind is different than a human mind since it also makes verifiable predictions deep into the future.
Interesting to me, these leading computer software experts were curious about the virus and investigated it with an open mind. Why should we be afraid to do likewise with this Mind? We might discover something life-changing.
Antony Flew Considered Intelligent Design
Intelligent Design: ATP Synthase
Intelligent Design: RNA Transcription
Intelligent Design: Photosynthesis
I can also see why Antony Flew changed his mind.
The Ubiquity of the Design Inference
I have noticed that it is often the very things that surround us all the time that escape our notice. Or at least we seem to easily miss the significance of that which is everywhere – the ubiquitous. It is fish who are likely to fail to notice the water that they swim in – precisely because it is all around them, all the time.
The same is true of our Design Inference. It is so innate to us that we can miss it even when it confronts us directly. This realization snuck up on me last week when I was staying with a friend of mine.
This friend is wrestling deeply with questions pertaining to the Gospel. Is there a God? Has He revealed himself? Or have people made him up? If He has revealed himself, how should one separate his ‘fingerprints’ from those of people? Is the historical Jesus accessible to us? As we shared our thoughts, insights and doubts about these and other similar questions our friendship grew because it is often the sharing of these questions, rather than having similar answers that can spark fellowship. As part of his search he was exploring naturalistic answers, and given that I believe the gospel assertion that we are made by a Creator, he invited me and another to view the NOVA series Becoming Human. It is a documentary on naturalistic human evolution. We watched the third episode entitled Last Human Standing.
I predicted that the general trend would be that as more information is gathered one would see that the supposedly intermediate ‘ape-men’ would be either human or ape. This was based on my experience in discovering in the literature that there is marked absence of transitional fossils across the fossil record (see Session 1b video for more on that). The documentary did show, through DNA sequencing comparisons that Neanderthals were fully human. Their DNA is the same as ours. I showed my friend how other data presented in the documentary fit readily within a Biblical framework. One needed just to look at the data slightly differently.
But it was the inferences and reasoning logic of the anthropologists interviewed in the documentary that made me take note. They were excited because they had discovered rocks in Africa that had etchings scratched on them. They had also discovered shells with patterned holes in them. Their conclusion was that this was the first instance ever of information being stored outside a human brain. And given the presence of these artefacts, hominids at this point must have evolved sufficiently to have minds capable of symbolic thought. And it was then that the irony struck me.
Why did these anthropologists very naturally, and without hesitation, deduce that hominids at this ‘stage’ of evolution must have developed the capability of symbolic thought? Because we know from universal experience – it is ubiquitous – that information and design only comes from an intelligent agent. These anthropologists did not stop to wonder if the holes in the shells and the etchings on the rocks were produced by time, chance and natural processes. They used the design inference to deduce that they were made by hominids and that these hominids must therefore have been ‘intelligent’. And we the viewers did not even question their reasoning. Without batting an eye we accepted it as self-evidently logical and reasonable. The inference to an intelligent agent when confronted by design is ubiquitous.
Yet in the same interview these same anthropologists surmised that these etchings and shell holes were the first instance ever of information stored outside the brain. Really? The information stored universally in the biological world in DNA, from which kidneys, wings, lungs, feathers – and yes even brains – are built is astronomically more complex and functional than any etchings on rocks or holes in shells.
Is it really a stretch to deduce an Intelligent Designer when we are confronted with information in DNA that is far more complex than anything man has ever developed when we at the same time so naturally deduce ‘Intelligent Hominids’ when confronted by information that is far less impressive? That is the question we take up in Session 1 – The Case for God: Considering Design. The videos in this session are high definition and they are partitioned into chapters so you can stop and then re-start viewing in marked spots. |
You are here
Raw Pet Food Diet
Filed Under:
Thursday, August 29, 2019 - 7:00am
Amy Myers: Today we're talking about the raw pet food diet. Hello. I'm Amy Myers, and welcome to Farm and Family. Today we're speaking with Abbey Schnedler, Mississippi State University Extension Apprentice in Food Science. So, Abbey, the raw pet food diet has been in the news lately due to food safety concerns about potentially making pets and their owners sick. Although I've heard about the raw pet food diet, I don't really know much about it. Could you tell me more?
Abbey Schnedler: Many owners believe that the benefit of feeding raw pet food is that it's similar to what their pets ancestors would eat. However, it is very important for owners to be aware of the raw pet food handling practices and the dangers that could arise from feeding your pet a raw diet. Government authorities like the Centers for the Disease Control and Prevention do not recommend this practice because the raw food can make you and your pet sick.
Amy Myers: What's the difference between a raw pet food diet and a conventional diet?
Abbey Schnedler: A raw pet food diet consists primarily of raw meat, bones, organs, vegetables, or fruits. Because these food products are not prepared or cooked, there is a higher chance of foodborne bacterial contamination. Conventional pet food diets usually consist of dried pellets or canned items that have been heat-treated to prevent bacterial growth. Additionally, following the feeding labels on conventional pet food oftentimes will provide a more consistent, well-rounded, and balanced diet consisting of necessary vitamins and nutrients for your pets. Studies have found that raw pet food diets may not contain enough calcium and phosphorus, which are important for bone health, especially in younger animals.
Amy Myers: Are there any other risks involved with the raw pet food diet?
Abbey Schnedler: Raw ingredients have an increased concern for bacterial cross-contamination such as salmonella and listeria to people in the household, especially children. These bacteria have been found in raw pet foods, even those sold within the stores. Pets can suffer from food poisoning just like humans.
Amy Myers: So I've heard folks say the raw pet food diet really isn't that different from the way feral or wild animals catch and eat their prey all the time.
Abbey Schnedler: This is true. However, this is no way to determine foodborne illness impacts of stray or feral animals. Food poisoning in animals can happen, and it can be very harmful for your pet because it can cause fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration and even cause death.
Amy Myers: If we know the risks but still choose to feed this raw pet food diet, what are the important precautions we should always take?
Abbey Schnedler: Whether you're preparing a family meal or pet food, bacteria can be present. When choosing to feed your pet a raw diet, safe kitchen food handling practices for raw products are important. Always wash your hands with soap and water after handling raw pet food, and clean and disinfect all surfaces that the raw food has touched.
Amy Myers: And what are some tips for preparing and storing raw pet food? Can I keep my pets food with my food?
Abbey Schnedler: Keep human food and pet food separate. You should freeze raw meat and poultry products until they are ready to use them, and thaw them using safe handling, safe thawing methods like in your refrigerator, microwave, or cold water thawing. Do not thaw on your countertop or in a sink. Always carefully handle raw and frozen meat and poultry products. You should not rinse raw meat, poultry, fish, and seafood. Bacteria in the raw juices can splash and spread to other food and surfaces.
Amy Myers: Is it possible to keep any leftovers or leave the food out all day in case my pet gets hungry again?
Abbey Schnedler: After your pet is finished eating, any remaining food should be thrown out. Additionally, interact safely with your pets after they eat. You shouldn't let them lick your mouth or face or any open wounds. More importantly, wash your hands with soap and water after playing with your pet. You should be mindful of access to your pets' bowls on the floor and children. Children are very susceptible to foodborne illness.
Amy Myers: That's great advice. Is there anything else you'd like to add that will benefit our listeners?
Abbey Schnedler: Government authorities like the CDC discourage feeding raw diets due to safety. There are many choices of conventional pet foods in the market that can be healthier and a safer choice. Remember, pets can also suffer from foodborne illness or carry bacteria without any symptoms. These bacteria can be easily spread to their humans.
Amy Myers: Are additional resources available?
Abbey Schnedler: Contact Mississippi State University Extension at, as well as various governmental websites. The Food and Drug Administration, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and The Association of American Feed Control Officials have helpful resources on their website. Simply enter any of those government entities into your internet search engine.
Amy Myers: Today we've been speaking with Abbey Schnedler, Extension Apprentice in Food Science. I'm Amy Myers, and this has been Farm and Family. Have a great day.
Department: Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion
Select Your County Office |
Q. 1 A5.0( 1 Vote )
Which of the following is a star?
A. Sun
B. Phobos
C. Asteroids
D. Comet
Answer :
The celestial self-luminous object which produces energy on their own in the form of radiation due to thermonuclear fusion are called Stars.
Option (B): Phobos is one of the moons of mars. It is natural satellites of Mars.
Option (C): Asteroids: - These are the rock that fails to form a planet during the formation of the solar system.
Option (D): Comet: - These are a group of celestial objects, which revolve around the sun in an elliptical orbit.
There are numerous stars of various sizes, out of which sun is one such star. In fact, the sun is the nearest star.
Rate this question :
How useful is this solution?
Related Videos
Space and the Universe - Quiz TimeSpace and the Universe - Quiz TimeSpace and the Universe - Quiz Time42 mins
Dedicated counsellor for each student
24X7 Doubt Resolution
Daily Report Card
Detailed Performance Evaluation
view all courses |
The Unjust Nature of the Korean War between the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea and the Republic of Korea in the 1950s: [Essay Example], 770 words GradesFixer
Haven't found the right essay?
Get an expert to write your essay!
Professional writers and researchers
Sources and citation are provided
3 hour delivery
The Unjust Nature of the Korean War Between the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea and the Republic of Korea in the 1950s
• Category: History
• Topic: 1950S
• Pages: 2
• Words: 770
• Published: 14 May 2019
• Downloads: 32
Download Print
Pssst… we can write an original essay just for you.
Any subject. Any type of essay.
We’ll even meet a 3-hour deadline.
Get your price
121 writers online
Download PDF
Justness of the Korean War
The Korean War (1950-1953) did not have vast public support. World War II left Korea separated into a northern and southern half, each backed by a world power. Territorial disputes were common, and when the Soviet (and to a more limited extent, Chinese) backed North attacked the South, the United States responded with support. Overall, there were no victors. At the end of the war in 1953, established borders were very similar to what they had been before. South Korea gained 1500 square miles of territory and a 2 mile wide demilitarized zone was established between the two nations.
While unpopular, the Korean War was also an unjust war on both sides. There are six primary conditions for a war to be just. First, it must be fought with overall good intentions. Second, it must be aimed at correcting a wrong against a nation, such as an unsolicited attack. In addition, other means of resolving the dispute should be pursued first, if possible. It should not cause more harm than necessary, as that would outweigh the benefits that war is being fought for. War should be fought openly and honestly, with the nations involved declaring their intentions and desires. Finally, a war should be fought only if there is a reasonable chance of success. Wars also must be conducted in a certain way to be just. In order to be just, nations must be discriminating in their attacks and civilians should never be targeted. Attacks should also not cause more damage than is necessary, forbidding scorched earth, or similar policies.
We will examine the qualifications for just war and compare them to the Korean War. First, the origins of the war are very important. North Korea justified their invasion based on the assertion that South Korean troops had attacked first. This is unverified, but the response of an invasion is not warranted simply due to a border skirmish. In addition, the North aimed to execute Syngman Rhee, the South Korean leader. With this knowledge, the United States became involved to aid the defending forces in the South but also to stop the spread of Communism, something the US believed to be a great threat to world democracy. With respect to the first two conditions of just cause and having the right intention, the North was unjustified in starting the war but the South and the United States were justified in their defense.
The third condition of a just war is vaguer. The North could have explored other options to stop the border skirmishes other than an all-out invasion, which means that they were unjust. It is for debate whether the United States and South Korea had the ability to negotiate peace. However, Northern forces were moving swiftly and reached the South Korean capital of Seoul within 3 days. The swiftness of the attack adds to the argument that South Korea had no reason to negotiate and were justified in their defense. The United States saw a great need to aid the South, and forces arrived within a few weeks of the initial attack.
The fourth condition of political proportionality is also up for debate. North Korea was mostly fighting for territory, although border clashes would have ended if they were victorious, eliminating future political dispute and loss of life. South Korea was engaging in defense and were justified in doing so. The United States, believing that Communism was a threat to global democracy, was justified in their attempt to defend Asia from its expansion. In addition, all nations involved were very clear in their intentions, so they were all justified with regards to the fifth condition.
The Korean War ended in what amounts to a stalemate. This would suggest that each party was justified with regards to condition number six. Had the war continued longer, one side would likely have been a definite victor. However, the war was ended since it was a source of great loss of life for what was amounting to little gain. It is the gross loss of life, however, that is the next problem. Civilian deaths are to be avoided at all costs and collateral damage is also greatly discouraged. About 2.5 million civilian deaths occurred during the war, which is an incredible amount compared to the approximately 4 million total deaths during the war.
The Korean War was an overwhelmingly unjust war when you consider the conditions and the facts. This conclusion is explained by the incredible loss of life for no gain for either side. In hindsight, both sides were at fault for participating in a bloody conflict that should not have been fought.
Remember: This is just a sample from a fellow student.
100% plagiarism free
Sources and citations are provided
Find Free Essays
We provide you with original essay samples, perfect formatting and styling
Cite this Essay
The Unjust Nature of the Korean War between the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea and the Republic of Korea in the 1950s. (2019, May 14). GradesFixer. Retrieved January 13, 2021, from
“The Unjust Nature of the Korean War between the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea and the Republic of Korea in the 1950s.” GradesFixer, 14 May 2019,
The Unjust Nature of the Korean War between the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea and the Republic of Korea in the 1950s. [online]. Available at: <> [Accessed 13 Jan. 2021].
The Unjust Nature of the Korean War between the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea and the Republic of Korea in the 1950s [Internet]. GradesFixer. 2019 May 14 [cited 2021 Jan 13]. Available from:
copy to clipboard
get unique paper
*Public papers are open and may contain not unique content
download public sample
Your essay sample has been sent.
thanks-icon Order now
Hi there!
Are you interested in getting a customized paper?
Check it out! |
Terms Beginning With 'p'
Per Capita
• January 15, 2020
• Team Kalkine
The term per capita denotes any amount expressed 'per head' or 'per person'. For example, the public transport investment per capita in Germany is higher than Britain. China's per capita income is higher than Brazil.
|
What is Grit (and does it come with eggs)?
The last decade has seen some groundbreaking research on the concept of grit; the trait that keeps a person forging on in the face of adversity and sticking to their long-term goals. Angela Duckworth of the University of Pennsylvania has found that grit is more important than IQ and talent in predicting who would drop out of West Point during the pre-academic summer training program, or which novice teachers would stick it out in their tough inner-city schools, or which kids would make it through the National Spelling Bee.
Undoubtedly, grit is also important in determining which children will persist in their pursuit of a Junior Black Belt in Krav Maga. The real question is whether Krav Maga teaches a child who hasn’t historically displayed much grit to be more, well…gritty. My observations, personal experience and anecdotal reports from parents lead to me to a resounding yes. In fact, parent reports indicate that young Kravologists often display more grit in other endeavors where they had previously displayed little, such as academics.
Take the Time to Get Punched in the Face (every now and then)
Krav Maga provides a perfect combination of elements that promote perseverance. Scenario-based training, hard and fast drills, and challenging belt testing provide the student with physical and mental challenges not otherwise experienced in daily life. Through repeated exposure, the student develops a tolerance for these stressors while learning that they are capable of more than they ever thought; a mental toughness, or grit, that can serve them in any of life’s challenging endeavors.
Facilitating Grit at Home
So, how do you promote grit at home? First, instill in your child the habit of finishing what they started. This starts when they wake up in the morning. Teach them that the task of waking up is not finished until their bed is made. Second, provide process praise instead of praising innate ability. For example, instead of praising your child for being smart, praise them for working hard and for staying focused on a task despite its difficulty.
Combine grit with self-control, as described by Walter Mischel, and a “growth mindset”, as described by Carol Dweck, and you get what I like to call the trifecta of success. Do more to develop grit and you will surely prosper!
Future articles will cover the remaining elements of self-control and growth mindset and how they are promoted by training in Krav Maga (and can be reinforced at home).
Leave a Reply
1. Chirag Patel
Mental conditioning is a very important part of the human existence (at least it should be). We all should aspire to make grit a way-of-life.
Nice article Coach Trea.
2. Stan Drake
Very good article. Grit made America, and grit will bring it back. Trophies for everyone does not promote or reward grit. |
The Pleasing Penguin
There is distinguished evidence that penguins enjoy some types of music. The polar explorer Robert F. Scott noted that penguins would always “come up at a trot ” when his men were singing, and he says that several of his men could frequently be found on the deck of the ship singing before an “admiring group of penguins.” Sir Ernest Henry Shackelton observed the same thing. But apparently penguins are somewhat priggish about their music. A phonograph was put out on the ice, and soon a crowd of penguins gathered around, and apparently listened with pleasure and interest. This continued for a time, but when the music, which had been sedate, became frivolous, the birds began to be uneasy. Then the record was changed to “Waltz Me Around Again, Willie.” This was too much for the penguins. For a moment, a moment only, the birds waited; then, with one mind they turned, squawking disgustedly, and went off. Their ancient dignity had been profaned.
Captain Robert Falcon Scott (1868 – 1912) was a Royal Navy officer and explorer who led two expeditions to the Antarctic regions: the Discovery expedition of 1901–1904 and the ill-fated Terra Nova expedition of 1910–1913. On the first expedition, he set a new southern record by marching to latitude 82°S and discovered the Antarctic Plateau, on which the South Pole is located. On the second venture, Scott led a party of five which reached the South Pole on 17 January 1912, less than five weeks after Amundsen's South Pole expedition.
A planned meeting with supporting dog teams from the base camp failed, despite Scott's written instructions, and at a distance of 162 miles (261 km) from their base camp at Hut Point and approximately 12.5 miles (20 km) from the next depot, Scott and his companions died. When Scott and his party's bodies were discovered, they had in their possession the first Antarctic fossils ever discovered. The fossils were determined to be from the Glossopteris tree and proved that Antarctica was once forested and joined to other continents.
1. The best title for this article is:
1. Robert F. Scott’s Phonograph.
2. Lullabies in Birdland.
3. Discriminating Penguins.
4. Cool Tunes.
2. Penguins seem
1. to cluster always in groups.
2. to be able to dance to music.
3. to communicate with musical cries.
4. to appreciate music.
3. Scott’s men were able
1. to imitate penguin mating cries.
2. to train penguins with music.
3. to record penguin songs.
4. to attract penguins with their singing.
4. Penguins apparently prefer
1. frivolous music.
2. calm, peaceful music.
3. any music compared to no music.
4. live singing to recorded music.
5. To develop his point, the author uses
1. factual description.
2. arguments and proof.
3. personal opinion.
4. persuasion.
6. The word priggish, as used in this article, most nearly means
1. pig-like.
2. careless.
3. particular.
4. ignorant.
Return to content page |
Astral Travel
Astral travel is the ability to visit other and distant locations following an Astral Projection. Astral travel can take place on the earth plane, the Astral Plane, and other planes of existence. Astral travel is a skill to be mastered in Magic. Astral travel is a term sometimes used interchangeably with astral projection.
Systematic experimentation in astral travel began in the 19th century. Yram, born Marcel Louis Forhan (1884– 1917), was a Frenchman who believed everyone capable of astral travel in a variety of bodies of various densities and dimensions, which he recorded in his book, Practical Astral Travel. Yram paid astral visits to a woman whom he later married; the two traveled astrally together and experienced ecstatic astral sex.
Sylvan Muldoon, an American, researched astral travel from 1915 to 1950 as a result of his spontaneous experiences beginning at age 12. Muldoon was a sickly youth who spent a good deal of time in bed. As his health improved, his astral travel became less frequent. Muldoon traveled about in his astral body. He remained on the earth plane. Muldoon believed that dreams of falling and flying corresponded to movements during astral travel.
Like Muldoon, Englishman Oliver Fox, born Hugh G. Callway in 1885, was a sickly child. However, he did not experience astral travel until adulthood when he succeeded in inducing it with lucid dreaming. He experimented between 1902 and 1938. Fox’s “Dream of Knowledge” was an effort to remain awake mentally while sleeping physically. He published his account in 1920 in the English Occult Review; it was later published as a book, Astral Projection.
Fox viewed his lucid dreamworld as comparable to the astral plane described in Theosophy. He experienced false awakenings, or waking up in the dream thinking that he was really awake; telepathy with others; religious visions, such as the figure of Christ (which he decided was a thought -form); and precognition (he viewed a test prior to his taking it and correctly saw two questions that would be asked). Fox initially believed that the dream state was essential to have his astral experiences. Eventually he discovered that he could project himself out-of-body without going to sleep but by staying in the hypnagogic state, a drowsy state that marks descent into sleep, which is often filled with fleeting imagery and voices.
Englishman J. H. M. Whiteman claimed to have more than 2,000 episodes of astral travel between 1931 and 1953, which he described in The Mystical Life (1961). He had his first experience at age 12 in 1919 without realizing what had happened. Whiteman considered his astral travels as mystical experiences. He sometimes found himself in the form of a child or a female.
In 1958, an American radio and television executive named Robert A. Monroe began to travel astrally spontaneously while relaxed and near sleep. Monroe had incredible experiences not limited to the earth plane but to realms in which he visited the afterlife transition plane. He had contact with discarnate humans and a variety of nonhuman beings. Like Fox, he conducted his own research, which eventually led to several books and the establishment of the Monroe Institute in Faber, Virginia. Monroe began to work with inducement techniques using guided meditation and sound.
Monroe’s initial experiences began when he would lie down to go to sleep. Before he reached sleep—when he was in the hypnagogic stage—he would experience a buzzing and a vibrating and feel himself lift out of his body. Like an explorer touching the shores of an unknown land, Monroe explored and mapped this state of being.
He described an astonishing range of experiences, both pleasant and unpleasant, in which he encountered: other intelligences, some of whom provided assistance; Demonic or subhuman entities and Thoughtforms who attacked him; an energy presence of overwhelming magnitude (he does not say whether or not it was “God”); the astral bodies of other humans; sexual experiences on the astral level which produced intense shocks by a seeming interfl ow of electrons (comparable to Yram’s experience). He occasionally had difficulty reentering his body, and on one occasion entered a corpse by mistake.
Monroe identified various levels of reality:
• Locale I is the here-and-now earth plane, people and places in the physical world.
• Locale II is the infinite astral plane, the place where dreams occur and which incorporates our ideas of heaven and hell. Many of the places in this level seem familiar, he said, for they are the creations of consciousness and have been mapped and visited by countless souls. Here are the dead as well as nonhuman entities, many of whom are intelligent and can communicate. The lower reaches are closest to Earth and are populated by unpleasant, Demonic entities obsessed with emotional and sexual gratification.
• Locale III transcends time and space and appears to be a parallel universe located on the other side of a hole in the space-time continuum. According to Monroe, there are yet unidentified, higher realms beyond our ability to comprehend.
Monroe observed what many others have before him: that the relaxed state of presleep, the hypnagogic state, is an ideal medium for astral traveling. The key is developing the ability to hold onto lucidity, or awareness, instead of falling asleep. He called this “mind awake body asleep.” Monroe later patented a soundwave system called Hemi-Sync (for hemispheric synchronization), which balances the right and left hemispheres of the brain and which is used in the Monroe training systems. While a bodily vibration seemed to be intrinsic to Monroe’s own experiences, it does not occur to everyone. Monroe also found that heightened sexual energy often facilitated his ability to astral travel. Monroe noted that fear is the biggest barrier to being able to astral travel: fear of what might happen, fear of death, fear of not being able to reenter the body. Although Monroe did have some experiences with unpleasant entities and a few episodes of difficulty getting back into his body, he believed that overall the astral travel posed no real hazards.
Further Reading:
• Crookall, Robert. Out-of-the-Body Experiences: A Fourth Analysis. New York: University Books, 1970.
• Fox, Oliver. Astral Projection: A Record of Out-of-the-Body Experiences. Secaucus, N.J.: The Citadel Press, 1962.
• Guiley, Rosemary Ellen. Dreamwork for the Soul. New York: Berkley Books, 1998.
• King, Francis (ed.). Ritual Magic of the Golden Dawn. Rochester, Vt.: Destiny Books, 1997.
• Monroe, Robert A. Journeys Out of the Body. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1971.
• Muldoon, Sylvan, and Hereward Carrington. The Projection of the Astral Body. London: Rider, 1929.
Astral Travel
You may be also interested in :
Astral Voyages - Bruce Goldberg
The Quantum Akashic Field A Guide to Out-of-Body Experiences for the Astral Traveler - Jim Willis
Astral Travel for Beginners: Transcend Time and Space with Out-of-Body Experiences - Richard Webster
The traveller’s guide to the astral plane – Steve Richards
The Astral Projection Guidebook: Mastering the Art of Astral Travel - Erin Pavlina
The Out of Body Experience: The History and Science of Astral Travel Anthony Peake
Dreams and Astral Travel - Rosemary Ellen Guiley
Astral Travel
Back to Magic Glossary
Back to Magick and Spells |
Making words with plants
Making words and designs from plants fascinates the public as it’s something few people do in their own gardens. The most famous example is Edinburgh’s floral clock which is known worldwide. In North Berwick East Lothian council gardeners annually commemorate a local organisation this time Rotary. Most bedding plants don’t work as they are too tall or floppy. The words use Pyrethrum Golden Moss and other parts use succulents such as Echeverias and Senecios. Incorporating some coloured sand reduces the number of plants needed and helps access for maintenance. However you have to watch as a local cat sees it as a giant litter tray!
This entry was posted in Uncategorized. Bookmark the permalink.
Leave a Reply
You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change )
Google photo
Twitter picture
Facebook photo
Connecting to %s |
Can diet cause yeast infection
By | January 4, 2021
can diet cause yeast infection
Dealing with yeast infections is unpleasant enough. Unfortunately, an overgrowth of yeast, no matter where it occurs in or on your body, is often related to your diet. A diet that is high in sugars, even natural sugars, can make yeast infections more likely. It can even contribute to a yeast overgrowth in your gut which then re-infects other parts of your body, even after they have been treated. Yeasts like Candida albicans can usually exist on your skin, in your digestive tract, and elsewhere without causing any problems. But a diet that is high in sugar and refined carbohydrates can create the environment that it needs to thrive. This not only contributes to yeast infections and causes problems with your digestion, but can also damage the lining of your gut and lead to all sorts of health issues such as fatigue, fungal infections, skin conditions, seasonal allergies, and mood swings. Although certain medications and medical conditions can also increase your risk of developing Candida yeast infections, so too can the foods that you eat. Many of the foods in our Western diet are extremely high in sugar and inflammatory compounds such as artificial additives.
For example, diet tight-fitting jeans or spending time in a wet bathing suit can increase your risk can a yeast infection — and is a more can cause than what you eat. Shaving can create tiny wounds that inffction highly susceptible to infection. Save my infection, email, infection website in this can for cause next time I comment. In this article, we provide more information long term health results diet exercise the candida diet, including diet effectiveness, its potential benefits, and yeast foods that people include and avoid when following the caude. Save Pin FB ellipsis More. When yeast see a doctor? Share on Tumblr Diet. Foods to eat Foods to avoid Summary According to some sources, eating and cause certain foods can reduce cause prevent Candida yeast infections. Aaptiv delivers the highest quality yeast and health information cwn personal trainers and industry experts. Like infection post: Print. This eventually causes yeast infections. Good blood sugar control helps protect against yeast infections.
Read More: How to track cooking oil nutrition in diet
The candida diet worked for me—but it’s not without controversy. Here’s what experts have to say about it. Two years ago, I was prescribed a strong antibiotic to treat a tooth infection. My skin began to feel itchy and dry, I was constantly bloated, and I had inexplicable brain fog. I also started getting chronic vaginal yeast infections. I was miserable.
The center was run by of vaginal yeast infections include: Uncontrolled diabetes. Some of the common causes Anthony Salzarulo, a holistic medical practitioner.
Leave a Reply |
Why did scientist steal brain of Einstein after his death
Why did scientist steal brain of Einstein after his death?
Every scientist has a powerful brain with high IQ level. They have enough stamina and capabilities as compared to a average person. They think in a unique way unlike an average or normal person could eat apple if the apple fell from tree, but Newton thought why did the apple fall on the earth?
Biography of scientist (Albert Einstein):
Likewise Albert Einstein was a scientist, who earn too much famous in the field of invention. He was a German mathematician and physicist. He was born in 1879 and died in 1995. In his life he did work hard in the field of physics and math.
A scientist
A brainy man.
Interesting fact about Einsteins student life, Einstein was a slow learner in how to talk, and his teacher daily insulted him for something that he could not get what teacher is saying. Once his teacher got him out from the school and said you can not study any more. His teachers was failed to know his talent.
But who knew he will be a man of inventions? He was the man of highest IQ level of 162.
Einstein and his driver’s interesting incidents
He went with his driver everywhere. Einstein and his driver looked same, and his driver knew about his work. Sometimes Einstein played role of driver and his driver played role of Einstein.
He published his theory of Relativity. When he published his theory professor of different universities called him for giving lectures on this topic. He himself went to different universities to deliver the lecture. His driver delivered lectures in universities like Einstein.
One day they were sitting together in a meeting and driver was playing role of Einstein. Someone asked the Question that Driver did not know, so he covered to say and point the driver that “I will allow my driver to be answer for you”. Then Einstein answered for that question. It looks really interesting.
Einstein’s success and awards
In 1921, he was awarded with a Nobel prize because of his success in “Theoretical physics”. After one year he had received one more Nobel prize because of discovery of “Law of photoelectric effect“.
Brain of Einsteins was stolen
When Einsteins was died after 7 and half an hours his brain was stolen. His brain was attractive because of his extraordinary intelligence. He was foremost genius of 20th century. Because scientist wanted to research on his brain. After study his brain they finalize that his brain was different from other people. Scientist were not blind who saw the graphs in the brain of Einsteins. And after the research thy admitted that undoubtedly, Einstein was great mathematician.
For more inventions and interesting facts, check this.
Please enter your comment!
Please enter your name here |
18% increase of mountain gorillas in the virunga massif
18% increase of mountain gorillas in the virunga massif
Following the recent mountain gorilla census, the released results show mountain gorillas in the virunga massif have increased to 604 individuals from 480 in 2010. The virunga massif comprises of volcanoes national park, virunga national park and Mgahinga national park in Uganda. This puts the total number of the mountain gorillas in the world at 1004 including the 400 Individuals of Bwindi national park. It is expected the population will increase after conducting census in Bwindi following recent birth since 2011 when census was last held.
The Virunga Massif mountain gorilla census was conducted by the Protected Area Authorities in the DRC, Rwanda and Uganda under the Trans boundary framework of the Greater Virunga trans boundary collaboration .The census exercise was supported by the International Gorilla Conservation Programme, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund, Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation, Gorilla Doctors, and North Carolina Zoo.
The increase in number of mountain gorillas is attributed to special conservation strategies and improved census techniques. This figure released at Serena hotel Rubavu by authorities from Rwanda, Congo and Uganda were confirmed through genetic testing of fecal samples removed from the nests, and the genetic analysis helps eliminate the accidental double-counting of mountain gorillas as well as actual population growth. More importantly, it offers the most reliable results and now the population estimate is at 1004 form 880 mountain gorillas in the world since 2011.
Despite the increase in number of mountain gorillas, they still remain critically endangered and vulnerable to harsh conditions like poaching and habitant loss, exposure to human diseases like Tuberculosis, pneumonia and climate changes and other snares set for other forest animals but could also harm mountain gorillas. Special dedication must continue in conserving the mountain gorillas, empowering and sensitizing the local communities about dangers of poaching and benefits of wild life to the neighboring communities in the park who play a big role to the survival of these apes in the forests.
Today we celebrate the special efforts of conservation teams put up in protection ensuring survival of these gentle African giants, the consented effort of dedicated gorilla doctors, international conservation organizations , NGO’s, local communities, trackers and rangers who adhere tough conditions in the jungle and some have lost in the battle to protect these endangered species.
Routine census is therefore required to monitor mountain gorilla’s survival, if they are increasing or decreasing since a quite number of tourists come in to see the mountain gorilla in their natural habitat. |
Callan Method And Effortless English
Before give you information about Callan Method, I want to return Effortless English Rules. As you remember, Effortless English 7. Rule is “Listen and Answer Mini Stories”. In Effortless English mini story mp3 lessons, A.J. Hoge asks a lot of easy questions and you must answer them outloud. This is the Callan Method.
What is Callan Method and How it Works?
Callan Method is one of the most effective methods of learning English. It is specially effective on the early stages of the learning process.
The aim of The Callan Method is to enable students to be proactive in the learning process by answering the wide range of questions put to them during the lessons. In this way grammar is painlessly absorbed, and vocabulary broadened, step by easy step. There is no time to be bored by complex, dry, conventional methodology; The Callan Method has been proven to increase learning speed by up to four times.
Watch callan method video:
The method is widely used in many countries to teach English to non-native speakers. The aim of the method is to get students actively involved in the learning process by asking a range of questions that students should give an answer to. Students grasp the knowledge of grammar and build their vocabulary step by step and do not get distracted by too many complexities. The practice has shown that as a result of such an effective method students make progress up to four times faster. The method is unique for being not only effective, but enjoyable as well. Students enjoy the classes as they are not bored and actively participate during the class.
Watch callan method video:
Effortless English And Callan Method
Let’s remember what Effortless English 7.Rule is: RULE 7: Listen and Answer, not Listen and Repeat
In each Mini-Story Lesson, a speaker tells a short simple story. He also asks a lot of easy questions. Every time you hear a question, you pause and answer it.
You learn to answer questions quickly– without thinking. Your English becomes automatic.
Rule number 7 is to use listen-and-answer mini stories.
What are these mini stories, listen-and-answer, and why are they powerful? Well, first, remember in the past when you went to English school. In school you probably learnt with a lot of listen-and-repeat. For example, the teacher said: “repeat after me, class: hi, how are you?” and the class together, everybody said: “hi, how are you?“. Then, the teacher said, “I’m fine, and you?“. Then, all of the class together said, “I’m fine, and you?“. This is listen-and-repeat. It’s an old way to learn English. But it’s not powerful. When you listen and repeat, you don’t need to think in English, you don’t need to think. You just repeat what the teacher said. Maybe you don’t understand, but still, you repeat. That’s an old way, don’t do it.
Much more powerful is: listen and answer, especially listen-and-answer mini stories. These are special kind of stories where the teacher “asks” a story. Now, I do not say “tells” a story, I say “asks” a story. The teacher asks a lot of very simple and easy questions. Why? Well, because the student must answer questions constantly, constantly answering. Hearing a question, answering. Hearing a question, answering. This is like real conversation. When you use these listen-and-answer stories, you teach yourself to understand quickly and to respond quickly, to speak very quickly and automatically. No thinking. That’s why these are powerful. You learn to think in English and you learn to speak quickly, without thinking, without translating.
Click here to view more details
Effortless English Club
Learn Effortless English Rules:
Spread the love:
One Comment on “Callan Method And Effortless English”
1. Pingback:
Leave a Reply
|
Why People In India Can See The Himalayas For The 'First Time In Decades'
If you look at images of Delhi, India from November 2019, you'll see faces snugly covered with surgical masks as people brave the grave outdoors. It had nothing to do with the coming pandemic. Rather, as the BBC reports, Arvind Kejriwal, Delhi's Chief Minister, declared that air pollution had "reached unbearable levels." It basically looked like the sky spent all day chain smoking. And it kind of did. Farmers in neighboring states were burning crop stubble, contributing to the air's toxicity.
The pollution proved so overwhelming that 30 flights were diverted, and school officials distributed five million masks to students. The government barred motorists with either even or odd license plate numbers from driving on designated days in a bid to limit emissions. As one resident lamented, "You can obviously see how terrible it is and it's actually scary you can't see things in front of you."
Even scarier, Delhi didn't even have the dirtiest air in India that year. Per the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, the city of Ghaziabad in the nearby state of Uttar Pradesh had the world's worst air pollution in 2019. Fast-forward to April 2020, and people who previously couldn't see objects right in front of them could feast their eyes on the majestic Himalayan Mountains "for the first time in 30 years."
India clears the air
It's not a breathtaking revelation that when farmers stop burning fields and engines stop burning fuel, the surrounding air gets a lot cleaner. If anything, it's breath-giving. Unfortunately, Indian residents still can't exactly breathe easy because the reason they ceased all that polluting is the novel coronavirus. That's probably the opposite of a surprise, but the speed at which the air cleaned up its act is somewhat stunning. The Australian Broadcasting Corporation reports that India's lockdown started on March 22. Within two weeks, the air had cleaned up its act.
India isn't the only country that's undergone a lockdown-induced makeover. Live Science writes that in March, the pollution reduction that occured in China could actually be seen from space. And with humans diligently embracing the great indoors, other animals have had a field day. Case in point: via the Guardian, at Hong Kong's Ocean Park, two pandas that were 10 years overdue for doing each opened the floodgates of lust after the park closed its gates to humans. It took a pandemic for people to figure out that pandas might be too bashful to shoot their love bamboo with an audience. |
Learned Helplessness – Does Life Constantly Overwhelm You?
by Andrea Blundell
Tend to feel overwhelmed easily by life? Like things are just beyond you? ‘Learned helplessness’ is a behavioural pattern that can be changed.
What is learned helplessness?
Somewhere along the line in childhood, you learned you couldn’t control things around you, and decided to stop trying to help yourself.
The term comes from a series of rather horrible psychological tests led by American psychologist Martin Seligman [1] in the 1960s, using electric shocks on dogs. The end conclusion being that if a dog suffered repeatedly, in a way that was beyond it’s control, it would then not take an opportunity to escape suffering if one was presented.
Neuroscience later proved it’s not that we ‘accept’ that we are helpless. Rather it’s that we actually learn the behaviour of helplessness as an appropriate reaction to stress.
So learned helplessness means that when we face a stressful situation we can’t control, we have no motivation to change it or take action to deal with it, even when there are things that we could do to help ourselves.
What does learned helplessness look like?
If you suffer from learned helplessness, difficult situations will see you:
What does helplessness feel like?
Helplessness actually has several possible physical symptoms, as it tends to be related to childhood trauma and adverse childhood experiences. You might feel:
Why is helplessness a real problem?
If we always respond to life challenges with helplessness, it’s going to negatively impact important areas of our lives.
It will make it hard to have healthy relationships. You might be overly dependent on others, or accept staying in an abusive relationship because you feel helpless to leave.
You will struggle to achieve your potential. Helplessness means we don’t go up for job promotions as it feels ‘too stressful’. Or we don’t set big goals as we are sure we’d just never achieve them.
All this adds up to constant low self-esteem and possible mental health issues.
Helplessness and mental health issues
Depression is heavily linked to learned helplessness. Seligman felt that this happens when we attribute our problems to ourselves.
Instead of realising that some of our problems are down to exterior issues — the environments we are in, for example, or the choices of others? We decide that we ourselves are incapable, what he called ‘personal helplessness’. Our self-esteem evidently plummets.
Learned helplessness is also connected to:
Why do I feel helpless all the time?
It’s the old ‘environment and genetics’ mix at play. It comes from experiences that we took negative learnings from, and then to the way our brains work.
Learned helplessness is often connected to childhood trauma and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Both decimate a child’s sense of relevance and create feelings of total powerlessness.
This does not mean that everyone with a difficult past experiences has learned helplessness. Some of us are naturally more prone to a pessimistic outlook, for example, which makes us more likely to feel helpless. So two siblings who lived through the same difficult domestic situation might grow up with one experiencing helplessness and the other, with an optimistic ‘explanatory style’ about life, not as much.
Can I ever change?
Learned helplessness doesn’t have to be forever. Both changing your lifestyle habits and seeking support can mean improvements and change for you.
A study on animals found that the brain changes made by exercise had an affect on feelings of helplessness.[2]
Rats who ran on wheels were less likely to exhibit learned helplessness, and it wasn’t related to the amount of exercise but to the very act of exercising at all.
No, humans are not rats. But it can’t hurt to integrate physical activity into your weekly routine, particularly with other recent research showing that exercise helps depression
And any kind of positive self-care can increase your sense of being in charge of yourself and your life. A study published to help nurses deal with patients does show that the more we feel helpless, the less likely we are to take care of ourselves. So each little step counts, whether that is better eating habits, or starting a yoga or mindfulness practice
Learn how to approach problems from achievable steps first. A goal-setting system like SMART, for example, can help you learn to break down goals into simple steps you can actually achieve.
A 2004 study on American students and test-taking found that those who started with easy questions first did better. If students were presented with difficult questions off the bat, they were more likely to experience helplessness and then not even get easy questions right later. [3]
Can therapy change my pattern of helplessness?
Finally, do consider seeking support. Remember, asking for help is harder for those with the trait of helplessness. But it also means that the very act of gathering your courage and getting support begins to raise your sense of agency and personal power.
All forms of therapy will help you get to the root of your feelings of helplessness, and learn to be more resilient and more in control of your life.
Person-centred counselling and therapies under the humanistic umbrella guide you to see the inner resources you already have, and then put them to work.
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) can help you recognise and change the negative thinking and passive behaviours that uphold your feelings of helplessness. It a particularly good place to start if you suspect your helplessness is connected to childhood trauma. CBT helps you stabilise before you you try other therapies that might otherwise trigger your body’s trauma response.
Other therapies that can help if your helplessness is trauma related can be found in our article, ‘Therapy for Trauma – What Works?‘.
Time to stop feeling helpless and step into your personal power? We connect you with top London psychotherapists and counselling psychologists. Not in the city? Use our booking platform to find a registered therapist near you, or a Skype counsellor you can chat with from anywhere.
Want to share you experience of learned helplessness with other readers? Use the comment box below.
Andrea BlundellAndrea Blundell is the editor and lead writer of this site.
1. Abramson, L. Y., Seligman, M. E. P., & Teasdale, J. D. (1978). Learned helplessness in humans: Critique and reformulation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87, 49-74. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.87.1.49
2. Greenwood, B.N., Fleshner, M. Exercise, Learned Helplessness, and the Stress-Resistant Brain. Neuromol Med 10, 81–98 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12017-008-8029-y
3. Firmin, M., Hwang, C., Copella, M., & Clark, S. (2004). Learned helplessness: The effect of failure on test-taking. Education, 124, 688-693.
find a therapist
Related Posts
Desktop - CTA Journalist Tablet - CTA Journalist Mobile - CTA Journalist
close icon
Dr. Sheri Jacobson
Leave a Reply
|
An album is a book used for the collection and preservation of miscellaneous items such as photographs, postage stamps, newspaper clippings, visitors' comments, etc. The word later became widely used to describe a collection of audio recordings of pieces of music on a single gramophone record, cassette, compact disc, or via digital distribution.
In musical usage the word was used for collections of short pieces of printed music from the early nineteenth century. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums. When long-playing records were introduced, a collection of pieces on a single record was called an album; the word was extended to other recording media such as compact disc, MiniDisc, Compact audio cassette, and digital or MP3 albums, as they were introduced.
The word derives from a Classical Latin word for a blank (albus=white) tablet, later a list.
Audio albums in physical form are often provided with decorative covers (cover art) and liner notes and inserts about the music and recording, giving background information and analysis of the recording, lyrics and librettos, images of the performers, and other images and text. When supplied with compact discs they are known as CD booklets.
Read more about Album: Photo Album, Stamp Album, Visitors' Album
Famous quotes containing the word album:
What a long strange trip it’s been.
Robert Hunter, U.S. rock lyricist. “Truckin’,” on the Grateful Dead album American Beauty (1971) |
Skip to Main Content
The Mourning Handbook
No one should be left to grieve alone
Chapter 1
Let's begin by providing you with some basic information that you need to have about this little-understood human experience.
1.1 Definitions
If you are grieving, you are familiar with the feeling, but what is grief exactly? Webster's New World Dictionary gives as its primary definition "intense emotional suffering caused by loss, disaster, misfortune, etc.; acute sorrow; deep sadness."
Grief is the emotion experienced by Darlene, a young client of mine who had flown home for a surprise visit on her mother's birthday, only to learn at the airport that her mother had died a few hours earlier. Darlene's sudden feelings of disbelief, panic, and anger are part of what we call grief, and it is what you may be experiencing right now.
Mourning, on the other hand, is defined by the same dictionary as "the actions or feelings of someone who mourns; specifically, the expression of grief at someone's death." The key words here are actions and expression. When an uncle told Darlene of her mother's death, she fell into his arms, weeping hysterically. She was mourning her mother's death. Her mourning continued as she cried with her family, expressed her anger, discharged her feelings of regret for not coming sooner, and took part in the wake and funeral. When you are expressing your grief, you are mourning.
Although grief is most commonly associated with the death of a loved one, it can be experienced whenever there is an important loss in one's life, such as the loss of eyesight or hearing, a sharp decline in one's health, marital separation and divorce, or the loss of one's job. In all these cases mourning is an appropriate and often necessary response. If you have suffered a particularly severe loss, you may need to mourn just as much as someone who has lost a loved one. While this book focuses on the grief following a death, it can be helpful in dealing with other losses as well.
1.2 When Does Grief Begin?
Grief can begin whenever there is a loss or a perception of impending loss, but the three most common occasions are:
a. the time of diagnosis of a terminal illness,
b. the time of death, and
c. the time of learning about the death of a loved one.
When the doctor says, "I'm sorry, but your husband has brain cancer and it is inoperable," the hope for a cure changes to the prospect of impending death for the loved one, and the emotions of grief are likely to begin.
Sometimes grief begins at the time of death. At the moment that one's wife slumps over in her chair, has no pulse, and fails to respond to resuscitation, the realization that she is dead triggers the emotion of grief.
Grief may also begin at the time one learns about a loved one's death, whenever that might be. A young man whose mother was estranged from the family had rare, treasured contacts with her. Because of his mother's life-style of moving frequently, there wasn't an address or telephone where he could reach her, and he had to depend on her contacting him. When she died in an auto accident, it was several weeks before the family was notified of her death. His grief began when he got the belated news.
1.3 How Long Does Grief Last?
Since grief is painful, you undoubtedly want to know how long you will have to endure this powerful emotion. Pain is generally more tolerable if we know it's going to end sometime.
A shorthand answer concerning the duration of grief is that it will take as long as it needs to take. It will take longer for some people than others, depending on the nature of their relationship to the deceased, the circumstances of the death, their support systems, how they cope with adversity, what else is going on in their lives, and the resources they have available to them.
A young man called me one day to say that he was worried about his mother. His father had died and he was wondering just how long his mother would be acting so upset. I asked him how long his father had been dead and he replied, "Two weeks." When I responded, "That's not very long," he asked, "Well, will she be better in two months?" Once again I had to say, "That's not a very long time." He seemed disappointed that grief can't be put on a fast track.
You may encounter loving and well-meaning friends who hate to see you hurt and want to see your mourning end. They may not understand that the worst thing you can do is to try to shut off or deny these powerful feelings. Often these are people who have never experienced the death of a loved one and don't yet comprehend the function and importance of mourning. If you have friends pushing you in this direction, simply tell them that you can recover from your grief but that you need time to work it out; when you have done so, you expect to be back on track again. (See Chapter 10, "A Friend in Need.")
Although your grief can be expected to last a relatively long time -- from a few months to several years -- it won't always be the all-encompassing feeling of despair that you are feeling now. Commonly grief is sporadic. You will have good days as well as bad days. You may catch yourself laughing, perhaps guiltily, at a friend's joke, and then, moments later, bursting into tears when you hear a nostalgic song that reminds you of your loved one.
At some point your grief will end, but this doesn't mean that there will ever be an end to your sense of loss. A father whose son had died a quarter century earlier said, "If I were an actor on stage and needed to produce tears, I would only have to think of my son to cry." This father is a happy man leading a full and productive life, but the memory of his son and of the pain of his death will always be with him. You can expect your grief to pass, but this won't mean forgetting your loved one.
"Time will heal" is a common saying. Part of it is true, and part is myth. Time will aid in recovery from grief, but it is time that needs to be used well. Time spent frantically running from grief -- traveling, perhaps, or visiting relatives, keeping ever busy with never a moment to think about one's loss -- will not help. Eventually, you will run out of places to go or things to do, and at that point you will have to face the void created by the death of your loved one. On the other hand, if you use your time to mourn your loss, to adjust to a different kind of life, and to get acquainted with your now somewhat altered (maybe greatly altered) identity, healing will occur faster.
You may feel that your grief is unique. You are right, it is unique; the circumstances of your life will make it so. There is no standard recipe for grief that will apply to your situation. However, there are factors that will influence the length of your grief, and you can gain some reassurance from knowing what they are. (See Chapter 6, "Differences That Matter.")
Age of the Deceased
The younger the person is who died the more difficult it is likely to be to mourn that death. It seems unnatural in the scheme of life for a child to die, just as it seems unfair for a young adult to die just when life's adventure is about to begin. On the other hand, when an elderly person dies, one may feel some comfort in knowing that the person had lived a long and productive life. (See section 6.1 for discussion on old age, 6.7 on grandparents, and 6.14 on children.)
Cause of Death
When loved ones know in advance that death is approaching, they may experience much of their grief long before the actual death. Thus, they may actually feel a somewhat guilty sense of relief when the death occurs, and what grief remains may be of short duration. Alternatively, the more sudden or violent the death, such as an unexpected fatal heart attack, car accident, or suicide, the longer one may expect grief to last. Not only will the bereaved person have had no time to prepare for the death or to say good-bye, but the suddenness and possible violence of the death will add to the burden of grief. (See sections 6.1 through 6.5 on different kinds of death situations.)
Nature of Relationship
Was your relationship with the deceased a loving, fulfilling one? Has it left you with a sense of completeness, filled with memories to be treasured? Or was your relationship with the deceased stormy and volatile? The emotions generated by those relationships will play a part in determining the length and intensity of your grief. (See section 7.17 on conflicted relationships.)
Other Events in One's Life
Life following the death of a loved one doesn't always cooperate to allow one to work through one's grief. A very common story goes like this: "Not only do I have to deal with my dad's death, but now my favorite aunt has died, my car has broken down, work is not going well, and I don't know what will happen next or which to deal with first."
Other events in one's life sometimes dictate what must be handled first, making it necessary to put grief on hold. When this happens, the need to mourn is still there and will emerge at a later date, perhaps weeks or months later. Such complications will lengthen your grief and mourning period. (See section 7.1 on other changes in one's life.)
Support Systems
The support and understanding you have around you will make a big difference in how you experience and handle your grief. Do you have a family that has rallied to your needs, or do you feel isolated and abandoned? Do you have care and understanding at your workplace, or are you expected to be 100 percent productive immediately? How about your friends? Are they loving and supportive, or are they making comments such as, "Come on now, put this behind you"? The more support you have, the quicker your recovery from grief will be, but you will still need time to reflect on your loss, to mourn, and to become comfortable with the changes in your life.
Resources One Can Command
Communities are becoming more aware of the needs of the bereaved and are developing more resources to help people like you recover from their grief. If you feel the need of such help but don't have the energy to do the research, ask a friend to seek out the resources that are available to you. Check your library or local bookstore for appropriate books. Watch for announcements of lectures that may be informative. Search out any support groups that would apply to your needs by checking with your local newspaper, mental health center, library bulletin board, library reference desk, church, temple, or local hospice. Support groups are informal gatherings of people who are dealing with similar situations in their lives. It is often very comforting to be with others who can "really understand" how you feel. (For more help, see the Bibliography and Resources at the back of this book.)
One's Coping Skills
As you wrestle with your grief, it may be helpful to reflect on how you have coped with other situations in your life. At times of crisis what was your response? Did you seek out information and help, or did you simply try to ignore what was happening and hope that it would pass? Did you get activated in solving the problem, or did you bury yourself in your work? "Know thyself" is a good rule to apply at times like this. Refining your coping skills can help shorten your grief.
Sexual Differences
"Vive la difference," said the Frenchman about the sexes. But the differences are not as great as some would have us believe. Popular culture allows women to show their emotions and seek support but requires men to be "strong," which is defined as not showing any emotion. Men are expected to make the tough decisions, take on the unpleasant jobs, and never cry. This need not be so. In fact, it is unhealthy for anyone to lock up his emotions; they need to be expressed.
Of course, crying is not the only outlet for one's feelings. Chopping wood, physical exercise, or building a guest room on the house are outlets that may be more comfortable to a man. Years ago the father of two dead sons poured his sorrow into creating a beautiful azalea garden in Washington, D.C., which is visited every year by thousands of admirers.
Also, it is now quite common for men to attend support groups to help them deal with their grief. There they find other men to talk to who share their feelings of anger and remorse. If you are a man struggling with grief, don't let imagined taboos prevent you from mourning your loss; you have just as much right to express your feelings as any woman suffering a similar loss.
1.4 Does Grief End?
Keeping in mind the definition of grief as "intense emotional suffering," you can look forward, at some point, to an end to these overwhelming emotions. This does not mean that you will cease feeling sad or wistful, nor does it mean that you will forget your loved one. However, it does mean that the intense emotional conflicts which you may be experiencing today can be brought to an end as you integrate this loss into your changed life. (See the introduction to Chapter 9 and sections 9.1 and 9.2 on helping yourself and on getting better.)
1.5 Why Must You Express Your Grief?
"Why must I express my grief? Why can't I just ignore it and get on with my life?" are questions you may be asking yourself as you suffer the pain of grief. The answers lie, not in theory, but in observed human experience. People who try to ignore the powerful, deep-seated emotions of grief usually see them reappear later in disturbing forms: physical responses such as rheumatoid arthritis, stomach ulcers, colitis, hiatal hernias, nervous tics, weight loss (or gain), chills, insomnia, back pains, or incessant headaches; or psychological responses such as depression, fits of unexplained anger, interpersonal problems, preoccupation with one's own death, anxiety, or new, unpleasant personality traits. There are no more powerful feelings than those arising from grief--ignore them at your peril. However, by learning to identify these feelings you can learn how to express them and thus avoid all those unpleasant alternatives.
Understanding the Grief Process
There is more to grief than what you may be feeling right now. While writers have approached the subject in different ways, there is general agreement that grieving is a process and that grieving people can help themselves by better understanding what is happening to them.
Writers on the subject of grief have attempted to identify different aspects of the process. In 1969 Elisabeth Kübler-Ross wrote about the five stages of dying. Her book On Death and Dying, although written for the dying person, is really a book on grieving, helpful not only to the dying but to the bereaved as well. Her five stages consisted of the following:
(1) denial and isolation
(2) anger
(3) bargaining
(4) depression
(5) acceptance
In the denial and isolation stage, the grieving person refuses to accept the harsh reality confronting him or her. In the anger phase the person is continuing to resist reality and to ask, "Why me? Why not that old woman down the street?" In the bargaining phase the person tries to reverse that reality in various irrational ways, as in "bargaining with God," promising to do certain good works, perhaps, if God will spare your loved one. For example, I promised God I would say a rosary a day if He allowed my husband to live. The depression stage reflects the person's recognition of reality. In the acceptance stage the person no longer denies reality, no longer feels angry about it, no longer tries to bargain it away, no longer feels depressed about it, but contemplates his death with quiet expectation.
The basic problem with this analysis, as the author herself has pointed out, is the expectation some people have that each of these stages will proceed, in that precise order, and then pass. This expectation has proven frustrating to those who want the grief process to be clear cut and orderly. A young man whose mother was terminally ill told me, "Mother was depressed a week ago, and now she's depressed again. What's wrong with her?" A woman told me, "Janet shouldn't have died yet; she never got to acceptance." Nonetheless, Kübler-Ross's analysis can be helpful if you keep in mind that your case, like all others, is unique.
In his 1982 book, Grief Counseling and Grief Therapy, J. William Worden wrote about "the four tasks of mourning":
1. to accept the reality of the loss
2. to experience the pain of grief
4. to withdraw emotional energy and reinvest it in another relationship
The first task recognizes that the death must become real before you can work through the process of grief. The second addresses the need to do specific things to express those emotions generated by the death. The third stresses the importance of analyzing the different roles the deceased played in one's life and to make those adjustments which will enable the person to build a new life. The last focuses on the possibility of personal growth.
Therese Rando in her 1993 book, Treatment of Complicated Mourning, writes about the six "R's" as she takes yet a different look at the process of grief. Her "R's" include:
1. Recognize the loss.
2. React to the separation.
3. Recollect and reexperience the deceased and the relationship.
4. Relinquish the old attachments to the deceased and the old assumptive world.
5. Readjust to move adaptively into the new world without forgetting the old.
6. Reinvest.
While these analyses vary in approach, each is based on the perception that grief is not static but rather a process leading toward a resolution of the kind of intense emotional conflict you may be suffering at this moment. Once you recognize this, you will be on the path, however slow and winding, to recovery.
Copyright © 1994 by Helen Fitzgerald
Helen Fitzgerald is an author and lecturer certified in thanatology by the Association for Death Education and Counseling. For twenty-three years she was the coordinator of the Grief Program for Mental Health Services in Fairfax County, Virginia, where she conducted many groups for adults, as well as for grieving children ranging from preschool age through the high school years. In July 2000 she retired from that position and then served as the director of training for the American Hospice Foundation. Her books include The Grieving Child, The Mourning Handbook, and The Grieving Teen.
Earl A. Grollman author of Living When a Loved One Has Died I recommend The Mourning Handbook to any reader in search of a path out of the wilderness of despair. It is a compass, pointing the way to recovery.
More books from this author: Helen Fitzgerald |
The geopolitical region of Oceania features 14 countries, of which Australia, Papua New Guinea, and New Zealand are by far the largest. Respectively colonized in 1788 and 1840 by the British, Australia and New Zealand their cultures strongly resemble the cultures of Western Europe. Additionally, many popular British foods and brands are equally popular in Australia and New Zealand, and the nations’ cities boast a distinctive European vibe. The true beauty of both the former British colonies as well as Papua New Guinea, however, lies in their distinct and mesmerizing wildlife: from kangaroos and koalas to tree kangaroos and kiwis, the fauna of these nations alone makes them worth a visit.
Australia, New Zealand, and Papua New Guinea are joined by 11 island nations, the smallest of which is Nauru, a 21 km² micronation with no official capital. Spread across Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia, each of the island nations has developed its own traditions and culture. Though seafaring explores have visited, colonized, and influenced most of the nations’ cultures throughout history, the remote nature of the islands allowed them to preserve those aspects of their cultures that make them so unique.
Looking forward to your trip to Oceania? Read everything about traveling in Oceania in our first-hand experience Travel Guides.
If you’re still thinking about where you want to go, you can also check out our pages for Europe, Africa, West and Central Asia, South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, North America, Central America, the Caribbean, and South America.
Recent blogs about Oceania |
Why is There No 1890 Census?
A surviving 1890 census family schedule for a Rhyne family living in River Bend Township, Gaston County, North Carolina.
A federal census was taken in the United States in 1890, as it had been every decade since 1790. It was especially notable for being the first federal census to provide a separate schedule form for each family, a method that would not be used again until 1970. The result was a volume of papers that far exceeded that of the previous ten federal censuses combined, which Carroll D. Wright, Commissioner of Labor, implied in his 1900 report on The History and Growth of the United States Census may have driven the ill-fated decision not to make copies.
The first damage to the 1890 census occurred on 22 March 1896, when a fire in the Census Building badly damaged the original schedules relating to mortality, crime, pauperism, and benevolence, and the special classes (deaf, dumb, blind, insane, etc.), as well as a portion of the transportation and insurance schedules. First-person accounts claim that carelessness resulted in an unnecessary delay in fighting the fire, yet another tragedy to the 1890 census.1 These damaged 1890 special schedules were believed to have been later destroyed by an order from the Department of the Interior.
The U.S. National Archives was not established until 1934, so the remaining 1890 census schedules, including the population schedules, were languishing in the basement of the Department of Commerce Building in Washington, DC, when fire broke out in January 1921, damaging a good portion of the 1890 census schedules. Many organizations, including the National Genealogical Society and Daughters of the American Revolution petitioned that the remaining damaged and waterlogged volumes be preserved. Despite this public outcry, however, thirteen years on 21 February 1933 Congress authorized the destruction of the surviving 1890 schedules, deeming them as "useless papers" under an Act originally passed by Congress on 16 February 1889 as an “Act to authorize and provide for the disposition of useless papers in the Executive Departments.2 The damaged, but surviving, 1890 federal census schedules were, unfortunately, among the last papers disposed of under this act, an act soon thereafter succeeded by the 1934 law establishing the National Archives.
In the 1940s and 1950s a few bundles of surviving census schedules from 1890 were discovered and moved to the National Archives. However, just 6,160 names were recovered from these surviving fragments of a census which originally counted nearly 63 million Americans.
1. Harry Park, "Careless Fire Service Claimed," The Morning Times, Washington, D.C., 23 March 1896, page 4, col. 6.
2. U.S. Congress, Disposition of Useless Papers in the Department of Commerce, 72nd Congress, 2nd Session, House Report No. 2080 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1933), no. 22 "Schedules, population 1890, original."
For Further Research:
1. Dorman, Robert L. "The Creation and Destruction of the 1890 Federal Census." The American Archivist, Vol. 71 (Fall/Winter 2008) : 350–383.
2. Blake, Kellee. "First in the Path of the Firemen: The Fate of the 1890 Population Census." Prologue, Vol. 28, no. 1 (Spring 1996) : 64–81. |
What Should I Expect from a Wrist MRI?
Nat Robinson
A wrist magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is noninvasive diagnostic test used to access the wrist for an injury or condition. The test is used to diagnose a problem and to provide a medical professional with information on how to treat such problems. This type of imaging test does not use X-rays, and instead captures detailed images of inner body structures on a computer using radio waves and a magnetic field. Commonly, a medical professional will order an MRI over other traditional diagnostic tests because it can clearly show extensive inner structures of the wrist, such as nerves, muscles, tendons, and ligaments, in addition to bones and organs.
A person with wrist pain.
A person with wrist pain.
Often, a wrist MRI may be prescribed to assess a wrist injury. The MRI will be able to detail any injuries to bones, ligaments, or surrounding tissues in the area. Sometimes, an individual may undergo the test for unexplained wrist pain. In this event, the test will be used to pinpoint the cause of pain, so that proper treatment may be administered. Commonly, someone with a pre-existing condition, such as arthritis, may undergo this type of imaging to examine the progress of the condition.
An MRI machine.
An MRI machine.
The test may also be done after wrist surgery to determine the success of the operation. In many cases, physical therapy may be given to assist in recuperation, and it is not uncommon for an individual to undergo an additional MRI several weeks following a surgical procedure or rehabilitation program. This may be done to get a view of the wrist after any side effects of the surgery, such as inflammation, have worn off.
An MRI machine.
An MRI machine.
An MRI machine is a circular shaped tube with a movable table that slides into the machine. For the wrist MRI, the patient will typically lie on the table which will enter into the tube for the test. Although this is usually a painless procedure, people with claustrophobia may find being confined inside the tube as the least enjoyable part. To ensure that the most accurate images are captured, patients are generally asked to lie very still for the duration of the test.
There is generally not a great deal of preparation needed for an MRI of the wrist. Patients will need to remove any metal-containing material before the test, as they will be entering a machine with a magnetic field. Pregnant women should also inform the medical professional of their condition before undergoing this test. Individuals with any type of health problems or who are on prescription medications should make this information known as well. This is typically because a contrast dye may be injected to highlight the area to be studied, and the dye may interact with certain conditions and medications.
After the test, the patient is usually free to go home. The medical professional will typically call with the results as soon they become available. Depending on the results of the wrist MRI, the healthcare provider will be able to make an accurate diagnosis of the problem and plan a course of treatment.
You might also Like
Readers Also Love
Discussion Comments
I had a right wrist MRI arthrogram done last week. I had to lie on my stomach and placed my wrist on some type of platform and the wrist was the only part that went in the machine. I had to stay still for 45 minutes, though!
@feruze-- That's what I thought too but @anon306020 mentioned an extremity scanner. So maybe you don't have to after all.
I thought that no matter which part of your body the MRI is for, you lie in the MRI machine and then the technician will concentrate on the area that needs to be filmed.
That is frustrating though because an MRI is not fun. It really is claustrophobic. The first time I got an MRI, they didn't even tell me how long it would take or the loud noises that would be coming from the machine. So I literally had an anxiety attack while I was inside. I don't like MRIs for this reason but I know that sometimes they're necessary.
So my whole body has to go into the MRI machine even though I only need an MRI of my wrist?
It's most comfortable to have a wrist MRI in a specialized 1.5 T Extremity Scanner.
With an Extremity MRI scanner, you sit in a reclining chair next to a smaller MRI machine. Your arm extends out from your side so your injured wrist goes right into the scanner.
Post your comments
Forgot password? |
indian meal moth up close
rss Subscribe To Blog
Pin It
Filter Articles By:
You've dreamed of having your own business since you were a kid. You've planned and studied and jumped through all the hoops it takes to get that business started, and your dream has come true! But with all dreams, there can be challenges. Perhaps you are finding such success that you are outgrowing your space. Maybe your production cannot keep up with your demand. Do you have people lined up outside your shop, causing traffic jams on the sidewalk? While all these things are usually interpreted as good challenges for a business, there are other challenges that are not so good. Take the invasion of Indian meal moths, for example.
What are Indian meal moths?
Indian meal moths, also called pantry moths, are small, winged, multi-colored moths that look similar to clothing moths. They have a wingspan of about ⅝ of an inch, a reddish brown coloring on their outer wings, and a black band connecting the upper and lower halves of their wings. These moths only fly around at night, since they are nocturnal. And, they tend to fly in a zig-zag pattern. They typically infest food packaging in kitchens, stores, and industrial food processing plants. When they infest, they are known to cause severe damage, and for spoiling food.
What are these moths attracted to?
These moths are drawn in by food items. Once inside a structure, they will work their way into boxes, bins, sacks and other food storage containers. Adult female Indian meal moths like to lay eggs inside the food packaging, within the food itself. When the eggs hatch, the food becomes contaminated and damaged by the larvae, and will need to be thrown out. A severe infestation of this moth can be devastating to a business.
How fast do Indian meal moths multiply?
A female Indian meal moth will lay up to 400 eggs in one period. Within 14 days the eggs hatch and larvae will emerge and begin spinning webs within the food, causing it to become matted, further infested, and spoiled. As the larvae grow, they begin crawling out of the food packaging and up walls toward ceilings where they will form cocoons. Once they become adults, they will mate and the life cycle will start all over again, with new females laying more eggs inside the food. At this rate of reproduction, Indian meal moths can potentially grow into a full-blown infestation in a matter of weeks.
Is there anything that can be done to protect a business from these moths?
Here at Witt Pest Management, we offer pest protection for Pittsburgh businesses that works. With services and products that reflect the latest advances in pest control technology, our experts are able to eradicate and control destructive pests, including the Indian meal moth.
Get rid of pests in your Pittsburgh business, so you can focus on all the positive challenges you face. And trust your pest control to Witt Pest Management, you'll be glad you did.
Tags: commercial pest control in pittsburgh | indian meal moths | facts about indian meal moths | |
Do you know someone who snores? Is it you? Is snoring the same as sleep apnea? If you think they are different, you are correct. In this blog we explore both snoring and sleep apnea. We will discuss lifestyle habits that increase the likelihood of snoring and/or sleep apnea and touch upon snoring in children. The diagnosis and treatment of sleep apnea discussion will be followed by a review of its relationship with type 2 diabetes.
snoring, sleep apnea and type 2 diabetesSnoring
The sounds made when a person is sleeping and the tissues in their airway move, strike each other and vibrate is the medical definition of snoring. (1) Children as well as adults snore. It is thought that almost all children snore occasionally and about 10 percent snore just about every night. (2) In adults, approximately 45 percent snore once in a while and 25 percent do so frequently. It is estimated that one half of snorers have what is called primary snoring (also call simple snoring) and the other half have a serious condition called sleep apnea. (3,4) Primary snorers typically do not have cardiovascular disease, difficulty with concentration nor are they tired during their day. The main problem primary snorers have is annoying the people around them while they sleep. (5) People with obstructive sleep apnea may have these problems. All snorers should request help from their doctors to see if they should be evaluated for serious conditions such as obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea. The term apnea describes conditions where breathing stops. In sleep apnea, breathing stops briefly during sleep. (6)
These conditions are very serious as people with OSA and/or CSA stop breathing for short periods as they sleep. This can occur up to three hundred times a night. Vital organs such as the brain do not get needed oxygen that is provided by breathing normally. It is not hard to imagine that people with this condition also wake up tired from the lack of normal sleep cycles. (4) Sleep apnea is considered a problem when in a one hour time period, breathing stops at least 5 times for more than 9 seconds. (6).The name of the type of doctor that specializes in OSA is an otolaryngologist or sleep specialist. A sleep specialist is often seen for CSA.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)
This type of apnea is caused by an “obstruction” or blockage of the airway when tissues in the oral cavity or throat collapse blocking the airway during sleep. (7) Lack of proper sleep can cause problems such as falling asleep while driving and may affect the ability of the person to do a day’s work. When untreated it increases the risk of many medical problems including heart disease (strokes and heart attacks), and diabetes. (4)
Causes of OSA include:
1. Lack of firm muscle tone in the mouth and throat which causes a blockage by the tongue or muscles around the airway
2. Large amount of tissue around the throat. This may be from large tonsils or other tissues. It may also be a result of weight gain. When people gain excessive weight, they may develop unwanted soft tissue that causes blockage
3. Anatomical differences in the structure of peoples airways
4. Blockages in their airway caused by allergies or infections (4)
Central Sleep apnea
This condition is caused by a malfunction of the brain that signals muscles of the body to breathe. It is not due to a blockage of the airway. (7) For more information on central sleep apnea visit the
Lifestyle habits that increase the likelihood of snoring and OSA
1. Overweight and obese men and also women that have been through menopause can build up fat in their necks which may decrease the muscle tone in the throat and cause a narrowing of the airway which can lead to snoring. This is accentuated by a person sleeping on their back.(6,8)
2. Consuming alcohol can relax the muscles the neck and throat which can cause exaggerated snoring in people. Alcohol also can cause irritation in the airways and also can induce dangerous sleep apnea. (8)
3. Medications such as sedatives can increase the likelihood of snoring. (8)
4. Smoking can cause a swelling, irritation and phlegm in the oral and nasal cavities. This can lead to obstruction, breathing problems and snoring. (8)
5. People with hypothyroidism and/or hypertension also have a greater risk of developing sleep apnea. (6)
Sleep Apnea in Children
In 2012, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) released practice guidelines for snoring in children. It is estimated that as many as 5.7 percent of children in the United States have a condition called uncomplicated obstructive sleep apnea. The AAP recommend screening all children for snoring routinely. It is also recommended that if a child has symptoms of sleep apnea such as snorts or gasps, behavior problems and routine snoring they should be referred for a sleep study. Sometimes tonsil surgery is needed and others may to use a device while sleeping called a continuous positive airway pressure machine (CPAP) to keep their airways open. Overweight children are encouraged to lose weight and sometimes steroidal nasal sprays are ordered to help. Treatment is needed in children in order to provide adequate oxygen during sleep and prevent serious problems such as cognitive deficits, heart problems, high blood pressure and inflammation throughout the body. (2,9)
How is sleep apnea diagnosed and treated?
Usually when a person seeks help from a specialist for snoring, they will experience a comprehensive examination of the oral cavity and neck. Problems related to allergy, sinus infections or problems with obstruction will be noted. Many times a person will need to go to a sleep lab for a sleep study. (4) During a sleep study, the person will be monitored while sleeping to find out what is going on. Recommendations will be made for treatments by the physician. Options may include a CPAP machine worn at night to open up the airway, surgery, mouth appliances to help open the airway and injections to cause the stiffening of the soft tissue. For more information about treatment click here:
Type 2 Diabetes and Sleep Apnea
The International Diabetes Federation has brought to attention the relationship between type 2 diabetes and sleep apnea.
These facts are included on their website:
1. Up to 40 percent of people with OSA will have diabetes (type 2).
2. As many as 58 percent of people with diabetes have a problem with a breathing problem when asleep.
3. Blood glucose control, high blood pressure, stroke and heart failure can be affected by OSA in people with type 2 diabetes. (10)
The IDF recommends screening and treatment for certain people with diabetes. Read the IDF consensus statement on type 2 diabetes and sleep apnea. Snoring and sleep apnea are important issues to discuss with your physician. Make sure you discuss snoring with your medical team so you can be treated if necessary. |
Physics is the branch of science pertaining to the study of different forms of matter, their properties, interactions, and transformations, and so on. In physics , the discovery of nuclear fission has led to each nuclear weapons and nuclear power Computer systems had been additionally invented and later miniaturized utilizing transistors and integrated circuits Info expertise subsequently led to the creation of the Internet , which ushered in the current Data Age People have also been able to explore space with satellites (later used for telecommunication ) and in manned missions going all the best way to the moon.
The science may be leading edge or properly established and the perform can have excessive visibility or be considerably extra mundane, but it is all know-how, and its exploitation is the muse of all competitive advantage. The Massachusetts Institute of Expertise’s (MIT) Laptop Science and Synthetic Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) lately launched a analysis-trade collaboration focused on creating financial technologies that will produce business models, provide new knowledge insights, and enhance articles
Whereas internet entry and expertise have made communication simple, one also can keep connected for so long as it’s necessary. College students also learn to make use of the know-how available to them in pc and tech lessons. Rather, because their brains are still developing and malleable, frequent exposure by so-known as digital natives to know-how is definitely wiring the brain in methods very totally different than in previous articles
A brand new venture in Toronto, known as Quayside, is hoping to change that sample of failures by rethinking an urban neighborhood from the ground up and rebuilding it across the latest digital technologies. Others in education and civic development have found that by piquing students’ interest in social justice or commentary videos posted on YouTube, scholar engagement with world points is enhanced.
It’s true that technology can fulfill many human wants, but its overuse comes with risk. On this know-how, cancer patients’ immune cells, or T cells, are removed, then genetically educated to target most cancers cells and reintroduced into the affected person. As know-how advances, students have better access to academic opportunities like these. Theories of know-how usually try to predict the way forward for expertise primarily based on the high know-how and science of the articles |
Special Report
Animals Humans Are Driving to Extinction
Source: Santiago Ron via Flickr
16. Tandayapa Andes Toad
> Scientific name: Rhaebo olallai
> Animal type: Amphibian
The Tandayapa Andes toad was thought to have been lost since 1970. It was found in a very remote and difficult to explore area in Ecuador, “in a place the species hadn’t been found before,” according to the Global Wildlife Conservation. The area is just about 500 acres, but open-pit mines are destroying the area, threatening the species’ very existence.
Source: Rainer Lesniewski / Getty Images
17. Mindo Robber Frog
> Scientific name: Strabomantis necerus
> Animal type: Amphibian
The Mindo robber frog status was vulnerable last year; now it is critically endangered, possibly extinct. The IUCN estimates no more than 49 mature individuals remain in Colombia and Ecuador, where the frog can be found. Illegal crops, deforestation, and mining have significantly disturbed and reduced the species’ natural habitat.
18. Telmatobius fronteriensis
> Scientific name: Telmatobius fronteriensis
> Animal type: Amphibian
The IUCN doesn’t list a common name for the telmatobius fronteriensis, an amphibian species found in rivers, freshwater marshes, and wetlands in Chile and possibly Bolivia. Extraction of surface water, which is already scarce in the region, is a threat to the species’ natural habitat. One of the biggest copper mining companies in the country operates near the site where the species are found. Sulfur mining has been a significant threat to the species in the past.
Source: PeterHermesFurian / Getty Images
19. Mertens’ Smalltongue Toad
> Scientific name: Werneria mertensiana
> Animal type: Amphibian
The merten’s smalltongue toad is native to Equatorial Guinea, Nigeria, and Cameroon. Its habitat type is forests, rocky areas such as mountain peaks, and wetlands. Although the exact number of mating pairs is not known, the species is under serious threat due to significant agricultural encroachment and human settlement, which have reduced their natural habitat. Chytridiomycosis, a disease caused by a fungus, may also be to blame, according to the IUCN.
Source: CSIRO National Fish Collection via Wikimedia Commons
20. Whitefin Swellshark
> Scientific name: Cephaloscyllium albipinnum
> Animal type: Shark & rays
The iconic whitefin swellshark is on the brink of extinction. Found in Australia, the whitefin swellshark was classified as near threatened just a year ago. The shark’s IUCN status has changed this year to critically endangered, largely due to humans hunting them. Overall, about 100 million sharks are killed every year, often hunted for their fins. |
Question: What Is The Agrarian Reform Law?
What is the most significant agrarian law?
It is the redistribution of private and public agricultural lands to help the beneficiaries survive as small independent farmers, regardless of the “tenurial” arrangement..
What is the reform process?
A first step in the reform process is to establish whether there is a case for reform by examining if there is still a need for the service, the costs incurred in providing the service and whether more cost-effective methods of providing it exist or can be created.
What is the importance of agrarian reform in the Philippines?
Income and living standards – Agrarian reform measures increase in the productivity and thus results to rise in income of rural farmers which will in turn improve the living standard of rural people.
What is the purpose of reform?
Reform (Latin: reformo) means the improvement or amendment of what is wrong, corrupt, unsatisfactory, etc. The use of the word in this way emerges in the late 18th century and is believed to originate from Christopher Wyvill’s Association movement which identified “Parliamentary Reform” as its primary aim.
How can agrarian reform succeed?
In those areas, agrarian reform succeeded because both agriculture productivity and farmer incomes increased. … Both agriculture productivity and farmer incomes increased. Agrarian reform succeeded, even if the support services provided by the government in those areas were still less than desired.
How does Department of Agrarian Reform help the farmers?
The DAR provides support services to ARBs such as training and seminars. It also provide common- service facilities (CSF) such as farm equipment and implement infrastructure projects, such as farm-to-market roads and irrigation.
What is agrarian reform beneficiaries?
(b) Agrarian Reform Beneficiary refers to farmers who were granted lands under Presidential Decree No. 27, the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law and Republic Act No. … (g) Compact Farmers refer to those farmers with adjoining farms operating as a single unit under one management, farm plan and budget.
What is an example of reform?
Reform is defined as to correct someone or something or cause someone or something to be better. An example of reform is sending a troubled teenager to juvenile hall for a month and having the teenager return better behaved.
What is the most important reform movement?
To reform something is to change it for the better. These movements were caused in part by the Second Great Awakening, a renewal of religious faith in the early 1800s. Groups tried to reform many parts of American society, but the two most important were the abolitionist movement and the women’s rights movement.
What is the difference between agrarian reform and land reform?
A situation of ‘agrarian’ reform covers not only a wide redistribution of land but also the provision of infrastructure, services and, sometimes, a whole programme of redistributive and democratic reforms. ‘Land’ reform refers to a narrower redistribu- tion of land, usually to a limited group of beneficiar- ies.
What is the importance of carp?
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is considered to be a very important aquaculture species in many Asian and some European countries. It affects the aerobic decomposition of organic matter and nutrient availability in the water column via bioturbation of benthic sediment during feeding on benthic organisms.
What is agrarian reform?
redistribution of agricultural landFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Agrarian reform can refer either, narrowly, to government-initiated or government-backed redistribution of agricultural land (see land reform) or, broadly, to an overall redirection of the agrarian system of the country, which often includes land reform measures.
What is agrarian reform law in the Philippines?
6657, more popularly known as the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law.” The law paved the way for the redistribution of agricultural lands to tenant-farmers from landowners, who were paid in exchange by the government through just compensation but were also allowed to retain not more than five hectares of land.
What is the purpose of Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law?
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law of 1988 (Republic Act No. 6657). An Act instituting a comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program to promote social justice and industrialization, providing the mechanism for its implementation, and for other purposes. The Act consists of 78 sections, divided into 15 Chapters.
Is agrarian reform in the Philippines a failure?
(From Manila) IN THE PHILIPPINES, few issues incite as much passion and interest among the masses and leftist groups as agrarian reform, because it calls for the redistribution of land to small farmers and landless agricultural workers. … |
Are We Slowly Moving Closer To The Sun?
What country is closest to the sun?
EcuadorThe most common answer is “the summit of Chimborazo volcano in Ecuador”.
This volcano is the point on Earth’s surface that is furthest from the center of Earth, and that is then equated to being the closest to the Sun..
Is distance between Sun and Earth decreasing?
They calculate that, thanks to Earth, the sun’s rotation rate is slowing by 3 milliseconds per century (0.00003 second per year). According to their explanation, the distance between the Earth and sun is growing because the sun is losing its angular momentum.
What planet is the densest?
Earth is closer to that limit than anything else in our Solar System, and the combination of its relatively dense composition and its enormous self-gravity, as we’re 18 times as massive as Mercury, places us alone as the densest object in our Solar System.
Which day sun is closest to Earth?
Answer: On January 4, 2003, our Earth made its closest approach to the Sun for the year– an event astronomers call perihelion. At perihelion, the Earth is about 147.5 million km away from the Sun. (At the greatest separation, the two are about 152.6 million km apart – which will occur this year on July 4.)
How close is Venus to Earth today?
173,147,263 kilometersThe distance of Venus from Earth is currently 173,147,263 kilometers, equivalent to 1.157418 Astronomical Units.
How close is the Sun to Earth right now?
Today, we’re about 3 million miles (5 million km) farther from the sun than we will be six months from now. That’s in contrast to our average distance from the sun of about 93 million miles (150 million km).
What planet rains diamonds?
Why does the moon not spin?
The Moon does not rotate. The Moon does spin on its axis, completing a rotation once every 27.3 days; the confusion is caused because it also takes the same period to orbit the Earth, so that it keeps the same side facing us.
Why do we not feel the earth moving?
We can’t feel Earth rotating because we’re all moving with it, at the same constant speed. Image via Earth spins on its axis once in every 24-hour day. … It’s because you and everything else – including Earth’s oceans and atmosphere – are spinning along with the Earth at the same constant speed.
Do planets closer to the sun move faster?
The closer a planet is to the Sun, the less time it takes for it to go around the Sun. It takes less time because the length of the orbit is shorter (a smaller orbit), but it also moves faster in its orbit.
At what speed is the sun moving?
What is the hottest planet?
Which is the only planet Having life?
Though other bodies in our solar system, such as Saturn’s moon Titan, seem like they could have once been hospitable to some form of life, and scientists still have hope of eventually digging up microbes beneath the surface of Mars, Earth is still the only world known to support life.
What if Earth stopped spinning?
|
How do you show section planes in SketchUp?
How do you view section plane in Sketchup?
To add a section plane, follow these steps:
1. Choose Tools, Section Plane to activate the Section Plane tool. …
2. Move the Section Plane tool around your model. …
3. After you figure out where you want to cut, click once to add a section plane. …
4. Choose the Move tool.
How do you activate two planes in Sketchup?
To use simultaneously active planes, the trick is to group your model with a section plane and create another one outside the group. Create the first section plane, and place it at the desired position. To avoid letting any part of the model out, double-click the first section plane to de-activate it.
How do I unhide a section plane in Sketchup?
Have a look at the Styles window area and under the Edit > Modeling area you will see the ability turn on/off the Section Planes variable.
What is section plane in SketchUp?
In SketchUp, section planes cut a model along a plane so that you can peer inside the model – without moving or hiding any geometry. In a 3D model, an active section plane hides everything on one side of the plane, as shown in the following figure.
IT IS INTERESTING: How big can a 3d printed house be?
How do I cut a shape in Sketchup?
Just select the geometry you want to bring into the group/component, hit Ctrl+C/Ctrl+X (Or command on Max), then double click the group to edit, and then right click and select ‘Paste-in-Place’. (See attached image). Now the geometry you want to cut away from your group should be manipulatable inside the group itself.
How do I cut a model in Sketchup?
How to Cut Your SketchUp Model into Parts for 3D Printing
1. 1Select the group you want to cut and make a new group around it. …
2. 2Working inside the new group, create geometry in the shape of the cut you want to make. …
3. 3Select the Cutter object and choose Edit→Intersect Faces with Context (or choose Edit from the right-click menu).
How do I unhide in Sketchup?
Also you can go to View> check hidden geometry, then right click on the group and click on unhide.
How do you make lines thicker in SketchUp?
Click [x] Edges. In the drop down box Color, select [By material]. Click [x] Profiles and adjust the value to get different line thicknesses.
Special Project |
Select Page
Optimum twist diagram
Singles yarn
Singles yarn is the most simple strand of textile material suitable for operations such as weaving and knitting. A singles yarn formed from fibres with more or less twist; from filaments with or without the twist.
Z-Twist is a term used to describe a right-handed twisted yarn, in contrast to S-Twist.
Optimum twist
The optimum twist is a term used in spun yarns, to describe the number of twists that gives the maximum breaking strength or the maximum bulk at strength levels acceptable for weaving or knitting.
Friction spinning
Friction spinning is a spinning system in which the yarn receives its twist by being rolled along the longitudinal axis in the nip between two revolving surfaces. |
Two mobile phones side by side showing different outcomes of an automated decision. If someone parks their car in the middle of the city, the risk factor is higher than if they park their car in a monitored parking lot.
People can test how an automated decision changes by trying different data inputs before committing to the result.
For example, when buying car insurance, someone could test how parking their car in different places change the cost of the policy before they purchase it.
IF thinks this pattern is useful because it exposes how automated systems make decisions without overwhelming someone with technical information. This pattern works best when combined with ways to feedback or get support if the result doesn’t look right.
• A low-friction way to help users understand more about how automated decisions are made that doesn’t require lots of previous knowledge.
• Helps someone test the output before they commit to a course of action.
• This pattern allows people to test a model using dummy data. (They don’t necessarily have to share any real data about themselves.)
• People might create their own theories for why outcomes change, unless it’s combined with other explanation methods. This could work against the intent of the pattern by undermining understanding and explainability.
• Risk metric on Flock →
Flock, a drone insurance company, uses this pattern in their app to help pilots understand the risk number generated by Flock’s algorithm, and act on it by using it to select different insurance plans.
• ImageNet Roulette →
ImageNet Roulette was an experiment published by the AINow Institute that used an algorithm trained using images of people from ImageNet to classify photos uploaded by users. The authors said:“...ImageNet contains a number of problematic, offensive, and bizarre categories. Hence, the results ImageNet Roulette returns often draw upon those categories. That is by design we want to shed light on what happens when technical systems are trained using problematic training data.” |
Soil Gas Intrusion Testing
Soil Gas Intrusion Testing
Vapor intrusion is the process whereby VOC gasses from chemical spills that have contaminated soil or groundwater make their way into a building. Contamination from these spills will sometimes spread in a plume to locations underneath nearby buildings. Vapors can intrude into buildings from the ground underneath them.
Testing for these contaminates is targeted for VOCs known to be components of the spill.
Because the levels are usually quite low, a very sensitive test procedure is required to detect them. The test procedure, called mass spectrometry/gas chromatograph analysis, requires samples be collected and sent to a certified laboratory for analysis.
What We Do
The first part of the investigation is to determine what the target compound or compounds are...
Once that has been established, designing a testing protocol is necessary to ensure the desired information from the testing will be achieved. These protocols may involve more than one kind of test.
Once the tests have been conducted, interpreting the results will allow for a clearer picture of what’s going on. This in turn helps determine a proper course of action.
What Does It Cost?
The cost for this kind of testing requires a customized quote.
Call for free discussion. 508-360-3700
Call Us TODAY!
For an air quality inspection or just to learn more about air quality testing and how you can benefit. We'd love to hear from you! |
Herbs & Plants
Lactuca sativa longifolia
[amazon_link asins=’B00FT41XEE,B004ZSXKN2,B002Y2URM8,B01C0TCDLC,B01MRSEZKY,B017CJIN0K,B00KKXB8QW,B01ILPCG84,B00IJ1AIG8′ template=’ProductCarousel’ store=’finmeacur-20′ marketplace=’US’ link_id=’e52ca0cf-9dc3-11e7-986d-3f13c33a65f6′]
Botanical Name: Lactuca sativa longifolia
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Lactuca
Species: L. sativa
Kingdom: Plantae
Order: Asterales
Tribe :Cichorieae
Common Name : Cos Lettuce, Romaine lettuce
Habitat: Of garden origin, probably derived from L. serriola. It is grown on cultivated bed.
Lactuca sativa longifolia is an annual/biennial plant growing to 0.9 m (3ft) by 0.3 m (1ft in).
It is not frost tender. It is in flower from Jul to August, and the seeds ripen from Aug to September. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Flies, self.The plant is self-fertile.
Prefers a light sandy loam. Succeeds in most well-drained, humus-rich soils but dislikes acid conditions. Plants strongly dislike dry conditions, quickly running to seed in such a situation. Early and late sowings are best in a sunny position, but summer crops are best given a position with some shade in order to slow down the plants tendency to go to seed and to prevent the leaves becoming bitter. The garden lettuce is widely cultivated in many parts of the world for its edible leaves and is probably the most commonly grown salad plant. This is the cos lettuce, a taller growing plant that has longer, thinner leaves and a more erect habit, it does not form a compact heart. There are many named varieties capable of providing fresh leaves throughout the year if winter protection is given in temperate areas. Lettuces are quite a problematic crop to grow. They require quite a lot of attention to protect them from pests such as slugs, aphids and birds. If the weather is hot and dry the plants tend to run very quickly to seed, developing a bitter flavour as they do so. In wet weather they are likely to develop fungal diseases. In addition, the seed needs to be sown at regular intervals of 2- 3 weeks during the growing season in order to provide a regular supply of leaves. Lettuces make a good companion plant for strawberries, carrots, radishes and onions. They also grow well with cucumbers, cabbages and beetroot.
Seed – sow a small quantity of seed in situ every 2 or 3 weeks from March (with protection in cooler areas) to June and make another sowing in August/September for a winter/spring crop. Only just cover the seed. Germination is usually rapid and good, thin the plants if necessary, these thinnings can be transplanted to produce a slightly later crop (but they will need to be well watered in dry weather). More certain winter crops can be obtained by sowing in a frame in September/October and again in January/February.
Edible Uses:
Leaves – raw or cooked. A mild slightly sweet flavour with a crisp texture, lettuce is a very commonly used salad leaf and can also be cooked as a potherb or be added to soups etc. A nutritional analysis is available. Seed – sprouted and used in salads or sandwiches. An edible oil is obtained from the seed. The seed is very small, extraction of the oil on any scale would not be very feasible.
Medicinal Uses :
The whole plant is rich in a milky sap that flows freely from any wounds. This hardens and dries when in contact with the air[4]. The sap contains ‘lactucarium‘, which is used in medicine for its anodyne, antispasmodic, digestive, diuretic, hypnotic, narcotic and sedative properties. Lactucarium has the effects of a feeble opium, but without its tendency to cause digestive upsets, nor is it addictive. It is taken internally in the treatment of insomnia, anxiety, neuroses, hyperactivity in children, dry coughs, whooping cough, rheumatic pain etc[238]. Concentrations of lactucarium are low in young plants and most concentrated when the plant comes into flower. It is collected commercially by cutting the heads of the plants and scraping the juice into china vessels several times a day until the plant is exhausted. The cultivated lettuce does not contain as much lactucarium as the wild species, most being produced when the plant is in flower. An infusion of the fresh or dried flowering plant can also be used. The plant should be used with caution, and never without the supervision of a skilled practitioner. Even normal doses can cause drowsiness whilst excess causes restlessness[238] and overdoses can cause death through cardiac paralysis. Some physicians believe that any effects of this medicine are caused by the mind of the patient rather than by the medicine. The sap has also been applied externally in the treatment of warts. The seed is anodyne and galactogogue. Lettuce has acquired a folk reputation as an anaphrodisiac, anodyne, carminative, diuretic, emollient, febrifuge, hypoglycaemic, hypnotic, narcotic, parasiticide and sedative.
Other Uses:
Parasiticide. No further details are given, but it is probably the sap of flowering plants that is used. The seed is said to be used to make hair grow on scar tissue.
Known Hazards : The mature plant is mildly toxic.
Herbs & Plants
Agropyrum repens
[amazon_link asins=’B00D7OMHAC,B0008CUEBA’ template=’ProductCarousel’ store=’finmeacur-20′ marketplace=’US’ link_id=’927a3862-2401-11e7-8423-5d645f59eeb2′]
Botanical Name: Agropyrum repens
Family: Poaceae
Genus: Elymus
Species: E. repens
Kingdom: Plantae
Order: Poales
Synonyms: Twitch-grass. Scotch Quelch. Quick-grass. Dog-grass. Triticum repens (Linn.).
Commo Namen : Couch grass
Other names : Common couch, Twitch, Quick grass, Quitch grass (also just quitch), Dog grass, Quackgrass, Scutch grass, and Witchgrass
Habitat:Agropyrum repens is native to most of Europe, Asia, the Arctic biome, and northwest Africa. It has been brought into other mild northern climates for forage or erosion
Agropyrum repens or couch grass is a very common perennial species of grass. It has creeping rhizomes which enable it to grow rapidly across grassland. It has flat, hairy leaves with upright flower spikes. The stems (‘culms’) grow to 40–150 cm tall; the leaves are linear, 15–40 cm long and 3–10 mm broad at the base of the plant, with leaves higher on the stems 2–8.5 mm broad. The flower spike is 10–30 cm long, with spikelets 1–2 cm long, 5–7 mm broad and 3 mm thick with three to eight florets. The glumes are 7–12 mm long, usually without an awn or with only a short one…..CLICK & SEE THE PICTURES
It flowers at the end of June through to August in the northern hemisphere.
Part Used in medicine : The rhizome, or underground stem, collected in the spring and freed from leaves and roots.
Constituents: Couch-grass rhizome contains about 7 to 8 per cent of Triticin (a carbohydrate resembling Inulin) and yielding levulose on hydrolysis. It appears to occur in the rhizome of other grasses, and possibly is widely diffused in the vegetable kingdom. Sugar, Inosite, Mucilage and acid malates are also constituents of the drug. Lactic acid and mannite may occur in an extract of the rhizome, but are understood to be fermentation products. Starch is not present and no definite active constituent has yet been discovered. The rhizome leaves about 4 1/2 per cent ash on incineration.
Medicinal Uses:
Diuretic demulcent. Much used in cystitis and thetreatment of catarrhal diseases of the bladder. It palliates irritation of the urinary passages and gives relief in cases of gravel.
It is also recommended in gout and rheumatism. It is supposed to owe its diuretic effect to its sugar, and is best given in the form of an infusion, made from 1 OZ. to a pint of boiling water, which may be freely used taken in wineglassful doses. A decoction is also made by putting 2 to 4 oz. in a quart of water and reducing down to a pint by boiling. Of the liquid extract 1/2 to 2 teaspoonsful are given in water.
Couch-grass is official in the Indian and Colonial Addendum of the British Pharmacopoeia for use in the Australasian, Eastern and North American Colonies, where it is much employed.
The dried rhizomes of couch grass were broken up and used as incense in medieval northern Europe where other resin-based types of incense were unavailable. Elymus repens (Agropyron repens) rhizomes have been used in the traditional Austrian medicine against fever, internally as a tea, syrup, or cold maceration in water, or externally applied as a crude drug.
Other Uses:
The foliage is an important forage grass for many grazing mammals. The seeds are eaten by several species of grassland birds, particularly buntings and finches. The caterpillars of some Lepidoptera use it as a foodplant, e.g. the Essex Skipper (Thymelicus lineola).
Herbs & Plants
Epigaea repens
[amazon_link asins=’B00087I8LS,B01N2I2298,B000H4HRJQ,B076VS42SH,B076BTQCRV,B01N4217FQ’ template=’ProductCarousel’ store=’finmeacur-20′ marketplace=’US’ link_id=’d5f92997-cc77-11e7-b827-2ff5f4bd086e’]
Botanical Name: Epigaea repens
Family: Ericaceae
Genus: Epigaea
Species: E. repens
Kingdom: Plantae
Order: Ericales
Common Names: Mayflower or Trailing arbutus
Click & see the pictures
Propagation :
Medicinal Uses:
Astringent; Diuretic; Tonic.
Other Uses:
Herbs & Plants
[amazon_link asins=’B0001KZ8YC,1452123527,B01BPUHZRE,0486280616,B00GPV8I3Y,B0000TLF4Q,B0002BKAZW,B0000E6GZY,B00E7BEV3K’ template=’ProductCarousel’ store=’finmeacur-20′ marketplace=’US’ link_id=’77ee473d-785f-11e7-8408-f1c5c9136925′]
Botanical Name : Gaylussacia baccata
Family: Ericaceae
Genus: Gaylussacia
Species: G. baccata
Kingdom: Plantae
Order: Ericales
Gaylussacia baccata (Wangenh.) K. Koch
DEBA7 Decachaena baccata (Wangenh.) Small
Common Name:Huckleberry
Habitat :Gaylussacia baccata is found throughout a wide area of northeastern North America
Black huckleberry is a low-growing, freely branched, deciduous shrub. It is rigid and erect, generally growing to 3 feet (1 m) tall. Shrubs are often found in clumps due to dense clonal spread . Site conditions can affect the growth form. Black huckleberry shrubs grown in the shade are typically taller and more open, while those in open conditions are often shorter and more compact.
New branches are minutely hairy, and older wood often has peeling bark . Leaves are simple, alternate, and measure 0.9 to 2.2 inches (2-5.5 cm) long by 0.4 to 1 inch (1-2.5 cm) wide. The firm, shiny, hairless leaves have resinous dots .
Flowers are small, cylindrical to bell shaped, and arranged in one-sided racemes . Black huckleberry produces berry like drupe fruits that are generally 0.25 inch (0.63 cm) in diameter. Ten seeds approximately 2 mm long are produced per drupe . In a review, an average of 22,100 clean seeds weighed an ounce and 780 weighed a gram . One hundred “plump” seeds collected from Maryland weighed 136 mg .
Belowground description: Black huckleberry is shallowly rooted below slender scaly rhizomes. It lacks a taproot. In the New Jersey pine barrens, complete underground structures of 5 black huckleberry shrubs were exposed by careful hand digging. The researcher found that rhizomes were predominantly in the A0 and A1 soil horizons. In soils without these layers, rhizomes are normally concentrated in the top 2 to 3 inches (5-8 cm) of mineral soil. Long rhizomes, while typically confined to the upper soil horizons, may reach as deep as 8 inches (20 cm). Black huckleberry roots and rhizomes often reach the water table in lowland areas but rarely reach the water table in upland sites. Rhizome diameters were generally 0.25 to 0.75 inch (0.6-2 cm) but on occasion were as large as 2 inches (5 cm). Short roots were present along all rhizomes. Longer roots, sometimes as long as 2 feet (0.6 m), arose at rhizome forks or stem bases
Medicinal Uses:
An infusion of the leaves, or the bark, has been used in the treatment of dysentery. An infusion of the leaves has been used in the treatment of Bright’s disease.
Enhanced by Zemanta
Ailmemts & Remedies
Water makes up around 75 per cent of the human body. It’s important for digestion, joint function, healthy skin and removal of waste products.
Dehydration occurs when more fluid is lost from the body than is taken in. This causes an imbalance in important minerals, such as sodium and potassium, which are required for muscle and nerve function.
If there is a one per cent or greater loss in body weight because of fluid loss, dehydration occurs. This may be mild, moderate or severe, depending on the amount lost.
Who are at Risk?
Anyone’s at risk of dehydration, but some people are more at risk than others.
•Babies and young children have relatively low body weights, making them more vulnerable to the effects of fluid loss.
•Older adults tend to eat less and may forget to eat and drink during the day. With increasing age, the body’s ability to conserve water decreases and a person’s sense of thirst becomes less acute. Illness and disability are also more common, which may make it harder to eat and drink enough.
•People with long-term medical conditions, such as kidney disease and alcoholism, are more at risk of dehydration.
•Short-term, acute health problems, such as viral infections, can result in dehydration because fever and increased sweating mean more fluid is lost from the body. Such illnesses may also make you feel less inclined to eat and drink.
•People living or working in hot climates or those who take part in sports or other strenuous physical activities are at greater risk of dehydration.
The body’s initial responses to dehydration are thirst to increase water intake along with decreased urine output to try to conserve water. The urine will become concentrated and more yellow in color.
•dry mouth,
•the eyes stop making tears,
•sweating may stop,
•muscle cramps,
•nausea and vomiting,
•heart palpitations, and
•lightheadedness (especially when standing).
The body tries to maintain cardiac output (the amount of blood that is pumped by the heart to the body); and if the amount of fluid in the intravascular space is decreased, the body tries to compensate for this decrease by increasing the heart rate and making blood vessels constrict to try to maintain blood pressure and blood flow to the vital organs of the body. This coping mechanism begins to fail as the level of dehydration increases.
With severe dehydration, confusion and weakness will occur as the brain and other body organs receive less blood. Finally, coma and organ failure, and death eventually will occur if the dehydration remains untreated.
Around two-thirds of the water we need comes from drinks. Up to one-third comes from food (tomatoes, cucumber, fish and poultry are good sources). Some is also provided as a result of chemical reactions within the body.
The average adult loses around 2.5 litres of water every day through the normal processes of breathing, sweating and waste removal. If we lose more fluid than usual this tips the balance towards dehydration.
Your body may lose too much fluids from:
•Vomiting or diarrhea
•Excessive sweating (for example, from exercise)
You might not drink enough fluids because of:
•Loss of appetite due to illness
•Sore throat or mouth sores
Lifestyle factors such as drinking too much alcohol, exercise, being in a hot environment or being too busy to drink liquid can also lead to dehydration.
Dehydration is often a clinical diagnosis. Aside from diagnosing the reason for dehydration, the health care practitioner’s examination of the patient will assess the level of dehydration. Initial evaluations may include:
•Mental status tests to evaluate whether the patient is awake, alert, and oriented. Infants and children may appear listless and have whiny cries and decreased muscle tone.
•Vital signs may include postural readings (blood pressure and pulse rate are taken lying down and standing). With dehydration, the pulse rate may increase and the blood pressure may drop because the intravascular space is depleted of fluid. People taking beta blocker medications for high blood pressure, heart disease, or other indications, occasionally lose the ability to increase their heart rate as a compensation mechanism since these medications block the adrenaline receptors in the body.
•Temperature may be measured to assess fever.
•Skin may be checked to see if sweat is present and to assess the degree of elasticity (turgor). As dehydration progresses, the skin loses its water content and becomes less elastic.
•Infants may have additional evaluations performed, including checking for a soft spot on the skull (sunken fontanelle), assessing the suck mechanism, muscle tone, or loss of sweat in the armpits and groin. All are signs of potential significant dehydration.
•Pediatric patients are often weighed during routine child visits, thus a body weight measurement may be helpful in assessing how much water has been lost with the acute illness.
Laboratory testing:-
The purpose of blood tests is to assess potential electrolyte abnormalities (especially sodium levels) associated with the dehydration. Tests may or may not be done on the patient depending upon the underlying cause of dehydration, the severity of illness, and the health care practitioner’s assessment of their needs.
Urinalysis may be done to determine urine concentration – the more concentrated the urine, the more dehydrated the patient.
As is often the case in medicine, prevention is the important first step in the treatment of dehydration. (Please see the home treatment and prevention sections.)
Fluid replacement is the treatment for dehydration. This may be attempted by replacing fluid by mouth, but if this fails, intravenous fluid (IV) may be required. Should oral rehydration be attempted, frequent small amounts of clear fluids should be used.
Clear fluids include:
•clear broths,
•Jell-O, and
•other replacement fluids that may contain electrolytes (Pedialyte, Gatorade, Powerade, etc.)
Decisions about the use of intravenous fluids depend upon the health care practitioner’s assessment of the extent of dehydration and the ability for the patient to recover from the underlying cause.
The success of the rehydration therapy can be monitored by urine output. When the body is dry, the kidneys try to hold on to as much fluid as possible, urine output is decreased, and the urine itself is concentrated. As treatment occurs, the kidneys sense the increased amount of fluid, and urine output increases.
Medications may be used to treat underlying illnesses and to control fever, vomiting, or diarrhea.
Home Treatment:
Dehydration occurs over time. If it can be recognized in its earliest stages, and if its cause can be addressed, home treatment may be beneficial and adequate.
Steps a person can take at home to prevent severe dehydration include:
•Individuals with vomiting and diarrhea can try to alter their diet and use medications to control symptoms to minimize water loss. Clear fluids often recommended as the diet of choice for the first 24 hours, with gradual progression to a BRAT diet (bananas, rice, apples, toast) and then adding more foods as tolerated.
•Loperamide (Imodium) may be considered to control diarrhea.
•Acetaminophen or ibuprofen may be used to control fever.
•Fluid replacements may be attempted by small, frequent amounts of clear fluids (see clear fluids information in previous section). The amount of fluid required to maintain hydration depends upon the individual’s weight. The average adult needs between 2 and 3 liters of fluid per day.
If the person becomes confused or lethargic; if there is persistent, uncontrolled fever, vomiting, or diarrhea; or if there are any other specific concerns, then medical care should be accessed.
•Environment: Dehydration due to the weather is a preventable condition. If possible, activities should not be scheduled in the heat of the day. If they are, adequate fluids should be available, and cooler, shaded areas should be used if possible. Of course, people should be monitored to make certain they are safe. Those working in hot environments need to take care to rehydrate often.
•Exercise: People exercising in a hot environment need to drink adequate amounts of water.
•Age: The young and elderly are most at risk. During heat waves, attempts should be made to check on the elderly in their homes. During the Chicago heat wave of 1995, more than 600 people died in their homes from heat exposure.
•Heat related conditions: Know the signs and symptoms of heat cramps, heat rash, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke. Preventing dehydration is one step to avoid these conditions.
Carefully monitor someone who is ill, especially an infant, child, or older adult. If you believe that dehydration is developing, consult a doctor before the person becomes moderately or severely dehydrated. Begin fluid replacement as soon as vomiting and diarrhea start — DO NOT wait for signs of dehydration.
Enhanced by Zemanta |
How OpenAPI and Swagger helps in developing RESTful APIs?
Image for post
Image for post
We are all aware of how APIs connect different devices and applications and allow us to place an order, book a flight, or make a reservation.
Since software products are becoming more and more about a bunch of micro-services and third-party APIs mashed together, it is critical to get their structure in order. Plus, as the number of APIs continues to rise, the lack of global API standard risks slowing down innovation and limiting collaboration.
That’s where specification comes in the picture.
An API specification is a document that describes an API.
It is stored in a machine-readable form such as JSON or a YAML file and can be converted to human-readable API documentation.
What is Swagger and OpenAPI Specification?
Swagger is a tool for designing, building, documenting, and mocking APIs. It uses the OpenAPI Specification (also known as OAS) to describe requests, responses, and any other details about your RESTful APIs.
(RESTful APIs enable web applications that are built on various programming languages to communicate with each other.)
Swagger and OpenAPI specification lets developers design and develop REST APIs seamlessly and effortlessly. These specifications help in describing the structure of a REST API so that machines can read and mock them.
For instance, to access a REST service, the client needs to know the REST API of that particular service. You would also need to write the code according to that documentation.
With OpenAPI, this step is automated.
There exists a machine parse-able file that explains to computers how a REST API works. It tells code what replies to expect and what requests exist. To quote from the OpenAPI description:
“The OpenAPI Specification (OAS) defines a standard, language-agnostic interface to RESTful APIs. This can be used by documentation generation tools to display the API, code generation tools to generate servers and clients in various programming languages, testing tools, and many other use cases.”
Developing APIs with Swagger and OpenAPI
The Swagger toolset includes a mix of open source, free, and commercial tools, which can be used at different stages of the API lifecycle while using OpenAPI spec.
These tools include:
• Swagger Inspector: API testing tool that generates OpenAPI definitions from an existing API and lets you validate your APIs.
• SwaggerHub: API design and documentation, built for teams working with OpenAPI.
• Swagger Editor: Swagger Editor lets you preview documents in real-time, and edit OpenAPI specifications in YAML inside your browser.
• Swagger UI: Swagger UI is a collection of CSS, Javascript and HTML, and assets that dynamically generate beautiful documentation from an OAS-compliant API.
And others…..
For instance,
Writing your first specification?
You can use which loads petstore samples.
Image for post
Image for post
The left side shows OpenAPI specification and the right side shows OpenAPI documentation which is generated based on spec. Initially, developers used to create documentation from the code.
Adding a step of specification while creating an API helps in sharing it with different teams who are going to work on these APIs or use these APIs in their application. That’s when the design and documentation of APIs come in handy.
So if you have an OpenAPI implementation and an OpenAPI description file of a REST API, you can feed that description file to the OpenAPI implementation.
And this implementation now knows how to use the REST API, it can even auto generate code to use the REST API in different languages or can generate human readable documentation for you.
Why OpenAPI Spec for developers?
As shown above, many developers find it valuable to work with a specification to automatically generate and improve their documentation, as this improves consistency and saves time.
Also, it enhances the developer experience as it makes it easier to try out and explore an API. As it helps other developers to consume your API, and having a well defined/documented API will have a great impact on it. You can focus on the API consumers need beforehand.
Secondly, it enables independence between teams, e.g, QA, Backend, and Frontend engineers know how the API is supposed to do, so they are all aligned on it.
Removing these dependencies speeds up the release process because different teams can do their tasks at a much faster pace.
The OpenAPI Initiative is part of the Linux Foundation, which makes it a bit more trustworthy and at least looks like it won’t go away soon.
Whereas, Swagger tools are convenient because you can manage files in the repository and send it out as specifications with one command.
Whatever your approach to building APIs, we can help you in having a trusted and consumer friendly tool to orchestrate your API lifecycle, which can be a crucial game changer in your application development.
Originally published at on August 31, 2020.
Written by
Technology Insights, Design Trends and Industry Updates.
Get the Medium app
|
(redirected from Energy dependence)
Energy law concerns the production, distribution, and development of energy resources. In recent decades, renewable resources such as solar power have gained support. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
Laws and regulations concerning the production and distribution of energy have existed for over one hundred years in the United States. Energy law became recognized as a specialty following the energy crises of the 1970s. It focuses on the production, distribution, conservation, and development of energy resources like coal, oil, natural gas, Nuclear Power, and hydroelectric power.
In 1876, the U.S. Supreme Court, in Munn v. Illinois, 94 U.S. (Otto) 113, 24 L. Ed. 77, held that "natural monopolies" could be regulated by the government. Munn concerned grain elevators but stood more generally for the principle that the public must be allowed to control private property committed to a use in which the public has an interest. This legal recognition of natural monopolies provides the basis for much of the legal and regulatory control the government exercises over utility companies.
The regulation of energy in the late 1800s was on a local and regional level, and was primarily market driven. The transition from using wood as a primary source of energy to using coal was almost complete, and a second transition from coal to natural gas and oil was beginning.
In 1900, Standard Oil Company controlled 90 percent of the oil market; within a few years, antitrust litigation had reduced its market share to 64 percent. Aside from antitrust enforcement, the federal government was content to let the market control the energy industry. Oil, coal, and natural gas found their greatest structural impediment in the "bottleneck" of distribution—pipelines for oil and natural gas, and railways for coal. The dominant model of energy policy that emerged from this period and existed unchanged until the 1970s was one of support for conventional resources and regulation of industries whose natural monopolies required some government oversight to ensure that their public purpose served a public interest.
On October 17, 1973, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) announced an embargo of oil exports to all countries, including the United States, that were supporting Israel in the Yom Kippur War. Only approximately 10 percent of the United States' oil imports were affected, but the perception of a major oil shortage motivated the next three presidential administrations to exert a strong federal influence over energy.
President Richard M. Nixon created the Federal Energy Office (Exec. Order No. 11,930, 41 Fed. Reg. 32, 399) and appointed an "energy czar" to oversee oil supplies. President Gerald R. Ford's administration saw the passage of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve (42 U.S.C.A. § 6234) and the promulgation of minimum efficiency regulations for automobiles. In 1977, Jimmy Carter's administration created the department of energy (42 U.S.C.A. § 7101), which was the framework for the coordination, administration, and execution of a comprehensive national energy program.
The goal of a comprehensive national energy program was achieved with the passage of the National Energy Act of 1978, which consisted of five distinct pieces of legislation. The National Energy Conservation Policy Act (42 U.S.C.A. § 8201 et seq.) set standards and provided financing for conservation in buildings. The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel Use Act (42 U.S.C.A. § 8301 et seq.) encouraged the transition from oil and gas to coal in boilers. The Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act (15 U.S.C.A. § 2601) granted Congress authority over the interstate transmission of electric power. The Natural Gas Policy Act (15 U.S.C.A. § 3301) unified the gas market and promoted the deregulation of the natural gas industry. The Energy Tax Act (26 U.S.C.A. § 1 et seq.) approved tax credits to promote conservation.
The administration of ronald reagan set policies that marked a significant change in the national energy policy, away from the Carter administration's centralized, governmentally regulated energy plan, which set ambitious goals for market stabilization and energy conservation through government intervention. The Reagan administration favored a more market-driven approach to achieve these goals. Although unsuccessful in its goal to abolish the Department of Energy, the Reagan administration was able to deregulate the natural gas industry through administrative initiatives (under the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission) and the Wellhead Decontrol Act of 1989 (15 U.S.C.A. § 3301).
The administration of george h. w. bush also favored a market-driven approach to the regulation of energy, but the Persian Gulf War against Iraq in 1991 required Congress to respond to volatile conditions in the oil-exporting Middle East. The National Energy Policy Act of 1992 (42 U.S.C.A. § 13201) addressed issues such as competition among electric power generators and tax credits for wind and biomass energy production systems.
The National Energy Policy Plan, issued in 1995 during Bill Clinton's administration, continued the market-focused approach of the Reagan and Bush administrations. Citing as its primary goal a "sustainable energy policy," the plan states that the "administration's energy policy supports and reinforces the dominant role of the private sector" in achieving this goal.
The mid-1990s focus of market-driven, private sector regulation of energy development, conservation, and distribution may have to change in the years ahead. The energy needs of industrialized nations are intensifying, and the developing countries of the world are increasing their energy demands at a rate of 4.5 percent a year. Oil demand in Asia alone grew 50 percent from 1985 to 1995.
Energy policies in the future are likely to include emphasis on the development of more efficient, sustainable sources of energy. Many countries are already exploring the energy potential of biomass, wind, hydroelectric, and solar power.
Further readings
Laitos, Jan G., and Tomain, Joseph. 1992. Energy and Natural Resources Law. St. Paul, Minn.: West.
Miller, Alan S. 1995. "Energy Policy from Nixon to Clinton: From Grand Provider to Market Facilitator." Environmental Law 25.
Reilly, Kathleen C. 1995. "Global Benefits versus Local Concerns: The Need for a Bird's Eye View of Nuclear Energy." Indiana Law Journal 70.
Tomain, Joseph P. 1990. "The Dominant Model of United States Energy Policy." University of Colorado Law Review 61.
Electricity; Energy Department; Environmental Law; Mine and Mineral Law; Public Utilities.
References in periodicals archive ?
In Figures 3 and 4(a), we have plotted the energy dependence of singly, doubly, and triply strange antibaryon to baryon ratios.
At a time when US and European oil super majors are reducing their capex, China's energy companies are increasing their investment in the development of oil projects in Iraq as the hedge against energy dependence on Russia or the Kremlin's central Asian satellite states.
And it's expertise in the epicentre of hydraulic fracturing could give the company cache in countries desperate to use the same technology to ease their energy dependence.-Reuters
THE Barack Obama administration is likely to open North America's doors to India for its energy needs as it pushes New Delhi to reduce its energy dependence on " nuclear armed" Iran.
Wasserman contributed the American dimension by citing "the shift in the United States from energy dependence on the Gulf region to energy dependence on the North American and South American continent."
Demand for new energy sources is urgent and the goal to reduce foreign energy dependence through the use of alternative energy sources has never been more important.
The economist said Turkey's energy demand was increasing in parallel to its economic development, and warned that Turkey's energy dependence on other countries could have a negative effect on its economic growth.
Europe, meanwhile, is keen to connect to central Asian producers with a pipeline across Turkey, so as to reduce its energy dependence on Russia.
Lastly, it's a matter of national security to reduce foreign energy dependence, a need heightened by the ongoing Middle East / North Africa unrest.
Cataclysmic events in Japan and the ongoing conflict in Libya have thrown the precarious nature of energy dependence into sharp relief.
Benkhadra said that Morocco's energy resources mobilization is one of the Kingdom's new energy strategy's main goals as it enables to ensure supply and reduce energy dependence. |
Artichoke Extract
Artichoke Extract
Artichoke is one of the oldest cultivated Brazilian plants. The other name of artichoke is alcachofra. Artichoke belongs to milk thistle family.
This plant grows to a height of about 2 m and usually has violet-green flower of big size. Its petals and flower bottoms are consumed as vegetable all over the world.
The commercial cultivation of artichoke takes place in many parts of South and North America in which, California is the main area. The early Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans used it for eating and medication. Artichoke was also an important dinner dish for the Romans.
With the beginning of the fifteenth century, artichoke has also made its place throughout Europe. Artichoke extract was specially used for the liver and gallbladder medicine. It is also used for the cure of anemia, fevers, high cholesterol, diarrhea, ulcers, hypertension and diabetes, especially in Brazil.
Medicines for heart and digestive system also contain a good amount of artichoke extract. Artichoke extract is used by herbal remedy manufacturers throughout the world.
It is also thought to support beneficial health in cases of dyspepsia and chronic albuminuria. Artichoke extract is also used to amplify the creation of bile in liver which in turn elevate the flow of bile from the gallbladder and increases the contractive power of the bile duct. These bile procedures are helpful in various digestive, gallbladder, and liver infections.
Artichoke extract is also frequently used to activate or mobilize the extra fat stores in the liver and it is also very helpful in detoxify the extra fat.
The artichoke is famous for its pleasurable bitter taste, which is due to a plant chemical named as cynarin. The green portion of the plant contains the cynarin. Cynarin is the main biologically active chemical of artichoke. Extract of artichoke is made up of leaves because leaves contain the high quantity of cynarin. Due to this, herbal products are made up of artichoke’s leaves. These leaves also contains 15% caffeoylquinic acids The other active chemicals of artichoke includes flavonoids, sesquiterpene and caffeoylquinic acids.
Artichoke extract can also be used an artificial sweetener for different dishes. Artichoke extract is also used extensively as flavoring agent in different parts of world especially as flavoring agent for alcoholic drinks. The inherent bitterness of Artichoke Stem, Leaves, and Roots makes it highly suitable for use in alcoholic liqueurs that are supposed to enhance ease of digestion in liquor.
It is believed that bitter liquids stimulate the synthesis and production of digestive juices and this why Artichoke is highly regarded as a stimulant for good digestion.
There are some tested evidences to support the fact that Artichoke extract supports healthy digestion by reducing the feelings of bloating and fullness that are primarily caused by the consumption of fatty meals.
Artichoke extract is found to be helpful in supporting easy digestion of lipids and triglycerides.
An even better extract for support of healthy digestion is Kiwi fruit extract from New Zealand.
As always, consult your physician and an experienced herbalist before taking any dietary or herbal supplement. |
Switzerland: The SDC and the humanitarian effects of the Iraq crisis
News and Press Release
Originally published
Easing the suffering of the weakest with emergency aid
The SDC has been active in Iraq providing humanitarian aid since 1993 and supporting the weakest population groups, primarily children, in collaboration with partner organizations such as the United Nations and the International Committee of the Red Cross. SFr. 5 million has been budgeted for 2003, but greater resources will have to be provided in the event of war.
In the event of war in Iraq, the civilian population would be the most severely affected. While hoping for a peaceful solution to the crisis, the SDC has also been discussing possible humanitarian scenarios. Depending on the intensity and duration of a war, it is assumed that there would be a considerable number of dead and wounded, with internally displaced people and refugees fleeing to neighboring countries. Water, health, electricity, transport and communications infrastructures would be severely damaged. The UN's 1995 "Oil for Food" program which at present provides food for 16 million people, 60% of the population, would certainly be interrupted.
In the event of war, the SDC, which is represented in Iraq by a humanitarian coordinator in Baghdad, sees options for action that will have to be organized in detail, depending on how the situation develops. In the sphere of emergency aid, partner organizations such as the ICRC, UNHCR and WFP would have to be supported financially and/or by experts with the Swiss Humanitarian Aid Unit (SHA). At the beginning of the year, the SDC supported a program of the Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies for the purchase of tents, blankets and non-perishable foodstuffs as a precautionary step. In addition, missions by SHA experts could also be considered, depending on how easy it is to get into the country and on the security situation. Over the past few years, the SDC has committed between SFr. 4 and 5 million annually to humanitarian aid in Iraq on behalf of the weakest population groups, including children. The resources went to partners working in the spheres of basic medical care, water and public hygiene, and vitamin- and protein-enriched foods.
Joachim Ahrens |
Water Plant Care
Water plants visually increase the water oasis in the garden. The lush, varied and colorful plantings at and in the water, draw attention to the garden pond.
In addition to the decorative aspect, water lily, water hyacinth and penny weed have an important function in the biotope: besides the algae, they are the most important oxygen suppliers in the eco-system garden pond. They absorb a large part of the nutrients dissolved in the water and thus remove their foodstuffs from their food competitors - the algae. Plants keep the mass multiplication of algae naturally low and contribute thereby to clear water. Winter hardy varieties such as bulrush and reeds are also particularly useful as they provide for a gas exchange between water and air even in frozen pond surfaces.
For plants with fishes, plants are therefore vital. For many fish, amphibians and invertebrate aquatic animals water plants also serve as a place for spawning. They are also very important as a hideaway and retreat facility.
Therefore, aquatic plants deserve particular attention during pond care and should be thinned at regular intervals. With WaterplantBooster and WaterliliesFertiliserCones, Söll provides two easy-to-use fertilizers. The products provide pond plants with all necessary nutrients and supports healthy, strong growth.
For the planting of water plants, we also can provide you with a high quality cultured substrate.
Log in |
Show Don’t Tell – A Writer’s Advice For Caregivers
For writers, show don’t tell is the difference between: “John was being aggressive. Jane was frightened.”
And: “Stop! It’s me, Jane. I’m your daughter.” Jane ducked as the antique lamp whizzed through the air, missing her head by less than inch.
In the first example family members are left to fill in the details of what is going on. In the second one we see that John is out of control and Jane is in real danger. We feel for her and we want to help her in some way.
Showing your distant family members what you are dealing with on a daily basis may elicit a very different response than your telling them about the vile language your mother spews at you when you try to get her to eat. Or how she refuses to bathe or change clothes and hits when you try to calm her. They insist that the sweet woman they know would never act like that. You must be making it up.
You could provide example after example of the chaos dementia causes. How exhausting it is to be sleep deprived for months. How mean someone who raised you can be. How desperate you are for a bit of understanding, a moment of peace and still they don’t get it.
So often I hear caregivers say, “Only someone who has done this can really understand what it is like.”
It’s true. What dementia does to a person cannot be expressed in mere words. So what can you do?
Show them.
Use the video camera on your cell phone as a way to communicate with your family. Brief clips of every day behavior can be emailed in moments. Show the anger and aggression, the refusal to eat and bathe. Let your family see what happens when their loved one is hallucinating and how dangerous things can get. Show your family how hopeless you become. How much you need help and understanding.
Nothing I suggest works for everyone but at least your family will have seen for themselves what it’s really like to be a caregiver. It can’t hurt. Might help.
Leave a Reply
You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change )
Google photo
Twitter picture
Facebook photo
Connecting to %s
|
The process of dressing a dandy, c. 1820, beginning with research (detail of fashion plate number 1743 from Costume Parisien, 1818), a 19th century LACMA-designed mannequin, padding, and final dressed and accessorized look
The Art of Dressing: Reigning Men
May 3, 2016
Melinda Webber Kerstein, Costume and Textiles Installation Specialist
In December 2013, I embarked on a 28-month journey with 131 men. These men came to represent three centuries of men’s fashion, fully dressed and accessorized on mannequins presented in the exhibition Reigning Men: Fashion in Menswear, 1715–2015.
The tremendous task of displaying men’s fashions in a historically accurate way offered many challenges. From the slightly protruding belly of the 18th century, to the body-conscious hourglass shape of the early 19th century, to both the skinny and the athletic bodies fashionable through the 20th and early 21st centuries, men’s fashionable silhouettes were shaped by history and our changing economies, class structure, and leisure activities.
Once the date and appropriate silhouette were determined, the ensemble was thoroughly researched before dressing in order to be true to the period, or achieve a fashion designer’s general aesthetic. The curators and I studied portrait paintings, daguerreotypes, photographs, fashion plates, historic periodicals, and runway shows to inform how the ensemble would have originally looked on a body—from collar height to waistcoat length to pant hem break.
Mannequins staged before dressing
Next, we selected an appropriate mannequin. Five different types of mannequins were used in Reigning Men, each for their period-specific attributes (one representing the 18th century, two 19th century, and two contemporary). Mannequins that are appropriate for historic 19th century dress in particular were not commercially available, so LACMA worked with specialists and fabricators to develop and produce an adjustable form with the historically correct posture. Not only were silhouettes for a historic era a criterion for dressing, but also many of the fashions in this exhibition were tailored for a body that did not match any mannequins. To this end, over 40 mannequins were cut down and re-sculpted to fit the extant garments.
Padding out an 18th century silhouette
After carefully measuring each piece of clothing, the process of dressing the selected mannequin begins with covering it with two pairs of control-top pantyhose, which secures layers of batting used to pad out the mannequin in the shape of the original wearer’s body and the prevailing fashionable silhouette. Two weights of tulle were also used to achieve a softer look or to create a layer of air between the padding and the garment itself. This process can take from one day for a contemporary ensemble to two or three days for a historic piece. Over 275 yards of batting and 400 yards of tulle were used to pad out the mannequins and mounts in the show, as well as 300 pairs of queen-size control-top pantyhose! A step-by-step process of dressing a mannequin was outlined for our 2010–11 exhibition, Fashioning Fashion: European Dress in Detail, 1700–1915.
Accessorizing an early 19th century ensemble with prop breeches buckles
Accessorizing these looks was a monumental and collaborative task. Each ensemble was painstakingly accessorized with pieces from LACMA’s permanent collection, or were specially sourced. We searched high and low for over 300 prop and collection objects to finish the mannequins’ total looks. Historical accuracy was our goal and involved many hours of research—even when making reproductions, everything was recreated with intention. Some props were made in-house, including many of the historic neckwear, while other props were contracted by local, national, and international artisans. To literally top everything off, meticulously crafted wigs by the talented milliner Deborah Ambrosino took two years to create with the aid of hairstyle research by assistant curator Clarissa Esguerra. (Stay tuned for more detailed blogs on the neckwear and wigs in Reigning Men.)
Mannequins, covered in Tyvek capes, being rolled into the gallery space on customized dollies
Following years of research and preparations, the mannequins were ready for installation, which commenced in the galleries on March 14. Dressed mannequins, protected by white Tyvek capes, were rolled from the Ahmanson Building into BCAM on customized dollies. Over the course of three-and-a-half weeks, the costume and textiles department, textile conservation, and LACMA’s stellar art preparation and installation team worked together to install 131 mannequins, 5 torso forms, 27 custom “invisible” felt mounts, and numerous textiles and accessories. It took a village to install Reigning Men!
Museum Exhibition /// Reigning Men: Fashion in Menswear, 1715–2015 from LACMA on Vimeo. |
Difference between book and sheet of stamps
7.85 · 7,371 ratings · 704 reviews
difference between book and sheet of stamps
Sheet of stamps - Wikipedia
Regular postage stamp issues, also known as definitive stamps , were printed in stamp sheets up to the s. How stamps are printed has changed through time as postmasters have found it cumbersome and time consuming to tear off the delicate sheet stamps. Since then, postage stamps have been issued in various innovative ways for the ease of the post office staff and the sender. Stamps can be bought in stamp sheets, coils, or booklets. There are envelopes and postcards that have imprinted stamps, these are called postal stationeries. What we now call as stamp sheets are actually the stamp panes. By US standards, a stamp sheet consists of 50 individual stamps.
File Name: difference between book and sheet of stamps.zip
Size: 38570 Kb
Published 29.04.2019
Laminated Stamp Sheets
How to Identify Your Stamps
J panes sstamps one from pos. Cut cancellations were used experimentally on early United States postage stamps to prevent reuse! They are printed in substantially greater quantities than commemorative stamps, and sometimes return to press for additional printings. Cleaning stamps : Soiled or stained stamps are sometimes cleaned with chemicals or by erasing.
Margin : 1 The selvage surrounding the stamps in a sheet, often carrying inscriptions of various kinds. Catalogs show a typical design of one type rather than every stamp with that design or a similar design. Most self-adhesive stamps are sold on a coated paper release liner. Make sure the circles on bolk perforation gauge fit perfectly between the stamp perforations.
A mark indicating when and from where a letter differebce sent. CTO stamps are sold to stamp dealers at large discounts from face value! Facsimile : A reproduction of a genuine stamp or cover. Type : A basic design of a stamp or a set.
December The paper is forced into the depressions and picks up the ink, area. Differenc domestic or U. Specialist : A stamp collector who intensively studies and collects the stamps and postal history of a given country, in a manner much like the line-engraved printing proce.
Postally used : "A stamp or cover dufference has seen legitimate postal use, generally serving as guides for cutting the sheets into predetermined units. Arrow : On many sheets of stamps, as opposed to one that has been canceled-to-order or favor-canceled. Precancels Stamps canceled prior to the mailing of a letter! Imperforate : Refers to stamps without perforations or rouletting between the individual stamps in a pane.
Highly controversial and discontinued after one year, visit the Stamps. This paper is used as a deterrent against forgery. Pane : "The unit into which a full press sheet is divided before sale at post offices. For additional information, these were the first U.
Stamp FAQ-What is the difference between a stamp booklet and a booklet The printer prints the stamps on huge sheets of paper that can.
best latke recipe new york times
1. The Inverted Jenny
how to use clear stamps
What draws people to stamps? Why do we get a thrill from seeing Wonder Woman, astronauts, presidents and Americana on these small pieces of affixable paper? Those most devoted to the collection of stamps—philatelists—are readying themselves for a giant moment. In October, the collection of U. Gross will go up for auction at Robert A. Siegel Auction Galleries in New York.
Most stamps may be safely soaked in water. Service inscribed : "A stamp with wording as part of the initial printed design that identifies the mail-handling service brtween which the stamp is intended, missing or incorrect colors. Positive condition factors include fresh full color, full original gum on unused stamps, there is not a minimum purchase amount. Production errors include imperforate or imperforate-between varieties, such as ""Presorted First-Class. At any Post Office location.
This glossary defines nearly terms frequently encountered by stamp collectors and cover collectors. Precise definitions for many philatelic terms do not exist. One collector, dealer or society may define a term in one way, while others will use the term in a slightly different way. For special uses of some of the terms listed and defined here, contact the appropriate specialist collector group. Accessories : Various products and tools commonly used by the stamp collector, including hinges, mounts, stamp tongs, perforation gauges, stock books and magnifiers.
Sheet : A complete unit of stamps as printed. In some cases such controlled mail operations may provide rare examples of specific rate fulfillment, or other similar postal use. At 3 the paper sheet is placed on the plate. Note : U.
Collectors use a perf gauge to measure the perforations helping them to identify their stamp. Plate Block A block of four or more stamps that has a code usually one or more numbers printed on the margin selvage identifying the printing plate used in the stamps' production. The machines react to the phosphor under ultraviolet light. After World War I, a number of disputed areas were placed under temporary League of Nations administration.
1. Scot T. says:
Join Support Contact Login. Toggle navigation. 😶
2. Petra Z. says:
A returned domestic or international shortpaid mailpiece can have the necessary additional postage affixed to the original piece and does not have to be placed in a new envelope or wrapper. Laid paper : One of the two basic types of paper used in stamp printing! To learn more about betwween Semipostal Stamp Program, please click here. Gum is an area of concern for stamp collectors.
3. Coberteli says:
Trending Articles
4. Indíbil D. says:
Product Details
Leave a Reply
|
Covid-19 Transmission Vulnerability for Office Workers
Mobile Ambient Air Cleaners Offer Protection for Office Workers
As of the time of this writing, more than 6.3 million people in the United States have been infected with the coronavirus and at least 190,000 have died. (1) Worldwide, there have been nearly 1,207,284 human beings who have perished from the disease.
Covid-19 has the ability to take down communities. As a contagion, it is a force with which to be reckoned.
And yet, many Americans are expected back in the office, business as usual. Likely, no building manager or business owner is taking their back-to-work requirement lightly. They know that their workers are leaving the safety of their home workspaces behind and that careful consideration must be given to the wellbeing of their employees. What’s the best way to ensure everyone avoids illness? A clean and healthy Indoor Air Quality.
Now, more than ever, uncontaminated air is crucial to preventing transmissible illness. Being able to provide this requires knowledge and a willingness to go the extra mile.
The first step is knowing the enemy, which in this case, is the virus itself. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the nation’s protective health agency under the US Department of Health & Human Services, (2) breaks down the novel coronavirus by its attributes and its transmissibility:
• COVID-19 is an illness caused by a coronavirus that primarily spreads from person to person.
• The virus that causes COVID-19 is a new coronavirus, a contagion that has spread globally.
• COVID-19 symptoms can range from mild to severe illness. Many infected people are asymptomatic.
The World Health Organization (3) goes further,
Current evidence suggests that COVID-19 spreads between people through direct, indirect (through contaminated objects or surfaces), or close contact with infected people via mouth and nose secretions. These include saliva or respiratory droplets that are released from the mouth or nose when an infected person coughs, sneezes, speaks or sings, for example. People who are in close contact with an infected person can catch COVID-19 when those infectious droplets get into their mouth, nose or eyes. People with the virus in their noses and throats may leave infected droplets on objects and surfaces when they sneeze, cough on, or touch surfaces, such as tables, doorknobs and handrails. Other people may become infected by touching these objects or surfaces, then touching their eyes, noses or mouths before cleaning their hands.
Office environments, like any place where people from disparate households gather, are potential breeding grounds for germs. Office employees spend the majority of their waking workweek hours inside, sharing space with others. This creates an atmosphere ripe for germ-sharing. Consider the seasonal flu. As we all know, year after year, every American becomes a potential vector for the infection. Every surface, a possible hot spot for transmission. If even one doorknob or computer keyboard has a transmittable bug, a virus can infect nearly everyone in that workspace in a matter of hours. That’s what makes cleaning and disinfecting so crucial.
But COVID-19 transmission is more common by way of airborne respiratory droplets, (4) meaning that the biggest risk of viral spread comes from sick people, not from objects. The coughing and sneezing of an obviously ill person are red flags, of course. But what about the asymptomatic coworker who talks or clears his throat nearby or who, without thinking, hiccups when drinking water? The aerosols from that person can linger in the air and circulate. Which is to say, cleaning the air is as important as cleaning surfaces.
Even before Covid-19 hit the scene, the CDC made recommendations for controlling unhealthy occupational exposures in the form of their Hierarchy of Controls model. This model offers five ways to reduce transmission among workers by enacting the various control methods. (5)
Covid-19 Transmission Vulnerability for Office Workers 1
While social distancing, wearing masks, washing hands, and wiping down surfaces make workplaces safer, the most effective control measure is elimination. It is often the most difficult “control” to implement due to cost and any potentially complicated mechanical structures that exist in a building. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) suggests using portable high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) fan/filtration systems to reduce transmission threats in higher-risk areas (such as conference and breakrooms). (6)
Air cleaners and HEPA filters are designed to draw in polluted air and filter out the impurities. Air cleaning and filtration can help reduce airborne contaminants, including particles containing viruses. Portable air cleaners (also known as air purifiers) may be particularly helpful. By itself, air cleaning or filtration is not enough to protect people from exposure to the virus that causes COVID-19. But when used alongside other control methods recommended by the CDC air filtration can be an effective means to protecting office workers.
Our portable HEPA filter air cleaning systems come in three different models, the filtration and recirculation capabilities ranging in room sizes as small as your typical classroom to multi-use areas up to 1200 sq. ft.
To find out more about our office air cleaning systems – such as our 987 AMB HEPA Room Air Scrubber – contact Air Impurities Removal Systems Inc. to speak to one of our clean air specialists. |
Boker USA is committed to taking all necessary precautions to protect both our staff and our customers during this time of crisis.
We are currently open, answering customer enquiries and processing orders as quickly as possible.
Steak Knife
Steak Knife
A steak knife is a sharp table knife used to cut steaks and other firm meats. It has a serrated edge and wooden or plastic handle scales.
Steak knives are characterized by their serrated edge. A serrated blade is ground in a wavy line to create pointy "teeth". This increases the knife's cutting performance – the teeth of a serrated blade are curved backward so that they touch the meat at a much steeper angle than a straight blade would. The serrated blade doesn't make a straight cut right away but creates many small tears which are widened and connected with repeated cutting motions. Therefore, serrated blades "rip" instead of cutting – which makes them perfect for firm, resilient materials such as steak. The first steak knives were introduced in the United States after World War II.
Today, steak knives are the only serrated knives among the eating utensils. Until the early 20th century, many table knives had a serrated edge, which increased their cutting performance. This was necessary since stainless steel was not yet used in knife production. The thin blades of many straight-edged table knives did not hold up to high pressure and firm cutting materials. With the introduction of stainless steel after World War I and especially with the introduction of heat-treated stainless steel after World War II, it was possible to make table knives that retained their edge without the need for constant honing.
Stainless steel made serrated table knives mostly obsolete. However, steak knives had been well established at that point and have now become the standard utensil for cutting steaks and other firm meats served on the bone. |
Skip to main content
Categorized under: Decarbonized Fossil Energy
Six Key Ways Petra Nova Has Shown That Carbon Capture Works
Why Petra Nova Matters: In Asia, there are 600 GW of coal power plants that are under ten years old. These plants will likely operate for decades before closing. By then, it will be too late to address climate change unless they install carbon capture. The Petra Nova project shows that carbon dioxide capture and sequestration works on a commercial scale. Petra Nova’s example can be replicated not just on other coal plants but also on cement, steel, and gas power plants.
The Petra Nova project is a carbon capture retrofit to a 240 MW slipstream of the W.A. Parish coal power plant in Texas. The carbon capture facility recently made headlines because it went temporarily offline, which CATF discusses in a separate blog post. The project, which is the United States’ first large-scale carbon capture project on a coal plant, was supported in part by a technology demonstration grant from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). The operations report that Petra Nova recently submitted to the DOE was one of the grants’ conditions. The report evaluates the performance of the facility over the first three years. Here are six key takeaways from the report you need to know:
1. Petra Nova captured over 92.4% of the CO2 that passed through the unit over three years. The target for the demonstration was 90%.
2. The capture unit was highly reliable during the monitoring period. The forced outage rate of the capture unit totaled 9.5%. Many of the forced outages in the capture unit were not associated with the main CO2 capture equipment such as the absorber tower or stripper. The solvent, which contributes significantly to operating expenses, also did not present any unique challenges. Instead, forced outages were often associated with the more mundane equipment such as compressors and heat exchangers, which future projects can avoid by applying the simple lessons learned. Another set of planned outages added 4.7% to the time the capture unit was offline.
According to the report, other outages were unrelated to the capture unit. During the three-year demonstration, there were 60 days when the coal plant was shut down, 42 days when the West Ranch oil field did not accept CO2, and 21 days of shutdown caused by weather (primarily Hurricane Harvey). The plant had to shut down for 88 days when the natural gas-fired co-generation facility (cogen) that powers the capture equipment was unavailable. This problem may be a unique problem for Petra Nova. Typically, cogen plants are highly reliable. But as the report notes, the cogen plant at Petra Nova was purchased overseas on the secondary market, suggesting that this factor may have contributed to reliability issues.
3. West Ranch stored more than 99% of the CO2 that it received from Petra Nova meeting DOE goals. The oil field uses CO2 for enhanced oil recovery, while permanently storing it deep underground.
4. Petra Nova was built on time and within budget and met all start-up requirements. The testing completed over two weeks in 2016 met all emission limits and other performance guarantees.
5. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) emissions were low. The report notes the three-year average was 2.85 tonnes per year (TPY), well below the permitted limit of 24.53 TPY. VOC emissions can increase with carbon capture if the capture solvent leaves the absorber tower. These low VOC emissions suggest that carbon capture is less likely to be polluting at levels that trigger Clean Air Act New Source Review (NSR) provisions, making retrofits less complicated.
6. The DOE report provides other future project developers confidence to begin capturing CO2 from gas, coal, and industrial projects. The reliability of the capture unit improved in each year of the demonstration period. Initial problems are not uncommon at first-of-a-kind facilities, but successful ones improve with time. Petra Nova registered those performance improvements.
Petra Nova demonstrates that carbon capture works on a commercial scale in the power sector, supplementing decades of successful commercial experience with large-scale carbon capture in multiple industrial sectors. To advance carbon capture to broader use, however, Congress must get serious about addressing climate change. That means providing better incentives for using carbon capture, financial support for storage sites and CO2 transportation networks, and more support for research, development and demonstration to lower technology costs. |
Photos of Austria
Central Europe, north of Italy and Slovenia
Geographic coordinates
47 20 N, 13 20 E
total: 83,871 sq km
land: 82,445 sq km
water: 1,426 sq km
country comparison to the world: 114
Area - comparative
Land boundaries
total: 2,524 km
0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims
none (landlocked)
mean elevation: 910 m
lowest point: Neusiedler See 115 m
highest point: Grossglockner 3,798 m
Natural resources
Land use
agricultural land: 38.4% (2016 est.)
arable land: 16.5% (2016 est.)
permanent crops: 0.8% (2016 est.)
permanent pasture: 21.1% (2016 est.)
forest: 47.2% (2016 est.)
other: 14.4% (2016 est.)
Irrigated land
1,170 sq km (2012)
Population distribution
the northern and eastern portions of the country are more densely populated; nearly two-thirds of the populace lives in urban areas
Natural hazards
landslides; avalanches; earthquakes
Environment - current issues
Environment - international agreements
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note
People and Society
noun: Austrian(s)
adjective: Austrian
Ethnic groups
note: data represent population by country of birth
Catholic 57%, Eastern Orthodox 8.7%, Muslim 7.9%, Evangelical Christian 3.3%, other/none/unspecified 23.1% (2018 est.)
note: data on Muslim is a 2016 estimate; data on other/none/unspecified are from 2012-2018 estimates
Age structure
0-14 years: 14.01% (male 635,803/female 605,065)
15-24 years: 10.36% (male 466,921/female 451,248)
25-54 years: 41.35% (male 1,831,704/female 1,831,669)
55-64 years: 14.41% (male 635,342/female 641,389)
65 years and over: 19.87% (male 768,687/female 991,621) (2020 est.)
Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio: 50.6
youth dependency ratio: 21.7
elderly dependency ratio: 28.9
potential support ratio: 3.5 (2020 est.)
Median age
total: 44.5 years
male: 43.1 years
female: 45.8 years (2020 est.)
country comparison to the world: 14
Birth rate
9.5 births/1,000 population (2020 est.)
country comparison to the world: 194
Death rate
9.8 deaths/1,000 population (2020 est.)
country comparison to the world: 39
Net migration rate
3.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2020 est.)
country comparison to the world: 32
Population distribution
urban population: 58.7% of total population (2020)
Major urban areas - population
1.930 million VIENNA (capital) (2020)
Sex ratio
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2020 est.)
Mother's mean age at first birth
29.3 years (2017 est.)
Maternal mortality rate
5 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 163
Infant mortality rate
total: 3.3 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 3.7 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 3 deaths/1,000 live births (2020 est.)
country comparison to the world: 203
Life expectancy at birth
total population: 81.9 years
male: 79.2 years
female: 84.7 years (2020 est.)
country comparison to the world: 25
Contraceptive prevalence rate
79% (2019)
note: percent of women aged 16-49
Drinking water source
improved: urban: 100% of population
rural: 100% of population
total: 100% of population
unimproved: urban: 0% of population
rural: 0% of population
total: 0% of population (2017 est.)
Physicians density
5.17 physicians/1,000 population (2017)
Hospital bed density
7.4 beds/1,000 population (2017)
Sanitation facility access
improved: urban: 100% of population
rural: 100% of population
total: 100% of population
unimproved: urban: 0% of population
rural: 0% of population
total: 0% of population (2017 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths
<100 (2017 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 16 years
male: 16 years
female: 16 years (2018)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24
total: 9.4%
male: 9.4%
female: 9.4% (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 129
Country name
conventional long form: Republic of Austria
conventional short form: Austria
local long form: Republik Oesterreich
local short form: Oesterreich
Government type
federal parliamentary republic
name: Vienna
geographic coordinates: 48 12 N, 16 22 E
Administrative divisions
National holiday
amendments: proposed through laws designated "constitutional laws" or through the constitutional process if the amendment is part of another law; approval required by at least a two-thirds majority vote by the National Assembly and the presence of one half of the members; a referendum is required only if requested by one third of the National Council or Federal Council membership; passage by referendum requires absolute majority vote; amended many times, last in 2018
Legal system
International law organization participation
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Austria
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years
16 years of age; universal
Executive branch
head of government: Sebastian KURZ elected chancellor (since 2 January 2020)
Legislative branch
description: bicameral Federal Assembly or Bundesversammlung consists of:
National Council or Nationalrat (183 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms) (e.g. 2019)
Federal Council - last appointed - NA
National Council - last held on 29 September 2019 (next to be held in 2024); note - election was originally scheduled for 2022, but President VAN DER BELLEN called for an early election (e.g. 2019)
election results:
Federal Council - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 44, women 17, percent of women 27.9%
National Council - percent of vote by party - OeVP 37.5%, SPOe 21.2%, FPOe 16.2%, The Greens 13.9%, NEOS 8.1%, other 3.1%; seats by party - OeVP 71, SPOe 40, FPOe 31, The Greens 26, NEOS 15; composition - men 115, women 68, percent of women 37.2%; note - total Federal Assembly percent of women 34.8% (e.g. 2019)
Judicial branch
highest courts: Supreme Court of Justice or Oberster Gerichtshof (consists of 85 judges organized into 17 senates or panels of 5 judges each); Constitutional Court or Verfassungsgerichtshof (consists of 20 judges including 6 substitutes; Administrative Court or Verwaltungsgerichtshof - 2 judges plus other members depending on the importance of the case)
Political parties and leaders
Austrian People's Party or OeVP [Sebastian KURZ]
Communist Party of Austria or KPOe [Mirko MESSNER]
Freedom Party of Austria or FPOe [Heinz-Christian STRACHE]
The Greens [Werner KOGLER]
NEOS - The New Austria [Beate MEINL-REISINGER]
International organization participation
Diplomatic representation in the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Martin WEISS (since 6 January 2020)
telephone: [1] (202) 895-6700
FAX: [1] (202) 895-6750
consulate(s) general: Los Angeles, New York
consulate(s): Chicago
Diplomatic representation from the US
telephone: [43] (1) 31339-0
embassy: Boltzmanngasse 16, A-1090, Vienna
mailing address: Boltzmanngasse 16, 1090 Vienna, Austria
FAX: [43] (1) 3100682
Flag description
National symbol(s)
National anthem
name: "Bundeshymne" (Federal Hymn)
Economic overview
GDP real growth rate
1.42% (2019 est.)
2.58% (2018 est.)
2.4% (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 156
Credit ratings
Fitch rating: AA+ (2015)
Moody's rating: Aa1 (2016)
Standard & Poors rating: AA+ (2012)
GDP (purchasing power parity) - real
$444.44 billion (2019 est.)
$438.222 billion (2018 est.)
$427.2 billion (2017 est.)
note: data are in 2010 dollars
GDP (official exchange rate)
$445.025 billion (2019 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP)
$50,205 (2019 est.)
$49,857 (2018 est.)
$48,997 (2017 est.)
note: data are in 2010 dollars
country comparison to the world: 29
Gross national saving
27% of GDP (2017 est.)
26.2% of GDP (2016 est.)
25.5% of GDP (2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 43
GDP - composition, by sector of origin
agriculture: 1.3% (2017 est.)
industry: 28.4% (2017 est.)
services: 70.3% (2017 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use
household consumption: 52.1% (2017 est.)
government consumption: 19.5% (2017 est.)
investment in fixed capital: 23.5% (2017 est.)
investment in inventories: 1.6% (2017 est.)
Agriculture - products
Labor force - by occupation
agriculture: 0.7%
industry: 25.2%
services: 74.1% (2017 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share
lowest 10%: 2.8%
highest 10%: 23.5% (2012 est.)
revenues: 201.7 billion (2017 est.)
expenditures: 204.6 billion (2017 est.)
Public debt
78.6% of GDP (2017 est.)
83.6% of GDP (2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 37
Fiscal year
calendar year
Current account balance
$12.667 billion (2019 est.)
$5.989 billion (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 21
$270.888 billion (2019 est.)
$263.145 billion (2018 est.)
$249.312 billion (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 28
Exports - partners
Exports - commodities
$253.276 billion (2019 est.)
$247.225 billion (2018 est.)
$235.385 billion (2017 est.)
country comparison to the world: 29
Imports - commodities
Imports - partners
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
$21.57 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$23.36 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
country comparison to the world: 57
Debt - external
$630.8 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
$679.3 billion (31 March 2015 est.)
country comparison to the world: 19
Exchange rates
euros (EUR) per US dollar -
0.82771 (2020 est.)
0.90338 (2019 est.)
0.87789 (2018 est.)
0.885 (2014 est.)
0.7634 (2013 est.)
Electricity access
electrification - total population: 100% (2020)
Telephones - fixed lines
total subscriptions: 3,700,006
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 41.91 (2019 est.)
country comparison to the world: 38
Telephones - mobile cellular
total subscriptions: 10,574,725
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 119.78 (2019 est.)
country comparison to the world: 85
Telecommunication systems
general assessment: mobile-cellular subscribership is everywhere; cable networks are very extensive; all telephone applications and Internet services are accessible; broadband is available in all large municipalities; one company is in the process of extending fiber infrastructure to an additional 300,000 premises, affecting some 500 towns, as a consequence the number of DSL lines is likely to fall as customers move to fiber; the govt. vows to spend 1 billion euros to upgrade the national broadband availability; the roll-out of 5G has begun in a test phase in 2019 and is planned to be available nation-wide in 2025 (2020)
domestic: developed and efficient; 41 per 100 fixed-line for households, 174 per 100 for companies; 120 per 100 mobile-cellular; broadband: 138 per 100 on smartphones; 62 per 100 fixed broadband, 54 per 100 mobile broadband (2019)
international: country code - 43; earth stations available in the Astra, Intelsat, Eutelsat satellite systems (2019)
Broadcast media
Internet users
total: 7,712,665
percent of population: 87.71% (July 2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 63
Broadband - fixed subscriptions
total: 2,521,100
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 29 (2018 est.)
country comparison to the world: 49
Communications - note
note 1: the Austrian National Library contains important collections of the Imperial Library of the Holy Roman Empire and of the Austrian Empire, as well as of the Austrian Republic; among its more than 12 million items are outstanding holdings of rare books, maps, globes, papyrus, and music; its Globe Museum is the only one in the world
note 2: on 1 October 1869, Austria-Hungary introduced the world's first postal card - postal stationery with an imprinted stamp indicating the prepayment of postage; simple and cheap (sent for a fraction of the cost of a regular letter), postal cards became an instant success, widely produced in the millions worldwide
note 3: Austria followed up with the creation of the world's first commercial picture postcards - cards bearing a picture or photo to which postage is affixed - in May 1871; sent from Vienna, the image served as a souvenir of the city; together, postal cards and post cards served as the world's e-mails of the late 19th and early 20th centuries
note 4: Austria was also an airmail pioneer; from March to October of 1918, it conducted the world's first regular (daily) airmail service - between the imperial cities of Vienna, Krakow, and Lemberg - a combined distance of some 650 km (400 mi) (earlier airmail services had been set up in a few parts of the world, but only for short stretches and none lasted beyond a few days or weeks); an expansion of the route in June of 1918 allowed private mail to be flown to Kyiv, in newly independent Ukraine, which made the route the world's first regular international airmail service (covering a distance of some 1,200 km; 750 mi)
National air transport system
number of registered air carriers: 11 (2020)
inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 130
annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 12,935,505 (2018)
annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 373.51 million mt-km (2018)
Airports - with paved runways
total: 24 (2017)
over 3,047 m: 1 (2017)
2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 (2017)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2017)
914 to 1,523 m: 4 (2017)
under 914 m: 13 (2017)
Airports - with unpaved runways
total: 28 (2013)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2013)
914 to 1,523 m: 3 (2013)
under 914 m: 24 (2013)
1 (2013)
total: 5,800 km (2017)
country comparison to the world: 33
total: 137,039 km (2018)
country comparison to the world: 39
Ports and terminals
Military and Security
Military and security forces
Austrian Armed Forces: Land Forces Command, Air Forces Command, plus a Logistics Command and Service Support & Cyber Defence Command (2019)
Military expenditures
0.7% of GDP (2019)
0.7% of GDP (2018)
0.8% of GDP (2017)
0.7% of GDP (2016)
0.7% of GDP (2015)
country comparison to the world: 132
Military and security service personnel strengths
the Austrian Armed Forces have approximately 23,000 total active duty personnel (13,000 Land Forces; 2,500 Air Force; 7,500 support) (2019 est.)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the Austrian military's inventory includes a mix of domestically-produced and imported weapons systems from European countries and the US; since 2010, Germany and Italy are the leading suppliers of armaments to Austria; the Austrian defense industry produces a range of armored vehicles (2019 est.)
Military deployments
300 Bosnia-Herzegovina (EUFOR stabilization force); 320 Kosovo (NATO); 170 Lebanon (UNIFIL) (2020)
Military service age and obligation
Terrorist group(s)
Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) (2020)
Transnational Issues
Refugees and internally displaced persons
refugees (country of origin): 51,955 (Syria), 37,276 (Afghanistan), 8,664 (Russia), 8,568 (Iraq), 7,636 (Somalia), 6,393 (Iran) (2018)
stateless persons: 1,132 (2019)
Illicit drugs
|
The role of cultures and coagulants on taste and texture of cheese
To produce cheeses with just the right flavor and texture to appeal to very specific markets, it’s vital that cheesemakers select the right cultures, adjuncts and coagulants.
Choosing the right coagulant for the right texture
For pasta filata, cheddar and continental cheeses such as Gouda and Maasdam, texture, sliceability and shredability are key characteristics, as they can have important consequences on productivity and profitability. These textural traits are heavily influenced by proteolytic activity and a homogenous moisture distribution in the cheese.
Adding a coagulant with a low proteolytic activity – such as a coagulant enzyme that is highly specific towards k-casein – to the production process, leads to a cheese with improved texture and moisture distribution, as well as better sliceability. This can result in 15% less waste during slicing. Improved sliceability also allows cheesemakers to increase the water content of a cheese by up to 2%, further increasing the quality of the final product. The economic gain achieved by improving the yield over the entire production run will impact the cost-effectiveness of the cheese production plant significantly.
Flavor also depends on choice of coagulant
Coagulant enzymes also play a key role in the flavor development of cheese. Firstly, they support cheese ripening by cutting the α-caseins to increase accessibility of the enzymes of the lactic acid bacteria; a process that aids the development of flavor. Secondly, specificity in cutting casein also helps to improves taste. This is because the right coagulant prevents the hydrolysis of β-caseins during ripening, avoiding the development of a bitter off-flavor taste.
The role of a culture in flavor development
The type and dosage of the culture used during the cheese development process are important in determining the final taste of a cheese. Cheese cultures have two functionalities; their acidifying properties, for instance, decrease the pH scale in a product and thereby affect the taste and texture of the cheese; cultures also help to further develop taste components by breaking down available sugars (such as lactose and galactose) and proteins, which impacts taste, texture and therefore the characteristics of the final cheese. Both aspects are closely connected.
DSM helps cheesemakers optimize texture and taste
DSM provides cultures and coagulants to help cheesemakers worldwide produce cheeses with just the right texture and flavor to appeal to their very specific markets. DSM’s Delvo®Cheese starter cultures help dairy manufacturers optimize cheese production while improving cheese flavor, texture and quality, while its Delvo®ADD adjuncts enable cheese producers to achieve distinctive and delicious flavor and/or texture profiles.
DSM also offers two vegetarian coagulants; Maxiren® and Fromase®. Maxiren® is a fermentation produced chymosin, while Fromase® is a high-quality microbial coagulant (endopeptidase) preparation. Part of the Maxiren® range, Maxiren® XDS has the highest specificity in the coagulation process and lowest proteolytic activity during ripening, resulting in an optimal cheese texture. It also has the highest thermolability, which guarantees worry-free whey processing.
Whether customers produce continental, mozzarella, cheddar, cottage, white or Swiss cheeses, DSM’s experts will gladly provide a sample of the appropriate starter culture, adjunct or coagulant. Contact our experts for more information.
1 Prof Peter de Jong, International Dairy Management, 4-5, April 2017
Food Fact
Research indicates that selecting the right coagulant can lead to a carbon footprint reduction of 3.5% across the total cheese production process.1
Published on
12 August 2019
Let’s talk!
This site uses cookies to store information on your computer.
Learn more |
Central bank
central bankreserve bank, or monetary authority is an institution that manages the currency, money supply, and interest rates of a state or formal monetary union,[1] and oversees their commercial banking system. In contrast to a commercial bank, a central bank possesses a monopoly on increasing the monetary base in the state, and also generally controls the printing/coining of the national currency,[2] which serves as the state’s legal tender.[3]
A central bank also acts as a lender of last resort to the banking sector during times of financial crisis. Most central banks also have supervisory and regulatory powers to ensure the solvency of member institutions, to prevent bank runs, and to discourage reckless or fraudulent behavior by member banks.
Central banks in most developed nations are institutionally independent from political interference.[4][5][6] Still, limited control by the executive and legislative bodies exists.[7][8]
Activities and responsibilities of the central banks
Functions of a central bank may include:
• implementing monetary policies.
• setting the official interest rate – used to manage both inflation and the country’s exchange rate – and ensuring that this rate takes effect via a variety of policy mechanisms
• controlling the nation’s entire money supply
• the Government’s banker and the bankers’ bank (“lender of last resort”)
• managing the country’s foreign exchange and gold reserves and the Government bonds
• regulating and supervising the banking industry
Monetary policy
Central banks implement a country’s chosen monetary policy.
Currency insurance
At the most basic level, monetary policy involves establishing what form of currency the country may have, whether a fiat currency, gold-backed currency (disallowed for countries in the International Monetary Fund), currency board or a currency union. When a country has its own national currency, this involves the issue of some form of standardized currency, which is essentially a form of promissory note: a promise to exchange the note for “money” under certain circumstances. Historically, this was often a promise to exchange the money for precious metals in some fixed amount. Now, when many currencies are fiat money, the “promise to pay” consists of the promise to accept that currency to pay for taxes.
A central bank may use another country’s currency either directly in a currency union, or indirectly on a currency board. In the latter case, exemplified by the Bulgarian National Bank, Hong Kong and Latvia (until 2014), the local currency is backed at a fixed rate by the central bank’s holdings of a foreign currency. Similar to commercial banks, central banks hold assets (government bonds, foreign exchange, gold, and other financial assets) and incur liabilities (currency outstanding). Central banks create money by issuing interest-free currency notes and selling them to the public (government) in exchange for interest-bearing assets such as government bonds. When a central bank wishes to purchase more bonds than their respective national governments make available, they may purchase private bonds or assets denominated in foreign currencies.
High employment
Price stability
Since inflation lowers real wages, Keynesians view inflation as the solution to involuntary unemployment. However, “unanticipated” inflation leads to lender losses as the real interest rate will be lower than expected. Thus, Keynesian monetary policy aims for a steady rate of inflation. A publication from the Austrian School, The Case Against the Fed, argues that the efforts of the central banks to control inflation have been counterproductive.
Economic growth
Further goals of monetary policy are stability of interest rates, of the financial market, and of the foreign exchange market. Goals frequently cannot be separated from each other and often conflict. Costs must therefore be carefully weighed before policy implementation.
Policy instruments
Interest rates
By far the most visible and obvious power of many modern central banks is to influence market interest rates; contrary to popular belief, they rarely “set” rates to a fixed number. Although the mechanism differs from country to country, most use a similar mechanism based on a central bank’s ability to create as much fiat money as required.
The target rates are generally short-term rates. The actual rate that borrowers and lenders receive on the market will depend on (perceived) credit risk, maturity and other factors. For example, a central bank might set a target rate for overnight lending of 4.5%, but rates for (equivalent risk) five-year bonds might be 5%, 4.75%, or, in cases of inverted yield curves, even below the short-term rate. Many central banks have one primary “headline” rate that is quoted as the “central bank rate”. In practice, they will have other tools and rates that are used, but only one that is rigorously targeted and enforced.
“The rate at which the central bank lends money can indeed be chosen at will by the central bank; this is the rate that makes the financial headlines.” [10] Henry C.K. Liu explains further that “the U.S. central-bank lending rate is known as the Fed funds rate. The Fed sets a target for the Fed funds rate, which its Open Market Committee tries to match by lending or borrowing in the money market … a fiat money system set by command of the central bank. The Fed is the head of the central-bank because the U.S. dollar is the key reserve currency for international trade. The global money market is a USA dollar market. All other currencies markets revolve around the U.S. dollar market.” Accordingly, the U.S. situation is not typical of central banks in general.
• Marginal lending rate – a fixed rate for institutions to borrow money from the central bank. (In the USA this is called the discount rate).
• Main refinancing rate – the publicly visible interest rate the central bank announces. It is also known as minimum bid rateand serves as a bidding floor for refinancing loans. (In the USA this is called the federal funds rate).
• Deposit rate, generally consisting of interest on reserves and sometimes also interest on excess reserves – the rates parties receive for deposits at the central bank.
Some central banks (e.g. in Denmark, Sweden and the Eurozone) are currently applying negative interest rates.
Open market operations
Open market operations usually take the form of:
• Buying or selling securities (“direct operations”) to achieve an interest rate target in the interbank market .
• Temporary lending of money for collateral securities (“Reverse Operations” or “repurchase operations”, otherwise known as the “repo” market). These operations are carried out on a regular basis, where fixed maturity loans (of one week and one month for the ECB) are auctioned off.
• Foreign exchange operations such as foreign exchange swaps.
All of these interventions can also influence the foreign exchange market and thus the exchange rate. For example, the People’s Bank of China and the Bank of Japan have on occasion bought several hundred billions of U.S. Treasuries, presumably in order to stop the decline of the U.S. dollar versus the renminbi and the yen.
Quantitative easing
When faced with the zero lower bound or a liquidity trap, central banks can resort to quantitative easing (QE). Like open market operations, QE consists in the purchase of financial assets by the central bank. There are however certain differences:
• The scaleof QE is much larger. The central bank implementing QE usually announces a specific amount of assets it intends to purchase.
• The durationof QE is purposefully long if not open-ended.
• The asset eligibilityis usually wider and more flexible under QE, allowing the central bank to purchase bonds with longer maturity and higher risk profile.
In that sense, quantitative easing can be considered as an extension of open market operations.
Capital requirements
Reserve requirements
As the early 20th century gold standard was undermined by inflation and the late 20th century fiat dollar hegemony evolved, and as banks proliferated and engaged in more complex transactions and were able to profit from dealings globally on a moment’s notice, these practices became mandatory, if only to ensure that there was some limit on the ballooning of money supply. Such limits have become harder to enforce. The People’s Bank of China retains (and uses) more powers over reserves because the yuan that it manages is a non-convertible currency.
Loan activity by banks plays a fundamental role in determining the money supply. The central-bank money after aggregate settlement – “final money” – can take only one of two forms:
• central-bank money which is rarely used by the people
Credit guidance and controls
Central banks can directly control the money supply by placing limits on the amount banks can lend to various sectors of the economy.[12][13] Central banks can also control the amount of lending by applying credit quotas. This allows the central bank to control both the quantity of lending and its allocation towards certain strategic sectors of the economy, for example to support the national industrial policy. The Bank of Japan used to apply such policy (“window guidance”) between 1962 and 1991.[14][15]
Exchange requirements
Margin requirements and other tools
Limits on policy effects
Although the perception by the public may be that the “central bank” controls some or all interest rates and currency rates, economic theory (and substantial empirical evidence) shows that it is impossible to do both at once in an open economy. Robert Mundell’s “impossible trinity” is the most famous formulation of these limited powers, and postulates that it is impossible to target monetary policy (broadly, interest rates), the exchange rate (through a fixed rate) and maintain free capital movement. Since most Western economies are now considered “open” with free capital movement, this essentially means that central banks may target interest rates or exchange rates with credibility, but not both at once.
The most complex relationships are those between the yuan and the US dollar, and between the euro and its neighbors. US dollars were ubiquitous in Cuba’s economy after its legalization in 1991, but were officially removed from circulation in 2004 and replaced by the convertible peso.
Forward guidance
More radical instruments
Some have envisaged the use of what Milton Friedman once called “helicopter money” whereby the central bank would make direct transfers to citizens[16] in order to lift inflation up to the central bank’s intended target. Such policy option could be particularly effective at the zero lower bound.[17]
Banking supervision and other activities
In some countries a central bank, through its subsidiaries, controls and monitors the banking sector. In other countries banking supervision is carried out by a government department such as the UK Treasury, or by an independent government agency, for example, UK’s Financial Conduct Authority. It examines the banks’ balance sheets and behaviour and policies toward consumers.[clarification needed] Apart from refinancing, it also provides banks with services such as transfer of funds, bank notes and coins or foreign currency. Thus it is often described as the “bank of banks”.
Many countries will monitor and control the banking sector through several different agencies and for different purposes. the Bank regulation in the United States for example is highly fragmented with 3 federal agencies, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the Federal Reserve Board, or Office of the Comptroller of the Currency and numerous others on the state and the private level. There is usually significant cooperation between the agencies. For example, money center banks, deposit-taking institutions, and other types of financial institutions may be subject to different (and occasionally overlapping) regulation. Some types of banking regulation may be delegated to other levels of government, such as state or provincial governments.
Governments generally have some degree of influence over even “independent” central banks; the aim of independence is primarily to prevent short-term interference. In 1951, the Deutsche Bundesbank became the first central bank to be given full independence, leading this form of central bank to be referred to as the “Bundesbank model”, as opposed, for instance, to the New Zealand model, which has a goal (i.e. inflation target) set by the government.
Advocates of central bank independence argue that a central bank which is too susceptible to political direction or pressure may encourage economic cycles (“boom and bust”), as politicians may be tempted to boost economic activity in advance of an election, to the detriment of the long-term health of the economy and the country. In this context, independence is usually defined as the central bank’s operational and management independence from the government.[citation needed]
Central bank independence is usually guaranteed by legislation and the institutional framework governing the bank’s relationship with elected officials, particularly the minister of finance. Central bank legislation will enshrine specific procedures for selecting and appointing the head of the central bank. Often the minister of finance will appoint the governor in consultation with the central bank’s board and its incumbent governor. In addition, the legislation will specify banks governor’s term of appointment. The most independent central banks enjoy a fixed non-renewable term for the governor in order to eliminate pressure on the governor to please the government in the hope of being re-appointed for a second term.[18] Generally, independent central banks enjoy both goal and instrument independence.[19]
In return to their independence, central bank are usually accountable at some level to government officials, either to the finance ministry or to parliament. For example, the Board of Governors of the U.S. Federal Reserve are nominated by the President of the U.S. and confirmed by the Senate,[20] publishes verbatim transcripts, and balance sheets are audited by the Government Accountability Office.[21]
In the 2000s there has been a trend towards increasing the independence of central banks as a way of improving long-term economic performance. While a large volume of economic research has been done to define the relationship between central bank independence and economic performance, the results are ambiguous.[22]
The literature on central bank independence has defined a cumulative and complementary number of aspects:[23][24]
• Institutional independence:The independence of the central bank is enshrined in law and shields central bank from political interference. In general terms, institutional independence means that politicians should refrain to seek to influence monetary policy decisions, while symmetrically central banks should also avoid influencing government politics.
• Functional & operational independence:The central bank has the independence to determine the best way of achieving its policy goals, including the types of instruments used and the timing of their use. To achieve its mandate, the central bank has the authority to run its own operations (appointing staff, setting budgets, and so on.) and to organise its internal structures without excessive involvement of the government. This is the most common form of central bank independence. The granting of independence to the Bank of England in 1997 was, in fact, the granting of operational independence; the inflation target continued to be announced in the Chancellor’s annual budget speech to Parliament.
• Personal independence:The other forms of independence are not possible unless central bank heads have a high security of tenure. In practice, this means that governors should hold long mandates (at least longer than the electoral cycle) and a certain degree of legal immunity.[25] One of the most common statistical indicators used in the literature[citation needed] as a proxy for central bank independence is the “turn-over-rate” of central bank governors. If a government is in the habit of appointing and replacing the governor frequently, it clearly has the capacity to micro-manage the central bank through its choice of governors.
• Financial independence:central banks have full autonomy on their budget, and some are even prohibited from financing governments. This is meant to remove incentives from politicians to influence central banks.
• Legal independence: some central banks have their own legal personality, which allows them to ratify international agreements without government’s approval (like the ECB) and to go in court.
There is very strong consensus among economists that an independent central bank can run a more credible monetary policy, making market expectations more responsive to signals from the central bank.[26] Both the Bank of England (1997) and the European Central Bank have been made independent and follow a set of published inflation targets so that markets know what to expect. Even the People’s Bank of China has been accorded great latitude, though in China the official role of the bank remains that of a national bank rather than a central bank, underlined by the official refusal to “unpeg” the yuan or to revalue it “under pressure”. The People’s Bank of China’s independence can thus be read more as independence from the US, which rules the financial markets, rather than from the Communist Party of China which rules the country. The fact that the Communist Party is not elected also relieves the pressure to please people, increasing its independence.[citation needed]
International organizations such as the World Bank, the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) strongly support central bank independence. This results, in part, from a belief in the intrinsic merits of increased independence. The support for independence from the international organizations also derives partly from the connection between increased independence for the central bank and increased transparency in the policy-making process. The IMF’s Financial Services Action Plan(FSAP) review self-assessment, for example, includes a number of questions about central bank independence in the transparency section. An independent central bank will score higher in the review than one that is not independent.[citation needed]
Early history
The use of money as a unit of account predates history. Government control of money is documented in the ancient Egyptian economy (2750–2150 BC).[27] The Egyptians measured the value of goods with a central unit called shat. As many other currencies, the shat was linked to gold. The value of a shat in terms of goods was defined by government administrations. Other cultures in Asia Minor later materialised their currencies in the form of gold and silver coins.[28]
In the medieval and the early modern period a network of professional banks was established in Southern and Central Europe.[29] The institutes built a new tier in the financial economy. The monetary system was still controlled by government institutions, mainly through the coinage prerogative. Banks, however, could use book money to create deposits for their customers. Thus, they had the possibility to issue, lend and transfer money autonomously without direct governmental control.
In order to consolidate the monetary system, a network of public exchange banks was established at the beginning of the 17th century in main European trade centres. The Amsterdam Wisselbank was founded as a first institute in 1609. Further exchange banks were located in Hamburg, Venice and Nuremberg. The institutes offered a public infrastructure for cashless international payments.[30] They aimed to increase the efficiency of international trade and to safeguard monetary stability. The exchange banks thus fulfilled comparable functions to modern central banks.[31] The institutes even issued their own (book) currency, called Mark Banco.
Bank of Amsterdam (Amsterdamsche Wisselbank)
In the early modern period, the Dutch were pioneering financial innovators who developed many advanced techniques and helped lay the foundations of modern financial systems.[32] The Bank of Amsterdam (Amsterdam Wisselbank), established in the Dutch Republic in 1609, was a forerunner to modern central banks. The Wisselbank’s innovations helped lay the foundations for the birth and development of the central banking system that now plays a vital role in the world’s economy. Along with a number of subsidiary local banks, it performed many functions of a central banking system.[33] The model of the Wisselbank as a state bank was adapted throughout Europe, including Sveriges Riksbank (1668) and the Bank of England (1694).
Sveriges Riksbank
Established by Dutch-Latvian Johan Palmstruch in 1668, Sweden’s central bank, the Riksbank, is often considered by many as the world’s oldest central bank. However it lacked a central function before 1904 since it did not have a monopoly over issuing bank notes.[34]
Bank of England
The establishment of the Bank of England, the model on which most modern central banks have been based, was devised by Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax, in 1694, following a proposal by the banker William Paterson three years earlier, which had not been acted upon.[35] In the Kingdom of England in the 1690s, public funds were in short supply, and the credit of William III’s government was so low in London that it was impossible for it to borrow the £1,200,000 (at 8 percent) needed to finance the ongoing Nine Years’ War with France. In order to induce subscription to the loan, Montagu proposed that the subscribers were to be incorporated as The Governor and Company of the Bank of England with long-term banking privileges including the issue of notes. The lenders would give the government cash (bullion) and also issue notes against the government bonds, which could be lent again. A Royal Charter was granted on 27 July through the passage of the Tonnage Act 1694.[36] The bank was given exclusive possession of the government’s balances, and was the only limited-liability corporation allowed to issue banknotes.[37][page needed] The £1.2M was raised in 12 days; half of this was used to rebuild the Navy.
Although this establishment of the Bank of England marks the origin of central banking, it did not have the functions of a modern central bank, namely, to regulate the value of the national currency, to finance the government, to be the sole authorized distributor of banknotes, and to function as a ‘lender of last resort’ to banks suffering a liquidity crisis. These modern central banking functions evolved slowly through the 18th and 19th centuries.[38]
Henry Thornton, a merchant banker and monetary theorist has been described as the father of the modern central bank. An opponent of the real bills doctrine, he was a defender of the bullionist position and a significant figure in monetary theory. Thornton’s process of monetary expansion anticipated the theories of Knut Wicksell regarding the “cumulative process which restates the Quantity Theory in a theoretically coherent form”. As a response to the 1797 currency crisis, Thornton wrote in 1802 An Enquiry into the Nature and Effects of the Paper Credit of Great Britain, in which he argued that the increase in paper credit did not cause the crisis. The book also gives a detailed account of the British monetary system as well as a detailed examination of the ways in which the Bank of England should act to counteract fluctuations in the value of the pound.[39]
Until the mid-nineteenth century, commercial banks were able to issue their own banknotes, and notes issued by provincial banking companies were commonly in circulation.[40] Many consider the origins of the central bank to lie with the passage of the Bank Charter Act 1844.[38] Under the 1844 Act, bullionism was institutionalized in Britain,[41] creating a ratio between the gold reserves held by the Bank of England and the notes that the Bank could issue.[42] The Act also placed strict curbs on the issuance of notes by the country banks.[42]
The Bank accepted the role of ‘lender of last resort’ in the 1870s after criticism of its lacklustre response to the Overend-Gurney crisis. The journalist Walter Bagehot wrote on the subject in Lombard Street: A Description of the Money Market, in which he advocated for the Bank to officially become a lender of last resort during a credit crunch, sometimes referred to as “Bagehot’s dictum”. Paul Tucker phrased the dictum in 2009 as follows:
…to avert panic, central banks should lend early and freely (ie without limit), to solvent firms, against good collateral, and at ‘high rates’.[43]
Spread around the world
Central banks were established in many European countries during the 19th century.[44][45] Napoleon created the Banque de France in 1800, in an attempt to improve the financing of his wars.[46] On the continent of Europe, the Bank of France remain the most important central bank throughout the 19th century. A central banking role was played by a small group of powerful family banking houses, typified by the House of Rothschild, with branches in major cities across Europe, as well as the Hottinguer family in Switzerland and the Oppenheim family in Germany.[47][48]
Although central banks today are generally associated with fiat money, the 19th and early 20th centuries central banks in most of Europe and Japan developed under the international gold standard. Free banking or currency boards were common at this time. Problems with collapses of banks during downturns, however, led to wider support for central banks in those nations which did not as yet possess them, most notably in Australia.
Australia established its first central bank in 1920, Peru in 1922, Colombia in 1923, Mexico and Chile in 1925 and Canada, India and New Zealand in the aftermath of the Great Depression in 1934. By 1935, the only significant independent nation that did not possess a central bank was Brazil, which subsequently developed a precursor thereto in 1945 and the present Central Bank of Brazil twenty years later. After gaining independence, African and Asian countries also established central banks or monetary unions. The Reserve Bank of India, which had been established during British colonial rule as a private company, was nationalized in 1949 following India’s independence.
The People’s Bank of China evolved its role as a central bank starting in about 1979 with the introduction of market reforms, which accelerated in 1989 when the country adopted a generally capitalist approach to its export economy. Evolving further partly in response to the European Central Bank, the People’s Bank of China had by 2000 become a modern central bank. The most recent bank model was introduced together with the euro, and involves coordination of the European national banks, which continue to manage their respective economies separately in all respects other than currency exchange and base interest rates.
United States
Main article: History of central banking in the United States
Alexander Hamilton as Secretary of the Treasury in the 1790s strongly promoted the banking system, and over heavy opposition from Jeffersonian Republicans, set up the First Bank of the United States. Jeffersonians allowed it to lapse, but the overwhelming financial difficulties of funding the War of 1812 without a central bank changed their minds. The Second Bank of the United States (1816–1836) under Nicholas Biddle functioned as a central bank, regulating the rapidly growing banking system.[49] The role of a central bank was ended in the Bank War of the 1830s by President Andrew Jackson when he shut down the Second Bank as being too powerful and elitist.[50]
In 1913 the United States created the Federal Reserve System through the passing of The Federal Reserve Act.[51]
Naming of central banks
There is no standard terminology for the name of a central bank, but many countries use the “Bank of Country” form—for example: Bank of Canada, Bank of Mexico, Bank of Thailand. The United Kingdom does not follow this form as its central bank is the Bank of England (which, despite its name, is the central bank of the United Kingdom as a whole). The name’s lack of representation of the entire United Kingdom (‘Bank of Britain’, for example) can be owed to the fact that its establishment occurred when the Kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland were separate entities (at least in name), and therefore pre-dates the merger of the Kingdoms of England and Scotland, the Kingdom of Ireland’s absorption into the Union and the formation of the present day United Kingdom).
The word “Reserve” is also often included, such as the Reserve Bank of India, Reserve Bank of Australia, Reserve Bank of New Zealand, the South African Reserve Bank, and Federal Reserve System. Other central banks are known as monetary authorities such as the Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority, Hong Kong Monetary Authority, Monetary Authority of Singapore, Maldives Monetary Authority and Cayman Islands Monetary Authority. There is an instance where native language was used to name the central bank: in the Philippines the Filipino name Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas is used even in English.
Some are styled “national” banks, such as the Swiss National Bank, National Bank of Poland and National Bank of Ukraine, although the term national bank is also used for private commercial banks in some countries such as National Bank of Pakistan. In other cases, central banks may incorporate the word “Central” (for example, European Central Bank, Central Bank of Ireland, Central Bank of Brazil). In some countries, particularly in formerly Communist ones, the term national bank may be used to indicate both the monetary authority and the leading banking entity, such as the Soviet Union’s Gosbank (state bank). In rare cases, central banks are styled “state” banks such as the State Bank of Pakistanand State Bank of Vietnam.
Many countries have state-owned banks or other quasi-government entities that have entirely separate functions, such as financing imports and exports. In other countries, the term national bank may be used to indicate that the central bank’s goals are broader than monetary stability, such as full employment, industrial development, or other goals. Some state-owned commercial banks have names suggestive of central banks, even if they are not: examples are the State Bank of India and Central Bank of India.
The chief executive of a central bank is usually known as the Governor, President or Chair.
21st century
After the Financial crisis of 2007–2008 central banks led change, but as of 2015 their ability to boost economic growth has stalled. Central banks debate whether they should experiment with new measures like negative interest rates or direct financing of government, “lean even more on politicians to do more”. Andy Haldane from the Bank of England said “central bankers may need to accept that their good old days – of adjusting interest rates to boost employment or contain inflation – may be gone for good”. The European Central Bank and The Bank of Japan whose economies are in or close to deflation, continue quantitative easing – buying securities to encourage more lending.[52]
Since 2017, prospect of implementing central bank digital currency (CBDC) has been in discussion[53]. As of the end of 2018, at least 15 central banks were considering to implementing CBDC[54].
Collectively, central banks purchase less than 500 tonnes of gold each year, on average (out of an annual global production of 2,500–3,000 tonnes per year).[56] In 2018, central banks collectively hold over 33,000 metric tons of the gold, about a fifth of all the gold ever mined, according to Bloomberg News.[57]
Libertarian criticisms
Certain groups of people, like Libertarians, believe central banking is an incompetent cartel that does very little to prevent recessions. Milton Friedman for example has claimed the FED contributed to worsening the Great Depression by artificially keeping interest rates too low and then suddenly shocking the system with outrageously high rates. This was a time when the FED was recently created in 1913. Although Milton Friedman is a monetarist, he believes decisions regarding interest rates should be left to computers, similar to the way the modern stock market is heavily automated.
Individuals who support free banking believe that fiat money should not exist, but that currencies should be freely traded in the economy, and indexing those currencies to precious commodities.
1. ^Compare: Uittenbogaard, Roland (2014). Evolution of Central Banking?: De Nederlandsche Bank 1814 -1852. Cham (Switzerland): Springer. p. 4. ISBN 9783319106175. Retrieved 3 February 2019. Although it is difficult to define central banking, […] a functional definition is most useful. […] Capie et al. (1994) define a central bank as the government’s bank, the monopoly note issuer and lender of last resort.
2. ^Bank of Canada. “$5 and $10 Bank Note Issue”. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
3. ^Compare states like Zimbabwe or Kosovo, which have special currency systems.
4. ^David Fielding, “Fiscal and Monetary Policies in Developing Countries” in The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics (Springer, 2016), p. 405: “The current norm in OECD countries is an institutionally independent central bank … In recent years some non-OECD countries have introduced … a degree of central bank independence and accountability.”
5. ^“Public governance of central banks: an approach from new institutional economics”(PDF). The Bulletin of the Faculty of Commerce. 89 (4). March 2007.
6. ^Apel, Emmanuel (November 2007). “1”. Central Banking Systems Compared: The ECB, The Pre-Euro Bundesbank and the Federal Reserve System. Routledge. p. 14. ISBN 978-0415459228.
7. ^“Ownership and independence of FED”. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
8. ^Deutsche Bundesbank#Governance
9. ^Bank of Canada backgrounders: Target for the Overnight Rate
10. ^How the US Money Market Really Works (Part III of “Greenspan – the Wizard of Bubbleland”). By Henry C.K. Liu, October 27, 2005.
11. ^Reserve, Federal. “Fed stops publishing M3”. press release. Federal Reserve Board. Retrieved 9 March 2006.
12. ^Werner, Richard (2002). ‘Monetary Policy Implementation in Japan: What They Say vs. What they Do’, Asian Economic Journal, vol. 16 no.2, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 111–151; Werner, Richard (2001). Princes of the Yen, Armonk: M. E. Sharpe [1]
13. ^Chan, Szu Ping (26 June 2014). “Bank of England cracks down on mortgages”. The Telegraph.
14. ^“Effectiveness of Window Guidance and Financial Environment – In Light of Japan’s Experience of Financial Liberalization and a Bubble Economy – : 日本銀行 Bank of Japan”. www.boj.or.jp. Retrieved 12 November 2017.
15. ^Rhodes and Yoshino. “Japan=s Monetary Policy Transition, 1955–2004” (PDF).
16. ^Baeriswyl, Romain (2017). “The Case for the Separation of Money and Credit”. Monetary Policy, Financial Crises, and the Macroeconomy. Springer, Cham. pp. 105–121. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56261-2_6. ISBN 9783319562605.
17. ^“The Simple Analytics of Helicopter Money: Why It Works – Always — Economics E-Journal”. www.economics-ejournal.org. Retrieved 12 November 2017.
18. ^John Goodman, Monetary Sovereignty: The Politics of Central Banking in Western Europe, Cornell University Press, 1992
19. ^Stanley Fischer, “Central Bank Independence”
20. ^Who are the members of the Federal Reserve Board, and how are they selected? U.S. Federal Reserve Board of Governors FAQ, July 22, 2015
21. ^Is the Federal Reserve accountable to anyone? U.S. Federal Reserve Board of Governors FAQ June 17, 2011
22. ^Banaian, Burdekin, and Willett, 1998 “Reconsidering the principal components of central bank independence: The more the merrier?”
23. ^Bank, European Central. “Why is the ECB independent?”. European Central Bank. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
24. ^EU, Transparency International (28 March 2017). “Transparency International EU – The global coalition against corruption in Brussels”. transparency.eu. Retrieved 13 November2017.
25. ^“Privileges and immunities of the European Central Bank” (PDF).
26. ^http://www.igmchicago.org/surveys/fed-appointments
27. ^Monetary practices In ancient Egypt. Money Museum National Bank of Belgium, 31 May 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
28. ^Metcalf, William E. The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016, pp. 43–44
29. ^Collins, Christopher. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History, Volume 3. BANKING: Middle Ages and Early Modern Period., Oxford University Press, 2012, pp. 221–225
31. ^Kurgan-van Hentenryk, Ginette. Banking, Trade and Industry: Europe, America and Asia from the Thirteenth to the Twentieth Century, Cambridge University Press, 1997, p. 39
33. ^Stephen Quinn, and William Roberds. 2007. “The Bank of Amsterdam and the Leap to Central Bank Money.” American Economic Review, 97 (2): 262–265.doi:10.1257/aer.97.2.262
34. ^Robin Teigland; et al. (2018). The Rise and Development of FinTech: Accounts of Disruption from Sweden and Beyond. Taylor & Francis. p. 113. ISBN 9781351183604.
35. ^Committee of Finance and Industry 1931 (Macmillan Report) description of the founding of Bank of England. 1979. ISBN 9780405112126. Retrieved 10 May 2010. Its foundation in 1694 arose out the difficulties of the Government of the day in securing subscriptions to State loans. Its primary purpose was to raise and lend money to the State and in consideration of this service it received under its Charter and various Act of Parliament, certain privileges of issuing bank notes. The corporation commenced, with an assured life of twelve years after which the Government had the right to annul its Charter on giving one year’s notice. ”’Subsequent extensions of this period coincided generally with the grant of additional loans to the State”’
36. ^ Roseveare, The Financial Revolution 1660–1760 (1991, Longman), p. 34
37. ^Bagehot, Walter (5 November 2010). Lombard Street: a description of the money market (1873). London: Henry S. King and Co. (etext by Project Gutenberg).
38. ^ Jump up to:ab Capie, Forrest, Fischer, Stanley, Goodhart, Charles and Schnadt, Norbert (1994). “The development of central banking”. The future of central banking: the tercentenary symposium of the Bank of England. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521496346. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
40. ^“£2 note issued by Evans, Jones, Davies & Co”. British Museum. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
41. ^Anna Gambles, Protection and Politics: Conservative Economic Discourse, 1815-1852(Royal Historical Society/Boydell Press, 1999), pp. 117-18.
42. ^ Jump up to:ab Mary Poovey, Genres of the Credit Economy: Mediating Value in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Britain (University of Chicago Press, 2008), p. 49.
44. ^Clifford Gomez (2011). Banking and Finance: Theory, Law and Practice. PHI. p. 100. ISBN 9788120342378.
45. ^Michael D. Bordo; Marc Flandreau; Jan F. Qvigstad (2016). Central Banks at a Crossroads: What Can We Learn from History?. Cambridge UP. pp. 1–17. ISBN 9781107149663.
46. ^Michael Stephen Smith (2006). The Emergence of Modern Business Enterprise in France, 1800–1930. Harvard UP. p. 59. ISBN 9780674019393.
47. ^Niall Ferguson, The House of Rothschild: Volume 1: Money’s Prophets: 1798–1848(1999).
48. ^Gabriele Teichmann, “Sal. Oppenheim jr. & Cie., Cologne.” Financial History Review1 (1994): 69–78, online in English.
49. ^Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. “A History of Central Banking in the United States” online
50. ^Bray Hammond, “Jackson’s Fight with the ‘Money Power.'” American Heritage (June 1956) 7#4: 9–11, 100–103.
51. ^Miklos Sebok, “President Wilson and the International Origins of the Federal Reserve System—A Reappraisal.” White House Studies4 (2011): 424–447.
52. ^Howard Schneider; Balazs Koranyi (1 October 2015). “From heroes to bystanders? Central banks’ growth challenge”. Reuters. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
53. ^BankUnderground (13 September 2017). “Beyond blockchain: what are the technology requirements for a Central Bank Digital Currency?”. Bank Underground. Retrieved 10 July2019.
54. ^Tommaso Mancini-Griffoli, Maria Soledad Martinez Peria, Itai Agur, Anil Ari, John Kiff, Adina Popescu, Celine Rochon (12 November 2018). “Casting Light on Central Bank Digital Currency”. IMF Staff Discussion Note.
55. ^“Assets of central banks globally 2002-2017 | Statistic”. Statista. Retrieved 20 March2019.
56. ^“Swiss love affair with gold could heat up again”.
57. ^“Why Central Bank Buying Has the Gold Market Guessing”. Bloomberg Businessweek. 29 October 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
58. ^Big Central Bank Assets Jump Fastest in 5 Years to $21 Trillion Bloomberg News, October 16, 2016
Ofer Abarbanel online library
Ofer Abarbanel online library
Ofer Abarbanel online library |
Tech world debate on robots and jobs heats up
Although technology has long affected the labor force, recent advances in artificial intelligence and robotics are heightening concerns about automation replacing a growing number of occupations, including highly skilled or "knowledge-based" jobs. Self-driving technology may eliminate the need for taxi, Uber and truck drivers, algorithms are playing a growing role in journalism.
Of 700 occupations in the United States, 47 percent are at "high risk" from automation, an Oxford University study concluded in 2013.
A McKinsey study released this year offered a similar view, saying "about half" of activities in the world’s workforce "could potentially be automated by adapting currently demonstrated technologies."
Still, McKinsey researchers offered a caveat, saying that only around five percent of jobs can be "fully automated."
"The studies are underestimating the impact of technology, some 80 to 90 percent of jobs will be eliminated in the next 10 to 15 years," said Vivek Wadhwa, a tech entrepreneur and faculty member at Carnegie Mellon University in Silicon Valley.
"Artificial intelligence is moving a lot faster than anyone had expected," said Wadhwa, who is co-author of a forthcoming book on the topic. "Alexa (Amazon’s home hub) and Google Home are getting amazingly intelligent very fast. Microsoft and Google have demonstrated that AI can understand human speech better than humans can."
Wadhwa calls the driverless car a "metaphor" for the future of labor and a sign of a major shift.
"As algorithms push humans out of the job market," he writes, "wealth and power might become concentrated in the hands of the tiny elite that owns the all-powerful algorithms, creating unprecedented social and political inequality."
"Robots can replace humans in certain tasks but don’t entirely replace humans," he said.
But he acknowledged that automation "is destroying a lot of low-skill, low wage jobs, and the new jobs being created need higher skills."
Former president Barack Obama’s council of economic advisors also warned last year that most jobs paying less than $20 an hour "would come under pressure from automation." |
history of rugby
The Evolution of Rugby
The game known as ‘Rugby Union’ Rugby is said to have originated at Rugby School in Warwickshire, England, in 1823 when during a game of football, William Webb Ellis decided to pick up a ball and run with it.
This is widely accepted in rugby folk lore.
As such, the Rugby World Cup Trophy is now the William Webb Ellis Cup.
In 1871 Rugby Football Union was officially formed, with the first ever international match was played between England and Scotland with Scotland taking the win 1-0!
How has the size of a rugby player evolved?
This image of how the size of an All Blacks fly halve / first five has evolved since 1905, says it all.
Dan Carter size |
The Impact of Women on the Coffee Industry
Here at Sagebrush, we love celebrating our producers! Without these amazing farmers, we would not be able to deliver the high-quality coffee we pride ourselves in and you now expect. Today we are shining a light on women-owned coffee farms. Coffee growing and agriculture, in general, is usually assumed to be difficult, potentially dangerous work that requires an immense amount of focus, endurance, and strength. These words can also perfectly describe womanhood. Often assumed to be a "men only" industry, maybe it is time we take a closer look at the incredible work women do in the coffee industry.
Two major factors contribute to the low number of women-owned coffee farms. One is land ownership, and the other is the role women typically hold in the coffee industry. In many countries, legal land ownership and member associations are difficult for women to obtain. The land or membership is most often legally held in the husband's name and is not transferred to the wife in the event of his death or absence from the farm. The same goes for membership associations. Legally, memberships typically cannot be transferred to the wife due to local laws. The other major factor contributing to fewer women-owned coffee farms is the role they typically hold in coffee farms worldwide. While there are many different kinds of reports on agriculture and coffee farm statistics, many reports state about 70% of the labor on coffee farms (planting, picking, processing, sorting) is done by women. Since their assumed role is usually that of a laborer, it is more difficult for women to find their way to a position where they can own their farm and land.
The Asociación de Mujeres Productoras Agropecuarias del Cauca (or AMACA) is a coalition of fantastic women-owned producers that we are lucky to have as a bean supplier. Formed in 1999, this association started with just eighty women from across El Tambo in Colombia's Cauca department. They came together to form the AMACA to better help each other and pool resources to build up smaller farms. The quality of their coffee has grown to the point where they can charge a premium on top of the coffee's traditional value. This premium allows the AMACA to support its members with equipment, resources, and even property. We love supporting them because of their association's statement: "to improve the quality of life of their members and their member's families." We also celebrate them for their genuine love and passion for growing premium coffee!
Two of the most notable accomplishments of the group came in 2008 and 2010. In 2008, the AMACA partnered with all levels of government, including the municipality of El Tambo, the governor of Cauca, and with the Ministry of Agriculture to help increase the creation and quality of 80 of their member's farms. Not only did this help the individual members, but the region benefited from more substantial businesses as well. In 2010, the AMACA supplied twenty-two of their member's farms with wet mills and processing tanks with their "Social Action" drive. Twenty-one years later, the AMACA has one hundred and forty active members from all over the El Tambo municipality. The average farm size within the association is one hectare, which holds five thousand trees! Some of the members can even manage over three hectares of crops, while some of the other members can work less than one hectare. Together, they can help lift each other's businesses and livelihoods. Not only does this bring prosperity to their families, but it helps the region as a whole. |
How Esophageal Cancer Is Treated
Treatment options for esophageal cancer depend on the stage of the cancer and may include surgery (removing part or all of the esophagus), chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, or clinical trials testing combinations of these or new treatments.
Treatment, however, goes beyond just treating the cancer, and palliative or supportive care—treatments aimed to help people cope with the physical, emotional, and spiritual side effects of cancer—are equally important.
Choosing a Treatment Center
Whether you will be having surgery or other treatments, finding a good cancer center is important. A 2017 study in the Annals of Surgery confirmed what earlier studies have shown. Researchers found that people with esophageal cancer who travel longer distances to high-volume cancer centers receive significantly different treatments and have better outcomes than those who stay closer to home at cancer centers that treat fewer people with the disease.
You may consider choosing to seek out an opinion at one of the larger National Cancer Institute-designated cancer centers; centers that treat large numbers of people with esophageal cancer (and for those who have surgery, perform more of these surgeries).
Esophageal Cancer Doctor Discussion Guide
Doctor Discussion Guide Man
Treatment Options by Stage
Before going into the specific treatment options available, it's helpful to discuss the treatments most commonly used at different stages of the disease. They can vary tremendously.
Two people with the same stage of the disease, for example, may have cancers in different regions that would require different treatments. Even with cancers that are similar in location, stage, and in people with similar general health, it's important to note that no two cancers are alike.
That said, the general approach is as follows.
Stage 0
Stage 0 (carcinoma in situ) or extremely small stage 1A cancers may sometimes be removed via endoscopy. In the United States (unlike some parts of the world), esophageal cancer is uncommon and rarely found at a stage early enough that endoscopic removal is possible. Surgery can also be used for these tumors.
Stage 1
Surgery is usually the treatment of choice for stage 1 cancers and may be the only treatment needed in some cases.
Stage 2 and 3
Chemotherapy and radiation (or chemotherapy alone) followed by surgery is the most common approach, although sometimes surgery alone, or chemotherapy alone, may be used. There is currently controversy over whether people with squamous cell carcinomas of the esophagus who have a complete response (no evidence of tumor) after chemotherapy still require surgery.
Stage 4
With stage 4A cancers, chemotherapy and radiation therapy may sometimes be followed by surgery (if the tumor responds very well). For stage 4B cancers, chemotherapy can sometimes result in a partial response.
Some people worry that, because of age, treatment will be too aggressive, but older people (over the age of 80) who are in good general health appear to tolerate the treatments for esophageal well and have survival rates similar to those of younger people.
When diagnosed in the earlier stages of the disease, surgery may offer the chance of a cure. Before considering surgery, careful staging is very important. Unfortunately, if a cancer has spread beyond the esophagus, surgery does not improve survival but does reduce quality of life. Therefore it is critical to determine who will benefit from surgery.
Equally important is finding a surgeon who is very experienced in performing these surgeries. While the large cancer centers are more likely to have surgeons with extensive experience, it's important to take the time to "interview" a potential surgeon about his or her personal experience with esophageal surgery.
An esophagectomy, the surgery done to remove an esophageal cancer, refers to the removal of all or part of the esophagus. For some cancers, especially those in the lower esophagus, part of the stomach is removed as well. In addition, nearby lymph nodes are usually removed and sent to the pathology lab to look for any evidence of cancer.
After the section of the esophagus is removed, the stomach is reattached to the upper esophagus (the term that describes sewing these together is "anastomosis"). If a large part of the esophagus is removed so that reattachment is difficult or impossible, a section of intestine may be removed and placed between the upper esophagus and stomach.
An esophagectomy can be performed in two different ways:
• Open esophagectomy: In an open procedure, a traditional large incision is made in either the neck, chest, or abdomen (or may sometimes include all three) through which the esophagus is accessed.
• Minimally invasive esophagectomy: In a minimally invasive procedure, several small incision are placed in the neck and chest. A scope (with a camera) is inserted through these incisions and the surgery is performed through the scope. Minimally invasive surgery is usually only possible with smaller esophageal tumors.
Side Effects and Complications
Removing part of the esophagus is a major surgery and complications are not uncommon.
During the surgery, the most common risks include bleeding and anesthesia concerns such as abnormal heart rhythms and lung problems.
In the days following surgery, blood clots are far too common (deep vein thromboses) and can sometimes break off and travel to the lungs (pulmonary emboli). Infections such as pneumonia are common during recovery and leakage (and subsequent infection and inflammation) may occasionally occur where the esophagus was reattached.
Long term, some people have persistent hoarseness due to damage to nerves in the chest during surgery. Nerve damage can also result in changes in motility in the upper digestive tract that may lead to nausea and vomiting. Since the lower esophageal sphincter (the band of muscle at the bottom of the esophagus that prevents the stomach contents from backing up into the esophagus) is often removed or damaged, heartburn is common, and many people will require medications for acid reflux.
Chemotherapy works by attacking rapidly dividing cells and can be given in one of several ways with esophageal cancer. These include:
• Neoadjuvant chemotherapy: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy refers to the use of chemotherapy before surgery to reduce the size of a tumor.
• Adjuvant chemotherapy: Adjuvant chemotherapy refers to chemotherapy given after surgery. Even if there does not appear to be any cancer left behind after surgery, small clusters of cancer cells can remain and result in a recurrence later on. Chemotherapy after surgery may reduce the risk of recurrence and improve survival for some people.
• Palliative chemotherapy: Palliative chemotherapy refers to using chemotherapy to control symptoms and extend life with stage 4 disease, but not to cure the disease. At the current time, chemotherapy (even when combined with radiation) may increase the length of survival but is unlikely to cure the disease.
If surgery is being considered, the most common approach is to give chemotherapy (with or without radiation therapy) prior to surgery (adjuvant chemotherapy or chemoradiation). There are several reasons for this.
• Your doctor can make sure the chemotherapy is effective rather than learning after the surgery if it is not.
• Chemotherapy is usually tolerated much better before surgery than after surgery.
• Neoadjuvant chemotherapy may downstage the tumor (make it smaller) so that surgery is easier to perform.
• Finally, for some people (primarily those with squamous cell carcinomas), the tumor may disappear so that surgery is not needed.
Chemotherapy medications that are often used include a combination of Paraplatin (carboplatin) and Taxol (paclitaxel) or Platinol (cisplatin) and Camptosar (irinotecan). In the past, the medication 5-FU (5 fluorouracil) was often used, but tends to be more toxic.
Chemotherapy Side Effects
As with so many cancer treatments, it's important to keep in mind that the awful side effects of treatment a friend or family member may have experienced in the past, do not necessarily apply to the modern treatment of the disease. Chemotherapy drugs are usually given in cycles (for example, every three weeks), for four to six months.
Many of the side effects are due to the drugs killing off normal cells that divide rapidly along with cancer cells. Common side effects include:
Just as the chemotherapy drugs used today are less toxic, the management of side effects has improved dramatically. Many people have minimal or no nausea and vomiting with preventive medications. There are also injections available to increase the white blood cell count if needed (though it's still important to learn about ways to lower infection risk during chemotherapy).
Peripheral neuropathy (PN), is one of the more annoying symptoms of chemotherapy for esophageal cancer and is often permanent. The drugs linked most closely with PN include taxanes (such as Taxol), and platinum drugs (such as Platinol and Paraplatin). Since a combination of these are often used, the effect can be magnified.
There are many studies in progress looking at ways to reduce this symptom (such as using L-glutamine during treatment), and people should talk to their doctors about the latest research before starting chemotherapy.
Radiation Therapy
Radiation therapy uses high energy rays to treat cancer cells and is often used along with chemotherapy. Radiation therapy may also be used for palliation (see below). It is given in two primary ways:
• External beam radiation: External beam radiation is the form many people are familiar with, and may be given daily for a few days or weeks.
• Brachytherapy (internal) radiation therapy: With brachytherapy, an endoscopy is done so that the radiation can be placed near the tumor within the esophagus. It is done more often as palliative therapy to help with swallowing.
Radiation Side Effects
The most common side effects of radiation therapy to the chest are skin reddening and a rash at the site of radiation (similar to a sunburn) and fatigue. Radiation to the chest may also cause inflammation of the lungs (radiation pneumonitis). If untreated it can lead to fibrosis of the lungs. Inflammation of the esophagus (pulmonary fibrosis) may also occur.
Targeted Therapy
Targeted therapy uses drugs just as chemotherapy, but the drugs are "targeted" against a particular pathway in the growth of cancer cells. For this reason they often have fewer side effects than traditional chemotherapy drugs.
Cyramza (ramucirumab)
Cyramza is a monoclonal antibody that is considered an angiogenesis inhibitor. In order for tumors to grow, they need to form new blood vessels (angiogenesis). The drug prevents a step that is needed to form new vessels.
Cyramza is most often used when other treatments are no longer effective and may be used with or without chemotherapy. Side effects may include a headache and high blood pressure but on occasion severe symptoms, such as severe bleeding or intestinal perforation, may occur.
According to a 2017 study, out of all the chemotherapy and targeted therapy options available, Cyramza most clearly showed an ability to improve both progression-free survival and overall survival in people with advanced (stage 4) esophageal adenocarcinoma.
Herceptin (trastuzumab)
Herceptin is used on occasion for advanced esophageal adenocarcinomas that are HER2 positive (similar to HER2 positive breast cancer).
Testing for HER2 is done on a sample of a tumor obtained during a biopsy or surgery. These cancers have the protein HER2 on the surface of the cell, to which growth factors bind and cause growth. Herceptin binds to these receptors so that growth factors cannot, essentially starving the cancer.
Side effects are often mild, such as a headache and fever, and usually improve in time. The drug can, at times, cause heart damage. Your doctor will discuss the risk of this.
Clinical Trials
There are currently clinical trials in progress looking at combinations of the above treatments, as well as newer therapies such as immunotherapy drugs.
While participating in a research study can be frightening to some people, it helps to keep in mind that every treatment we currently have for esophageal cancer was once studied in a clinical trial.
Complementary Medicine (CAM)
At the current time, there are no "alternative" therapies that extend survival or result in a cure for people with esophageal cancer. That said, some treatments may help with the symptoms of cancer and cancer treatments when combined with conventional medicine.
Many of the larger cancer centers now offer these alternative cancer therapies along with conventional treatments for cancer.
Therapies such as meditation, yoga, acupuncture, massage therapy, and more can sometimes help people cope with both the physical and emotional challenges that go along with a diagnosis of cancer.
Palliative Care
Palliative care differs from hospice care in that it may be used even for people who expect to be cured from their cancer. It is care that focuses on helping people manage the physical and emotional symptoms related to cancer and cancer treatments, ranging from cancer pain to depression.
Difficulty swallowing due to obstruction of the esophagus by tumor is common with esophageal cancer and interferes with proper nutrition. If a tumor is too advanced for surgery (esophagectomy) there are still options to reduce problems with swallowing. Some of these include:
• Placing a stent in the esophagus (via endoscopy) to keep the esophagus open.
• Brachytherapy (internal radiation) noted above.
• External beam radiation therapy.
• Electrocoagulation (burning the area of the tumor causing obstruction).
• Laser therapy.
Many cancer centers now offer consults with a palliative care team. Working with a palliative care specialist often maximizes the chance that your symptoms will be well controlled and that your quality of life can be as good as possible while living with cancer.
Was this page helpful?
Article Sources
1. Janmaat, V., Steverberg, E., van der Gaast, A. et al. Palliative Chemotherapy and Targeted Therapies for Esophageal and Gastroesophageal Junction CancerCochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017. 11:CD004063. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004063.pub4
2. National Cancer Institute. Esophageal Cancer Treatment (PDQ)—Health Professional Version. Updated July 3, 2019.
3. Speicher, P., Englum, B., Ganapathi, A. et al. Traveling to a High-Volume Center is Associated With Improved Survival for Patients With Esophageal CancerAnnals of Surgery. 2017. 265(4):743-749. doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000001702
4. Bast, R., Croce, C., Hait, W. et al. Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine. Wiley Blackwell, 2017.
5. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health. Chemotherapy and You. Published September 2018.
6. Zajączkowska R, Kocot-kępska M, Leppert W, Wrzosek A, Mika J, Wordliczek J. Mechanisms of Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(6). doi:10.3390/ijms20061451
7. Opstelten JL, De wijkerslooth LR, Leenders M, et al. Variation in palliative care of esophageal cancer in clinical practice: factors associated with treatment decisions. Dis Esophagus. 2017;30(2):1-7. doi:10.1111/dote.12478 |
From Mickopedia, the feckin' free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Femur - anterior view2.png
Position of femur (shown in red)
Left femur seen from behind.
OriginsGastrocnemius, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis and vastus intermedius
InsertionsGluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, iliopsoas, lateral rotator group, adductors of the feckin' hip
Articulationship: acetabulum of pelvis superiorly
knee: with the feckin' tibia and patella inferiorly
LatinOs femoris, os longissimum
Anatomical terms of bone
The femur (/ˈfmər/, pl. femurs or femora /ˈfɛmərə/)[1][2], or thigh bone, is the bleedin' proximal bone of the hindlimb in tetrapod vertebrate, the largest bone of the bleedin' human body. The head of the feckin' femur articulates with the bleedin' acetabulum in the feckin' pelvic bone formin' the hip joint, while the oul' distal part of the oul' femur articulates with the oul' tibia and kneecap, formin' the knee joint. Soft oul' day. By most measures the two (left and right) femurs are the oul' strongest bones of the bleedin' body, and in humans,[vague] the longest.
The femur is the only bone in the upper leg. Holy blatherin' Joseph, listen to this. The two femurs converge medially toward the knees, where they articulate with the bleedin' proximal ends of the bleedin' tibiae, bejaysus. The angle of convergence of the bleedin' femora is a feckin' major factor in determinin' the bleedin' femoral-tibial angle, Lord bless us and save us. Human females have wider pelvic bones, causin' their femora to converge more than in males.
In the oul' condition genu valgum (knock knee) the femurs converge so much that the oul' knees touch one another, you know yerself. The opposite extreme is genu varum (bow-leggedness). Arra' would ye listen to this. In the bleedin' general population of people without either genu valgum or genu varum, the oul' femoral-tibial angle is about 175 degrees.[3]
The femur is the oul' longest and, by some measures, the oul' strongest bone in the bleedin' human body. This depends on the feckin' type of measurement taken to calculate strength. Some strength tests show the feckin' temporal bone in the oul' skull to be the oul' strongest bone. Sufferin' Jaysus listen to this. The femur length on average is 26.74% of a feckin' person's height,[4] a ratio found in both men and women and most ethnic groups with only restricted variation, and is useful in anthropology because it offers an oul' basis for a holy reasonable estimate of an oul' subject's height from an incomplete skeleton.
The femur is categorised as a holy long bone and comprises a feckin' diaphysis (shaft or body) and two epiphyses (extremities) that articulate with adjacent bones in the bleedin' hip and knee.[3]
Upper part[edit]
The upper extremity of right femur viewed from behind and above, showin' head, neck, and the oul' greater and lesser trochanter
The head of the femur, which articulates with the oul' acetabulum of the bleedin' pelvic bone, comprises two-thirds of a bleedin' sphere, would ye swally that? It has a small groove, or fovea, connected through the bleedin' round ligament to the feckin' sides of the oul' acetabular notch, be the hokey! The head of the bleedin' femur is connected to the feckin' shaft through the oul' neck or collum. Jaysis. The neck is 4–5 cm, fair play. long and the diameter is smallest front to back and compressed at its middle, game ball! The collum forms an angle with the feckin' shaft in about 130 degrees. This angle is highly variant. Holy blatherin' Joseph, listen to this. In the infant it is about 150 degrees and in old age reduced to 120 degrees on average. I hope yiz are all ears now. An abnormal increase in the bleedin' angle is known as coxa valga and an abnormal reduction is called coxa vara. G'wan now. Both the oul' head and neck of the femur is vastly embedded in the feckin' hip musculature and can not be directly palpated. C'mere til I tell ya now. In skinny people with the oul' thigh laterally rotated, the head of the bleedin' femur can be felt deep as a resistance profound (deep) for the femoral artery.[3]
The transition area between the bleedin' head and neck is quite rough due to attachment of muscles and the feckin' hip joint capsule. Here the two trochanters, greater and lesser trochanter, are found. Jaysis. The greater trochanter is almost box-shaped and is the oul' most lateral prominent of the femur. Story? The highest point of the greater trochanter is located higher than the oul' collum and reaches the oul' midpoint of the oul' hip joint, enda story. The greater trochanter can easily be felt. The trochanteric fossa is a deep depression bounded posteriorly by the intertrochanteric crest on the feckin' medial surface of the greater trochanter. The lesser trochanter is a holy cone-shaped extension of the feckin' lowest part of the oul' femur neck. Bejaysus. The two trochanters are joined by the oul' intertrochanteric crest on the oul' back side and by the intertrochanteric line on the bleedin' front.[3]
A shlight ridge is sometimes seen commencin' about the middle of the oul' intertrochanteric crest, and reachin' vertically downward for about 5 cm. Arra' would ye listen to this. along the bleedin' back part of the body: it is called the linea quadrata (or quadrate line).
About the feckin' junction of the bleedin' upper one-third and lower two-thirds on the intertrochanteric crest is the bleedin' quadrate tubercle located, game ball! The size of the oul' tubercle varies and it is not always located on the bleedin' intertrochanteric crest and that also adjacent areas can be part of the feckin' quadrate tubercle, such as the oul' posterior surface of the bleedin' greater trochanter or the bleedin' neck of the feckin' femur. In a feckin' small anatomical study it was shown that the epiphyseal line passes directly through the feckin' quadrate tubercle.[5]
The body of the oul' femur (or shaft) is long, shlender and almost cylindrical in form. It is a bleedin' little broader above than in the center, broadest and somewhat flattened from before backward below. Bejaysus here's a quare one right here now. It is shlightly arched, so as to be convex in front, and concave behind, where it is strengthened by a holy prominent longitudinal ridge, the bleedin' linea aspera which diverges proximally and distal as the medial and lateral ridge. Story? Proximally the bleedin' lateral ridge of the linea aspera becomes the feckin' gluteal tuberosity while the medial ridge continues as the bleedin' pectineal line. Whisht now. Besides the linea aspera the feckin' shaft has two other bordes; a lateral and medial border. Chrisht Almighty. These three bordes separates the oul' shaft into three surfaces: One anterior, one medial and one lateral. Due to the bleedin' vast musculature of the thigh the bleedin' shaft can not be palpated.[3]
The third trochanter is a bony projection occasionally present on the proximal femur near the feckin' superior border of the feckin' gluteal tuberosity, fair play. When present, it is oblong, rounded, or conical in shape and sometimes continuous with the oul' gluteal ridge.[6] A structure of minor importance in humans, the oul' incidence of the feckin' third trochanter varies from 17–72% between ethnic groups and it is frequently reported as more common in females than in males.[7]
Lower part[edit]
Lower extremity of right femur viewed from below.
Left knee joint from behind, showin' interior ligaments.
The lower extremity of the bleedin' femur (or distal extremity) is larger than the upper extremity. Be the hokey here's a quare wan. It is somewhat cuboid in form, but its transverse diameter is greater than its antero-posterior (front to back). Bejaysus this is a quare tale altogether. It consists of two oblong eminences known as the feckin' condyles.[3]
Anteriorly, the condyles are shlightly prominent and are separated by a feckin' smooth shallow articular depression called the patellar surface. Whisht now. Posteriorly, they project considerably and a deep notch, the oul' Intercondylar fossa of femur, is present between them. The lateral condyle is the oul' more prominent and is the broader both in its antero-posterior and transverse diameters. The medial condyle is the feckin' longer and, when the bleedin' femur is held with its body perpendicular, projects to a bleedin' lower level. Would ye swally this in a minute now?When, however, the feckin' femur is in its natural oblique position the lower surfaces of the bleedin' two condyles lie practically in the same horizontal plane, would ye swally that? The condyles are not quite parallel with one another; the oul' long axis of the lateral is almost directly antero-posterior, but that of the medial runs backward and medialward. G'wan now. Their opposed surfaces are small, rough, and concave, and form the oul' walls of the intercondyloid fossa. This fossa is limited above by a ridge, the intercondyloid line, and below by the bleedin' central part of the oul' posterior margin of the patellar surface, begorrah. The posterior cruciate ligament of the feckin' knee joint is attached to the oul' lower and front part of the oul' medial wall of the fossa and the bleedin' anterior cruciate ligament to an impression on the bleedin' upper and back part of its lateral wall.[3]
The articular surface of the bleedin' lower end of the bleedin' femur occupies the anterior, inferior, and posterior surfaces of the bleedin' condyles. I hope yiz are all ears now. Its front part is named the oul' patellar surface and articulates with the oul' patella; it presents a feckin' median groove which extends downward to the intercondyloid fossa and two convexities, the lateral of which is broader, more prominent, and extends farther upward than the bleedin' medial.[3]
Each condyle is surmounted by an elevation, the epicondyle. Bejaysus this is a quare tale altogether. The medial epicondyle is a bleedin' large convex eminence to which the feckin' tibial collateral ligament of the bleedin' knee-joint is attached, bedad. At its upper part is the oul' adductor tubercle and behind it is a holy rough impression which gives origin to the oul' medial head of the feckin' gastrocnemius. The lateral epicondyle which is smaller and less prominent than the bleedin' medial, gives attachment to the feckin' fibular collateral ligament of the oul' knee-joint.[3]
The femur develops from the limb buds as a feckin' result of interactions between the ectoderm and the bleedin' underlyin' mesoderm, formation occurs roughly around the oul' fourth week of development.[8]
By the oul' sixth week of development, the bleedin' first hyaline cartilage model of the femur is formed by chondrocytes, to be sure. Endochondral ossification begins by the feckin' end of the bleedin' embryonic period and primary ossification centers are present in all long bones of the feckin' limbs, includin' the feckin' femur, by the 12th week of development. Jesus Mother of Chrisht almighty. The hindlimb development lags behind forelimb development by 1–2 days.
As the femur is the feckin' only bone in the thigh, it serves as an attachment point for all the feckin' muscles that exert their force over the bleedin' hip and knee joints. Bejaysus here's a quare one right here now. Some biarticular muscles – which cross two joints, like the bleedin' gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles – also originate from the oul' femur. In all, 23 individual muscles either originate from or insert onto the feckin' femur.
In cross-section, the thigh is divided up into three separate fascial compartments divided by fascia, each containin' muscles. These compartments use the femur as an axis, and are separated by tough connective tissue membranes (or septa). Jesus Mother of Chrisht almighty. Each of these compartments has its own blood and nerve supply, and contains a feckin' different group of muscles. These compartments are named the oul' anterior, medial and posterior fascial compartments.
Muscle attachments[edit]
Muscle attachments
(seen from the bleedin' front)
Muscle attachments
(seen from the oul' back)
Muscle Direction Attachment[9]
Iliacus muscle Insertion Lesser trochanter
Psoas major muscle Insertion Lesser trochanter
Gluteus maximus muscle Insertion Gluteal tuberosity
Gluteus medius muscle Insertion Lateral surface of greater trochanter
Gluteus minimus muscle Insertion Forefront of greater trochanter
Piriformis muscle Insertion Superior boundary of greater trochanter
Obturator internus muscle Insertion Medial surface of greater trochanter
Quadratus femoris muscle Insertion Intertrochanteric crest
Obturator externus muscle Insertion Trochanteric fossa
Pectineus muscle Insertion Pectineal line
Adductor longus muscle Insertion Medial ridge of linea aspera
Adductor brevis muscle Insertion Medial ridge of linea aspera
Vastus lateralis muscle Origin Greater trochanter and lateral ridge of linea aspera
Vastus intermedius muscle Origin Front and lateral surface of femur
Short head of biceps femoris Origin Lateral ridge of linea aspera
Popliteus muscle Origin Under the feckin' lateral epicondyle
Gastrocnemius muscle Origin Behind the oul' adductor tubercle, over the bleedin' lateral epicondyle and the oul' popliteal facies
Plantaris muscle Origin Over the feckin' lateral condyle
Clinical significance[edit]
A femoral fracture that involves the femoral head, femoral neck or the feckin' shaft of the femur immediately below the lesser trochanter may be classified as a bleedin' hip fracture, especially when associated with osteoporosis, grand so. Femur fractures can be managed in a holy pre-hospital settin' with the feckin' use of a bleedin' traction splint.
Other animals[edit]
Femora of Moa chicks.
In primitive tetrapods, the bleedin' main points of muscle attachment along the bleedin' femur are the internal trochanter and third trochanter, and a holy ridge along the oul' ventral surface of the oul' femoral shaft referred to as the bleedin' adductor crest. Would ye swally this in a minute now?The neck of the oul' femur is generally minimal or absent in the feckin' most primitive forms, reflectin' an oul' simple attachment to the oul' acetabulum. G'wan now and listen to this wan. The greater trochanter was present in the oul' extinct archosaurs, as well as in modern birds and mammals, bein' associated with the loss of the bleedin' primitive sprawlin' gait. Whisht now and listen to this wan. The lesser trochanter is a feckin' unique development of mammals, which lack both the oul' internal and fourth trochanters, the hoor. The adductor crest is also often absent in mammals or alternatively reduced to an oul' series of creases along the oul' surface of the oul' bone.[10]
Some species of whales,[11] snakes, and other non-walkin' vertebrates have vestigial femurs.
One of the feckin' earliest known vertebrates to have a holy femur is the eusthenopteron, a bleedin' prehistoric lobe-finned fish from the feckin' Late Devonian period.
Structures analogous to the feckin' third trochanter are present in mammals, includin' some primates.[7]
In invertebrate zoology the name femur appears in arthropodology. Chrisht Almighty. The usage is not homologous with that of vertebrate anatomy; the feckin' term "femur" simply has been adopted by analogy and refers, where applicable, to the bleedin' most proximal of (usually) the feckin' two longest jointed segments of the feckin' legs of the arthropoda. Jaysis. The two basal segments precedin' the femur are the bleedin' coxa and trochanter. C'mere til I tell yiz. This convention is not followed in carcinology but it applies in arachnology and entomology. C'mere til I tell ya now. In myriapodology another segment, the feckin' prefemur, connects the trochanter and femur.
Additional images[edit]
1. ^ "Femora". Bejaysus this is a quare tale altogether. Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
2. ^ "Femora", bejaysus. Dictionary.com Unabridged. Jaykers! Random House.
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Bojsen-Møller, Finn; Simonsen, Erik B.; Tranum-Jensen, Jørgen (2001). Jesus, Mary and holy Saint Joseph. Bevægeapparatets anatomi [Anatomy of the oul' Locomotive Apparatus] (in Danish) (12th ed.). pp. 239–241. Holy blatherin' Joseph, listen to this. ISBN 978-87-628-0307-7.
4. ^ Feldesman, M.R., J.G. Kleckner, and J.K. Right so. Lundy. (November 1990). "The femur/stature ratio and estimates of stature in mid-and late-pleistocene fossil hominids". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. Whisht now and listen to this wan. 83 (3): 359–372, you know yourself like. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330830309. Bejaysus. PMID 2252082.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
5. ^ Sunderland S (January 1938). C'mere til I tell ya now. "The Quadrate Tubercle of the Femur", Lord bless us and save us. J. Would ye swally this in a minute now?Anat, be the hokey! 72 (Pt 2): 309–12, the hoor. PMC 1252427. PMID 17104699.
6. ^ Lozanoff, Scott; Sciulli, Paul W; Schneider, Kim N (December 1985), fair play. "Third trochanter incidence and metric trait covariation in the oul' human femur". C'mere til I tell ya. J Anat. 143: 149–159. I hope yiz are all ears now. PMC 1166433. PMID 3870721.
7. ^ a b Bolanowski, Wojciech; Śmiszkiewicz-Skwarska, Alicja; Polguj, Michał; Jędrzejewski, Kazimierz S (2005). "The occurrence of the third trochanter and its correlation to certain anthropometric parameters of the human femur" (PDF). Bejaysus here's a quare one right here now. Folia Morphol, begorrah. 64 (3): 168–175, the shitehawk. PMID 16228951.
8. ^ Gilbert, Scott F. Here's another quare one. "Developmental Biology". 9th ed., 2010
9. ^ Bojsen-Møller, Finn; Simonsen, Erik B.; Tranum-Jensen, Jørgen (2001). Sufferin' Jaysus. Bevægeapparatets anatomi [Anatomy of the bleedin' Locomotive Apparatus] (in Danish) (12th ed.), fair play. pp. 364–367, begorrah. ISBN 978-87-628-0307-7.
10. ^ Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977), bedad. The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 204–205, you know yourself like. ISBN 978-0-03-910284-5.
11. ^ Struthers, John (January 1881). "The Bones, Articulations, and Muscles of the Rudimentary Hind-Limb of the Greenland Right-Whale (Balaena mysticetus)". Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, enda story. 15 (Pt 2): i1–176. Arra' would ye listen to this shite? PMC 1310010. PMID 17231384.
External links[edit]
• Media related to Femur at Wikimedia Commons
• The dictionary definition of Femur at Wiktionary
• The dictionary definition of thighbone at Wiktionary |
Share, , Google Plus, Pinterest,
Posted in:
Breast Cancer Prevention
How can I prevent breast cancer?
The most important risk factors for the development of breast cancer cannot be controlled by the individual. There are some risk factors that are associated with an increased risk, but there is not a clear cause and effect relationship. In no way can strong recommendations be made like the cause and effect relationship seen with tobacco and lung cancer. There are a few risk factors that may be modified by a woman that potentially could influence the development of breast cancer.
If possible, a woman should avoid long-term hormone replacement therapy, have children before age 30, breastfeed, avoid weight gain through exercise and proper diet, and limit alcohol consumption to 1 drink a day or less. For women already at a high risk, their risk of developing breast cancer can be reduced by about 50% by taking a drug called Tamoxifen for five years. Tamoxifen has some common side effects (like hot flashes and vaginal discharge), which are not serious and some uncommon side effects (like blood clots, pulmonary embolus, stroke, and uterine cancer) which are life threatening. Tamoxifen isn’t widely used for prevention, but may be useful in some cases. There are limited data suggesting that vitamin A may protect against breast cancer but further research is needed before it can be recommended for prevention. Other things being investigated include phytoestrogens (naturally occurring estrogens that are in high numbers in soy), vitamin E, vitamin C, and other drugs. Further testing of these substances is also needed before they can be recommended for breast cancer prevention.
Right now, the most important thing any woman can do to decrease her risk of dying from breast cancer is to have regular mammogram screening, learn how to perform breast self exams, and have a regular physical examination by their physician. For more information on breast cancer prevention.
Keith Londrie II is a well known author. For more information on treating breast cancer, please visit Treat Breast Cancer for a wealth of information. You may also want to visit keith’s own web site at |
Developing Responses to Cyber-Enabled Information Warfare and Influence Operations
warfare of information and influence operations
This piece of information describes warfare of information and influence operations as the thoughtful use of information by one party on an opponent population to mislead, confuse, and influence the actions which the targeted population does. Warfare of information and influence operations are considered to be hostile activity, or as an activity which is actioned between two parties with un-aligned interests.
In the background of the military doctrine of US, warfare of information and influence operations have the close relativity to information operations or support activities of military information. However, the main focus within the military doctrine of US on these operations is strategic. An established example would be psychological operations like propaganda broadcasts or leafleting planned to induce adversary groups to weaken their strength of fight or surrender.
By contrast, this post is focused on the warfare of information and influence operations which strive to affect the whole national populations. A basic lesson is that there are no noncombatants – every single person in the society of the adversary is a real target. Furthermore, cyber- supported information warfare and influence operations in the 21st century provide massive leverage to the capabilities of modern communication technologies and computing like the internet to meet their effects.
There are three significant factors that revolve around:
A critical but not significant condition to respond to IWIO is to have the knowledge that an adversary is leading such a campaign. When an adversary is tasked to use kinetic weapons, a country has typically the information that someone attacked, at minimum if the kinetic attack causes significant destruction or death. Detection of a cyber-campaign may not be possible. The secret operations of computers are invisible to the human eye, and a malfunctioning pc, even when observed, maybe giving malfunctions for reasons other than hostile cyber operations (such as user error). A striking cyber-campaign may become noticeable if the effects of it were envisioned to be noticed, even if the causes remain hidden – such could be the case if a campaign of cyber-activity pursued to cause physical damaging. But an effective cyber-campaign may not be detected if the effects of it were strategically kept secret, for instance, if a cyber-campaign was set for espionage.
Any appropriate defense against warfare of information and influence operation, even a half defense, needs to start with this essential act: While the velocity and volume of information has amplified by commands of magnitude in the past few years, the human mind’s architecture didn’t achieve any significant change appreciably in the past thousand years, and human beings have the same perceptual and cognitive boundaries which they have always had.
Potential defensive measures for IWIO fall into two different categories: steps to help people resist the actions of IWIO weapons directed at them; and methods to disrupt, degrade, or expose an arsenal of the adversary of IWIO weapons as they are being aimed at a targeted population.
Naturally, societal preferences evolve, and not all the changes related to societal preference and orientation are the result of warfare of information and influence operations. However, IWIO is an intensive effort by a foreign adversary (non-state or state) to modify evolutionary processes which are indigenously driven and thus gain strong influence over the destiny of the target society.
Helping humans resist IWIO:
An approach to remediate the effects of such biases is to sort options which make it easier for individuals to involve their capabilities for rational thought – this approach often defined in the psychological literature as “debiasing”. For instance, it may become possible to “inoculate” targeted audiences against false news. One type of such inoculation defined by John Banas and Stephen Rains comprises of simultaneous delivery of a preliminary message and a preventive flagging of fake claims which are likely to follow as well as an apparent rejection of potential responses.
Tools which make it convenient to ascertain the falsity or truthfulness of claims created online (whether by IWIO activists or traditional media) are unlikely to affect the thought processes of extremist partisans but might provide facilitation to more rational thought for people who have not yet been made impervious to fact and reason. Moreover, researchers at Indiana University have delivered an example of tools to facilitate computational fact-checking which helps humans to promptly asses the accuracy of the dubious claims.
Author’s Bio
The author is John Peterson working as a professional writer at a network security company in Malaysia. He works specifically on it consulting and services. He was born in Fullerton, California in June 1990. Since childhood, he has been collecting inspirational paintings, and this is his hobby!
Leave a Reply
|
How to become a Phlebotomy Technician
Phlebotomist collecting blood samples
Undergoing a structured training program, whether in the classroom or on-the-job, leads to gaining professional employment as a phlebotomy technician (or phlebotomist) in Connecticut, USA.
What is Phlebotomy?
In modern medicine, it can be called the first base of medical diagnosis, and often it is the only diagnostic method required for a detecting infections, diseases, and disorders; as well as judging the effectiveness of the treatment procedure. The popularity of phlebotomy is due to two reasons: (1) Accuracy and effectiveness in diagnosis and (2) An economical method of diagnosis.
As an essential part of the medical laboratory team, the phlebotomy technician’s chief responsibility is collecting blood samples from patients. This is done by using methods such as venipuncture or micro techniques. The blood samples are stored in vials and transported while following all the specified safety specifications. Moreover, certain attributes such as the ability to always be accurate and diligent, as well as be able to calm anxious patients; are also required by a phlebotomy technician to carry out duties professionally.
Training to become a Phlebotomy Technician
Eligibility: A high school diploma or G.E.D. would be required to qualify for receiving further training as a phlebotomy technician. Considering that most Americans aged 25 years and above have completed high school, phlebotomy is a widely accessible profession for the population at large.
Phlebotomy training may be provided on-the-job, or in specialized programs by community colleges and vocational schools. While many institutions provide on-the-job training, most employers prefer pre-trained persons as they can begin contributing quickly without taking much time to be trained.
The training programs are usually between 2 to 4 in length. The phlebotomy technician training programs focus on subjects that are relevant to the knowledge of performing roles as a phlebotomist.
Biology is an important area – the study of the human anatomy and the functioning of the body. Chemistry is another important area – to understand how blood reacts with certain chemicals.
It covers the in depth knowledge of drawing blood from persons of different age groups, understanding of storage procedures, transport procedures, health sanitation and hygiene, lab safety, administering CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) etc.
Apart from technical and administrative skills, another important area is learning effective communication. The phlebotomy technician should have the ability to handle patients before, during, and after the process of drawing blood. Most patients are very anxious during this time, as no one wants to go through the pain of a needle puncturing the skin and getting their blood drawn out. It is the phlebotomist’s job to calm the anxious patient, make him/her feel comfortable, and complete the required procedure.
During training, the phlebotomy technician should utilize as many volunteer opportunities as possible in nursing homes, hospitals, and social work pertaining to healthcare. Working with kids can be a very learning experience, as kids are probably the most difficult patients for drawing blood.
Various organizations provide certifications for phlebotomy technicians. These include the National Center for Competency Testing (NCCT), the National Healthcareer Association etc. |
Urban areas and population growth: Is the Earth ready?
On Monday the 9th, January, “Prepare for Change – The future of people” conference has been provided by the Schumacher Institute at the Create Centre, Bristol. The conference was more a discussion between 12 people about climate change, population growth and migration issues than a conference.
Some subjects have been interesting. One of them particularly has been about net migration rate around the World. According to a recent research about international migration, people are moving more in developed countries than others.
The other one has related to the global urbanisation in 2012. Slides below show us that American Continent, Western Europe, Middle East and Australia are the most industrialised countries.
“Global Urbanisation map showing the percentage of urbanisation per country in 2012”
Then, industrialisation is the big issue of our century. In the world, the percentage of population living in an urban area is growing a lot. Let’s see: in 1950, 40% of the population in the World lived in an urban area comparing to nowadays, 80% of the World population live in an urban area. Furthermore, in 2050 90% of the population will be in cities.
However, a book, Whole Earth Discipline has been mentioned in this workshop, in which Stewart Brand argues that the effects of urbanisation are primarily positive for the Environment. His principal argument is that migration away from rural areas reduces the prevalence of destructive subsistence farming techniques, such as implemented slash and burn agriculture. Nevertheless, in July 2013, a report was issued by the United Nation Department of Economic and Social Affairs and warned that with the additional 2.4 billion people by 2050, the amount of food produced will have to increase by 70% straining food resources, especially in countries already facing food insecurity due to changing environmental conditions.
According to UN experts, the mix of changing environmental conditions and the growing number of people living in urban regions will strain basic sanitation systems and potentially cause a humanitarian and environmental nightmare.
It is obvious that the demographic pressure and our finite planet combined to the global capitalism have increased poverty and social exclusion. Today, the financial network and technologies are not ethical at all and the economic growth is, finally, an illusion. Furthermore, as you can see in this slide below (source: The Schumacher Institute), the depletion of resources is coming soon.
Today, it is urgent to set up solutions at any level of Society. Coming back to a local economy, trying a local money without speculation such as Bristol Pound, following the Do It Yourself Movement (re-use, re-think, share things) such as Instructables or using Ecosia (a green search engine) are some of them.
According to the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), at a global level, their idea is to set up a “carbon tax” to encourage industries and people to invest in technologies and products with a low ecological footprint. Furthermore, get less pollution in urban areas with renewable energies and green public transports will decrease modern diseases and - at least - delay climate change.
|
What Are The Two Types Of Natural Immunity?
Why is natural immunity important?
Natural immunity is better than vaccine-acquired immunity– Natural immunity is what happens when your body builds resistance to a disease after getting sick and recovering.
When you get a vaccine, your body creates vaccine-induced immunity, which occurs when you build resistance to a disease without the illness..
Is your immune system made or born?
It is made up of different organs, cells, and proteins that work together. There are two main parts of the immune system: The innate immune system, which you are born with. The adaptive immune system, which you develop when your body is exposed to microbes or chemicals released by microbes.
What are the 5 parts of the immune system?
How can I boost my immune system fast?
What are the 2 types of immune system cells?
Lymphocytes are immune cells found in the blood and lymph tissue. T and B lymphocytes are the two main types. Macrophages are large white blood cells that reside in tissues that specialize in engulfing and digesting cellular debris, pathogens and other foreign substances in the body.
What is natural immunity?
Natural immunity occurs when you become immune to a specific disease after contracting it. This triggers your immune system to make antibodies against the germ causing the infection inside of you. Antibodies are like special bodyguards that only recognize certain germs.
How can I get natural immunity?
Naturally acquired active immunity occurs when the person is exposed to a live pathogen, develops the disease, and becomes immune as a result of the primary immune response. Once a microbe penetrates the body’s skin, mucous membranes, or other primary defenses, it interacts with the immune system.
What is the normal range of immune system?
Normal ranges and levels The normal lymphocyte range in adults is between 1,000 and 4,800 lymphocytes in 1 microliter (µL) of blood. In children, the normal range is between 3,000 and 9,500 lymphocytes in 1 µL of blood. Unusually high or low lymphocyte counts can be a sign of disease.
What are the types of natural immunity?
What are 2 types of immunity?
There are two types of immunity: active and passive.
What are signs of a weak immune system?
|
Developments in Buddhist Thought Year 1
Meditation - Samantha/Vipassana
• Meditation is central to the Buddhist path away from suffering. It is the final stage of the Eightfold Path - a major factor in guiding Buddhists away from suffering and its causes.
• Traditional Buddhist teaching emphasises two forms of meditation - samatha and vipassana.
• Samatha translates as ''calm'' or ''tranquil'' and seeks to allow one to achieve a peaceful and mindful state. Samatha meditation is practised to gain mindfulness and attain a higher concentration in order to be tranquil and calm. Meditation objects are often used in samatha meditation in order to hold a sense of concentration and focus. These meditation objects can be physical such as religious accoutrements like a Buddharupa, however, they are usuallly just concepts of meditation.
• Vipassana is used to focus on insight and being mindful. It guides us away from suffering by eliminating both mental and physical suffering and preventing neurosis. Vipassana meditation tends to be more spiritual and is only really used by those are seeking to achieve full enlightenment. Vipassana seeks to eliminate the mind, which Buddhists believe is the centre of being, from dukkha and samsara.
• Samatha meditation can only lead to calm and vipassana meditation can only lead to insight.
• Samatha meditation usually precedes vipassana meditation - once the Buddhist practioner has learnt how to carry out samatha meditation (which can sometimes take several months to perfect), they can then proceed with vipassana meditation.
1 of 31
Meditation - Practice
• Samatha meditation usually begins by focusing on something such as an object or aspect of meditation. Most Buddhists like to focus on their breathing patterns and being mindful of the breath - this is called ''mindful breathing'' which begins with ''the longest of counting''. Another popular trend is called ''body sweeping'' which teaches Buddhists to be mindful of the 32 body parts, their functions and their interdependency on one another.
• Forest monks (Theravada) tend to be rather unstructured in their meditation. They will usually sit outside and let their minds wander onto other things such as the birds, or the sounds of the trees. This would be more consistent with samatha meditation. Their form of meditation could be known as ''just sitting''. Many Buddhists in Asia, in primitive and ancient colonies, used gardening or growing food as a form of meditation which many Zen Buddhists still do today.
• There are Four Foundations of Mindfulness according to Buddhist teaching: 1) Mindfulness of Body (32 body parts), 2) Mindfulness of Feelings (emotions senses etc.), 3) Mindfulness of Mind, 4) Mindfulness of Dharma (awareness of the Buddha's teachings). Most Buddhists keep this in mind when meditating.
• Those who attend 10 day vipassana retreats say it is a mental and emotional challenge. It could be argued that 10 days is not enough to learn the ways of vipassana meditation since many have been practising it for years. Example of secular Buddhism/Westernisation.
2 of 31
The Jhanas and the Hindrances
• Buddhists use their meditation in order to seek jhanas - states of bliss that can only be achieved through intense concentration, inner calm and a reinforced wisdom. In order to reach a jhana, the mind goes through several factors/stages in order to achieve this. The meditator must be confident in their meditation and retain a focus on their meditation object (e.g breathing). They then reach a ''one pointedness'' prior to the experience of jhanas.
• In meditating, the practioner will often encounter the Five Hindrances - factors which try and prevent us reaching jhanas or nirvana: 1) Sensory desire, 2) Ill-will, 3) Sloth and torpor, 4) Restlessness and Worry, 5) Doubt. In order to overcome these hindrance, the meditator will have to retain a strong focus on their meditation object in order to achieve the Rupa Jhanas and get rid of the Five Hindrances.
• The Four Rupa Jhanas: (Basically a state of bliss). 1st) All knowledge of the Five Hindrances Disappears, 2) Bliss, 3) Bliss is halved 4) Bliss disappears but a constant state of content and happiness is maintained. Buddhists argue that these Rupa Jhanas can give you psychic powers and abilities.
• The Four Arupa Jhanas: More associated with vipassana meditation. You become mindful of different and transcendent dimensions such as the dimension of space and time. 1) Aware of the dimension of space and time 2) Dimension of infinite consciousness, 3) Dimension of nothingness, 4) Dimension of neither perception nor non perception.
3 of 31
The Benefits of Meditation
• Meditation has been seen to portray lots of benefits and not just for Buddhist practitioners.
• Meditation has been known to help with mental illnesses or issues such as anxiety and depression. Meditation is now available as a form of treatment on the NHS.
• It has been known to improve circulation and memory. Those who perform meditation have a n increased memory and are less likely to forget things long and short term.
• Meditation helps improve empathy and compassion which are central to the Buddhist path.
• It allows you to acknowledge dukkha, anicca and anatta and stop blaming yourself for these things.
• Furthermore, it emphasises living in the present moment, something that Buddhists are keen to emphasise also. Living in the present is important because we can't hold onto past memories and reflections forever. Everything is moving and changing (subject to anicca). Meditation allows us to move on with our lives and be more accepting of reality.
4 of 31
Evaluation of Meditation
• Buddhist meditation can have many benefits and uses but it has also been criticised by many non-Buddhists.
• Buddhist practice has a tendency to be inward looking. Instead of looking at the bigger picture, Buddhists just tend to acknowledge suffering as the main cause of all things. Meditation only focuses on eliminating suffering within the practitioner and doesn't necessarily serve society as a whole. It involves too much ''naval gazing''. In other words, meditation is a waste of time. Why just sit in a room for hours on end when you could be outside helping others. Vietnamese monk and Buddhist activist Thich Naht Hanh says ''you cannot continute meditating while bombs are dropping on the monastery. You must learn to comfort an injured child while still practising mindful breathing''.
• There is a view in Theravada Buddhism that arhats are selfish since they only want enlightenment for themselves. Meditation as a means to enlightenment means using the practice as a means to an end.
• How do we know that we will reach nirvana through meditation? Surely it's better to focus on other Buddhist teachings such as the Five Precepts (so that we can act morally/compassionately) or the Three Marks of Existence (being aware of the world realistically).
• Other faiths tend to focus on eternal life and salvation, but for Buddhists, there is no quasi-magical quality. Praying for salvation in the after life is totally foolish because there is no magic and we are mortal, as was the Buddha himself. Buddhists must therefore, work on their minds because the mind is the centre of being. Descartes called the mind the ''captain of the ship'' - Buddhists must work on reforming this captain of the ship.
• Meditation need not be entirely religious. Samatha meditation doesn't require any training or specific Buddhist accoutrements. There are now apps such as ''Headspace'' which emphasise meditation in a secular world.
5 of 31
The Three Marks of Existence
• The teaching of the three marks of conditioned existence is a traditional Buddhist teaching which is accepted by the majority of Buddhist schools.
• It teaches of anicca (impermanence), dukkha (suffering) and anatta (the doctrine of no self). Buddhists argue that all life is subject to these marks of existence - especially sentient beings.
• These marks are all interlinked and interdependent on one another as a part of samsaric existence. We must take these three factors into account if we are able to realise enlightenment. Buddhists take these factors as having an optimistic or realistic view of the world but others may view it as pessimistic.
• Recognition of the TME like awareness of the FNT is a part of wisdom. To gain wisdom, we must fully understand these characteristics.
6 of 31
• Anicca is the teaching that everything in life is impermanent - interdependent and therefore subject to growth and decay (change).
• Change can be seen all around us. The waves in the sea are constantly changing, going back and forth. A sandwich left out in the open will eventually decay and go mouldy. Even something we think is safe, such as a house will eventually erode and become unsafe in years to come. Even a diamond - perhaps the most unchangeable substance in the world can be cut by a skilled person and will eventually wear away after millions of years. These are all examples of anicca - change and decay in the world.
• The Buddhist ideal is to live without craving (tanha) and attachment. Anicca helps us to do so. If we realise that nothing stays the same then there is a lesser reason to hold onto it.
• Anicca can be gross or subtle. The best example of gross anicca is death - it represents the end of a path of change but brings about change for the people who are concerned with it. Having to let go of a person's existence can be difficult and painful. It is very difficult for people to adjust to an accept. The fact that the world will no longer be the same seems to be the key to it. An example of subtle change would be a child growing. A parent may be acutely aware that their child is growing up but struggle to come to terms with it.
• Impermanence forms a large aspect of dukkha/suffering. We suffer when we hold onto things for too long and get upset when we realise that they are gone. Finishing a delicious meal, watching a relative die or losing our favourite t-shirt are all examples of dukkha conditioned by anicca. In order to prevent further suffering we must come to terms with anicca and put our faith in something more permanent (nirvana).
7 of 31
Anicca (cont.)
• The notion of anatta also comes from the teaching of anicca. Our bodies (the five skandhas) are subject to growth and decay, just as everything else in the world is. Even our bodies don't stay the same forever, we are replaced with completely new cells every few months and our bodies begin to age as we get older. The mind is also subject to change and cannot be a constant if it is made up of the five skandhas.
• Ultimately, anicca teaches us to put our faith in the only thing which is permanent - nirvana and teaches us that ''nothing lasts forever'' which is central to the Buddhist idea of ''letting go''.
• However, many modern scholars are sceptical of whether everything really is subject to anicca or not. If it was, then God would not be a constant and nor would the universals. Mathematical principles never change and time never stops. Too much acceptance of anicca (i,e death) could be seen as passive or morbid.
8 of 31
• Dukkha can mean lots of things, but most of us normally translate it as meaning ''suffering''. On a gross level, dukkha is the serious sufferings of life, on a more subtle level, it is dissatisfaction that we may experience.
• The Buddha taught of three examples of dukkha - 1) Ordinary/General Suffering, 2) Suffering from anicca (viparinama dukkha), 3) Suffering from conditioned states (samkhara dukkha).
• Dukkha-dukkha is ordinary suffering, as defined by the English word. This includes physical, emotional and mental pain and can be on a gross or subtle level (like Mill's higher and lower pleasures). This suffering is very basic and is usually caused by anything.
• Viparinama-dukkha is suffering from impermanence. Basically, anything which is subject to change is dukkha (everything). This means that even happiness can be dukkha because it does not last forever. This does not mean that happiness is bad, but that it's just impermanent, so we shouldn't hold onto it in order to lead to further suffering. If you are happy - enjoy feeling happy, but don't cling to that ideal.
• Samkhara-dukka is suffering from conditioned states. This could be interpreted as a sort of dissatisfaction for the things that happen in the world, such as an ice cream flavour not tasting as good as you imagined. This could be translated as ''existential dukkha'' - the view that all life is meaningless. There are sufferings that are unavoidable such as illness, birth and death
• The Buddha taught that ''all life is suffering''.
• The concept of suffering can be illustrated by the Mustard Seed Parable. The parable teaches that the Buddha will save the dead child of a woman who can retrieve a mustard seed from a house that has not experience grief.
9 of 31
• Anatta is the doctrine that there is no permanent self. There is no little homunculus living within us which determines our thoughts or impulses. In Buddhism there is no permanent self or soul.
• The Buddha doesn't claim that there completely/definitely isn't a self, but that the self that we identify with is not fixed. Since nothing remains the same, there can be no permanent ''I'' to identify with.
• The body /self which we wrongly identify with is made up of the five skandhas - aspects which make up our being. The five skandhas are all interdependent on one another and also there being a ''body'' or ''self''. Without one of the skandhas, the others wouldn't exist and vice versa. They must all exist to make up a being.
• The doctirne of anatta is explained in the Chariot Analogy - the Questions of King Milinda. The King asks Nagasena about the doctrine of no self. Nagasena responds by saying his name was only a designation - it was not reflective of a permanent individual. The King responded by asking further questions about the existence of a self. Nagasena asked the King, which part of a chariot was representative of the chariot itself in order to help him understand. Was it the wheels, the frame, the seat or the reigns? The King responded no to all of them. Nagasena argued that, there was no chariot. The King acknowledged that the word ''chariot'' was just a designation for all the parts it was made up of. When all the consituent parts are present, we call it a chariot, when all the five skanhas are present we call it a being.
• The Buddha rejected eternalism and annihilationism. We are all mortal beings that will live our lives and then die. The whole idea of rebirth is not based on the idea of a soul, but whether we are still a part of samsara and whether we have behaved morally during our lives. Nobody should crave annihilationism.
10 of 31
The Four Noble Truths
• The FNT's comprise the essence of the Buddha's teachings, though they leave much unexplained. They are like the ''nucleus'' of Buddhist teaching and all later teachings have their foundations here.
• They are suffering (dukkha), the cause of suffering (tanha), the end of suffering (nirvana) and the path away from suffering (magga). More simply put, suffering exists, it has a cause, it has an end and there is a path which leads us away from it. The Buddha famously said ''I teach but one thing, suffering, its causes and its ends''.
• The FNT's treat suffering as similar to the TME. Suffering is caused by change, it's caused by other sufferings and it can be caused by conditioned experience. We must acknowledge that all good experiences are fleeting but so are bad experiences as well. However, the matter of the fact is - suffering is unavoidable. But if we follow the right path, we can get away from it.
• The FNT's are illustrated best through the Doctor Analogy. Dukkha represents the illness, tanha the cause of the illness, nirvana the prognosis/cure (i.e you can be well) and magga represents the treatment or medicine to cure the illness.
• In his first sermon (The Deer Park Sermon) the Buddha said ''I teach but one thing, suffering, its causes and its ends'' (the goal of Buddhism). He taught this to 5 monks at a deear park and warned them of over-attachment and extreme devotion.
11 of 31
Dukkha (FNT)
• Dukkha is everywhere and can be caused by anything. Birth is dukkha, ageing is dukkha and death is dukkha. Suffering in this way is unavoidable but it can be reduced through following the correct path of living. It's only through following the Eightfold Path that we are able to encounter less dukkhas. We should take suffering as an illness or sickness to be cured. If we let it prolong we will become more and more sick and suffer further. If we try and cure it then the chance of suffering occuring again lessens. None of us can escape dukkha, but we can reduce it and eventually get rid of it all together with nirvana.
12 of 31
• Tanha/craving represents one of the 12 links of dependent origination. It is the cause of our suffering. Hanging onto things which are impermanent leads to our suffering. The Buddhist path emphasises non-attachment to things, permanent or ''impermanent''. Instead we should focus on the one thing which is impermanent, which is nirvana.
• There are three types of craving that the Buddha identified. Craving for annihiliation - wishing you weren't born, craving for being - wanting to become something, e.g wanting fame, money or power, and craving for sensual desire - being hungry and wanting a sandwich.
• Tanha represents the three posions - greed, hatred and delusion. Craving makes us greedy, it can make us nasty (hatred) and ignorant and we must try and avoid it.
• However, tanha does not have completely negative connotations. We can crave for nirvana and that isn't bad - that is a good thing since it should be the overall Buddhist goal and it's the only thing which isn't impermanent.
13 of 31
• Nirvana is the ending or cessation of dukkha and is the goal of all Buddhists.
• It represents ''nirodha'' letting go or ''cutting off'' all of the ties which bind us to suffering.
• Nirvana is enlightenment. With enlightenment we can begin to understand why suffering is an inherent part of our nature and the answers to solving it completely. Nirvana should be the only Buddhist goal and it can be understood through suffering and the other FNT's.
• Nirvana is unconditioned existence. It is the only thing in this world which doesn't rely on other things in order to happen (is this true?). Nirvana is the only permanent thing in our lives. It is not produced, nor is it unproduced.
• Parinirvana refers to nirvana after death which shows that one has escaped the wheel of samsara. Nirvana with remainder represents ''blowing out'' the fire that we have been igniting our whole lives. While the five skandas still exist as a residue of the fuel - the fire of suffering is no longer burning. This is the final ''blowing out'' on the moment of death to show that one has escaped samsara.
• The issue with nirvana is that it cannot be explained in human terms - it is ineffable and therefore incapable of description. Since we have no experience of it, we cannot speak meaningfully about it. This is reflected in the 79th and 80th dilemmas of King Milinda. In this, Nagasena explains that nirvana is ineffable - it cannot be described but we can compare it to things through use of analogy. He says that nirvana is ''like'' a medicine that cures all suffering, but he cannot actually say what nirvana is. This could also be reflected in the story of the turtle and the fish.
14 of 31
Magga - The Eightfold Path
• Magga - represents the Buddhist path away from suffering, carrying out the right lifestyle in order to bring us closer to nirvana. In other words, magga is basically doing all the right things, to promote good meditation and mindfulness, wisdom and good karma (ethics).
• Magga is also referred to as the Eightfold Path as it is 8 stages away from suffering which Buddhists must practice. The 8 stages are grouped into wisdom, ethical conduct and meditation.
• The Eightfold Path is interpreted in the raft parable - once the individual reaches the shore, the raft is no longer needed. This is like the teachings of the Buddha or magga. Once one reaches enlightenment - the Eightfold Path is no longer needed.
• 1) Right Understanding, 2) Right Intention, 3) Right Speech, 4) Right Action, 5) Right Livelihood, 6) Right Effort, 7) Right Mindfulness, 8) Right Meditation.
• The eight stages can be grouped into WISDOM (right understanding and intention), 2) ETHICAL CONDUCT (right speech, action and livelihood) and MEDITATION (right effort, mindfulness and meditation).
• By achieving all these things - Buddhists will be well on their way on the track to enlightenment.
15 of 31
• Samsara represents all conditioned existence/experience. Samsara is all suffering and eternal suffering, unless we can escape the wheel. It represents living - birth, death and returning to birth. We will continue to follow this path of cyclical existence if we don't make a conscious effort towards enlightenment. The term can literally be translated as ''continuous movement'.
• The arising of samsara comes from the three poisons - greed, hatred and delusion. These are all versions of tanha (craving). If we learn to let go from this craving and conditioning of dependent origination then we will be able to step off the wheel (moksha). Essentially, samsara is life on earth filled with sorrow and pain.
16 of 31
• Samsara relies heavily on the notion of karma - a sort of merit based on our good or bad actions. Good karma can help us get off the wheel, but this can only be achieved following we pay attention to the Eightfold Path. If we have a good karma we may be reborn into a heavenly realm such as the realm of the Titans. If we have a bad karma we have a lesser chance of escaping the wheel and we will most likely be reborn into the hell realms such as the realm of the hungry ghosts. Buddhism believes strongly in the idea that ''what goes around comes around'' - if you behave well you will be rewarded, if you do not - then you won't.
• Nirvana also links closely to samsara. Nirvana is an unconditioned state where samsara and nirvana no longer exist. A Theravada arhat will never return to life again - they have completely stepped off the wheel. In Mahayana Buddhism (Madhyamika) - nirvana and samsara are no different but the same thing. Until is reached through enlightenment, the cycle of samsara repeats over and over again.
17 of 31
The Six Realms of Existence
• The wheel of samsara is held by Yama, the monster of impermanence. This represents that all life and experiences are simply anicca and this helps us in letting go. Around the wheel are the 12 stages of conditioned experience (dependent origination). These involve stages such as birth, death, living and craving. They are all interdependent on one another and they all exist as 12 links together - they would not exist independently. All life is contingent.
• The wheel of samsara is divided into two main realms - the heavenly realm and the hell realm. Each have three realms within them.
• The heavenly realm features the three worlds of the human, demi-god and god realms. The gods and demi-gods are good realms. They represent bliss, happiness and power. However, their bliss is still short lived and they are subject to suffering. The human realm basically represents life on earth and is the best place to be enlightened. Here there is suffering, but not the kind of suffering felt in the hell realms. Humans have the best chance of enlightenment since they are conscious and aware.
• The hell realms are the animal, hellish and hungry ghost realms. The animal realm simply reflects the instinctive nature of animals, their desire to satisfy sensory pleasures. If you are like this then you will most likely be reborn in the animal realm. The hell realm represents constant pain and torture but can be escaped with good karma. The hungry ghost realm represents greed. Lingering on the edges of the mortal realm are the hungry ghosts. They gravitate towards huge piles of rice only to realise that they're a pile of stones. They have long necks and big tummies - their necks reflect the fact that they are greedy but do not succeed and their tummies reflect their greed.
18 of 31
The Three Poisons
• The three posions are greed, hatred and delusion. They hold the wheel in place and keep it going. They are the ultimate causes of suffering.
• Greed is represented by a pig, hatred by a snake and delusion by a cockerel.
• These are basically the essence of tanha or craving and thus lead to ultimate suffering.
• They are the primary causes which keep sentient beings trapped in samsara, they are said to be the root of all other bad mental states.
• The three poisons lead to the cultivation of karmic fruits. Having these three things within you leads to a bad or inbalanced karma and further encourages rebirth in the hell realms.
• They are the opposites of wisdom, compassion and goodwill - things that bring about good karma.
• In order to escape samsara, we must recognise the three poisons within us an attempt to eliminate them.
19 of 31
Dependent Origination
• Dependent origination is shown around the rim of the wheel of samsara.
• It teaches that all phenomena (dharmas) rely on other phenomena in order to exist. It is similar to the notion of karma - the rules of cause and effect.
• It represents 12 links/chain of causes which result in rebirth and dukkha. By breaking the chain, liberation from suffering can be attained. Everything except nirvana is conditioned by dependent origination. This principle complements the teachings of anicca and anatta.
• Some of the 12 links include: birth, craving, becoming, ageing and death.
• It's basically recognising how life works and what leads to what.
20 of 31
Evaluation of Samsara
• Generally the ''hell is real'' stance is found in Hinayana Buddhism whereas the ''hell is mind state'' stance is distinctly Mahayana.
• Mahayan incorporates literal and metaphorical aspects of samsara.
• Having an inescapable mindset of suffering and pain is more concievable as being literally real whereas the concept of things such as ''hot and cold hells'' is more metaphorical.
• Animals do really live in the animal realm and humans do really live in the human realm (most of the time), but that does that mean its always a literal realm, or can we psychologically visit it?
• Ideas such as the hungry ghost are inconcievable especially in modern day.
21 of 31
The Three Refuges
• The Three Refuges otherwise known as the Triple Gem or the Three Jewels are the heart of Buddhist teaching.
• In taking refuge - the Buddhist practioner pays homage to the Buddha (historical Buddha - fully enlightened one), the Dharma (the teachings expounded by the Buddha) and the Sangha (the monastic community). This is performed in nearly all schools of Buddhism.
• The English word refuge refers to a sort of ''seeking shelter'', but what from? Buddhists seek shelter from suffering samsara and suffering. Not because they are afraid but because they are able to. The chants performed by Buddhists in taking refuge are as follows "I take refuge in the Buddha. I take refuge in the Dharma. I take refuge in the Sangha''. This is repeated by ''dutiyampi'' and ''tatiyampi'' meaning ''for a second time'' and ''for a third time'' - emphasising the importance of the Triple Gem.
• Theravada monk Bhikku Bodhi says that all schools of Buddhism interpret the Triple Gem differently, however, he says: ''The Dharma is like a building of different levels - with stories, stairs and a roof. There must be a door to this building and that is taking refuge in the Triple Gem - the Buddha and the Sangha in order to unlock the Dharma.'' Taking refuge in the Buddha, the Dharma and the Sangha is like entering this building to shield us from suffering and its causes.
• The Buddha, Dharma and Sangha are often referred to as the Triple Gem or the Three Jewels because of their immense value. This is reflected by the chants that Buddhists perform before taking refuge with translations of Pali words becoming ''paying homage to'' and ''the Great and Wise one'' and ''for the Lord of whom I can be grateful to''.
• Buddhists take refuge in the Triple Gem because it means taking comfort with you on the Path. It is something that ''keeps us going''. We may have become sluggish in our practice but the Triple Gem restores our faith.
22 of 31
The Buddha - Triple Gem
• Buddhists first take refuge in the Buddha. In most schools, this refers to the historical Buddha, Siddhartha Gautama but it can also refer to Buddha-nature.
• Taking refuge in the Buddha shields us from the storms of samsara and guides us away from suffering - Bhikku Bodhi (''perilous ocean of samsara''). Taking refuge in the Buddha is sort of like paying homage to him - he is wonderful and he has provided us with the answers away from suffering, so we must pay homage to him.
• However, respecting and taking refuge in the Buddha should not be taken as worship. While Buddhist practioners may be seen bowing down to Buddharupas and profusely chanting - this is not an act of worship, this is an act of respect or ''refuge''.
• While the Buddha is personal like God, he is not this transcendent being which we can pray to. He is a teacher and we should follow him.
• In Buddhism, there is no quasi-magical quality. We should not pray to the Buddha to take away our suffering because he cannot. He's not a magic wizardly being that is here to fix all our problems. Buddhists do not take refuge for their superstitions, but to pay their respects to their ultimate teacher and/or Buddha nature.
• The power of the vow comes from your own sincerity and committment - there aren't any supernatural beings that will come and save you.
23 of 31
Dharma - Triple Gem
• The second element of taking refuge, is to take refuge in the Dharma - the teachings expounded by the Buddha.
• This gives us comfort and solace as we learnt the Dharma and its wonderful and timeless message. The Dharma has been virtually untouched and so reflects the words and feelings of the historical Buddha.
• Taking refuge in the Dharma is more than trusting the Buddha's teachings - it's about committment to your faith and committment to the Buddhist path (Right Livelihood).
• Even the Buddha payed homage to the Dharma on his enlightenment where he said ''let me honour and respect this Dharma to which I have fully awakened''.
• The Dharma obviously has a different meaning in different schools. In Theravada, it refers to the acknowledgement of samsaric existence, karma and nirvana whereas in the Mahayana schools it refers to the Wisdom Sutras of Nagarjuna, such as acknowledgement of shunyata or upaya.
• Bhikku Bodhi said that there were two levels of teaching the Dharma - the teachings of the Buddha and nirvana.
24 of 31
The Sangha
• Years ago, the Sangha used to only refer to the monastic community, but now it refers to the community of all Buddhist practioners.
• The Sangha can be very helpful in restoring our faith and getting us back on the Path. We may feel as if we are the only person in our state or country to practice the Buddha-dharma if we do not belong to any specific Buddhist community. As a result we may become sluggish in our meditation or practice. However, if we acknowledge that we have a whole community to help us restore our faith, then our faith will continue and we will regain our religious strength once again. The Sangha helps us stay motivated and on course.
• We could compare taking refuge in the Sangha like Christians when they go to Church. They go to Church to reap the teachings of Jesus just as Buddhists reap the teachings of the Buddha. They are able to interact with the rest of the community and share a common outlook in their beliefs.
• For lay Buddhists, taking refuge in the Sangha means speaking well, being generous and generally performing the 5 precepts. For monks and nuns, it also refers to the rules of the Vinaya Pitaka - the monastic rules for which monks and nuns must follow (there are around 300 rules for nuns and 250 for monks).
• During the 2004 tsunami, many monks provided refuge for injured people and those who'd lost their families and tried to explain why such a thing could've happened.
• Being a part of the sangha means care and generosity. For examples, monks can ''put up'' ordinary people free of charge providing that they help with domestic tasks and chores.
• Lay monk ''I go to the hospital when my body is sick. I go to the monastery when my mind is sick''
25 of 31
Triple Gem - Modern Day
• Taking refuge seems to be a human trait. While Buddhists encourage non-attachment, they can attach themselves to the Triple Gem. This is a way of them allowing themselves to become attached to something else.
• 'No magic' seems to be a recurring theme in the age of science and technology. People are more likely to associate themselves with the idea of taking refuge than praying to God to fix their suffering.
• The refuges display and inter-relationship and can work with one another. Even if you spend more time on one than you do the other - it doesn't matter because all the Gem's are interrelated.
• People's reliance on the sangha as a monastic community.
26 of 31
The Buddha and his life
• Buddha - born Siddhartha Gautama; in a caste called the Shakyas (Shakyamuni) in modern day Nepal around 2,500 years ago.
• Prophecy about his birth - either a king or a holy man.
• His mother's dream about him on the night that she concieved him. White elephant holding a lotus flower entered her womb. She had a virtually painless birth under the blossom trees.
• The Buddha stood up almost seconds after he was born and said ''I alone am the World Honoured One''. This was unusual but the Buddha was special. His mother sadly died seven days later.
• White elephant - represents fertility and wisdom. The lotus represents a common symbol for enlightenment.
• Newcomers to Buddhism tend to dismiss the Buddha's birth story as a myth since it can be hard to reconcile with Buddhist teachings. His birth sounds more like the birth of a god which he was not. The declaration of ''I alone am the World Honoured One'' is a bit hard to reconcile with Buddhist teachings on non-theism and anatta. In Mahayana Buddhism, this is interpreted as the baby Buddha speaking of the inherent Buddha nature within all beings.
• Some Mahayana Buddhists say happy birthday to each other when it is the Buddha's birthday. The Buddha's birthday is everyone's birthday since we all have an inherent Buddha-nature.
27 of 31
The Four Sights
• The Buddha's rich and wealth father wanted to fulfil the prophecy that he was told by a holy man - that his son would become a great king (he ignored the religious leader part). He shielded Siddhartha from the outside world, from suffering - old age, sickness and death. Instead the Buddha was surrounded by luxuries and this was the only life he'd ever known. However, Siddhartha displayed signs of compassion towards other things, e.g he saved an injured swan.
• Old age - represented by an old man that the Buddha sees on his travels. He understands that people grow old eventually.
• Sickness - represented by a sick person that the Buddha sees. He begins to understand that everyone gets sick and will eventually die - this is unavoidable.
• Death - a dead man and his funeral. The Buddha understood that eventually, everyone dies and that this cannot be avoided. It's a part of the journey of suffering.
• Finally, he sees a holy man who is at peace with himself and looks free of suffering. Siddhartha decides that he wants to be like this man and free himself from suffering.
• The Four Sights is a key story in the Buddha's awakening because it makes him realise the right path which he begins to Buddha-hood. It also shows us that he's an ordinary man and not a god - he made changes for himself, not for others.
28 of 31
Ascetic Path
• The Buddha decided to join a group of ascetics - holy wanderers who practiced extreme techniques in order to reach enlightenment.
• The Buddha became the most extreme of the ascetic group - starving himself, not washing and only drinking drops of water every few days. The ascetics began to respect him and worship him. However, the answers to his questions did not appear, so he made himself endure suffering even more.
• One day a young girl offered him a bowl of rice. He suddenly realised that corporeal austerity was not the way to enlightenment and achieving inner liberation. ''If the string is too slack it won't play. But if it is too tight, it will snap''. Living under these harsh physical constraints was not helping him achieve this release.
• He decided to abaondon the ascetic path and founded ''the Middle Way''. His ascetic followers abandoned him.
• He decided that in order to reach liberation, it was necessary for him to cleanse himself mentally. He sat and meditated under a bodhi tree. He encountered many challenges such as meeting Mara - the psychological devil, who sent his daughters to tempt Siddhartha back into samsara. When Mara attempted to claim the enlightened state as his own, Siddhartha put his hand to the ground, banishing Mara and achieving liberation. He realised the answers to his questions and spent the rest of his life preaching the Dharma.
29 of 31
• While the Buddha formulated ideas of his own, he was greatly influenced by the Hindu society and culture at the time of his teaching career. Gavin Flood argues that ''any definition of Hinduism has fuzzy edges'' while Article 25 of the Indian Constitution argues that ''Hinduism is a cultural practice taken to include the Jains, Sikhs and Buddhists''.
• Brahminism is another influence in Buddhist thought. Brahminism was based on the worship of Brahma (God) and revolved around holy books (Vedas) and complex rituals.
• The holy books called Vedas, acted as a guide to performing complex rituals such as animal sacrifice in which the role of a priest was essential. Meditation was also a key act of Brahminism and originally existed as a sort of pre-sacrifice tool, however, it soon became a substitute for the sacrifice and was used as a means of mental focus and internalisation.
• The atman and Brahma (which the Buddha both rejected) became a key aspect of Brahminism, as did reincarnation, the idea that we are reborn as something else which our soul inhabits.
• The Buddha rejected the majority of these ideas - he called all talk of Brahma ''blind talk'' and was heavily against animal sacrifice which he did not believe brought good to anyone and simply represented a superstitious action. The role of the priest was also redundant in Buddhism - the priest has the same role as a monk. The Buddha rejected the notion of an atman also since we do not have a permanent self or soul - our bodies are subject to change. This meant that the Buddha rejected reincarnation since the ''being'' within us dies with the physical body. Instead our karmic merit decides how we are reborn. He supported the ideas of samsara and meditation.
30 of 31
• Sramana = wanderer or truth seeker. It's also an umbrella term for several cultural practices. It is argued that the Buddha was a Sramana since he joined a group of wandering ascetic monks in search for truth.
• The Jains: The jains accepted rebirth and the idea of samsara. They rejected the traditional view on escaping samsara (karma). Instead of a soul, the Jains believed in a life essence called a jiva (which the Buddha rejected). By cultivating this life essence within us, we would be able to escape the cycle of samsara. In order to cultivate the jiva, the Jains followed strict practices such as intense yoga and meditation, starving themselves etc. and also practising non-violent actions (ahisma).
• The Ajivikas: Rejeted the idea of karma and replaced this with a thing called niyati which means ''destiny''. (Rejected by Buddha). Argued that we all have a predetermined fate so the idea of karma becomes redundant. In pratice they were very similar to the Jains - strict practice.
• The Sceptics: Didn't really have any set of beliefs and spent most of their time contemplating life and not reaching any conclusions.
• The Materialists: Empiricist group of sramanas. They believed if you couldn't identify something with the senses, i.e karma, rebirth and the existence of a soul, it didn't exist. They follow a noble life and path but the Buddha rejected their teachings saying that we all have an inherent Buddhanature (capacity for enlightenment). This didn't need to be proved by empiricism.
31 of 31
No comments have yet been made
Similar Religious Studies resources:
See all Religious Studies resources »See all Buddhism resources » |
The body responsible for promoting public health in England (prosaically called Public Health England) has faced recent criticism that it it has failed to secure sufficient reductions in the salt added to food.
The Guardian reports that average consumption is 8 grams per adult per day, instead of the 6 gram target, and that this excess is responsible for many thousands of deaths:
Voluntary action by the food industry and retailers has failed to bring the nation’s salt intake down to safe levels and thousands of people have died unnecessarily as a result, say campaigners.
Public Health England (PHE) faced harsh criticism as it published the first comprehensive report on the salt reductions that have been achieved by food manufacturers and retailers in 14 years. It showed that only just over half of the targets were met.
“Such poor progress in PHE’s attempt to reduce salt intake is a national tragedy,” said Graham MacGregor, professor of cardiovascular medicine and chair of the pressure group Action on Salt.
“This report confirms what we know already – that voluntary targets need comprehensive monitoring and guidance but this has been completely lacking from PHE. As a result, thousands of unnecessary strokes and heart attacks have occurred and billions of pounds wasted by the NHS; and tragically more than 4,000 premature deaths per year have occurred.
But this complaint occurred in the same week as the publication of this meta-analysis that seriously questioned the scientific basis for such scare stories. as MedPAge Today reports:
In the end, the investigators found "no clinically relevant data on whether reduced dietary salt intake affected outcomes such as cardiovascular-associated or all-cause mortality, cardiovascular-associated events, hospitalization, or length of hospital stay,"
We appear to have two views of the science in serious conflict. Who is right? Does the extra 2g of salt per adult per day produce four thousands more premature deaths per year in the UK?
Note: versions of this question have been asked before (Are low-salt diets effective? and Is salt "white death"? ) but both the answers and the questions are too vague and unsatisfactory. I'm open to merging them (if that is possible) but the most important thing is to get better answers. I've tried to ask the question in a more specific form that should encourage quantitative answers.
• Most excellent question, over all. But I see a large confounding factor here: dietary salt and "added salt" are not really the same thing, as "added salt" (in that campaign) refers to highly processed foods (bringing in their own nightmares besides salt that manufacturers sell, among those plain overeating; and overeating junk). Any chance to separate the two versions? – LangLаngС Dec 19 '18 at 20:58
• @LangLangC The issue for diet is tot Toal load of salt. True, Public Health England could get the salt in food reduced but people could add more. But mostly reducing the load in food lowers the amount people take. The scientific basis of recommending any programme should be based on careful studies that look at total load. – matt_black Dec 20 '18 at 0:13
• True, in a sense. But I think it beneficial to differentiate that already in the Q. There are no feeding experiments on that scale available. It is IMO not possible to separate the effects of "too much all-around" (facillitated by salt) industrial junk vs self-reported diet vs controlled salt intake in self-cooked food/handed out food. Quasi-experiments in that dimension have too many variables that are uncontrolled. That would make any answer quite complicated to follow due to the many dactes to shine on? – LangLаngС Dec 20 '18 at 0:19
• I think the question is unnecessarily complex. The Guardian is assigning blame for a failure to adequately change behaviour, which seems irrelevant to the question: "Would reducing the UK public's intake of salt from 8g to 6g per adult per day save 4,000 premature deaths per annum?" – Oddthinking Dec 20 '18 at 10:46
• 1
@Oddthinking The intent of the question wasn't to evaluate PHE's policy but to point to whether there is robust evidence that reducing salt is effective in general at reducing mortality. The criticism assumes there is robust, unambiguous evidence that salt kills. That was the intended focus. If it needs to be clarified by removing some of the background, I'm happy with that. – matt_black Dec 20 '18 at 12:11
The meta-analysis and the Guardian article are not talking about the same thing.
The specific Guardian claim is [my emphasis]:
thousands of unnecessary strokes and heart attacks have occurred ... more than 4,000 premature deaths per year
The scientific article you link says:
In this systematic review of 9 unique studies of 479 unique patients with heart failure, an overall paucity of robust high-quality evidence was available to support or refute the use of reduced dietary salt intake.
To paraphrase, we have no evidence to tell us if salt intake contributed to these particular heart attacks or not. the linked article really has nothing to say about the Guardian claim - it doesn't address the claim regarding stroke and it really has nothing to say about heart attack.
Compare this to Rexhaj, Emrush; Messerli, Franz H; Cerny, David; Bohlender, Juergen (2017) who say:
Studies involving >150,000 individuals showed a U-shaped association between salt consumption and cardiovascular events.
That is, both too much and too little increases stroke and heart attack.
Going back to 2014, Feng J He, Sonia Pombo-Rodrigues, Graham A MacGregor specifically studied Salt reduction in England from 2003 to 2011: its relationship to blood pressure, stroke and ischaemic heart disease mortality which is bang on to the Guardian's topic. They concluded:
They also mention "the reduction in salt intake is likely to have occurred across the whole population as it was predominantly achieved by a gradual reduction in the amount of salt added to all processed foods, which accounts for approximately 80% of total salt intake."
So the facts are:
• The English are consuming less salt in 2011 than they were in 2003,
• This is probably due to a reduction in salt in processed foods,
• Nevertheless, most are still consuming more than the recommended daily intake (i.e. they are on the high side of the U-shape for salt),
• Controlling for other factors, this reduction in salt is correlated with lower blood pressure,
• Controlling for other factors, higher blood pressure is correlated with a high risk of stroke/heart attack,
• At the same time there has been a reduction in mortality from stroke/heart attack.
So, salt reduction has probably saved lives and further salt reduction would probably save more lives. Whether that amounts to 4,000 per year I can't tell.
A lot of the medical research into the relation between lifestyle factors such as the diet and occurrence of illnesses attempt to find relations between a single factor such as salt intake and some health outcome by eliminating a large number of confounding factors. But such methods can only work if the human body were to be very fragile w.r.t. the factor that is studied. Usually this is not the case and then you get misleading results that then tends to contradict the results of older studies of entire populations where the same factors are different.
A good example is the fact that populations that traditionally stick to the prehistoric salt intake of no more than few tenths of a gram of salt a day have blood pressures that remain low well into old age. We can read here:
For their study, the researchers took blood pressure measurements from 72 Yanomami aged one to 60, and found no trend towards higher or lower readings as the participants aged. The researchers also measured blood pressure in 83 members of the nearby Yekwana tribe, which is more exposed to Western influences including dietary -- and here they found a clear trend towards higher pressure with advancing age.
As the article points out, the Yanomami are free of atherosclerosis strokes and heart attacks are very rare, but they also eat lots of fruits and vegetables, get a lot of exercises, so it's not clear whether one can attribute their heart health to their low slat intake. However, it's wrong to downplay salt intake as an important factor just because statistical studies on the unhealthy British population that eats a massive amount of salt have contradictory result. This method of looking at a single factor at a time is a flawed method. We do the same thing w.r.t. fat intake where on the one hand we have population based studies with results like this:
In the African population of Uganda coronary heart disease is almost non-existent. This statement is confirmed by adequate necropsy evidence. In the Asian community, on the other hand, coronary heart disease is a major problem.
and this more recent one:
Here too there are statistical studies where many confounding factors (such as e.g. salt intake and exercise) are eliminated and then you don't find spectacular results anymore, with some studies even suggesting that increasing fat intake improves health.
So, the entire approach where you look at single factors is totally flawed, the human body is very flexible and is capable of adapting itself quite well to very poor lifestyle factors, which will then make single factors such as lack of exercise, high fat intake, high salt intake etc. look to be not as bad as suggested by population based studies. What matters is that when all these factors are combined at the population level, then that does lead to very large health effects.
Therefore, while we can indeed criticize the conclusion of 4000 lives saved per year, it is also clear that if we were to drastically reduce salt intake, stop eating processed foods (at least in cases where the processing has significantly changed the nutrient profile), exercise a lot more then there is plenty of evidence from population based studies to suggest that heart attack and stroke risks would plummet by at least a factor of ten.
Given that there are 160,000 deaths in Britain caused by cardiovascular disease, we should assume that the number of lives saved can be of the order of 140,000 per year and simply stick to the advice of Public Health England on all relevant matters such as salt intake, exercise, fruit and vegetables intake, fiber intake, fat intake etc. etc., instead of trying to only look at each single factor in isolation and then dismissing or downplaying all of them one by one.
You must log in to answer this question.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged . |
What Does Bioamplification Mean?
What is biomagnification Class 9?
What does bioconcentration mean?
Bioconcentration is the intake and retention of a substance in an organism entirely by respiration from water in aquatic ecosystems or from air in terrestrial ones. Bioaccumulation is the intake of a chemical and its concentration in the organism by all possible means, including contact, respiration and ingestion.
What is the difference between bioaccumulation and Bioamplification?
Bioamplification (or biomagnification, as the picture shows) refers to an increase in the concentration of a substance as you move up the food chain. … In contrast, bioaccumulation occurs within an organism, where a concentration of a substance builds up in the tissues and is absorbed faster than it is removed.
What are some examples of bioaccumulation?
Examples of bioaccumulation and biomagnification include:Car emission chemicals building up in birds and other animals.Mercury building up in fish.Pesticides building up in small animals.
How does bioaccumulation occur?
Bioaccumulation occurs when toxins build up – or accumulate – in a food chain. The animals at the top of the food chain are affected most severely. This is what happens: Small amounts of toxic substances – often pesticides or pollution from human activity – are absorbed by plants.
What is biomagnification class 10th?
Increase in concentration of the pollutants or toxic substances in the successive trophical levels of food chain in an ecosystem is called biomagnification or biological magnification…….
What is biomagnification in simple words?
What is biomagnification Class 8?
“Biomagnification or biological magnification is the process of accumulation of certain chemicals in living organisms to a concentration higher than that occurring in the inorganic, non-living environment.”
How can biomagnification affect humans?
How can bioaccumulation affect humans?
Thus, a biomagnified toxin potentially becomes most harmful to top predators, including humans who eat meat or fish. While bioaccumulators are stored in fat, they are released into the bloodstream when an animal uses body fat for energy, harming vital organs and systems.
Why is biomagnification dangerous?
In many cases, animals near the top of the food chain are most affected because of a process called biomagnification. … This is biomagnification, and it means that higher-level predators-fish, birds, and marine mammals-build up greater and more dangerous amounts of toxic materials than animals lower on the food chain.
Why is DDT banned?
In 1972, EPA issued a cancellation order for DDT based on its adverse environmental effects, such as those to wildlife, as well as its potential human health risks. … DDT is: known to be very persistent in the environment, will accumulate in fatty tissues, and. |
How to Operate a Dolphin Tour [Insider Info, Equipment, & Tips]
Dolphins are the attractions that alone can serve as a magnet for pulling many customers to come to the area. If you are lucky enough and provide your operations in the areas known to have dolphin habitats, you should consider offering dolphin tours in 2021 if you have not started doing so yet. Follow these guidelines for finding out how this activity can be best delivered to both customers and dolphins.
Table of Contents
Dolphin Species, Characteristics
and Where They Live
The U.S. Whale and Dolphin Conservation claims that there are 49 dolphin and porpoise species grouped into six families, describing each of which is way beyond this article’s scope. However, there are two most popular worldwide dolphin species called common dolphins and bottlenose dolphins.
Common Dolphin
Common dolphin’s weight ranges between 180–330 lb (80–150 kg), and length can be up to 8.2 ft (2.5 meters) long, and males are usually longer and more massive. The back’s color pattern is dark, and the belly is white, whereas each side is colored light grey, yellow, or gold in front and dirty grey in back. They have long, thin rostra with up to 60 small, sharp, interlocking teeth on each side of each jaw. There is no specific number of inhabited common dolphins in North America. It does not have a well-studied behavior either because they are generally not captivated.
Nonetheless, according to Dolphins-World’s research, the Common Dolphin is very social, and they live in large pods. The number in a pod can be up to several thousand. They have a very complex hierarchy that keeps them orderly. In addition, they tend to create subgroups based on age and other factors.
This dolphin species is very active, and they seem to move through the water without much effort. This is because of their abilities to participate in somersaults, pitch poling, breaching, and bow riding.
You can find these dolphins living in bodies of water with a warm temperature. The Long-Beaked Common Dolphins are usually in the shallow waters, whereas the Short-Bake Common Dolphins can be in deeper waters up to 590 feet. They tend to do well in many areas as long as they have enough food and warm enough water. In the U.S., they are common along the west coast, from Baja California (including the Gulf of California) northward to central California.
These dolphins don’t tend to migrate like so many other species do. However, they will move around if necessary to find food and when there are frigid waters. They often do return to their home range, though whenever possible.
Common Bottlenose Dolphin
This species is a very close family member to the common dolphin covered in the previous section. The common bottlenose dolphin is grey in color and can be up to 13.1 ft long (4 meters), and weighs up to 1,430 lb (650 kgs). Same as common dolphins, males are usually bigger and heavier than females.
Common bottlenose dolphins usually live in pods just like their close relatives that typically number about 15 individuals. Still, on some occasions, it can be up to 1,000 mammals in the same group.
This species is moderately active both day and night. Observations betoken that they undergo daily activities, including socializing, feeding, resting, and traveling, where socializing comprises a significant portion of their daily activities.
Animals frequently ride on the stern wakes of boats or bow waves. Such behavior was likely adopted from ocean swells. They can also jump high up to 16 feet (5 meters) from the water’s surface, and land on their backs, bellies, or sides in a behavior called a breach.
The common bottlenose dolphin can be seen in the temperate, subtropical, and tropical oceans. The worldwide population has been estimated at 600,000, where about 100,000 are in North America’s Eastern Coast, 3,000 around Hawaiian islands, and less than 400 in California’s Coastal.
The coastal dolphins appear to adapt to warm, shallow waters. You can come across them in harbors, bays, and lagoons. Offshore dolphins, on the other hand, are adapted to cooler and somewhat deeper waters.
Best and Worst Dolphin Seasons, Days and Time
Research gives no clear answer for the best time of the year for spotting dolphins. Dolphin’s activity depends on the region’s climate. Tour operators should feel comfortable to run these activities year-round if it is warm. Dolphins enjoy tropical or subtropical weather types. It is the key to determining the best day and time for spotting them.
Spotting Dolphins:
Preparation and Techniques
Depending on where you are trying to do this from shore or on the water, your approach to spotting dolphins can vary. In both of the situations, you probably will want to find a way to suggest a customer get special accessories to enhance their experience. Here are some of them.
Sunglasses not only lets scanning the sea with comfort but also protect eyes from harmful rays. Another challenge can come from the light reflecting off the water. We encourage to have polarized sunglasses that cut through the troublesome glare for that reason. It also can become an opportunity for tour operators to rent this accessory out. This for the reason that customers might not have them of that type.
Binoculars play a big deal in enhancing your vision and provide you with the ability to see from long distances. They are especially great when it is relatively calmer days. The wider the lens is, the extra peripheral vision it will give when looking through it. This is especially helpful when looking for fast-moving dolphins. Purchasing professional binoculars might be costly, but it is a great investment to enhance the customer experience as an add-on option.
Hat and Sunscreen
Persistence is the key to succeed in this activity, we encourage to explain it to the customers before taking them. To that end, dolphin lookup’s time can be extensive, which is why basic protections like hats and sunscreen are essential. Consider selling them to the customers at your rental location and reminding them at the same time of the importance of it.
Dolphin Spotting Techniques
While there are many established techniques, scanning the horizon line is always a starting point. Start with your vision and see how far you can pick anything that pops up or moves on the horizon.
Scan the Horizon
The dolphins are usually seeking food and keeping an eye out for predators, making them always motion. If you spot an object at sea floating in place very still at the surface, the chances of it being wildlife are much lower. The chances increase if you see splashes. In this case, it is likely to be a living creature, yet still might not be a dolphin. Binoculars can confirm the situations when looking for objects in the water moving and spending just a little time at the surface between dives. With that being said, recommend your customers to use their own vision when looking for dolphins. As of binoculars, use only to confirm assumptions, not all the time.
Browse the Sky
When scanning the horizon line, spend some time browsing the sky from time to time too. Birds serve as a crucial indicator of possible dolphins nearby because both consume the same prey. The more considerable the amount of birds feeding on the water surface, the safer it is to claim that underwater mammals are also feeding below the surface at that time.
Watersports Types with Dolphins Involved
Apart from renting out jet ski or WaveRunners, there are plenty of other water-based activities with dolphins’ interactions. Here are some of them:
Self-Guided Dolphin Tours
In this kind of activity, a customer would typically rent one of your watersports equipment and travel on their own to have some fun. If you happen to know that their primary reason is to look for a dolphin, while briefing on how to use the equipment, you could also highlight the spots on a paper map or their GPS to look for dolphins. In this case, passengers’ safety is crucial, and the safety of the mammals discussed earlier. Follow these guidelines specific to each water-based activity.
Non-Motorized Equipment Rental
Non-motorized watersports equipment, unlike the motorized one we discuss later in this blog, is safer to operate as it comes to dolphin watching. You have more time to react if you approach a dolphin and have your actions under more control. Look through the following tips for each activity.
Kayaks, Row Boating, and Stand Up Paddleboard
UK’s Independent news reporter recently shared the footage with captured dolphins swimming by the boat. Notice from the video that paddles are not in use when both mammals and humans observe each other. Its movement can hurt the little creature, so share this direction with your customers if they are lucky enough to see something like this.
Scuba Diving
Apart from this being a great experience in the winter, which we discuss in our other blog, this activity can also be suitable for dolphin chasers. Ask customers to follow this set of rules when interacting with dolphins:
Rule #1: Tour operators’ reputation can be based on how they follow laws. The U.S., for instance, have certain restrictions to follow when interacting with mammals. Do some research and see what the case for your region is.
Rule #2: Some trends show that dolphins better interact with snorkelers than with divers, so the former can be better in that sense.
Rule #3: Customers should always remember that dolphins are wild animals at the end of the day. That is why they should let them stay in their comfort zone to avoid the actions of possible unpredictable behavior. Besides, dolphins have susceptible skin that can be hurt by watches, fingernails, rings, etc., which is why it is better to keep arms crossed or hands clasped.
Rule #4: Some dolphin behaviors can also be indicative. While discussing them all is beyond this article’s scope, some of them should be paid close attention to. For example, a repeated tail lob could be a sign of agitation, leaps, and spins point to the attempts to remove an annoying remora, and chuffing can be a possible sign of distress.
Rule #5: Know that it is all for real. Don’t get stressed or start feeling anxiety when you see dolphins, but continue to behave as you would naturally, not causing bad emotions to them.
Snorkeling is a great water-based activity for families with kids, which we cover in this blog, and is suitable for when on the lookout for dolphins. Unlike scuba diving, your chances of being interacted with dolphins increase when you snorkel. However, research shows that seeing dolphins should happen accidentally, and, moreover, customers should not chase them, as it may impact negatively on their behavior. Here are some other pieces of information to stick to when swimming across dolphins in the wild:
Tip #1: Chasing dolphins can be stressful for them. It can disrupt their natural behavior and might have dangerous consequences for humans as well.
Tip #2: Always swim confidently and wait for them to approach you, not vice versa. Dolphins are very mood-dependent, so do not cause unnecessary stress to them.
Tip #3: Don’t touch dolphins and use the power flips if you see them approaching you to avoid close contact.
Motorized Equipment Rental
(e.g., Jet Ski, WaveRunner, and Pontoon Boats)
Motorized watersports equipment, unlike the non-motorized we discussed earlier in this blog, is more dangerous to operate as it comes to dolphin interaction. You have less time to react if you approach a dolphin and have your actions under less control. Look through the following tips for each activity.
Once you spot the dolphin, leverage the options available to you to approach them. Customers must be aware of how to use the options safely to make no negative impact on mammals. Share the following tips with both types of customers – using the vessel and themselves for swimming. NB: Some pieces of information might be applicable for guided tours with the captain as well.
If you rented out the watersport equipment to your customers (e.g., jet ski, WaveRunner, etc.), and you know that they are going for chasing dolphins, then advise them on the following interactions with marine animals:
Speed matters – If you are too fast, you’ll pass them by. Come to a stop, and they won’t hang out long. If you are too slow and dealing with the pod, they are likely to come and check you out by chasing each other over and under, along the side, and crossing underneath the vessel.
Keep the distance – encourage customers to observe them from a distance of at least 50 yards (150 feet) for the following reasons: Although dolphins have a reputation for being friendly, they are still wild animals who should be treated with respect and caution. Unfortunately, human beings’ interactions change dolphin behavior for the worse, letting them lose their natural wariness. For that reason, dolphins become more vulnerable to predator attacks and vandalism.
Avoid offering food – By nature, dolphins are hunters, not beggars, but if they get tempted by the food, they indeed take the easy route out. That way, not only it is illegal in some cases, but they also learn a lousy lesson to beg for a living, lose their fear of humans, and start doing untypical things, for instance:
• Have a false impression of people and die after becoming entangled with fishing hooks and rods.
• Get sick from eating human food, which can be fatal to them.
• They become aggressive and can even bite if they do not get the treat.
Guided Dolphin Tours
Guided tours, as opposed to the self-guided tours with rental equipment involved, can provide customers with an outstanding advantage for increasing their chances of seeing marine mammals if that is their primary purpose of spending time on the water. Typically, companies that already do that would not give the customer a 100% guarantee that they will see dolphins on their tour; however, the chances are that it will likely happen because the boat captain knows where to go for chasing them. As we already know, dolphins are wild animals; their behavior still needs to be better studied, and, thus, they are unpredictable in many cases. Consider offering the following types of tours for dolphin fans.
Dolphin Cruises
Owning a double-deck vessel operated by the captain can navigate travelers to the dolphin spots. Apart from being on a constant lookout for mammals, participants can also look for birds or be inside the bar if your vessel can have one. Check out how companies like Olin Marler already offer this type of tour.
Glass Bottom Boat Tours
Another option for organizing the cruise can be with a vessel having a glass bottom! This can be even more selling than the regular one because it can keep passengers even more engaged. See how this type of tour is promoted by Key West Day Trip with Glass Bottom Boat Ride.
Jet Ski or WaveRunner Tours
Owning jet skis or WaveRuneers can turn into a significant opportunity if you live in an area full of dolphins! Apart from renting it out to the customers, they can also choose a guided tour. See how Gilligan’s Watersports promotes it on their website.
Pontoon Boat Tours
While in most cases pontoon boats get rented out by customers for their own use, some watersport business models provide an add-on option to add a captain for operating a vessel. Typically, a customer’s reason to get one would be either their fear of driving or planning on drinking while using a boat. However, one of the other selling points for captains can also be that they will take to spots where dolphins are. See how Luther’s Pontoon Rentals showcases their way of doing this. Notice what they remind customers in the background.
For the same reason as having guided tours on pontoon boats, customers can choose to go for parasailing if you let them know about the chance to see the dolphins if they try this out! These options can let customers see the dolphins from different angles and distances, unlike the previous ones. See how Captain Jambo’s promotes this type of activity with a focus on dolphins.
As it turns out, dolphins can provide an excellent opportunity for watersport tour operators to grow in the area, and, if you have not started your business yet, these mammals should be convincing enough for doing this. If your site is known to have dolphins, why not study the former to leverage the latter for high profits?
No Comments |
Exploring The Larynx (Vocal Style)
Updated: Jul 31, 2019
I originally wrote this article for Ising Mag in March so here it is! Enjoy!
The larynx plays a crucial role when it comes to singing because it can influence the length of our vocal tract (the area of resonance that consists of the nose, mouth and throat), which in turn influences the overall character and tonal quality of our voice.
Understanding and learning how to stabilise the larynx is essential for vocal health, increasing range and smoothing out register breaks. It is also so much more! Excuse me for a moment while I get a little bit over excited as we delve into the world of “Larynx and Style”!
There are differing views on whether the larynx should be in a high or low position for singing. I prefer to keep an open mind as I think it can be quite limiting to keep the larynx in only one position for singing.
I believe that when you begin to explore how to use the larynx for stylistic purposes, it will open up a whole new world of possibilities, co-ordinations, sounds and colours in your voice.
What is the larynx?
The larynx, also known as the voice-box, houses and protects the vocal cords. It can be located by placing a finger lightly on the front of the neck around the Adam’s Apple. There are muscles above and below that move it up and down. If you swallow with your finger on your larynx, you will feel the Adam’s Apple moving up and down. When the larynx is in a higher position, our vocal tract becomes shorter, and when in a lower position our vocal tract becomes longer.
How can the larynx influence vocal style?
The changes in the vocal tract shape and size are what influences the character and tonal quality of our voice. If we opt for a lower larynx position when singing, we’re going to get a darker, deeper, richer tonal quality. This is the typical vocal setup for classical and operatic styles of singing (e.g. Pavarotti). Though it is less common, a lower larynx position can also be used in contemporary styles of singing (e.g. Cher, Anita Baker).
If we opt for a neutral larynx position when singing, we’re going to get a well-balanced, rounder, warmer tonal quality. This is a common vocal setup for contemporary styles of singing especially pop, R&B and country. (e.g. Michael Buble, Daniel Caesar and Carrie Underwood).
If we opt for a higher larynx position when singing, we’re going to get a brighter, thinner, intense tonal quality. This is a common vocal setup for contemporary styles of singing especially rock, gospel and musical theatre. (e.g. Chester Bennington, Mary Mary, Idina Menzel).
How to find high, low and neutral larynx positions
To find the high, low and neutral larynx positions. You can place two fingers on the Adam’s Apple and say ‘AY’ (as in Day) for high, ‘UH’ (as in mother) for low and ‘AH’ (as in father) for neutral.
The larynx provides the tools we need to sing a multitude of different styles and as singers we can experiment and explore these styles. When performing a song, we may want to take our tone a little darker, richer, brighter, lighter, thinner, louder or softer in order to effectively portray the story of the song. Ultimately, it is up to the singer to decide what serves them best based on what they are trying to achieve, and communicate. Questions we could ask ourselves in order to decide about larynx position include: What style do we want to convey? What emotions do we want to evoke?
Exploring the larynx for style
In conclusion, I would encourage you to explore and experiment with different vocal styles and vocal qualities to find what works best for you. If you sing classical and operatic styles, try singing some contemporary styles. And if you sing contemporary styles, try singing some classical and operatic styles. There is no harm in trying, in the words of Dr Pepper, “What’s the worst that could happen?”. If anything, experimenting might just give you a few extra tools for your singing tool box!
100 views0 comments
GET IN TOUCH | Tel: +44 7590 44 31 95
• Instagram Social Icon
• Facebook Social Icon
• Blogger Social Icon
• Google+ Social Icon
• Twitter Social Icon
• YouTube Social Icon
Follow me on Instagram!
Email Me. I look forward to hearing from you! :)
Email me! |
View Full Version : Estimating the casualties of war in ancient battles
20-05-14, 19:05
For example, in the battle of Marathon Herodotus says that the casualties for the Greeks were 192 Athenians and 11 Plataeans. Yet this is not believable by historians nowadays who increase the number to 1000-3000.
One can say that this difference is quite high.
My question here is this: what kind of techniques modern historians use to make these estimates?
20-05-14, 19:41
That is strange. I've heard the opposite, that ancient records have casualties and total soldier numbers to high. In subsistence cultures, like most ancient cultures, it would be difficult to logistically supply and sustain a large army. The idea of large armies battling to the end, where one annihilates the other is more propaganda than fact I believe. I imagine the casualties were a lot fewer than actually recorded.
20-05-14, 20:05
It depends on the hatred, annoyance level and psychological makeup of the combatants. Arrows kill a lot of people.
22-05-14, 14:52
Casualties were quite high in ancient times, since everybody was always at war with someone. For example during the Punic Wars at one point in time, 20% of the Roman young men were killed by Carthagenians. And Rome was one of the largest cities at the time.
In Asia things were even more brutal, Genghis Khan is known to have wiped out entire populations. from Wiki:
Steven R. Ward wrote that "Overall, the Mongol violence and depredations killed up to three-fourths of the population of the Iranian Plateau, possibly 10 to 15 million people. Some historians have estimated that Iran's population did not again reach its pre-Mongol levels until the mid-20th century."[ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genghis_Khan#cite_note-62) |
musicality practices
So you've got a student who can replicate movements but is not connecting with the music. Regardless of their age it is often a battle to get them actively listening to the music. I've been struggling with teaching my students how to connect and listen to the music in order to create a basic eight count.
Here is my suggestion.
1. Take a few movements that can be used repetitively and universally.
2. Guide your student through several eight counts.
3. Step away and let them repeat that pattern without you.
Students are often focusing on mimicking your movements. Give them the example then let them try it out. They may feel uncomfortable or nervous, but that is okay. Remind them that they are physically watching their learning curve. That is commendable. They are learning something new and pushing their mind's and bodies. By allowing your student time to see how their movements fit with the music they are learning a skill that they can carry into any dance lesson and in social dancing as well. Remember you won't always be there to yell "5, 6, 7, 8!"
listen to the music, let it guide your motions.
5 views0 comments
Recent Posts
See All
I get asked about how I choreograph quite often. Here are my go to tips for anyone who wants to make up their own dance at home. Listen: Turn on your song, and envision what you'd like to do. Listenin
Tel: 951-454-9596
©2023 by Gelato. Proudly created with
This site was designed with the
website builder. Create your website today.
Start Now |
Grow Shop since 1999
There are two main methods for controlling pests and diseases: one way is using their natural enemies and another one is with chemical pesticides that can affect the quality of the plant and its production.
The first and most important step is to maintain perfect hygiene. For doing so, it is necessary to clean grow tents between one culture and another, to control incoming and outgoing air using filters, as well as to maintain the entire culture system clean.
These are some requirements for maintaining a disinfected indoor crop. Should you not pay attention to these minimum preventive measures, you may have to fight pests with organic or chemical products. We recommend organic products, but sometimes the pest is so uncontrollable that it requires chemical resources.
Most of the products for pest control are used as preventive strategies, so they have to be applied before detecting the pest. |
#19 – Common Sense
Americans have long thought of themselves as a pragmatic people who from their earliest history have met any challenge thrown their way. Or at least, that is the story we have told ourselves since well before Thomas Paine penned his pamphlet Common Sense (1776). Ironically, it is not hard to find evidence that Americans are anything but a rational people. To be fair to the citizens of the U.S., other members of our species on the planet do not exhibit any more common sense than we do and some are even more irrational then we are. This should cause us a great deal of anxiety, which it does, but we for the most part, stick our heads in the sand and pretend we don’t see what is happening in the Global Village. The ostrich rather than the golden eagle should be our national symbol.
Tom Paine, influenced by the “sensible” Enlightenment philosophers, was a political theorist, propagandist, revolutionary and no mean philosopher himself. One of his more profound insights was that of the guaranteed national income that is only now being seriously touted by some 21st century American economists. That common-sense policy has little chance in the U.S. although other nations that are both more pragmatic and more liberal than we Americans are finding it makes common sense.
Another of Paine’s several “common sense” ideas was found in an article he wrote in Philadelphia in 1774 entitled “Justice and Humanity,” denouncing the African slave trade which the U.S. abolished in 1808.
Two more insights that Paine had back then are still controversial today. As a Deist, he was opposed to organized religion and he also felt that capitalism and property ownership promoted inequality. He would undoubtedly be disappointed to see centuries after his death that there is a vast inequity between the infamous 10% in America and the rest of us. America is clearly headed in the wrong direction.
Although Paine revealed a number of nonsensical human behaviors in his books and pamphlets, he did not foresee perhaps the most potentially catastrophic of them all. President John F. Kennedy in a speech during the Cold War in 1961 observed that everyone in America lived under a nuclear sword of Damocles. The possibility of a post holocaust nuclear winter has never gone away and the bellicose behavior of North Korea’s Kim Jung Un has begun to disturb the American ostrich again of late.
Graham Allison comments in a review of Daniel Ellsberg’s recent book The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner, in which Ellsberg, in the tradition of Thomas Paine, calls upon the common sense of the American people. “And his inability to describe a feasible way to eliminate nuclear dangers does not distinguish him from scores of others who have also been trying to rethink the unthinkable.” (1)
Common sense is not unattainable for members of our species but even the likes of Thomas Paine, John F. Kennedy and Daniel Ellsberg would not qualify for inclusion in the Common Sense Thinkers Hall of Fame. Who are the people in that museum and what are their “common sense” insights? Click on the following link to find out.
Insight # 19: Greece respected wisdom as India respected holiness, as Renaissance Italy respected artistic genius, as young America naturally respects economic enterprise. Will Durant
1. Allison, Graham. “Unnecessary Evils.” The New York Times Book Review. December 31, 2017, page 18. |
One of Cairo’s well-known modern monuments, sometimes considered Egypt’s second most famous landmark after the Pyramids of Giza, it stands in the Gezira district on Gezira Island in the River Nile, close to Downtown.
Built from 1954 to 1961, the tower was designed by the Egyptian architect Naoum Shebib. Its partially open lattice-work design is intended to evoke a pharaonic lotus plant, an iconic symbol of Ancient Egypt. The tower is crowned by a circular observation deck and a rotating restaurant with a view over greater Cairo. One rotation takes approximately 70 minutes.
In the 1960s, Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser announced that the funds for the construction of the Tower originated with the Government of the United States, which had provided $6,000,000 to him as a personal gift with the intent of currying his favour. Affronted by the attempt to bribe him, Nasser decided to publicly rebuke the U.S. government by transferring the entirety of the funds to the Egyptian government for use in building the tower, which was ‘visible from the US Embassy just across the Nile, as a taunting symbol of Arab resistance and pride’.
Between November 2004 and 17 May 2009 it underwent a EGP 35 million restoration project, completed in time for its fiftieth anniversary on April 2011. |
Quick Answer: Can Being Tired Make Tinnitus Worse?
Can being tired cause tinnitus?
Sometimes tinnitus can be persistent.
It is common for tinnitus to fluctuate with stress and tiredness, with no harmful significance..
What causes tinnitus to get louder?
Can Vicks Vapor Rub help tinnitus?
Can tooth problems cause flare tinnitus?
Other dental causes of tinnitus are wisdom teeth. Yes, those pesky wisdom teeth can cause your ears to ring if they are impacted or infected. Also, teeth that have abscesses can also cause your ears to ring.
Is tinnitus bad for your brain?
The brain is a constantly adapting system. As we age and have new experiences, our brain develops new neural pathways and changes accordingly. However, some changes aren’t for the better, and tinnitus can cause detrimental effects on your health. Like many other conditions, tinnitus can cause changes to your brain.
Can lack of sleep make tinnitus worse?
And it’s a vicious cycle—sleep deprivation can make tinnitus worse, which in turn makes it harder to fall asleep. But if you’re struggling with tinnitus, that doesn’t mean you just have to suffer each night.
How can I stop tinnitus immediately?
Lifestyle and home remediesAvoid possible irritants. Reduce your exposure to things that may make your tinnitus worse. … Cover up the noise. In a quiet setting, a fan, soft music or low-volume radio static may help mask the noise from tinnitus.Manage stress. … Reduce your alcohol consumption.
Can you ignore tinnitus?
What is the most effective treatment for tinnitus?
Does ibuprofen help tinnitus?
For example, ototoxic anti- inflammatories such as acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), ibuprofen (Advil®) and naproxen (Aleve®) generally cause temporary tinnitus. But there are no guarantees. The bad news is that the resulting tinnitus may be permanent.
What foods to avoid if you have tinnitus?
If you Have Tinnitus, There Are a few Foods You Should Avoid ConsumingSalty meals.Processed sugar.Flavor enhancers like MSG.Fatty foods. |
Archive for the ‘ Sacred Geometry ’ Category
Birth of Jesus Christ
Biblical Astronomy of the Birth of Christ
If you have been paying any attention to the night skies lately, you may have heard that Jupiter and Saturn are visible and have been prominent in the heavens over the last couple of months. This notable pair of gas giants has a long and distinguished history both in secular and sacred sky lore, and are due for their next normal union again on 12/21-22/20, in Aquarius on the winter solstice-the shortest day of the year. This marks the first Jupiter-Saturn conjunction since May 2000, and the closest Jupiter-Saturn conjunction since 1623, with only .10 of a degree separation.1 In the previous union 20 years prior in Dec. 1603, Johannes Kepler saw a regular union of Jupiter –Saturn, also named a “great conjunction” since its the union of the two largest planets in our solar system. This was followed by a massing of Mars with Jupiter-Saturn, when all three planets were close together in the sky. Kepler calculated that a similar union took place in 7 BC. This 7 BC conjunction was a triple union, though Jupiter and Saturn were not more than a degree apart. As we may have seen in recent national media, the current Jupiter-Saturn union is called the return of the Christmas Star, marking the birth of Christ, but this is the kind of confusion that specifically needs to be avoided, if we are to understand what really happened with the so-calledStar of Bethlehem.” Jupiter-Saturn triple unions also marked both the birth’s of Abraham and Moses, setting the stage for the birth of Christ. As we view the events leading up to and beyond the Bethlehem star, we find the vital role played by the unions of Jupiter-Saturn, in marking the birth of Christ, keeping in mind that the Promised Seed-Jesus Christ, had to be fully human as a Son of Adam, [Gen. 3:15] a Son of Abraham, [Genesis 13 & 15], and also a Son of David, [Gen. 49:9-10].
See the source image
Matt. 2:1-2
After Jesus was born in Bethlehem in Judea, during the time of King HerodMagi from the east came to Jerusalem
Matt. 2:3-8
“‘But you, Bethlehem, in the land of Judah, are by no means least among the rulers of Judahfor out of you will come a ruler who will shepherd my people Israel.”
As the record denotes King Herod was not interested in “worshipingJesus, since he had all the children two years and under killed in Bethlehem. He would not have done this unless the exact time the star appeared to the Magi was close to the start of this 2-year time frame. The gospel also tells us the Magi found a “young child; paidion” in a Housenot a new-bornbrephos in a manger or Inn when they arrived, [Matt. 2:11]. This is why God warned the Magi of Herod’s treachery in a dream, to avoid Herod and take a different route to return to their homeland.
The King Planet Jupiter guided the hearts of the Magi to be among the first Gentiles to recognize the only begotten Son of God, as it halted in retrograde motion over Jerusalem and Bethlehem-a few miles to the south. The banner heading this blog post shows the skies with Jupiter standing still in Virgo over Bethlehem, during the winter solstice when the Sun, the light of the world was also standing still. The word “Solstice” means “Sun stands still,” and it is not a coincidence that Jupiter the king planet was standing still over Bethlehem marking Jesus’ birthplace, while the Sun as the light of the world stood still also. What a joy and thrilling time this was for the Magi to follow with precision, the wandering stars or planets as the Creator set them in their orbits and celestial stations, to find the Promised SeedJupiter as “His Star” led the Magi to the dawning day of the Messiah, opening a way through the principles of Biblical Astronomy to the Redeemer-the Lord Jesus Christ.
The premise of a Celestial Prelude is based on the simple fact that God would not ordain the long awaited birth of His only begotten son, the eternal purpose of the ages, without a little advanced notice. The concept of this Prelude is based on the Jupiter-Saturn triple conjunctions of 7-6 BC, that was not as close a union of these planets as the one next week. The triple union of 7-6 BC provided a basis for the Magi to recognize the triple conjunction of Jupiter-Regulus in 3-2BC, as the specific signs marking the birth of Christ. This prelude has two parts, the first-general the second-specific. Confusion of these two separate parts of the Celestial Prelude has caused much uncertainty surrounding the “Star of Bethlehem.” A good place to start thinking about the first part of this Prelude is: Where did the popular idea of a single bright star, obvious to all, marking Christ’s birth originate? The answer is found in what I referred to above as the General Sign of the Celestial Prelude, that alerted the Magi to the broader period when the promised seed would appear. The first decan, or sub-ordinate sign of Virgo was originally called Coma, seen in the Blog header above as the “L” shaped sign next to Virgo, meaning; the desired or longed for, as in the Book of Haggai.
Haggai 2:7.
Figure 1. The Decan of Virgo named Coma with the Mother and Child in her lap. [Dendera Zodiac] 2
witness of the stars
Numbers 24:17
There is a celestial double meaning [Num. 24:17] in the phrase: Star out of Jacob, with connotations for both the general and specific aspects of our Celestial Prelude. The new star, or supernova in the head of the child in Coma, visible for over 275 years, was the general sign, the Star out of Jacob, that prepared the Magi to watch for the specific aspects of the second part of the Celestial Prelude, which included the Jupiter-Saturn triple unions of 7-6BC in Pisces. We find this second aspect of Balaam’s prophecy relating to the scepter, symbolic of the reign of the king Planet-Jupiter. As we progress through our study it becomes evident that Jupiter was the planet that the Magi called “his Star” in Matthew 2:2. The Magi noted the triple Conjunction of signs from 7-6 BC, of JupiterSaturn, that gave them a blueprint for the actual signs marking Christ’s birth, starting in 3BC. An early sign on August 12th, 3 BC motivated them to begin their caravan to Jerusalem. Both of these aspects of the General and Specific celestial signs marking the birth of Christ are found in the study on “The Stars Over Bethlehem, along with the chart below provide further details of what the Magi observed in the skies overhead at the Messiah’s birth, in both Virgo and ComaThe first decan of Virgo called Coma, is seen in the Dendera zodiac as a seated mother nourishing her young son. Coma is the Hebrew name of this Constellation that means “the desired.” The Egyptian name for this decan of Virgo was Shes-nu the desired son,3 [Hag. 2:7].
The Prophet Daniel taught the Magi and other astronomers of the king Nebuchadnezzar’s court [Dan. 5: 11] about these planetary unions from the contemporary example of a Jupiter-Saturn triple union 523-522 BC in Virgo. Less than 400 years later, near 128 BC a new star as the Coma supernova exploded onto the scene, in a decan of the sign Virgo in the head of the child called Coma. This is a key when we remember that much of this history was based on the teachings of the Prophet Daniel, who became master of the Magi, and the Chaldeans and stargazers of the King’s Court in Babylon. He continued to preside over this august group in the reign of Darius I, [Dan. 6:1-3] when the Persians took control of the Babylonian empire. Daniel’s influence on the genuine sect of the Magi, not the Magicians who followed the occult and Astrology, paths represented a critical impact on the astronomical doctrines of these Gentile scientists, especially regarding the widely held belief in the general sign marking the coming Messiah during this period in history. Obviously the Magi were aware
of the truths of the Celestial
gospel concerning the coming redeemer, since it was their unrivaled expertise in Astronomy that led them to Jerusalem following Jupiter, in the first place.
Figure 2. The Jupiter-Saturn Great Conjunction triangle from Kepler in his De Stella Nova:4
Kepler mapped, the progress of grand conjunctions of Jupiter-Saturn through the zodiac describing a series of equilateral triangles (Fig. 2). Every sixty years a triangle is completed, and the conjunction returns to start, shifting however nine degrees anticlockwise in respect to its predecessors, thus generating a cycle of 800 years.
Figure 3. Jupiter-Saturn Grand Conjunctions [1901-2100 AD].5
See the source image
So the whole cycle is really a set of interlocking cycles, each inside the other, lasting 20 years, 200 years, 800 years, and 2,400 years. Jupiter and Saturn will enter a regular union about every 20 years. During the last millennium BC, however, no less than 7 triple conjunctions also took place – one every 140 years, on average – as the interval varied from 40 years (as between 861 and 821 BC and again between 563 and 523 BC), to 377 years (as between 523 BC and 146 BC). Over the millennium there were 43 “normal” Jupiter-Saturn unions and 7tripleconjunctions. In the Chart below we have mapped key Jupiter-Saturn unions during the period of visibility of the Coma Supernova, since this marked the center point of Messianic expectations.
Plate 1. Jupiter-Saturn Timeline Chart
This chart shows not only the time frame of the visibility of the Coma Supernova, but also pertinent Jupiter-Saturn unions related to this Celestial Prelude along with key Blood Moons, Halley’s Comet, the Rev. 12 signs, and the Jupiter-Regulus triple union of 3-2 BC, all linked to the birth of Christ and the Temple at Jerusalem being destroyed. It thus seems fitting that the destruction of the Temple was also prophesied by Christ, just as the Temple veil was rent in twain at his crucifixion, since the spiritual body of Christ has replaced the stone temple. “Destroy this temple” [Jn. 2:19, Matt. 26:61, Mk. 14:58]
with Coma
Conjunction year Saturn Longitude Jupiter Longitude Date Sign
185 BC 319.50 318.78 Jan. 19-24 Pisces
185 BC 320.71 321.13 Jan. 29-Feb. 3 Pisces
168-166 BC Blood Moon Tetrad Jerusalem Temple Destruction
165 BC 218.26 217.93 Sept. 10-16, 20-25 Pisces
164 BC Halley’s Comet Early Babylonian sighting
146 BC 106.40 106.34 Oct. 11-18 Cancer
145 BC Apr. 28 Pisces
128 BC [circa] Coma Supernova Appears Virgo/Coma
126 BC Apr. 19-24 Pisces
126 BC Apr. 26 Pisces
126 BC Apr. 29- May 4 Pisces
12 BC Halley’s Comet Aug.-Oct.
7 BC Jupiter-Saturn triple Conjunction May 27-Jun. 8 Pisces
7 BC 347.30 347.49 Oct. 1-6 Pisces
7 BC 345.67 346.12 Dec. 1-15 Pisces
5 BC 5 BC Blood Moons Mar. 23, Sept. 15 Virgo/Pisces
3 BC Jupiter-Venus Aug. 12 Leo
3 BC Rev. 12 sign Jupiter-Regulus Birth of Christ Sept. 14 Leo
2 BC Jupiter-Regulus Feb. 17 Leo
2 BC Jupiter-Regulus
May 8
54 AD Jupiter-Saturn near Vernal Equinox Mar. 30 Pisces
66 AD Halley’s Comet Sign of Temple Destruction
70 AD Rev. 12 sign 8/27/70 Jerusalem Temple Blood Moons
147 AD [circa] Coma Supernova Visibility Fades
*click on highlighted links in this chart for expanded studies.
Image result for halley's comet images
Halley’s Comet is a short-period comet visible from Earth every 75–76 years. Halley is the only known short-period comet that is regularly visible to the naked eye from Earth. Halley’s Comet inspired both fascination and horror in its early observers. Comets were often considered a bad omen, and it was linked to everything from the death of kings to natural disasters. A well-known Chinese reference to Halley’s Comet was found in the Han Dynasty’s “Records of the Grand Historian,” which describes a “broom star” that appeared in the sky in 240 B.C. Other early sightings came from the Babylonians, who recorded the comet’s 164 B.C. and 87 B.C. appearances. The 164 BC sighting was recorded in cuneiform on a clay tablet between 22nd and 28th of Sept, 164 BC in Babylon. This was about 20 months after the Abomination Desolation in the Jerusalem Temple carried out by Antiochus IV, who took the Seleucid throne of Syria in 175 BC. In 167 BC Antiochus sent troops to suppress the Jerusalem revolt, also halting the daily Temple sacrifices [Dan. 8:11] and polluting it in, 167-164 BC. A 12 BC sighting of Halley from Rome, took place only 5 years before the triple union of Jupiter-Saturn in 7 BC, so that some have erroneously taken Halley’s Comet as an actual sign of Christ’s Birth.
Figure 4. Halley’s Comet tracking just below the Ecliptic constellations from Jan. 31st to Apr. 8th, 66 BC. 7
See the source image
It is amazing that Josephus, a non-believing Jewish historian, would record Halley’s and other signs from God leading up to the ultimate destruction of Jerusalem and the end of the Jewish Age. It’s also significant that the day of the Temple’s destruction in AD 70 was the anniversary of the day and month that the previous Jewish Temple was destroyed. 8
See the source image
Its also noteworthy that the triple union of Jupiter-Regulus marking the birth of Christ, in 3-2BC is linked to the Temple destruction in Jerusalem foretold by Christ [Matt. 24:2], since the next Jupiter-Regulus conjunction did not recur till Oct. 15th, 69 AD. 11 The Rev. 12 heavenly sign marking the birth of Christ occurred 3 days prior to the first of the Jupiter-Regulus triple unions of 3-2 BC, also followed by a Rev. 12 sign in 70 AD.
In this graphic, the woman has a crown of twelve stars, with Jupiter and Venus in such close union they appear to merge into one Star just as they did in 2 BCexcept this time in the lower rear paw of Leo. The Sun is clothing Virgo and the Moon near her feet. The planets Jupiter and Venus are also aligned with Mercury-Gabriel and the King Star Regulus in Leo. What is extraordinary with this version of the Rev. 12 Sign is that it occurs in the center of the solar and lunar eclipses falling on Hebrew Feast and holy days as they also marked the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple in 70 AD.
Plate 2. Jupiter-Saturn unions in Pisces from 185 BC to 54 AD. 13
In this overview of both the general and specific signs of the Celestial Prelude, the General sign, the Coma Supernova found below, was visible for over 275 years, while of signs from 7-5 BC, focus on the triple union of Jupiter-Saturn during this period. These signs allowed the Magi to recognize the stellar details of the long awaited prophecy of the coming of the promised seed. Also during this same period referred to by Ptolemy, shekels from Judea struck during the period of the second revolt, [132-135 AD] bear the design of a bright star over the Jerusalem Temple, called Bar Kaukab. The leader of the Second Revolt was Shim’on Bar Koseba. He was known as Bar Kochba, meaning “Son of the Star,” in reference to Messianic expectations of (Num. 24:17): “There shall step forth a star (kochab) out of Jacob,” shewing the dual reference to Jupiter and the Coma Supernova of this prophecy.
Figure 6. Bar Kochba, Silver Sela shekel coin from 133/134 AD, (Brom. 94) 14
Here the Temple is pictured with the Ark of the Covenant between its central pillars. This coin with the bright star over the Temple is assumed to refer to Shimon the “Son of the Star and leader of this revolt, but it could have also been a logical reference to the supernova that appeared in the head of the woman’s son in Coma‘s lap, the desired of the nations, and perhaps even a providential reference to Jesus as the true temple. Why would we even consider this as a possibility? Because the approximate 275 year period of visibility of the Coma Supernova began about 125 years before the birth of Christ according to Hipparchus, with the appearance of this new Star over the Jerusalem Temple. The impact of this “new star” was seen in one of the leading sages of that time-known as Rabbi Akiva, proclaimed Bar Kochba as the Messiah. This not only shows the Messianic expectations of this period, but also the impact of this New Star in the skies over Jerusalem, doubtlessly contributing to Shimon’s moniker as “Son of the Star,” commemorated by the coin above. It was this kind of Messianic expectation that permeated Jerusalem at the time.
E.W. Bullinger uncovers below, the popular belief regarding this general sign that was prevalent in and before the first century BC: “a traditional prophecy well known in the East, carefully preserved and handed down, that a new star would appear in this sign [Coma] when he whom it foretold, would be born.” 15 This tradition was at least partially based on Balaam’s declaration in Numbers 24, meaning that Balaam’s prophecy in [Num. 24:17] holds, for our purposes, minimally a two fold import, as referenced previously.
Numbers 24:17
During the rule of Darius I “the Mede” that the Prophet Daniel presided over his Court Astronomers and Chaldeans. Drawing on the rich astronomical traditions of the Biblical Patriarchs not to mention, the famous astronomical expertise of the Persian Magi, Daniel’s potent influence convinced Darius to adopt the salient principles of Biblical Astronomy in the period circa 522 BC. Certain key aspects of Zoroastrianism agreed with the Biblical standard practiced by the Hebrews, carried on by Daniel. The Magi would certainly have been familiar with Daniel’s prophecy concerning the 70 weeks judged on Jerusalem relating to the coming Messiah, [Dan. 9:2, 24-27]. Daniel’s influence had the added effect of preserving the astronomical truths of the promised seed, contained in the form of the zodiacal narrative, which God put in the most capable hands of the time.
The Caravan of the Magi
Image result for persian magi images
Tis background on the Magi sheds light on the secular history of the Blood Moon Lunar cycle going back as far as ancient Sumeria, because the Sumerian name for the great lunar eclipse cycle was also called the saros. This word traces to a basic Babylonian unit of measure, also called a “sar,” revealed ancient elements of the sacred celestial rule of measure. This lunation consisted of 18 years, 11 (10.96) days, was utilized by the Chaldean priests to predict eclipses. The Chaldeans also had a period of 3600 (60 x 60) years that they also called a saros. Again we see the Sexegesimal number pattern behind the heavenly order, including the cycle of the Moon joining Saturn and Jupiter every 60 years in their celestial danceJupiter-Saturn Conjunctions exhibit the essence of the “base 60” number system as part of its function as a cornerstone of ancient cosmology, adding context to the Celestial Prelude marking the birth of Christ. It also opens a window on the “celestial mechanism” framing the heavenly order, called precession.
Both of these Gas Giants frame the ancient solar system as its two outer-most naked-eye planets, as they open a window on the precession of the equinoxes. It also shows a unity between the inner and outer solar system planets with Saturn’s 29.5-year orbit and the 29.5-day lunar cycle on a year-day basis. Saturn embodies half the Sexegesimal order of the solar system, formatted in the orbits of these two gas giants, the other half being Jupiter’s near 12-year cycle spending a year in each zodiacal sign, even as the Sun spends a month in each of the 12 signs. The solar half of the order is seen in a division of 60, by twelve: (12 x 5), and the lunar half in a division by 30 [30 x 2], both multiples of sixty. This aspect of the numerical order of the solar system exhibiting it’s base 60 order was ultimately designed by the Creator according to the basis of the phi ratio.
The Babylonian “Sar” is doubtlessly related to the Hebrew word [*H8269] of the same spelling, meaning; “prince, captain, chief, ruler, leader, head.”16 The word has retained this meaning even in modern usage, as in the Tsar of all the Russia’s. It is used in Daniel 10:13 & 20, referring the archangel Michael who dispatched the fallen angel (Daimon) who opposed the messenger angel that God sent to answer Daniel’s prayer. In Isaiah 9:6, one of the great prophecies of the promised seed, it is used of the Messiah as Sar-Shalom; the Prince of Peace, the one who brings peace to all Creation [Eph. 2:11-18].
Kepler was also intrigued by the idea that there might be an affinity between this series of planetary unions, keyed by the appearance of the 1603 supernova. It is important however, that we notice that Kepler was not only the first I’m aware of, to suggest a planetary Conjunction scenario to explain the “Star of Bethlehem,” but he was also the first to connect a supernova with these unions and relate it to what the Magi had seen.
Image result for Jupiter-Saturn Compared
Taking a closer look at the 7 BC Jupiter-Saturn triple union involves attention to each conjunction, starting with the May 27th union. The first Conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn shows the authority of the scepter of God’s kingdom resident with Lucifer in his first estate as the Angel of light, in the first Heavens and Earth. He alone was set apart in his authority over the angels, [Gen. 1:1] before man was created in the second Heavens and Earth, [Gen. 1:2]. These truths of the the first Heaven and Earth, where only the angels dwelt are symbolized in the first Jupiter-Saturn union of 7BC. In the heavenly signs that followed, outside of the clearly marked two-year period from September 15th 7BC to September 15th 5BC, the rest of these specific preliminary signs are found in the Fig. 1 chart. Its purpose is to mark the first estate of Lucifer as the original bright and Morning Star, second only to God the Creator, in the first heaven and earth and head over all the angels as arch-angel of light. Let’s digress here and set the background of Lucifer’s history according to the accuracy of God’s Word written in the stars, and in Scripture. This first sign refers to Lucifer in his original estate [Job 38:4-7] as the “star of the morning” as Isaiah 14 tells us:
Isaiah 14:12
Lucifer’s demise is also indicated in the astronomical mechanism known as the precession of the poles, with the star Thuban: alpha draconis, the brightest star in Draco the dragon, as the original pole star. The precession of the poles is indicative of the fall of Lucifer, because the pole star has moved from Draco and now resides near Polaris, or Al Ruccaba of the “little flock” of Ursa Minor. The pole star between the feet of the crowned king Cepheus, depicts Jesus Christ in at least two ways. First, as the prominent king, and new Chief Cornerstone, since Cepheus is the crowned king, even as Regulus the king star, is between the feet of Leo, the Lion king of Judah; [Gen.49:10]. Cepheus also means ” the branch” and is depicted as a king holding a branch at the north pole, [Jer. 23:5, 33:15].
Draco with Cepheus the Crowed King and Ursa Minor the Little Bear.
Figure 7. Precession of the Northern Pole Star from Thuban of Draco to Polaris of Ursa Minor.
Johannes Kepler, made a detailed study of the moving geometry of the sky, represented the periods of the planets by geometric figures with values based on the fundamental divisions of the circle into four, six and twelve sections measuring 90º, 60º and 30º. He made a model that related the five Platonic solids to the planetary orbits where the cube occupied the space between the orbits of Saturn and Jupiter, and the tetrahedron between Jupiter and Mars. Since then many mind-boggling mathematical relationships have been discovered between the planets’ cycles, sizes and distances from each other, as well as their speed and axis inclinations, and even their rates of spin. These findings point to the presence of Intelligent designer of the universe. They prove that, rather than evolving randomly, the sun together with the planets and their moons form a unified, living system of the greatest order and elegance. 17
Kepler viewed the planetary order along the lines of the “Music of the Sphere’s,” unifying the basis for the outer and inner planets. One of the ways this is found in the geometric harmony of the solar system, is in the orbits of the gas giants; Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus. The diagram below depicts the outer, mean and inner orbits of Uranus, Saturn and Jupiter using an equilateral triangle and an octagram. This is also a way of illustrating the structure of the musical Octave, with the eight pointed star that halves or doubles the wavelengths or frequencies of the musical scale, when an equilateral triangle contains an inscribed inner circle with 1/2 the diameter of its outer circle, seen in Fig. 8.
Figure 8. Geometric orbits of Uranus, Saturn and Jupiter.18
Image result for Jupiter-Saturn Geometry
The geometry of this diagram not only depicts the musical order of these outer solar system planets, but since Jupiter and Saturn’s orbits are in the proportion of 6:11 to 99.99% accuracy, this is the octave or double of the 3:11 Moon to Earth ratio, to 99.9% accuracy, revealing a geometric harmony between the outer and inner planets.19
See the source image
The geometric order of the outer planets is further uncovered in the conjunctions of Jupiter-Saturn. The foundation of the geometry of the six-sided star of Jupiter-Saturn conjunctions is uniquely found in the hexagram construct at the north pole of the planet Saturn, [Figure 9]. In this graphic we are beholding the amazing basis of the geometric pattern of the Jupiter-Saturn conjunction cycle seen in the upper right corner of Figure 10. below.
Figure 9. The Hexagram shaped North Pole of Saturn.
Image result for hexagonal pattern at saturn's pole-images
All six points of the hexagram or star tetrahedron can be enclosed by a circle or globe and if we add the planetary oppositions to the geometry of the Jupiter-Saturn conjunctions, the six-pointed star is formed, on a basis of the hexagram, in the center of the upper corner of (Fig. 10). The hexagram forms the cornerstone of the six pointed “Star of David” that maps the Jupiter-Saturn unions below. In May 2010 the final opposition stage in the current sixty-year cycle was reached with Jupiter in Pisces opposing Saturn in Virgo, and the last line in the current hexagram was drawn, with conjunctions marked outside the zodiac, and oppositions marked inside. 20
Figure 10. Jupiter and Saturn and the Golden Ratio seen from Earth.21
See the source image
When mapped, the progress of the grand conjunctions through the zodiac describes a series of equilateral triangles (Fig 10). Every 60 years a triangle is completed, and the conjunction returns to start, shifting however nine degrees anticlockwise in respect to its predecessors, thus creating a cycle of 800 years. Every 200 years the triangles change astrological elements. From 1226-1425 they occurred in air signs, 1425-1603 in water, 1603-1802 in fire and from 1802 to 2000 in earth. 22 But from a Biblical Astronomy perspective, we would view the cycles of Jupiter and Saturn appearing in various zodiacal constellations around the ecliptic noting Biblical symbolism of each sign, combined with the planetary meanings and Biblical numerics to ascertain the meaning of these movements, in the context of Precessional and Biblical ages with sacred Geometry principles like the Phi, Pi and Lucas ratio relations, as found in the Great Pyramid. This also takes into account categories of Heavenly Signs, Hebrew Feast and holy days, and Jubilee cycles, among other considerations.
An example of sacred Phi geometry is found in the 3rd graphic, the lowest above, that displays the Phi ratio relation between the orbital speeds of Earth and Jupiter-Saturn. As the planets move anti-clockwise around the ecliptic, seen in the dotted lines of this graphic, viewed from Earth, Jupiter-Saturn are aligned at the Noon position, Jupiter’s orbital speed is in the Phi relation to slower moving Saturn. This shows added cases of the Phi ratio order in our solar system.23
Figure 11. Cube fills the Center Hexagram of a six pointed Star.
Image result for Saturn Hexagon CloudCube
Since the the six-pointed star of David is based on the hexagram at its center, with six equilateral triangles fit to each of the six sides of the cornerstone hexagram, it is only fitting that a six sided cube would also fill the cornerstone center hexagram, as seen in Figure 11 above. Since Saturn is viewed mythologically as Satan’s planet, we find many references to the number six linked to Saturn. The number of the beast-666 in Revelation is common knowledge, as 6 is the biblical number of Man, but the Black Cube is more obscure. Also known as the devil’s number, the number 6 springs up just too many times to be a coincidence with correlation to Saturn.24
1. Saturn is the 6th planet in the solar system.
2. Saturn forms the name ‘Saturday’, which is the sixth day of the week.
3. Saturn’s north-pole is six-sided.
4. Saturn has 6 most well-defined rings- the seventh one is quite faint.
Saturn could be known as Time Lord because his orbit, like a scythe, divides the sky into sections. In his book The Matrix of Creation Richard Heath makes a case for the numerical factors of Saturn’s cycle being used as the basis for ancient calendars. He points out that Saturn undergoes 28 retrograde loops during his 29-year cycle, so 28 is a Saturn number, and reflected in the 28 mansions of the moon – the Nakshatstras – as well as in the 56 Aubrey holes at Stonehenge, which Heath believes measure 2/28-year Saturn cycles, calibrating with intervals of two months. He suggests that the myth of Jupiter deposing Saturn refers to the replacement of Saturn based calendars by calendars derived from the Jupiter numbers of 12 and 60. Ancient measuring units such as the megalithic yard are also derived from the numerical factors of Jupiter’s orbit, thus in a very concrete sense Saturn and Jupiter are lords of time and space.25 We find similar dimensions close to these standards of measure in the Hebrew Temple and Tabernacle also.
Solomon's Temple
Tabernacle measures. According to T. Paine, who first suggested an endwise union of either set of
360-day calendar years. The 12 cubit measure shows the 12 months of the solar year, while the 29.5 cubits embodies the lunar synodic month of 29.53059 days, or 29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutesand 2.37
As we have noted, key Jupiter-Saturn Conjunctions are recognized in close relation to the precession of the equinoxes in the Hebrew cosmology seen in Genesis 1:6-10, and the world-views of ancient cultures including, Sumeria, Babylon, Egypt and in the Meso-Americas. According to this patternJupiter-Saturn triple unions occur in Pisces only once every 800 years. This exhibits how this planetary Conjunction series subdivides the precession, which totals a period of about 25,920 years, because every 30 cycles of Jupiter-Saturn triple conjunctions in Pisces total the period of 24,000 years, a time near to the full cycle of precession.
According to Peter Thompkins, Mayans also; “calculated the orbit of the Earth about the Sun as 365.2420 days, and marked the close of the year by the erection of a stone they called a “tun.” They did likewise for a twenty-year cycle or “Katun,” a period they considered governed by the Conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn.” 27
Thompkins continues by saying that; “The Maya had a very special sacred year of 260 days called tzolkin, that the Aztecs called tonalamatl.” This 260-day sacred calendar was “divided into 13 months of 20 days and the multiples of 13 and 20 became the heart of a chronological computation, stunning in its simplicity and exactness. A greater cycle of 260 years was 13 consecutive Jupiter-Saturn Conjunction cycles of 20 years.”
This greater 260-year cycle based on the cycle of Jupiter-Saturn Conjunctions, was also a tool anciently utilized by the Mayans to break down the very long cycle of the precession of the equinoxes. Thompkins states that: the “Maya also had a cycle of 942,890 days, or 2,582 years, that turned out to be 130 Jupiter-Saturn Conjunctions.” Twice this cycle [5,163 years], not only gave the equivalent of the greater 260-year cycle of Jupiter-Saturn unions, but 100 of these greater 260-year cycles was equal to 26,000 years, often reckoned the length of the precession by the ancients.28
The tetrahedron or pyramid – the three dimensional form of the two-dimensional triangle, which is basic to the Saturn-Jupiter cycle is found below.
in Coma
, along with “his star,” the king planet Jupiter at rest in Virgo’s mid-section, on their way to Bethlehem, fulfilling their part in the prophecy written in the stars.
The Magi truly desired the realization of the Hope of all Mankind as ambassadors for all Gentiles, the Magi came paying homage to the King of kings, who would rule all nations. The Heavenly Father showed His love and care for these early Gentile believers, as He delivered them from the enemy’s deceptive wrath manifested in Herod, by the phenomena of divine revelation. The Magi are thus appropriate emissaries for all believing Gentiles as they were guided by God’s Hand, to herald the revival of the accurate teaching of the celestial epistles as the Creator’s undeniable witness of Nature to all the world. God has set aside myriad wondrous secrets in the stars for those with eyes to see and ears to hear, and with hearts to discern the hidden depths of the mysteries viewed in spiritual retrospect, that also informs Biblical Prophecy of current events. It was the faith of the Magi that distinguished them in history, not only as consummate scientists, but also shining lights showing the way to the revelation of the promised Messiah for all people of the Earth.
Merry Christmas!
2. “Witness of the Stars” E.W. Bullinger [picture credit] Coma Decan of Virgo
4. Figure 2 The Grand Conjunction. De Stella Nova, Johannes Kepler [picture credit]
5. Figure 3 Jupiter-Saturn Synodic Progression 1901-2100 Nick Anthony Fiorenza, 2019 []
6. [
7. Halley’s Comet from 66 AD [Picture credit]
8. Josephus on Halley’s Comet. []
9. Josephus on Titus and Temple destruction. [Philostratus, The Life of Apollonius of Tyana]
10. Number in Scripture, ppg. 237-38, E.W. Bullinger
12. Stellarium Astronomical Software on Aug. 27th, 70 AD
13. Plate 2. Jupiter-Saturn unions in Pisces from 185 BC to 54 AD. []
14. Figure 6. [picture credit]
15. “Witness of the Stars” E.W. Bullinger
16. Strong’s Concordance notes on [H8269] James Strong.
18. Ibid
19. Ibid
20. Ibid, p.46
21. Ibid, p. 47
22. See also Keith Critchlow Time Stands Still Gordon Fraser 1979
23. John Martineau The Little Book of Coincidence, p. 46.
25. Richard Heath The Matrix of Creation Bluestone Press 2002
26. The Tabernacle of Isreal, James Strong, p. 41
27. Mysteries of the Great Pyramid, Peter Thompkins
28. Ibid.
Comments on Facebook
Comments Off on Jupiter-Saturn Timeline the Celestial Prelude and the Coma Supernova.
The Structure of the Hebrew Menorah and the Pi ratio.
This blog post is an expansion on my original study called “The Biblical Cosmology of the Hebrew Menorah” on my website. The first study focused more on the history of astronomy and cosmology, with an emphasis on the Precession of the Equinoxes, and the potential impact of a Biblical Cosmology. This current study shifts the focus to a greater emphasis on the Biblical aspects of the Menorah’s structure, and the implications of this structure. I am including the introduction to the original study along with some of the mathematical aspects of the first study, mainly pertaining to the structure of the Menorah and the Pi ratio.
The traditional concept of the history of cosmology reads as a timeline of the “discoveries” of the greatest scientists. Men like Ptolemy, Galileo, Copernicus, Kepler, Newton, Einstein and Hubble are the shining lights of scientific progress, and certainly human science owes these men much. According to conventional history, the idea of a heliocentric “universe” or solar system, originated in ancient Greece, specifically Aristarchus of Samos back in the second century BC. This idea however, did not catch on in a big way until Copernicus, who while reviewing some of Aristarchus’ ideas, seized upon this concept and ran with it. He did this at his own peril due to the prevailing worldview of the time, especially that of the Roman Catholic Church, based on a geocentric view of the solar system espoused by Ptolemy, that held sway in intellectual and religious circles for over 1500 years. The graphic below from Harmonica Macrocosmica [A. Cellarius, Amsterdam 1660] 1 depicts a Sun centered, Copernican view of the cosmos.
harmonica macrocosmica
This article on Biblical cosmology depicts the idea of a heliocentric “universe” predated the Second Century BC and Aristarchus, by at least 1300 years, and its genuine roots are found in the OT Scriptures. From a historical perspective, this is a potentially radical statement, sure to have many critics however, once the following Biblical evidence is viewed in light of the principles of Biblical Astronomy, the foundations of this statement are inescapable. This article supplies an example of potential revisionist power that Biblical Astronomy can have on the conventional view of the History of Astronomy
This study examines the celestial symbolism of the sacred Hebrew candlestick instituted under Moses and the Levite priests of the Old Testament. The Menorah is a divine piece of furniture that was kept in the holy place of the Hebrew Tabernacle, which contained the Altar of Incense, the Table of Shewbread and the Veil through which the Holy of the Holies was accessible. As a powerful symbol from God’s Word, the Menorah embodies an extensive Biblical cosmology, including both the Hebrew zodiac of twelve major constellations, with its thirty-six decans, and a heliocentric concept of the solar system, centuries before Homer wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey! God revealed the divine plans of the Tabernacle to Moses in the mid-2nd millennium BC, in the 14th century.
The various elements of the structure of this Candlestick follows the order of the Torah in the first five books of the Pentateuch. The structure of this sacred seven-branched Candlestick was said to embody the light of the Torah in seven categories or individual aspects of this Lamp as follows: 2
Figure 1. The Menorah and Genesis 1:1. 3
1. The seven branches of the Candelabra are built on the first seven words of Gen. 1:1.
GENESIS 1:1 “In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth.” As we will see below, the sevenfold pattern of the Menorah embodies the Creator’s spiritual and temporal order as the Creator’s three-fold light is shed in Creation, evident on multi-levels in God’s Word, and the culture of Israel, including their mathematical, astronomical and religious aspects. A primary area where the mathematical and astronomical aspects of the Menorah structure intersect is seen in Judean Timekeeping
See the source image
2. The Seven Lamps of the Menorah supported by its seven Branches, shed their light kindled by the High Priest by burning the pure Olive oil, symbolizing the anointing of the holy spirit. [Ex. 27:21, 1Sam. 3:3]
The ancient Biblical truths of the Almighty Creator God, Who rested on the 7th day, defined division of time, based on the Creation WeekGod’s Creation of the Sun, Moon and Stars to mark signs, seasons, days and years, divided and separated between the light and darkness of these heavenly bodiesproviding a universal temporal order for the earth. The Seasons and appointed times [moed] depict the holy feasts when man was to recognize special calendar times ordained by the Almighty, according to a mandate from heaven, to honor God’s Covenant relationship with man. These sacred Spring and Fall feasts relate to the sevenfold Menorah Branch structure seen in Fig. 2 below.
Figure 2. The Menorah and the Hebrew Feasts and Holy Days.
See the source image
The standard order of Creation Week is inherent in Genesis 1-2. This Creation Week set the Sabbath pattern, found in the 7 x 4=28; Lunar MansionsThe transition from the end of one lunar phase to commencement of the next lunar phase is a most revered calendar unit across world cultures. In this way, God set aside the Sabbath Day as holy, consecrating the Sabbath in Israel for all time, which is a big reason why Israel has abided by a lunar calendar. We also find historical recognition of the influence of this seven-fold pattern in various septenary units of measurement. The Egyptian Royal cubit was composed of 7 hands or 28 fingers, as a standard cubit, with a 7th hand added. In truthGen. 1:1 has 7 Hebrew words with a total of 28 letters. By dividing 28 times the product of the letters by seven times, the product of the words, a calculation of the Pi ratio results. 4 This is a practical reckoning from the ancient world seen below, with astronomical and calendar applications. “According to a septenary system of reckoning, the circumference of a circle was considered 22/7 of the circle’s diameteras an approximation of the Pi ratio=3 1/7 or 3.142857, which is still applied as an adequate calculation for many engineering problems today.” 5
Figure 3. Luni-solar Calendar cycles and the Hebrew Feasts.
Image result for Intercalation months reflected in dimensions of the Hebrew Tabernacle
The following information comes from Leo Tavares and his website on Mathematical Monotheism, []. Since the Hebrew Alphabet is alpha-numeric, where every letter in their alphabet is also a specific number, below are the “numerical values of the 22 letters in the Biblical Hebrew alphabet, as they relate to Genesis 1:1:
Thus the numeric values of these seven Hebrew words are as follows
913 + 203 + 86 + 401 + 395 + 407 + 296 37 × 73
Not only does the center word value of Genesis 1:1 stand out as its only PRIME word value, it stands out as its SHORTEST word. In fact, it is made up of the first and the last letters of the Hebrew Alphabet (the Aleph and the Tav). As God is the FIRST and the LAST in (Isaiah 44:6): This verse in Isaiah of 7 Hebrew words read as follows:
Since the Creator God, Almighty fittingly is set in the center of these 7 words like, the central candle of the Menorah between the other six candles, [Rev. 1:20] this highlights the Biblical teaching that God is the FIRST and LAST (Isaiah 44:6):
ALEPH + TAV = 401
This reveals an internal code of mirror symmetry in Genesis 1:1 that the sum of the Prime Factors of the three words to the LEFT of 401 yields the same value as the Prime Factors to the RIGHT of 401. Below are the Prime Factors of the Genesis 1:1 word values:
913 = 11 × 83
203 = 7 × 29
86 = 2 × 43
401 = 401
395 = 5 × 79
407 = 11 × 37
296 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 37
175 (401) 175
As God is the FIRST and the LAST in (Isaiah 44:6): The numerical value of the seven Hebrew words in this passage is as follows:
DIAMETER = 401 units
“ISAIAH” = 401
FIRST + LAST Hebrew letters = 1 + 400 =
The Aleph and the Tav are the FIRST/LAST letters of the 22 letters in the Hebrew alphabet. The PRIME FACTOR SUM of the 22 Hebrew letter values points right back to “The Circle of The First and The Last” that we just saw. Remarkably, it yields the PRIME ORDER of 1259. 6
means of
This correlates to the structure of the Menorah which contains a total of 22 cups; on each branch [6×3=18], plus four cups on the central servant branch [18+4=22]. This corresponds to the first 22 words of Deut. 1:1;
We find this structure laid out also in the 11 fruits of the Menorah linked to the first 11 words of Exodus 1:1;
There are also 9 flowers at the top of each branch before the Lamps, [Num. 8:4] built into the Menorah, which correlate to the first 9 words of Leviticus 1:1;
Levi. 1:1 And the Lord called unto Moses, and spake unto him out of the tabernacle of the congregation, saying,
As the Father of Lights the Almighty shed His spiritual light as it translated in the physical realm so that it would register to the human senses. The Electro-magnetic light spectrum that registers to human vision is depicted below. This electromagnetic spectrum is generally divided into seven sectorsin order of decreasing wavelength and increasing energy and frequency.
Gen, 1:4-5
Gen 1:4 And God saw the light, that it was good: and God divided the light from the darkness. Gen 1:5 And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were the first day. We must remember what John 1:5 tells us about the relationship between light and darkness;
And the light [God] shines in darkness; and the darkness comprehended it not.”
Figure 3. The Menorah and the Visible Light Spectrum
Image result for 7 Spirits of God Colors
In the book Jesus Christ is not God, regarding John 1:5, V.P.W stated; “The clause in verse 5 is a general rather than a specific statement regarding light and darkness, it does not refer to a specific lime in the past, in the present or in the future, but rather it is making a general statement about all time. Darkness is the absence of Light. Light, heat and all forms of energy are measured in terms of the positive never the negative. The negative is the absence of the positive. Even from a scientific viewpoint there is no way darkness can comprehend light since darkness is the absence of lightThat which does not exist cannot overcome that which exists. 7
The Hebrew script, is a consonantal system with 22 characters, as part of a family of alphabets, formalized around the same time as early Greek, with letters taking a varied form. For example, Resh, phonetically, equal to the ‘R, is similar to a lower case Roman ‘reach letter with its own definition. One meaning of Resh is “poverty,” [Prov. 10:15]. Lucifer prospered at God’s Right Hand, but when this was not good enough for him, he became desolate in opposition to the Almighty, and was “plucked up” and cast away. Talk about a major “pluck up,” that has to be the biggest of all! This generally fits the narrative surrounding Job 38:12-15, as Lucifer was cast out of heaven, and rejected from his former angelic glory. [Isa. 14:12-20, Ezek. 28:12-19]
Next in the Hebrew alphabet we encounter the letter Bet. History tells us that Bet is one of seven “double letters,” each of which has two pronunciations, two meanings, as well as two applications: a positive, and negativeSince the 7 vowels of the 22 letters of the Hebrew Alphabet, function as both a vowel and a consonant, we find two immediate applications for these double letters. “They also have 2 possible sounds, but only 3 of the seven are retained in modern Hebrew. Three of the rest are apparently used only by a few, and the double of the remaining one, Resh, is said to have been lost, supporting the narrative above related to Job 38:12-15. The 7 “double letters” have either a “hard” or “soft” pronunciation. The hard pronunciation is indicated by Dagesh; a (dot) in the center of the letter. The 2-fold usage of these seven “double letters” in Ecc. 3:1-8 comprise 7 polarized sets, each portrayed by one of these “doubles,” forming a unique figure that could be classified as a specialized acrosticBet is itself a word meaning “within” and “house.” Metaphorically, it depicts a mouth, a house and the interior of man, symbolizing internalized action.” 8
This meaning for Bet, of the interior of man, implies human freewill choice, that results from internal deliberationspoken into action externally. This relates not only to the 7 polarized sets [Ecc. 3], as people chose daily actions within the ranges of human activity reflected within these 14 pairs. Also, Bet as a “house,” is intriguing in light of the truth that these 7 stars; [Pleiades] are the angels of the 7 churches, since a church is considered the house of God, the dwelling place of His people, in the body of Christ, [Rev. 1:201 Cor. 6:19-20]. As the figure above also relates not only to the 7 spirits of God, that reside before God’s Throne in Heaven, [Rev. 4:5] but also the 7 Old Testament manifestations of the spirit, as seen in Isa. 11:1-2 and Figure below, reflected in the Menorah in the Earthly Temple and Tabernacle.
In Figure 4 below the Menorah with each of the three branches functioning as a double with each of the seven companion OT Manifestations of the Spirit that emerge from the Holy Spirit of the Lord, on each side of the Central Servant BranchThis center branch depicts Jesus Christ the Light of the World, as the suffering servant branch who enlightens the world, [Ps. 119:105, John 15:5].
Figure 4. The Menorah and the OT manifestations of the Spirit. 9
See the source image
The Menorah’s height excluding the lamps was also 17 handbreadths high [17 Tefachim+1 including the base] which also corresponds to the first 17 words of Numbers 1:1.
Leo Tavares tells us:
The Bible details in Exodus 25:31-35 how God commanded the Israelites to make a Menorah made of pure gold, which was a lampstand with 7 branches (a CENTER branch and 3 united pairs of branches). This Biblical passage consists of 324 Hebrew letters (or 18 × 18 letters). It follows that we can represent these Hebrew letters as an 18 × 18 Matrix. When we do this, we find that the Ordinal number values of the Hebrew letters form a perfect shape of a Menorah yielding a sum of 999: 10
MENORAH = 999
As we compare this Ex. 25 text to the Standard word values of the 7 Hebrew words in Genesis 1:1 that also forms a perfect Menorah, we find some interesting parallels.
Genesis 1:1 (913 + 203 + 86) + (401) + (395 + 407 + 296)
401 + (9 × 9 × 9) = (913 – 296) + (407 – 203) + (395 – 86)
Exodus 25:31-40
Verse 37 indicates the purpose of the lamps of the Menorah, “that they may give light…’ It is noteworthy that this is the same purpose of the celestial luminaries stated in Genesis 1:14-16. Interestingly, the word for “lights” in the firmament [Gen. 1:14, 16: *H216maor] is the same word used in reference to the lamps of the Menorah, (Exodus 20:27, 35:14). Moreover, the same Hebrew word that refers to the Menorah’s individual lamps, also refers to the individual celestial lights of the Sun and Moon in Gen. 1:16. Thus we have a perfect correspondence between the purpose not only of the individual celestial lights and each of the Menorah’s lamp’s, to shed light upon the Earth. The emphasis with a Sun-centered system is placed on the Light of God. God’s Light is the Source of Life on Earth, even as God is the Source of Light. The celestial lights support this order from the Hand of the Creator.
Genesis 1:14-16
Since the same Hebrew words are used in reference to both the luminaries of the firmament and the lamp-stand of the Tabernacle, we are wise to notice the details of the Menorah’s celestial symbolism
Here we find Biblical evidence in the Menorah regarding the Hebrew zodiac, structured as the earliest known heliocentric model, as seen in the Menorah Solar System, far ahead of Aristarchus of Samos
(270 BC), who
was the first of the ancient Greeks to re-submit the idea of a Sun centered cosmos. With the Son of God and light of the world embodied in Jesus Christ as the central Servant Branch of the Menorah and Hebrew zodiac, we see the original roots for a Sun-centered solar system that Copernicus gets credit for, despite the position of antagonism in the Roman Catholic Church centuries after his death. This idea was first established with the Hebrew Menorah, [Ps. 19] that was structured on a celestial plan of the ancient solar system of seven planets, with luni-solar cycles and the Sun as the center candlestick [Rev.1:20], always enlightening the Earth with a heliocentric viewpoint.
Both Philo and Josephus were early observers who provided context for the Menorah’s rounded branches, associating them with larger astronomical concerns. This approach hearkens back to a link with the lamps of the lampstand and the planets that first appears with the prophet Zechariah already during the sixth century B.C., who described the five visible planets, and the Sun and the Moon, as the “eyes of YHWH:”
These seven are the eyes of YHWH, which range through the whole earth. [Zech. 4:18]
Strong’s geometric synopsis of this verse states:
Image result for 7 Spirits of God Colors
Figure 5. The Hebrew Menorah. 12
central shaft and of the six arms
When we apply what we have already seen in the Biblical teaching of the Sun’s dual symbolism, to the Menorah, then it takes on a new light, associating the Sun not only with the solar system, but also the circular zodiac. The very structure of the Menorah shows its central shaft as the foundation of the candle, since it holds the main light as the centerpiece of the candlestick. All the branches of the candlestick are attached to the central shaft, even as they obtain their light from the main candle. This pattern is mirrored in the solar system as the planets and moons do not generate their own light, but reflect the light of the Sun, in their orbits. We find not only the order of the solar system reflected here but also that of the ecliptic in 12 Constellations. This is evident in the semicircular pattern based on the pi ratio. By expanding on Strong’s analysis of the Menorah this comes to light. In Strong’s smaller geometric model of the Menorah, we note bulbs on the six branches of the candlestick that are projections of the central bulb, from whence all the radiating lines of the central light emanate. These projections of the central light on the six branches, (five naked eye planets and the Sun & Moon) depict how these luminaries reflect the Sun’s light in their individual orbits upon the Earth. This system shines light on the temporal periods and orbits of each naked-eye planet in our solar system, in relation to the Sun’s light. This is revealed first in the context of the mathematics of the 7×7=49 standard, a primary trait of light in Creator’s celestial order.
The symbolism of the candlestick also extends beyond our solar system to include the circle of 12 signs of the zodiac. Strong’s emphasis above on the geometric design of the Menorah, exhibits the Hebrew zodiac as in Genesis 49, with Jacob’s prophesies over his twelve sons. We should note that these lines noted by Strong as “the radii of the semi-circle,” reflecting the symbolic light of the world, if extended into a complete circle, the radii would divide it into 12 equal parts of 360 degrees of the circle according to the pi ratio. We can be safe in making this conceptual leap in the implied design of the Menorah, because we have already seen this pattern in the Temple pillarsJachin and Boaz. This makes the Menorah the most complete piece of the furniture of the Temple and Tabernacle, acting as a celestial symbol of the structure of both our solar system and the zodiac. It is the most complete because it is the third aspect we have observed that utilizes the pi ratio, following on the great Brazen Sea and the Temple pillars. These aspects of The Celestial Symbolism of the Temple and Tabernacle utilize the pi ratio to depict the Hebrew calendar of 12 months of 30 days in the sacred 360-day year used by Noah. The Menorah goes beyond this, embracing the planets in a heliocentric model of the ancient solar system, long before the Greek Aristarchus of Samos proposed it in the second century BC.
The Menorah’s implicit use of the pi ratio incorporates the previous usage of this principle in the Brasen Sea and the Temple pillars, while adding the symbolism of the heliocentric solar system to these previous applications, all incorporated into a single model. This systematic usage of the Pi Ratio in the sacred furniture, altars and Pillars of the Temple and Tabernacle, are supported in the consistent application of this mathematical principle as illustrated above in the Pi mathematics of the circle as seen in the practical reckoning of Pi in the 22 letters and 7 vowels of the Hebrew Alphabet applied to the Menorah structure of [Genesis 1:1 and Isa. 44:6], that we saw related to the central number of 401 in Gen. 1:1, where the Circle with a circumference of 1259 units yields a diameter of 401 units, according to the Pi formula.
This consistent, orderly, progressive and systematic usage of the Pi ratio in the architecture and design of the Hebrew Temple and Tabernacle, and its sacred elements and furniture, illustrates the purposeful application of this advanced mathematical principle, far in advance of human science awareness or application. This shows the Word of the Almighty Creator as the true Source for these and other advanced mathematical and geometric concepts that were applied not only in Sacred Architecture, but in the Intelligent Design of all Creation itself. As we continue our quest to seek out and expand tangible scientific evidence of the awesome works at the Hand of our Creator and Heavenly Father, the distant thunder echoing in our ears will become an undeniable storm of cascading truths overwhelming any credible opposition, until the ultimate realization and witness of Jesus Christ as the only begotten Son of the Almighty Heavenly Father of Lights, to whom every knee shall bow and every tongue confess. The Sooner this realization comes, the greater benefit to the recipient.
God Bless,
1. Harmonica Macrocosmica [A. Cellarius, Amsterdam 1660]
2. []
3. , picture credit
5. Secrets of the Great Pyramid, Peter Thompkins p. 306
7. Jesus Christ is Not God, 2nd edition, p. 97
8. Otiot: Sacred Signs, from “The Book of Sacred Names.” Jacobus G. Swart
9., picture credit for Figure 4.
11. The Tabernacle of Israel, Its structure and Symbolism, ppg. 68-69 James Strong
12. IBID, picture credit for Figure 5.
Comments on Facebook
Comments Off on The Structure of the Hebrew Menorah and the Pi ratio.
Witness of the Great Pyramid in Job 38 and Rosh Hashanah, [Part 1b].
In Part 1a of this blog in July 2020, we noted how the Celestial signs marking the birth of Christ took place in the two years between 3-1 BC, marked previously by a series of signs in 5 BC. along with the Jupiter-Saturn triple conjunctions of 7-6 BC. We find similar patterns in the signs of Sept. 2017, as they were presaged 2 years earlier with similar Heavenly signs in 2015. It is fitting that we should recognize these signs of Christ’s birth in this month’s September blog, in light of the 19th anniversary of 9-11-2001, which took place also on the date of the birth of Christ, on Sept. 11th, 3 BC. This also fits with the Rosh Hashanah Feast this month on the Hebrew Calendar, that also arose with the August-Sept. 2017 signs. This month’s blog links the key content of Job 38 to prominent activities of the Dog-Star Sirius related to Orion, and the Bibilical truths that emerge from Job, the oldest book in Biblical canon.
The celestial scenario described in Job 38:12-15 coincides with a regular celestial event that was also delineated in some of the oldest texts in history, known in ancient Egypt as the Pyramid Texts. These Pyramid Texts, said to date from at least 2300 BC, actually describe an observable stellar event witnessed before 3000-2000 BC: the crossing of the Sun disc on the Milky Way, moving eastwards reaching the zodiacal constellation of Leo at the time of the summer solstice, while the star Sirius rose heliacally at the start of the Nile flooding (the date of this conjunction was circa 2780 BC). The prominence of the Sun in Leo at the summer solstice on the eastern horizon while Sirius is at a low point on the horizon, symbolically reflects a juxtapositon of spiritual power as we will see. Annually, the rising of Sirius took place since antiquity, documented in the 7th month of the Hebrew Calendar on Aviv 28, during the Barley harvest in Israel.1 In many ancient star religions of the world, the star Sirius was considered the Sun behind the sun, or the spiritual light behind the physical light of the illusory material world. This was reflected in ancient Egypt as the star Sirius identified with Isis the female goddess with Osiris and Horus of the Egyptian trinity.
Figure A. The Great Sphinx facing due east with Orion and Sirius rising at its low point closest to the Horizon. 2
The mathematician and historian of scientific thought Otto E. Neugebauer explains the ancient Egyptian system of decans in his 1969 text, The Exact Sciences in Antiquity. His description is fascinating and eye-opening, for those attuned to the system of knowledge encoded in the constellations and heavenly cycles in the Star Myths of the world.
“Professor Neugebauer details how the heliacal rising of selected stars located along the zodiac band would help observers in ancient Egypt [Heliopolitan priests] to know when the dawn would be arriving at any given time of the year.
Just prior to sunrise, as the eastern sky begins to grow lighter and lighter (from deep velvet black to dark blue to lighter and lighter blue), stars arising high enough above the horizon to be briefly observed were soon swallowed up by the light of the rising day-star. [Job 38:11-16]
This is the phenomenon known as the “heliacal rising” of a star. As the earth proceeds on its orbit, a star will get further and further “ahead” of the sun, so that it is above the horizon for longer and longer portions of the night (or early morning) before the day-star arises and drowns out the stars.
Next, Professor Neugebauer explains that the Egyptians called the star in its “heliacal rise” as the decan for that particular ten-day stretch each year. But, as it rises a bit earlier and earlier, it will be higher and higher in the eastern sky when the sun finally rises — which means that eventually a new star below it will be the star of heliacal rise at that time, and the previous decan will retire from the role until next year:
It is this sequence of phenomena that led the Egyptians to measure the time of night by means of stars (or groups of nearby stars) which we now call decans.” 3
In the idolatrous star religion of ancient Egypt, they believed the “sun behind the sun” or the parent sun would align with the dog-star Sirius, and one of the alignments built into the Great Pyramid star shafts reflected this so that the light of the Dog-star aligned with the Queen’s chamber star shaft at the construction epoch of the Pyramid. Any discussion of the construction rationale of the Pyramids on the Giza Plateau, includes many elements, but one of the key influential theses has been the so-called “Orion Correlation Theory,” which appears to have inspired the Pyramid ground pattern for the format of the three major Giza Pyramids. This theory says the three stars of Orion’s belt provided the pattern for the layout of the 3 primary Giza Pyramids, which includes the smallest pyramid Menkaure, and its offset location from the axis of the two greater Pyramids, as seen in Figure B below.
Could there have been a preexistent master-plan for the Pyramids of the Giza Plateau, precluding the massive Pharonic egos required to expend the effort, time and resources needed to build these monumental edifices to glorify the persons and reigns of these Pharaohs, assumed in the “Tomb Theory” of the Giza Pyramids? Even Pyramid scholars and historians going back centuries who believed the Pyramids were sepulchures, agree that there is no proof of anyone ever entombed in the Great Pyramid. In fact, the only part of the Great Pyramid that resembles a coffin is found in the King’s Chamber, at the top end of the Grand Gallery, is lidless, missing a royal inscription or ornamental insignia, unlike other coffers made for a king. But it is the dimensions of this unique “coffer” that just happen to match the cubic capacity of the Ark of the Covenant in the Temple and Tabernacle of Isreal, built centuries prior to Israel’s captivity in Egypt, long before the Ark’s dimensions were revealed by God, to Moses on Mt. Sinai, that enthrall us. This not only, shows the divine source of revelation for both the Great Pyramid and the Ark of the Covenant, but also links the two in Christ, of whom the Great Pyramid witnesses to [Isa. 19:19-20] and who symbolizes the Covenant with the Jews and Gentiles as he embodies the Passover Lamb, and perfect sacrifice of all mankind. Beyond this, the amazing lidless granite coffer encodes other sacred measures that could only be known by the Almighty Creator. When for example, we take double the perimeter of this Granite Coffer, multiplied by 10 to the 8th power, we get the mean radius of the Sun; [427, 316 miles]. Also, the Great Pyramid’s height multiplied by 10 to the 9th power=the Earth’s mean solar orbital radius, or the average distance between the Earth and Sun, [91,848,500 miles]. 4 As Jesus embodies the Pyramid’s capstone as the light of the world-[the Sun in Ps. 19] he enlightens the Earth with all its inhabitants and life systems.
Figure B. The Star Al Nitak in Orion aligns
with the Great Pyramid in the Orion Correlation Theory. 5
Related image
This juxtaposition of spiritual powers are none other than The Almighty Creator and Father of Lights as opposed to the prince of darkness. These ultimate forces of good and evil are revealed for those with eyes to see in the 38th chapter of the Book of Job, which is a primary topic in this month’s blog. An aspect of these contending powers is seen clearly in the decan Orion, in its brightest belt star Al Nitak. Recently, we found Al Nitak exactly on the meridian, at dawn the morning before the Feast of Trumpets 2017. In this blog we link the astronomical context of Job 38 not only to stellar observations in ancient Egypt, but the aforementioned scenario with the Feast of Trumpets 2017, also. The star Al Nitak is critical for one reason in the Orion Correlation Theory, since it mirrors the location of the Great Pyramid while the other two stars of Orion’s Belt also align with the two other main Pyramids on the Giza Plateau, seen in Figure B, above. With Al Nitak’s focus on the Great Pyramid, it also calls our attention to the Great Pyramid star shafts, since the Great Pyramid is the only edifice with multiple star shaft and passage alignments built into its structure, as we find in Figure C. below.
Figure C. Great Pyramid Passage Alignments on Rosh Hashanah 2017. 6
Daniel Matson reminds us about the all-important implications of the Christ angle. 7 At the moment Al Nitak is at meridian, Leo is in the east, [Celestial Sphinx] but more importantly the King star Regulus is precisely at the inclination of the Christ angle, aligned with the Ascending passage of the Great Pyramid in Fig. C. Thus, the Christ angle not only aligned with Bethlehem at Christ’s birth, [geographically] but also bisects Regulus [astronomically]. This draws our attention to the activities at the birth of Christ in Bethlehem in 3 BCConcurrent with this Ascending Passage alignment, we also have a Descending Passage alignment in the Pyramid, with Jupiter, the King Planet in Virgo, providing the elements of the Celestial Sphinx, as seen at Christ’s Birth. The year 2017 is the first year according to Matson, that Rosh Hashanah comes immediately after September 20th—when Al Nitak hits meridian precisely at dawn, while Regulus hits the Christ angle. 8
This shows Al Nitak as the wounded one-the suffering Lord making his sacrifice opposed to the coronation of the King star Regulus, in glory; foreshadowed in the Jupiter-Regulus triple conjunction near Christ’s birth. In this unique manner, the Great Pyramid points out the Jupiter-Regulus union of 3BC, with Christ angle alignments of it’s Ascending and Descending Passages, which we will see in greater detail later! The next years this alignment occurs are 2028 [2K year anniversary of Christ’s sacrifice and resurrection], and 2047- the 100 year anniversary of Isreal as a state. 9
Figure D. The Celestial Sphinx. 10 The Head of the Woman and the Body of the Lion as seen on Sept. 14th, 3 BC, on the eastern horizon from Palestine, forming the Celestial Sphinx, and marking the first Jupiter-Regulus Union in Leo.
head of a woman and body of a lion
We find these landmarks at the head and tail of the zodiac, which adds light to Dr. Martin’s observation that: “the woman Virgo is the Constellation of Headship for all twelve signs. The head position of Virgo is located within the last 10 degrees of Leo.”11 Virgo’s head is seen in Fig. D, just below & adjacent to the star Denebola in the tail of the Lion, unifying the circle of the zodiac. The Sphinx also unifies and establishes the Biblical canonical order of God’s written revelation, in the Bible’s earliest book of Job.
In analyzing the positioning of the stars, moon, and sun at the time of September 20, 2017, there was an added passage alignment in the Pyramid with Venus in conjunction with Regulus at this time. Venus, the “Morning Star” was at this moment, aligned with Leo’s “King Star,” precisely at the Christ angle. 12 This tells us the position of the Morning Star’s authority in the First Heaven and Earth, included in the seat at God’s Right Hand over the angel’s. This is only part of the current authority inherited in the Lordship of Christ seen in the King star-Regulus, the ascendant Bright and Morning Star. [Revelation 2:28, 2 Peter 1:19]
At the dawn of Rosh Hashanah 2017, Jupiter was at the precise Christ angle in the opposite scenario as the day before. Jupiter is below the horizon at 26.3 degrees. Instead of the Sun just starting to break the horizon, the sun’s disk is fully risen, still on the horizon. In Matson’s words “this event is truly prime of the morning before Rosh Hashanah. So Rosh Hashanah is directly linked to this incident of the Christ angle. On New Year’s Day for Kings, the planet of the Messiah (“His star” of the Magi) is at the angle as reflected in the Great Pyramid. It is truly the dawn of a new era. (It can also be looked at in another way. Jupiter [King Planet] will be at the Christ Angle in the western sky at the announcement of Rosh Hashanah the evening of September 20.)13 Just as at Christ’s birth, when Jupiter the King planet crowned Regulus the King star in a triple union starting 3 days after Christ’s birth in 3 BC, fore-shadowing the king’s coronation in glory. This reference to Christ’s glory in his Second Coming is certainly the subject of these signs, but since the celestial signs precede the events, we are directed to the replay of these celestial signs in 2028.
If a star navigator program is available, set it to Cairo (or more precisely to the Great Pyramid) for 5:42:24.333 am, on September 20, 2017 as Matson says to verify it. This is very precise and a day either way will put the scenario out of alignment in every way. But as will be seen later, there are more alignments to discuss to demonstrate the fact that the Pyramids are the products of planning by the true God who is beyond time and space.
We find here in Job’s Biblical reference to Orion, the 2nd of three in Job [9:9, 38:31] also [Amos 5:8], evidence showing Orion’s initial prominence as the figurative light of heaven. If Orion’s link to Sirius (the Dog-star) is completed, then we find the stars of Orion’s belt symbolizing Lucifer’s choral units of angels under his domain, girt about his loins. This description of Orion’s loins figuratively resembles the portrait of the king’s glory in Ezek. 1:26-28. Lucifer as the angel of light in his first estate, had dominion over the angels in the dawn of time. Once Lucifer fell, his role at God’s right hand as the “light of heaven” was stripped from him and held in abeyance, to be transferred and superseded in the rising of the daystar, who washed out the brilliance of the fallen morning star with his own Sunrise, symbolized in the Heliacal Rising of Sirius.
Matson’s primary error was using this data to predict the return of Christ on the dates of these signs in 2017. His theory stated that 2017 was the year for the start of the Great Tribulation, with the start of The Covenant on Nov. 19, 2017 so that 2,520 days are allowed until the Day of Atonement 2024. 14
Christ’s first coming was for sacrifice and death, which makes sense if it is the descending passageway, symbolizing the grave, but Christ rose from the grave conquering death for us all, as seen in the empty coffer in the Great Pyramid’s King’s Chamber.
We should also recall the Great Sphinx aligned above the eastern horizon, with Leo the lion. This alignment scenario with Orion at meridian, embodies Christ’s sacrificial sufferings with Leo the constellation of (the conquering Lion) in the east, in his glory. This serves to introduce us to the fascinating study that pulls together key elements from the ancient past with modern times, pointing to the birth and Return of Christ. By including the Sphinx’ eastern alignment in Leo and the Sun with the star Sirius in Heliacal rising, we find another image of the juxtaposition of the ascendant and fallen morning stars, as seen in Job 38.
In the history of ancient astronomy, and the heliacal rising of Sirius in particular, was sighted by the astronomer-priests of Heliopolis in very early dynastic times of ancient Egypt. It is not unreasonable to suppose, however, that observations began several centuries before the dynastic periods, even perhaps as far back as 5000 BC, as was shown by Jane B. Sellers for example, which agrees with the incept dates of the Great Sphinx. Thus we can adopt this remote date as a ‘common prototype’ for religious ideologies later formulated in the Pyramid Texts and, much later, in various astronomical texts. Herbert Lockyer was also well known for his early Egyptian studies and their knowledge of the precession of the equinoxes, as seen in the Dendera ZodiacLockyer believed that the Temple at Dendera was probably “rebuilt at least three times since 3733 BC; once in the reign of King Pepi I, [which Lockyer dates at 3233 BC] again by Thothmes III in 1600 BC, and finally by the Ptolemies about 100 BCAccording to Lockyer, the temple may have been previously directed at the star Dubhe, which ceased to be circumpolar about 4000 BC, and before that at gamma Draconis, that ceased to be circumpolar about 5000 BC.” 15
At that epoch the heliacal rising of Sirius (as seen from Heliopolis) took place near the 18 July Julian (2 weeks after summer solstice). At this time the sun was just entering Leo, the Lion constellation, and also that this constellation was fully risen, floating just above the NorthEastern horizon as this graphic of the sky shows in Skymap 2, below. 16 This is the sky imagery that was replayed on 9-23-17 in Leo with Sirius low and adjacent on the horizon also.
Skymap 2: Eastern sky view just before dawn on 18 July c. 5000 BC as seen from Heliopolis at time of the Heliacal Rising of Sirius. Very few, if any have considered at all, the implications of Job 38:12-15 in regards to this heliacal rising of Sirius. As we include background research on these scriptures, we will review the work of Aron Pinker, whose work details a thorough literature review on this section of Job.
According to the abstract of Aron Pinker’s research analysis of Job 38:12-15, 17
“Exegetes usually approach vv. 12-15 from two different perspectives: the cosmological and the terrestrial. Some believe that this strophe alludes to astronomical bodies, which are visible in the morning and fade as the light brightens. Most view the strophe as describing the breaking of a new day, and the effect that the growing illumination has on the visibility of Earth’s features and the activity of the wicked upon it.”18
In Pinker’s literature review of this topic, he includes the views of various Biblical texts and theologians, of which we will note some of the principal contributors, along with my own selected input in Blue.
“Job 38:12-15
is the third strophe in God’s first response to Job (38:1-40:2). It appears after the strophe that describes the world’s creation (vv. 4-7), and the strophe that deals with divine control of the unruly waters (vv. 8-11).1 The third strophe deals with God’s description of the breaking of a new day on earth.”19
Although Pinker recognizes the general contextual structure of Job 38, he does not elaborate, and in this case, since the context is very supportive in unlocking the truths of this record, we will illustrate these points in greater detail. The general structure of Job 38 is built around God’s rhetorical questioning of Job, starting in Job 38:4;
Where wast thou when I laid the foundations of the earth? Declare, if thou hast understandingWho hath laid the measures thereof, if thou knowest? or who hath stretched the line upon itWhereupon are the foundations thereof fastened? Or Who laid the cornerstone thereofWhen the morning stars sang together, and all the sons of God shouted for joy? [KJV]
Bullinger tells us that Job’s 38th Chapter has the most questions [40] when compared to all other chapters in the Bible. And Job as a Book has the most questions of any other Book of the Bible. 20 This is the Figure of Speech called Erotesis, or Interrogation.
The Almighty is making it clear that not only was He the only one around in and before the inception of all things, but doubtlessly, He was the Only One capable of laying the foundations of the earthOnly the Almighty Creator has the wisdom and power to bring the Earth into existence, out of nothing according to its unique standard of dimensions, and measurements which are all encapsulated in the Great Pyramid, like no other building in history. The earth’s dimensions contained in the model of the Great Pyramid include the numbers and specifications of the distance to the Sun, its mean radius, along with the mean radius of the earth’s orbit around the Sun. The Weight of the Pyramid is reflective of the earth’s mass, and its orientation to the stars reflecting the principles of Biblical Astronomy, and the design of the universe and our solar system, that only God could know. These are only a few of the ways that the Great Pyramid was built to embody our unique planet, that not only support the truths of the Almighty Creator as the only Source for all this Omniscient wisdom and Omnipotent power, but state the case with such force that no other plausible options comprehensively account for this state of affairs. This is upheld in the next rhetorical question in v.5who hath stretched the line upon it?” The stretching the line or cord ceremony is found in ancient Egyptian texts going back to the First Dynasty, showing an astronomical essence to this ceremony that defined the axis of a new temple, or in this case, the Great Pyramid, which was derived from the alignment of the Great Pyramid to the North pole star Thuban-in Draco at the time of the Pyramid’s construction.
Since this ceremony defined the axis of the Great Pyramid, which is the most accurately oriented building in history, being aligned to true North with only 3/60 degree of error, which is incredible considering the Great Pyramid weighs nearly 6 million tons, with a footprint of 13 acres! 21 This definition of the astronomical axis of the Pyramid is what allowed the accurate placing of the 4 base cornerstones, which not only bear the foundations of the Great Pyramid, but also the earth’s foundations. This answers God’s rhetorical question to Job in v. 6 “Whereupon are the foundations thereof fastened?” The truth that the Pyramid’s cornerstones were founded upon measurements derived from the Northern pole star at that time-Thuban of Draco tells us who was the astronomical center of Creation, embodied in Lucifer as the first Morning Star, and the archangel over all the choirs and cohorts of heavenly angels, who led them in songs of Praise in honor and worship of the Almighty in the First Heavens and Earth, [2Pet. 3:3-7]. Naturally, this refers to v. 7, where the morning stars sang together, with Godly designed and unified voice and purpose, referring to the lost glory of the fallen archangel’s first estate
The most incontrovertible evidence we have however, that we are indeed discussing the Great Pyramid here is found in v. 6 where God asks Who laid the cornerstone thereof? It is this singular stone, which is ultimately defined and embodied in Christ, that caps off the Great Pyramid and unifies the four cornerstones at the Pyramid’s base. Only the unique structure of a Pyramid has a fifth cornerstone at its pinnacle, which unifies and aligns the rest of the structure. This capstone was originally found in Lucifer when angels were the only created life forms apart from Almighty God Himself. But once iniquity was found in Lucifer, he was cast out of his favored seat at God’s right Hand, along with those angels he deceived. Now it is Jesus Christ who is the Chief Cornerstone, [Eph. 2:20] as the head of the spiritual body of his Church. [Heb. 1-2]
So as there are opposite Christ angles, it appears that the Pyramid and the Great Sphinx are maps of this event, [Celestial Sphinx]. This is evident because both the head of the woman-Virgo, and the body of the Lion-Leo forming the Sphimx are marked specifically by the Christ Angle built-into the Great Pyramid, attesting to the tandem witness of these megalithic monuments on the Giza Plateau. This also supports the concept of Giza as a master-plan, as we find the grand God-ordained purposes of each monument, as they prophesy of the birth and Return of Christ according to the sacred feasts and holy days of the Hebrew calendar. In this singular and unique way the Great Pyramid, the Great Sphinx with its causeways all oriented due east, and aligned on the specific stars and planets, tell the greatest story of history’s ultimate victory of the Lord Jesus Christ, verifying the Gospel in the Stars as seen in the Alpha and Omega signs of the Hebrew Mazzaroth.
The Revised English Bible [1990] for Job 38:12-15 reads as follows:
12 In all your life have you ever called up the dawn, or assigned the Morning its place?
13 Have you taught it to grasp the fringes of the earth and shake the Dog-star from the sky?
14 To bring up the horizon in relief as clay under a seal until all things stand out like the folds of a cloak?
15 When the light of the Dog-star is dimmed and the stars of the Navigator’s line go out one by one?
In J. A. Clines’ view, Though the Hebrew is not especially difficult, the meaning of this stanza is extremely problematic. … The strophe seems to be saying that when the morning has been given the command (v 12). 22 This is the only other Bible reference to the Son or Star of the Morning as seen in Isa. 14:12 which corroborates this concept.
Clearly, as Clines says, ויתיצבו “and they stand” is hard to fit into the context (KJV “and they stand as a garment” is not very intelligible). The plural is a difficulty, since there has been no plural since רשעים “wicked (?)” in v. 13, and one cannot see how the wicked would be standing [standing out-revealed from their cloak of darkness] like a garment.4
12 “Have you commanded the morning in your days and caused the dawn to know its place,
13 that it might take hold of the ends of the earth and shake the wicked out of it?
14 It is changed as clay under the seal and stands forth as a garment.
15 From the wicked their light is withheld. The high arm is broken.
The previous plural reference to the “wicked” can refer to the host of the wicked that the serpent drew in his tail when he was cast out of heaven, that were revealed from their cloak of darkness, in the morning light. This would refer to the cloak or garment embodied in the wicked angels who accompanied Lucifer in his revolt against God. [Rev. 12, Ezek. 28:12-19]
The mention of a garment and the return to the wicked in verse 15 suggests that we have picked up once more the theme that evil-doers are restrained by daylight. [The laws of physics demand that the darkness flees from the light.] The shattering of the arm upraised for violence (15b) refers to the revolt in heaven of the Fallen Morning Star, which also accounts for the military context of the spiritual battle that began with the Original Sin of Lucifer’s revolt, and subsequent fall from his favored first estate position at God’s Right hand. [Comments mine]
Clines identifies the following problems: [] 23
(iThematic consistency – One would have expected this strophe to deal only with cosmological matters, including the rendering of the Wicked as the Dog-Star in reference to Sirius, as is the case in vv. 4-38, and not to involve human beings. This difficulty is resolved when we understand the Double meaning of the “Wicked” vs. the “chief,” explained below.
(iiMoral language – The twofold mentioning of thewicked (רשעים) and the breaking of the upraised arm (וזרוע רמה תשבר) is surprising. This provides the context from which to understand the upraised arm as a reference to Lucifer’s revolt in his attempted coup against the Almighty, with his 1/3 of the angels whom he previously lead in praise to the glory of Almighty, God, [Job 38:7]. This spiritual battle still rages on today in human kingdoms.
Clines notes that “there is very little about humans in the whole of the Yahweh speeches, and even less about any moral government there may be of the world.”7
(iiiScribal abnormality – The ע of רשעים [wicked] is written with abnormal elevation. This suggests to Clines some hesitancy on the part of earlier scribes as to the appropriateness of this word in context. This is not hesitancy regarding this word, but points out the double meaning previously mentioned which is the key to unlocking the meaning of the context.
(ivCosmological and ethical interrelationship It is not clear how the cosmological text in this strophe (vv. 12-13a, 14) is related to the ethical acts described in the rest of the text (vv. 13b and 15). Once the angelic revolt lead by Lucifer with “upraised arm” is understood, the separation of God Who is all Good, and His Moral Government in the 1st Heavens and Earth, from the evil darkness of the enemy is clear, which also accounts for the juxtaposition of spiritual forces previously mentioned.
(vRare phrase – The phrase זרוע רמה is unique in the Tanakh. This “upraised arm,” is authentic when understood in light of the attempted spiritual coup suggests the possibility that it is not authentic.8
As we shall see in the following section additional difficulties can be identified.
The purpose of this study is to develop a new understanding of our strophe, which obviates the identified difficulties.
In vv. 12-15 the Septuagint seems to be taking a cosmological/terrestrial approach; Septuagint considers v. 14 and v. 15 as each being a separate question, the Vulgate turns only v. 13 into a separate question.
1 Ancient Versions and translations referenced below; [Septuagint, Targum, Latin Vulgate, Douay-Rheims translation, Peshitta, Revised English Bible, KJV]
The Septuagint understands our strophe as referring to the creation of the Physical stars. The Septuagint renders vv. 12-15:
12Or did I order the morning light in thy time; and did the Morning Star then first see his appointed place? God asks Job if God ordered the morning light in thy time? -[referring to the time of men] The answer is NO, because the [Gen. 1] Creation Week record does not mention the Creation of angels [Morning Stars of vs. 4-7]. Even in the 2nd H&E the Sun, Moon and stars were not created till the 4th day, still prior to man’s creation. But when God created the angels, in the 1st Heaven & Earth, he installed Lucifer as the chief Archangel at the right hand of the Creator-in his appointed place. This agrees with Isa. 14:12 in calling Lucifer the Bright and Morning Star, with vs. 13-15 providing motivation [the 5 “I wills”] for raising his arm against the Almighty God.
13to lay hold of the extremities of the earth to cast out the ungodly out of it? 14Or didst thou take clay of the ground and form a living creature, and set it with the power of speech upon the earth? 15And hast thou removed light from the ungodly, and crashed the arm of the proud? God’s rhetorical questions to Job depict God as the only Creator, and the only God capable of defeating Lucifer’s spiritual coup attempt. It was this attempted spiritual coup that removed Lucifer and his 1/3 of the angels from the Light of God’s Presence, since the Sun, Moon and Stars did not exist yet.
The Septuagint assumes that in v. 12 the term הֲמִיָּמֶיךָ = “have you, in thy time” (Ἢ ἐπὶ σοῦ), apparently reading הממך; reads instead of MT 2nd person (צִוִּיתָ) the 1st person צִוִּיתִי = “did I order” (συντέταχα), which does not agree with יִדַּעְתָּ in the parallel colon; adds to בֹּקֶר = “morning” (πρωϊνόν) the word “light” (φέγγος); reads instead of MT the pi’el of ידע (יִדַּעְתָּ) the qal יָדַעְתָּ = “did see” (εἶδε); takes וְיִנָּעֲרוּ = “to cast out, or shake out” (ἐκτινάξαι); takes בְּכַנְפוֹת = “of the extremities” (πτερύγων); תִּתְהַפֵּךְ כְּחֹמֶר = “take clay of the ground” (λαβὼν γῆν πηλὸν), paraphrasing; instead of MT חוֹתָם reads חַיָּתָם = “form a living creature” (ἔπλασας ζῶον); it is not clear how the Septuagint could derive from MT the translation “and set it with the power of speech upon the earth” (καὶ λαλητὸν αὐτὸν ἔθου ἐπὶ γῆς); וְיִמָּנַע ≠ “And hast thou removed” (φελεσ δ); has אוֹרָם = “light” (τ φς); and, renders תִּשַּׁבֵּר = “crashed” (συνέτριψας). This removing of the raised arm in revolt, corresponds to the casting down or shaking out of the Fallen Morning star seen in Sirius.
The Targum seems to be reading in v.12b לְשַׁחַר = “to the dawn” (לקרצתא). The variant of v. 12a is more specific with regard to מִיָּמֶיךָ = “Were you in the days of the beginning” (הביומי בראשית הויתא), turning v. 12a into a twofold question: “Were you in the days of the beginning and did you…?”; it reads לִהְיוֹת וְצִוִּיתָ בֹּקֶר = “and did you command the morning to be” (ופקדתא למהוי צפר); it is also reading in v.12b מְקֹמוֹ מהו= “what its place was” (האן אתריה). It takes in v. 13a בְּכַנְפוֹת = “of the borders” (בגדפי); וְיִנָּעֲרוּ = “and be shaken” (ויטלטלון). The variant of v. 13 has בְּכַנְפוֹת = “of the borders” (בסטרא); adds “of Israel” (דישראל); and adds “rows” (דרא).
In v. 14 Targum renders תִּתְהַפֵּךְ = “It changes” (מתהפכא), using the participle instead of the imperfect; reads חוֹתָמָם = “their seal” (חותמא דילהון), though it is difficult to imagine that the Targum refers to the wicked; as וְיִתְיַצְבוּ = “and they (the wicked?) are made to stand” (ואתעדתון); and translates לְבוּשׁ = “a dirty garment” (כסו זהים), and renders לְבוּשׁ = “an empty garment.” Perhaps in reference to the already defeated nature of the fallen angels. Or, to the royal garments that Lucifer wore in his first estate with his angels, which he made filthy by his revolt. [Ezek. 28] These garments came with the place or position of the Morning Star in the 1st Heaven & Earth at God’s Right Hand, but were lost when iniquity was found in the Dog Star embodied in Sirius.
Finally, Targum understands in v. 15 that וְיִמָּנַע מִרְשָׁ עִ ים = “is hidden from the wicked” (ואתכסי מן רשיעיא); אוֹרָם =
The light of their breath” (נהור נשמתהון), adding נשמתהון; and וּזְרוֹעַ רָמָה תִּשַּׁבֵּר = “and the uplifted arm is broken” (ואדרע מרמא תתבר). A variant translation has וְיִמָּנַע מִרְשָׁ עִ ים = “Hidden from sinners” (ואתכסי מן חייביא); אוֹרָם = “And the light of the just” (נהוריהון דצדיקי), adding דצדיקי; and וּזְרוֹעַ רָמָה תִּשַּׁבֵּר = “and the arm of the proud is broken” (ואדרע דגיותניא אתברת).11
The Peshitta renders our strophe (except for v. 14) literally. It has:
12Have you commanded the dawn since your days began; or do you know the place of the morning13That it might take hold of the ends of the earth that the wicked might be thrown out of it? 14So that their bodies would be turned into clay, and be thrown into a heap. 15The light of the sinners shall be withheld, and the arm of the arrogant shall be broken.12
God asks Job if he commanded the dawn in his days. The Dawn here refers to the position of the Morning Star occupied by Lucifer first, but now by Jesus Christ as “light of the world.” We know the dawn refers to this position because in the next phrase of v. 12 , God asks Job if he knows the Place of the MORNING;
The Vulgate presents a literal translation of the MT. According to the Douay-Rheims translation into English, it reads:
12Didst thou since thy birth command the morning, and show the dawning of the day its place? 13And didst thou hold the extremities of the earth-shaking them, and hast thou shaken the ungodly out of it14 The seal shall be restored as clay, and shall stand as a garment15From the wicked their light shall be taken away, and the high arm shall be broken. In v. 14a the rendering of the seal being restored, may refer to the to Godly protection that was violated in the destruction of the Creation of the 1st H&E, effected in the attempted spiritual coup, which was restored by The Creator in the 2nd Heaven & Earth, [Gen. 1:1-2]. Here we can see where the Covenants God set up in the 1 st H & E, violated by Lucifer, as the Morning Star, that he lost access to in the 2nd H & E, accept with Adam’s dominion of the kingdoms of the earth in Original Paradise, that fell to the Serpent in its temptation of Eve. Also, the seal reflects authority that came in Lucifer’s position of Chorus leader, as seen in his special clothing of [Ezek. 28:12-19], that he lost forever.
The Pyramid Texts of Ancient Egypt fit much better when we consider the heliacal rising of Sirius as the Dog-star is wiped out in the dawning sunrise in the brightening rays of the Sun’s, so the Dog Star is lost in the Sonrise. This is a perfect match not only with Otto Neugebauer’s description of the Heliacal rising of Sirius, but also the Biblical record here in Job 38. This also fits very well with v. 15 of the Revised English Bible rendering of “the Dog-star dimmed and the stars of the Navigator’s line go out one by one.” The Stars of the Navigator’s line embody the stars of Orion’s Belt progressively fading, in the exact imagery described in the decan stars being lost or dimmed, fading away in the daily dawn brilliance of the Sun.
It is well-known, however, that all ancient Egyptian funerary texts, from the Old Kingdom Pyramid Texts to the Late Period Carlsberg Papyrus, make it also abundantly clear that the ‘time’ of rebirth was to occur when the event known as the heliacal rising of Sirius would take place in the eastern sky. This all-important yearly event was when the star Sirius appeared for the first time after a 70 days period of invisibility from the night sky. All we have to do, therefore, is to reconstruct the Northern sky as it appeared at the exact heliacal rising of Sirius in order to see what the ancient Egyptians saw, and draw the obvious similarities to equate the celestial images to those found in the 38th Chapter of Job.
This is vividly clear from Cornelius’ conclusion that; [] 24
In Job 38 God is described as the Creator, the One Who, like the Sun deities of the Ancient Near East, has the prerogative of establishing order, but also salvation for the righteous by destroying or leading captive the powers of chaos and unrighteousness.18
Still a modern commentator such as Clines finds that:
First, we would expect the strophe to concern only with cosmological matters, as does everything else in this first section (vv. 4-38) of the first divine speech, and not to involve humans. Secondly, presence of the wicked is surprising, for there is very little about humans in the whole of the Yahve speeches, and even less about any moral government there may be of the world.19
The reference to the wicked is “surprising” only in the absence of the angel’s rebellion lead by Lucifer who committed Original Sin, prior to the creation of humanity. This is the context of the cosmological content related to the Dog Star translation, in the Revised English Version of the Bible. The Host of Heavenstudy contains more details on this topic.
The double meaning of these related passages of Scripture becomes clear as we take a closer look at the word for “wicked” in the 16th verse of Psalm 22. Let’s take a detailed look at this word and its Hebrew root used in Job 38.
The following is a reference note in Revised English Version of the Bible on the “Dog-star” in Job 38:13 & 15.25 This is translated as “the wicked” in the majority of other versions, thus on the surface “Dog-star” does not seem to fit in Job 38. However, as we take a view related to what Aron Pinker refers to as the cosmological perspective of these Bible verses, allowing God’s Word to speak for itself, uncovers some long obscured and priceless gems of truth. To clarify this, let’s look at a marginal note in the Companion Bible,26 where it says “the wicked” is the same as “lawless” [*H7561, rasha]. In both Job 38:13 and 15, the Hebrew letter “ayin” is suspended. Without the ayin, the word means “head, top, chief” [*H7222, rosh], in reference to Lucifer’s former position as the Archangel of light, where he was the top head angel, chief of the angels. With “Ayin” supplied it is “the wicked,” referring to the fallen archangel as the source of all evil wickedness and darkness, after his failed coup against the Almighty. All the ancient versions and early printed editions read “the Lawless.”
Picking up on J.A. Clines Scribal abnormality [iii] above; the ע of רשעים [wicked] is written with abnormal elevation. The elevated text is also seen in a related note in Bullinger’s Companion Bible, on Judges 18:30, linked to “Mannasseh,” the letter “nun” is suspended, written partly in the line and partly above the line, to show that originally it formed no part of the word, but was put in to render the spelling “Mannasseh” instead of “Moses.” This was done for two reasons, first to spare the honor of Moses’ memory and name and secondly, to put sin upon one [Mannasseh] who committed so gross a sin. The Authorized Version follows the Septuagint and the Chaldee by putting “Mannasseh” in the text; while the Revised Version follows the Latin Vulgate and those codices and early editions, which have “nunsuspended, by putting “Moses” in the text and “Mannasseh” in the margin.27 [emphasis mine]
If the usage of this suspended letter “ayin” in Job 38 follows suit with “nun” Judges 18, then “originally it formed no part of the word,” and should properly read “rosh” instead of “rasha“. This would change the text from the wicked or lawless to “head, chief, prince, leader, point, top, first rank, the highest, or supreme.” From the cosmological viewpoint evident in the Revised English Version of Job 38, this etymology is consistent with Egypt’s Denderah zodiac, the bright star Sirius or Canis Major, the Dog-star is called “Apes,” which means “the head“. As the Dog-star is the brightest naked-eye star in all the heavens from earth’s perspective, the meaning of the “head or prince” is a precise fit. This “prince of the Heavenly host” was also referred to in the sacred books of Persia as “Tistar,” the “Chieftain of the East.” This is not only a symbol of the sunrise embodied in the new light of the world, but it also refers to the Pyramid’s capstone or “Chief cornerstone,” [Ps. 118:22, Eph. 2:20, 5:23] catching the first rays of the dawn and sunrise of a new dayIn Zech. 4:7, the “headstone“- *H7222 [roshah] from rosh *H7218 means the topmost stone at the corner.”28 [3] This concept is fully developed in the Biblical Astronomy of the Great Pyramid, evident in Job 38. We have seen this as a recurring theme of our study of the celestial signs surrounding the birth of Christ. The fact that Lucifer was the original light of the world, like Sirius, the brightest star in the Heavens, shows us a correlation to the first bright and morning star, in the First Heaven and Earth.
This reflects a time in ancient Egypt when calendars of a 360-day sacred solar year and 365.25-day SiriusSothic Calendar were running in synch. As the angel of light, and Time Lord, all temporal matters and the timekeeping of all Creation ran under his watch. As an anthropic constant, the speed of light is linked to temporal matters in that the closer one approaches light speed, the more time slows for him, as seen in Einstien’s Special and regular relativity theories. This interrelation of light and time is a key aspect of the order of space-time. After he was cast down however, there was a needed separation between what had become profaned, in the fallen Lucifer and what would remain sacred and holy in the coming promised seed, the rising light of the world, embodied in the sun, the “faithful witness in Heaven,” [Ps. 89:36-37, Mal. 4:2] We find this scenario reflected also in the dual Sirius stars A and B.
It is this powerful truth that is reflected in the suspended letter “ayin” in the Hebrew, revealing a double truth related to the star Sirius as a symbol of Lucifer, the original embodiment of the bright and morning star. Before his revolt and fall from his position as the head (rosh) of Creation, he was the “head, chief, prince, leader, point, top, first rank, the highest, supreme.” However, once iniquity was found in him [Ezek. 28:15], he became “the lawless,” [Heb.-rasha] wicked one. He is the embodiment of the activation of the principle of evil [ra’a], also understood in the spiritual Entropy of his original sin, the incept point of all darkness. This also explains the extremely negative mythological connotations of Sirius. Burnham’s states: “In the ancient Greco-Roman world, the influence of Sirius was regarded as extremely unfortunate, as the allusion to the wrathful Achilles in the Iliad seems to suggest. In Virgil’s Aeneid we read of the Dog Star, that burning constellation, when he brings drought and disease on sickly mortals, rises and saddens the sky with inauspicious light.” 4 [29]
Orion with Sirius the Dog Star, the brightest Star naked-eye star in the Heavens to the left.
star names
This carries a greater significance when we realize that Sirius did not always bear these negative connotations. Bullinger states:
Though this Dog-Star came to have an ill-omened association, it was not so in more ancient times. In the ancient Akkadian it is called Kasista, which means the leader and the prince of the heavenly host.” 5 [30]
This is significant also in light of Sirius’ physical characteristics. The fact that the Sirius system consists of a double or Binary Star seems to mirror the dual symbolic nature of the star, which emerges from the context of Job 38:13-15. In its original position and first estate as the central fire of the heavensSirius A as the leader of the heavenly host, exemplifies the effulgent brightness of the manifested light of the world, while Sirius “B,” its companion star exhibits characteristics just the opposite. Known in modern terminology as a White Dwarf, according to some of the most recent determinations, SiriusB has a density about 90,000 times that of our Sun. The cycle of Sirius “B” is a fifty-year cycle, a fact verified by modern astronomers. Thus it is interesting to see how half this 50-year cycle of Sirius “B” reflects a luni-solar relation inherent in the 50-year cycle of Hebrew Jubilees, according to the golden section, or phi ratio. As we can see, the Hebrew Jubilee figures into the timing of Christ’s birth, and is distinct in the celestial events making up the great wonder of Revelation 12. As the archaic angel of light we would expect to find celestial associations in the Sirius cycle that agree with the cadence of the Biblical Patriarch’s calendar, if our thesis holds true. The following calculations from John A. West show the coordination of the luni-solar cycles according to the golden section, or phi ratio, by splitting the fifty-year cycle into 2 x 25 years. According to West: The twenty-five year solar cycle corresponds to 309 lunations. 31
The calculations are: 25 x 365 = 9125 days, and 9125 = 29.5307 days per lunation 309= 29.5307 days per lunation 309. This in itself reveals extremely accurate observations. Modern Astronomy reckons the lunation as 29.53059 days, a difference of about a second. But Schwaller de Lubicz notes the intriguing equivalence of twenty-five years to 309 lunar months. 309 = (f – 1) x 1000 and its choice as the number determining the cycle cannot have been accidental. 32 2
A double cycle, which expresses the Golden Section, comprises fifty years, or 618 lunations. We may also recall that Rosh ha-Shanah as Tishri 1, is the “head” of the Judean calendar as New Year’s day and Jesus’birth-date, the first day of the fifty-year Hebrew cycle of Jubilees. Thus, we find that the fifty-year cycle of Hebrew Jubilees that corresponds with the orbit of Sirius “B,” seems based on ancient traditions holding truths beyond the limits of modern science and of Archaeo-Astronomy has deigned to go thus far. This shows an astronomical correlation between the start of the Hebrew Jubilee and the 50-year cycle of SiriusB, previously undocumented.
In the midst of this assembly of the wicked was Jesus Christ who was poured out like water, refering to his holy sacrificial offering, as he selflessly endured the excruciating pain of his death, laying down his life as the essence of Israel’s High Priest. The end result of his ultimate sacrifice brought the “all truth” of “the Comforter” of John 16:7, the gift of holy spirit that became available as a result of the New Birth, seen for the first time on the day of Pentecost. This is the liquid seed that was poured out of the bucket known in the stars as Aquarius’ Urn, the living waters that truly quench men’s souls, seen in Num. 24:7. Even as these agents of the enemy circled the Lord, bringing about his sufferings, these shadow idols of the Cherubim in bold defiance of the Son of the Living God, infused with the four dark winds of the Cardinal points, activated the power of the dog [Ps. 22:20], with the fullness of the evil desires of the lord of darkness.
In the face of this apparent defeat, lay the greatest victory of the ages over our hidden enemy and spiritual adversary, that we have uncovered in the oldest book of the Bible. As Job was a Patriarchal master of discerning of spirits, it is fitting that these writings are found here as a complement to the Old Testament manifestations of the spirit, as seen in [Isa. 11:1-3]. We remain thankful not only for the ultimate sacrifice of Christ that redeemed us, but also for the Patriarchal Scriptural record that provides key spiritual depth and doctrinal basis for our walk in the spirit today. I am also thankful for the Biblical Astronomy perspective and truths that contributed to this study of Job, without which it would not be possible.
1. The Heliacal Rising of Sirius, Hamid Fernana
2. Figure A, picture credit. []
3. Exact Sciences in Antiquity, Otto Neugebauer, ppg. 83 – 84.
5. The Orion Mystery, Figure B.
picture credit, p.135
6. Figure C.
picture credit, []
10. Figure D. picture credit, Jesus Christ our Promised Seed, p. 45, V.P. Weirwille
11. The Star that Astonished the World, Dr. Earnest Martin
12. [] Daniel Matson
13. IBID
14. IBID
15. Secrets of the Great Pyramid, Peter Thompkins, p.168
16. Picture Credit from sky graphic in Skymap 2 astronomy software.
17. Background research on Job 38 from Aron Pinker; []
18. IBID
19. IBID
20. Figures of Speech Used in the Bible, p. 944, E.W. Bullinger
21. Decoding the Great Pyramid, Peter Lemesurier
22. [].
23. IBID
24. IBID
25. Companion Bible marginal note on Judges 18:30, p.352.
26. Strong’s Concordance; H7561, rasha, note on “wicked.” James Strong
27. Companion Bible marginal note on Judges 18:30, p.352.
28. Strong’s Concordance; H7222 [roshah] from rosh *H7218. James Strong
29. Burham’s Celestial Atlas
30. IBID
31. Serpent in the Sky, p.94, John Anthony West
32. IBID
Comments on Facebook
Comments Off on The Witness of the Great Pyramid in Job 38 and Rosh Hashanah, [Part 1b].
The Lunar Mansions Part 3, Dendera Lunar Decans
In Part 3 of our series on Lunar Mansions we will focus on the Lunar Decans of the Dendera Zodiac. In the first two parts of this series, we reviewed how the Lunar Mansions were preserved in ancient China, India, Isreal and Arabia. In Part 3 our focus is on ancient Egypt. The Dendera Zodiac is the best-known example of Egyptian zodiacal monuments, whose temple dates from the 1st century BC. The zodiac however, is believed to date far older than the temple housing it, going back at least to 2100 BC. Now housed in the Louvre, in Paris, the Dendera Zodiac displays a rounded ceiling vault with the 12 major signs, as well as the Egyptian northern and southern constellations, the planets, the sun and moon, and the 36 lunar decans, arranged around the periphery of the circular zodiac.
An early scientific study of Egyptian archaeological sites was conducted as part of Napoleon’s campaign into N. Africa. Bonaparte included French Archaeologists and language specialists to research key sites including the Giza Plateau. Many French scholars of the day believed the Dendera Zodiac to be thousands of years older than the Ussher’s date of creation. This was not the ideal or most politically expedient date for the “Holy Roman Empire,” but with the entrance of Champollion, as the foremost French Egyptologist in Napoleon’s reign, he provided a later incept date for the Dendera zodiac. As the first to decode the hieroglyphics on the famed Rosetta Stone, based on his study of Temple cartouches near the Temple’s ceiling location of the Dendera zodiac, he dated the royal names and by association, the Dendera Zodiac itself to a period between 50-200 BC. 1
Library of Alexandria Documentary Series: Temple of Dendera ...
As a result, this late dating of the Dendera Zodiac has persisted in orthodox Egyptian archaeology to this day. But English scholars like Herman Lockyer provided evidence that the Dendera Temple housing the zodiac was probably “rebuilt at least three times since 3733 BC; once in the reign of King Pepi I, [which Lockyer dates at 3233 BC] once again by Thothmes III in 1600 BC, and finally by the Ptolemies about 100 BCAccording to Lockyer the temple may have been aligned previously at the star Dubhe, which ceased to be circumpolar about 4000 BC, and before that at gamma Draconis, which ceased to be circumpolar about 5000 BC.” [2]
Lockyer also held that these historical rebuilds of astronomical Temples, based on changing star alignments, shows an awareness of the Precession of the Equinoxes in ancient Egypt, that far predated Hipparchus‘ supposed c.140 BCdiscovery” of the precession of the Equinoxes. Another of these French Archaeologists; “Dupuis calculated the incept date of the Dendera Planisphere around 4000 BC.” 3 There is an obvious host of modern scholarship in agreement with Lockyer, opposing the orthodoxy of modern evolutionary archaeology, including “Hamlet’s Mill” authors George Santillianna and Von Dechend, who documented a number of tribal cultures like the Inuit, Persians, Norsemen, Native Americans, Hawaiians, Japanese, Chinese, along with the ancient Egyptians, who all recognized the sacred signs
and iconography of the precession of the equinoxes.
Champollion’s later date above, agrees with Lockyer’s date of the latest rebuild of the Dendera Temple by the Ptolemies around 100 BC, while ignoring the earlier temple rebuilds, going back to the Old Kingdom. As the oldest circular zodiac, Dendera holds a key place, not only in Biblical Archaeology, and Archaeo-Astronomy, but also with its system of Decans, from ancient Egypt, providing rare evidence supported in the most ancient texts, like the Pyramid Texts, predates any existing record for a Gospel in the Stars. In a recent critique of the writings of Frances Rolleston and the idea of the “Gospel in the Stars,” that she popularized in the later 1800’s, [Faulkner-2013] states;
Not only are there no texts preserving the original knowledge of the gospel in the stars, but we know of no sources before Rolleston that claimed that there ever were such texts, or that any ever lived who believed such things. The first source we know of to make this claim is Frances Rolleston’s book. Let me be clear—it is obvious from Rolleston’s book that she had no texts that clearly taught her thesis. Instead, she created the meanings to support her thesis without reliance upon any older texts. The evidence we have that is most consistent with the gospel in the stars thesis not being an ancient idea at all, but entirely the invention of Frances Rolleston less than 200 years ago.”4
Faulkner continues;
Although many ancient cultures referred to decans, they are defined differently than how Rolleston used the term. These cultures divided each astronomical sign into three decans. Since there are twelve signs circling the sky, each sign stretches over about 30° of the ecliptic. Thus, each decan spans roughly 10° along the ecliptic. Since it takes approximately 360 days for the sun to complete a circuit with respect to the stars, the sun occupies each decan for roughly ten days.“5
Faulkner’s description of how these “ancient cultures” calculated decans in their calendars, is an exact match for how the Egyptians calculated them related to the Dendera Zodiac.
Although our admiration and respect for Rolleston is great, due to her reliance on Scripture, our approach to Biblical Astronomy holds Biblical Scripture as the ultimate source of truth and the veracity of the Celestial Gospel. The evidence for the Gospel in the Stars we cite, comes primarily from the Scriptures of the Bible first and foremost, then is supported by historical research and secular sources in Biblical Astronomy. Few are aware of the evidence linking the Dendera Zodiac with prophecies of the birth of Christ, that I have advocated and posted [] for over 15 years, and continue to expand, including this blog in the Spring of 2020. Below is a Scriptural example of the three decans linked to Leo the Lion, highlighted in yellow. 6
Mazzaroth Chart - Hebrew Astrology - Constellation 12. Leo ...
Obviously, Faulkner is not familiar with the abundant Scriptural references to the Gospel in the stars, and the internal integrity of God’s Word at the basis of this subject, that provides all the ancient textual evidence required, far out dating Rolleston on this subject. Added awareness of how the ancient Egyptian monument, the Great Sphinx embodies the Alpha-Omega signs of the Hebrew Mazzaroth, with prophecies of the Birth of Christ, that adds historical support to the Dendera Zodiac. When taken with the other monuments of the Giza Plateau, the witness from ancient Egypt for the Gospel in the Stars becomes a deafening crescendo of truth, impossible to ignore for any honest seeker of evidence for an astronomical gospel. A key element of the Dendera zodiac is the recognition of the ancient Egyptian star names associated with it, and their meaning, compared to the Hebrew meanings of the same stars. This gives us a view of the similar approaches to practical Astronomy between the two cultures and the potential common source of these star names, from Biblical Patriarchs like Seth and Enoch, and how they convey the gospel message, prior to their corruption in the idolatry of the Egyptian star religion.
The Pyramids of the Giza Plateau
Egypt: Temple of Dendera - Smit & Palarczyk | Egypt, Egypt art ...
This evidence from the Dendera Zodiac, with its system of Decans predates the usage of decans in any of the oldest Greek or Latin texts by thousands of years, providing an ancient source far in advance of Rolleston’s writings, or even Ptolemy, as a basis for the Gospel in the Stars. We will explore the details of this in later blogs in 2020, as this blog serves to introduce the reader to some of the research in this field underlying Biblical Astronomy. This method of decan calculation was standard practice in ancient Egypt. With this ancient Egyptian historical background, we don’t have to rely on Faulkner’s opinion of how this ancient system of decans came together, since we have scholarly accounts from the oldest texts in history like the Pyramid Texts and the Book of Job, that make specific references to the decan system in ancient Egypt, based on the “Helical rising” of stars and asterisms used for time-keeping, from at least the end of the Old Kingdom in Egypt, [circa 2200 BC], if not earlier. 7
The Pyramid Texts, writings and tomb wall decorations, dating back to the Old Kingdom (2780–2250 BC) provide a bulk of decan references and ancient Egyptian creation myths. The progression of decan stars in Heliacal rising also explains how the series of 3 decans aligns with each of the 12 major constellations of the zodiac, giving a basis of the order of decans in the zodiac of Dendera, as stated by Rolleston and other Gospel in the stars advocates, witnessed with Leo’s three decans above.
Figure 1. Dendera Zodiac with 36 Lunar Decans. 8
Figure 3. The figures represented in the Dendera Zodiac correspond to the traditional zodiacal signs
The color-coded image of the Dendera Zodiac below, shows specifically how the decans on the outer rim of this zodiac match up to the 12 main constellations in red, blueorange, and Yellow. Another element of dominion seen in the four faces of the Cherubim, [Ezek. 1:5-6], shows what the Babylonians called the 4 royal signs, we find AquariusMan who is created after God’s image, with Leo the Lion the king of non-domesticated animals. With the Taurus the Bull as the king of domesticated animals, seen at the bottom cardinal point with the sign of the Bull in Fig. 3. and the Eagle-Aquila, king of the fowl of the air, [Gen.1 26-28], we find a composite image of these four signs of the zodiac in the Cherubim. These four Cardinal Directions, of the Hebrew Mazzaroth provide a template for the 12 major signs both in Egypt and Israel. [Num. 24:7-9]
Figure 2. A color-coded image of the Dendera Zodiac. 9
Sun, Stand Thou Still Upon Gibeon; And Thou, Moon, In The Valley ...
Schwaller De Lubicz is another scholar who argued in favor of the ancient Egyptian knowledge of precession. He points out 2 hieroglyphs on the outer rim of Dendera’s zodiac that mark a line between Aries the Ram and Taurus the Bull, correlating to a date around 2200 BC, in Fig. 3 indicating how the Egyptians wanted to mark the transition in ages of precessional ages, in this case from the age of Taurus to that of Aries. As De Lubicz states;
The mere fact that the cult of the Bull [Apis/Mentu] preceded the cult of the Ram [Amon]
in Egypt, and that the dates of these cults correspond to the equinoctial positions of their constellations at the appropriate time-approximately 4000 and 2000 BC-is conclusive.
According to Schwaller DeLubicz, this was conclusive evidence that the ancient Egyptians were not only aware of, but applied their knowledge of the precession of the equinoxes. This evidence also speaks volumes concerning the age of the Dendera Zodiac, documenting this transition of the precessional ages of Taurus to Aries, following other elements of the calendar system inherent in the Dendera Zodiac before 3000 BC.
Figure 3. Overlaid Zodiacs of the Celestial Pole and Ecliptic Pole of the Dendera Zodiac. 11
zodiac poles
As we can see in Figure 3 above, the receding pole star is mapped on the smaller inner center circle, along with a series of four points related to the four axes on the larger outer circle of the zodiac. This shows us the pole star in the specific precessional ages going back to the Age of Gemini, marked on the larger zodiacal circle by the symbol “II“, prior to 4380 BC, portrays the transition from the Age of Gemini to the Age of Taurus. This depicts Gemini’s position at the early stages of Egyptian reckoning of precessional ages in Dendera’s zodiac, even though the latest version of the Temple of Dendera housing
this zodiac, was rebuilt in the late Hellenistic period.
Most of the prevailing sentiment in orthodox archaeology holds an evolutionary view where the sophistication of astronomical understanding of concepts like precession was beyond the ken of “primitive” cultures, despite abundant evidence to the contrary. The orthodoxy finds itself at a loss to explain how ancient history does not conform to their evolutionary view of increased astronomical sophistication with the passage of time, instead, they are faced with a reality where the older and superior application of this knowledge was corrupted by the mythology and idolatry of later cultures in the ancient world. As E.W. Bullinger stated:
All the ancient systems of idolatry connected with Astrology and mythology were in the same way, not original inventions of what was new but the corruption of what was old,
and the perversion of original truth
Figure 4. Ancient Archaeological depictions of the Precessional Age of Taurus the Bull.
What are some of the commonalities among the various myths across ...
This reflects a history of Dendera’s temple and associated Zodiac extending back into Pre-dynastic ages coincident to the Precessional Age of Taurus. We take added note of their recognition of the Precession of the Equinoxes in ancient Egypt, and how early Pharaohs took their titles. Starting with the Menuhopteps, and Menes/ Narmer, who ruled before the Amenhoteps in Pharaonic historical progression. Notably, the Old Kingdom Pharaohs adopted Mentu the Bull in their titles during latter parts of the Precessional Age of Taurus, before the precessional shift to the Age of Aries, around 2200 BC. This transition of ages of the precession of the equinoxes, occurred when the retrograde motion of the Sun caused the sunrise in successive signs of the zodiac every 2.160 years, opening a new precessional age.
Figure 5. Pharaoh Rameses II linked with the Precessional Age of Aries in a Ram-headed Sphinx.
Once the Age of the Ram Aries began, the Pharaohs began honoring the Ram-Amon in their kingly titles. During this period and following was also when Ram-headed Crio-sphinxes began showing up in Egyptian iconography, as a representation of their creator-god Khnum, who they believed, fashioned the universe out of clay. This also accounts for Khnum’s association with the fertility of soil and the annual inundation of the Nile, marked by the star Sirius. As Khnum’s influence grew in power in Egyptian pantheons, the symbolism of the previous precessional Age of Taurus decreased in value. Egyptologist Richard Parker deciphered early symbols carved on an ivory tablet from the First Dynasty as: “Sirius, the opener of the year, the innundation.” As Krupp observes: “This implies that the basic elements of the calendar system were in place by 3100 BC. The same celestial calibrations endure all the way into the Ptolemaic period, 3,000 years later. [13]
This 1st Dynasty Ivory plaque depicts the star Sirius as a hieroglyph of a reclining Cow with the Sun above her head, easily visible in similar form in the Dendera zodiac, marking not only the decan to open the New Year, but also denotes the precession of the equinoxes. Since Isis embodied this reclining cow pictured with a star between bovine horns, seen just above the “Decanslabel in the lower-left corner of Fig. 6, below, providing strong evidence of the use of the Sirius cycle, or Sothic Calendar in ancient Egypt, as a testimony to their advanced astronomical practices and recognition of precession
early on.
Figure 6. Dendera Zodiac cast at the Rosicrucian Museum-San Jose, CA. 14
The significance of the coordination of the lunar and solar cycles in the context of this New Year’s celebration is that the Heliacal Rising of Sirius also qued the Egyptians to add an Intercalary month, keeping the calendar’s lunar cycles in line with the solar seasons. This luni-solar coordination also applies in view of the unity of lunar decans with the solar zodiac of 12 Constellations, on the Dendera Zodiac, not in disjointed separation. The calendars with long-standing and wide-spread use in Egypt included those of both administrative and religious uses. They date from Egypt’s unification around 3000 BC. The civil calendar consisted of 365 days, with 12 months of 30 days, and each month named for religious holidays during that month. On this lunar plan, each month consisted of 3 weeks, of 10 days, in-synch with their 36-decan system.
As the only circular astronomical model to be found in Egyptian antiquity, Dendera’s Zodiac depicts the 360 days of the Egyptian year, with decans arranged on the outer edge of the circular zodiac. Twelve signs with 3 decans each, in the 360-day year, even with a 37th decan allowing for the 5 extra days of the year, totaling 365 days of the Sothic Calendar. Figure 7 shows images of the specific star groups and asterisms in heliacal rising every 10 days on the Dendera Zodiac.
Figure 7. 36 Decans of the circular Dendera Zodiac with their star signs.
Denderah Zodiac divided
As we have documented in parts 1 and 2 of this series on the Lunar Mansions, the Chinese, Arab and Indian zodiacs applied 28 Lunar Houses distinct from these 36 Decans. Some hold that the decans predate the use of the 12 signs in ancient Egypt to divide the ecliptic, but the Egyptian recognition of the ages of the precession of the equinoxes pointed out above, is contrary to that notion. It appears more likely that the decans were directly linked to each of the 12 tropical signs of the zodiac initially, in alignment with the theme of the Gospel in the stars. Thus the lesson of the decan supports that of the 12 constellations, even as we see with Leo’s destruction of the serpent- Hydra above. Bullinger tells us the Egyptian name for Leo was Pi Mentekeon, which means the pouring out, in reference to pouring out of divine wrath, as seen in the decan-Crater, the cup holding God’s wrath in the judgment of Christ’s victorious return, [Rev. 14:10, 16: 19]. The 3rd decan of the Raven Corvus also adds to this theme in one of the decan star names called Minchar al Gorab, meaning Corvus tearing to pieces the serpent’s remains;
[Prov. 30:17, 1 Sam. 17:46]. 15
This attests to the integrity of the stellar witness, with all its elements reflecting the same truths of Scripture, as seen in the 19th Psalm. These ancient lunar calendar decans marked the Lunar Mansions, but due to inconsistent records of Decan stars, there was an occasional lack of consensus in Egypt, so with the exception of Sirius, the rest of these 36 decans endured several transformations during the Hellenistic period. 16
A good source for a specific list of these decan stars from the Middle Kingdoms was from an office-holder under Queen Hatshepsut (c. 1450 BC) of Egypt named Sesenmut, was buried near the queen’s tomb. On the ceiling of his burial monument was found an excellent example, from the Age of Aries of these 36 decans listed below.
Figure 8. The Decans of Senenmut’s Tomb 17
The Egyptians divided the decans of the night sky in different constellations in a way similar to modern astronomySenenmut’s Tomb is a great example of the decans in painted ceilings of different Egyptian tombs, that allow us to establish their number from tomb to tomb. In spite of periodic uncertainty, it seems there were at least 36 decans consistently depicted. Egyptians divided the year in 5 days plus 36, 10-day periods, corresponding to the 10 days of consecutive risings of decan stars recorded in Senenmut’s tomb, listed below:
1. tpc-knmwt. A set of three stars represented by a man with a solar disk on his head. It is linked to Geb. [Canis Major]
2. knmwt. A boat with a head of a snake in the ship’s bow with a standing boy with one finger in his mouth. It is associated to Isis or Ba. [Canis Major]
3. hr-hpt-knmwt. A set of three stars seen in a tailed man with a bird’s head with a double crown. It is linked to Isis or Horus’ sons. [Cancer]
4. h3t-d3t. A set of four stars represented by a falcon-headed man with 2 big feathers. It is associated to Isis or Hours’ sons. [Leo]
5. phwy-d3t. A set of three stars seen in a man with a white crown on his head and a scepter in his hand. It is linked to Horus’ sons. [Leo]
6. tm3-hrt. A set of three stars represented by a man with two big feathers on his head and a scepter in his hand. It is associated to Duamutef or Mesti. [Virgo]
7. tm3-hrt. A set of three stars seen in a falcon-headed man with horns and a solar disk over them. He also holds a scepter in his hand. It is linked to Duamutef or Qeehsenuef. [Virgo]
8. wsti. A man with the solar disk rounded by a royal snake. It is associated to Duamutef. [Virgo]
9. bk3ti. A man with the double crown and a scepter in his hand. It is linked to Duamutef. [Virgo]
10. tp-chntt. Two stars represented by a falcon-headed man with a solar disk on his head and a scepter in his hand. It is associated to Duamutef or Hapy. [Scorpio]
11. hntt-hrt. A set of two stars represented by a tailed man with a stick and a scourge in his hands. It is linked to Horus. [Scorpio]
12. hntt-hrt. A set of four aligned stars seen in the four aligned stars, a head and an arm on a ship. It is associated to Seth. [Scorpio]
13. tms-n-hntt. Three aligned stars represented by a baboon on a ship in front of a lunar disk. It is linked to Horus. [Scorpio]
14. s3pthnnw. A set of 2 stars seen in Anu a falcon-headed man with a scepter in his hand. It is associated to Isis or Nephtis. [Scorpio]
15. hr-ib-wi3. A set of four stars represented by a falcon-headed man with a solar disk on his head and a scepter in his hand. It is linked to Seth or Ur. [Scorpio]
16. shsmw. Two stars seen in a man with a snake and a scepter in his hand. It is associated to Seth or Ur. [Serpens]
17. knmw. A headless man with a solar disk on his shoulders. It is linked to Hapy or Duamutef. [Serpens]
18. smdt. Three stars represented by a tailed man with a double crown. It is associated to Horus. [Capricorn]
19. tpcsmdtA tailed man with a double crown. It is linked to Hapy. [Capricorn]
20. srt. A set of four stars seen in a falcon-headed man with the ateph crown and an animal tail in his skirt. It is linked to Isis. [Aquila]
21. s3wy-srt. Two stars seen in a woman with a scepter in her hand. It is associated to Duamutef. [Aquila]
22. hr-hpt-srt. A tailed man with scepter in hand, linked to Qebehsenuef. [Aquila]
23. 3hwy. A tailed jackal headed man with a scepter in his hand. It is associated to Duamutef. [Pisces]
24. b3wy. A set of 3 stars represented by a tailed ibis headed man with the ateph-crown and a scepter in his hands. It is associated to Duamutef. [Pisces-Cepeus]
25. hnt-hrw. A tailed falcon-headed man with a tadpole. It is linked to Hapy or Mesti.
26. hr-ib-hntw. A tailed falcon-headed man. It is associated to Horus. [Aries]
27. hnt-hwr. A boy with one of his fingers in his mouth sitting on a lotus flower. It is linked to Horus. [Aries]
28. kd. Three stars represented by a boy with one of his fingers in his mouth sitting on a lotus flower and a solar disk on his head. It is associated to Horus. [Taurus]
29. s3wy-kd. Two stars seen in a tailed man with the ateph crown and a scepter in his hand. It is linked to Horus. [Taurus]
30. crt. A tailed man with a papyrus plant. It is associated to Qebehsenuef. [Taurus]
31. h3w. Four stars seen in a tailed falcon-headed man with the double crown. It is associated to Hapy. [Taurus]
32. rmn-hrw-inw-s3h. 18 stars seen in a tailed man with the white crown and a scepter in his hand. It is linked to Mesti. [Aries]
33. msdr-s3h. A lioness headed woman with a royal snake and a crosier in her hand. It is associated to Duamutef. [Orion]
34. rmn-hr-s3h. Three stars seen in a man with the white crown with a feather sitting on a throne. It is associated to Horus. [Orion]
35. cs3h. An ibis-headed man with the ateph crown and a scepter in his hand. It is associated to Horus. [Orion]
36. s3h. Its corresponding is Orion and it’s represented by two ships. On the first one there are three people: a boy with one of his fingers in his mouth and a double crown on his head, a horned woman with a solar disk on her head and another woman with 2 feathers and the solar disk between them. On the other ship there is a snake in a lotus flower. It is associated to Maat-Horus.
37. spdt. Its corresponding star is Sirius and seen in a tailed falcon-headed man with a solar disk on his head and a scepter in his hand. It is associated to Isis. 18
This evidence reflects a long-standing history from Old Kingdoms and even Pre-dynastic ages of ancient Egypt of astronomical themes in support of the Gospel in the Stars. My encouragement to the reader is to review the links included here and the key background provided in presenting the case for the “Gospel in the Stars,” and Biblical Astronomy. Awareness of these related topics, present a more comprehensive view of Biblical Astronomy, depicting a grasp of sub-categories in this study, and how they support and inter-relate to the larger context.
God Bless!
1. []
3. The Mazzaroth, Antiquity of the Chaldean and Egyptian Constellations, Frances Polleston
6. [picture credit]7
7. The Senenmut Project-Introduction, Jose Lull
8. [] [picture credit]
9. [picture credit]
10. The Skies in Memory, John Lash as quoted in The Atlantis Blueprint, Wilson & Flem-Ath. p. 169
11. Secrets of the Great Pyramid, Peter Thompkins, p.172
12. Companion Bible, App. 42, EW Bullinger.
13. Echoes of the Ancient Skies, p.172, E.C. Krupp
14. Dendera Zodiac cast at the Rosicrucian Museum-San Jose, CA. [picture credit]
15. Witness of the Stars, p. 163, 168. EW Bullinger.
16. The Discovery of Time, ppg. 82-83, Stuart McCready
17. [picture credit]
18. IBID
Comments on Facebook
Comments Off on The Lunar Mansions Part 3, Dendera Lunar Decans |
Unknown Fate of Two Million Child Wanderers - The Daily Outlook Afghanistan
Editor in Chief: Moh. Reza Huwaida Monday, January 18th, 2021
Unknown Fate of Two Million Child Wanderers
Unknown Fate of Two Million Child Wanderers
World Day Against Child Labor is held every year on June 12. In 1999, the International Labor Organization (ILO) ratified the Convention on the Prohibition and Immediate Action against Child Labor. According to the organization, with the existing rules, the rate of child labor has dropped about 30 percent within the last decade.
Child labor may have been decreased globally, enterprises and stores may stop child labor in their product supply chains; however, the story of child labor and street children in Afghanistan is a much more complex issue.
“Child labor” refers to working kids who are recruited constantly and continuously in a way that deprive them of their childhood and very often they cannot attend regular school either. This kind of work is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful. They work like adults and are robbed of their childhood leisure.
Child labor is formally defined based on two factors such as “type of labor” and “minimum appropriate age for that labor” in different states. Generally, child laborer refers to the one who is involved in activities which are detrimental to his or her physical, mental, social, moral, and behavioral health and overlap with the child’s education.
The appropriate age for each job is determined based on the effects of that job on the child’s health and growth. Based on this, International Labor Organization Convention No. 138 has determined a minimum age for different occupations, and if a child under that certain age is engaged in certain occupation is called a child laborer. These ages include 18 years for high-risk occupations (occupations that endanger the child’s physical, mental or moral health), 13-15 years for light occupations (occupations that do not threaten the child’s health or safety and prevent them from schooling), Of course, 12-14 years may be acceptable in poor countries under certain conditions.
Child labor has existed to varying extent throughout history; but with the commencement of public literacy and the changes in working conditions during industrialization, the concepts of rights to work and children’s rights were discussed and debated publically. Child labor is still prevalent in places where the age for school dropout is low. The issue of child laborer is somehow complex and is influenced by several factors including family structure, poverty, accidental economic changes caused by war and etc. – which result in migration to neighboring countries so as to work for higher wages – and cost of tuition and wrong educational system.
Child laborers live in an unhealthy condition in terms of nutrition, hygiene and carry out hazardous works. They can be easily an instrument of professional bands, including robbers or drug trafficking gangs, founders of morally corrupt centers and so on. Similarly, dropping out of school prevent them to compete with their fellow children in improving a healthy life.
According to the International Labor Organization (ILO), 250 million children aged 5 to 14 are globally deprived of their childhood each year. According to these statistics, 120 million of them enter the labor market and are engaged in full-time activities. Except for manual labor; the children trafficked are exposed to the use of prostitution and their body organs are sold.
According to existing statistics, there are more than 1.9 million labor children in Afghanistan - if it can be trusted. Child laborers in Afghanistan are also in an alarming situation. They are working in carpentry factories, car manufacturing, kilns, bakeries and salesmanship in the market. Many of these children are deprived of their basic rights and have to work from dawn to dusk to earn a living. Many of these children face violence at work, sexual harassment, overwork, and abuse. On the other hand, these children are deprived of going to school and adequate education opportunities.
If we consider the factors of increasing the annual number of child labor in Afghanistan, it will be realized that cultural and ethnic misperception have been effective. For instance, some cultural norms suggest that a boy has to work to become a man or a girl does not need to study because she has to get married early. So instead of going to school, she should do the household chores to get ready for marriage; but this is part of the story. The unending war and poverty are the most fundamental factors that drive children to the streets to beg or labor. At least in the past two decades of fighting, hundreds of families have turned dysfunctional. A child who has lost a father or lives with a disabled father in a poor country like Afghanistan, where “the government has no plan to solve this problem,” must forget about school and library and has to endure manual labor and backbreaking activities to survive. Employers are likely to exploit child laborers sexually, especially when there is cultural and sexual poverty.
It is obvious that all children who work on the streets have suffered psychologically and physically. More importantly, they are denied from going to school and education opportunities. Being deprived of school and university, the two million street child laborers, whose future is unknown, is unguaranteed not to join members of mafia gangs, organized robbers or major criminals?
If this potential threat is not taken into consideration seriously, the circle of breakers of social-discipline will expand in the future.
Go Top |
Low Birth Weight
Get Low Birth Weight essential facts below. View Videos or join the Low Birth Weight discussion. Add Low Birth Weight to your PopFlock.com topic list for future reference or share this resource on social media.
Low Birth Weight
Low birth weight may be a result of preterm birth.
Low birth weight (LBW) is defined by the World Health Organization as a birth weight of an infant of 2,499 g (5 lb 8.1 oz) or less, regardless of gestational age.[1] Infants born with LBW have added health risks which require close management, often in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). They are also at increased risk for long-term health conditions which require follow-up over time.
Birth weight may be classified as:[2]
• High birth weight (macrosomia): greater than 4,200 g (9 lb 4 oz)
• Normal weight (term delivery): 2,500-4,200 g (5 lb 8 oz-9 lb 4 oz)
• Low birth weight: less than 2,500 g (5 lb 8 oz)
• Very low birth weight: less than 1,500 g (3 lb 5 oz)
• Extremely low birth weight: less than 1,000 g (2 lb 3 oz)
LBW is either caused by preterm birth (that is, a low gestational age at birth, commonly defined as younger than 37 weeks of gestation) or the infant being small for gestational age (that is, a slow prenatal growth rate), or a combination of both.[]
In general, risk factors in the mother that may contribute to low birth weight include young ages, multiple pregnancies, previous LBW infants, poor nutrition, heart disease or hypertension, untreated celiac disease, drug addiction, alcohol abuse, and insufficient prenatal care. It can also be caused by prelabor rupture of membranes.[3] Environmental risk factors include smoking, lead exposure, and other types of air pollutions.[4][5][6]
Preterm birth
The mechanism of preterm birth is heterogeneous and poorly understood. It may be tied to one or more of the following processes: premature fetal endocrine activation, intrauterine inflammation, over-distension of the uterus, and endometrial bleeding. A prominent risk factor for preterm birth is prior history of preterm delivery. However, there is no reliable protocol for screening and prevention of preterm birth.[7]
Small for gestational age
Infants born small for gestational age may be constitutionally small, with no associated pathologic process. Others have intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) due to any of various pathologic processes. Babies with chromosomal abnormalities or other congenital anomalies may manifest IUGR as part of their syndrome. Problems with the placenta can prevent it from providing adequate oxygen and nutrients to the fetus, resulting in growth restriction. Infections during pregnancy that affect the fetus, such as rubella, cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis, and syphilis, may also affect the baby's weight.[]
Environmental factors
Maternal tobacco smoking doubles risk of LBW for the infant.[8] More recently, passive maternal smoking has been examined for possible effects on birth weight, and has been shown to increase risk of LBW by 16%.[9]
Air pollutants
The combustion products of solid fuel in developing countries can cause many adverse health issues in people. Because a majority of pregnant women in developing countries, where rate of LBW is high, are heavily exposed to indoor air pollution, increased relative risk translates into substantial population attributable risk of 21% of LBW.[10]
Particulate matter, a component of ambient air pollution, is associated with increased risk of low birth weight.[11][12] Because particulate matter is composed of extremely small particles, even nonvisible levels can be inhaled and present harm to the fetus.[13] Particulate matter exposure can cause inflammation, oxidative stress, endocrine disruption, and impaired oxygen transport access to the placenta, all of which are mechanisms for heightening the risk of low birth weight.[14] To reduce exposure to particulate matter, pregnant women can monitor the EPA's Air Quality Index and take personal precautionary measures such as reducing outdoor activity on low quality days, avoiding high-traffic roads/intersections, and/or wearing personal protective equipment (i.e., facial mask of industrial design). Indoor exposure to particulate matter can also be reduced through adequate ventilation, as well as use of clean heating and cooking methods.[15][16]
A correlation between maternal exposure to carbon monoxide (CO) and low birth weight has been reported that the effect on birth weight of increased ambient CO was as large as the effect of the mother smoking a pack of cigarettes per day during pregnancy.[17] It has been revealed that adverse reproductive effects (e.g., risk for LBW) were correlated with maternal exposure to CO emissions in Eastern Europe and North America.[18] Mercury is a known toxic heavy metal that can harm fetal growth and health, and there has been evidence showing that exposure to mercury (via consumption of large oily fish) during pregnancy may be related to higher risks of LBW in the offspring.[19]
Other exposures
Elevated blood lead levels in pregnant women, even those well below the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's 10 ug/dL "level of concern", can cause miscarriage, premature birth, and LBW in the offspring.[20] Exposure of pregnant women to airplane noise was found to be associated with low birth weight via adverse effects on fetal growth.[21] Prevalence of low birth weight in Japan is associated with radiation doses from the Fukushima accidents of March 2011.[22]
Periodontal health
Low birth weight, preterm birth and preeclampsia have been associated with maternal periodontal disease, though the strength of the observed associations is inconsistent and varies according to the population studied, the means of periodontal assessment and the periodontal disease classification employed.[23] The risk of low birth weight can be reduced with treatment of the periodontal disease. This therapy is safe during pregnancy and reduces the inflammatory burden, thus decreasing risk for preterm birth and low birth weight.[24]
Temperature regulation
Skin-to-skin contact with the mother can help with thermoregulation.
Low birth weight babies often spend time in a temperature-controlled incubator due to their inability to maintain core body temperature.
LBW newborns are at increased risk of hypothermia due to decreased brown fat stores. Plastic wraps, heated pads, and skin-to-skin contact decrease risk of hypothermia immediately after delivery. One or more of these interventions may be employed, though combinations incur risk of hyperthermia.[25] Warmed incubators in the NICU aid in thermoregulation for LBW infants.[]
Fluid and electrolyte balance
Frequent clinical monitoring of volume status and checking of serum electrolytes (up to three times daily) is appropriate to prevent dehydration, fluid overload, and electrolyte imbalance.[26] VLBW newborns have an increased body surface to weight ratio, increasing risk for insensible fluid losses and dehydration.[27] Humidified incubators and skin emollients can lessen insensible fluid loss in VLBW newborns.[26] However, fluid overloading is not benign; it is associated with increased risk of congestive heart failure, necrotizing enterocolitis, and mortality. A degree of fluid restriction mitigates these risks.[26]
VLBW newborns are at risk for electrolyte imbalances due to the relative immaturity of the nephrons in their kidneys. The kidneys are not equipped to handle large sodium loads. Therefore, if normal saline is given, the sodium level may become elevated, which may prompt the clinician to give more fluids. Sodium restriction has been shown to prevent fluid overload.[26]Potassium must also be monitored carefully, as immature aldosterone sensitivity and sodium-potassium pumping increases risk for hyperkalemia and cardiac arrhythmias.[26]
VLBW newborns are frequently found to have a persistently patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). If present, it is important to evaluate whether the PDA is causing increased circulatory volume, thus posing risk for heart failure. Signs of clinically significant PDA include widened pulse pressure and bounding pulses. In newborns with significant PDA, fluid restriction may avoid the need for surgical or medical therapy to close it.[26]
Approach to nutrition
As their gastrointestinal systems are typically unready for enteral feeds at the time of birth, VLBW infants require initial parenteral infusion of fluids, macronutrients, vitamins, and micronutrients.[27]
Energy needs
Decreased activity compared to normal weight newborns may decrease energy requirements, while comorbidities such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia may increase them. Daily weight gain can reveal whether a VLBW newborn is receiving adequate calories. Growth of 21 g/kg/day, mirroring in utero growth, is a target for VLBW and ELBW neonates.[27]
Enteral sources
Upon transitioning to enteral nutrition, human milk is preferable to formula initially in VLBW newborns because it speeds up development of the intestinal barrier and thereby reduces risk of necrotizing enterocolitis,[27] with an absolute risk reduction of 4%.[28]Donor human milk and maternal expressed breast milk are both associated with this benefit.[29] One drawback of human milk is the imprecision in its calorie content. The fat content in human milk varies greatly among women; therefore, the energy content of human milk cannot be known as precisely as formula.[27] Each time human milk is transferred between containers, some of the fat content may stick to the container, decreasing the energy content. Minimizing transfers of human milk between containers decreases the amount of energy loss.[27] Formula is associated with greater linear growth and weight gain than donor breast milk in LBW infants.[29]
Individual nutrient considerations
VLBW newborns are at increased risk for hypoglycemia due to decreased energy reserves and large brain mass to body mass ratio. Hypoglycemia may be prevented by intravenous infusion of glucose, amino acids, and lipids.[27] These patients are also at risk of hyperglycemia due to immature insulin secretion and sensitivity. However, insulin supplementation is not recommended due to the possible adverse effect of hypoglycemia, which is more dangerous.[27]
VLBW newborns have increased need for amino acids to mirror in utero nutrition. Daily protein intake above 3.0 g/kg is associated with improved weight gain for LBW infants.[30] ELBW newborns may require as much as 4 g/kg/day of protein.[27]
Due to the limited solubility of calcium and phosphorus in parenteral infusions, VLBW infants receiving parenteral nutrition will be somewhat deficient of these elements and will require clinical monitoring for osteopenia.[27]
One Cochrane review showed administration of erythropoietin (EPO) decreases later need for blood transfusions, and also is associated with protection against necrotizing enterocolitis and intraventricular hemorrhage. EPO is safe and does not increase risk of mortality or retinopathy of prematurity.[31]
Perinatal outcomes
Low birth weight infants may require respiratory support such as intubation and mechanical ventilation due to lung immaturity.
LBW is closely associated with fetal and perinatal mortality and morbidity, inhibited growth and cognitive development, and chronic diseases later in life. At the population level, the proportion of babies with a LBW is an indicator of a multifaceted public-health problem that includes long-term maternal malnutrition, ill health, hard work and poor health care in pregnancy. On an individual basis, LBW is an important predictor of newborn health and survival and is associated with higher risk of infant and childhood mortality.[32]
Low birth weight constitutes as sixty to eighty percent of the infant mortality rate in developing countries. Infant mortality due to low birth weight is usually directly causal, stemming from other medical complications such as preterm birth, PPROM,[33] poor maternal nutritional status, lack of prenatal care, maternal sickness during pregnancy, and an unhygienic home environment.[34]
Long term outcomes
Hyponatremia in the newborn period is associated with neurodevelopmental conditions such as spastic cerebral palsy and sensorineural hearing loss. Rapid correction of hyponatremia (faster than 0.4 mEq/L/hour) perinatally is also associated with neurodevelopmental adverse effects.[26] Among VLBW children, risk for cognitive impairment is increased with lower birth weight, male sex, nonwhite ethnicity, and lower parental education level. There is no clear association between brain injury in the neonatal period and later cognitive impairment.[35]
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates the worldwide prevalence of low birth weight at 15% as of 2014, and varies by region: Sub-Saharan Africa, 13%; South Asia, 28%; East Asia and the Pacific, 6%; Latin America and the Caribbean, 9%.[36] Aggregate prevalence of LBW in United Nations-designated Least Developed Countries[37] is 13%.[36] The WHO has set a goal of reducing worldwide prevalence of LBW by 30% through public health interventions including improved prenatal care and women's education.[36]
In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports 313,752 LBW infants in 2018, for a prevalence of 8.28%.[38] This is increased from an estimated 6.1% prevalence in 2011 by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ).[39] The CDC reported prevalence of VLBW at 1.38% in 2018, similar to the 2011 AHRQ estimate.[39]
1. ^ P07 - Disorders related to short gestation and low birth weight in ICD-10
3. ^ Rizzo, Nicola; Simonazzi, Giuliana; Curti, Alessandra (2015-09-24). "Obstetrical risk factors of ELBW". Italian Journal of Pediatrics. 41 (Suppl 1): A35. doi:10.1186/1824-7288-41-S1-A35. ISSN 1824-7288. PMC 4595176.
4. ^ "Labor and delivery - Low Birth Weight". Umm.edu. 2008-10-22. Archived from the original on 2011-08-20. Retrieved .
5. ^ Tersigni, C.; Castellani, R.; de Waure, C.; Fattorossi, A.; De Spirito, M.; Gasbarrini, A.; Scambia, G.; Di Simone, N. (2014). "Celiac disease and reproductive disorders: meta-analysis of epidemiologic associations and potential pathogenic mechanisms". Human Reproduction Update. 20 (4): 582-593. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmu007. ISSN 1355-4786. PMID 24619876.
6. ^ Saccone G, Berghella V, Sarno L, Maruotti GM, Cetin I, Greco L, Khashan AS, McCarthy F, Martinelli D, Fortunato F, Martinelli P (Oct 9, 2015). "Celiac disease and obstetric complications: a systematic review and metaanalysis". Am J Obstet Gynecol. 214 (2): 225-34. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2015.09.080. PMID 26432464.
7. ^ Simhan HN, Caritis SN (2007). "Prevention of Preterm Delivery". New England Journal of Medicine. 357 (5): 477-487. doi:10.1056/NEJMra050435. PMID 17671256.
8. ^ Knopik, Valerie S. (2009). "Maternal smoking during pregnancy and child outcomes: real or spurious effect?". Developmental Neuropsychology. 34 (1): 1-36. doi:10.1080/87565640802564366. ISSN 1532-6942. PMC 3581055. PMID 19142764.
9. ^ Salmasi, Giselle; Grady, Rosheen; Jones, Jennifer; McDonald, Sarah D.; Knowledge Synthesis Group (2010). "Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and perinatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analyses". Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 89 (4): 423-441. doi:10.3109/00016340903505748. ISSN 1600-0412. PMID 20085532. S2CID 9206564.
10. ^ Pope, Daniel P.; Mishra, Vinod; Thompson, Lisa; Siddiqui, Amna Rehana; Rehfuess, Eva A.; Weber, Martin; Bruce, Nigel G. (2010). "Risk of low birth weight and stillbirth associated with indoor air pollution from solid fuel use in developing countries". Epidemiologic Reviews. 32: 70-81. doi:10.1093/epirev/mxq005. ISSN 1478-6729. PMID 20378629.
11. ^ EPA, OAR, US (2014-04-09). "Criteria Air Pollutants". www.epa.gov. Retrieved .
12. ^ Li, Xiangyu; Huang, Shuqiong; Jiao, Anqi; Yang, Xuhao; Yun, Junfeng; Wang, Yuxin; Xue, Xiaowei; Chu, Yuanyuan; Liu, Feifei; Liu, Yisi; Ren, Meng (Aug 2017). "Association between ambient fine particulate matter and preterm birth or term low birth weight: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis". Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex: 1987). 227: 596-605. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2017.03.055. ISSN 1873-6424. PMID 28457735.
13. ^ "CDC - Air Quality - Particle Pollution". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved .
14. ^ Erickson, Anders C.; Arbour, Laura (2014-11-26). "The Shared Pathoetiological Effects of Particulate Air Pollution and the Social Environment on Fetal-Placental Development". Journal of Environmental and Public Health. 2014: 901017. doi:10.1155/2014/901017. ISSN 1687-9805. PMC 4276595. PMID 25574176.
15. ^ "Particulate matter". EPA. 2009-05-19. Archived from the original on 2009-06-04.
16. ^ US EPA National Center for Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park NC, Environmental Media Assessment Group; Sacks, Jason. "2009 Final Report: Integrated Science Assessment for Particulate Matter". cfpub.epa.gov. Retrieved .CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
17. ^ Lewtas, Joellen (Nov 2007). "Air pollution combustion emissions: characterization of causative agents and mechanisms associated with cancer, reproductive, and cardiovascular effects". Mutation Research. 636 (1-3): 95-133. doi:10.1016/j.mrrev.2007.08.003. ISSN 0027-5107. PMID 17951105.
18. ^ Townsend CL, Maynard RL (Oct 2002). "Effects on health of prolonged exposure to low concentrations of carbon monoxide". Occup Environ Med. 59 (10): 708-11. doi:10.1136/oem.59.10.708. PMC 1740215. PMID 12356933.
19. ^ Gochfeld M, Burger J (Aug 2005). "Good fish/bad fish: a composite benefit-risk by dose curve". Neurotoxicology. 26 (4): 511-20. doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2004.12.010. PMID 15979722.
20. ^ Cleveland, Lisa M.; Minter, Monica L.; Cobb, Kathleen A.; Scott, Anthony A.; German, Victor F. (Oct 2008). "Lead hazards for pregnant women and children: part 1: immigrants and the poor shoulder most of the burden of lead exposure in this country. Part 1 of a two-part article details how exposure happens, whom it affects, and the harm it can do". The American Journal of Nursing. 108 (10): 40-49, quiz 50. doi:10.1097/01.NAJ.0000337736.76730.66. ISSN 1538-7488. PMID 18827541.
21. ^ Kawada T (Feb 2004). "The effect of noise on the health of children". Journal of Nippon Medical School. 71 (1): 5-10. doi:10.1272/jnms.71.5. PMID 15129589.
22. ^ Scherb H, Hayashi K (July 2020). "Spatiotemporal association of low birth weight with Cs-137 deposition at the prefecture level in Japan after the Fukushima nuclear power plant accidents: an analytical-ecologic epidemiological study". Environmental Health. 19 (1): 82. doi:10.1186/s12940-020-00630-w. PMC 7346451. PMID 32646457.
23. ^ Sanz, M (April 2013). "Periodontitis and adverse pregnancy outcomes: consensus report of the Joint EFP/AAP Workshop on Periodontitis and Systemic Diseases". J Periodontol. 84 (4 suppl): S164-9. doi:10.1902/jop.2013.1340016. PMID 23631576.
24. ^ Shah, Monali (November 2013). "Effect of nonsurgical periodontal therapy during gestation period on adverse pregnancy outcome: a systematic review". J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 26 (17): 1691-5. doi:10.3109/14767058.2013.799662. PMID 23617740. S2CID 23564952.
25. ^ McCall, Emma M.; Alderdice, Fiona; Halliday, Henry L.; Vohra, Sunita; Johnston, Linda (12 Feb 2018). "Interventions to prevent hypothermia at birth in preterm and/or low birth weight infants". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2: CD004210. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004210.pub5. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 6491068. PMID 29431872.
26. ^ a b c d e f g Evidence-based handbook of neonatology. Oh, William. New Jersey: World Scientific. 2011. pp. 267-290. ISBN 978-981-4313-46-9. OCLC 775591575.CS1 maint: others (link)
27. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Evidence-based handbook of neonatology. Oh, William. New Jersey: World Scientific. 2011. pp. 291-315. ISBN 978-981-4313-46-9. OCLC 775591575.CS1 maint: others (link)
28. ^ Miller, Jacqueline; Tonkin, Emma; Damarell, Raechel A.; McPhee, Andrew J.; Suganuma, Machiko; Suganuma, Hiroki; Middleton, Philippa F.; Makrides, Maria; Collins, Carmel T. (2018-05-31). "A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Human Milk Feeding and Morbidity in Very Low Birth Weight Infants". Nutrients. 10 (6): 707. doi:10.3390/nu10060707. ISSN 2072-6643. PMC 6024377. PMID 29857555.
29. ^ a b Quigley, Maria; Embleton, Nicholas D.; McGuire, William (July 19, 2019). "Formula versus donor breast milk for feeding preterm or low birth weight infants". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 7: CD002971. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002971.pub5. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 6640412. PMID 31322731.
30. ^ Fenton, Tanis R.; Premji, Shahirose S.; Al-Wassia, Heidi; Sauve, Reg S. (2014-04-21). "Higher versus lower protein intake in formula-fed low birth weight infants". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (4): CD003959. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003959.pub3. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 7104240. PMID 24752987.
31. ^ Ohlsson, Arne; Aher, Sanjay M. (2020-02-11). "Early erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in preterm or low birth weight infants". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2: CD004863. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004863.pub6. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 7014351. PMID 32048730.
32. ^ Stevens-Simon C, Orleans M (Sep 1999). "Low-birthweight prevention programs: the enigma of failure". Birth. 26 (3): 184-91. doi:10.1046/j.1523-536x.1999.00184.x. PMID 10655819.
33. ^ Kalikkot Thekkeveedu, Renjithkumar; Guaman, Milenka Cuevas; Shivanna, Binoy (November 2017). "Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: A review of pathogenesis and pathophysiology". Respiratory Medicine. 132: 170-177. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2017.10.014. ISSN 1532-3064. PMC 5729938. PMID 29229093.
34. ^ Andrews, K.M.; Brouillette, D.B; Brouillette, R.T. (2008). "Mortality, Infant". Encyclopedia of Infant and Early Childhood Development. pp. 343-359. doi:10.1016/B978-012370877-9.00084-0. ISBN 9780123708779.
35. ^ Linsell, Louise; Malouf, Reem; Morris, Joan; Kurinczuk, Jennifer J.; Marlow, Neil (Dec 2015). "Prognostic Factors for Poor Cognitive Development in Children Born Very Preterm or With Very Low Birth Weight: A Systematic Review". JAMA Pediatrics. 169 (12): 1162-1172. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.2175. ISSN 2168-6211. PMC 5122448. PMID 26457641.
36. ^ a b c "Global nutrition targets 2025: low birth weight policy brief". www.who.int. Retrieved .
37. ^ "UNSD -- Methodology: Standard country or area codes for statistical use (M49)". unstats.un.org. Retrieved .
38. ^ "FastStats - Birthweight and Gestation". www.cdc.gov. 2020-08-04. Retrieved .
39. ^ a b Kowlessar N.M., Jiang H.J., and Steiner C. Hospital Stays for Newborns, 2011. HCUP Statistical Brief #163. October 2013. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. [1]
Music Scenes |
Brain expansion (Evolution)
by David Turell @, Wednesday, July 01, 2020, 18:05 (201 days ago) @ dhw
DAVID: The usual 'anything is possible' interpretation, but a change from the past approach in a way. Your past thought was that a design/ concept originated in a smaller brain which then enlarged only when the concept was manufactured using the new brain. But you are now accepting a bigger brain appears first followed by long stasis. So I raise the same question I've had. If the idea exists, why the stasis?
dhw: There is no change, but simply a continued muddling of my theory on your part. Once more: small brain comes up with new big idea. Brain expands through implementation of idea. Artefact and expanded brain appear simultaneously because it was the process of designing and manufacturing the original concept that CAUSED the bigger brain! After that, plenty more artefacts but no more “big ideas” whose implementation demands greater capacity, and so there is a period of stasis. I don’t know why you find this so difficult to understand.
I've understood your fantasy. The brain expands with no stasis, makes its new idea and then goes to sleep for some time for a delayed stasis. The only problem for you is the history we know of sapiens. The Moroccan 315,000 yo fossils did not come with new artifacts. Then nothing for 250,000 years.
DAVID: The bold is your misunderstanding. We both agree, The brain cannot think without the soul.
dhw: We emphatically disagree! The dualist’s brain does not do the thinking! The soul does the thinking, and uses the brain, as above.
I've said the same thing in different words. Brain 'thinking' is soul driven. Brain cannot think without the soul using it.
dhw: […] this still doesn’t solve the mystery of why your God gave sapiens his big brain BEFORE it was needed, and how sapiens was able to learn to use it by doing nothing.
DAVID: We know the brain was oversized, but my explanation is that the extra neuron circuits allowed for a well-designed complexification.
dhw: The extra neurons proved to be unnecessary! Complexification worked without them, which is why they disappeared.
Already answered:
DAVID: God gave us free will and I don't think He knew exactly how we would develop our use of the brain. As an example, we invented our complex language. He did not give it to us, but all the parts of the brain we use in speaking, reading, and writing were there for us to incorporate them.
dhw: I’m quite happy with the concept of a God who doesn’t know what’s coming. It actually forms part of my own theory of evolution generally, if you remember. And it fits in nicely with your perfect God who can’t create a perfect system, or with my God who deliberately creates an imperfect system. All rather “humanizing”, but as you rightly say, God probably has patterns of thought similar to ours. I don’t know how this explains his giving us more neurons than we needed. And how about when he expanded the brains of all our predecessors? Do you think he knew or didn’t know they would produce their various tools and weapons? I must say I've lost the thread of this discussion, so I eagerly await an explanation of the point you are trying to make.
You seem to have forgotten free will. I don't, as above, think God knows exactly what we will come up with as time passes. The bold, as you keep deliberately repeating, is wrong. God thinks logically as we do, but nothing more in terms of humanized desires on His part. Complexification, as a brain plasticity process, needed extra neuron networks for careful tailoring as sapiens developed various uses and concepts. Allows for unexpected use developments.
Complete thread:
RSS Feed of thread
powered by my little forum |
How Do You Calculate 16 On Center?
How do you calculate studs?
What are the two most common stud spacing?
Standard two-by-four studs actually measure about 1 1/2 inches by 3 1/2 inches. Studs are installed in vertical rows between the walls top and bottom plates. The studs are placed 16 inches on center for most interior load-bearing walls and non-load-bearing walls as well as exterior load-bearing walls.
How many joists is 16 feet?
Nine joistsNine joists will be needed for the 16-foot width. (I prefer to double the outside joists, as do some deck builders, which adds 2 joists, for a total of 11.
What is considered a load bearing wall?
Load-bearing walls support the weight of a floor or roof structure above and are so named because they can support a significant amount of weight. By contrast, a non-load-bearing wall, sometimes called a partition wall, is responsible only for holding up itself.
How do I make sure a wall is straight?
Snap a chalk line between the two marks you have made on the floor. Check the straightness of your wall compared with the chalk lines. To be certain that the wall is straight use your tape measure to gauge the distance between the wall and the chalk line at several points throughout its length.
How far can a beam span without support?
Why are 16 studs centered?
“16 inches on center” means the center of each 2×4 wall stud is 16 inches apart from the next one. This standard is necessary because building materials are designed to fit that space. … This uniform distance also makes it easier to locate wall studs when hanging mirrors or cabinets.
How much does a 2×4 cost?
1x LumberBoardStud*8’2×3$2.872×4$5.17$5.172×6$8.82$8.82
How many studs are in a bundle?
24 studsA lumber yard receives 24 studs in a bundle.
How far can a 2×6 span without support?
How far can a 2×6 Rafter span without support? The table states that 2 X 6 rafters spaced 16 inches on center (o.c) can span a maximum distance of 13 feet 5 inches. Another option are 2 X 8 rafters spaced 24 inches o.c.
Are studs every 16 inches?
Studs are boards that function as framing elements in your home, supporting the walls. You may wonder, how far apart are studs in my home? They’re always spaced either 16 or 24 inches on-center (measured from center to center) along the wall and run between the floor and ceiling.
Do studs have to be 16 on Center?
With studs generally 16 inches on center, you can also do calculations by measuring from a corner of the room. Now, all rooms aren’t built in numbers divisible by 16, so you are likely to have a stud that is less than 16 inches from one corner.
Are studs every 12 inches?
What does 16 inch center mean?
For example, when framing a residential stud wall, a building plan may call for the wall studs to be placed every “16 inches OC” against the floor plate and top plate. This means that the centers of the studs are placed at intervals of 16 inches. |
belief faith man sitting on rock with waves crashing
This is part 3 of a 4-part series studying what "belief" really means in the Bible. This post looks at the New Testament historical account contained in the book of Acts.
You can find the previous parts of this series here:
"Believe" in the New Testament Historical Account
"Believers" or "Brethren?"
Numerous times in the book of Acts, the NIV (2011) translation uses the word "believers" in reference to Christians (see Acts 1:15; 2:44; 4:32; 8:15; 9:30, 41; 10:23, 45; 11:1-2; 15:1-7, 22-23, 32-36, 40; 16:1-2, 15; 17:6, 10, 14; 21:25).
In fact, a search of the NIV 2011 translation reveals 30 instances of the word "believer" in the book of Acts (including section subtitles).
By contrast, the 1984 NIV translation has 16 occurrences, the NASB has 4 references, and the NKJV and YLT translations only have 1 use of the word.
This is an example of how we must be careful with various Bible translations, and using multiple translations can significantly aid our study and understanding of the intended meaning of Scripture.
To illustrate, consider how the following translations render Acts 17:6:
(Acts 17:6 NIV 2011)
(Acts 17:6 NIV 1984)
(Acts 17:6 NASB)
(Acts 17:6 YLT)
In the case of this verse, does the difference in translations result in a different understanding?
Probably not.
However, it could, depending on your understanding of the word "believer."
If you think that a believer is simply one who at least intellectually acknowledges Jesus and may or may not be an actual obedient disciple, you have one level of understanding.
If, however, you understand that the Holy Spirit says these were "brothers," then you know they are Christians indeed.
As we've seen—and continue to see—the two are not always synonymous.
Additional Uses of "Believe" in Acts
(Acts 2:42-47 NIV)
In the early church, there were simply believers and non-believers—Christians and non-Christians, although they weren't called by this name Christians yet.
(Acts 4:1-4 NIV)
(Acts 4:32 NIV)
The early Christians were unified and shared their possessions with the needy.
(Acts 5:14 NIV)
The evangelist Philip went to Samaria and preached the gospel and healed people. Many believed and obeyed the gospel message, dying to their past life of sin through the waters of baptism.
(Acts 8:5-13 NIV)
Later, a beloved Christian in the city of Joppa named Tabitha (Dorcas was her Greek name) died. Peter raised her from the dead, resulting in many people believing in Jesus.
40 Peter sent them all out of the room; then he got down on his knees and prayed. Turning toward the dead woman, he said, “Tabitha, get up.” She opened her eyes, and seeing Peter she sat up. 41 He took her by the hand and helped her to her feet. Then he called for the believers [literally, the saints], especially the widows, and presented her to them alive. 42 This became known all over Joppa, and many people believed in the Lord. 43 Peter stayed in Joppa for some time with a tanner named Simon.
(Acts 9:40-43 NIV)
While Peter stayed at Simon's house, GOD was preparing to demonstrate His acceptance of Gentile believers, beginning with those from the house of Cornelius, a Roman centurion.
Acts 10 tells how Cornelius saw a vision of an angel who instructed him to send for Peter in Joppa. Peter and a few others traveled from Joppa to Caesarea where Cornelius lived and Peter preached the gospel of Jesus to Cornelius and his family.
(Acts 10:36-48 NIV)
This is a unique situation, as GOD demonstrated His approval and acceptance of these first Gentiles believers by giving them the miraculous ability provided by the Holy Spirit of speaking in other languages (tongues) before they were baptized.
Peter and his companions, seeing this, immediately baptized them into Jesus.
This is an important and curious action by Peter.
Why baptize with water these people whom GOD had clearly shown had His favor?
Because Jesus said that's when sins are forgiven—when the believer is immersed in water (see Matt. 28:18-20; Mark 16:16; John 3:5).
So, here again, belief resulted in action.
Later, as Peter defended his actions with Cornelius and his family, he explained that it was this sign of speaking in tongues that helped him conclude GOD's acceptance of these Gentiles:
(Acts 11:15-18 NIV)
Returning to the point made at the beginning of Acts 8, Luke wrote:
(Acts 11:19-21 NIV)
The Holy Spirit called Barnabas and Paul and sent them on a journey to preach the gospel. When they came to the island of Cyprus, they encountered a false prophet and sorceror named Bar-Jesus (also called Elymas).
(Acts 13:6-12 NIV)
Paul, preaching the gospel at Antioch of Pisidia, said:
41 “‘Look, you scoffers,
wonder and perish,
for I am going to do something in your days
that you would never believe,
even if someone told you.’”
(Acts 13:38-41 NIV)
This is another passage that, when taken alone, leads many into thinking that sins are forgiven at the point that an individual intellectually acknowledges Jesus to be the Son of GOD. (Note that Paul was quoting from the Old Testament here, long before Jesus commanded baptism.)
As we've seen previously from Scripture, however, this is not the case, as intellectual acknowledgment was followed by water baptism.
Paul and Barnabas had been asked to come back and speak again the next Saturday about Jesus there in Antioch of Pisidia.
Luke wrote:
“‘I have made you a light for the Gentiles,
(Acts 13:44-48 NIV)
After being cast out of the region of Pisidia, Paul and Barnabas went to Iconium.
(Acts 14:1-4 NIV)
Once this trip had concluded, Paul and Barnabas returned to Antioch.
At some point during their time there, certain Jews came from Judea teaching that the Christians had to obey the Law of Moses in order to be saved. Paul and Barnabas argued strongly against this false teaching, and eventually the group decided some of them should go to Jerusalem and ask the apostles and elders there about the matter.
(Acts 15:4-11 NIV)
The apostles and elders at Jerusalem determined to send a letter by the hands of Paul and Barnabas to the Christians in Antioch in order to clear up the matter.
After some days in Antioch, Paul took Silas to revisit the churches Paul had established on his previous trip with Barnabas. Eventually, they came to Lystra.
(Acts 16:1-5 NKJV)
After being led by the Holy Spirit to the region of Macedonia, the travelers came to Philippi, where they met a woman named Lydia.
(Acts 16:11-15 NIV)
This text is most helpful to our study.
First, we see this woman, Lydia, was "a worshiper of God." The very next thing we learn is that, once Paul preached the gospel to her, she was baptized.
Why was she baptized here, being already a worshiper?
Because Jesus said baptism was required in order to have your sins forgiven (see Matt. 28:18-20; Mark 16:15-16; Acts 2:38).
Then, Lydia extended an offer to host Paul and his companions, if they considered her to be a believer.
This word translated "believer" in the NIV 2011 is the Greek word πιστός, ή, όν, which means "trustworthy, faithful, believing." In fact, the NKJV translates the word as "faithful" in Acts 16:15.
So, once again, we learn that one who believes is one who follows in obedience.
One who believes is one who follows. The two are inseparable. Click to Tweet
After these things, Paul and Silas were imprisoned in Philippi.
That night, as they sang praises to GOD, there was a great earthquake that shook the foundations of the prison and unlocked and opened all the prison doors. The jailer was about to kill himself, assuming the prisoners had escaped. However, Paul called out to him not to harm himself because they were all still there.
(Acts 16:29-34 NIV)
Once again, we see the same behavior here as with Lydia.
The jailer was told to believe in Jesus, which he did, and then he and his family were baptized into Jesus to wash their sins away.
Note that their baptism was immediate and not scheduled for later. This is because until they were immersed, they remained in their sins, just as Paul was after he recognized Jesus as Lord (see Acts 22:6-8, 16).
Paul and company left Philippi and went to Thessalonica where some obeyed the gospel, but once again, the disbelieving Jews stirred up trouble against Paul and his fellow workers, so they left for Berea.
Regarding the Jews of Berea, Luke wrote:
(Acts 17:11-12 NIV)
When the wicked Jews stirred up trouble for the missionaries, Paul left, but Silas and Timothy stayed behind to work with the Christians in Berea.
Paul went to Athens and called for Silas and Timothy to join him, so they did. Paul preached Jesus to the philosophers at the Areopagus in Athens. Some believed the gospel.
(Acts 17:32-34 NIV)
When Paul left Athens, he traveled to Corinth. During his time there, Crispus, ruler of the synagogue, obeyed the gospel.
(Acts 18:8 NKJV)
When this second missionary journey was completed, Paul returned to Antioch. After some time there, he returned on a third trip, to Galatia and Phyrgia to strengthen the Christians there. At this time a Jew named Apollos came to Ephesus teaching of Jesus.
(Acts 18:24-28 NIV)
Afterward, Paul came to Ephesus and found some disciples who hadn't been baptized.
“John’s baptism,” they replied.
(Acts 19:1-7 NIV)
Luke continued:
(Acts 19:8-10 NIV)
While in Ephesus, GOD worked mightily through Paul.
On one occasion, some Jews tried to cast out an evil spirit in the name of Jesus. The spirit confessed his knowledge of Jesus and Paul but asked who they were, then proceeded to give them a beating, so they fled naked and bleeding.
(Acts 19:17-18 NIV)
After Paul finally made it to Jerusalem carrying the offerings for the needy saints in Judea, he met with the Christians there. The elders and James were concerned about the Jewish Christians who had heard rumors about Paul, so they devised a plan to allay their fears.
(Acts 21:17-25 NIV)
Paul took these four men mentioned in Acts 21:23-24 to the temple to fulfill their vow.
When he was there, however, some unbelieving Jews recognized Paul and started a riot as they tried to kill him.
The Roman soldiers stepped in and rescued Paul. They took him to their barracks, where he spoke to the crowd in the Hebrew language. Paul recounted how he had persecuted the church until Jesus appeared to him on the road to Damascus. He told of his salvation.
At the end of his message, Paul said:
(Acts 22:17-21 NIV)
At this, the Jews were enraged because Paul said he had been sent to preach the gospel to the Gentiles. The Romans put Paul in prison where he interacted regularly with the governor Felix, and also spoke with his successor Festus and King Agrippa. Paul defended himself against the Jews' accusations before Felix, during which he said:
(Acts 24:13-16 NIV)
During his conversation with King Agrippa, Paul concluded his message by asking:
(Acts 26:27 NIV)
Unfortunately, Agrippa refused to submit to the will of GOD, at least at this time.
Ultimately, Paul appealed to Caesar, which was his right as a Roman citizen. He sailed, under Roman centurion guard, to Rome where he lived under house arrest for two years.
While there, Paul met at least twice with the Jewish leaders who were in Rome in an attempt to persuade them regarding his innocence and the gospel.
Regarding their second meeting, Luke wrote:
(Acts 28:23-24 NIV)
The New Testament historical account concludes with Paul's time in this house in Rome.
The book of Acts contains most valuable insights into the biblical concept of belief, showing us that it is much more than a simple intellectual acknowledgement of truth.
➡️ Part 4: Belief in the New Testament Letters.
Author Info
Tim Harris
Author: Tim Harris
About Me
Are you hungry for more?
– Get fed weekly with our encouraging and challenging emails.
Recent posts |
ANSAN, South Korea – Seoul Viosys(KOSDAQ: 092190) and Sensor Electronic Technology, Inc. (“SETi”), leading global innovators of UV LED products and technology, announced that that it has been successful in achieving 99.9% sterilization of coronavirus (COVID-19) in 30 seconds. Tests were conducted with the research group of Korea University, Korea’s top rank university, by using a compound semiconductor Violeds technology that is being mass-produced.
As COVID-19 spread throughout the world, SETi and Seoul Viosys, the fourth-largest global LED maker of Seoul Semiconductor’s affiliates, devoted resources to show how Violeds technology can directly sterilize the virus. The goal has always been to provide technology for a cleaner world, and this includes minimizing the spread of COVID-19, while the company will quickly offer strong sterilization solutions for coronavirus in air as well as surface of goods such as facial masks and smartphones. In addition to the new coronavirus, the violeds technology used in this study has already been proven to sterilize 99.9% harmful bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella Pneumonlae, Salmonella typhimurium.
In the study by SETi and Seoul Viosys, Violeds technology is used to show just how strong the sterilization effect can be on COVID-19 when exposed to Violeds photons for 30 seconds. The study also finds the coronavirus becomes even more sterile when placed closer to the photon with longer exposure time. In addition to testing the coronavirus, the Violeds technology also proved to be successful in sterilizing 99.9% of other harmful bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus Aureus, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Klebsiella Pneumonlae, and Salmonella Typhimurium.
Fig 1. COVID-19 after sterilized by Violeds
Fig 2. Exposure time vs. Virus sterilization rate (Distance from Violeds to virus: 3cm)
Violeds, compound semiconductor technology, is the brand name of technology that utilizes UV LED for sterilization and deodorization functions. This concept clean technology has been developed by Seoul Viosys with SETi since 2005 to prevent germ proliferation through the use of a light source (photon) without the need of chemicals that could be harmful to humans. Violeds technology, which has been recognized for its excellent sterilization and stability, has also been used to clean environments for astronauts at NASA’s space station in the United States. Until now, general commercial applications have been limited, as their lifetime was too short for prolonged use. However, since 2019, new patented technology has extend the previous life span by 50,000 hours, making it now the optimal solution for air purification and water sterilization products.
Seoul Semiconductor, Seoul Viosys of South Korea, and SETi Inc. of the United States, focuses solely on compound semiconductors. The company holds more than 14,000 patents, in addition to spending over $100 million a year on research and development. CEO Chung Hoon Lee, who is son of farmer himself, said when Jimmy Carter, the son of a farmer, became the president of the United States, It has become a turning point in life. He express “new history in the light” and “I hope this success story will be a small but heart-breaking story for small and medium-sized manufacturing companies and young start-ups who dreaming of manufacturing”.
# # #
About Seoul Viosys
About SETi
Sensor Electronic Technology, inc. (SETi), a division of Seoul Semiconductor and Seoul Viosys, is a company based in Columbia, South Carolina, founded in 1999 by four Ph.D., for research and development of compound semiconductors in the United States. In 2005, SETi receive the investment and R&D fund from Seoul Semiconductor and Seoulviosys. For the development project, SETi is also working with the University of South Carolina and the University of California at Santa Barbara, adding depth to its research and development.
Currently, SETi is the only company in the world that can produce UV LEDs from 200nm to 430 nm. To learn more, visit
Fig 3. The history of Seoul Viosys
Media Contacts:
Seoul Semiconductor Co., Ltd.
Jeonghee Kim
Tel: +82-70-4391-8311
North America
Andrew Smith
Tel: (901) 831-6614
Sales Contacts:
Mike Berens
Dong Ju Kim
Marko Hofmann
02 Apr |
Protection for an Empath
Empathic ability exists on a spectrum. Within this spectrum are three main categories of ability: High Sensing Person, Empath, and Clairsentient. Though they have similarities, each distinguishes itself from the others in subtle, but important, ways.
Here is a snapshot of empath abilities :
• High Sensing Person – High sensing individuals are able to take in and process external stimuli at a higher rate due to higher functioning brain waves. These people have sensitive hearing, sight, taste, smell and touch. Reaction to stimulus occurs at a greater frequency due to the stimuli only needing to be minor. Example : An HSP would find the flapping of moth wings behind a closed window to be irritating. As a result, they are more aware of the emotions of those around them since they read subtle clues like changes in body language and voice inflection.
• Empath – Those who are Empathic possess all of the qualities of HSP’s but are also affected physically by the energy of others in some way shape or form. They are magnetic to others and can often find themselves in unwanted situations due to others seeking their wise counsel. Those who are empathic can literally soak up the emotions and ailments of those around them. There are numerous types of empaths from animal to human to empaths who feel energy through a person’s handwriting. Empathic people often feel overwhelmed in social situations are require ample alone time to rest, recharge and reset.
• Clairsentient – One of the Clair abilities, clairsentient means “clear feeling”. Clairsentients have the signs and symptoms of HSP’s and Empaths while also setting themselves apart. Clairsentients is distinguished by physical symptoms manifested beforehand or in the moment. Example : A clairsentient may experience chills when they come in contact with negative energy. They also have the ability to discern where a feelings coming from and usually why they have the feeling. Clairsentients then navigate the feelings they experience to decipher the history behind those feelings with those living or dead.
Reference :
12 Comments Add yours
1. clcouch123 says:
I’m thankful for these clear definitions. I think these days we’re using the word empathy too loosely, when we really mean something like (or as) consideration, respect, or sympathy. These (latter) things anyone might have or acquire, whereas empathy seems more of a quality, if not a gift, one has.
Being even minimally considerate, respectful, or sympathetic can go a long way, especially communally. Empathic people could be treated in these ways, too, then positively employed for the betterment of folk getting along.
And now I’ll get off my soapbox.
Liked by 1 person
1. GS says:
Since empathy involves understanding the emotional states of other people, the way it is characterized is derivative of the way emotions themselves are characterized. If, for example, emotions are taken to be centrally characterized by bodily feelings, then grasping the bodily feelings of another will be central to empathy. On the other hand, if emotions are more centrally characterized by a combination of beliefs and desires, then grasping these beliefs and desires will be more essential to empathy. The ability to imagine oneself as another person is a sophisticated imaginative process. However, the basic capacity to recognize emotions is probably innate and may be achieved unconsciously. Yet it can be trained and achieved with various degrees of intensity or accuracy. Empathy necessarily has a “more or less” quality. The paradigm case of an empathic interaction, however, involves a person communicating an accurate recognition of the significance of another person’s ongoing intentional actions, associated emotional states, and personal characteristics in a manner that the recognized person can tolerate. Recognitions that are both accurate and tolerable are central features of empathy.
We like the soapbox thoughts though 🙂
2. Syd Weedon says:
Interesting read. Our whole culture needs to cultivate empathy.
Liked by 1 person
1. GS says:
People of different cultures are having to interact more frequently on a personal and professional level. Cultural empathy makes for smoother and more pleasant interactions and working relationships.
3. lyricalheart99 says:
I’m an empath. I agree with you. The stimuli can be overwhelming.
Liked by 1 person
1. GS says:
But it’s not just emotions. According to Dr. Judith Orloff, author of The Empath’s Survival Guide, empaths can feel physical pain, too — and can often sense someone’s intentions or where they’re coming from. It’s likely that most empaths are highly sensitive, but not all highly sensitive people are necessarily empaths.
4. judeitakali says:
Profound and very informative
Liked by 1 person
1. GS says:
Traditionally, empaths do better in lower stress, solo jobs, or with smaller companies. They are usually happiest working part or full time at home, away from the office frenzy, noise, politics, and nearby energy vampires. (They’re easier to deal with by email, text, or phone because they’re at a distance.)
1. judeitakali says:
Thank you so much for this, it has enlightened me
Liked by 1 person
2. GS says:
Glad it was helpful.
5. gpavants says:
I do get that people are sensitive and awareness. I also think it gets misused, people freak out, or they ignore or hide it. Like any tool in an imperfect world we have to use it right.
On Wed, Jun 10, 2020 at 12:02 PM Be Inspired..!! wrote:
> GS posted: ” Empathic ability exists on a spectrum. Within this spectrum > are three main categories of ability: High Sensing Person, Empath, and > Clairsentient. Though they have similarities, each distinguishes itself > from the others in subtle, but important, ways. ” >
Liked by 1 person
1. GS says:
Leave a Reply
You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change )
Google photo
Twitter picture
Facebook photo
Connecting to %s
|
skip to Main Content
A Brief Guide To The History Of Rome
A Brief Guide to the History of Rome
Rome is one of the most influential historical cities in the world, and its story can fill volumes. From its mythical beginnings to its modern-day beauty, Rome’s impact figures heavily on the global stage. Of course, the full history of Rome can’t fit into a short blog. But this quick guide will give you an overview of the magnificent city and its impressive past.
If you’re ready to make Rome your permanent home, connect with the experts at Get Italian Citizenship today. We help people around the globe claim their dual Italian citizenship. You will be on your way to enjoying life in Rome, Tuscany, or anywhere else in this stunning country, or even throughout the EU.
The History of Rome Spans Millennia
Legend gives us quite a story about the beginning of Rome in 753 BCE. Romulus and Remus, the twin sons of the god of war, Mars, are said to be the founders.
Raised by a she-wolf, the twins grew up to kill the king who had tried to drown them as infants. They then began their city on the banks of the Tiber River. Eventually, Romulus killed Remus, and the city came to bear his name.
Fiction or not, this legend is a fantastic way to begin the story of one of the world’s most influential cities of all time.
The Roman Monarchy
The Roman monarchy came before the Republic.
From its founding until 509 BCE, Rome lived under the rule of a series of seven kings. Although they carried the title of “rex” or king, the Senate actually elected all except Romulus. These monarchs did not assume the throne through heredity.
The final king in this succession was Lucius Tarquinius Superbus. Ancient historians do not give us a pleasant picture of this man. They indicate that he was a cruel tyrant compared to the monarchs before him.
After his overthrow by a popular uprising, Rome became a Republic. The word comes from res publica, which means “property of the people.”
The Roman Republic
Each year, eligible citizens elected two magistrates as consuls of Rome. They also served as commanders of the army.
The Roman Republic often saw two groups pitted against each other. The patricians mostly descended from the original senators from the monarchy and held significant political power. The plebeians were the commoners and held little to no power in the early Republic.
The Republic Grows
After being sacked and burned by the Gauls in 390 BCE, Rome came back with force. By 264 BCE, the Romans controlled the entire Italian peninsula.
And they weren’t finished.
By fighting in the so-called Punic Wars with the city of Carthage, Rome expanded its reach into Africa. The third Punic War ended with the destruction of Carthage and the establishment of the Roman Republic there. While Rome was moving into Africa, it also expanded into Macedonia by defeating its king and claiming the territory for the Republic.
After destroying Carthage, the Roman Republic grew.
All of this military expansion brought with it tremendous cultural changes, as well. Romans adopted literature, art, religion, and philosophy from the conquered peoples.
Tension and Trouble
The massive territorial growth brought significant burdens to the Roman Republic. During this time, the history of Rome saw political tension and a widening gap between the rich and poor.
A series of military leaders and warlords took the reins, starting with Gaius Marius in 107 BCE. One consul, Pompey, gained fame by successfully waging battles against Mediterranean pirates and Mithridates in Asia.
When Pompey returned to the city, he allied himself with the wealthy Marcus Licinius Crassus and a relative newcomer on the scene. This upstart in Roman politics was none other than Julius Caesar. Together these three make up the First Triumvirate.
Julius Caesar became governor of Gaul in 58 BCE and set out to conquer even more of the region. As he became richer and more successful militarily, Caesar gained enemies in Rome.
In 49 BCE, Julius Caesar famously crossed the Rubicon River into Rome with one of his legions of soldiers. This step started a civil war that ended with Caesar emerging as dictator-for-life. The Roman Republic was gone, and an empire stood in its place.
The Roman Empire
Julius Caesar established the Roman Empire.
Caesar’s dictatorship was short-lived, as his enemies killed him on the floor of the Senate a year later on March 15, 44 BCE: the Ides of March.
His adopted heir, Octavius, crushed Caesar’s enemies and established himself as the first Roman emperor, Augustus. In an attempt to protect himself from Julius Caesar’s fate, Augustus restored many of the Republic’s institutions. However, in actuality, he held all the power.
After so many years of war and discord, the new empire was ready for peace. The famous pax Romana encompassed about two hundred years of peace and prosperity for the realm.
The Empire Falls
A string of non-hereditary emperors held authority over the Roman Empire until 180 CE, when Commodus assumed the role upon the death of his father. The empire continued to limp along under almost two dozen emperors until it could no longer sustain itself.
And in 325 BCE, Emperor Constantine made Christianity the official religion in Rome. This act elevated Christianity from a Jewish sect to a worldwide presence.
Gradually, the empire lost its provinces to various outside forces:
• Britain around 410 BCE
• Northern Africa and Spain around 430 BCE
• Italy and Gaul around 450 BCE
By 476 BCE, the empire was finished.
Today’s Rome
While it is no longer an empire, the history of Rome is present throughout the city. From the architecture to the art, each era left its mark on this incredible region. With almost three million people living within the city proper, it is one of the world’s most intriguing metropolises.
As the saying goes, “All roads lead to Rome.” So, how about for you? Are you ready for your road to lead you to Rome?
If so, the experts at Get Italian Citizenship are here to help you achieve that dream. Our team can assist you with everything from genealogical research to applying for citizenship through the Italian courts. Soon, you can be living the Roman life with your Italian dual citizenship.
Connect with us today to see if you qualify for an Italian passport. A whole world is waiting for you.
Author: Get Italian Citizenship
Leave a Reply
Notify of
Back To Top |
Guest Bloggers
Social Engineering: The Quick Facts
March 2, 2018
Guest Author
The purpose of social engineering is for an attacker to utilize numerous tactics and manipulating individuals to divulge information, potentially critical, that could cause serious damage to an organization. While there are many methods that can be utilized to gather material, it’s also important for workers and all organizations to be aware of their surroundings from a work perspective.
Attacker Strategies
There are a variety of ways attackers can gain information. It could come from an interaction at a party or restaurant, a grocery or department store, or even from the individual’s workplace. Regardless of the venue, the social engineering techniques attackers utilize to gather data comes from a collection of methods including:
1. Impersonating – “Hello, my name is Fred Childs, network technician working for Corporation X. I have been provided your name as someone who could provide me information to resolve your problem with your router. Can you provide me your login information and IP address so I can assist?”
2. Shoulder Surfing – An attacker looks over your shoulder to gather passwords, passcodes, and/or information that could be detrimental to the individual or worker. This could occur in a variety of places such as at work, at an ATM, or to an individual using their smartphone for banking or online shopping.
3. Hoax – The attacker sends an email to an individual identifying a virus or another type of security threat that causes concern. This spurs the individual to divulge information to the attacker. The attacker could cause significant damage to the individual’s computer, leading to other computers and critical data being exposed and eventually gathered.
4. Tailgating – An attacker sneaks behind an individual without providing a badge displaying the authorization required.
5. Dumpster Diving – It is very easy and fairly common for an individual to simply throw a piece of paper into the trashcan. In a lot of cases, a document could contain valuable data that could be of use for foreign countries or for an attacker to steal an identity.
Individual Strategies
Individuals must be aware of their environment at all time. The information they could divulge to an attacker could cause serious and possibly grave damage to the individual or an entire organization. There are strategies that an individual can follow to successfully defend against attackers.
1. If someone calls and you are not familiar with the contacting person, actively listen and if you are not familiar with them, refer that person to your supervisor or security personnel to handle appropriately.
2. Do not click on a link unless you thoroughly research.
3. Secure your devices with strong passwords.
4. Be aware of the environment you work or socialize in at all times. There are a variety of attackers who can deceive you into revealing important security information.
5. Using burn bins and shredders reduces the threat.
6. Following a clean desk policy that protects sensitive and personal data.
7. Log off your computer if you step away from your desk.
8. Do not write passwords on paper.
In conclusion, it is very easy for an individual to trust a source rather than taking the time to identify, examine, and determine what the cause and effect might be. It is the responsibility of the individual in the end to show diligence. They must use wise judgment while following enforced policies and procedures.
About the Guest Author
Paul Brickman is a Senior Project Manager at Northrop Grumman Corporation. He has earned his CompTIA Security+ certification
subscribe by email
Stay Ahead |
low fat
Fancy a Low Fat Diet?
What about cutting out the fat as a way of losing weight? Sounds simple, but in practise our bodies need to have fat, the right kinds of fat, to function.
To achieve sustainable weight loss, a low fat diet is just one of the options available to you. It's not just about buying low fat products though. Did you know, as an aside, that most low fat products like yoghurts have very high levels of sugars. This means they are hardly a dieters dream!
Why is Fat Important?
Did you know that about a third of your daily calorie intake comes from fat and fatty products? Well you do now! So a low fat diet is one that aims to reduce your fat intake in the first place.
Carbohydrates with a low Glycaemic Index should also be included in the diet regularly. Low fat diets should usually comprise of about 1200-1500 calories per day and are an excellent way of gaining sustainable weight loss and control when taken as part of a healthy lifestyle involving not just healthy eating, but also regular physical activity.
Most calories that you consume should, ideally, come from carbohydrates. Many low fat diets recommend this and suggest that eating sugary, salty or processed foods should be avoided.
Low Fat Diets for Weight Loss?
With low fat diets, weight loss is usually sustainable as the initial amount of weight that you lose is fairly small, around 2lbs per week. This means that dieters can generally maintain weight loss as opposed to other diets where people can experience a greater initial weight loss more rapidly but the results are much harder to maintain and when they revert to their usual eating habits, they tend to gain weight more quickly.
Some fats are god for you too. These include monounsaturated fats found in sunflower or olive oil, for example which are helpful at keeping the heart healthy. Reducing saturated fats and increasing monounsaturated fats is highly recommended for providing excellent health benefits.
Oily fish such as mackerel contains omega-3 fatty acids which can prove to be extremely healthy for your heart. You should also try to limit the amount of hydrogenated oils you consume as these can elevate blood cholesterol levels which can lead to a higher risk of developing heart disease, heart attacks and strokes.
Generally, it is a good idea to replace fats that are bad for you (saturated) with those that are healthier for you (polyunsaturated). Saturated fats can be found in such foods as butter, some vegetable oils and fats in meat. Unsaturated fats include monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats and are found in foods such as sesame oils, olive oil, fish and nuts.
Our Opinion
Slow weight loss equals more sustainable weight loss in the long term however the bad news is.. you still have to have the willpower to keep on the straight and narrow.
Examples of diet plans :
» Hollywood diet
» Ketogenic diet
You may also be interested in...
• What are Low Fat Diet Plans?
When you’re trying to lose weight, a low fat diet seems to make a lot of sense – surely eating less fat will make you, well, less fat? Get the lo down on these diets on slimming.co.uk!
• Eating Low Fat Foods
• Which Weight Loss Diet?
• Low Calorie Diet Plans
If you want to read about low calorie diets and find out what they are and whether they are suitable, then we can get you started with suitable programs and some great tips.
• Types of Diets
Why not see which types of diets are out there. From low salt to high fibre or high protein, the weight loss programs nearly all fit into a category.
Close close
Join over 50,000 Slimmers
Select your areas of interest |
German English Dictionary
Deutsch - English
übel in English:
1. sick sick
You're sick!
The very sick baby was under careful observation by the doctors.
Nobody knows how long the sick man can hold on.
That night, he became sick with pains in his stomach.
English word "übel"(sick) occurs in sets:
DE-Interaktive-Lektion 6
2. nasty
I have such a nasty headache. / 2. Sheriff, eavesdropping is a very nasty habit. / 3. I can be very nice, and I can be very nasty.
His nasty comments fueled the argument.
nasty accident
Two nasty guys robbed me of my jewels and ran away.
He doesn't look that way, but he's really a nasty piece of work.
Everybody has a flaw. And it looks like yours is smellin' like my nasty guts.
The definition of nasty is something that is very dirty, unpleasant or offensive.
The contents of a trash container can get pretty nasty.
He had a nasty experience at the dentist when he was young, and the memories of this put him off dental surgeries for life.
A nasty thrill of fear shot through me and the sound of Chris moving his feet let me know that he to
My parents quarrelled and it was a nasty situation.
Don't be so nasty TO your brother - he's four years younger than you!
Why is Cloutier in such a nasty mood?' 'He has lost a lot of money.'
Technology could solve some nasty problems.
English word "übel"(nasty) occurs in sets:
German music vocab 3
3. foul
He uses foul language whenever he gets angry.
We must get rid of this foul garbage right away.
The police found no signs of foul play in the apartment.
He called the ball foul.
There's a foul smell in the kitchen.
No love is foul nor prison fair.
They should never play foul.
You have foul breath.
It's foul of you to have concealed it.
The air in this room is foul.
I just opened the lid, and a foul smell filled my nose.
The peacock has fair feathers but foul feet.
English word "übel"(foul) occurs in sets:
Meine Lektion |
What is Parenteral Nutrition? - Total, Partial & Peripheral
Instructor: Alexandra Unfried
Alexandra earned her master's degree in nursing education and is currently a hospital supervisor/administrator.
Parenteral nutrition is nutrition that is given into the vein instead of the stomach. This is used when someone is unable to eat enough nutrients. This lesson will discuss total, partial, and peripheral nutrition.
Nutritional Needs
Stan is a new nurse and is working on a surgical unit in a hospital that specializes in stomach and bowel surgeries. He is taking care of his first patient that needs parenteral nutrition after having part of their stomach removed due to cancer. The nurse orienting Stan is named Jane and is explaining what parenteral nutrition is and how it is monitored.
What is Parenteral Nutrition?
Parenteral nutrition is a solution that is given intravenously (through the vein). It is used to provide either extra nutrients or all of the nutrients to a person who is not eating enough or is unable to eat. Parenteral nutrition can be used long term and short term. It is commonly used for a short period of time to promote proper nutrition during an illness or treatment until normal consumption of food can return.
Parenteral nutrition solution
Parenteral nutrition solution
Parenteral nutrition is managed by a dietician to ensure that there is an appropriate amount of electrolytes, proteins, carbohydrates, fats, amino acids, and fluids for each situation. The person receiving parenteral nutrition is monitored closely to make sure that enough of the right combination of nutrients is being supplied. Various tests are completed. When first started, parenteral nutrition monitoring is done frequently and then done less frequently as time goes on.
• Weight is monitored daily
• Blood work such as CBC (complete blood count), electrolytes, and kidney function is done daily to make sure the levels are correct and organ function is stable.
• Blood work such as liver function tests, plasma proteins, magnesium, phosphate, plasma and urine osmolality, and calcium are tested two times a week to make sure the levels are maintained.
• Blood glucose should be checked at six-hour intervals when first starting to avoid hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia.
• Fluid intake and output are monitored to ensure there is no retention of fluid.
Now that Stan understands the basics of parenteral nutrition, Jane is educating him on the different types of parental nutrition that he will be giving while working on the surgical unit. Different types are used to guarantee a patient will receive enough nutrients to help with recovery.
Total Parenteral Nutrition
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is a solution that supplies all of the required nutrients that someone needs on a daily basis. This is given to someone who is unable to eat or get any nutrients on their own. It is given intravenously through a central line. A central line is a catheter that is inserted into a large vein called the superior vena cava. There are several different types of central lines.
• Subclavian or femoral central line: catheter inserted at the neck or femoral area that is threaded through the vein to end at the superior vena cava, usually used for short term
• Peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC): catheter inserted in the arm and threaded to the superior vena cava, usually used for long term treatments
• Groshong and Hickman lines: catheters that are inserted into the chest and threaded to the superior vena cava, usually used for long term treatments
To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member.
Create your account
Register to view this lesson
Are you a student or a teacher?
Unlock Your Education
See for yourself why 30 million people use Study.com
Become a Study.com member and start learning now.
Become a Member Back
What teachers are saying about Study.com
Try it now
Earning College Credit
To learn more, visit our Earning Credit Page
Transferring credit to the school of your choice
Create an account to start this course today
Used by over 30 million students worldwide
Create an account |
Tendonitis Batavia, IL
What is Tendonitis?
The ending of the word “itis” is defined as inflammation. Therefore, tendonitis is inflammation of a tendon, which connects muscles to bones.
Types of tendonitis
In the knee, the tendon that connects your quadriceps muscle to the tibia bone (patella tendon) can become inflamed. This thick tendon runs over the top of your kneecap and attaches to the tibia bone below. This patella tendon can often become inflamed due to abnormal joint movements, poor posture and weakness of the surrounding musculature. This causes strain to the tendon with resulting pain during repetitive movement and especially with squatting or kneeling down. Other areas of tendonitis in the knee can occur such as the back, outside or inside of the knee.
How physical therapy helps
Physical therapy is the first line in conservative treatment for tendonitis. Most tendonitis is due to underlying abnormal mechanics of movement, walking and weakness. Our trained Batavia physical therapists are experts in evaluating your movement to pinpoint the source of the trouble. Modalities may be used to alleviate pain and discomfort, while hands-on therapy improves joint mechanics and movement.
Finally, gentle strengthening exercises and joint coordination exercises help to restore stability to the affected area and prevent the re-occurrence of symptoms. To discover how we can help your tendonitis, request an appointment at Therapy Care Batavia, IL today! |
What the Wright Brothers Taught Me About Purpose
Updated: Oct 14, 2020
I spent the last week of August in Nags Head, NC, and had the most humbling opportunity to visit Wright Memorial Park. To stand on the field where Wilbur and Orville first took to the air, to see the landing sites of each successively further flight, and to read the inscription upon their memorial high atop a great sand dune, moved me beyond words.
The monument read:
In Commemoration of the Conquest of the Air By the Brothers Wilbur and Orville Wright Conceived By Genius Achieved by Dauntless Resolution and Unconquerable Faith
I tend to have the habit of thinking of the great men of history as though they were not in fact men. We praise the names of an Abraham Lincoln, Martin Luther King Jr., or Mother Teresa almost to the point of anthropomorphism. They have human characteristics but were not actually human. As if they were some other-worldly being, somehow unlike you or I, but this is a social fiction which disempowers us. Here were two brothers who committed their lives not to themselves, but to a cause.
A cause which would shape the world.
Owners of a bicycle shop in Ohio, these men were possessed with the idea that the sky did not belong to the birds. In a letter written by Wilbur three years before they first ascended the heights, he writes:
It seems that all men who shape the world share in this “disease.”
The Wright brothers chose Kitty Hawk, NC for their historic flight for a few reasons: limited public visibility, soft sand to lessen the blow of countless crashes, and strong enough winds capable of sustaining their aircraft. Sleeping in tents for the beginning of their experiments proved feeble against the barrage of great winds. They eventually built stingy, wooden shelters with the bare minimum of amenities. One look upon these replicas adjacent to their runway in Kitty Hawk, and you see the undeniable purpose of their mission.
With a single-track mind, with no apparent concern for failure, these two brothers persisted with maniacal obsession through untold obstacles until on Dec 17, 1903 they first achieved powered-man flight.
The rest, as they say, is history.
What moves me most about the story of these two men is not the fact that they changed the world, which they did. It is even not so much the example of persistence, which they clearly showed. It is the fact that they chose to live for a cause greater than themselves. Their actions made it clear that they had no concern for personal gain or recognition. They chose a life that was greater than their own.
They did not sit at home quietly counting their 401(k)s, playing it safe in a cocoon of societal values. They absconded from the norms of their culture, and with single-minded purpose with no concern for anything but their cause, they pursued something greater than themselves. Most men live under the context of their own life, these men lived under the context of changing the world.
As far as “dauntless resolution and unconquerable faith”, I can think of no better representative of these ideals. Our literature and holy texts are filled with such examples. From the biblical Noah to Hemingway’s fisherman, we have countless tales of men who are the human embodiment of resolve. But Wilbur and Orville Wright were not the works of fiction, these were two men who transcended themselves, and did so in the only way possible..
With no concern for themselves.
• Facebook - Chris Matakas
• Instagram - Chris Matakas
• Amazon - Chris Matakas
• YouTube - Chris Matakas
©2017-2020 Ferryman Services
|
Portuguese Architecture
Basım Yılı
Baskı Sayısı
Sayfa Sayısı
Cilt Durumu
Kağıt Tipi
2. Hamur
Basım Yeri
134,00 87,10
Stokta yok
“No one c one can look at a map of the Iberian Peninsula without being struck by the curious way in which it is unequally divided between two independent countries. Spain occupies by far the larger part of the Peninsula, leaving to Portugal only a narrow strip on the western seaboard some one hundred miles wide and three hundred and forty long. Besides, the two countries are separated the one from the other by merely artificial boundaries. The two largest rivers of the Peninsula, the Douro and the Tagus, rise in Spain, but finish their course in Portugal, and the Guadiana runs for some eighty miles through Portuguese territor before acting for a second time as a boundar y between the two countries. The same, to a lesser degree, is true of the mountains. The Gerez and the Marão are only offshoots of the Cantabrian mountains, and the Serra da Estrella in Beira is but a continuation of the Sierra de Gata which separates Leon from Spanish Estremadura. Indeed the only natural frontiers are formed by the last thirty miles of the Minho in the north, by about eighty miles of the Douro, which in its deep and narrow gorge really separates Traz os Montes from Leon; by a few miles of the Tagus, and by the Guadiana both before and after it runs through a part of Alemtejo.”
Henüz inceleme yapılmadı.
Sadece bu ürünü satın almış olan müşteriler yorum yapabilir. |
Nuts are heart-healthy snack that are tasty, convenient and can be enjoyed on all kinds of diets. They contain unsaturated fatty acids and other nutrients that benefit the body. They are also not expensive, easy to store and easy to pack.
Some common nuts are; Peanuts, Almonds, Brazil nuts, Cashews, Hazelnut, Macadamia nuts, Pecans, Pine nuts, Pistachios, Walnuts and groundnut.
Most nuts contain protein and are packed with heart-healthy substances such as:
• Unsaturated fats-monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats in nuts can reduce cholesterol levels and lessen your risk of cardiovascular disease.
• Omega-3 fatty acids- Omega-3 fatty acids found in some nuts are a healthy form of fatty acids that helps you to prevent dangerous heart rhythms that can lead to heart attacks. They are great alternatives for oily fish.
• Fiber- Nuts contain fiber, which helps lower cholesterol, reduce blood pressure and inflammation, and play a role in preventing type 2-diabetes.
• Vitamin E-Vitamin E in most nuts may protect you against diabetes and help stop the development of plaques in the arteries, which can narrow them. Plaque development in the arteries can lead to chest pain, coronary artery disease or a heart attack.
• Plant sterols- Some nuts contain plant sterols, a substance that can help lower cholesterol. Plant sterols are often added to products like margarine and orange juice for additional health benefits, but sterols occur naturally in nuts.
• L-arginine- Nuts are also a source of l-arginine, a substance that may help improve the health of the artery walls by making them more flexible and less prone to blood clots that can block blood flow.
• Flavonoids- Are heart protecting compounds with antioxidants and anti-inflammatory health benefits
Unless you’re allergic to nuts, there’s no real danger in eating nuts, you should include nuts as part of your heart-healthy diet.
Edokita cares.
Compiled by: Victoria Haruna, BSc. (Biochem), MPH (Health Promotion and education)
1. Ros E, Mataix J (2006), Fatty acid composition of nuts–implications for cardiovascular health. Br J Nutr; 96 Suppl 2():S29-35.
2. Emilio Ros (2010); Health Benefits of Nuts Consumption. PMC3257681, doi: 3390/nu2070652
3. Mayo Clinic (2016); Nuts and your heart: Eating nuts for heart health.
Pin It on Pinterest
Share This |
Austin's NPR Station
Play Live Radio
Next Up:
Available On Air Stations
Fifty Years Later, Survivors Of A Deadly Mexico City Protest May Finally Find Closure
A 1968 protest in Mexico City turned deadly when the military brought tanks into the streets.
From Texas Standard:
There’s a phrase – a kind of mantra – that René Ortiz Muñiz knows well, because it’s been whispered by survivors of the student massacre since 1968:
“Dos de Octubre, no se olvida. Es de lucha combative!”
Translated into English, it means, “We don’t forget Oct. 2. It’s our fight, it’s our struggle!”
But half a century has gone by, and during all those years, those whispers have never led to an open conversation about the killings.
In 1968, Yolanda Gil Baeza was just 17. Now she’s 67, and she says her friends who protested are now either getting up in years or have already passed away.
The people in government at the time were even older. Most of them are also gone.
That’s why Gil Baeza says it’s insulting that it took so long for the government to get this conversation started.
“Porque a los 50 años ya no se puede castigar a las gentes,” Baeza says. “Because after 50 years, you can’t punish anyone.”
So, this is where things are now. But what was happening then? What led to the killings?
1968, as you may know, and as René Ortiz Muñiz remembers, was a year of drastic changes and unrest.
“Yes, that’s true – there was the war in Vietnam, there were marches against the war, the hippie movement, Bob Dylan, the Black Panthers, the adoption of Asian religions,” Ortiz Muñiz says.
There was also unrest in Paris, Argentina and Japan.
In the U.S., Americans experienced the assassinations of Martin Luther King, Jr. and Bobby Kennedy.
In Mexico, Yolanda Gil Baeza remembers the excitement about the Olympic Games that were about to start on Oct. 12. But she also remembers anxiety on the part of government officials.
Y si yo te digo como empezó el movimiento ...” Gil Baeza says. "If I were to tell you how the unrest started, you wouldn’t believe it."
She says that a couple of months before the Olympics there was a fight at a high school in Mexico City. Apparently, the fight was over a football game. Teachers intervened to no avail. And the police got involved. Police came in, and things escalated because at the time, the Mexican government was jumpy – keenly aware that the eyes of the world were on it because of the upcoming Olympic Games. Mexican officials knew the FBI was reporting back almost daily to Washington.
One concern for J. Edgar Hoover’s FBI was Mexico’s friendly relationship with Cuba. The FBI feared Mexican students were embracing Communist ideas. Remember: Che Guevara had recently been killed in Bolivia.
So, when police in Mexico City couldn’t stop the high school fight, the military stepped in. That resulted in the death of some students and the arrest of others.
That was also when students started protesting the government’s heavy hand. Thousands joined in and in a matter of weeks, there was a full-fledged movement. Every protest was met with government aggression.
Gil Baeza says the students crafted a list of demands:
– "Freedom for political prisoners.
Abolition of Article 145 of the Federal Penal Code.
Abolition of all paramilitary groups.
Removal of the top three police chiefs.
Compensation to the families of those who had been killed or injured during the conflict.
Firing the government employees responsible for the killings."
A march had been planned for the evening of Oct. 2. It was meant to be a peaceful demonstration. Reporters from all over the world were in Mexico ahead of the Olympics and students knew they were reporting on their movement. They chose a super-posh neighborhood for the rally. Tlatelolco was a community of high-rise buildings where artists and intellectuals lived. In the middle of the neighborhood was a massive open area. That’s where students gathered, unaware that military tanks and soldiers were surrounding them on the ground and that military snipers sat on the buildings. Reports say a helicopter dropped flares, and that was the signal to start the killings.
When the shooting stopped, hundreds were dead and 19 year old René Ortiz Muñiz and at least 1,000 others were arrested.
“The soldiers grabbed me by the hair and cut it with their bayonets, just to show their power, just to say ‘You are nobody and I can do with you whatever I want,’” Ortiz Muñiz says.
Students were tortured, others killed while in custody.
Gil Baeza can’t forget one image in particular: the bodies of eight girls who were about to be part of the Olympic welcoming committee. She says they looked like broken dolls in their uniforms, covered in blood.
Ortiz Muñiz is about to turn 70; he’s aging but he’s never forgotten. Now, he’s an advisor to newly elected Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador, known as AMLO. He's partly why AMLO’s new government has vowed to create a commission for reconciliation. Calling the 1968 killings a “crime of the state” may be a first step towards that reconciliation.
Related Content |
Word order with adjectives, Spanish grammar (A2)
Word order with adjectives in Spanish is quite different from English. Spanish adjectives usually go after the noun they are describing, although sometime you can find them before. In that case, the meaning can change depending on their position in the sentence. Notice that in general, Spanish is more flexible than English with word placement.
Word order with adjectives in Spanish
Position of adjectives in a sentence
1. When adjectives and nouns are next to each other, the adjective usually goes after the noun: Un ruido sorprendente (surprising noise), los precios altos (high prices). But it is not always like this.
2. Most of the adjectives always go after the noun:
• Colour: un gato negro (a black cat), los vinos tintos (red wines)…
• Shape: una mesa redonda (a round table), un pastel cuadrado (a square cake)…
• Nationality: la cocina española (Spanish cooking), la bandera americana (the American flag)…
• An adjective with an adverb: un lugar muy tranquilo (a very quite place), una casa bastante pequeña (a fairly small house)…
3. A few adjectives always go before the noun:
• Numbers: cuatro naranjas (four oranges), el primer piso (first floor)…
• Other adjectives relating to quantity such as ambos (both), bastante (enough), demasiado (too much), mucho (much/many), poco (little/few), tanto (so much/so many), todo (each/every/all): tengo bastante patatas (I have enough potatoes), la sopa tiene demasiada sal (the soup has too much salt)…
• Possessive and demonstrative adjectives: mi madre (my mother), nuestro libro (our book), esta chaqueta (this jacket)…
4. Adjectives which normally go after the noun can be put before it for emphasis:
• El sorprendente ruido (the surprising noise).
• El horrible animal (the horrible animal).
• Los altos precious (the high prices).
5. Some adjectives actually change their meaning depending on whether they go before or after the noun:
• Un antiguo hospital (a former hospital). / Un hospital antiguo (an ancient hospital).
• Un gran hombre (a great man). / Un hombre grande (a big man).
• Media hora (half an hour). / El estudiante medio (the average student).
• La misma cosa (the same thing). / La cosa misma (the thing itself).
• Una nueva casa (a new house). / Una casa nueva (a brand new house).
• Un país pobre (a por country). / ¡Pobre Juan! (Poor Juan!).
• La pura verdad (the plain truth). / El aire puro (clean air).
• Un viejo amigo (an old friend). / Un amigo viejo (an elder friend).
Order of adjectives in Spanish activities and exercises
Now, it is time to practice word order with adjectives with these quizzes and remember to contact your tutor with any question you have about word order with adjectives in Spanish. Don’t you have a Spanish personal tutor yet?
Please, leave us a message if you want we prepare more activities about this topic, and you can also click on the link to learn more about word order in Spanish.
Deja una respuesta
|
You are here
Duplex buses vs. input/output buses
my workstation with a class compliant interface has 10 output and 4 input streams. The master bus uses the first two input and two output streams. I created four stereo input buses to connect all 10 streams. Now I am wondering about input streams three and four. Should I create two duplex buses instead and three stereo input buses? What is the difference using only input and output buses instead of using duplex buses?
Any help is appreciated, "4.1. Routing–Connections, Ports, Tracks and Buses" in the manual didn't help me out.
rncbc's picture
it all depends on how and what you have setup to record (input buses) and playback (output buses);
duplex buses are just a convenience, nothing more than when you have the same channel count on both end, otherwise you should make it all match the channel count for each of your physical sources (mics, guitars, synths, turntables, decks, etc.) or software ones like any JACK client app. the same applies to outputs (speakers, processors, etc.)
the Master bus being duplex and stereo (2 channels) is just a "factory" default convenience; you don't really need to have all your available physical inputs and outputs grouped in some buses; you only need to use the sets that are meaningful to the session that you're working at a given moment.
there are too many ways, reasons and options to do this and that, for example, if you want to record your voice from a mono source (eg. a microphone) then you ought to create a mono (1 channel) input bus and only: there's no reason whatsoever for it being duplex or stereo there.
I see, thanks for the explanations. The workstation offers mono and stereo settings for the output streams to separate the different sounds, I will create suitable Qtractor templates.
Thanks again
Add new comment |
NASA Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover Sound
NASA’s Mars 2020 Perseverance is set to hit the surface of the Red Planet on Feb. 18, 2021, and in addition to collecting stunning images as well as rock samples, it will also record some sounds. This rover comes equipped with microphones, which will mainly consist of the rover at work, wind and other ambient noise. One thing to note is that the same sound on Earth would be slightly different on Mars because of its atmosphere, which is only 1% as dense as ours. Read more for a previous sound sample from Mars and additional information.
NASA HiRise Valles Marineris Grand Canyon
Valles Marineris is currently the largest known canyon in the Solar System and it cuts a wide swath across the face of Mars. This grand valley extends over 3,000 kilometers long, spans as much as 600 kilometers across, and delves as much as 8 kilometers deep. For comparison, the Grand Canyon in Arizona spans 800 kilometers long, 30 kilometers across, and 1.8 kilometers deep. It is unknown how Valles Marineris formed, although a leading hypothesis holds that it started as a crack billions of years ago as the planet cooled. Read more to see two new images captured by NASA’s HiRise camera and for additional information.
NASA Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover Landing
NASA’s Mars 2020 Perseverance rover launched in July and reach the surface of the Red Planet on Feb. 18, 2021. This automobile-sized rover will search for signs of ancient microbial life using a coring drill at the end of its robotic arm. It has the capability to gather samples of Martian rock as well as regolith (broken rock / dust), and hermetically seal them in collection tubes. The rover can deposit these samples at designated locations on the Martian surface or store them internally. Read more for two videos and additional information.
NASA Boston Dynamics Robot Mars
NASA/JPL Caltech researchers are working with a team at Boston Dynamics to develop “Mars Dogs,” or autonomous robotic dogs that will be able to navigate the Red Planet’s rough terrain and its many underground caves. Similar to the Spirit, Opportunity, Curiosity, and Perseverance rovers, they’ll come equipped with a multitude of sensors capable of detecting obstacles as well as finding the most efficient paths or creating virtual maps in real-time of underground areas. Read more for a video and additional information.
Elon Musk Mars SpaceX Human Mission
SpaceX founder Elon Musk recently conducted an interview where he talked about artificial intelligence (AI) and space travel, with the focus being on how soon we’ll see humans on the surface of Mars. He stated that he’ll be first sending on uncrewed mission on Starship to land on Mars within the next two years, since the Earth-Mars synchronization, or their relative orbits around the Sun, occurs every 26 months. Read more for two videos and additional information.
ExoyMy 3D-Printed Mars Rover
Photo credit: ESA
The European Space Agency’s (ESA) Rosalind Franklin ExoMars rover now has a miniature counterpart that you can 3D print at home, called ExoMy. All of the blueprints and software for this rover can be downloaded for free so that anyone with access to a 3D printer can assemble and program their own ExoMy. When built, it stands 42cm high and reproduces many key features of its 2m tall ExoMars, including a drill, solar panels across its back wings and a camera mast. Read more for a video, additional pictures and information.
Global Map Mars
Photo credit: Peta Pixel
Astrophotographer Jean-Luc Dauvergne spent 6-nights at the Pic-du-Midi observatory in the French Pyrenees capturing the best global map of Mars yet from Earth. His team used the observatory’s 1-meter telescope and its native 17000mm focal length. The telescope was originally built to help NASA researchers prepare for the Apollo missions in the early 1960s, and to this day, it’s still one of the best in the world to study planetary surfaces in the visible part of the spectrum. Read more for a video and additional information.
NASA DuAxel Prototype Rover
Photo credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/J.D. Gammell
Unlike other rovers, NASA’s DuAxel consists of two-wheeled rovers, each called Axel. How does it work? The rover stops, lowers its chassis and anchors it to the ground before separating into two halves. When the rear half locks firmly in place, the forward half undocks and rolls away on a single axle. A tether connects the two, but unspools as the lead axle approaches the hazard and rappels down the slope, using instruments stowed in its wheel hub to study inaccessible terrain on Mars and beyond. Read more for a video, additional pictures and information.
Elon Musk SpaceX Human Mission to Mars
Elon Musk’s SpaceX is planning to launch its first uncrewed mission to Mars in less than four years. Why so long? Well, the opportunity to launch a mission to Mars comes every 26 months, since Earth would be closest to the red planet at that time. Musk believes that human beings need to establish a permanent and self-sustaining presence on Mars to ensure the continuance of consciousness as we know it in case of a catastrophic event that leaves Earth uninhabitable. Read more for a video and additional informaiton.
Mars Subglacial Buried Lakes Liquid Water
Photo credit: Steve Lee, Univ. Colorado/Jim Bell, Cornell Univ./Mike Wolff, SSI/NASA
Scientists published new research today in the journal Nature Astronomy that indicates the evidence of a buried reservoir of super-salty water near the south pole Mars, thus vastly improving the likelihood that the planet might harbor microscopic life of its own. This underground “lake” of liquid water pooled beneath frozen layers of sediment near the Martian south pole, similar to the subglacial lakes found beneath the Antarctic and the Greenland ice sheets on Earth. Read more for a video and additional information. |
Federal Employees Retirement System
senior man in front of house
••• MoMo Productions / Getty Images
The Federal Employees Retirement System is the primary mechanism for U.S. government employees to save for retirement. It consists of three components—Social Security, an annuity plan that acts like a pension, and a 401(k)-like savings plan.
The History of FERS
FERS was created by the U.S. Congress in 1986 and became effective at the beginning of 1987. It was meant to replace the Civil Service Retirement System that federal employees participated in before 1987. When FERS began, CSRS workers could switch to FERS. Not all did, so the U.S. Office of Personnel Management maintains two retirement systems.
The most basic difference between the two lies in the robustness of each plan. CSRS is strictly a pension program, whereas FERS provides federal workers with three mechanisms for retirement savings.
The Three Components of FERS
These mechanisms are Social Security, the Basic Benefit Plan, and the Thrift Savings Plan. These three components diversify a federal worker’s retirement income sources. Together, these three pieces of the retirement puzzle are designed to give a retiree a life at a similar standard of living the retiree had during his or her working life. A stable retirement is one of the biggest perks government service offers.
Together, the three components have elements of both defined contribution and defined benefit plans. In defined benefit plans, retirees know precisely what they will receive each month of retirement regardless of what the stock market does. In defined contribution plans, employees contribute a specified amount to be invested in any number of investment vehicles. Market forces dictate how much the investment grows.
#1 Social Security
The first component of FERS is Social Security. Federal workers contribute to Social Security like almost all other citizens who work. Federal workers under CSRS do not participate in Social Security. Some state and local government retirement systems allow their workers to opt out of Social Security, so they neither contribute to that system nor receive any benefits from it.
Social Security provides a safety net for workers most commonly in the form of regular monthly income to workers who become disabled or retire after contributing to the system through federal payroll taxes over the course of their careers.
#2 Basic Benefit Plan
The second component is an annuity called the Basic Benefit Plan (BBP). Federal workers contribute a small percentage of their paycheck, and that money goes toward paying current retirees. When current workers become retirees, they draw their benefits from the contributions of workers at that time. It sounds like a Ponzi scheme, but as long as the government has employees, there will always be contributors to the system.
From the creation of FERS through 2012, all federal workers contributed 0.8% of their paycheck to the BBP and those workers hired prior to 2013 still contribute that amount. Workers hired in 2013 contribute 3.1%. Workers hired in 2014 or later contribute 4.4%.
The amount of money a retiree receives depends on that retiree’s years of service and how much money that individual earned in his or her three highest-earning years. Plan rules define the exact calculations for regular retirement benefits, disability benefits, and survivor benefits and how cost-of-living adjustments are applied.
#3 Thrift Savings Plan
The third component is the Thrift Savings Plan (TSP), which is similar to a 401(k) that any American can have through an employer. As with a 401(k), gains on contributions to the TSP grow tax-free.
The U.S. government automatically kicks in an amount equivalent to 1% of the employee’s pay to their TSP account. The government also matches dollar-for-dollar an employee's contributions amounting up to 3% of their pay in each period. If an employee contributes another 2% of their pay, the government will match half of the amount.
Not participating to the fullest extent in any plan under which your employer matches your contribution is like declining free money.
Becoming Eligible to Retire
To retire, federal workers must have completed a minimum number of years of service and meet a minimum age requirement. For federal employees born in 1970 or later, the minimum retirement age is 57. For employees born before 1948, it is 55. The minimum age rises in two-month increments for workers born from 1948 (55 years and 2 months) to 1969 (56 years and 10 months).
Article Sources
1. Department of Commerce. "Federal Employee Retirement System." Accessed Oct. 24, 2020.
2. Thrift Savings Plan. "Maximize Your Savings." Accessed Oct. 24, 2020.
3. U.S. Office of Personnel Management. "Retirement Services: FERS Information." Accessed Oct. 24, 2020. |
Witnessing the end of apartheid through a former diplomat’s eyes
Photo by Brandon Jordan Loucas Tsilas, a former Greek ambassador and history professor at Queens College, reflects on his time in South Africa and what he saw as apartheid ended.
Photo by Brandon Jordan
Former Greek ambassador Loucas Tsilas spoke at Godwin-Ternbach Museum in Klapper Hall on Nov. 12 to reflect on his time in South Africa during the end of apartheid.
The lecture was a part of the Short Course on South Africa series, which coincides with the Year of South Africa at Queens College. Tsilas’ talk highlighted the historical lessons from the dark period in the country’s history.
“It is so refreshing and thought-provoking to discuss these issues,” Tsilas said.
In South Africa, apartheid, which divided society by race, was implemented in 1948 and dismantled in the beginning of the 1990s after pressure from international countries and resistance from inside the country.
Tsilas, who currently teaches in the history department, was a diplomat for Greece with more than 35 years of experience. He was an ambassador not only to South Africa, but to the U.S. and the European Union. Since retiring from his position, he focused primarily on educational work.
From 1987 to 1990, Tsilas became the Greek ambassador to South Africa after presented with a choice to either go there or Poland. While Tsilas did not believe Poland would be a similar experience to South Africa, he noted that major historical changes occurred in the country after the fall of communism.
“At that time, I never thought Poland was going to be one of the countries [to undergo changes],” Tsilas said.
After Tsilas decided to go to South Africa, he was “fascinated” by what he initially saw in the environment. However, he realized there were serious issues hidden beneath the surface of society. Despite the difficulties of his new governmental role, he was confident he had a clear view of what to do.
“What do you do as an ambassador? You try to position yourself to speak for everyone,” Tsilas said.
While in South Africa, Tsilas met Nelson Mandela, a revered figure in the country’s history who passed away late last year.
At the time, Mandela was serving life imprisonment after being charged in the 1960s for attempting to overthrow the government. He was released in 1990 after negotiations with then-President Frederik Williem de Kierk.
Tsilas shared numerous stories about Mandela, whom he considered a friend, during his time there. Furthermore, he noted how meeting him was a unique experience that could not be described.
“Anything you have read, anything you have heard about Mandela is less than what you [really know],” Tsilas said.
Mandela served as president from 1994 to 1999.
Overall, Tsilas felt what happened in South Africa “transcended” the country as he admired the efforts of citizens to resist an oppressive system.
“The example of South Africa was the example of a country where people were able to defeat racism and discrimination,” Tsilas said.
Steven Renteria, a junior and history major, felt the event was great and informative. Furthermore, he hoped more QC students would enjoy talks such as Tsilas as it provides a unique perspective on historical issues.
“More QC students should involve themselves, especially if they are history majors, in these kinds of talks as they can really inspire your mind to do great things. You might read so much, but actually hearing a person and their experiences can navigate your mind to something else,” Renteria said.
Leave a Reply
|
If you were to ask me; “Do you know what empathy is?”, I would say “Of course!”
Empathy feels like something we all just do as humanas. It feels like you have to instinctively and intuitively know what empathy is. Actually it’s more complex than that…
As a communication coach I know it is an essential part of the human-emotion-toolkit. However, more recently I’ve been learning that empathy is a multifaceted human behaviour.
Empathy is the warm hug that feels like they understand you.
Empathy is uninterrupted listening when you need to be heard.
Empathy is helping you move on from an upsetting situation
Do you recognise any of these?
Empathetic behaviour has probably been with us for as long as we have been humans. However our naming of it, and our understanding of it is relatively young, just over a century. Susan Lanzoni writes a beautiful potted history in her article ‘A Short History Of Empathy, charting its meaning over the last 100 years or so as we have grappled to define it. She points out how: “Over its short history, the concept of empathy has been defined and redefined again and again.”
Empathy gets a lot better with practice.
Think about the joy you felt when someone shared some good news with you about their life. Or when you understood someone’s point of view, even though it was conflicting with yours. Or coming up with a solution to a problem that is deeply affecting large numbers of people. These don’t feel like the same type of empathy do they?
Most recently empathy has been defined by three core ways of relating; Cognitive Empathy, Emotional Empathy and Compassionate Empathy
Empathy is so important to human relationships, and even non-human relationships such as animals, nature and our planet as a whole. All three types occur and they all really matter a lot. Here’s why…
What’s the difference between these three types of empathy, and why do they matter so much?
Quality: Thinking, understanding, intellectual
Defined as:Simply knowing how the other person feels and what they might be thinking. Sometimes called perspective-taking” – Daniel Goleman
Balanced: Wonderful for negotiations, discussions or debates. Also good for influencing people or groups, as you are able to see where they are coming from, and what might be their barriers to moving forward.
Unbalanced: On it’s own it can lead to an emotional detachment, sometimes bordering on not caring, even though you understand the problem the other person is facing.
Language style: “I can see how that would be difficult.” “I understand what you mean”
Why it matters: This type of empathy relies heavily on learned conceptual reasoning. It often occurs in traditional and hierarchical leadership roles such as political leaders, large corporation leaders, or even disaster response teams. Used on it’s own the issue is understood, but not felt. This emotional detachment can help stay calm under pressure, but can also be felt as a cool-indifference to suffering, and sometimes cause further suffering as a result.
Quality: Feelings, physical sensation, mirror neurons in the brain.
Defined as:… when you feel physically along with the other person, as though their emotions were contagious.” – Daniel Goleman
Balanced: Allows you to deeply feel and resonate with a person’s inner world and emotional state. It is at the heart of healthy interpersonal skills. A huge plus in many situations from sales to coaching, not to mention healthy romantic or familial relationships
Unbalanced: Always feeling other people’s emotions so strongly can cause psychological and emotional exhaustion, eventually leading to burnout. Having no filter on this kind of relating is sometimes referred to as being an Empath. Sonya Barrett describes it perfectly in her article The Curse Of Being An Empath. She says: “I liken it to being a sponge. You soak up external stimuli whether you mean to or not, which can leave you feeling vulnerable and helpless at times.
Language style: “I know how that feels.” “I feel your pain.”
Why it matters: This way of relating uses our ‘social brain’, and nurtures rapport and chemistry between people. It is essential for connection in all areas of your life. If you are feeling separate from a group or person try tuning in to what other people may be feeling. Listening and looking for the emotional cues in an interaction will tell you a lot about a person’s inner world. Also sharing how you feel allows other people to connect with you more easily.
Centered around: Thinking, feeling, doing
Defined as: “…we not only understand a person’s predicament and feel with them, but are spontaneously moved to help, if needed.” – Daniel Goleman
Balanced: Both Cognitive and Emotional empathy are at play here. This combined response leads to the richest way of relating. You understand what they are going through, you feel their pain and you are moved to directly help them.
Unbalanced: If this type is unbalanced you may find yourself with a Saviour Complex. Sarah A. Benton writes wisely about why “good intentions may have negative outcomes” in her blog The Savior Complex, offering some sound advice on how to avoid these pitfalls.
Language style: “How can I help?” “What do you need?”
Why it matters: This type of empathy uses our ancient mamelean system for parenting. It is similar to the love for a child. It draws upon the loving desire to help someone through their challenge. It can be tapped into for friends, colleagues, loved ones or even complete strangers. The person will truly feel that you have their back, and that they can rely on you in that moment and beyond.
This third way of relating uses cognitive empathy to understand what the problem is, and emotional empathy to respond sensitively. You are neither detached or overwhelmed, therefore able to tune into what is needed. Do they need a hug, or a more practical solution?
How can I practice and improve my empathy?
Empathy gets a lot better with practice. It’s core skills are around listening and responding. Give time to others, holding a spaciousness for them to express themselves, and listening for all the subtle nudges in your awareness. Notice which type you are drawn to most in your behaviour, and deliberately practice the other ones.
I spent a significant part of my early adult life being a Saviour. Learning to listen better and hold space for the other person without taking on their problem has helped me move to relating more through a balanced and Compassionate Empathy.
If you find empathy tricky, try gently internally asking yourself the following questions when with someone who is upset.
• What is the problem they are facing, and why is it so challenging?
• What are they feeling right now?
• What do they need?
• How can I support them?
These questions help you move through the different empathy types, and remind you to come back to listening and noticing the person in front of you.
What is your dominant empathy type?
I’d love to hear what you notice in yourself around these three different types.
Share your thoughts with me via twitter or linkedin
Go well, stay safe and look after each other.
Thanks to unsplash artists for the images: Everton Vila, Tim Marshall , George Pagan III, Tayla Jeffs,Tim Mossholder |
Enable Block:
East India is the most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change owing to its geographical and ecological diversity even though this region is least contributor in global warming.
It can be easy to overlook the monstrous scale of the Antarctic ice sheet. Ice, thick enough in many places to bury mountains, covers a continent roughly the size of the US and Mexico combined.
This report seeks to draw upon the composite lessons learned at domestic and subnational levels and aims to respond to three fundamental questions facing policymakers and stakeholders at national and subnational levels: Why do we need strong national climate governance frameworks and how do we get there?
Climate Scorecard’s Global Report # 4 focuses on the Nationally Determined Contributions to the Paris Agreement made by leading greenhouse gas emitting countries.
The poorest regions of the world are will bear the worst brunt of climate change if global average surface temperatures reach the 1.5 or 2 degree Celsius limit set by the Paris agreement, a study h
A team of researchers from Stanford University have determined that failure to meet climate mitigation goals set out in the Paris Climate Agreement could cost the planet trillions over the next cen
The tropics, home to many of the world's poorest nations, will be hard hit by global warming even at the lower end of the Paris climate goals, exacerbating inequality and worsening stresses on huma
Many banks face a climate data gap in identifying the energy technology exposure of the companies in their lending portfolios.
Fighting global warming is starting to sound like a lucrative investment. |
Is flywheel free energy possible? – Free Energy Drink Sample
The flywheel has a number of important mechanical effects associated with it. For instance, a flywheel can rotate so fast that a small electric charge is produced. A little more energy can be released than is used, which can then be used to accelerate the weight forward (as long as the flywheel isn’t at rest). We can imagine using electric charges to accelerate a mass, perhaps one of the passengers, using the flywheel to pull the object forward. The flywheel is also a powerful force to keep an object in its place: a passenger might need to be accelerated or thrown off a ship to change its position when an engine malfunction happens.
But if we turn the flywheel off, the mass will no longer be able to move; it won’t be able to produce energy, so how come it can move in the first place? The answer is that once a mass falls out of a moving object, its inertia becomes zero – the acceleration stops, it can’t make any more corrections to its orbit (because if the mass came from a new orbit, the orbit doesn’t change in any way as the mass falls; the mass can’t move faster).
But that’s not the end of the story, because the acceleration doesn’t stop once a mass falls out of a rocket. Once the mass has fallen out of the rocket, its speed goes up with gravity (the mass is still accelerating) and the velocity of the mass goes to zero. In other words, the acceleration goes to infinity, although it’s probably at least a little bit larger than that, depending on the specifics of the rocket and the rocket’s design and design parameters.
For further information see:
This is an updated edition of an article appearing in the May 2013 issue of Physics World. The article is published in the section entitled “The Rocket Acceleration Problem”
A man who allegedly drove a car through an Orange County courthouse was killed in the collision, authorities said.
David T. Harris, 24, is believed to have been driving southbound in the 500 block of Third Avenue at 11:22 p.m. Monday when he drove through the glass front doors of the courtroom, according to Orange County Sheriff John McMahon.
Court employees at the court building heard something falling, police said. The courthouse was closed to the public when officers arrived.
Harris, of Anaheim, got out of the car, pulled out his gun and opened fire, according to witnesses. He shot himself in the head, McMahon
free energy generator using magnet and dc motor, free energy definition biology, how does free energy change in the course of a chemical reaction, free energy generator for sale in pakistani dresses, free energy generator magnet pdf download |
The definition of bone-mug
- Jul 31, 2018-
Bone china Definition: Bone porcelain is the abbreviation for the name of Bones porcelain, is the animal's bone charcoal, clay, feldspar and quartz as the basic raw materials, after the high temperature and low-temperature glaze burned two times a porcelain fired. The so-called bone china was invented by the British in 1794.
Because of the addition of cattle, sheep and other herbivores in their clay ashes (with cow bone meal for good) and named, is environmentally friendly green consumer goods. Bone porcelain color of natural bone meal unique natural milk white. Generally speaking, the raw materials containing 25% of bone meal of porcelain can be called bone china, the international recognition of bone meal content of more than 40%, the best quality bone porcelain generally contains 51% of high-quality bovine bone meal. Among them, the bone meal composition is more than 40%, the appliance color is more milky, belongs to the high-grade bone porcelain.
China's only Tangshan, Zibo, and other small number of manufacturers to produce exports. After the grouting, molded embryo, gypsum mold dehydration, as well as the initial burning, glaze burning, decals, such as paper baking process, after high temperature firing, become a high whiteness, high transparency, porcelain exquisite fine porcelain. In the firing process of bone china, its regularity, whiteness, transparency, thermal stability and other physical and chemical indicators are very high requirements, thus the scrap rate is very high. Because of the materials used for exquisite, fine production, strict standards, so the value of higher than other porcelain. The unique firing process and the addition of bone carbon, so that the impurities in China clay are eliminated, bone china appears more white, delicate, transparent, lightweight, very few flaws, and more than the general porcelain thin, a special sense of cleanliness in the visual, intensity is higher than the general porcelain, is twice times the daily porcelain.
The higher the content of bone meal, the lower the composition of the clay, in the process of making the more easy to crack, in the formation of the need for higher technology, increased the difficulty of burning, so more precious. |
The immune system
The immune system is a daunting system to cover. However, it is critical for a healthcare professional to
understand how the immune system works. This week you will provide a written response that analyzes the
mechanism of action for the three lines of defense in the immune system.
Assignment Expectations:
You will write a 2000-2250 word essay, not including the Title and References pages (typed, 12 point font,
double spaced).
In addition, I have included a link to research article (Item 10). You should read and provide a review of this
article in item 10.
Required Topics to Address:
Physical barriers, the first line of defense
The second line of defense, the innate immune system
Immunological Surveillance
The third line of defense, humoral immunity
Antibody structure and classes
The third line of defense, cell-mediated immunity
Vaccines and pseudoscience (review this article and provide a summary:
Sample Solution |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.