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Sinus Bradycardia - What To Do? Q:Â My heart beat is slower than normal, it’s 56 every minute. The normal range is 60-100. I don’t feel dizzy or any uncomfortable. Do I need to do anything? A: Normal heart rate is 60-100 beats/minute. It’s calledÂ Bradycardia when the heart rate goes below 60 beats/minute.Â There are several types of bradycardia, the most common of which is sinus bradycardia. Sinus bradycardia can happen on normal people. The problem of sinus bradycardia is causing insufficiency of blood supply to all over the body. If that happens, you’ll feel dizzy, vision loss, faint, etc. As long as you feel physically ok, at 56 beats/minute, you should be fine and no medical treatment is necessary.Â Related FAQs: How Blood Clots Are Formed in Atrial Fibrillation? Is Shock Treatment for Atrial Fibrillation Dangerous? What Exercise Can a Patient with Congenital Heart Disease Do?
· 3 മിനിറ്റ് വായന Ranitidine: Friend or Foe? Current AffairsMedicine Ranitidine is a common medicine prescribed for acidity in the stomach. It is perhaps more widely known by its trade names, Rantac, Zantac etc. Now, this seemingly innocuous drug is in the news for all the wrong reasons. Why is there a lot of panic in the media about ranitidine causing cancer? Ranitidine is scientifically an H2 (histamine-2) receptor blocker, which means that it decreases the amount of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Ranitidine achieves this by blocking the parietal cells of the stomach, which are responsible for acid secretion. As a result, it relieves acidity. The invention of ranitidine is considered revolutionary, because it can be used to treat not only acidity, but also ulcers of the stomach and intestine. It is also used to treat H. pylori, a bacterial infection that can cause acid-reflux like symptoms and increase the risk of stomach cancer in future. Nowadays, surgeries for perforated stomach ulcers have become increasingly uncommon, because patients use ranitidine or similar drugs to prevent stomach ulcers from developing. Ranitidine is a cheap medicine, with each tablet costing around one rupee. It is currently in use in several countries around the globe. But why has this beneficial medicine been in news and been causing panic among the public? On September, 13, 2019, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) at the US on its press release, revealed that ranitidine tablets contain a chemical impurity called N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) at low levels. NDMA is a known environmental contaminant found in water and foods, including meat, dairy products, and vegetables. It is formed during preparation of food, chlorination of water and in some industrial chemical reactions. Thus, the food we eat and water we drink invariably contain NDMA in minute quantities. Researchers have found that NDMA can cause liver cancer in mice. However, it is yet know if it can cause cancer in humans, but for the sake of safety, it has still been classified as a potential cancer causing agent. Whether or not a substance causes cancer depends also on the quantity of intake of the substance. It is very likely that NDMA can cause cancer if ingested in higher quantities. Therefore, governments have determined a safe limit of NDMA, above which the food becomes unsuitable for consumption. How did NDMA come to exist in ranitidine tablets? NDMA can form as an unintended by-product of industrial chemical reactions. When present in very small quantities, it is difficult to quantify and remove them. It is likely that NDMA was formed during one or more chemical reactions during the manufacturing process of ranitidine. In the past, when NDMA was found in other medicines, the whole batch of medicine was withdrawn from the market. This time, however, the amount of NDMA found in ranitidine tablets was in very minute quantities. Preliminary tests show that this amount barely exceeds the amount that is seen in common food stuffs. However, as an extreme measure of caution, many countries have banned and many pharmaceutical companies have withdrawn the medicine. However, the US FDA is evaluating whether such low levels of NDMA in ranitidine can cause any harm to the patients. FDA has not yet advised to stop using the medicine, but has suggested the patients to consider switching over to other medicines if they wish to discontinue ranitidine. Netha Hussain is a medical doctor, researcher and writer. She graduated from Government Medical College, Kozhikode with an MBBS and is currently pursuing her PhD in neuroscience at Sahlgrenska Academy, Sweden. Outside of medicine, she is an open knowledge enthusiast and contributes to several platforms such as Wikipedia, TED and Infoclinic. Design Co-ordinator, Infoclinic. മികച്ച വർഗ്ഗങ്ങൾ എല്ലാ വർഗ്ഗങ്ങളും 282 ലേഖനങ്ങൾ Current Affairs 239 ലേഖനങ്ങൾ 212 ലേഖനങ്ങൾ ആരോഗ്യ അവബോധം 115 ലേഖനങ്ങൾ 64 ലേഖനങ്ങൾ 53 ലേഖനങ്ങൾ Infectious Diseases 51 ലേഖനങ്ങൾ 51 ലേഖനങ്ങൾ 43 ലേഖനങ്ങൾ
Welding of bronze general characteristics The main difficulty in the gas welding of bronze arises from the burnout of impurities, especially tin. Tin begins to form in the form of balls at a temperature of 500 to 600 ° C, which are burned to form tin oxides. On the surface of the welding bath, the foam forms during the evaporation of tin, the seam becomes porous, and the strength of the metal decreases. Welding of aluminum bronze is difficult due to refractory alumina, which is heavily removed from the weld pool. In addition, bronze becomes brittle during the heating process above 500 ° C, loses its viscosity. When welding, molded products are heated unevenly — this can lead to significant internal stresses and the appearance of cracks. Therefore, cast bronze products are recommended to be welded with preheating to 450 ° C. At the time of welding, it is impossible to lift and rotate hot products, since brittle bronze in such a state can give a crack. Filler material As such, a composition similar to the basic one is taken. As a rule, cast rods are used, Ø 5−8 mm and length 400−500 mm. It is better if they contain phosphorus (up to 0.4%), since it prevents the oxidation of tin, thereby the seam becomes pore-free. Before welding, the surface of the bars must be thoroughly cleaned. It can be used the same as when welding copper. In the process of welding aluminum bronzes, the same flux is used as for the welding of aluminum alloys (sodium chloride — 20%, sodium fluoride — 15%, potassium chloride — 45%, barium chloride — 20%), since this flux is able to remove the formed aluminum oxides . Technology features The burner flame should be normal. Excess acetylene can lead to the appearance of pores in the seam, and excess oxygen contributes to the oxidation of tin, copper and other components of bronze. Welding should be done quickly, without interruptions. For this, a second burner is used (as in the case of copper welding), which heats the metal, moving ahead of the welding. During the welding process, the flux is permanently introduced into the weld pool by dipping the bar end. The end of the burner core should be at a distance of 6 to 10 mm from the surface of the molten metal. The power of the tip of each burner should not exceed 100 l / h per one mm of the metal thickness. At the end of welding, the part is heated to 450−500 ° C and cooled in water. Buy, price The company «Electrovek-steel» sells bronze products at the best price. It is formed taking into account the rates for LME (London metal exchange) and depends on the technological features of production without including additional costs. All batches of products have a quality certificate for compliance with the requirements of standards. At us you can buy in bulk the most various production for scale manufactures. A wide choice, exhaustive consultations of our managers, reasonable prices and timely delivery determine the face of our company. At wholesale purchases the system of discounts operates. Our consultant will save your time! sales department +7 (905) 233-21-42
The meniscus is a specialized fibrocartilaginous structure situated between the femur (thigh bone) and tibia (shin bone). Each knee has two semilunar (C-shaped) menisci situated on the inside and outside of the knee joint, referred to as the medial and lateral menisci, respectively. The meniscus attaches to the bone with insertional fibers and several attachments to the ligaments that make up the kneeThe meniscus provides mechanical support cushion to the knee by distributing forces across the joint, assisting with load bearing and providing lubrication for smooth movement in the joint. The meniscus also serves as an additional stabilizer to the knee, and studies have shown that a torn ACL with a damaged meniscus has a much higher risk of instability when compared to an ACL tear alone. A meniscus injury can be caused by a partial or full tear of the cartilage that results from trauma or twisting of the knee. Tears can occur in several directions and can be described as longitudinal, radial, parrot-beak, horizontal, and bucket-handle. Meniscus injuries can also be degenerative and are commonly associated with osteoarthritis. Tears in the meniscus cause pain, occasional swelling, mechanical symptoms (sensation of catching, clicking, or locking in the knee), and occasionally limitations in motion. Diagnosis of a meniscus tear requires a thorough examination and detailed assessment of radiographs (X-rays) and MRI scans. Treatment is dependent on the patient, his or her activity level, and importantly the presence or absence of arthritis. Nonoperative treatment options will focus on alleviating symptoms but will not facilitate healing of the tear. Nonoperative treatment options include physical therapy, activity modification, oral anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs), ice and occasionally steroid injections. If nonoperative treatments fail to alleviate pain and symptoms, then surgical treatment may be indicated. Surgical treatment of meniscus tears is performed arthroscopically, and includes a meniscectomy (torn tissue is trimmed away) and/or a meniscus repair (sutures are inserted to stabilize the tear). The location of the tear and the amount of blood supply to the tissue will determine if the meniscus can be repaired or must be trimmed out. In certain circumstances, a meniscus tear can be large enough and irreparable, leaving the knee with out enough meniscus to protect the cartilage of the knee joint (meniscal insufficiency). In the properly selected patient, a meniscus transplant can be performed, providing the patient with a new, cadaver meniscus.
Contact Us Contact Us Service Enquiry Service Enquiry What is a Screw Compressor? A rotary-screw compressor is an air compressor that uses a rotary-type positive-displacement mechanism, typically used replace piston compressors where large volumes of high-pressure air are needed, either for large industrial applications or to operate high-power air tools. What are twin screw compressors? The principle for a rotating displacement compressor in twin screw form was developed during the 1930s, when a rotating compressor with high flow rate and stable flow under varying pressure conditions was required. The twin screw element's main parts are the male and female rotors, which rotate in opposite directions while the volume between them and the housing decreases. Each screw element has a fixed, build-in pressure ratio that is dependent on its length, the pitch of the screw and the form of the discharge port. To attain maximum efficiency, the build-in pressure ratio must be adapted to the required working pressure. The screw compressor is generally not equipped with valves and has no mechanical forces that cause unbalance. This means it can work at a high shaft speed and can combine a large flow rate with small exterior dimensions. An axial acting force, dependent on the pressure difference between the inlet and outlet, must be overcome by the bearings. Oil-free screw compressors The first twin screw compressors had a symmetric rotor profile and did not use any cooling liquid inside the compression chamber. These were called oil-free or dry screw compressors. Modern, high-speed, oil-free screw compressors have asymmetric screw profiles, resulting in significantly improved energy efficiency, due to reduced internal leakage. External gears are most often used to synchronize the position of the counter-rotating rotors. As the rotors neither come into contact with each other nor with the compressor housing, no lubrication is required inside the compression chamber. How do liquid-injected screw compressors work? In liquid-injected screw compressors, a liquid is injected into the compression chamber and often into the compressor bearings. Its function is to cool and lubricate the compressor element's moving parts, to cool the air being compressed internally, and to reduce the return leakage to the inlet. Today oil is the most commonly injected liquid due to its good lubricating and sealing properties, however, other liquids are also used, for example, water or polymers. Liquid-injected screw compressor elements can be manufactured for high pressure ratios, with one compression stage usually being sufficient for pressure up to 14 and even 17 bar, albeit at the expense of reduced energy efficiency. Fixed Speed Compressors vs. Variable Speed Drive Compressors (VSD) The basic difference between the two technologies can be found right in the name. Fixed speed compressors run at a continuous fixed speed and tend to be very efficient when operating at 100% of its capacity, meaning when the motor is running and compressed air is being manufactured. The inefficiency of a fixed speed compressor is very noticeable and can easily be measured when the unit unloads and stops making air. Before the motor comes to a complete stop, it will continue to run while no air is being produced, consequently wasting energy and money. Inefficiency and waste can especially be visible at facilities that operate multiple shifts and or have great flow demand fluctuation throughout the day. Variable speed drive (VSD) technology works on a different principle, as it turns the motor at the appropriate speed in relation to the amount of air that is required within a given plant / facility. In simpler terms, as the need / demand for air increases, so does the speed of the motor, therefore supplying more flow / CFM. On the other hand, if the demand decreases, the motor will automatically slow down and only use the required energy to provide appropriate flow. VSD air compressors match the output to the demand that is needed and can sense how much flow is being used, while adjusting its speed accordingly. On slower production days, break throughout the day, or during second and third skeleton shifts, the VSD technology comes especially handy, as it eliminates the waste of electricity, therefore saving money. Considering that compressed air usage is costly, as it accounts for over 70% of Total Cost of Ownership in electricity costs, utilizing VSD technology can help you achieve savings of 35-50%. Depending on size of the compressor, the savings can range from $100s to $10,000s annually or more, making it an ideal investment for any facility. VSD air compressors are becoming the norm rather than an exception, with many customer enjoying the annual energy savings and having the ability to reinvest the money into other assets. Do you have an idea for our #expertcornerLet us know! Who we are and how Ash Air can help your business! Ash Air has been around in New Zealand since 1979, and we’ve grown into a nationwide company with international support and a reputation for quality and reliability.We look after all things compressed air for your business! • Reciprocating, Screw, air compressors • Vacuum pumps • Nitrogen • An extensive line of air treatment components Ash Air's range of Chicago Pneumatic, Alup, Pneumatech, and Quincy compressors are used extensively around the world in industries ranging from oil and gas to food, automotive and farming, and we bring you these world class compressors here in the land of the long white cloud.Our technicians are compressed air equipment experts and are dedicated to addressing customer needs. Supported by a 13 locations nationwide, Ash Air offers one of the widest selections of compressed air equipment and parts available today in New Zealand. Reliability and Efficiency With Ash Air compressors, you can count on reliability and high performance for even the most demanding applications. We focus our efforts on the following: • Increasing uptime • Reducing unexpected repairs • Reducing energy consumption • Improving the cleanliness of compressed air Talk to the team today: CONTACT US CONTACT US Read more from our #expertcorner Corrosion in the pipeline is due to insufficient condensation drainage that occurs during compression. The resulting condensate, together with the compressed air, flow further into the compressed air line network and has a negative effect on the pipes. Find out more about how you can prevent corrosion here. Air Compressor Installation Tips Installing Your Reliable Air Compressor So, you've just bought an efficient and reliable ALUP air compressor? Welcome to the world of compressed air. As your partners in compressed air, we will continue to assist you along your journey. 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Recent Posts Arthritis Treatments with Chinese Medicine Arthritis is a term often used to describe any disorder that affects joints. Symptoms generally include joint pain and stiffness. Other symptoms may include redness, warmth, swelling, and a decreased range of motion of the affected joints. It is used to describe around 200 conditions that affect joints. The most common form of arthritis is osteoarthritis. Other common rheumatic conditions related to arthritis include gout and rheumatoid arthritis. In western medicine, treatment of arthritis usually includes pain-reducing medications, physical activity, and in severe cases surgery and joints replacement. These treatments are also applied to inflammatory types of arthritis, such as RA, along with anti-inflammatory medications such as corticosteroids. From the point of view western medicine, the osteoarthritis is caused mainly because of the damage (due to injury, wear and tear or an infection) of the cartilage tissues of the joints. Rheumatoid arthritis is caused by damage of synovium fluid which nourishes cartilages and lubricates bones and eventually destroys both bones and cartilages. From the Chinese medicine point of view, any type of arthritis is mostly caused by the blockage of proper energy flow or flow of body fluid and sometimes caused by a deficiency of the body, which is usually seen in chronic conditions. The key to resolve the condition is to promote the flow or circulation or restore the balance of the body. According to traditional Chinese Medicine, there are four types of arthritis: 1. Zhuo Bi -The afflicted parts of the body become heavy and numb, and the pain worsens on damp days. 2. Re Bi - This produces swelling, tenderness and sharp pain in one or more joints. The patient finds cold compress will relieve the pain. 3. Xing Bi - Here, the pain wanders about the body in patients, usually no fixed location. 4. Tong Bi - Severe pain that settles in one or more joints; cold and inactivity will worsen the pain, heat will reduce pain. Each type of arthritis require specific treatments, with the main focus on creating a flow of energy or circulation: • If swollen and heat sensation is the main complaint, practitioners will need to focus on reducing the inflammation and swelling. In this case, bleeding on the local painful spots will be a quick and effective way to relieve the pain and swelling besides acupuncture treatment. • If the complaint is sharp and fixed pain which is worse with cold weather or lack of movement, practitioners have to focus on bringing more circulation and warmth to the local tissue either through herbal hot compress, or moxibustion with acupuncture. Talk to your registered Chinese medicine practitioner to find out the best treatment for your Arthritis. Book Today with a Bodhi Tree Registered Practitioner Bodhi Tree Oriental Health Clinic is a Chinese Medical facility that takes an integrative approach to your health. Using natural techniques including acupuncture, Chinese herbal medicine, massage, nutrition and lifestyle coaching, the clinic is a transformative experience. Through our holistic approach, we assist our patients in rapidly achieving their goals for better physical and mental health. For more information, call us at 905-760-7542 or click here to simply schedule an appointment with us at your earliest convenience.
Lack Of Innovation In Germany 1580 Words 7 Pages Coinciding with the Nazi takeover in 1933, Germany began a belligerent rearmament of the Wehrmacht by taking advantage of political and ideological strains in Europe and Russia. By rearming and reforming the German military, Hitler hoped to secure Germany’s global dominance by creating a powerful striking force, capable of rapid mobilization and decisive victory. In part, historians attribute Germany’s ability to rearm to liberating appeasement policies; however, another significant factor may have been the lack of innovation by Allied and Russian armed forces. Generally, effective innovation occurs when several favorable conditions coalesce, to include: political-military relations, civil-military collaboration, technology …show more content… History shows that when faced with unpalatable choices and the reality of the environment-capability gap, leaders often cycle back to prior phases in the design process . The British Royal Navy confirmed this regression when they dismissed the findings of the 1924-1925 Newport simulations, which revealed superior advantage to carriers that could mass aircraft in repetitive pulses. Although, the Royal Navy lacked this capability, they discounted emerging doctrine from the US Marine Fleet Exercises and the Tentative Manual (1934), and presumed their flight deck configuration to be sufficient to achieve sea dominance. Similarly, when faced with a growing German threat, the French held steadfast to a curriculum of methodical war within their Command and Staff college. , Remarkably, even while the US, Britain, and Germany conducted numerous simulations in the 1920s validating wireless communication, mobile artillery, and decentralized command, the French held to the rigid belief that “le fue tue” (firepower kills doctrine) would …show more content… Arguably, the US and the rest of the world had begun this conflict many years earlier. Beginning in 1970 with the first terrorist hijackings, and continuing over the next 40 years with over 30 lethal attacks against US interests; Islamic extremism has proven itself a persistent, and formidable threat to our national security. If we address Islamic extremism from a political, rather than religious perspective, we begin to see parallels between this decade and the interwar period. Just as Hitler sought to expand the German State through the ideology of lebensraum; the Islamic State, and it previous iterations, seek to establish a global Islamic Caliphate. Hence, The Caliphate’s center of gravity is its ability to hold and expand terrain, enabling the spread of a political ideology known as “Islamism”, which has demonstrated an ability to influence the global strategic environment. Oddly, the US appears to be navigating toward a rigid doctrine reminiscent of “limited liability”, which relies on foreign nations and SOF (in lieu of naval and air power) to defeat this Related Documents
Big Five personality traits Page 46 of 50 - About 500 Essays • Personality Theory In William Golding's The Lord Of The Flies 1. Is personality innate or learned? 2. Is personality conscious or unconscious? 3. Is personality influenced by interior or exterior factors? So, not only is the topic of personality complex, but it is also multi-faced, with theories both complementing and contradicting each other. To understand personality, is to understand the four major perspectives on it: Psychodynamic, Behavioral and Social Cognitive, Humanistic, and Trait. The psychodynamic perspective views personality as primarily… Words: 1859 - Pages: 7 • Analysis: The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Isabelle Myers. The MBTI is a non-judgemental tool used to sort people based on personality, where no trait is positive or negative. The test is self-administered with no time limit, no right or wrong answers, and sixteen possible outcomes. Each outcome, known as a type, has four representative letters. 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Our busy existence could make it extremely tough to stick to a healthy eating plan. These processed meals never really satisfy your hunger and aren’t good for you in the long run. shed pounds and be healthy while nonetheless eating these foods occasionally. As with vegetables, it’s essential to eat a colourful variety of fruits to get a variety of nutrients. There are many different fruits on the planet, and likelihood is you could have but to try them all. Mix things up with elderberries, guava, and star fruit. Try CHI St. Luke’s Health–The Woodlands Hospital’s heart healthy recipe for a Gourmet Blueberry Blood Orange Smoothie. healthy diet Eating breakfast will help you begin your day with loads of energy.Don’t ruin your breakfastwith high-fat and high-calorie foods. Choose some protein and fiber for your breakfast, and it’s a good time to eat some contemporary fruit. It additionally incorporates omega-three’s, which help keep heart health. Farm-raised salmon could be extra prone to disease and will have been uncovered to or handled with antibiotics. A healthful diet high in quite a lot of nutrient-dense meals is important for older adults to take care of an enough intake of minerals. • You ought to eat foods that comprise nutritional vitamins and minerals. • You can improve your health by preserving a balanced diet. Some different benefits attributed to eating the tomato include a strengthened immune system, higher heart health and the prevention of blood clots. Having a healthy diet isn’t just being aware of what you shouldn’t eat. Here are 10 of one of the best meals to pop into your shopping cart. Canada’s Food Guide recommends eating quite a lot of healthy meals every day. This includes consuming plant-based meals extra usually and selecting extremely-processed or extremely-processed foods less usually. Basic salad elements, such because the tomato, are sometimes overlooked for their health-giving properties. But scientists have lately revealed that consuming a diet rich in tomatoes might help to scale back the chance of conditions similar to prostate and lung most cancers. Greger, who’s been eating a plant-based mostly diet since 1990, stated it doesn’t matter what people eat on their birthday, the vacations or different particular occasions. It’s the day-to-day decisions that basically add up, so it’s essential to eat as many these entire plant foods as attainable persistently. So a 50-calorie apple eaten before dinner can result in a person consuming 200 fewer energy throughout that dinner, saving a hundred and fifty calories. That’s why certain fruits, greens and soups are called “unfavorable calorie” meals. There are quite a few benefits to consuming a healthy diet. It is necessary to comprehend that shedding weight in a healthy way takes time. Pressuring your self to shed pounds too quickly can backfire if the scale doesn’t instantly reflect the target weight you’ve set for yourself.
Today is Wednesday, May 5, the 125th day of 2021. There are 240 days left in the year. Today’s Highlight in History: On May 5, 1925, schoolteacher John T. Scopes was charged in Tennessee with violating a state law that prohibited teaching the theory of evolution. (Scopes was found guilty, but his conviction was later set aside.) On this date: In 1494, during his second voyage to the Western Hemisphere, Christopher Columbus landed in Jamaica. In 1818, political philosopher Karl Marx, co-author of “The Communist Manifesto” and author of “Das Kapital,” was born in Prussia. In 1891, New York’s Carnegie Hall (then named “Music Hall”) had its official opening night, featuring Russian composer Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky as a guest conductor. In 1942, wartime sugar rationing began in the United States. In 1945, in the only fatal attack of its kind during World War II, a Japanese balloon bomb exploded on Gearhart Mountain in Oregon, killing the pregnant wife of a minister and five children. Denmark and the Netherlands were liberated as a German surrender went into effect. In 1961, astronaut Alan B. Shepard Jr. became America’s first space traveler as he made a 15-minute suborbital flight aboard Mercury capsule Freedom 7. In 1973, Secretariat won the Kentucky Derby, the first of his Triple Crown victories. In 1978, Ben & Jerry’s ice cream had its beginnings as Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield opened an ice cream parlor at a converted gas station in Burlington, Vermont. In 1981, Irish Republican Army hunger-striker Bobby Sands died at the Maze Prison in Northern Ireland on his 66th day without food. In 1987, the congressional Iran-Contra hearings opened with former Air Force Maj. Gen. Richard V. Secord, the lead-off witness. In 1994, Singapore caned American teenager Michael Fay for vandalism, a day after the sentence was reduced from six lashes to four in response to an appeal by President Bill Clinton. Ten years ago: Solemnly honoring victims of the Sept. 11 terror attacks, President Barack Obama hugged survivors at ground zero in New York and declared that the killing of Osama bin Laden was an American message to the world: “When we say we will never forget, we mean what we say.” Pakistan’s army broke its silence over the U.S. commando raid that killed bin Laden, acknowledging its “shortcomings” in finding him but threatening to review cooperation with Washington if there was another violation of Pakistani sovereignty. Director, playwright and screenwriter Arthur Laurents (“West Side Story”) died in New York at age 93. Five years ago: Former Los Angeles trash collector Lonnie Franklin Jr. was convicted of 10 counts of murder in the “Grim Sleeper” serial killings that targeted poor, young Black women over two decades. President Barack Obama commuted the prison sentences of 58 federal convicts, part of a broader push to ease punishments for nonviolent drug offenders. Londoners cast votes in an election that gave the city its first Muslim mayor, Labour lawmaker Sadiq Khan, who succeeded outgoing Conservative Boris Johnson. One year ago: President Donald Trump visited a Honeywell mask factory in Arizona, but ignored guidelines to wear a mask. Tyson Foods said it would resume limited operation of its huge pork processing plant in Waterloo, Iowa, with enhanced safety measures, more than two weeks after closing the facility because of a coronavirus outbreak among workers. Even though Joe Biden had no remaining opponents, a judge ruled that New York’s Democratic presidential primary would have to take place on June 23 because canceling it would be unconstitutional. Michigan communities saw record turnout for local elections, with votes cast largely by mail. Facebook said it had removed several accounts and pages linked to QAnon, taking action for the first time against the far-right conspiracy theory circulated among Trump supporters. Today’s birthdays: Actor Pat Carroll is 94. Country singer-musician Roni Stoneman and actor Michael Murphy are 83. Actor Lance Henriksen is 81. Comedian-actor Michael Palin is 78. Actor John Rhys-Davies is 77. Rock correspondent Kurt Loder is 76. Rock musician Bill Ward (Black Sabbath) is 73. Actor Melinda Culea is 66. Actors Lisa Eilbacher and Richard E. Grant are 64. Former broadcast journalist John Miller is 63. Singer Ian McCulloch (Echo and the Bunnymen) and NBC newsman Brian Williams are 62. Musician Shawn Drover (Megadeth) is 55. TV personality Kyan Douglas is 51. Actor Tina Yothers is 48. R&B singer Raheem DeVaughn is 46. Actor Santiago Cabrera is 43. Actor Vincent Kartheiser is 42. Singer Craig David and actor Danielle Fishel are 40. Actor Henry Cavill is 38. Actor Clark Duke is 36. Soul singer Adele and rock singer Skye Sweetnam are 33. R&B singer Chris Brown is 32. Figure skater Nathan Chen is 22. Trending Video Recommended for you
The Battleship Texas played a big, booming part at D-Day Photo of Craig Hlavaty This week marks 74 years since the events of D-Day, June 6, 1944, off the beaches of Normandy, France. Battleship Texas played a big role in the events at D-Day and in the operations that came after. As one of the most heavily armored ships of its time, the battleship was able to act as a rescue and hospital ship, even evacuating casualties from the beach at D-Day. EPIC LIFE: Tracking the life of the historic Battleship Texas from D-Day to La Porte Now Playing: Houston Chronicle reporter Craig Hlavaty spends the night on Battleship Texas. Video: Steve Gonzales, Houston Chronicle The day before D-Day a 17-by-9 foot battle flag was raised on the ship as 156,000 Allied soldiers prepared to cross the English Channel and face the Germans. According to Andy Smith, ship manager of the Battleship Texas, the battleship spent most of June 1944 providing gun support for soldiers at Omaha Beach and nearby Pointe du Hoc. It was an indispensable part of the Allied invasion. The amount of firepower coming from the battleship was immense and played a major role in the fortunes of soldiers on the beach. Omaha Beach was the bloodiest of all five in that operation, according to Smith. "At one point over the period of 34 minutes she fired over 250 rounds of 14-inch shells from her large guns," Smith said. "There are still basketball-sized craters that she put into the side of the mountains there." "Even the operations it participated in at Okinawa and Iwo Jima didn't touch that in terms of sustained firepower," Smith adds, referring to major battles in the Pacific. None of her 1,600-strong crew died during D-Day fighting but a sailor later lost his life at the Battle of Cherbourg. Large-caliber coastal defense guns killed helmsman Chris Christiansen and wounded 11 others. At one point Texas' captain flooded a part of the ship to extend the range of one of its long guns on June 15, 1944 while firing upon German strongpoints near Isigny and Carentan. The Battleship Texas is maneuvered into its berth at the San Jacinto Battleground in 1948. FANCY DIGS: Spending a night aboard the Battleship Texas, the last of her kind After D-Day, the battleship traveled to the south of France, the Mediterranean and ultimately made it into the Pacific theater. Smith sees the ship not just as a piece of military history and American might, but as a witness to history. Sailors observed the famous flag-raising at Iwo Jima from the ship's decks later in 1945, and it ferried a young Walter Cronkite over to the North African theater to fight. It would serve in both world wars and is the last remaining big-gun battleship of its dreadnought class, sidestepping the scrapyard since it was given to the state of Texas in 1948, entering its new life at the San Jacinto Battleground State Historic Site as a museum ship. Craig Hlavaty is a reporter for and
↵ View All Produce Conversions How Many Sliced, Chopped, Cooked Mashed, Shredded, or French Fried Potatoes are in a Pound? Potato image Many recipes will call for "1 cup of diced potatoes" or "1 cup of sliced potatoes" or even "1 cup of mashed potatoes" but it is not always straight forward to decipher actually how many potatoes are in a cup. In order to help make cooking easier we did some experiments to help tell you exactly how many potatoes you need to buy. To answer How many potatoes in a cup we went to the grocery store to check out the produce section. After surveying the vegetable selection we discovered that 1 pound of potatoes is equal to 3 to 4 medium white potatoes, 7 to 9 small red potatoes, or 12 to 15 new or mini potatoes. We decided to use a medium potato for our experiments. Did you know that the white potato belongs to the same family as tomatoes, tobacco, chile pepper, eggplant and the petunia. Thomas Jefferson is credited for introducing "French fries" to America when he served them at a White House dinner. According to Playskool, Inc, the Mr. Potato Head children's doll was born in 1952. And potatoes became the first food to grow in space when plants were taken aboard the NASA space shuttle Columbia in October 1995. Next time your recipe calls for a cup of mashed, sliced or diced potatoes you'll know how much you'll need to purchase at the store to cover it. You can also use our conversion tool below for any custom how many potatoes in a..." measurements you need. If you are peeling a lot of potatoes by hand you should definitely look into getting a good vegetable peeler to greatly speed up the process. I feel comfortable recommending the OXO Good Grips Swivel Peeler since I use it all the time at home! Custom Conversions for Potato One Potato Equals • There is ½ Cup (118 mls) of Cooked and Mashed Potato in a Potato • There is ⅔ Cup (158 mls) of French Fried Potato in a Potato • There is ¾ Cup (177 mls) of Chopped Potato in a Potato • There is 1 Cup (237 mls) of liced Potato S in a Potato • There is 1 Cup (237 mls) of Shredded Potato in a Potato I need: You need 2 Potatoes Want a Fancy Cocktail? Full Recipe: Smoked Manhattan Cocktail How to Store Potato General How to Store Potato Info For a longer shelf life, select potatoes that are firm, smooth, well-shaped and free from sprouts. Potatoes are a good pantry storage item; storing them near onions will decrease their longevity. Short Term Potato Storage From the time you peel the potato until it is used in the dish, store peeled potatoes in water to prevent them from turning a dark color. Refrigerate New potatoes if they will not be consumer within 2 or 3 days. Store potatoes in a brown paper bag in a cool, dry location away from light; they will hold their freshness for 2 to 3 weeks. Potato Long Term Storage Do not freeze raw potatoes as they become watery; thawed frozen cooked potatoes aren't that great. Potato Side Notes There are many varieties of potato with different intended uses. Some of the more common ones are: Bintje, Blue, Caribe, Fingerling, Huckleberry, New, Oca, Purple Peruvian, Red, Russet, White Round, Yellow Finn, and Yukon Gold. Potato Recipes Sous Vide Rustic Roasted Garlic Mashed Potatoes Sous Vide Rustic Roasted Garlic Mashed Potatoes image The entire cooking process for rustic roasted garlic mashed potatoes is done in the sous vide machine to speed up the process and rely on higher temperatures to full tenderization. These mashed potatoes are hearty, chunky, and full of bold flavors. Sous Vide Fingerling Potato Salad Recipe This is a unique mustard-vinegar potato salad which has a tartness not found in the typical mayonnaise based potato salads. The vinegar also helps this dish to complement fattier main courses like ribeye or duck breast. The sous vide potatoes turn out nice and tender and always perfectly cooked. Looking for Something a Little Different? Full Recipe: Citrus Cured Salmon Sous Vide What is the Produce Converter?
Related Conditions Comorbidity is the presence of one or more additional diseases or disorders co-occurring (or associated) with a primary disease, in this case we look at those that can be associated with Hidradenitis Suppurativa. Arthritis is a term often used to mean any disorder that affects joints. Symptoms generally include joint pain and stiffness. Other symptoms may include redness, warmth, swelling, and decreased range of motion of the affected joints. In some types other organs are also affected. Onset can be gradual or sudden. There are over 100 types of arthritis. The most common forms are osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease) and rheumatoid arthritis. People living with hidradenitis suppurativa are more likely to have arthritis than the general population. Crohn’s disease Crohn's disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that may affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract from mouth to anus. Signs and symptoms often include abdominal pain, diarrhea (which may be bloody if inflammation is severe), fever, and weight loss. Nearly one-fifth of patients living with hidradenitis suppurativa may be affected by Crohn’s disease. Depression is a state of low mood and aversion to activity that can affect a person's thoughts, behavior, feelings, and sense of well-being. A depressed mood is a normal temporary reaction to life events such as loss of a loved one. It is also a symptom of some physical diseases and a side effect of some drugs and medical treatments. HS is proven to have a high negative impact on a patients' quality of life, as a result, many patients suffer from depression. Treatment of the emotional distress associated with the condition, can be just as important as treating the physical aspects of HS. Metabolic Syndrome Metabolic syndrome, sometimes known by other names, is a clustering of at least three of the five following medical conditions: abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, high serum triglycerides and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. Metabolic syndrome is associated with the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. In one study, up to 50% of HS patients had metabolic syndrome, which is higher than in the general population. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a set of symptoms due to elevated androgens (male hormones) in females. Signs and symptoms of PCOS include irregular or no menstrual periods, heavy periods, excess body and facial hair, acne, pelvic pain, difficulty getting pregnant, and patches of thick, darker, velvety skin. PCOS is due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Risk factors include obesity, not enough physical exercise, and a family history of someone with the condition. Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a rare inflammatory disease often associated with systemic diseases. PG is characterized by the formation of non-infectious, ulcerative skin lesions often observed on the lower limbs. PG and HS have also associated in a variety of studies, as well as independently in case reports. Both PG and HS have also been associated together within both PASH syndrome and PAPASH syndrome. This relationship is perhaps representative of the prolonged systemic inflammation of HS. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) Squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common type of skin cancer, and is considered the most severe complication of HS, occurring in less than 5% of patients. The chronic inflammation of draining HS lesions may lead to skin changes at the cellular level, eventually resulting in this form of skin cancer. It is important that dermatologists are aware of this risk and biopsy any concerning lesions, as early diagnosis can be lifesaving.
Increase server security using public-key authentication This article tells you how to increase the security of your servers by using public-key authentication. Using the SSH network protocol, you can create a secure and encrypted network connection to a remote device, Such as a server. With such an SSH connection, you wait for the server from your local computer or use it by command line. Depending on the protocol used, different encryption algorithms are used - SSH-2, for example, accesses AES by default. The encryption of the connection must be preceded by a successful authentication first. While the server identifies itself against the client with a security certificate, there are several variants for logging the client to the server. In addition to the well-known classical authentication with user name and password, you can also use public-key authentication. Public key authentication uses a private and public key for user authentication. The public key can be additionally protected by a password. The public key must be stored in the Cloud Panel to enable public key authentication. You can then assign the public key to one or more servers during server creation. If necessary, you can also assign multiple public keys to a server. The public key is automatically entered into the file root/.ssh/authorized_keys during the creation of the server. The private key is stored locally on your own computer. After the server is created, the user can log on to the server without a login password using the public key. If necessary, enter the password with which the public key is protected. The use of public key authentication provides the following advantages: • Only the public key is stored on the server. • Even if unauthorized persons get to the public key, it is almost impossible for them to calculate the appropriate private key from this. • The public key can verify signatures generated by the private SSH key, enabling automatic logon to the server. To protect your server even more effectively, you can also disable the SSH password authentication. You can make this setting while creating a new server. If you disable the SSH password authentication, the user can only log on to the server using public-key authentication. Authentication by means of password input is only possible in this case if the user logs into the server using the KVM console or the VNC console.
Meatless diets and livestock – facts and fiction about the environmental impact: The Spokesman Speaks Podcast, Episode 9 The Spokesman Speaks Podcast Listen to The Spokesman Speaks Podcast in your favorite podcast app Welcome to Episode 9 of The Spokesman Speaks podcast. In this episode, nationally-recognized air quality expert Dr. Frank Mitloehner (an animal science professor at UC Davis) challenges misinformation about the environmental impact of livestock production and meat consumption. The episode also includes an important update on EPA's Waters of the U.S. (WOTUS) rule. Click here to view the transcript + Narrator: Since 1934, Iowa's farmers have turned to the Iowa Farm Bureau Spokesman as their trusted news source. Now, The Spokesman Speaks. Listen in and hear from leading experts on topics important to farmers and agriculture. Now, here's your host, Laurie Johns. Laurie Johns: Welcome to The Spokesman Speaks Podcast. This is our March 25th edition. We're glad to have you here. This week we're going to feature an interview with UC Davis Professor Dr. Frank Mitloehner, who's going to help us challenge that misinformation about environmental impacts of livestock farming. The episode also includes an important update on a federal rule that Iowa's farmers have been working on to improve for years. But let's start with Dr. Frank Mitloehner who is an animal science professor at UC Davis and he is seen as one of agriculture's leading air quality experts. If you follow him on Twitter, you're going to know that he's not afraid to speak his mind. In fact, he recently shared that Congresswoman Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez's team reached out to him for an hour-long conversation on ag and climate change. You can imagine how that one went. Iowa Farm Bureau's Caitlyn Lamm caught up with Dr. Mitloehner at the Pork Congress earlier this year and as you're going to hear, they cut right to the chase. Is a vegan diet really better for the environment? Let's listen in. Dr. Mitloehner: Let's say next year you would consider becoming a vegan. Then your carbon footprint off this year, the omnivore diet versus the next year diet, the vegan diet, would make up a difference with respect to your carbon footprint, that equals one flight from Iowa to Germany. One flight, international flight, generates the same carbon footprint emissions as a change from an omnivore diet to a vegan diet. Caitlyn Lamm: Why do we hear different numbers when it comes to greenhouse gases and livestock's impact on that? What's the correct number and why are these numbers also different? Dr. Mitloehner: The main difference is that people do not really differentiate where those emissions occur. Some people use global numbers, some people use national numbers. For example, many people in the anti-animal agriculture arena will use global numbers to depict the impact of animal agriculture. The global number for all of livestock globally is 14.5 percent. That's how much greenhouse gases come from all of animal agriculture according to the FAO, the Food and Agriculture Organization. Here in the United States according to the Environmental Protection Agency, which looks at admissions across all sectors of society including transportation, power, production, U.S. agriculture, according to the EPA, electricity production and use makes up about 30 percent of all greenhouse gases, transportation about 27 percent and animal agriculture less than 4 percent. So, the number for the United States, all of livestock in the United States, is 4 percent. And that includes pigs and beef and dairy and chickens and so on. And that's the official number for the United States. So please, when you report on livestock for this country, use the appropriate national number, which is 4 percent and not the international number, which is 14.5 percent. No matter what your agenda is, stay with the facts. Caitlyn Lamm: So, then there's not too much incentive for meat lovers to stop eating meat? Dr. Mitloehner: I think there is always an incentive to be reasonable about how much you eat and what you eat and so on. And that's true for any diet. In my opinion, the diets that damages us the most health wise are caused by food items that are very calorie dense. Many people, including some recent reports, favor us to produce more calorie dense foods, more carbohydrate rich foods. The last thing in the world we need in a country like ours is more calories. In fact, we have too many calories which is reflected by an obesity epidemic and increasing rates of diabetes and so forth. We don't need more calorie dense diets. We need more nutrient dense diets. And what gets us there is not high carb diet but diets high in animal-based food items. Caitlyn Lamm: We've also heard, "Well I don't want to go completely vegan or completely vegetarian so I'm just going to go ahead and eat only grass-fed beef." So, is that something that takes away that environmental impact of animal agriculture? Dr. Mitloehner: I think there are reasons to look into grass-fed beef. You know, there are certain aspects of grass-fed beef that appeal to people. The environmental portion I think is not so much particularly on the greenhouse gas side, one that should, that would convince me to go that road. And, and the reason is this, if you compare, let's say a grass finished steer versus a corn finished steer, then we know both of them spent the majority of their lives on pasture. Even the corn finished animal was on pasture for two-thirds of its life before it then went into the feedlot for the last four months of its life. That's how long they are normally in a feedlot. The corn finished animals go to slaughter around 14, 15, 16 months of age and the grass finished steer will go to slaughter at approximately twice that age. So, 26 to 30 months of age. This difference in lifespan of the grass versus the corn finished animal means that the grass finished animal has way more time to produce Interra gases like methane or produce manure or eat or drink and so on. So, the environmental footprint of the grass finished animal is not necessarily a lower one. And there's another aspect that's an important one. Methane, the greenhouse gas methane, is derived from the amount of roughage that an animal invests. The more roughages in the diet, the more methane that animal produces. So, by definition an animal that's grass finished will consume more roughage compared to a corn finished steer and that will have an impact on the methane coming off of those animals. So, the carbon footprint would not sway me to become a grass finished beef eater. There are other issues though that are also of interest. So, I think everybody should eat whatever they desire and there are reasons why people feel A is better than B. And what we as scientists can do is guide you to make the decisions that are right for you. Caitlyn Lamm: We're here in Iowa, we're the number one pork producing state, we actually have a festival that's completely devoted to bacon. So what types of improvements have you seen specifically with pig farming that have reduced any type of environmental effect? Are we more efficient now than we were then raising pigs out on pasture? Dr. Mitloehner: Well, there's absolutely no question about that either. You have been a master of efficiency gains. You have tripled productivity over the last 50 years here in the United States and particularly in Iowa. That has drastically reduced your carbon footprint, your water footprint, your everything footprint. However, you're not getting the credit you deserve. In fact, you are portrayed by much of society as being the least sustainable and the most intensive and so on. And I think the opposite is true. Caitlyn Lamm: And so, if people really want to make a change that involves food you've mentioned before that a decrease in food waste would be a better option for that then for going a certain type of food. Dr. Mitloehner: Well, we have a huge issue, not just here in the United States, but globally. By wasting 40 percent of all food, four zero, 40 percent of all food is lost and is going basically to landfills. And that is an issue of major concern, not just for me, but many of my colleagues as well. What's interesting here is that if you look at the different food items that are being eaten, those high in vegetables and fruit are wasted the most because these food items are very perishable. 50 percent of vegetables and fruits are wasted. Animal-based diets or animal-based food items are wasted at a rate of 20 percent. That's still way too high, but much better. And I think no matter what you produce and no matter what you consume, we can do a much better job in wasting less. Laurie Johns: Well that's certainly great advice and it's great perspective from the Doc. Don't you think? And it comes at a perfect time. It seems like we're just bombarded with misinformation in the media and the political arena regarding the environmental impact of livestock. Speaking of good timing, who's ready to hear some good news about EPA's Waters of the U.S. Rule? That rule that farmers have been working to improve for years. Farmers have a lot of questions about the Waters of the U.S. Rule, where we are, what they need to know what's next? There’re so many questions. I know for my questions, I go to our guests that we're having today. Christina Gruenhagen, our legal counsel with our government relations division. And I tell you what, Christina has tons of information on this particular thing. So, we're going to, in at least our time that we have here, hit some of the basics because I think folks out there listening right now would like to know that. Chris, first, welcome. Nice to see you. Christina Gruenhagen: Good to be here, Laurie. Laurie Johns: So, Waters of the U.S. It seems like something we've been working on for quite some time and all the farmers out there might feel the same way. But where is that rule right now? Christina Gruenhagen: Well, the 2015 Obama rule now is still being litigated in the courts. Georgia, Texas and North Dakota have cases that are pending right now and we're waiting to see what happens with those. The EPA and the Corps of Engineers has also proposed a rule to repeal the 2015 rule and put back the old rule. That rule is still pending but we expect that to be finalized yet this year. And so, step two of that and the big part of why we're talking today, it's the new 2019 rewrite of the Clean Water Rule. This is a rule that decides where the federal government has jurisdiction under the Clean Water Act. So, with the EPA, it's whether you have to get a federal MPDS permit for a discharge or with the Corps of Engineers if you have to dredge or fill a wetland. So, it'd be like if you're putting in a conservation practice next to a stream, those kinds of things. The Corps of Engineers requires a permit for that. Laurie Johns: This is a time sensitive issue. It's a priority right now. Timing counts, doesn't it Chris? Christina Gruenhagen: Yeah. We want to talk about this with you today because April 15th is the comment deadline on the new rewrite. Now, while the repeal rule is still pending, the litigation is still pending, what's most important right now is that farmers need to get out and comment on the rule by April 15th. Laurie Johns: So, I mean, it comes down to defining this new rule. There’re six different definitions of waterway of what water is and six seems a heck of a lot easier to understand than however many pages that were with the original, with the Waters of the U.S. Which is part of the problems that everybody had with it. Christina Gruenhagen: Yeah. Well this proposal is certainly a lot shorter as far as the number of pages go. But there are six categories of water. Some of them are familiar, some of them are new. One is just your traditional navigable waters, you know, like the Mississippi River that you would be able to take a barge down with your grain, of course. Tributaries is a second area. This definition with streams is a little bit different than the previous proposal. This one only talks about perennial and intermittent streams. So, the stream has to have flow in it. In other words, at least some of the time. The ephemeral streams which only have flow after precipitation, those are no longer going to be Waters of the U.S. Laurie Johns: That's good. Christina Gruenhagen: Yes, but they're going to be, they can be still regulated by the state of Iowa. But they wouldn't be regulated by the federal government. And these are things we were concerned about previously, our erosion features and fields. You know when you have a small gully after a rain in your field that that shouldn't be a water, should I say, land that's regulated by the federal government. Laurie Johns: Yeah, cause sometimes you're talking about fields that have been farmed for generations and in a family, and look at the unpredictable weather we're having, not just now but year-round, and you get four inches of rain and now there's a big pond on there. Well that doesn't mean you're going to put in a canoe and get to Raccoon River there. Christina Gruenhagen: So, this definition is better than the previous one, but we still have some questions and think maybe it can get a little bit clearer between what's an a femoral feature on the landscape versus an intermittent stream. Laurie Johns: Here we are today, and we have the Clean Water, Clear Rules and that's the effort that we're trying to get out there. So, for farmers listening to this right now, no matter what they grow, what they raise, this is going to affect them. Christina Gruenhagen: Yes. Laurie Johns: So, what should they do? Christina Gruenhagen: Well, they should comment on Clean Water, Clean Rules. We have an online petition that you can sign. A really quick and easy way to go ahead and comment in support of the rule that, you know, this is a lot better than the other one. Or you can go to if you want to read the whole rule and just search for Waters of the U.S. and you can read it and provide your own detailed comments if you'd like. Laurie Johns: Now, how long is that rule? You've got to figure out how much reading time someone's going to need. Christina Gruenhagen: It's about 67 pages of really tiny type. So, you do need a bit of a magnifying glass but it's a little bit better than the last one. Laurie Johns: I'm going to have to find my readers for that one. I don't know if I can, do you know what, I'm just glad that we're bringing you in here because you've got questions? Just ask Chris. Cause you know, really you have read this many, many times. Christina Gruenhagen: I'd like to talk about one of the really big improvements in this rule is in the area of wetlands. This rule only applies to adjacent wetlands. The old rule had any water within 4,000 feet of a tributary was going to be covered. This is only adjacent wetlands, which is a huge, huge improvement. So, it eliminates a question of whether the mud puddle in the middle of your field will be covered. Laurie Johns: Oh, good. Christina Gruenhagen: These are wetlands that have to be adjacent to like a tributary and actually have to be abutting or touching that tributary. Or when the tributary floods, it reaches out and touches it. So, it really provides a lot of clarity in the area of wetlands as to what's covered and what's not. Laurie Johns: They sure didn't have that in the first go round, did they? Christina Gruenhagen: No. Laurie Johns: Anything else that, too, you think is worth mentioning for folks that are out there listening right now? Christina Gruenhagen: Mainly this is, this is step two of the process. Step one we're waiting on with repeal. Step two is this rule. And so, we hope that the administration can provide a little bit of additional clarity with it. But we're very pleased in the direction they're heading. Laurie Johns: So, timelines, what do we need to know? What's next? Christina Gruenhagen: The public comment period closes again April 15th. But the administration has committed to finalizing this rural by the end of the year, and when they're expecting over a million public comments, that's a really big goal. Laurie Johns: No kidding. So be sure to start by visiting today and sign our Clean Water, Clear Rules petition. Thanks so much, Chris. Christina Gruenhagen: Thank you. Laurie Johns: If you're an Iowa Farm Bureau member, and we certainly hope that you are, be sure to check your mailbox this week for the special conservation section in this week Spokesman newspaper. There's lots of great stories there about efforts to improve water quality and the exciting progress that's being made. And you're a part of it. You don't want to miss it. That's all for this episode of The Spokesman Speaks Podcast. Be sure to join us for our next episode on April 8th. Until next time, thanks for reading The Spokesman. Thanks for all the great stories and inspiration, and thanks for listening to The Spokesman Speaks. About The Spokesman Speaks Podcast Since 1934, The Iowa Farm Bureau Spokesman has been Iowa’s leading agriculture news source, and today it is the largest circulation ag newspaper in Iowa. While the Spokesman newspaper is available exclusively to Iowa Farm Bureau members, The Spokesman Speaks podcast is available publicly, reaching farmers on-the-go with stories that matter to them. You can find episodes of the podcast at or subscribe and listen in your favorite podcast app, such as Apple Podcasts, Google Play, Spotify, Stitcher or TuneInRadio. We release new podcast episodes every other Monday. Episode 10 will be released on April 8, 2019.
How some countries are saving water Image Collab: Leo Rivas By now most of us know saving water is key to our survival in future. This is escalating in importance as the years go by with the population increasing and water supplies decreasing. Many countries are working to prevent this disaster. Here's what some countries are doing: Saudi Arabia, due to its location, has been a true innovator in desalination techniques making the highest production of water that has been filtered to remove salts and minerals. Singapore is using acoustic sound technology to detect leaks in city water pipes. Sound detection devices locate leaks by characterizing and differentiating between leak sounds. Smaller leaks produce a higher-frequency sound and larger leaks a lower frequency sound. In 2008 China improved agricultural practices on 250 000 farms creating more efficient drainage and irrigation sprinklers and wells, soil and environmental monitoring, ground leveling support and institutionalized water and soil conservation practices. The UK is a leader in water metering technology which enhances how residents can adjust their water usage with online databases. The meters let citizens look at what their water is being used for and how much is used. Households may receive alerts if there are big increases which could signal a leak or other problem. South Africa employs technologies such as leak detection piping, adjusted water pressure, replacement of faulty water meters and improvement of parks irrigation practices. They also convince citizens to consume less water to use water most efficiently. Israel recycles 85% of its wastewater and 50% of its farming needs use recycled water. They have more than 300 desalination plants providing water for the country and export over $2 billion worth of filtered salt water to other countries in need. South Korea’s government started a project in 2004 installing rainwater collection systems. These systems capture water to be recycled and used for household appliances, irrigation in parks and for industrial buildings. Certain United States cities require all large buildings to report their water use and to do an assessment every five years to make sure water is being used effectively. They also make property owners follow water conservation practices such as using low-flow shower heads and water saving faucets and toilets. Australia is shifting agricultural to less water intensive crops as globally the majority of water is used in producing food sources. They are moving to drip irrigation which on average saves about 50% of water used in flood irrigation. In India, Bangalore’s lakes were at risk of being bought by private owners in 2010 which would make them unavailable for conservation and cut off them from the aquifers that provides water for the city. A government agency was set up to protect and save lakes making them sustainable and available to the urban communities and farms surrounding the city. So there you have it, these are just some of the ways that some countries are making strides to use less water. There are many other countries doing excellent work to save water, but no doubt a great deal more needs to be done regarding water conservation to secure our future. 45 views0 comments
What is Computer? \| Computer kya hai? The premier invention of this century is the Computer, most people are aware that a computer is an electronic device that can perform arithmetic (+ or - ... so on and logical (>< on) operation. Computer can perform certain tasks faster than human being. So, you will get all the basis fundamentals of Computer. Whats is Computer? or Computer kya hai? and details about computer. Let's start the main topic. 1.Definition of Computer 2.Elements of Computer 3.Function of Computer 4.How to work Computer A)Input Unit B)Output Unit C)Storage Unit (Primary Storage or Main Storage and Secondary Storage) D)Central Processing Unit (A.L.U & C.U) 5.History of Computer A)First generation (1951-1958) B)Second generation (1959-1964) C)Third generation (1965-1971) D)Fourth generation (1971-PRESENT) F)Fifth generation 6.Types of Computer A)Digital Computer (Microcomputer, Minicomputer,Mainframe Computer & Super Computer) B)Analog Computers C)Hybrid Computer 7.Who Invented Computer ? 8.Advantages of Computer B)Memory Capacity What is computer or Computer kya hai? Computer definition is "A computer is an electronic device which store and process information or data to give meaningful result." Elements of Computer The five basic operations are performed by a computer system like Input, Output, Storage, Processing & Controlling. o Input: The process by which data and instruction are entered into a computer system. o Output: The process by which useful information generated inside a computer system is output. o Storage: The process by which data and instruction are saved inside a computer system. o Processing: The process by which logical and arithmetic operation processed according to the set of instruction. o Controlling: The process by which all the above operation are performed in proper sequence and timing. Function of computer Computer all the functions can be divided into the following four categories like; • Acceptation data: A computer can be programmed to accept data. • Processing: The accepted data can then be processed through a command or a series of commands forming a program to perform the mathematical and logical operations. • Storing data: The computer also offer the facility of storage by which your programs and data can both be stored for future reference and use. • Retrieving data: The stored data and programs can be retrieved from the memory whenever required. How to work a Computer A block diagram of basic computer organization is as follows; In Terms of Full Form: Full form of A.L.U: Arithmetic Logic Units Full form of C.U: Control Unit Full form of C.P.U: Control Processing Unit what is computer system & uses of computer Input Unit In order to perform any processing , data and instructions have to enter the computer, Input unit performs this task and links the computer with the external world. Input device can be of different types, like - Keyboard, Punch Card etc. The primary storage (memory) of the computer is designed to accept data in binary codes. Input devices required transforming data into binary codes. This transformation is accomplished by units called input interfaces. The functions performed by an input unit are; • It takes instructions and data from the external world • It transforms the instructions and data into a form (binary code)acceptable to the computer. • It transfers the converted instruction and data to other elements of the computer systems for processing. Output Unit The output units supplies the results of computer processing to the outside world. The computers work with binary codes. So, the results are also in binary form. Before supplying the results to human users, the form has to be converted to one that is acceptable to human users. This conversation is done by units called output interfaces. The functions performed by output units are; • It takes the results produced by the computer in coded form. • It transforms these coded results into to form readable by the computer • It displays or prints the results for human users. Storage Unit Data and instructions received from input units are to be stored inside the computer system before actual processing is done. also, the results produced by the computer system are to be stored inside the computer for the further processing. So storage unit is required for instructions received from external world. There are two types of storage units. o Primary Storage or Main Storage: The term of Primary Storage refers to the main memory of a computer, where both data and instructions are stored for immediate access and use by the computer's central processing units during processing. Primary storage is considered a volatile form of storage, meaning that data and instructions are lost when the computer is turned off. o Secondary Storage or Auxiliary Storage: Secondary storage or Auxiliary storage is any storage device designed to retain data and instructions in a more permanent form. Secondary storage is nonvolatile, meaning that the data and instructions remain intact when the computer is turned off. Central Processing Unit The Central Processing Unit (C.P.U) comprises of the Control Unit and Arithmetic Logic Unit. If we compared to the human body, CPU is the brain of computer system. C.P.U activates and control the operations of others units of a computer system. The parts of the C.P.U are usually connected by an electronic component called a bus. The bus acts as an electronic highway between them. To temporarily store data and instructions, the C.P.U has storage devices called registers. o Arithmetic Logic Unit: During processing operations, all calculations and logical decisions (comparisons) are made in the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), No processing takes place in the primary storage unit. The data and instructions stored in the primary storage unit , are transferred as and when required to the ALU where processing takes place. Intermediate results after processing are stored in primary storage unit and shifted to and from ALU as many times as required. After the final processing , the results are stored in primary storage before release to external user. ALU perform the four arithmetic functions "add, subtract, multiply, divide and logic operations" or comparison such as less than (<), equal to (=), greater than (>)." o Control Unit: This unit does not do any processing, but directs and manage the entire computer system, It does not execute instructions itself, it tells other parts of the computer system what to do. It determines the movement of electronic signals between the main memory and the arithmetic /logic unit, as well as the control signals between the C.P.U and input/output devices. History of Computer Computer evolution or Computer history means the generation of computer. A computer system is combination of hardware and software so, the generation covers both hardware and software. The development of computer took places in five distinct phases know as Generation. These generations are categorized by their technology as follows; First generation (1951-1958) The first generation of computer was marked by the use of "vacuum tubes and wired circuitry" for the electronic components. This generation lasted until the end 1950s. generation of computer 1st to 5th Merits of First Generation of Computer: • Electronic digital computer • Quit Large in size • Heating issue • Require special housing Demerits of First Generation of Computer: • Bulky size • Poor Reliability • The computer were not portable Computer Series first generation: ENIAC: [Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator] is the first electronic computer develops in 1946. EDVAC: [Electronic discrete Variable Automatic Computer] EDSAC: [Electronic Delay Static Automatic Computer] was started in the early 1947 Second generation (1959-1964) The second generation of computer marked by either Magnetic drum or magnetic core storage and later use of transistor in place of vacuum tubes. Second generation lasted until the first half 1960's second generation of computer Merits of Second Generation of Computer: • Smaller in size • Reliability is increased • More Portable Demerits of Second Generation of Computer: • Maintenance requirement is still high • Very Costly Computer Series second generation: • ICT (ICL) 1300 • IBM 1401 Third generation (1965-1971) The third generation of computer replaced transistor with Integrated Circuits (ICs). This ICs are very small in size , also known as silicon chip. A single chip contained thousands of transistor. third generation of computers Merits of Third Generation of Computer: • Very Small in size • Much more Reliability • Easy Portable • Power requirement become less Demerits of Third Generation of Computer: • Maintenance of IC requirement sophisticated technology Computer Series third generation: • IBM-360 Series, ICL-1900, ICL-2903, PDP-11/45 New Terms: • Hardware / What is Hardware: Physical component of a computer. • Software / What is Software : Set of program is known as software. • Vacuum tubes: Electronic Device. • ICs: Integrated Circuits. Fourth generation (1971-PRESENT) The forth generation of computer replaced LSI chip with Integrated Circuits (ICs). A single chip contained thousand of transistor . Semiconductor memories replaced magnetic core memories. 4th generation of computer Merits of Fourth Generation of Computer: • Compact in size. • High Reliability. • Easily Portable. • Computation is much faster. • The cost and production is very less. Demerits of Fourth Generation of Computer:Manufacture of LSI chips required sophisticated technology. Fifth generation The fifth generation computer is yet to arrive. these computer are based on VVLSI (Very Very Large Scale Integration) technology with sophisticated operating system interface capability. These computers will be based on advances in silicon technology. These computers are supposed to have thinking power, i.e they will have artificial intelligence. fifth generation of computer Types of Computer There are three types of computer like; Digital Computer, Analog Computer & Hybrid Computer. Digital Computer A distinctive feature of a digital computer is that it computes by counting and adding operations. Digital computers are much faster than analog computer. The various classes of digital computer are; A microcomputer is a small, low cost computer with a processor based on a single silicon chip . A microcomputer is also called a personal computer or PC. This machine is another advancement over the PC -AT . Here you can have a maximum of a few hundreds of dump terminals attached to the same CPU. Processing speed is also many times faster. One example is the IBM 9375. Microprocessor used in Intel 80286 or 80386. Mainframe Computer: Mainframe computers are faster and more sufficient than Minis and have a much larger storage capacity. Example are the IBM System /370 and IBM 4300 Series. Super Computer: Super Computers are most powerful and most efficient too, Super Computers are designed to process complex scientific applications. Super computer have the computing capacity of approximately 40,000,000 IBM PCs. Some examples are CARY-2,ETA-10, CARY X-MP. Analog Computers An Analog computer computes by measuring changes in a continuous physical phenomenon such as electric voltage, length, current, temperature, etc. The devices that measure such quantities are analog. The advantages of analog computer is that all the calculation take place in parallel and hence these are faster but their accuracy is poor. Hybrid Computer The hybrid computer uses both the analog and digital components.Hybrid computers use digital memory for the storage and analog devices for computational purpose. Who invented the Computer? Who made the computer or Who invented the computer there are lots of argument on computer filed. But Charles Babbage invented the computer there are no doubt on it, As A.L.U - Arithmetic Logic Units, Basic flow control and integrated memory was implemented in first computer and these are all major contribution by British mathematician Charles Babbage between 1833 and 1871. So, that is why Charles Babbage called Father of Computer also. charles babbage father of computer Advantages of Computer As you can see, computer are being used almost everywhere. The areas where computers are used Banking sector, Railway,Airway,Electricity departments, Billing, School, Colleges & Industries etc. Some of the advantages that made these people to use computers are; Computers are much faster as compared to human beings. A modern computer can execute millions of instructions in one second. The operations of personal computers are measured in thousands of a second or a millisecond. Memory Capacity Computers can store a large amount of information in a very small space. Computer can store billions of characters and perhaps thousands of image on disk that can be available for future use. Computers can perform all calculations accurately provided the hardware does not malfunction. Computers are immune to tiredness and boredom of fatigue.Thus computers are more reliable than human being. Computers can perform repetitive jobs efficiently. Computers can solve labor problem or do hazardous jobs in a hostile environment. Computers even can work in the areas where the human brain can err, for instance,observing,the motion of very fast-moving articles. Also,computers can work with different types of data and information like graphics, audio-visual characters etc. Post a comment 1. Very Good article and informative. I would love to read tech article.
How can I use CBT in between sessions? 1. Cognitive restructuring or reframing This involves taking a look at negative thought patterns. Perhaps you tend to over-generalize, assume the worst will happen, or place far too much importance on minor details. Thinking this way can affect what you do and it can even become a self-fulfilling prophecy. PRACTICE THIS: Your therapist will ask about your thought process in certain situations so you can identify negative patterns. Once you’re aware of them, you can learn how to reframe those thoughts so they’re more positive and productive. For example: “I blew the report because I’m totally useless” can become “That report wasn’t my best work, but I’m a valuable employee and I contribute in many ways.” 2. Guided discovery In guided discovery, the therapist will acquaint themselves with your viewpoint. Then they’ll ask questions designed to challenge your beliefs and broaden your thinking. You might be asked to give evidence that supports your assumptions, as well as evidence that does not. In the process, you’ll learn to see things from other perspectives, especially ones that you may not have considered before. This can help you choose a more helpful path. 3. Exposure therapy Exposure therapy can be used to confront fears and phobias. The therapist will slowly expose you to the things that provoke fear or anxiety, while providing guidance on how to cope with them in the moment. This can be done in small increments. Eventually, exposure can make you feel less vulnerable and more confident in your coping abilities. 4. Journaling and thought records Writing is a time-honored way of getting in touch with your own thoughts. Your therapist may ask you to list negative thoughts that occurred to you between sessions, as well as positive thoughts you can choose instead. Another writing exercise is to keep track of the new thoughts and new behaviors you put into practice since the last session. Putting it in writing can help you see how far you’ve come. 5. Activity scheduling and behavior activation If there’s an activity you tend to put off or avoid due to fear or anxiety, getting it on your calendar can help. Once the burden of decision is gone, you may be more likely to follow through. Activity scheduling can help establish good habits and provide ample opportunity to put what you’ve learned into practice. 6. Behavioral experiments Behavioral experiments are typically used for anxiety disorders that involve catastrophic thinking. Before embarking on a task that normally makes you anxious, you’ll be asked to predict what will happen. Later, you’ll talk about whether the prediction came true. Over time, you may start to see that the predicted catastrophe is actually not very likely to happen. You’ll likely start with lower-anxiety tasks and build up from there. 7. Relaxation and stress reduction techniques In CBT, you may be taught some progressive relaxation techniques, such as: • deep breathing exercises • muscle relaxation • imagery You’ll learn practical skills to help lower stress and increase your sense of control. This can be helpful in dealing with phobias, social anxieties, and other stressors. 8. Role playing Role playing can help you work through different behaviors in potentially difficult situations. Playing out possible scenarios can lessen fear and can be used for: • improving problem solving skills • gaining familiarity and confidence in certain situations • practicing social skills • assertiveness training • improving communication skills 9. Successive approximation This involves taking tasks that seem overwhelming and breaking them into smaller, more achievable steps. Each successive step builds upon the previous steps so you gain confidence as you go, bit by bit. 4 views0 comments Recent Posts See All
Rodent vectored diseases Worldwide, rats and mice spread over 35 diseases. These diseases can be spread to humans directly, through handling of rodents, through contact with rodent feces, urine, or saliva, or through rodent bites. Diseases carried by rodents can also be spread to humans indirectly, through ticks, mites or fleas that have fed on an infected rodent. Here we suggest that you visit the link for the CDC which provides a pretty complete list of those diseases vectored from rodents directly and indirectly to man: http://www.cdc.gov/rodents/index.html
There are several reasons why your specialist may recommend hip replacement surgery. People who benefit from hip replacement surgery often have: • Hip pain or stiffness that limits everyday activities, such as walking or bending and getting in and out of chairs. • Hip pain continues while resting, either day or night. • Stiffness in a hip that limits the ability to move or lift the leg. • Inadequate pain relief from anti-inflammatory drugs, physical therapy, or walking supports. The hip is a ‘ball and socket’ joint made of the two bones, the thigh bone and the pelvis. What people refer to as their ’hip’ when talking about clothing is actually the top part of the pelvis. The part of the thigh bone that, makes the ball up is called the femoral head which is attached to the rest of the thigh bone by a piece of bone called ‘the neck’. The part of the pelvis that makes up the socket is called the acetabulum. The surfaces of the bones that move against each other are covered by a layer of tissue called articular cartilage, or the joint surface. In healthy joints this is smooth and the surfaces move freely against each other. In damaged or arthritic joints this layer may be rough or patchy and this can cause pain, swelling and feelings of instability. The hip is stabilised by various structures. The strongest of these are the muscles. These include the various thigh and buttock muscles. The ball and socket joint is contained within a very important sleeve of tissue called the hip joint capsule. There are thickenings in and around the capsule that form ligaments. There is also a structure made of cartilage that runs around the rim of the socket that acts like an ‘O’ ring called the labrum. Its job is to effectively deepen the socket and make the joint more stable. Common Hip Conditions Arthritis is a very common condition affecting hips. There are various causes like injury, whole-body diseases like rheumatoid disease, psoriasis and lupus and the most common – wear and tear. The hip will usually cause pain in the groin and sometimes running all the way down the front of the thigh to the knee. Occasionally there is no pain in the hip at all but the stiffness often noticed as difficulty putting on shoes and socks or cutting toenails. Instability can also be a problem, There are many different ways to treat arthritis before surgery is required. These include an exercise program and weight loss, modification of activity, various walking aids, medications (both prescription and non-prescription), physiotherapy, podiatry and injections. Surgery is usually used when another treatment has failed or the disease is too advanced for it to be likely to work. If surgery is required for hip arthritis, it is usually some sort of replacement. Trochanteric Bursitis is a term used to refer to pain and tenderness on the outer aspect of the thigh. Strictly speaking, it refers to inflammation of a small thin ‘bag’ of slippery fluid that sits on the bone on the outer aspect of the thigh. This is present to allow easy movement of the soft tissues over the bone. We have subsequently realised that this is not actually the cause and that it is in fact caused by muscle dysfunction of the large buttock muscles that usually hold the pelvis still when walking during the part of the walking movement that has all the body weight on one leg as the other leg swings through. Walking incorrectly or limping puts a strain on the muscle insertion on to the bone and causes damage to the tendon that fails to heal because of a poor blood supply. Treatment of this is usually non-operative and concentrates on getting the act of walking correctly again. This involves physiotherapy and podiatry with a managed exercise program. Sometimes injection can be used to try and help the healing process. Surgery is rarely used as it does not have a high success rate. A hip replacement does not fix this pain. A labral tear is a term used to describe a tear or detachment of the stabilising ring around the lip of the hip socket. This can be a very painful, frustrating and disabling condition. This condition does not show up on simple x-rays or even some MRI scans. It can often cause sharp pain with certain movements, sudden instability or a deep nagging aching groin pain. Luckily the vast majority of labral tears can be treated conservatively, and the, in fact, many people have them and don’t realise that this is what they have. In a small percentage of cases, the tear is debilitating enough to warrant surgery. Surgery can sometimes be performed via a small incision and use of a T.V camera. This procedure is called a hip arthroscopy. I do not perform hip arthroscopies but do refer appropriately when required. Unfortunately, a lot of labral tears that are symptomatic are associated with quite significant arthritic change and in those particular instances, the best way forward is usually a hip replacement.
COVID-19 and its Impact on Young Mothers The COVID-19 pandemic has had an effect on many different populations in many different ways. For instance, women and mothers in particular, have been unequally affected compared to men. Women still tend to shoulder the burden of domestic work even if they have full-time jobs themselves, and during the pandemic, those duties have increased, even more so for women who have children. Surveys have shown that women, who are more likely to work in pandemic-affected service jobs, experienced more job loss than men and suffered greater stress than men. Mothers reported spending more time on child care and in some cases being the only provider of child care despite also working from home. COVID-19 effects on sleep patterns of mothers Stress and anxiety are major contributors to insomnia, and both of these have increased significantly among mothers since the pandemic began. With schools and child care centers closed and fallback options, such as grandparents, unavailable due to efforts to avoid spreading the virus, many parents have found themselves at home caring for children while also working. In some cases, mothers have been having to help children with homeschooling in addition work full and part time jobs. In other cases, mothers have been dealing with the financial pressures from the loss of their own jobs. The effects of COVID-19 on mothers include greater degrees of depression, anxiety and other types of psychological distress. How have other parents dealt with the lack of sleep during COVID? Sleep is a critical component in parents' maintenance of their emotional and physical health during the pandemic. Mothers of young children are already often sleep deprived, and the pandemic may have only exacerbated that deprivation. Parents who are consistently dealing with a lack of sleep might want to consult with their doctors about possible solutions. Some parents have had some success by trading off times when each of them either works or focuses on caring for children. This can reduce some of the stress that is causing insomnia. Consistent schedules and regular exercise can also help keep everyone on track and can make it easier for both parents and children to sleep. Many mothers may feel too overwhelmed to even seek solutions and might simply be trying to keep their heads above water as they struggle with juggling work, children and the general disruption created by COVID. While the physical effect of COVID seems to be more severe for men, the psychological effects of COVID on women appears to be much worse, and this in turn can also compromise their physical health. How have some mothers adapted during Covid? Dealing with the effects of COVID on mothers has meant turning to therapy for some women. While some women have experienced greater stress as a result of more time with their children, others have found that more quality time has strengthened their relationship with their children. It's important to avoid stress and anxiety as much as possible and to get the sleep you need. These two things are major contributors to insomnia and there's been a significant increase in stress and anxiety among mothers since the pandemic began. If you or a loved one are suffering from insomnia, it is important to seek help. Previous Article Next Article
Saying 'sorry' doesn't have to be hard A sincere apology does a world of good for both the giver and the receiver. It shows you regret the hurt or pain you caused, whether that’s inadvertently or on purpose, and it signals your desire to restore the relationship to a healthy balance. Without apologizing, authenticity cannot be achieved because authenticity requires you to appropriately express your feelings and needs. Why apologizing is good for you and others 1. Provides a constructive outlet for remorse. Extending an apology helps you take responsibility for your actions and hold yourself accountable for them. This is especially true if you back up your words with positive actions to prevent it happening again. Holding on to remorse can lead to internalized anger which over time can impact your sense of self-worth. 2. Improves your future conduct. By reflecting on your actions and sharing your experience with another person, you create an experience which encompasses your senses and as a result is more memorable. This will help you to stay motivated to do better the next time you're in a similar situation. When you strive to improve your future behavior, you‘re making amends as well as apologizing. 3. Decreases the harm you may have caused. For someone who feels wronged, by hearing an apology it is likely to lessen the impact. It is a natural reaction: when we know that someone feels sorry for their negative effects on us because they value us and care about how we feel, we enjoy significant relief and a reduction in hurt and anger. Studies show that receiving an apology also helps people feel less threatened. 4. Encourages forgiveness. Without an apology or asking for forgiveness, we cannot be forgiven. And from time to time, we all need to be forgiven. Apologies and making amends help to speed the forgiveness process along. 5. Maintains healthy relationships. Healthy relationships need conflict and resolution from time to time. Often it is the conflict that builds deeper understanding and leads to better outcomes when there are issues to resolve. Apologizing and forgiving creates an atmosphere of mutual respect, trust, and cooperation. How to deliver a sincere apology 1. Generate remorse. Reflect on your actions and how they affected the other person. If it helps, consider what it might have been like in the other person's shoes. If the situation is emotionally charged, take time to calm down in a neutral setting. Talk with others if you need some objective input. Feel good about your courage in facing the facts head on. 2. Express your regret. State clearly that you take full responsibility for your conduct. Acknowledge your intention and the impact your actions had on the other person. There is no need to defend your actions, that will diminish your apology. 3. Propose a constructive remedy. Be prepared to state what you're willing to do to right the wrong. It will demonstrate that you're serious. Give the other person a chance to propose what they need so you can work together to reconcile your points of view. This turns your apology into an amends. 4. Listen to the other person. Be willing and open to however the other person decides to respond. You can feel good about your willingness to make reparations, irrespective of how things turn out. Sometimes you'll enjoy an immediate reconciliation however this is not always the case. Be patient if the other person needs more time. Sometimes when we apologize, we hope or expect to be met with forgiveness however that is not always going to happen. That doesn’t mean your apology was insincere although it could mean that. It's more likely that the other person isn't ready to forgive or that you do not have a shared value system and you may need to ‘agree to disagree’ on the issue. 5. Choose your time & place. The more significant the disagreement, the greater the likelihood you will need to reflect on the situation and your behavior before considering apologizing. If that is the case, choose a time when you are both able to discuss the situation without distractions. This could mean booking a time in the diary or finding a private space to openly discuss how you both feel about the situation. Additional Suggestions • Apologize in person. Your apology carries more weight when you make it in person than if you just text or e-mail it. So much can get lost or mis-interpreted online. Face-to-face discussions are usually the most expedient way of apologizing and making amends. If you are apologizing, make every effort to use eye contact, this conveys your sincerity. • Apologize promptly. It's easier to untangle a knot while it's still fresh. A prompt confession can prevent resentments from building. • Evaluate any feelings of humiliation. Do you feel that saying you're sorry is a sign of weakness? Actually, it takes great courage and wisdom to face unpleasant realities and communicate openly. Rejoice in the knowledge that you're making life better for you and those you care about. • Know when you need help. If you find yourself apologizing for the same thing over and over, it may be a sign that you need help to make lasting changes. Engaging the support of someone you trust or a professional in the area, could help you transform so that it is no longer something you need to apologize for. Understanding the importance of forgiveness can help you resolve conflicts and lead a more fulfilling life. Use these techniques to make your apologies more sincere and effective. Join the VIP list! Members of the VIP list receive tips on how to manage their energy, free downloadable content, and 'Ask Me Anything' in the weekly newsletter delivered on Tuesdays. 50% Complete Download my eBook: Strategies for Managing Your Emotions
Fire & Water - Cleanup & Restoration Why SERVPRO Filters the Air during Mold Damage Remediation in Los Angeles 2/2/2021 (Permalink) SERVPRO technicians at work. Mold is no DIY project. Call the trained professionals of SERVPRO. They are IICRC certified technicians with the latest equipment available. Mold can leave indoor air more polluted than exterior air. The pollution levels in Los Angeles earned our city a less-than-stellar reputation decades ago. However, working together, we have been able to steadily reduce the number of contaminants in the air and bring pollution down considerably. Different factors helped create the intensely hazardous pollution that once plagued our area. Pollution comes from different places. Fresh air is not made. It comes from the absence of contaminants in the air, water, and soil. The air pollutants over Los Angeles can end up in both our drinking water and our lawns. Pollutants come from: • Motorized vehicle exhaust, • Aviation travel, • Factory emissions, • The incineration of waste, • Wildfires, and • Vaporized particles from our lakes and streams. Why pollution sticks around Los Angeles. Los Angeles sits in a basin, placing our city lower than the nearby mountains. This bowl-like enclosure keeps the wind from expelling dirty air, trapping it over the city. This stagnation of the air becomes worse as the temperature rises. This is why the view from your vehicle during your morning commute is more precise than the view later in the day. Some causes of Los Angeles' reduction in pollution levels. Our geographical layout has not changed, nor has the inability of winds to dip in and lift out filthy air. However, our air is less polluted because of the changes we have made ourselves. We still use fossil fuels but in a much more responsible manner. Newer model vehicles' exhaust systems cause less pollution. Factories also trap solids in more efficient ways and keep them from entering the air. Some pollutants that affect our homes, like microbes, exist outdoors, but natural conditions keep such organisms under control. Where the sun's rays can make smoggy conditions worse, mold spores often die off when exposed to strong sunlight. Too much sun can harm us, but we also need it to help our bodies produce vitamin-D. Pollution, however, is another situation that holds no benefits. Avoiding it altogether is largely impossible, but we continue to hope our efforts eventually create a much healthier, cleaner environment in Los Angeles. Mold can cause pollution-like problems in our Los Angeles homes. Pollution causes several potential health effects and can cause property damage, as well. Microbes like mold act in similar ways: • Mold creates stains when it invades porous materials. • Spores ejected by mold travel on air currents. • Around 360 types of mold produce mycotoxins. • Many varieties of mold create microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs). Why SERVPRO uses HEPA filters with activated charcoal. These mycotoxins are extremely small – around 0.1 microns. NASA has discovered that HEPA filters trap contaminants smaller than the 0.3 microns often stated through the diffusion filtration mechanism, meaning they can trap mycotoxins. However, because of the MVOCs (which also produce much of the musty odor associated with mold infestations), we increase our filtration process's strength with activated carbon inserts. When we perform mold damage remediation, we want your home restored "Like it never even happened," including how it smells when you walk in the door. SERVPRO of Highland Park can help make your Los Angeles home safe and healthy again by addressing mold damage with our highly effective methods. Call (323) 255-1001 to make an appointment with our team of specialists. Other News View Recent Posts
Question: What Is The Aid In Lemonade? Why is lemonade not called Lemon? The History of Lemonade: Lemonade is called “ lemonade ” and not “ lemon juice ” like “orange juice ”; because it is a mixture of lemon juice, sugar and water, which is why it’s called “ lemonade.” Orange juice and apple juice mixed with water and sugar could be called orangeade. What are the characteristics of lemonade? Lemonade is an example of a solution: a mixture of one or more substances dissolved evenly into another substance. A solution has physical properties that are a combination of properties from its ingredients. For example, lemonade has a yellow color from the lemon juice and a sweet taste from the sugar. Is still lemonade good for you? Since lemonade is made from freshly squeezed lemons, it’s gotta to be healthy and good for you, right? Well, yes and no. Lemon juice is full of minerals and vitamins, especially vitamin C, which helps strengthen your immune system. It also helps digestion and mineral absorption and aids weight loss. What is English lemonade? In the US lemonade is a drink made with the juice of lemons, water, and sugar. In the UK lemonade is a cold, sweet fizzy drink (= one with bubbles) with a lemon flavor. Out of those only three are non-carbonated: Snapple Pink Lemonade, Frugo Blue Lemonade, and Tesco Finest Winter Cranberry Lemonade. Is Schweppes a lemonade? Contains: Sweeteners. Original. Masterfully made with lemon juice. Is 7 up a lemonade? You might be interested: Quick Answer: How To Make 1 Glass Of Lemonade? Is lemonade the same as lemon water? No. Lemonade uses a lot of lemon juice, and adds copious sugar to balance the acidity. An infused water will probably have a few slices of lemon floating in it to infuse it with a hint of lemon, and likely will contain no sugar. There’s nothing subtle about lemonade if you do it right. Is Sprite a lemonade? When should I drink lemonade? Is it OK to drink lemonade everyday? Too much lemonade or lemon juice can damage the teeth enamel, leading to decay, stains, pain and increased sensitivity. In rare cases, acidic beverages may cause abscesses and tooth loss. The ADA recommends limiting the consumption of freshly squeezed lemonade, lemon juice, orange juice and sour candies. Is Lemonade bad for your kidneys? The kidneys are able to handle almost any liquid that you drink, but I feel that drinking water for hydration is the best choice. Cranberry juice can prevent bladder infections in women. Lemonade (made with real lemon juice ) can help to prevent kidney stones. Low fat milk can also help to prevent kidney stones. You might be interested: FAQ: Where Did The Word Lemonade Come From? What is the healthiest soft drink? 10 Drinks That Will Kick Your Soda Habit For Good • Kombucha Wonder Drink. • Pellegrino. • Smartwater Sparkling. • Kevita Organic Sparkling Probiotic Drink. • Found Infused Sparkling Water. • SAP Maple Seltzer. • Izze Sparkling Juice. • Spindrift Seltzer Water. Why is pink lemonade? 1912: A New York Times obituary for Henry E. Allott, a Chicago man who, as a teenager, ran away to join the circus, credits him with inventing pink lemonade. According to this story, Allot accidentally dropped some red cinnamon candies into a big batch of regular lemonade, turning the beverage pink. What is Sprite and lemonade called? Sprite is releasing a new flavor that’s made with lemonade Coca-Cola is releasing a new flavor of Sprite made with lemonade called Sprite Lymonade. Brand Eating reports that 20-ounce bottles of Sprite Lymonade have been rolling out nationwide. Is Lemonade aN American thing? The predominant form of lemonade found in the US, Canada, and India, cloudy lemonade, also known as traditional or old fashioned lemonade in the UK and Australia, is typically non-carbonated and made with fresh lemon juice; however, commercially produced varieties are also available. Leave a Reply
Oracle interview questions and answers - 1 Oracle interview questions These Oracle questions have been designed for various interviews, competitive exams and entrance tests. We have covered questions on both basic and advanced concepts which will help you improve your skills to face interview questions on Oracle. Who are these Oracle interview questions designed for? All the developers, programmers and software engineers will find these questions extremely useful. All freshers, BCA, BE, BTech, MCA and college students wanting to make a career in Software Development will be highly benefited by these questions. Oracle interview questions topics This section covers Oracle topics like - View, functions, datatype, subquery, Join, VArray, Cursor, constraints, database objects, Oracle backup, trigger etc. 1. What is a View and how is it different from a table? A view is a user-defined database object that stores the results of a SQL query. You can refer a view as a logical table as it does not store data physically. It is a virtual table that derives its data from one or more table A table holds data but not SQL query. You can update and delete data from a table but you can't do so with a view. The table can be updated or deleted while Views cannot be done so. Video : Oracle interview questions and answers for freshers 2. What is the use of WITH CHECK OPTION in views? If view is created with WITH CHECK OPTION, row insertion is allowed based on some condition. To ensure the consistency of the view, you use the WITH CHECK OPTION clause when you create or modify the view. It prevents visible rows from being updated to non visible rows. 3. What is a Data Dictionary and how can it be created? Whenever a new database is created, a database specific data dictionary gets created by the system. The data dictionary is where Oracle stores metadata about objects in the database. You can think of it as the set of tables that keep track of your tables, indexes, and other objects. For example, when you create a table, the table name, column names, types, tablespace, and more are stored in the data dictionary. It has a set of read-only tables and views and it is physically stored in the SYSTEM tablespace. 4. Explain the difference between TRANSLATE and REPLACE. Translate is used for character by character substitution. It replaces a single character at a time. For example, TRANSLATE( string1, str_replace, replacement_str ) It will replace the 1st character in the str_replace with the 1st character in the replacement_str. Then it will replace the 2nd character in the str_replace with the 2nd character in the replacement_str and so on TRANSLATE('coraarrgde', 'oag', 'aei') Result: 'careerride' Replace function replaces the string with another string if it matches REPLACE(‘input string’,’find_string’,’replace_string’); Result: 'careerride' 5. What is the use of NVL function? The NVL function is used to replace NULL value with another value. It lets you substitute a value when a null value is encountered NVL(Value, replace value) 6. What is COALESCE function? The COALESCE() function returns the first non-null expression in a list. If all values in the list are null, then the coalesce function will return NULL. Coalesce(value1, value2,value3,…) 7. What is LOB datatype? LOB is Large Object Data type. Tables can have multiple columns for LOB data types. But LOBs can't be primary keys nor use with distinct, group by, order by or Join Types of LOB are BLOB, CLOB and NCLOB BLOB is an abbreviation for Binary Large object. BLOB accepts large binary object such as Image and Video files CLOB is an abbreviation for character large object, can store large amounts of character data NCLOB accepts CLOB data in unicode that represents most universal standard which supports all major languages.
Stalin Narrative Essay In 1879 two Georgian peasants conceived what would be USSR’s most cruel, power-hungry and diabolical ruler for 25 years, Josif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili. During his childhood he had to endure an abusive father, a bout with smallpox and a freak accident that resulted in an arm deformity. ‘Soso’ as he was referred to by his mother and classmates, trained to become a priest at Tbilisi Theological Seminary but was expelled for taking part in revolutionary activities and having organized a Marxist group . In 1903 he was drawn into the revolutionary circles of Vladimir Lenin’s Bolshevik Party, the state’s first communist party. Lenin saw in Dzhugashvili, a man of action, a man who can get things done, unlike the brilliant orator known as Leon Trotsky and the many other intellectuals already in the movement. He distributed illegal literature, organized workers and even robbed a bank to support his cause. In 1912 he adopted the name Stalin, which fittingly means “man of steel”, and in 1917 he became the editor for the Bolshevik newspaper, Pravda (Truth). Meanwhile, in 1917, the Soviet Empire was in chaos after Tsar Nicholas II, apart of the Romanov rule for the past 300 years, sent assistance to the Allies against Germany in WWI that resulted in four million casualties. The remaining peasant soldiers resented dying for someone else’s cause and so began the revolution when Tsar Nicholas II abdicated. On Nov.7th, the Bolshevik faction seized government in what is known as a Coup D’?tat, a sudden overthrow of a government by a usually small group of persons in positions of authority . After overthrowing the provisional government, Lenin began to take charge and enforce a Marxist atheistic idea that states “religion is the opiate of the masses”. They eradicated religion from the Soviet Union by destroying churches and murdering priests. Stalin made his mark in the bloody Civil War when he and the Bolshevik Reds went up against the counter-revolutionary Whites. He was given the title of Commissariat of Nationalities where he enforced the party lines on the field and in the sea and was leader of the warfare personalities. On one occasion, Trotsky sent Stalin army specialists to aid him but he refused to accept professionals and subsequently shot them and sunk their boat. His callous reasoning was “death solves all problems, no man no problem”. The Whites were defeated and the few thousand Bolsheviks now controlled millions . Lenin valued Stalin’s loyalty and appointed him General Secretary of the Communist Party in 1922 to enforce the New Economic Policy, which permitted certain types of private economic activity, so the country could recover from the Civil War. He utilized his new position to gain power by controlling all appointments and filling the party staff with only his supporters. Eventually everyone who counted for anything owed their position to him. His ideology was that “if you can control the personnel, you can control the organization.” He was determined that when Lenin dies he would succeed him as the leader of the Soviet Union. Later that year, Lenin wrote a “Testament” stating that Trotsky should become the leader after him and not the crude Stalin. In fact he also suggested that the Bolshevik leaders should figure out a way of dismissing Stalin. However, when the will was given to Zinoviev and Kamenev after Lenin’s death in 1924, they had made an alliance with Stalin and decided not to publish it, because they did not want the unpopular Trotsky to take over. This would turn out to be their biggest mistake because in 1926, he got Nicholi Bhukarin and his conservative allies to kick off Zinoviev and Kamenev. Unfortunately the conservative allies were also ousted as part of Stalin’s plot to outmaneuver the party leadership6. Stalin used manipulation and support throughout the country to undermine his opponents and back one against the other. When Stalin achieved complete control of the Soviet Union by the end of the 1920s, he abandoned Lenin’s NEP and he used industrialization (5 year plans) and collectivization to change and modernize agriculture and industry to create a “Command Economy”. During the 5 Year Plan of industrialization each factory was given a target they had to reach each year, for a five year period. Accountants often lied about productivity so they wouldn’t be sent to their deaths. Although the state’s industry produced four times as much in 1937 as it had in 1928, there was no improvement in the average standard of living and people often worked to their deaths . Collectivization was a cornerstone of Marxism that issued every peasant to pool their machinery and livestock on large farms that were to be controlled by the State. The rich peasants known as Kulaks opposed these collective farms and thus they were kicked off the land and sent to Siberia where 5 million of them died. Some furious farmers slaughtered half their livestock just so the government wouldn’t touch them. Stalin was never satisfied so he went about cleaning the collective farms of food, taking every scrap of grain he could. This resulted in a widespread famine during the 1920s where 5 million starved to death and agricultural production fell by 15%6. Those who objected Stalin’s methods or disobeyed his orders ended up in slave labour camps called “Gulags”. Anyone who was 10 minutes late for work or stole an ear of corn ended up in these death camps for 5-10 years. Random people were shot each day for no apparent reason. The camps became microcosms for the world outside and it parallels the concentration camps that Hitler would soon use to exterminate the Jews6. In the 1930’s, Joseph Stalin began waging acts of political terrorism. Sergei Kirov, the Communist Party leader in Leningrad, was mysteriously murdered in 1934, primarily because he was getting too popular for Stalin’s liking. He commenced his infamous purges on the educated class, which included: scientists, poets, artists and most of the Intelligentsia. He also managed to remove power from the military by eliminating a large part of the military elite & 1000s of lower ranking officers. Even Trotsky, who was exiled to Mexico in 1929, was the only one who could speak up but even he was killed, stabbed to death with an ice pick thanks to Stalin and his secret agent2. From 1934 to 1938 at least 7 million people disappeared and he was determined to purge society of any and all people not loyal to him and his policies. From 1936-1938 he even destroyed the reputations of the Bolshevik heroes of the Revolution by putting them on “Show Trials”. He forced Lenin’s closest friends and followers to confess to ludicrous crimes of not being real communists and not being real patriots, rather being spies and assassins. At theses ridiculous “Show Trials”, he approved the death sentences of many Bolsheviks including his old allied friend Nicholi Bhukarin, even though the confessions were forced by torture4. Lady Aster once asked him, “How long are you going to go on killing people?” he candidly replied, “As long as necessary.” He would find it necessary for the rest of his life2. Stalin had so many enemies, everywhere, for so long, he could no longer recognize a real one if it was right in front of him… a demagogue known as Hitler. In 1939 the U.S.S.R. promised Germany they wouldn’t have a war on two fronts and they would divide Poland amongst each other, an agreement that came to be known as the Non-Aggression Pact. Stalin misjudged Hitler because less than 2 years later in 1941 Hitler and the German forces betrayed him. Because Stalin didn’t believe that the ‘Fuhrer’ would go back on his word, he refused to evacuate Kiev, where a ? million were killed or taken prisoner, the largest single loss of WWII. This loss was largely in part of Stalin’s purges on the military which immensely weakened their army2. In October, near Moscow, Nazi Troops were approaching but Stalin insisted on staying put because he believed that “The state was the most important thing in his life”. The Soviets were valiant in cutting off German supplies and freezing fuel lines & as a result the Nazis retreated. By the Battle of Stalingrad in 1942, Stalin teamed up with the Allies and took part in one of the bloodiest battles of WWII where over one million Soviet soldiers were killed. Thanks to General Winter, the Soviet Union was once again able to come out successful and this proved to be the turning point of the war. However, the U.S.S.R. had suffered the greatest loss in WWII with 25 million casualties. Stalin vowed that his nation would never be this vulnerable again. When the Allies met at the Yalta Declaration, he wanted a guaranteed security zone in Eastern Europe because after all, he did play a significant role in defeating the Germans. Later on however, at Podstam, Truman and Churchill were unhappy with ‘Uncle Joe’s’ behavior in Eastern Europe and soon enough the Cold War was initiated5. Back home, Stalin was even more popular than before because people thought that the victory in WWII would sweep clean the miseries of the past. Unfortunately for his people, the war might have distracted him but it didn’t change him. In no time he was back to his old ways sending 1000s of returning soldiers to labour camps in fear they might revolt about life at home after witnessing the splendors of Europe. His newest and final public enemies were the Jews where he tried and executed Jewish intellectuals and doctors because he was afraid of being poisoned by them. On March 5th, 1953, Joseph Stalin suffocated to death, after collapsing four days earlier at his country house outside Moscow. The cause of death was declared to be a stroke or cerebral hemorrhage, although some speculations surrounds the actual circumstances and it is rumoured that he was poisoned to stop him from starting a nuclear war with the US4. Although he transformed the U.S.S.R. into an industrial and military superpower, the 20 million deaths he was responsible for is an unfathomable toll that outweigh any of his accomplishments. Yet in this chaotic world, Stalinism was a time of clarity and strength for his followers. Stalin’s maniacal, blood thirsty legacy and dark sinister look will never fade from the hearts of his people because some still believe, the lives lost were for the greater good of the nation, Stalin’s nation. Although it was professed that the Nazis & communists opposed each other, both their leaders, Adolph Hitler and Joseph Stalin, are quite comparable from many personal life, political, and unethical standpoints. They both had relationship and medical trouble in the midst of their lifetimes. Propaganda was widely used among both candidates (to gain power and recognition). The way they both ruthlessly pursued their goals without remorse or any concern for others well-being was quite identical. Their desire for success stems from their belief in making their respected empires better and stronger by any means necessary. Along with poor health issues, relationships with family members were peculiar for Stalin and Hitler and often resulted in death. Stalin had to endure a bout with smallpox as well as a partially deformed arm7. Hitler continually had to battle with lung infections as a child9. At very young ages, Stalin being 11 and Hitler being 13, their abusive fathers died. During their reigns as dictator, they both had many ladies in their lives with who they felt were inferior beings and subsequently paid little attention to them. However, they both ended up having wives who they cared dearly for but yet both Eva Braun9 and Nadezhda Alleluyeva2 mysteriously commit suicide. Stalin and Hitler were able to manipulate their people with their effective use of propaganda to glorify their names and promote nationalism. Hitler used propaganda in his words and charismatic speeches. He was even able to sway the court system during the trial for treason, to sympathize with him and reduce the sentence to just 5 years in what should have been a lot longer9. As his propaganda, Stalin would use indoctrination of young children and “Revision of History” in history text books to change everything to pro-Stalin. “It was Stalin who saved you from corruption of the west! It was Stalin who was responsible for the revolution!” are just some of examples of the propagandist slurs7. They both would use photographs and self-portraits as propaganda to depict themselves as heroes who were caring and loving but were truly devils in disguise. These two tyrants would not let anyone stand in their way while they tried to further their cause and anyone that sought to oppose them, would be dealt with severely. When Lenin died, it left Stalin the ability to wreak vengeance on all his Bolshevik counterparts while one by one betraying alliances until he was at the top. Stalin worked his people to death in gulags, ridiculously purged many sectors of his nation (from Intelligentsia to military) and ultimately caused the deaths of over 20 million of his citizens. Hitler’s first act of aggression was on what could have been the breeding grounds for communism, the German Trade Union, in which he looted offices and seized property8. For the duration of WWII, the unregretful Hitler gassed, shot and slaughtered 17 million people, including 6 million Jews and anyone else he didn’t feel comfortable with and thought it would upset his supremacy9. As one could see Hitler and Stalin each identified the same way, his own importance in terms of succeeding anything they set out to accomplish. They were similar in their family association, relationships and poor health problems, they were exceptional at the art of propaganda, and they would both go about having the right to deal with situations their own way , so be it immorally, by any means necessary. These cowardly men couldn’t do it all alone, they had the help from scapegoats, be it Jews or returning soldiers, who took the blame when Hitler and Stalin saw fit. They were each ruthless but yet triumphant in their raise to power and most of their success is attributed to their ideas and politics. Attention! Free sample History essays and History essay examples can be used in instructional purposes only. Remember all these free papers you can find anywhere online are 100% plagiarized. If you want to order a custom History essay, History research paper, History term paper or History thesis/dissertation written by highly qualified writers – you should contact professional writing services which are committed to provide high-quality custom papers in History. You can find top custom writing companies listed rightside at our blogroll side-bar. Need a Custom History Papers?
Monday, May 29, 2017 The New Monday Quiz Gets Into the Holiday Spirit, Except Unfortunately It's Not One of the Cheerful Holidays It's Memorial Day in the United States. Like most holidays, this one has at least two "meanings." For a lot of people, it is the beginning of the summer season, one of a pair of generic bank holidays with Labor Day bracketing the season on its autumnal end. The intent of the holiday, of course -- and the way it is still observed by many people -- is to honor the country's war dead. Like most countries, we have plenty of those. Why? Well, lots of young men die in wars because young men from other countries are told it is OK to kill them. Many more die because the process of trying to kill people without being killed yourself forces soldiers into dangerous situations where they might easily drown, be crushed, starve, suffocate, or -- most commonly -- catch a lethal disease or infection and not be able to seek treatment. In most wars, deaths among soldiers are fewer than those among people who are not considered to be taking part in the killing. Civilians are sometime killed incidentally or accidentally, because they are in the wrong place at the wrong time; sometimes they are killed out of spite or in order that soldiers or those who control them can steal their possessions or land. Often, a war disrupts economic and agricultural activity to such an extent that people hundreds of miles from the nearest fighting will die of starvation. The Quiz today is about the world's war dead. Sometimes I think that if people thought about war this way more often, without the narrative trappings of duty, heroism, patriotism, and grievance that always come attached, there would be fewer wars. But I realize that's kind of naive. It is always very difficult to specify how many people died as the result of a war. However, almost any military historian would say that well over 2,000,000 people died in some of the conflicts on this list, and that well under 200,000 died in the others. For each conflict -- regardless of what else we might think of it -- was it a "big war" or a "little war" in these terms? 1. The Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1920-present 2. The Bosnian War (1991-1995) 3. The Falklands War (1982) 4. The Mexican American War (1846-1848) 5. The Mongol Conquests (the 13th century) 6. The Russian Civil War (1917-1923) 7. The Second Congo War (1998-2003) 8. The Spanish American War (1898) 9. The Taiping Rebellion (China, 1850-1864) 10. War in Afghanistan, 2001-present 11. World War I (1914-1918) 12. World War II (1939-1945) Answers go in the comments! Two weeks ago, the New Monday Quiz asked you whether elements were among the smallest five, or if they were numbered 25 or higher. Here's the answers: 1. Beryllium -- little (4) 2. Boron -- little (5) 3. Bromine -- BIG (35) 4. Cobalt -- BIG (27) 5. Helium -- little (2) 6. Hydrogen -- little (1) 7. Iridium -- BIG (77) 8. Lithium -- little (3) 9. Manganese -- BIG (25) 10. Zinc -- BIG (30) UnWise Owl predicted that anybody who answered would take a clean sweep, and he was right. He, Morgan, and Dr. Schnell all know their periodic table, or at least the first bit. They therefore replace Susan as Incan Emporer of the Quiz, and now oversee this rather grim quiz week as a sort of Incan Triumvirate. DrSchnell said... 1. little 2. big 3. little 4. little 5. big 6. big 7. big 9. little 11. big 12. big Unwiseowl said... the spirit of the holiday, I shall attempt to be less flippant than usual. 1. I feel like this has been bubbling along for a while, but is probably still little. 2. Little? 3. Little. 4. Little. 5. Mongols were scary. Let's go big, though I wouldn't be surprised if it was small after all. 6. I feel like this was a biggie. 7. African, so chronically underreported, probably big. 8. Surely little. 9. Probably big, because China is big. 10. Little. 11. They did call it the Great War. Big 12. Big
How H.A. Giles Learned Chinese The life and work of Herbert Allen Giles offer insights for many Foreign Service members—particularly those who embark on the kind of linguistic journey Giles undertook as a young diplomat. Courtesy of the Australian National University Herbert Allen Giles (1845-1935), perhaps best known for his association with the Wade-Giles transliteration system, was a British Foreign Service officer who spent 25 years in China. After retiring from diplomacy, he became the second professor of Chinese at Cambridge University. Giles initially took Chinese as a job requirement. But after mastering the language for that purpose, he pioneered the discipline of Chinese studies and was a prolific author of numerous textbooks and articles on China’s language, literature, culture, history, arts and philosophy. It would be unfair to compare Giles with today’s U.S. Foreign Service officers, since he spent his entire diplomatic career in China and Taiwan. Nevertheless, his story proves that it is not only possible for an adult to learn Chinese, but to be remarkably successful. With that in mind, here are some possible lessons for FSOs preparing for language-designated positions. Discover Creative Ways to Learn the Language After completing his studies at the Charter School in Oxford, Giles passed the competitive examination to be a student interpreter for the British Foreign Service. Immediately after arriving in China in 1867 as a 22-year-old, he distinguished himself by his untraditional approach to learning the language. There were very few textbooks available for Westerners to learn Chinese at that time. Giles was not entirely satisfied with the recommended textbook, Yu Yan Zi Er Ji, considering it as an “ill-arranged and pedantic primer”—an assessment that would become a major point of contention between Giles and its author, Sir Thomas Wade. So he set out to learn what the Chinese were reading and how their children attained literacy. He set out to learn what the Chinese were reading and how their children attained literacy. Giles purchased books on the street, and started by memorizing a classic primer, The Three Character Classic. He then taught himself to read Chinese literature by using dictionaries and consulting French translations, since he was already fluent in that language. He was so ardent in his pursuit of learning that he sometimes stopped strangers on the street to find out what they were reading. In addition to reading business correspondence on the job, Giles was also steeped in contemporary and classic Chinese literature, history and philosophy, going far beyond the required textbooks. Giles’ diplomatic career carried him to many places in China: Tientsin (now known as Tianjin), Hankow (Hankou), Canton (Guangzhou), Swatow (Shantou), Pagoda Island (Xiamen), Tamsui (Danshui, Taiwan), Shanghai and Ningpo (Ningbo). In each of these posts, Giles studied the local dialects; he even wrote a language book on the Swatow dialect. Go Beyond Instrumental Motivation There are two kinds of motivations for learning a foreign language: instrumental (utilitarian) and integrative. The first category encompasses those who learn another tongue to fulfill a job requirement or get good grades, while the second group consists of those who are truly interested in the target culture and people. Integrative motivation is generally the stronger of the two forms, and its practitioners are generally more successful in learning the target language. Although Giles started learning Chinese due to instrumental motivation, he soon transitioned to integrative motivation because he became genuinely interested in the Chinese people. Giles often ventured into the local Chinese community rather than stay within the comfort zone of the expatriate quarter. In the preface to his Chinese Sketches (1876), he noted that “The following sketches owe their existence chiefly to frequent peregrinations in Chinese cities, with pencil and notebook in hand…” Giles offered an unconventional view of Chinese culture, countering the mainstream belief of his contemporaries. As he wrote: “It seems to be generally believed that the Chinese, as a nation, are an immoral, degraded race … that opium, a more terrible scourge than gin, is now working frightful ravages in their midst; and that only the forcible diffusion of Christianity can save the Empire from speedy and overwhelming ruin. An experience of eight years has taught me that, with all their faults, the Chinese are a hardworking, sober and happy people, occupying an intermediate place between the wealth and culture, the vice and misery of the West.” Giles’ devotion to China and its culture is evident both in his 1922 anthology of translations of famous Chinese verse, and his own poetic preface to that volume: Dear Land of Flowers (China), forgive me!—that I took These snatches from thy glittering wealth of song, And twisted to the uses of a book Strains that to alien harps can ne’er belong. Thy gems shine purer in their native bed Concealed, beyond the pry of vulgar eyes; Until, through labyrinths of language led, The patient student grasps the glowing prize. Yet many, in their race toward other goals, May joy to feel, albeit at second-hand, Some far faint heart-throb of poetic souls Whose breath makes incense in the Flowery Land. Learn the Culture As Much As the Language In addition to learning the Chinese language, Giles became an ardent student of Chinese culture, from his youth in China through his old age in Britain. Once he managed to disguise himself to enter the Temple of Heaven (a complex of religious buildings in southern Beijing dating back to 1420) with the Chinese emperor to view an imperial sacrificial worship. He also went to the market to observe events such as funerals conducted by Buddhist monks, circus performances and tooth-extraction. After retiring from the British Foreign Service, Giles kept in touch with current affairs by reading Chinese newspapers. He continued to assess and write about events in China actively long after retirement. His 1923 book, Chaos in China, reflected his keen observations and insights into the causes of the society’s tumult. At the time, Chinese studies was not a popular undertaking, and Sinologists were regarded as outcasts in both the general and academic community. Giles also collected Chinese coins and traveled widely in China, mainly for business purposes. During his journeys, he sought opportunities to observe every aspect of local culture. Instead of being annoyed when the Chinese stared at him, as many Westerners were, he took the opportunity to study them, staring straight back and attempting to see their hearts and understand them. Two of Giles’ many publications, the Chinese-English Dictionary and Chinese Biographical Dictionary, won the Prix St. Julien Award from the French Academy. These books were testimonies to his lifelong endeavor of collecting data, writing, editing, and doing multiple revisions. At the time, Chinese studies was not a popular undertaking, and Sinologists were regarded as outcasts in both the general and academic community. Giles undertook these monumental projects almost singlehandedly, taking a huge risk by financing the publication of these books on his own. Endurance and Due Recognition Giles’ involvement with Chinese studies spanned more than half a century. He continued to publish prolifically until he was 80 years old, when he summarized his life’s ambition as follows: “Throughout my life, from 1867 onwards, I have had two dominating ambitions: to contribute towards a more easy acquisition and a more correct knowledge of the Chinese language, written and spoken; and to arouse a wide and deeper interest in the literature, history, religions, art, philosophy, and manners and customs of the Chinese people.” A key aspect of his approach was targeting it to the general public in the West. His Chinese without a Teacher, a textbook intended to help the general public learn the language, remained popular for many years. In addition to receiving two honorary doctorates, one from the University of Aberdeen and the other from Oxford University, Giles was invited to inaugurate the Chinese lecture series for the establishment of Columbia University’s Chinese program in 1902. (Columbia later offered him a departmental chair, which he declined.) He also received a red umbrella from the Amoy Chinese Chamber of Commerce for his protection of emigrants from overcrowding in steamers. The strength of Giles’ love affair with China sustained him for a productive life’s work, until the age of 90. Giles received a special Er Deng Da Shou Jiahe (The Metal of 2nd-Grade Good Crop) award from the Chinese government in 1922. That same year, his accomplishments won him the Royal Asiatic Society’s triennial gold medal. Giles was also a leading member of the North China Royal Asiatic Society, mentoring other Westerners in their studies of Chinese language and culture. One of these was Charles Henry Brewitt-Taylor, a commissioner in the Imperial Maritime Customs Services. Brewitt-Taylor counted Giles, along with Sir Robert Hart, the inspector general of the Imperial Maritime Customs Services in China, as among his few close friends. It was with Giles’ encouragement that Brewitt-Taylor twice painstakingly translated a classic Chinese novel, Romance of the Three Kingdoms. (The first manuscript was lost in a fire during the Boxer Rebellion.) His rendering remains a classic translation to this day. Giles’ work in Chinese was so well regarded that Sun Yatsen, the founder of the Republic of China, wrote him to express appreciation for his contributions to the understanding of Chinese language and culture in the West. Family Ties Giles’ family was closely linked to China; when his first wife died, she was buried there. His second son, Lionel Giles, a notable Sinologist in his own right, translated The Art of War and was the keeper of Oriental printed materials and books at the British Museum. There he cataloged the famous Dunghuang Scroll, brought to Britain by Sir Ariel Stein. Two other sons, Bertram and Lancelot, served as diplomats in China in the early 1900s; Lancelot witnessed the Boxer Rebellion and the siege of the foreign legations in Peking. All three assisted Giles with his publications. The fourth son, Valentine Giles, served as a colonel in the British Royal Engineers and participated in Francis Younghusband’s 1904 Tibetan expedition. Giles’ grandson, Austin Giles, worked in the Shanghai Hong Kong Bank in Manchuria and was also stationed with the British military in Chongqing in the 1930s. Giles shared Chinese studies with his grandchildren, as well, by introducing them to stories and poems in traditional Chinese culture. The strength of Giles’ love affair with China sustained him for a productive life’s work, until the age of 90. A century ago, Giles prophetically declared that “the interest in China and in her certainly four thousand years of civilization … will no doubt quicken some day in the future.” For all these reasons, the life and work of Herbert Allen Giles offer insights for many Foreign Service members—particularly those who embark on the same linguistic journey Giles undertook as a young diplomat. Phebe Xu Gray is a language and culture instructor in the East Asian and Pacific language department at the Foreign Service Institute. The views expressed in this article are those of the author and do not represent those of FSI or the U.S. Department of State.
Expository/Informative Essay - Mrs. Williams Expository/Informative Essay - Mrs. Williams Expository/ Informative Essay An Expository Essay has 5 sections: Introductory paragraph First body paragraph Second body paragraph Third body paragraph Concluding paragraph ALL Good Writing must Contain Transition: Use words which will help you move smoothly form one idea in your essay to the next idea. Examples: first, another, most important, for example, on the other hand, etc. Before you BeginYou must Know TopicWhat you are going to write about DirectionWhich way you are going to write about your topic. Three ideas, points, or reasons you are going to write about your subject You will put these three things together in one sentence called your thesis sentence. Thesis Sentence Thesis sentence is Road map of you essay. You cannot write a paper correctly without it! Your thesis sentences keeps you from getting lost when you are writing. ALWAYS, ALWAYS, ALWAYS write out your thesis sentence. 3 Parts of Thesis Sentence Topic or Subject: what you are writing about Direction: the way you have decided to write about your topic/subject. 3 points or reasons Example: Kawana is my favorite aunt because she is makes me laughs, makes me brownies, and is there whenever I need someone for support. Introductory Paragraph 1. Opening Sentence (interest catcher, hook, or lead). Make the reader want to read the rest of your paper. Be as creative as you can. 2. Supporting sentences: two to three supporting sentences 3. Thesis sentence: you already have it written at bottom of your outline page. ALWAYS place the thesis sentence last in the 1st paragraph of your essay. Writing an Interesting First Sentence Begin with a rhetorical question (Asked for effectno need to answer) Example: Do you know someone who seems just about perfect to you? Use figurative language: Example: My mother wraps her love around me like a warm blanket. Start with a famous quote: There is an old saying that the hand that rocks the cradle rules the world. Begin with a sentence that tells something about the background of your subject. Example: We found my dog Skip in an abandoned well, unwanted and dying. Three Body Paragraphs Each body paragraph will be on one of the 3 points you listed in your thesis sentence. Each point must be written in the order in which it appeared in your thesis sentence. First Body Paragraph will be about the point you listed first Second Body Paragraph discuses the second point Third Body Paragraph will be about third point. The Conclusion 5th and final paragraph is the Conclusion. It needs to be shorter tan the others, no more than 2 or 3 sentences. It sums up what you have said in your paper. Do not simply repeat your thesis sentence Never, never, NEVER introduce new material in your conclusion Begin the 5th paragraph with transitional phrase: In conclusion, Recently Viewed Presentations • UNCLASSIFIED Solutions for the Information Technology Enterprise (SITE) UNCLASSIFIED Solutions for the Information Technology Enterprise (SITE) <XX> # HIRED <XX> # NOM PKG <XX> Performance Metrics: Identify key performance metrics and level of achievement for past 90 days. ... Added DD-254 < TASK ORDER NAME - TASK ORDER NUMBER > UNCLASSIFIED. UNCLASSIFIED. NARRATIVE DESCRIPTION OF. SITE... • Diapositiva 1 - UNS Diapositiva 1 - UNS Iglesia de Cluny III: 187 m. de longitud. Nave central: 10 m. de ancho x 30 m. de altura. 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When you’ve had enough of sneezing and teary eyes, you start suspecting that the source of the allergen may be right under your feet. But how do you know if you have dust mites at home? Or if the cause of your allergies is due to something else? That’s one of the questions that popped up my troubled mind when my son was having weeks of red eyes, itchy throat and eventually followed by a nasal block. As dust mites are invisible by the naked, you can’t be sure that these microscopic creatures are breeding in your home and causing havoc to your health. The only way to be truly certain of dust mites’ presence is to invest in a digital microscope and inspect samples acquired from various parts of your home. Of course, you can also get the samples inspected with the available test kits. But before you spend your hard-earned money, look out for clues for dust mites in your home. Habitat That Dust Mites Thrive In However, the habitat of dust mites is well-documented. These pests grow optimally in an environment that has a temperature between 20 °C – 25 °C (68°F – 77°F) and humidity of 70%-80%. The food source of dust mites is the millions of dead skin cells shed by humans daily. It isn’t difficult to have an environment that fulfills these criteria unless you’re staying in the freezing winter or the sweltering desert. According to the American Lung Association, about four in five households have dust mites. That’s about 80%. Does Everyone Have Dust Mites In Their Home? Unless you got a dust mite test kit, or observed a sample with a microscope, you can’t conclusively confirm the presence of dust mites. However, dust mites are more common than most people realized. If your home is considerably humid (look for signs of mold) and is between 68°F – 77°F, it’s likely to have dust mites. So, it’s fair to say that every home that fulfills the environmental criteria may have dust mites, it has been abandoned for quite some time. The reason why some people are not aware of the presence of the little pests is that they are not sensitive to the allergen. A high amount of allergen is needed before those lucky few starts getting mild symptoms. Common Signs That You Have Dust Mites In Your Home Chances are, dust mites are having a blast in your home, even if it looks spotlessly clean. A single mite is smaller than the pixel on your screen, which means it’s impossible to spot any of them lingering on the carpet or mattress. However, there are tell-tale signs that your home may be infested with dust mites. 1. Mold And Mildew In Your Home One of the giveaways for dust mites is the presence of mold and mildew. These fungi are a sign that the humidity in your home has exceeded the ideal range for humans, which falls around 45% – 55%. If much of your walls or ceilings are covered with mold and mildew, the humidity in your home is at least 75%. The over-concentrated of moisture in the air is also fitting for dust mites. To be sure, get a hygrometer and take the relative humidity reading. 2. Allergy Symptom Persists Even When You’ve Close The Windows When you’re having bouts of sneezing or irritated eyes, the common suspicion is the fine dust that enters your house. This can be true if you’re staying in a city where the air quality suffers from carbon emission and other forms of pollution. Naturally, you’ll close every single window in your home and hope that the allergy will go away. That’s exactly what I did. If you have dust mites in your home, closing the window does nothing to the allergy. In some cases, you’ll find the symptoms aggravate as the poor ventilation increases the humidity in your home. 3. Cleaning Is Not Your Favorite Past Time Prior to my son’s having dust mites allergy, cleaning is the last thing on my todo list. If your cleaning schedule is about once per month, you risk having piles of dead skin cells accumulating all over the house. Common suspects are the carpets and beddings, where you spent most of the time sleeping. Even if they look spotlessly clean, the tiny dust mites could be having a feast with the millions of skin flakes. If you hate cleaning, be prepared for the possibility of dust mites having a field day at home. Preventing Dust Mites Growth In Your Home How Do You Know If You Have Dust Mites Most people are oblivious to the presence of dust mites in their homes, as they are not displaying allergy symptoms. However, if you’re one of the few who are highly sensitive to dust mites or the population of dust mites is so bad that it exceeds your tolerance level, you’ll need to take proactive steps to keep their numbers down. It’s essential that you seek medical treatment for the symptoms you’re suffering, but without prevention measures, you’re likely to suffer a relapse when the medicine wears off. Here are some helpful strategies to keep dust mites away from your home. 1. Kill The Dust Mites Obviously, the first thing you ought to do with dust mites infestation is to kill them off. While dust mites are harmless by themselves, the protein found in their droppings is the source of your allergy. Bring down the dust mites and you’ll have less fecal pellets triggering your allergy. There are a few ways to kill dust times, although the lethality of the methods varies. Apparently, using heat is the most efficient way to kill dust mites. Blasting a hot vapor from a steam cleaner instantly kills dust mites in the carpet. The mattress often has the highest concentration of dust mites and arming yourself with equipment like a handheld steam cleaner or a UV vacuum helps in battling the pest. You could also spray essential oils like clove or eucalyptus to get rid of the mites. Some of the dust mites may linger on the surface of the mattress. Washing the mattress covers, pillowcases and other beddings with hot water help to eliminate the pests. 2. Make Cleaning A Habit The reality about dust mites is that you can’t hope to keep them out forever with a few blasts of steam. If you’ve found out that you’re allergic to dust mites, you need to increase the frequency of cleaning your home. There are just no two ways about it. I stepped up to cleaning the beddings at least once a week when my child’s allergies are at its worst. There are some special detergents that you can use to get rid of dust mites in the laundry without harming the fabric. You’ll want to spend time cleaning the carpets, upholsteries, and areas that trap dust easily. Often, dead skin flakes are mixed with the dust particle, which becomes food for dust mites. The task is made easier if you have a HEPA filter vacuum cleaner. 3. Disrupt Dust Mites Habitat An ideal environment for dust mites isn’t healthy for humans and vice versa. Therefore, there are many incentives to disrupt the nice little habitat for dust mites in your home. You can start by ensuring your home is properly ventilated to bring down the humidity. The easiest way is to ensure the windows are open so that the natural breeze will carry excessive air moisture out. Alternatively, it helps to bring in a dehumidifier as it helps to regulate home humidity to a desirable level. Moisture is often trapped in mattress, which means making your bed the moment you woke up is a bad idea. Rather, you should remove the blanket or comforter for the moisture to dry out to prevent dust mites from breeding in the bed. Personally, I’ve changed all the mattresses in the house to hypoallergenic ones, as doing so decreases the chances of dust mites growth in the bedroom. Replacing mattresses can be expensive. In such cases, you can put on mattress toppers that block dust mites. Bottom Line It’s hard to imagine how destructive dust mites can be until they start tearing your health apart. Seek medical treatment if you’re showing allergies symptoms. Look out for signs that point to dust mites infestation in your home and start getting rid of them with a disciplined routine.
Which Delivery Is More Painful? Which delivery is less painful? An epidural decreases pain in a specific area — in this case, the lower part of the body. Women often choose to have one. It’s also sometimes a medical necessity if there are complications, such as those resulting in a cesarean delivery (C-section).. How painful normal delivery is? Yes, childbirth is painful. But it’s manageable. In fact, nearly half of first-time moms (46 percent) said the pain they experienced with their first child was better than they expected, according to a nationwide survey commissioned by the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) in honor of Mother’s Day. Why is labor so painful? Pain during labor is caused by contractions of the muscles of the uterus and by pressure on the cervix. This pain can be felt as strong cramping in the abdomen, groin, and back, as well as an achy feeling. Some women experience pain in their sides or thighs as well. What is the shortest labor ever recorded? Woman has one of shortest labours ever, gives birth to baby in nine minutes. While a normal labour lasts hours, the woman did not even realise she was giving birth until the baby boy arrived on her bathroom floor. How are babies formed? During fertilization, the sperm and egg unite in one of the fallopian tubes to form a zygote. Then the zygote travels down the fallopian tube, where it becomes a morula. Once it reaches the uterus, the morula becomes a blastocyst. The blastocyst then burrows into the uterine lining — a process called implantation. What is the male pain equivalent to giving birth? It has been said that passing a kidney stone is the closest a man will get to experiencing the pain of labor and childbirth. Do cows feel pain during birth? Labour pain is inherent to the calving process and is, like in women, probably not completely avoidable. However, by having domesticated cattle – both physically and genetically – we have to accept our responsibility with regard to their health and welfare. How many stitches is normal delivery? Is C section safer for baby? C-sections today are, in general, safe for both mother and baby. However, there are risks with any kind of surgery. Potential C-section risks include: increased bleeding (that could, though rarely, require a blood transfusion) Is it OK to shave your tummy while pregnant? So, yes, if you want to remove the fuzz, it’s safe to do so by waxing, plucking or shaving. It’s also safe to bleach the hair. But remember, you may find your skin is more sensitive during pregnancy. “I have a hairy belly and have even started plucking them out by my belly button,” confesses hollysmumbump. Is giving birth really that bad? Giving birth can be a long and painful process. It can also be deadly. The World Health Organization estimates that about 830 women die every day because of complications during pregnancy and childbirth – and that statistic is actually a 44% reduction on the 1990 level. Is natural birth painful? Some people describe the feeling as being like intense period cramps, others say it feels like a tightening or pounding feeling in your uterus or across your belly, others describe the feeling as being like very intense muscle cramps, while still other people describe contractions as being like the sort of wrenching … Do babies kick during Labour? You should feel your baby move right up to and during labour. Other people cannot feel your baby move as early as you can. When they can feel the movements, by putting a hand on your bump, is different for everyone. What is the Ring of Fire giving birth? The labia and perineum (the area between the vagina and the rectum) eventually reach a point of maximum stretching. At this point, the skin may feel like it’s burning. Some childbirth educators call this the ring of fire because of the burning sensation felt as the mother’s tissues stretch around the baby’s head. Is Labor the worst pain? Labor pain is one of the most severe pains which has ever evaluated and its fear is one of the reasons women wouldn’t go for natural delivery. Considering different factors which affect experiencing pain, this study aimed to explain women’s experiences of pain during childbirth. How many bones do you break when giving birth? Do bones break during childbirth? During childbirth, pressure from the baby’s head can fracture the coccyx, or tailbone. A fractured coccyx can be quite painful and symptoms can take months to subside. Is natural birth better than C section? Women who undergo vaginal births avoid having major surgery and its associated risks, such as severe bleeding, scarring, infections, reactions to anesthesia and more longer-lasting pain. And because a mother will be less woozy from surgery, she could hold her baby and may begin breastfeeding sooner after she delivers. What is the most painful part of childbirth? The transitional stage is described as the most painful part of labour, as your body is changing from the cervix opening to the body getting ready for the pushing stage. Women often experience the transitional stage around 7-10 centimetres dilated. Why can’t humans give birth alone? Since the pelvis and opening of birth canal face backwards, humans have difficulty giving birth themselves because they cannot guide the baby out of the canal. Non-human primates seek seclusion when giving birth because they do not need any help due to the pelvis and opening being more forward. Do breasts go down after pregnancy? It’s not uncommon for women to drop a cup size after pregnancy and breastfeeding, and it’s not over yet. “The more children you have, the more your breasts tend to sag,” Ricciotti says.
The code for this example is HllSketchWalkthrough. This example demonstrates how the HllSketch sketch from the Data Sketches library can be used to maintain an estimate of the degree of a vertex. Every time an edge A -> B is added to graph, we also add an Entity for A with a property of a HllSketch containing B, and an Entity for B with a property of a HllSketch containing A. The aggregator for the HllSketches merges them together so that after querying for the Entity for vertex X the HllSketch property would give us an estimate of the approximate degree. Elements schema This is our new elements schema. The edge has a property called 'approx_cardinality'. This will store the HllSketch object. "entities": { "cardinality": { "vertex": "vertex.string", "properties": { "approxCardinality": "hllsketch" Types schema We have added a new type - 'hllsketch'. This is a com.yahoo.sketches.hll.HllSketch object. We also added in the serialiser and aggregator for the HllSketch object. Gaffer will automatically aggregate these sketches, using the provided aggregator, so they will keep up to date as new entities are added to the graph. "types": { "vertex.string": { "class": "java.lang.String", "validateFunctions": [ "class": "uk.gov.gchq.koryphe.impl.predicate.Exists" "hllsketch": { "class": "com.yahoo.sketches.hll.HllSketch", "aggregateFunction": { "class": "uk.gov.gchq.gaffer.sketches.datasketches.cardinality.binaryoperator.HllSketchAggregator" "serialiser": { "class": "uk.gov.gchq.gaffer.sketches.datasketches.cardinality.serialisation.HllSketchSerialiser" Only one entity is in the graph. This was added 1000 times, and each time it had the 'approxCardinality' property containing a vertex that A had been seen in an Edge with. Here is the Entity: Entity[vertex=A,group=cardinality,properties=Properties[approxCardinality=<com.yahoo.sketches.hll.HllSketch>### HLL SKETCH SUMMARY: Log Config K : 10 Hll Target : HLL_4 Current Mode : HLL LB : 986.8136434119266 Estimate : 1018.8398354963819 UB : 1052.991638617674 OutOfOrder Flag: true CurMin : 0 NumAtCurMin : 374 HipAccum : 1007.7235730289277 KxQ0 : 562.4995727539062 KxQ1 : 0.0 This is not very illuminating as this just shows the default toString() method on the sketch. We can fetch the cardinality for the vertex using the following code: final GetElements query = new GetElements.Builder() .input(new EntitySeed("A")) final Element element; try (final CloseableIterable<? extends Element> elements = graph.execute(query, user)) { element = elements.iterator().next(); final HllSketch hllSketch = (HllSketch) element.getProperty("approxCardinality"); final double approxDegree = hllSketch.getEstimate(); final String degreeEstimate = "Entity A has approximate degree " + approxDegree; The results are as follows. As an Entity was added 1000 times, each time with a different vertex, then we would expect the degree to be approximately 1000. Entity A has approximate degree 1018.8398354963819 results matching "" No results matching ""
how to wire multiple light switches on one circuit Either way, complete these five steps for 3-way light switch wiring: Turn off the correct circuit at your electrical panel. To prevent accidental injury from electric shock, turn the power off at the breaker, not the light switch. I guess an obvious way would be a junction, where each switch/light combo would have a wire coming from, but that's probably not the most cost-effective way. Each component should be placed and connected with different parts in particular way. The common domestic circuits used in electrical wiring installations are (and should be) parallel. Would 15A and 14-2 be sufficient here? Every 120-volt circuit that powers lights in a typical home has two conducting wires and a ground. ... (both ends). All it takes is a slight change in the wiring, which most people can do themselves. Four-way circuits are just a tad different than three-way circuits, mostly since the light switch that you add in has to be a four-way switch rather than just another three-way switch. Connect the marked-white wire to the black lead going to light. 3-way switch wiring diagram (multiple lights) power at light . To be NEC compliant for a 20 amp kitchen circuit, the wiring needs to be 12 gauge, and the lights need to be on their own circuit. Gain ultimate control of LED light here with one of our LED dimmers or controllers. Precaution: Identify the light circuit, turn it OFF and Tag it with a Note before working with the dimmer switch wiring. Before you can wire multiple light fixtures to a switch, you have to know how to do just one. Often, switches, outlets, receptacles, and light points, etc., are connected in parallel, if one of them fails to maintain the power supply to other electrical appliances and devices through hot and neutral wires. To add the switch, you'll use one of two wiring a light switch diagrams (shown below), depending on whether the power comes to your light switch first (the most common situation) or to the light fixture first. The power will be feeding the switch box first. This is for lights in different rooms on the same circuit (not a 3-way system). The black wire of the cable going to a group of light fixtures is connected to the other terminal of the respective switch. Three-way switches control a light fixture or outlet from two different locations. Two dimmers may be installed to control one or more lights as long as the dimmer switches are compatible with each other, such as one being the Master, and the other being the Slave. The switch MUST be between the fuse box and the lights. Wait to connect the marked-black wire going to switch to hot (black) last. This is in my basement. Wire switch to extension wire you ran to the switch terminals. Description: How To Wire 3 Light Switches In One Box Diagram Triple Switch intended for How To Wire 3 Light Switches In One Box Diagram, image size 951 X 603 px, and to view image details please click the image.. Now as for the ground wire. The circuit may be 120 volts 15 amps or 120 volts 20 amps. Standard and halogen bulbs require standard incandescent dimmers. - Wire all receptacles in series, and attach the first or the last outlet with the wire that is coming from one breaker. Step 1 Turn off the power to the outside lighting circuit. These switches have two "traveler" wires and a single "common" wire. Wiring a Switched Outlet Wiring Diagram 3 Way Switch Wiring Diagram: More Than One Light This entry was posted in Indoor Wiring Diagrams and tagged diagram , do-it-yourself , handyman , handywoman , home improvement , home renovations , home wiring , house wiring , light , light switch , power , switch , wiring , wiring diagram . (There will be three switches in one box, two switches in the other.) The tester won't light if the correct breaker is turned off. Mostly, switches, Outlet receptacles and light points etc are connected in parallel to maintain the power supply to other electrical devices and appliances through hot and neutral wire in case if one … The third wire is connected between one of the traveler ... terminal of the second light switch. A few fluorescent lights can be dimmed with special dimmer switches, but most can't. One of the conducting wires is black, and it's the hot one, meaning it carries the electricity on its outward path from the power source to the load. Edit: On the other hand, I suppose I could wire all 5 switches from the same breaker. If not, the structure won’t function as it ought to be. The neutral wire from the circuit is shared by both sets. Light type. If the power goes … Case #2. The ground wire gets connected to the ground screws of both switches and light fixtures. Wiring lights for multiple rooms on one circuit I understand how to wire a single pole switch to control lights in one room. A reader of this site had a question about wiring 3-way light switches.Each 3-way switch box would contain a single pole switch each controlling a light.Instructions for 3-way and single pole switches using NM cable.Line voltage supplying both 3-way and single pole switches.3-wire NM cable from 3-way to 3-way (normal 3-way wiring).2-wire from single pole to single pole for line and neutral Here 3-wire cable is run from a double-pole circuit breaker providing an independent 120 volts to two sets of multiple outlets. One will control 4 can lights, and the other will control 3 can lights. Graham is in Canada. Plus: These are the 10 things your … Jul 2, 2013 - I want to wire two separate switches (both on the same circuit) in a 2 gang box. You’ll almost always have a situation where the light switch is in the middle of a circuit. Remove the screws holding the wall plate to the switch on the circuit. A variation of the above three-way and 2-Way switch wiring is to bring all of the cables into one wall switch box as depicted in the diagram below, and branch off from there to each switch and light fixture. Touch the remaining prong from the tester to any metal on the electrical box or switch. I want to add a 2nd room with it's own switch, however, both rooms will be feeding off of the same circuit. Plus, if you have more than one outside light on the same circuit, you can control them all with a single motion sensor. You connect the black wire to the switch. Unlike my very simplified drawing above, you’ll almost never find a real life situation where the only thing on a circuit is one single light switch. Putting lighting on a separate circuit is also a good idea, if only to prevent 'blackouts' from high current appliances that overload a circuit. This wiring is commonly used in a 20 amp kitchen circuit where two appliance feeds are needed, such as for a refrigerator and a microwave in the same location. All of the bare wires are connected together with a wire nut, separate from the white wires. another major defect of series lighting circuit is that as all lamps or bulbs are connected between Line L and Neutral N accordingly, if one of the light bulb gets faulty, the rest of the circuit will not work as the circuit will be open as shown in fig below. From there a 3-wire cable (2 travelers, a ground, and the re-identified white wire) or a Wiring Diagram for Dual Outlets. Hope this is clear. It is typical that the room outlets and lights are wired together on one circuit. Wiring multiple 12V lights to a 12V switch is just as simple as connecting the positives to positives and negatives to negatives and installing a SPST switch between the fuse box and the string of lights. Buy a 'single-pole' switch if one switch controls the lights or a 'three-way' if you have two switches controlling the same lights. The only reason I'm splitting it into two circuits is b/c I think the wiring will be easier. Figure 2 - Schematic wiring diagram for multiple motion detectors with 120VAC lighting Figure 3 - Drawing of actual wire connections for installing multiple motion sensors You can use the same basic multiple motion sensor circuit to turn on low voltage lights by switching the input power to the low voltage transformer rather than the individual lights, as shown in Figure 4. How to Wire Multiple Lights On One Circuit Diagram– wiring diagram is a simplified gratifying pictorial representation of an electrical circuit.It shows the components of the circuit as simplified shapes, and the skill and signal associates with the devices. You have an incoming hot wire (black) going to one screw (it does not matter if you use the brass or silver screw) on the side of the 2-way switch and a black wire from the other screw on the 2-way switch going to the load (light, ceiling fan etc..). Touch a prong from a two-prong electrical tester to a terminal screw holding a black wire to the switch. Many times the wiring method will depend on the structure and the available access to install the wiring. When I rough-in the wiring for ceiling lights I usually install the power from the circuit breaker panel to the wall switch and only install one cable to the ceiling light electrical box or ceiling fan box. The common household circuits used in electrical wiring installation are (and should be) in parallel. The LINE and LOAD are brought into one 3-way switch electrical box. By flipping a single switch, I'd like to turn both separate circuits on. In addition, when you wire 3-way switch connections to lights yourself – you will save a lot of money on electrician fees, and make a significant improvement to your home. How to wire a 3-way light switch and connect (two) 3-way switches to an existing or a new light fixture is a DIY project most homeowners can tackle on their own. The other conductor is white. A four-way switch has an extra common screw to bring the total number of screws up to four: two common screws and two brass screws (not counting the ground screw). Perhaps I'm thinking way too deeply, or not hard enough, but I was wondering if it's possible to run multiple switches/lights off of one circuit? Any help or a diagram would be very helpful! Here is a picture gallery about how to wire 3 light switches in one box diagram complete with the description of the image, please find the image you need. You connect the 2 white wires together, and then connect the other terminal on the switch to the black wire of the cable leaving this junction box towards the first light. Wiring Two Lights To One Switch Diagram – wiring multiple lights to one switch diagram, wiring two lights to one switch diagram, wiring two lights to one switch diagram australia, Every electric arrangement consists of various diverse pieces. Low-voltage lights may also require special dimmers. This article covers the steps for installing a simple 15A (15ampere) circuit with one receptacle . Keep in mind that the two circuits are completely different, have different voltages, different components and different resistance. \$\endgroup\$ – Pedery Nov 9 '18 at 15:19 How to Wire Multiple 12V Lights to a Single Switch. The trick to replacing a three-way switch is to mark the common (or "COM") wire on the old switch before removing the wires. Red and black wires (from three-wire cable) are connected between switches to appropriate traveler terminals. Other times, it's good to put far fewer receptacles on a circuit. Bedroom AFCI Circuit For bedrooms this circuit must be AFCI protected which requires special planning. The ground wire should also be connected together in this manner, but to the ground terminal on the switch. The white wires are wire nutted together so they can continue the circuit. Or you might need to wire two light switches in one box in the middle of a circuit. All of the white wires are connected together. To wire more than one switch is basically the same as wiring just one switch except that the power source will have to be looped to each switch box location or to each light fixture location. How to Wire Multiple Light Switches. Bedroom Outlets For smaller bedrooms with general purpose a 15 amp circuit provides an adequate amount of power. Many strips are wired with 14 gauge wire, and lighting accessories on the same circuit as the receptacles. 0 ... of the first. High Point University Housing, Is Jeff The Killer Real 2020, Hms Vindictive Ww2, Syphon Pump Halfords, Thomas Newman Soundtracks, Oil Tycoon Caviar, Hot Wheels Font, Williamson High School Football, East Coast Tides, Battlestations Pacific Backwards Compatible, Homes For Sale In Pottsville, Pa, Uihc Covid Line, Articolul a fost publicat in data de 2 ianuarie 2021. Inapoi la lista Webdesign by:
Main Content Climate change and health impacts – what do we know? Climate change and health impacts – what do we know? Dianna McDonald, Sustainability Victoria’s Project Lead Social Research/Climate Change Program Do Victorians understand and care about the link between climate change and health? To find out, Sustainability Victoria surveyed over 3300 Victorians in 2017. Asking Victorians what issues they cared about, healthcare topped the list, followed by the cost of housing and living, the economy and jobs, education, roads and transport, with climate change trailing at the bottom. Speaking at the ANMF (Vic Branch) Health and Environmental Sustainability Conference on 2 May, Sustainability Victoria’s Project Lead Social Research/Climate Change Program, Dianna McDonald, said Victorians’ priorities may have changed since 2017, with increasing coverage of the impacts of climate change in the media. The 2017 survey findings showed that Victorians make the link between climate change and changes they see in their environment, such as bushfires, wild weather, air pollution, drought and crop failure. However, as Victorians placed healthcare first and climate change last in their list of priority issues, they may not be perceiving a link between the two. When asked about potential impacts of climate change, those surveyed did not nominate ‘health’. Meanwhile international health organisations have long been warning of climate change-related impacts on health, with The Lancet describing climate change as the biggest health threat of the 21st century. The RACGP says doctors are already seeing higher rates of respiratory illness and infectious diseases – both impacts of climate change. Sustainability Victoria wanted to know if they could help Victorians to make the link between climate change and health and bolster the importance of climate change. The department conducted further research, conducting interviews with individuals and focus groups. When people were given information linking climate change to health and had time to process it, they began talking about health-related impacts such as melanomas, heat stress, mental health, and extreme weather-related deaths and disease, Ms McDonald said. They also began discussing how caring for patients with climate change-related conditions might tax an already-strained health system and cause healthcare costs to increase. ‘Once they do get the link (between climate change and health) it’s highly meaningful to them…because they realise ‘Wow, these impacts could affect me and my family’,’ Ms McDonald said. The research participants also perceived the climate change-related health threats such as bushfires and wild weather events as immediate, urgent and important, rather than a future threat. ‘They say “Tell me what I need to do. We’ve got to do something.” And it also increases their expectation that others should do something…They see government as having the legislative power and budget to do something.’ The research participants said they did not want messages about climate change and health to be ‘sugar-coated’. ‘They said “No we need to be scared about this. This is what will prompt action”,’ Ms McDonald said. Sustainability Victoria is about to conduct another large survey of Victorians on climate change. They will also ask healthcare workers about their knowledge of climate change and health, and impacts of climate change they are seeing in the community.
Question: Which Plant Can Survive Without Water For Months? What plant can survive 5 years without water? Adapted to the desert environment, Selaginella lepidophylla can survive without water for several years, drying up until it retains only 3% of its mass. The plant can live and reproduce in arid regions for long periods of time.. What plant can survive without water? Moss rose is a drought-tolerant flowering plant that thrives in dry, poor soil. Due to its thick succulent leaves, it can survive for a long time without water. What happens to the plant if it is not watered for 2 3 days? If a plant did not receive water for two days nothing will happen when you do not pour water more than three days definitely they would die. … Plants need some water for their growth. If they will not get much amount of water plants will shrink and plants will be incapable to accomplish the photosynthesis process. Which type of plants live for a few years? A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. The term (per- + -ennial, “through the years”) is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. What grows in dry soil? So if you’ve hit a dry spot in your garden, why not take a look our top 10 plants for dry soils, below.Foxtail lilies (Eremurus)Stachys byzantina.Bearded iris.Lavender.Sedums.Cardoon (Cynara)Knautia macedonica.Melianthus major.More items…•Jun 6, 2019 Which plant can last the longest without water? However, you can grow a few plants that will survive without much water for long periods of time or during certain times of the year.Rubber Tree (Ficus elastica) … Aloe Plant (Aloe vera) … Cactus Plant (Cereus) … Century Plant (Agave americana) … Jade Plant (Crassula ovata/argentea) … Snake Plant (Sansevieria trifasciata)Feb 1, 2016 Should you water plants everyday? What plants live a long time? Certain types of plants can live long enough to be passed down through generations:Christmas Cactus (Schlumbergera)Jade Plants (Crassula)Boston Fern (Nephrolepis exaltata bostoniensis)Rubber Plants (Ficus elastic)Snake Plants (Sanseveria)Weeping Fig (Ficus Benjamina)Spider Plants (Chlorophytum comosum)Oct 10, 2018 How do you tell if a plant is over or Underwatered? Determine which by feeling the leaf showing browning: if it feels crispy and light, it is underwatered. If it feels soft and limp, it is overwatered. Yellowing leaves: Usually accompanied by new growth falling, yellow leaves are an indication of overwatering. Can plants survive 10 days without water? How long will houseplants survive without water? Most houseplants can survive without water for 2-3 weeks. However, the watering needs may vary depending upon the weather and types of plants you have. While plants like succulents and cactus can survive longer, other tropical plants like monstera, pothos may suffer. Will plants die if not watered for a day? So if a plant does not get enough water, it will shrink. If it goes long enough without water it will die because the plant uses water for a lot of different jobs needed to keep the plant alive. Can a plant grow without air? Air is not essential for a plant’s growth; they can live without it. Air is absorbed into the roots of the plants to provide the necessary oxygen. Correct answer: Plants absorb carbon dioxide from the air to use during photosynthesis. Is it bad to water plants at night? Watering at night is not the best for your plants’ leaves or overall health. … After a night time soak, leaves can stay wet for a pretty long time since they don’t have the day’s sun to dry them off. Because of this, damp leaves become extra vulnerable to fungal development. What happens if you dont water a plant? When a plant is properly hydrated, there is enough water pressure to make the leaves strong and sturdy; when a plant doesn’t get enough water, the pressure inside the stems and leaves drops and they wilt. Plants also need water for photosynthesis. What is the largest plant on Earth? AspenFor two-dimensional area, the largest known clonal flowering plant, and indeed largest plant and organism, is a grove of male Aspen in Utah, nicknamed Pando (Populus tremuloides). The grove is connected by a single root system, and each stem above the ground is genetically identical. What grows well in dry soil? Drought-Tolerant Plants for Dry SoilSmoke Bush. Smoke bush, or Cotinus coggygria, is often used as a garden specimen due to the purple-pink plumes and the purple leaves on some cultivars. … Madagascar Periwinkle. … Meadow Favorite. … Tall White Beardtongue. … English Lavender. … Rosemary. … ‘Serenita Mix’ Angelonia. … Butter Daisy.More items… How long can houseplants live without water? two weeksMost houseplants can survive quite happily for up to two weeks in most indoor conditions without being watered. They may not survive this neglect on a regular basis, but if you are away for two weeks, most of your plants will do OK. When should we not water the plant? Answer. Explanation: The worst time to water is between 10 am and 2 pm, when the sun is hottest. Late afternoon through around 6 pm, or even later in the summer when days are long, is okay. How long does it take for plants to die? A plant will die in about three months if it is a Summer annual; about 5,000 years if it is a bristlecone pine. What plants only live for few months? Some plants like banyan tree and neem tree live for hundreds of years. Some plants like pea, sunflowers and rice live only for a few months.
In 3653 BBY, while Imperial forces were engaged by the Republic's forces in the outer rim, Imperial forces attacked Coruscant and took it hostage after beating the Republic's forces. The Sith Council then proposed the "Treaty of Coruscant," the terms of which included that the Republic's forces and the members of the Jedi Order were required to withdraw from battle against the Sith Empire by a deadline. The treaty was accepted by the Galactic Republic and the Imperial forces left Coruscant free. After that, the Sith Empire started preparing for the next attack to conquer Coruscant. My question: The whole point of the Great Galactic War was to take control of the Galaxy by capturing the core. The Sith Empire was successful in that when they took Coruscant hostage. What was the point of proposing the "Treaty of Coruscant"? The Republic's forces were weak at that time. That's why they lost Coruscant, failed to clear Coruscant of the Empire's forces, and accepted the treaty. There wasn't any risk while keeping Coruscant hostage. After a period of time, they could always increase forces there to gain control over nearby space. Additionally, after connecting with main Imperial forces, it'd be a win-win situation. They would never have needed to prepare to capture Coruscant in the future again. The exact reasons for Treaty aren't explained in much detail. What we do know is that the Treaty was proposed before the Sacking of Coruscant to end the Great Galactic War, so the attack on the capital and the Jedi Temple was more a show of power and was actually done to force the Republic into accepting the terms of their negotiations on Alderaan. It's probably also meant to be mysterious since no protagonist appearing in the books or games at that time is privy to the motives of the Dark Council and the Emperor (who proposed the Treaty in the first place). The novel "The Old Republic: Deceived" touches on the reasons for not continuing the attack/occupation on Coruscant. A good summary would be that the Empire simply did not have the resources to occupy the planet of a trillion inhabitants. Bombarding the surface was possible, but they couldn't do anything about the immense populations resisting the occupation in the lower levels, especially considering the Empire had already been fighting for 28 years prior to the Treaty. The novel is from Darth Malgus' point of view, and it seems the decision to withdraw came from his superiors, including Darth Angral and the Emperor himself. There's also no doubt that the plan worked very well to weaken the Republic - in SW:TOR, the lower levels of the city are depicted as almost entirely uncontrolled and gangs have taken over. The player characters on the Republic side end up cleaning up the mess started by the Sith Empire. • Holding Coruscant itself also doesn't seem to be vital from a strategic standpoint. Exar Kun & Ulic Qel-Droma were also able to invade Coruscant 500 years earlier, yet also left. – Omegacron Apr 1 '15 at 20:19 Newer content within SW:TOR itself unveils that the idea for the "peace" between the Sith Empire and the Republic comes from the emperor himself. This is unveiled during the storyline revolving around The Maelstorm Prison flashpoint: Revan was taken prisoner by the Emperor and tortured to get all information about the Republic so that it could be crushed. While he resisted the torture and the emperor, Revan managed to influence him in an attempt to save the Republic which resulted in the treaty (sort of like a mind trick). There are more details about that in the book The Old Republic: Revan by Drew Karpyshyn. Your Answer
Search for "women in the military" Displaying 1-4 of 4 results Cuthbert Grant Cuthbert Grant, fur trader, Métis leader (born circa 1793 in Fort de la Rivière Tremblante, SK; died 15 July 1854 in White Horse Plains, MB). Grant led the Métis to victory at Seven Oaks in 1816 and founded the Métis community Grantown (later St. François Xavier), Manitoba, in 1824. Today, Cuthbert Grant is hailed as a founder of the Métis nation. (See also Indigenous Peoples in Canada.) Ounanguissé (“Shimmering Light of the Sun,” also spelled Onangizes, Onanguisset and Onanguicé) was wkama (leader) of the Potawatomi ca. 1660s–1701. He was an important figure in the alliance between the French and Indigenous people of the Great Lakes region during the late 17th and early 18th centuries. He is most well known for a speech he gave regarding this alliance during a meeting he had with the governor general of New France, Louis de Buade de Frontenac in 1697. He also made an important contribution to the establishment of the Great Peace of Montreal in 1701. Voyageurs were independent contractors, workers or minor partners in companies involved in the fur trade. They were licensed to transport goods to trading posts and were usually forbidden to do any trading of their own. The fur trade changed over the years, as did the groups of men working in it. In the 17th century, voyageurs were often coureurs des bois — unlicensed traders responsible for delivering trade goods from suppliers to Indigenous peoples. The implementation of the trading licence system in 1681 set voyageurs apart from coureurs des bois, who were then considered outlaws of sorts. Today, the word voyageur, like the term coureur des bois, evokes the romantic image of men canoeing across the continent in search of furs. Their life was full of perilous adventure, gruelling work and cheerful camaraderie. Coureurs des bois Coureurs des bois were itinerant, unlicenced fur traders from New France. They were known as “wood-runners” to the English on Hudson Bay and “bush-lopers” to the Anglo-Dutch of New York. Unlike voyageurs, who were licensed to transport goods to trading posts, coureurs des bois were considered outlaws of sorts because they did not have permits from colonial authorities. The independent coureurs des bois played an important role in the European exploration of the continent. They were also vital in establishing trading contacts with Indigenous peoples.
• Rick LoPresti This is your conscience speaking The conscience has often been depicted as an angel sitting on one shoulder speaking into one ear telling us to do right, and a demon on the other shoulder speaking into the other ear tempting us to sin. While this is not accurate, it does describe the essence of what goes on in our conscience. We should first ask what the conscience even is before going any further. The Greek word translated conscience in the New Testament is syneidēsis, which is defined by Strong’s Concordance as “the soul as distinguishing between what is morally good and bad, prompting to do the former and shun the latter, commending one, condemning the other”. This is the only word translated as conscience in the New Testament. The word conscience only appears in the New Testament where it appears 31 times. The English word is defined by Webster as “the sense or consciousness of the moral goodness or blameworthiness of one's own conduct, intentions, or character together with a feeling of obligation to do right or be good”. It comes from two root words - con which means with, and science which means knowledge. The Bible describes the origin of the conscience. After each day of creation, God said that it was good (Gen 1). After the sixth day, He said it was very good. God made man in His image and likeness as a living soul (Gen 1:26-28, Gen 2:7). That is not referring to man’s physical existence, but his spiritual makeup. God gave man a moral component and introduced choice by placing the two specific trees in the garden - the tree of life which was not off limits and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil which was (Gen 2:9). God was not setting them up for failure. Love and morality must be chosen. They could have chosen to live forever (Gen 3:22), and they were warned about sin’s consequence which was death (Gen 2:16-17). They were naked and not ashamed (Gen 2:25). The subtil serpent questioned the word of God, twisted what He had said, and said God’s warning was a lie (Gen 3:1-7). He said God was really holding something back from them. He said God knew they could decide on their own what was good and evil. He said that in the day they ate the forbidden fruit their eyes would be opened to that. God had said it would cause death. Not knowing evil is innocence. The essence of sin is deciding right and wrong for ourselves without God. When Eve saw that the fruit was good for food, pleasant to the eyes, and to be desired to make one wise, she ate and gave her husband to eat. All the other fruit was also good for food and pleasant to the eyes (Gen 2:9). The only thing God forbade was that which would destroy them. Satan used the same three areas Eve was tempted in to tempt Jesus in the wilderness (Mt 4:1-11). John described them as the lust of the flesh, the lust of the eyes, and the pride of life (1n 2:15-17). Adam’s and Eve’s eyes were opened, but not to something great. They saw they were naked and made aprons out of fig leaves. They felt shame for the first time. They had consciousness of sin. It did not elevate them. It brought them down. Their attempt to cover their shame was futile. As soon as they pulled the fig leaves off the tree, they were dead and would shrivel. Their aprons did not cover all their shame, like a hospital gown does not fully get the job done. They did not pray or repent. They tried to do it on their own. When they heard the voice of God, they hid as though God did not know and could not see. God asked four questions. They were not needed to get information. They were an offer of an opportunity to confess and repent. It’s like a mom asking her only child little Johnny if he broke the lamp. God asked Adam where he was. This was rhetorical. God knew exactly where Adam was spiritually and physically. He was trying to get Adam to face it. Adam answered that he was afraid. He had no reason to fear anything before. God asked Adam who told him he was naked. The answer was their conscience told them. The Lord then asked if he had eaten the forbidden fruit. He blamed his wife and indirectly blamed God. God asked Eve what she had done. She blamed the serpent. Although their answers were not factually wrong, they failed to take responsibility for their decisions which is an essential part of repentance. The result was serpent was to crawl, the woman was to have painful childbirth, and Adam’s work was to be fruitless. They were going to die physically, and they were separated from God spiritually by sin (Is 59:1-2). God made them coats of animal skins which required bloodshed and death to produce. Since then, bloodshed and death were required to cover sin and shame. Ultimately it was the blood and death of Jesus Christ that fulfilled this need forever. God made them coats which were garments to cover them more fully. When we read about God driving them from the garden and blocking their way to the tree of life, our conscience gives us condemnation, but actually that was a great act of mercy by God. He did not want man to have access to eternal life in a sinful state with a guilty conscience. He had plans to reinstate man and everything he had lost, but not yet (Acts 3:19-21, Rom 8:16-25, Rev 22:1-2). When the hypocrites brought the woman caught in the act of adultery to Jesus to try to trap Him, He ignored them. When they insisted that He answer, He told them that he who was without sin should throw the first stone (Jn 8:1-11). Beginning at the oldest, they left one by one being convicted by their own conscience. Jesus did not condone the woman’s sin, but neither did He condemn her. He knew the hypocrites’ hearts. How did they manage to catch her in very act? Were they watching? Was it a set-up? Where was the man whom she was sinning with? Before the apostle Paul became a Christian, he aggressively persecuted the church even unto death (Acts 7-9, Acts 22:4, Acts 26:11, 1Cor 15:9, Gal 1:13). You would think anyone with such a background would have problems with his conscience as a Christian. Yet no one on the Bible talks more about the conscience than Paul. Of the 31 times the word appears in the New Testament, 27 of them are by Paul. He said he had a clear conscience 7 times: 1. Good conscience before God (Acts 23:1) 2. Void of offence toward God and man (Acts 24:16) 3. My conscience also bearing me witness in the Holy Ghost (Rom 9:1) 4. Our rejoicing is this, the testimony of our conscience (2Cor 1:12) 5. I thank God, whom I serve from my forefathers with pure conscience (2Tim 1:3) 6. Having our hearts sprinkled from an evil conscience (Heb 10:22) 7. We trust we have a good conscience (Heb 13:18) Paul wrote that the Gentiles who did not have the scriptures like the Jews did were still accountable to God because of their conscience (Rom 2, especially vs. 15). Before Moses wrote the law, we can see that many aspects of it were already written in the conscience of man: 1. Good a. light and dark (Gen 1) b. immaterial over material (Gen 1) c. delegated authority (Gen 1) d. obedience and life, sin and death, good and evil, word of God and lies in garden (Gen e. covenant (Gen 2, Gen 9, Gen 12-22, Gen 26, Gen 28, Gen 31, Gen 32, Gen 35, Gen f. hope/promise/Messiah (Gen 3:15, Gen 49) 2. Bad a. death penalty (Gen 2, Gen 4, Gen 9) b. nakedness (Gen 2-3, Gen 9) c. humanism (Gen 3) d. blood and death required (Gen 3, Gen 4) e. altars and sacrifices (Cain and Abel, Noah, Abraham) f. murder (Gen 4, Ex 1) g. unrighteous marriages, wickedness, evil imaginations, corruption, violence, before flood h. judgment (Gen 3, Gen 4, Gen 6-9, Gen 11, Ex 3-19) i. drunkenness, nakedness, rape, sodomy (Gen 9, Gen 11) j. false religion (Gen 11) k. lying/dishonesty (Gen 12, Gen 20, Gen 26, Gen 27) l. adultery (Gen 12, Gen 20, Gen 26, Gen 27, Gen 39) m. slavery (Gen 15, Ex 1-14) n. prostitution (Gen 34, Gen 38) o. idolatry (Ex 7-14) Here are the other references to the conscience by Paul: 1. Be subject to civil authority (Rom 13:5) 2. Conscience about meat offered to idols (1Cor 8 &10) 3. By manifestation of the truth commending ourselves to every man's conscience in the sight of God (2Cor 4:2) 4. Now the end of the commandment is charity out of a pure heart, and of a good conscience (1Tim 1:5) 5. Holding faith, and a good conscience (1Tim 1:19) 6. Holding the mystery of the faith in a pure conscience (1Tim 3:9) 7. Speaking lies in hypocrisy; having their conscience seared with a hot iron (1Tim 4:2) 8. Unto them that are defiled and unbelieving is nothing pure; but even their mind and conscience is defiled (Titus 1:15) Peter refused to accept that Jesus would have to suffer (Mt 16:20-25). At the last supper, he initially refused to let Jesus wash his feet (Jn 13:4-11). In the garden of Gethsemane, he refused to accept that he would deny the Lord (Mt 26:30-35). He fell asleep three times while Jesus prayed in the garden, and he denied Him three times (Mt 26:36-46 & 69-75). He cut off the ear of one of the men who came to arrest the Lord trying to stop it (Jn 18:10). Yet the Lord restored him after His resurrection (Lk 22:31-32, Mk 16:17, Jn 13:36, Jn 21). He was the main speaker on the day of Pentecost and a main leader of the early church (Acts 1-12). He later wrote two epistles, and the main theme of the first one is suffering for Christ (1Pet 2:19. 1Pet 3:16). It was Peter who made the only other reference to the conscience when he said water baptism is the answer of a good conscience toward God (1Pet 3:21). There is not a person that has ever lived from Adam until today that has not experienced their guilty conscience like the people who brought the adulteress woman to Jesus. So how do we get a good conscience? There is only one way our conscience can be cleared. It does not matter how much religious activity we engage in (Heb 9:9). Only the blood of Jesus Christ can do it. “How much more shall the blood of Christ, who through the eternal Spirit offered himself without spot to God, purge your conscience from dead works to serve the living God (Heb 9:14, Heb 10:2)?” The blood of Christ is applied to us in water baptism in His name (Mt 26:28, Acts 2:38, Acts 10:43-48, Acts 22:16). As Peter said, it is the answer of a good conscience toward God (1Pet 3:21). Once our sins are remitted by His blood, we can “draw near with a true heart in full assurance of faith, having our hearts sprinkled from an evil conscience (Heb 10:22)”. The only other alternatives are trying in vain to justify ourselves or denying our conscience until it no longer speaks to us (Rom 1:18-32, Eph 4:17-20, 1Tim 4:2). The psychopath may not feel guilt, but that is no relief from the problem. That is like someone whose nerves are so damaged they no longer communicate pain to the brain. The damage is still being done but they can no longer sense it. They word for “having their conscience seared with a hot iron” in 1Timothy 4:2 is the Greek word kauterizo which is where we get the word cauterize from. It is far better to feel guilt and shame for sin than to no longer feel anything. At least our conscience can then do what it should and lead us to repentance. Then the blood of Christ can restore a good conscience. 3 views0 comments Recent Posts See All Awake or woke? There are binary aspects to many areas of life, and there also more nuanced areas. Today we are seeing more and more polarization. While it is good to see clearly where people and issues are, and th T Reasons people don't receive the Holy Ghost The baptism of the Holy Ghost with the initial outward evidence of speaking in tongues (a language not known naturally to the speaker) is still available today (Mk 16:17, Jn 7:37-39, Acts 2:4 & 16-18, Our thoughts judged Some people such as Calvinists do not believe individuals will be judged for their actions. Others believe they will be judged for their actions only, but not for their thoughts. The Bible says God wi
Xe-126 Isotope Applications: Xenon-126 isotope (Xe-126 isotope, 126Xe isotope) • Xe-126 isotope is used for Barium-128 (Ba-128 isotope, 128Ba isotope) positron-emitting radionuclide (radioisotope) production (can be used in life science for healthcare and medical applications and pharmaceuticals industries); • Xe-126 isotope is used for tracing gas migration in geologic studies; Xe-126 isotope is available to order from BuyIsotope.com in Xe-126 gas (Xe) chemical form. Please contact us via request a Xe-126 quote BuyIsotope.com to order Xe-126 isotope, to get Xe-126 price and to buy Xe-126 isotope. back to Xenon isotopes list Xe-126 Safety Data Sheet (SDS) in gas form - Download pdf file Download Xe-126 SDS in gas form Properties of Xe-126 Isotope: Properties of Xe-126 Isotope:XE-126 Natural Abundance (%)0.089 Atomic Mass (Da)125.904274 Relative Isotopic Mass125.904274 Neutron Number (N)72 Atomic Number (Z)54 Mass Number (A)126 Nucleon Number (A)126 Proton Number (Z)54 Quadrupole Moment0 g-factor (g value)0 Electron Configuration Blockp Melting Point (K)161.4 Boiling Point (K)165 Specific Heat0.158 Heat of Formationnan Thermal Conductivity0.00565 Dipole Polarizability 27.32 Electron Affinity (kJ/mole)-0.8 Electronegativity (Pauling scale)2.6 Atomic Radius (pm)0 Covalent Radius (pm) VDW Radius (pm)216 Lattice Constant6.2 Crystal StructureFCC Jmol color#429eb0 Xe-126 Information Xenon is a colourless, odourless gas belonging to group 18 on the periodic table (the noble gases). Xenon has 40 isotopes. There are 9 natural isotopes, 7 of which are stable. Xenon was part of the first noble-gas compound synthesized. Several others involving Xenon have been found since then. Xenon was discovered by Ramsey and Travers in 1898. Xenon is used for filling flash lamps and other powerful lamps. Electrical excitation of xenon produces a burst of brilliant white light. Also it is used in bubble chambers and modern nuclear power reactors. back to Xenon isotopes list FAQ about Xe-126 Isotope: What is Xe-126 isotope natural abundance? Answer: 0.089 % What is atomic mass for Xe-126 isotope? Answer: 125.90427 Da What is isotopic mass for Xe-126 isotope? Answer: 125.90427 How many neutrons does Xe-126 isotope have? Answer: 72 How many protons does Xe-126 isotope have? Answer: 54 How many electrons does Xe-126 isotope have? Answer: 54 What is atomic number for Xe-126 isotope? Answer: 54 Is Xe-126 isotope stable? Answer: Yes Is Xe-126 isotope radioactive? Answer: No back to Xenon isotopes list
When Dealing with a Psychopath , , What is a psychopath? We might typically think of a serial killer, or at least someone with a criminal record. However, psychopaths can be found in many walks of life, representing about 1% of the population. Approximately 10% of people have significant psychopathic traits. They might be more prevalent in leadership positions or other situations where people have an uncommonly strong drive for power, status or money. A core feature of psychopathy is an excessive focus on pursuing one’s own interests relative to acknowledging the interests of others. This imbalance, combined with a lack of empathy for others, generally leads to disrupted relationships, at least in the long run. Psychopathy shares these features with narcissism, but adds a darker edge. Psychopathy is a relevant issue for many people who seek psychological therapy. However, this is less commonly from the psychopath seeking such therapy themselves as most psychopaths have little insight into their failings and don’t think there is anything wrong with them. However, a number of clients present as a result of distress or harm stemming from their involvement with a psychopath, who might be their partner, their boss or a colleague. It can be very difficult to identify a psychopath, especially at first. They tend to be charming and engaging to those whom they wish to gain some benefit from. They are often deceitful and can be extraordinarily capable of lying in a convincing way. When people find that they have been manipulated or exploited they may feel foolish for having been taken in, especially if in retrospect they recognise that the exploitative person had initially seemed too good to be true. However, owing to the psychopaths typically good first impression and capacity to deceive, it’s harsh to blame oneself for having been too trusting. Many people will be caught out by a psychopath if they become a target of their interest. Most people are very relieved when they are able to move on from their relationship with the psychopath. In the meantime, it is worth protecting yourself and making yourself a smaller target from their harmful behaviour. To help people counter the negative impact of psychopathic behaviour it is important to be able to recognise the core psychopathic traits. It especially helps to know these typical characteristics because, when interacting with the psychopath, many people will doubt themselves. This self-doubt can be increased by the distress they are feeling, perhaps combined with low self-esteem as a result of feeling abused. Recognising psychopathic behaviours helps to appreciate how it is the psychopath who it is most responsible for the harmful behaviour rather than anyone else, yourself included. What are the core psychopathic traits? The core psychopathic traits are spelt out very well by Paul Babiak and Robert Hare in their illuminating book, Snakes in Suits: Understanding and surviving the psychopaths in your office. Robert Hare also developed the Hare Psychopathy Checklist which outlines the characteristics of psychopaths in four different areas, interpersonally, emotionally, in their lifestyle and in their antisocial behaviour. Interpersonal behaviour Psychopaths are typically charming. However, they partly make a good initial impression as a result of their careful effort to win others over whilst trying to figure out how they can use them for their own purposes. They are quick to identify people’s triggers, including their insecurities, which they can then use to manipulate them. Psychopaths may exaggerate their achievements to a potential employer, their assets to a potential partner, or their past life challenges to a sympathetic colleague. They do this to gain respect, trust or favour. In order to manipulate different people in the specific ways that influence them there might be inconsistencies in how they present to one person compared with another. This is one of the ways they can be caught out. It is the people they want the least from, whom they are least trying to manipulate, that tend to be the most able to see through them and their deceptions. Psychopaths tend to be selfish and controlling in their relationships. In leadership positions, psychopaths may appear persuasive and self-confident. However, their charm tends to be somewhat superficial. Psychopaths often display a grandiose sense of their self-worth. It is often over time that their pattern of deceiving or manipulating others will become more evident. At that point others maybe feel as though they have been used as a pawn. Emotional characteristics Psychopaths have a lack of empathy and typically relate to others in a shallow way. They can be callous and disregard other people’s rights and interests. They will typically fail to accept responsibility for mistakes or things they have done wrong and will show little remorse or guilt for the harm they may have caused. They often try to put the blame onto others, potentially leading their partners or colleagues to doubt themselves, or otherwise to go along with blaming someone else whom the psychopath has convinced them was at fault, perhaps through their convincing lies. Psychopaths tend to have a high need for stimulation and maybe somewhat thrill-seeking. They tend to be impulsive and irresponsible. They usually aim to achieve their goals in the easiest way or shortest time possible. They are more likely to be caught out in situations that require longer-term planning followed by disciplined effort. They can be skilful at seeking out and winning over patrons who can help them gain short cuts in achieving their goals without having to make such longer-term effort. As corporate leaders, there is often a discrepancy between their presentation and performance. They are often charismatic, but poor at teamwork and bringing people together for a common goal, especially if it is challenging. Antisocial behaviour Psychopaths antisocial behaviour is often reflected in deceit and unnecessary aggression towards others. However, they are much more likely than others to engage in criminal behaviour if that is the main way they can think of to get what they want. Psychopaths have often shown early behavioural problems including ongoing difficulties managing with anger. They are often vindictive in their dealings with others. How to spot a psychopath Rather than specifically identifying someone as a psychopath, it might be more helpful to simply recognise the number and seriousness of the psychopathic traits that they display. This can serve as a warning to have as little to do with that person as possible. It can at least prompt you to make yourself a smaller target, or to watch out for and curb the person’s manipulative and harmful behaviour sooner rather than later. Those with strong psychopathic traits are often surrounded by interpersonal conflict, even though it might not be immediately clear who is causing that conflict. Others might be scapegoated as a result of the psychopath’s deceitful manipulation and lies. Increasingly, the situations they influence are likely to become more chaotic. Increased workplace conflict and increased chaos are clues to alert you that a psychopath might be in your midst. Another indicator might be marked inconsistencies in how others see them. If people suspect that someone is displaying psychopathic behaviours, it can be helpful to discuss concerns with others, to help pick up inconsistencies and to better see through deceptions and lies. It can be risky to confront a psychopath if you catch them out, especially if they have some power or influence over you. In a work setting, it will often take the involvement of a number of people, including those in higher authority, to help counter psychopathic behaviour. A fuller solution might include removing them from a position they hold. If you find yourself in a relationship with a psychopath, it might be best to plan a way of leaving whilst enlisting the support of others and minimising the risk to yourself in how and when you leave. If psychopaths have no further use for you, they will tend to abandon you. If you find yourself in this situation, it may be worth at least being grateful that the person is no longer in your life. As Babiak and Hare describe, psychopaths are more identifiable as a result of a number of things they are relatively unable to do, at least consistently over time. They have difficulty collaborating with others, so are relatively unable to share or to form effective teams. They are unable to be modest, to consistently tell the truth, to accept blame, to react calmly or to act without aggression. If you have psychopathic traits yourself If you recognise a number of these characteristics in yourself, then you are likely showing much greater insight than the usual psychopath. In fact, you are less likely to be a psychopath at all, but you might have a number of associated traits. In that case, these characteristics or patterns of behaviour will likely have seriously disrupted many of your relationships and perhaps left you at times feeling very lonely or empty. All of us face a challenge in life of learning how we might gain much of what we want whilst also being able to get along with others and allowing them to do the same. We shall only likely find a balance by being genuinely attentive to other people’s interests as well as our own, being prepared to actively listen to others and to act collaboratively. It’s important to sometimes be prepared to put others first, such as in parenting roles. It’s especially important to let go of a sense of entitlement in one’s relationship with others. The most fundamental principle in positive psychology, a science of wellbeing, is that “other people matter”. Even for our own enlightened self-interest, we might as well remember that “what goes around comes around”. In other words, acting with goodwill or ill will toward others will tend to be mirrored back to us in the long run. People with psychopathic traits can make significant progress in psychological therapy if they realise that they genuinely want to feel better connected to others. This can go a long way to reducing feelings of emptiness or loneliness. It is important to discontinue more obvious harmful or exploitive behaviour toward others. It greatly helps to accept one’s vulnerability and to sit with a degree of emotional pain rather than distracting from it. Many people with psychopathic traits have been treated abusively by caregivers in their childhood. This can cause long term harm to one’s capacity to trust and to form healthy attachments with others. Acting kindly towards others, including in small ways, is a practical way to develop empathy. Learning to be more consistent in being kind is a key way to experiencing more lasting and meaningful connections with others. To explore these themes further, you can listen to our Psych Spiels and Silver Linings episode, The Snakiness of Psychopaths on the player below. For other mental health articles and resources on e.g., anxiety, depression and trauma reactions, see our Chris Mackey and Associates’ Resources page. Chris Mackey is a clinical psychologist and Fellow of The Australian Psychological Society with 40 years’ psychotherapy experience. He received the 2019 Australian Allied Health Impact Award. He is the author of The Positive Psychology of Synchronicity: Enhance Your Mental Health with the Power of Coincidence (See book website).
Man filling up a form The False Claims Act is a federal law that makes it a crime for an individual or organization to knowingly make a false record or file a false claim regarding any government health care program, which includes programs or plans that provide health benefits which is funded in part or in whole by the United States government. A False Claim means that someone or some entity is cheating the government out of its money. There are different scenarios this can possibly occur, however, False Claims Act are increasingly becoming prevalent in the healthcare field. And pharma companies are no strangers not only with drug pricing schemes, but also with lawsuits caused by their problematic marketing strategies. For instance, Johnson & Johnson and its subsidiary, Janssen, were investigated by the Department of Justice for the illegal marketing of their antipsychotic drug, Risperdal. They marketed it to elderly patients, even though they are fully aware of the medication’s risks to the elderly. They were ordered to pay billions in criminal allegations in 2013. Long after, however, people are still filing a Risperdal lawsuit in order to make the company accountable for the damages that the plaintiffs have suffered because of the drug’s devastating side effects. Drug Pricing Schemes One possible use of the act is to keep pharmaceutical companies and pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs) from unnecessarily putting high prices on medications. Skyrocketing drug prices caused by schemes put together by major figures in the health care industry are always passed down to federal programs that provide health benefits such as Medicaid, Medicare, and TRICARE for military families, among others. In the end, the taxpayers pay the price, literally and figuratively, as the programs designed to take care of them are in jeopardy. A kind of scheme that involves artificially inflating drug prices comes in the form of kickbacks given to PBMs by pharma companies. In a closely similar scenario, distributors of EpiPen products filed antitrust claims on behalf of itself and a class of distributors. Although these are filed under the antitrust claims, they also bear a resemblance with cases filed under the False Claims Act. Epinephrine in the form of an EpiPen, which is manufactured by Mylan, is a rather expensive drug used to treat severe allergic reactions. As such, it is often seen as a life-saver. Most individuals prescribed with EpiPen even need to bring it with them all the time. Blue pills inside a medicine bottle The complaint filed alleges that Mylan paid higher Medicaid rebates to pharmacy benefit managers in exchange for kickbacks. With that, it guarantees that PBMs will overlook any soar in Mylan’s medication prices. The PBMs included on the suit were Express Scripts, OptumRx, and CVS Caremark. According to the suit, Mylan is aware that it has put patients in a helpless position by putting high prices on the life-saving drug, knowing very well that they will purchase the life-saving drug no matter the price. The district court recently denied a motion to dismiss the complaint. The supposed scheme involves Mylan working with PBMs to manipulate the system for their mutual financial gains. A Dangerous Conspiracy The dangerous combination of pharmaceutical companies and PBMs working together to fraudulently induce swelling of drug prices especially in life-saving medications like the EpiPen has devastating consequences. As proven by the lawsuit, everyone involved pays the price when major players in the pharmaceutical industry prioritize profit over patients’ health and safety. A significant increase in drug prices harm Medicaid and Medicare beneficiaries and taxpayers alike. Experts expect that cases to be filed under the False Claims Act will continue to surge in the years to come as the biggest public health emergency yet made the government enact stimulus packages amounting to almost $4 trillion in relief funds. Moreover, a huge portion of that fund was dedicated to health care and other health care-related fields, where FCA claims mostly occur. Leave a Reply Your email address will not be published.
I'm a lady. In 1772 he pooled resources with other chemists to buy a diamond, which they placed in a closed glass jar. The properties of fullerenes (split into buckyballs, buckytubes, and nanobuds) have not yet been fully analyzed and represent an intense area of research in nanomaterials. When iron is alloyed with carbon, hard steel is formed. My desire to ascertain the molecular structure of fullerenes and examine the growth of their crystals was where everything started. [84] Through this intermediate, though, resonance-stabilized carbonate ions are produced. Animation with sound and interactive 3D-models. Carbon has been known since ancient times, as soot, charcoal and coal. [66], Carbon-rich asteroids are relatively preponderant in the outer parts of the asteroid belt in our solar system. Carbon occurs naturally as anthracite (a type of coal), graphite, and diamond. At standard temperature and pressure, it resists all but the strongest oxidizers. If 4.50 g of the unknown compound contained 0.150 mol of C and 0.300 mol of H, how many moles of … Various estimates put this carbon between 500, 2500 Gt,[59] or 3,000 Gt. The most prominent oxide is carbon dioxide (CO2). Yard work and gardening activities like digging up weeds, raking leaves, and mowing the lawn can stir up the plant matter mold thrives on, leaving you exposed. It is one of the few elements that was known since ancient times. [15] The isotope carbon-12 (12C) forms 98.93% of the carbon on Earth, while carbon-13 (13C) forms the remaining 1.07%. From this experiment, Lavoisier … Graphite is combined with clays to form the 'lead' used in pencils used for writing and drawing. This requires a nearly simultaneous collision of three alpha particles (helium nuclei), as the products of further nuclear fusion reactions of helium with hydrogen or another helium nucleus produce lithium-5 and beryllium-8 respectively, both of which are highly unstable and decay almost instantly back into smaller nuclei. Rotational transitions of various isotopic forms of carbon monoxide (for example, 12CO, 13CO, and 18CO) are detectable in the submillimeter wavelength range, and are used in the study of newly forming stars in molecular clouds. [108], There are three types of natural graphite—amorphous, flake or crystalline flake, and vein or lump. Carbon—Super Stuff. Lavoisier proposed carbon in 1789 from the Latin carbo meaning "charcoal." Carbon-14 is formed in upper layers of the troposphere and the stratosphere at altitudes of 9–15 km by a reaction that is precipitated by cosmic rays. The paths of carbon in the environment form the carbon cycle. The sheets are thus warped into spheres, ellipses, or cylinders. When combined with oxygen and hydrogen, carbon can form many groups of important biological compounds including sugars, lignans, chitins, alcohols, fats, and aromatic esters, carotenoids and terpenes. The result is fibers with higher specific tensile strength than steel.[119]. About 80% of mined diamonds (equal to about 100 million carats or 20 tonnes annually) are unsuitable for use as gemstones are relegated for industrial use (known as bort). Today, smaller deposits of graphite are obtained by crushing the parent rock and floating the lighter graphite out on water. The electronegativity of carbon is 2.5, significantly higher than the heavier group-14 elements (1.8–1.9), but close to most of the nearby nonmetals, as well as some of the second- and third-row transition metals. It is assumed that carbon was discovered and used in ancient times in about 3750 BC. Here, each atom is bonded tetrahedrally to four others, forming a 3-dimensional network of puckered six-membered rings of atoms. [54] These compounds figure in the PAH world hypothesis where they are hypothesized to have a role in abiogenesis and formation of life. Carl Wilhelm Scheele demonstrated at this time that graphite was carbon and not a form of lead as had previously been supposed. Large amorphous graphite deposits are found in China, Europe, Mexico and the United States. Carbon compounds make up most of the materials used in clothing, such as natural and synthetic textiles and leather, and almost all of the interior surfaces in the built environment other than glass, stone and metal. [127] In these examples, the harm may result from contaminants (e.g., organic chemicals, heavy metals) rather than from the carbon itself. Who discovered carbon? Rene A . Although it forms an extraordinary variety of compounds, most forms of carbon are comparatively unreactive under normal conditions. Carbon, the sixth most abundant element in the universe, has been known since ancient times. 7 answers. Trending Questions. In their publication they proposed the name carbone (Latin carbonum) for the element in graphite which was given off as a gas upon burning graphite. Carl Wilhelm Scheele demonstrated at this time that graphite was carbon and not a form of lead as had previously been supposed. Earth discovered - Climate 365 graphic. The names fullerene and buckyball are given after Richard Buckminster Fuller, popularizer of geodesic domes, which resemble the structure of fullerenes. In some processes, … Common heteroatoms that appear in organic compounds include oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and the nonradioactive halogens, as well as the metals lithium and magnesium. [52] Microscopic diamonds may also be formed by the intense pressure and high temperature at the sites of meteorite impacts. I couldn't find where it was actually discovered. It is a 15th most bounteous element in the crust of earth. Dec. 11, 2001. New form of carbon discovered that is harder than diamond but flexible as rubber Menu Close [16], Carbon is the 15th most abundant element in the Earth's crust, and the fourth most abundant element in the universe by mass after hydrogen, helium, and oxygen. With reactive metals, such as tungsten, carbon forms either carbides (C4−) or acetylides (C2−2) to form alloys with high melting points. Carbon-14 dating built off of the discovery of carbon-14 in 1940. [39], Graphene is a two-dimensional sheet of carbon with the atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. [77] When massive stars die as supernova, the carbon is scattered into space as dust. For instance, French scientist Rene A. F. de Reaumur first showed in 1722 that through the absorption of carbon, it was possible to transform iron into steel. Activated charcoal is used as an absorbent and adsorbent in filter material in applications as diverse as gas masks, water purification, and kitchen extractor hoods, and in medicine to absorb toxins, poisons, or gases from the digestive system. The system of carbon allotropes spans a range of extremes: Atomic carbon is a very short-lived species and, therefore, carbon is stabilized in various multi-atomic structures with diverse molecular configurations called allotropes. \| Certified Educator The element carbon was discovered in prehistory in the form of soot and charcoal. Nevertheless, even the most polar and salt-like of carbides are not completely ionic compounds.[94]. Plastics are made from synthetic carbon polymers, often with oxygen and nitrogen atoms included at regular intervals in the main polymer chain. [45] Under some conditions, carbon crystallizes as lonsdaleite, a hexagonal crystal lattice with all atoms covalently bonded and properties similar to those of diamond. 1. Carbon in this modification is linear with sp orbital hybridization, and is a polymer with alternating single and triple bonds. He discovered that during combustion oxygen combines chemically with the burning substance. [101] In 1772, Antoine Lavoisier showed that diamonds are a form of carbon; when he burned samples of charcoal and diamond and found that neither produced any water and that both released the same amount of carbon dioxide per gram. Likewise, the heavier analog of cyanide, cyaphide (CP−), is also considered inorganic, though most simple derivatives are highly unstable. However, tubular carbon structures have essentially never been found in nature, and are thus a new, artificially created type of carbon solid. [83] Dissolved in water, it forms carbonic acid (H2CO3), but as most compounds with multiple single-bonded oxygens on a single carbon it is unstable. [105], A new allotrope of carbon, fullerene, that was discovered in 1985[106] includes nanostructured forms such as buckyballs and nanotubes. Diamonds were known probably as early as 2500 BCE in China, while carbon in the form of charcoal was made around Roman times by the same chemistry as it is today, by heating wood in a pyramid covered with clay to exclude air. Carbon-14 (14C) is a naturally occurring radioisotope, created in the upper atmosphere (lower stratosphere and upper troposphere) by interaction of nitrogen with cosmic rays. For example, photosynthetic plants draw carbon dioxide from the atmosphere (or seawater) and build it into biomass, as in the Calvin cycle, a process of carbon fixation. Edscottite is one of the least flashy new finds, but it's also the one that's set geologists abuzz. Carbides of silicon, tungsten, boron and titanium, are among the hardest known materials, and are used as abrasives in cutting and grinding tools. This is much more than the amount of carbon in the oceans or atmosphere (below). More specifically, the dication could be described structurally by the formulation [MeC(η5-C5Me5)]2+, making it an "organic metallocene" in which a MeC3+ fragment is bonded to a η5-C5Me5− fragment through all five of the carbons of the ring.[96]. For example, graphite is opaque and black while diamond is highly transparent. Pure Carbon … [113] About 20% of that amount has been mined in the last 5 years alone, and during the last ten years 9 new mines have started production while 4 more are waiting to be opened soon. Because of the delocalization of one of the outer electrons of each atom to form a π-cloud, graphite conducts electricity, but only in the plane of each covalently bonded sheet. These records show up in several cultures, mostly of peoples who travelled by ship: sailors would char the insid… Carbon was discovered in prehistory and was known in the forms of soot and charcoal to the earliest human civilizations. Through catenation, carbon forms a countless number of compounds. Global Climate Change. Carbon is a chemical element. [37], Commercially viable natural deposits of graphite occur in many parts of the world, but the most important sources economically are in China, India, Brazil and North Korea. Carbon's discoverer and date of discovery is unknown. [53], In 2014 NASA announced a greatly upgraded database for tracking polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the universe. The asteroids can be used in hypothetical space-based carbon mining, which may be possible in the future, but is currently technologically impossible.[67]. Isotopes of carbon are atomic nuclei that contain six protons plus a number of neutrons (varying from 2 to 16). [85][86] Cyanide (CN−), has a similar structure, but behaves much like a halide ion (pseudohalogen). Carbon generally has low toxicity to life on Earth; but carbon nanoparticles are deadly to Drosophila.[128]. Carbon as diamond has also been known since very ancient times. Organometallic compounds by definition contain at least one carbon-metal covalent bond. Garnering much excitement is the possible use of diamond as a semiconductor suitable for microchips, and because of its exceptional heat conductance property, as a heat sink in electronics.[125]. The great variety of carbon compounds include such lethal poisons as tetrodotoxin, the lectin ricin from seeds of the castor oil plant Ricinus communis, cyanide (CN−), and carbon monoxide; and such essentials to life as glucose and protein. Carbon was discovered as a novel element by 1722 by Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur, who proposed that this novel element can be used to transform iron into steel. Archaeologists have found that the first records of using charcoal for water treatment appear about a thousand years later, in 400 B.C. This exothermic reaction is used in the iron and steel industry to smelt iron and to control the carbon content of steel: Carbon monoxide can be recycled to smelt even more iron: with sulfur to form carbon disulfide and with steam in the coal-gas reaction: Carbon combines with some metals at high temperatures to form metallic carbides, such as the iron carbide cementite in steel and tungsten carbide, widely used as an abrasive and for making hard tips for cutting tools. Diamonds are embedded in drill tips or saw blades, or ground into a powder for use in grinding and polishing applications. They are chemically resistant and require high temperature to react even with oxygen. More readily available historically was soot or charcoal. [114][115] In 2004, a startling discovery of a microscopic diamond in the United States[116] led to the January 2008 bulk-sampling of kimberlite pipes in a remote part of Montana.[117]. All carbon allotropes are solids under normal conditions, with graphite being the most thermodynamically stable form at standard temperature and pressure. Natural diamonds occur in the rock kimberlite, found in ancient volcanic "necks", or "pipes". Number of isotopes: 15 total; two stable isotopes, which are a… Its atomic weight is 12.011. Carbon compounds form the basis of all known life on Earth, and the carbon–nitrogen cycle provides some of the energy produced by the Sun and other stars. Carbon disulfide (CS2) is similar. The Egyptians and Sumerians are jointly credited with the discovery as they were the first to use charcoal (a form of carbon) to obtain copper, tin and zinc from their ores. The name oxygen is derived from two Greek words, oxys which means acid and genes which translate to forming. A fourth form, buckminsterfullerene, formula C 60, whose framework is reminiscent of the seams in an Association Football ("soccer") ball, is the subject … Carbon was discovered in prehistoric times. Linear acetylenic carbon[39] has the chemical structure[39] −(C:::C)n−. More readily available historically was soot or charcoal. [123][124] With the continuing advances in the production of synthetic diamonds, new applications are becoming feasible. The ore is crushed, during which care has to be taken in order to prevent larger diamonds from being destroyed in this process and subsequently the particles are sorted by density. [72][73], There are 15 known isotopes of carbon and the shortest-lived of these is 8C which decays through proton emission and alpha decay and has a half-life of 1.98739 × 10−21 s.[74] The exotic 19C exhibits a nuclear halo, which means its radius is appreciably larger than would be expected if the nucleus were a sphere of constant density.[75]. This results in a lower bulk electrical conductivity for carbon than for most metals. Between 2015 and 2019, researchers discovered 31 new carbon minerals, most of them vividly colorful. The ocean is a giant carbon sink that absorbs … The tubular structures are rarely found in nature, except for some silicate minerals such as chrysotile asbestos. A.G. Werner and D.L.G. At room temperatures (20-25 o C), carbon dioxide is an odourless, colourless gas, which is faintly acidic and non-flammable. Where can i find the fuse relay layout for a 1990 vw vanagon or any vw vanagon for the matter? As such, 1.5%×10−10 of atmospheric carbon dioxide contains carbon-14. Thus, irrespective of its allotropic form, carbon remains solid at higher temperatures than the highest-melting-point metals such as tungsten or rhenium. Carbon can form very long chains of interconnecting carbon–carbon bonds, a property that is called catenation. More than 20% of the carbon in the universe may be associated with PAHs, complex compounds of carbon and hydrogen without oxygen. This principle is used in radiocarbon dating, invented in 1949, which has been used extensively to determine the age of carbonaceous materials with ages up to about 40,000 years. where made of carbon. [79], Under terrestrial conditions, conversion of one element to another is very rare. As the non-carbon atoms are expelled, the remaining carbon atoms form tightly bonded carbon crystals that are aligned more or less parallel to the long axis of the fiber. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbon&oldid=990903309, Biology and pharmacology of chemical elements, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. 0 0. [40] The process of separating it from graphite will require some further technological development before it is economical for industrial processes. Continue reading "Pure Carbon Stars Discovered" Skip to content. It does not react with sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, chlorine or any alkalis. Diamonds have been known as early as 1200 B.C. Name: A.L. Cellulose is a natural, carbon-containing polymer produced by plants in the form of wood, cotton, linen, and hemp. [51] Some meteorites contain microscopic diamonds that were formed when the solar system was still a protoplanetary disk. American forests soaked up 140 million tons of carbon a year, … The amount of 14C in the atmosphere and in living organisms is almost constant, but decreases predictably in their bodies after death. Carbon is the sixth element in the periodic table. Before the use of X-rays became commonplace, the separation was done with grease belts; diamonds have a stronger tendency to stick to grease than the other minerals in the ore.[109], Historically diamonds were known to be found only in alluvial deposits in southern India. Carbon occurs in all known organic life and is the basis of organic chemistry. [49][50] Carbon is abundant in the Sun, stars, comets, and in the atmospheres of most planets. Other uncommon oxides are carbon suboxide (C3O2),[87] the unstable dicarbon monoxide (C2O),[88][89] carbon trioxide (CO3),[90][91] cyclopentanepentone (C5O5),[92] cyclohexanehexone (C6O6),[92] and mellitic anhydride (C12O9). Good quality flakes can be processed into expandable graphite for many uses, such as flame retardants. Amorphous is used for lower value graphite products and is the lowest priced graphite. Due to this fact, Carbon has been known to mankind since ancient and prehistoric times. With an electronegativity of 2.5,[93] carbon prefers to form covalent bonds. The Ancients discovered Carbon and they discovered it in prehistoric times Only a very small fraction of the diamond ore consists of actual diamonds. [51][78] The Solar System is one such star system with an abundance of carbon, enabling the existence of life as we know it. It can form alloys with iron, of which the most common is carbon steel. Contrary to the popular belief that "diamonds are forever", they are thermodynamically unstable (ΔfG°(diamond, 298 K) = 2.9 kJ/mol[44]) under normal conditions (298 K, 105 Pa) and transform into graphite. [56] Hydrocarbons (such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas) contain carbon as well. While a large trade in both types of diamonds exists, the two markets function dramatically differently. Organic compounds containing bonds to metal are known as organometallic compounds (see below). Carbon as charcoal, soot and coal has been used since prehistoric times. [62], Carbon is a constituent (about 12% by mass) of the very large masses of carbonate rock (limestone, dolomite, marble and so on). Diamond is the best known naturally occurring, This page was last edited on 27 November 2020, at 04:40. Carbon has two stable, naturally occurring isotopes. Scheele experimented … Diamonds are found naturally, but about 30% of all industrial diamonds used in the U.S. are now manufactured. It is important to note that in the cases above, each of the bonds to carbon contain less than two formal electron pairs. Most carbon is stored in rocks and sediments, while the rest is stored in the ocean, atmosphere, and living organisms. Is Series 4 of LOST being repeated on SKY? As radio started to be used, the carbon microphone was initially used there as well – for broadcasting as well as communications purposes. Graphite is a good electrical conductor while diamond has a low electrical conductivity. Learn why the discovery won them the Nobel Prize. Carbon was discovered before.. It bonds readily with other small atoms, including other carbon atoms, and is capable of forming multiple stable covalent bonds with suitable multivalent atoms.
1840 Black and Hall Map of the Mountains & Plants of America Physical Geography. Humboldt’s Distribution of Plants in Equinoctial America, According to Elevation Above the Level of the Sea. - Main View 1840 Black and Hall Map of the Mountains & Plants of America Humboldt's influential comparative elevation chart. 1840 (undated) 10.5 x 14.5 in (26.67 x 36.83 cm) This is Adam and Charles Black's rare 1840 profile view of the Andes Mountains, particularly Ecuador's Mt. Chimborazo, based upon an influential 1805 illustration by the renowned German explorer and scientist Alexander von Humboldt. Among the first scientists to take Kant's philosophy of Transcendental Idealism into the scientific field, Alexander von Humboldt, to illustrate discovers made on his ascent (the first) of Mt. Chimborazo. Humboldt, as a well-educated German nobleman, was heavily indoctrinated into the philosophy of Immanuel Kant. During his epic journey into South America, Humboldt used illustrative techniques to catalog, define, and reason through the scientific data he collected. His published work is full of illustrations, maps, and charts, many of which were incredibly influential. In our case, we must focus on Humboldt's profile of the Andes 'Geographic der Pflanzen in den Tropenlandern, ein Naturgemalde der Anden.' Humboldt's 1805 chart, is not strictly speaking a comparative mountains and rivers chart, however, it was extremely influential with regard to the development of the genre and is one of the earliest examples of a 'more formal and scientific means of expressing the vertical dimension.' With this chart, Humboldt was attempting to illustrate his research and experience in climbing Ecuador's Mt. Chimborazo. At the time Chimborazo was considered to be one of the world's tallest mountains and indeed, though dwarfed by Everest, Chimborazo may still be considered the tallest mountain in the world if measured from the center of the earth. Humboldt's ascent of Chimborazo was a significant accomplishment, not only because he reached an unprecedented altitude, but also for the detailed scientific observations he took along the way. Possibly influenced by the mountain profile diagrams he worked with as a mining engineer in Germany, Humboldt commissioned a Viennese landscape painter to assemble this chart according to his specific instructions. The chart compares and contrasts vegetation and mineral composition, noting tree and snow lines, rock forms, and even some subterranean elements. While only Chimborazo is specifically drawn in profile, Humboldt sets the stage for future development of the comparative mountains genre by textually noting the elevations of several other well-known mountains, including Popocatepetl, Mont Blanc, Vesuvius, and Orizaba, as well as the elevation of Quito and the highest point reached by Condamine. Prepared by Adam and Charles Black for issue in the 1840 issue of their Black's General Altas. Charles and Adam Black (fl. 1807 - present) were map and book publishers based in Edinburgh. Charles and his uncle, Adam, both of Edinburgh, Scotland, founded their publishing firm in 1807. They published a series of maps and atlases throughout the 19th century. In addition to an array of atlases, the Black firm is known for their editions of the Encyclopedia Britannica (1817 - 1826) and the first publishing of Sir Walter Scott's novels in 1854. In 1889 the A. & C. Black publishing house moved to London where it remains in operation to this day. Learn More... Alexander von Humboldt (September 14, 1769 - May 6, 1859), whose full birth name is Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander Freiherr von Humboldt was a German born naturalist, biologist, geologist, explorer and cartographer active in the late 18th and first half of the 19th century. The importance and scope of Humboldt's work is staggering and its influence on both the development of America and the development of science itself is second to none. As Emil Du Bois-Reymond said, "Every scientist is a descendant of Humboldt. We are all his family." To compose a full biography of Humboldt is the work of volumes, not this simple medium, so we will attempt to focus on the highlights of Humboldt's life as it pertains to cartography. Humboldt was the first scientist to embrace and actually take into the field the Kantian concept of a union between careful scientific observation and intuitive analysis. Between 1799 and 1804 Humboldt traveled through northwestern South America, Central America, Mexico, and parts of the United States. During this voyage he collected a wealth scientific observations and measurements, including considerable surveying and cartographic work, in each of the regions through which he passed. Humboldt's mapping of Mexico, then inclusive of much of the southwestern part of the United States, was an accomplishment of seminal importance, not only because it was the finest map of the region yet produced, but also because of its impact on the future political geography of the Americas. Upon his arrival in Washington, Humboldt struck up a friendship with president Thomas Jefferson, soon to be president James Madison, and other luminaries of post Colonial America. He freely shared his mappings of Mexico with the U.S. President, little suspecting that they would soon influence the results of the Mexican American War and the manifest destiny movement that would follow. When he returned to Germany, Humboldt began a life-long correspondence with scientific luminaries and explorers throughout the world and most particularly in America. Humboldt's influence can be directly tagged to the development of numerous important careers in American cartography, including those of Nicolette, Fremont, Wilkes, Hassler, Bache, and others. Though Humboldt never again visited America, his name is etched across our landscape through numerous Mountains, Rivers, Islands, and other geological features that bear his name. Had the votes in Congress swayed slightly to the other direction, even the entire state of Nevada would have been the state of Humboldt. Throughout his life, Humboldt was a tireless supporter of human equality, scientific advancement, and personal liberty. Humboldt died in Berlin at 89 years old, in his long life he was an inspiration to the invention of modern anthropology, the political destiny of South America, the geographical exploration of the American West, and, ultimately, the development of modern science. Learn More... Hall, Sydney, Black's General Atlas: A series of Fifty-Four Maps from teh Latest and Most Authentic Sources, Engraved on Steel, In the First Style of the Art, (Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black) 1840. Very good condition. Blank on verso. Rumsey 2305.009 (1854 edition). Philips (atlases) 4334.
Accueil > News > IBFAN Codex submission on biofortification The term biofortification or agrofortification are terms that obscure and hide the means by which the food is altered. A more precise definition would state that the food is genetically altered by means of a technological industrial process.The fact that the food is genetically changed should not be obscured by the definition. As well the EU uses the term “bio” to label organic foods and food products and using the prefix bio could imply that the food is natural and organically produced. Using the term “fortification” implies a claim that the food has a nutritional/health advantage over normal food. Since such a claim is unsubstantiated, using the term “fortification” would be misleading. Food fraud is becoming a major consumer concern and using term bio or agro fortification will confuse the public and obscure the reality of how these foods are altered.
Toggle Contrast Printed at: 08:29:07 / 14-05-2021 Chronic Pancreatitis Dietary Advice Please note, this page is printable by selecting the normal print options on your computer. What is the pancreas? The pancreas is a gland that is located behind the stomach. It has two main functions: 1. It produces enzymes, which help to break down and digest the food we eat. 2. It produces hormones, including insulin, which enables our body to use the glucose (sugar) that is produced from the digestion of certain foods. What is chronic pancreatitis? Chronic pancreatitis occurs when there is permanent damage to the pancreas. The most common cause of chronic pancreatitis is long standing alcohol misuse and therefore it is recommended that you avoid drinking alcohol into the future. This will prevent any further damage to your pancreas. It can also be caused by smoking and auto-immune or genetic factors, if the disease is very advanced surgical procedures may be required to help relieve symptoms. What are the symptoms? ▪ Abdominal pain (mild to severe) ▪ Weight loss ▪ Nausea and vomiting ▪ Oily or fatty stools ▪ Diarrhoea ▪ Cyst formation ▪ Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes) ▪ Recurrent flare ups of acute inflammation ▪ Pancreatic insufficiency (reduced insulin and enzyme production) What changes can help with symptoms? It is important to: • Eat regular meals consisting of nutritionally dense, high protein and higher calorie foods, • Have snacks between meals, • Avoid alcohol, • Stop smoking, • Some individuals may find that fatty foods make their symptoms worse especially following a flare up of acute pancreatitis. A low-fat diet should NOT be followed long term in chronic pancreatitis as it is not nutritionally complete. If you experience further weight loss or your appetite remains poor you may require nutritional supplement drinks to help meet your increased requirements. Your dietitian can advise and arrange this if they feel it is necessary. Your GP may arrange for you to have annual blood tests to check your vitamin and mineral status and prescribe supplements if required. They may also refer you for a scan to check your bone density (DEXA scan). What to do if you are prescribed pancreatic enzyme replacements Pancreatic enzymes help to digest the food we eat. Pancreatic enzyme insufficiency is a common feature of chronic pancreatitis. As a result you may be recommended enzyme replacement medication to make up for the enzymes your body is no longer producing. If you are prescribed a pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy e.g. Creon®, Nutrizyme®, Pancrex® Or Pancrease® it should be taken with ALL meals, snacks and nutritional supplements. Your dietitian will be able to give you more specific advice about this. If you are losing weight despite taking pancreatic enzymes, discuss increasing the dosage with your Gastroenterology Doctor, GP, Specialist Nurse or Dietitian. Diabetes occurs when your body is unable to control the amount of sugar (glucose) in your blood. This can happen in chronic pancreatitis because your pancreas is unable produce adequate insulin. Insulin is necessary to take sugar from the blood to the body tissues where it is used for energy. Your doctors will run regular tests to see if you are diabetic but if you are concerned, feel more thirsty than usual or pass a lot of urine mention this to your doctors. You may be started on medication to help regulate your blood sugar and, if required, insulin injections to replace the insulin that your body is unable to produce. If you are diagnosed with diabetes you should: • Reduce the amount of sugar you take as well as any food and drinks high in sugar • Eat a source of high fibre starchy food at each meal e.g. wholemeal bread, pasta, potatoes, rice • Include a source of protein at each meal e.g. lean meat, fish, eggs, yoghurts • Take snacks as advised by your dietitian or diabetes specialist nurse • Talk to your dietitian, diabetes specialist nurse or your doctor if you have any dietary concerns. Further information: The following may help give you further information and support on chronic pancreatitis.
Japan to Start Releasing Radioactive Water From Fukushima in 2 Years Japan said on Tuesday that it had decided to gradually release tons of treated wastewater from the ruined Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant into the ocean, describing it as the best option for disposal despite fierce opposition from fishing crews at home and concern from governments abroad. The plan to release the water in two years was approved during a cabinet meeting of ministers early Tuesday. Disposal of the wastewater has been long delayed by public opposition and by safety concerns. But the space used to store the water is expected to run out next year, and Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga told lawmakers on Monday that the ocean release was “unavoidable” and could no longer be postponed. The Fukushima crisis was set off in March 2011 by a huge earthquake and tsunami that ripped through northeastern Japan and killed more than 19,000 people. The subsequent meltdown of three of the plant’s six reactors was the worst nuclear disaster since Chernobyl. Tens of thousands of people fled the area around the plant or were evacuated, in many cases never to return. Ten years later, the cleanup is far from finished at the disabled plant, which is operated by the Tokyo Electric Power Company. To keep the three damaged reactor cores from melting, cooling water is pumped through them continuously. The water is then sent through a powerful filtration system that is able to remove all of the radioactive material except for tritium, an isotope of hydrogen that experts say is not harmful to human health in small doses. There are now about 1.25 million tons of wastewater stored in more than 1,000 tanks at the plant site. The water continues to accumulate at a rate of about 170 tons a day, and releasing all of it is expected to take decades. In 2019, the Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry proposed disposing of the wastewater either by gradually releasing it into the ocean or by allowing it to evaporate. The International Atomic Energy Agency said last year that both options were “technically feasible.” Nuclear power plants around the world routinely discharge treated wastewater containing tritium into the sea. But the Japanese government’s plan faces strong opposition from local officials and fishing crews, who say that it would add to consumer fears about the safety of Fukushima seafood. Catch levels in the area are already a small fraction of what they were before the disaster. After meeting with Mr. Suga last week, Hiroshi Kishi, head of the National Federation of Fisheries, told reporters that his group was still opposed to the ocean release. Neighboring countries including China and South Korea have also expressed concerns. Written by External Source Is Cryptocurrency the Future of Finance? Why Canada’s Indigenous Have Vaccine Worries \| Best Countries
The CIA’s Project MKULTRA Project MKULTRA, or MK-ULTRA, was the code name for a CIA mind-control research program, run by the Office of Scientific Intelligence, that began in the early 1950s and continued at least through the late 1960s. There is much published evidence that the project involved the surreptitious use of many types of drugs, as well as other methodologies, to manipulate individual mental states and to alter brain function. Experiments included administering LSD to CIA employees, military personnel, doctors, other government agents, prostitutes, mentally ill patients, and members of the general public in order to study their reactions. LSD and other drugs were usually administered without the subject’s knowledge and informed consent, a violation of the Nuremberg Code that the U.S. agreed to follow after WWII. Efforts to “recruit” subjects were often illegal, even discounting the fact that drugs were being administered (though actual use of LSD, for example, was legal in the United States until October 6, 1966). In Operation Midnight Climax, the CIA set up several brothels to obtain a selection of men who would be too embarrassed to talk about the events. The men were dosed with LSD, and the brothels were equipped with one-way mirrors and the “sessions” were filmed for later viewing and study. In 1973, CIA Director Richard Helms ordered all MKULTRA files destroyed. Pursuant to this order, most CIA documents regarding the project were destroyed, making a full investigation of MKULTRA virtually impossible.
Cryptic crosswords for beginners: Roman numerals Alan Connor demystifies the devices used in cryptic crosswords for beginners. This time: numbers turning into letters Some Roman numerals in action. Some Roman numerals in action. Photograph: Michael Coghlan/Flickr Some Roman numerals in action. Photograph: Michael Coghlan/Flickr Last modified on Thu 2 Apr 2020 11.13 EDT Welcome back, beginners, to our ongoing series which tries to show that cryptic clues are considerably less baffling than they tend to seem. This time, it’s a device that you’re already familiar with from your non-crosswording life, but also one which you may not always realise you’re being asked to put into solving action. Before we proceed, let’s reassure ourselves that cryptic clues typically offer no fewer than two ways to find the answer, in either order: a definition of it (indicated in bold in the examples that follow) and some wordplay. More happily still, in a genuine puzzle environment you’re not dealing with each clue in brute isolation: you will have help from the letters of the other clues, giving you multiple ways in to each miniature puzzle. Fear not! How does it work? Cryptic clues will, on occasion, feature a number, either as a numeral like “4” or a word like, well, “four”. After absorbing the advice below, your instinct will, rightly, be to swiftly translate that number into Roman numerals … • one = I • five = V • ten = X • fifty = L ... and so on, then to regard the letter or letters you’ve come up with as a likely part of the answer. As you do so, it’s important to put out of your mind any bewilderment at those Europeans and their mule-headed adherence to this ineffectual alternative to al-Andalusian numerals. For you, that baffling ambiguity is, typically for crosswording, transformed from ugly bug to beguiling feature. (If you want to pause, however, and wonder why it is that schoolchildren have continued to absorb this obsolete technology, or why a television programme might end with a © and what is effectively a miniature puzzle ... well, go nuts.) When you come back, reacquaint yourself if necessary with the kooky means by which Roman numerals get to four and nine, and so on. Then you’re ready to substitute! For example, here’s a clue by Nimrod (known locally as Enigmatist) ... 16d Four-year climber (3) [ Roman numeral for “four” + abbrev. for “year” ] [ IV + Y ] ... where the Roman 4 gets us almost all of the way to the answer, IVY. Or you might have to combine this device with one of the others we’ve met here. Remember putting one thing inside another? Wonderful! Here’s Osmosis ... 11a Scientific pioneer, 50, appearing in long film (9) [ L inside synonym for “long” and synonym for “mist”] [ L inside ACHE and MIST ] ... asking you to do just that for ALCHEMIST. Some more examples Part of the fun is seeing something as potentially dreary as a number used to add texture to a cryptic clue that effectively works as a short story. Here’s Pasquale ... 13ac Excursion transporting a hundred female partners to watch men? Rascals! (10) [ synonym for “excursion” containing Roman numeral for “a hundred”, then term for “female partners to watch men”] [ C inside SALLY and WAGS ] ... clueing SCALLYWAGS. And here’s Rufus ... 5ac Well-known batsman gets 500 and is honoured (6) [ name of a “well-known batsman” + Roman numeral for “500” ] [ GRACE + D ] ... depicting GRACED using an implausibly heart-warming moment at the crease. It’s not always that simple Now then. A device isn’t going to be beloved of setters if it only has that one single interpretation, is it? It’s time to ’fess that a number in a clue is equally like to refer to, well, another clue. That is to say, a “4” might mean that you should start mouthing “IV” to yourself, but it might just as well mean that the meaning of the answer to (or, I concede, the letters in the answer of) four across (or, I should add, four down) are going to provide your starting point. Sorry. Here’s a good example, from Paul, from a puzzle in which 23 down is INDIA: 16ac Six abandoning support for members somewhere in 23 (4) [ remove Roman numeral for “six” from a synonym for “support for members”] So, at one end of the clue, the numbers travel via Rome to become letters; at the other, the numbers send you off to another part of the grid and XXIII has nothing to do with the VIAGRA that is the answer. Here’s another example, from Qaos, from a puzzle in which one down is CHIC: 14d 50% off 1 ice cream? (6-4) [ half of the answer to one down ] [ half of CHIC ] So Qaos is asking you to lop off half of CHIC, then work backwards to see that IC is one before 100, which is 99, which in its own way is an ice cream. And so you can take a moment to write NINETY-NINE into the grid, hyphenation per your discretion. It won’t surprise you to learn that there is controversy over whether a “real Roman” would have represented 99 with an IC, or with XCIX. It’s a fun enough debate if you’re into that kind of thing, but for crosswording purposes, you’re entering a world in which IC simply is 99, IM simply is 999 – and the clues are the more elegant for it. Understandably so, since the English language has many more words containing IC than it does XCIXs. Beyond that? Here, please, is surely not the place to examine the Listener’s penchant for the medieval Roman numerals for, god help us, 7, 11, 70, 80, 90, 150, 160 and so on. Get a copy of Chambers and godspeed. But I will mention a clue by Anax as a sample of another kind of willful mischief: 11ac Sex with a spiteful person (5) [ Roman numeral corresponding to “sex” + synonym for “a”] [ VI + PER ] Oh, Anax. Indeed: what we call “six” was known by the Romans as “sex” and written “VI”. And that inconspicuous word “a” can, I grant you, mean “per” –in phrases like “10 times a day”. And so VIPER is, strictly speaking, a fair answer. And a wonderful solve. Over to you Newcomers, any questions? And seasoned solvers, any favourite examples to share? I have recently been deeply tickled by this, from a setter I take to be Sleuth: 15d Top Forty in Rome on radio (5) [ Roman numeral for “forty”, as you would hear it on the radio ] [ soundalike for XL ] comments () comments ()
Skip to main content Passive smoking stunts fetal growth and harms unborn babies. Smoking bans are associated with a “consistent pattern of reduction in the risk of preterm delivery,” finds a study published by bmj today. The study supports the notion that smoking bans have public health benefits from early life and protect unborn babies from the effects of passive smoking. It has often been argued that prohibition of smoking in public places is an attack on civil liberties. Some leading public figures have campaigned for a lifting of the ban in pubs and clubs. In 2011 TV chef and publican Antony Worrall Thompson launched an e-petition calling on the government to review the smoking ban. The publication of this new study today should lead them to reconsider their position. A key argument in favour of bans on smoking in public places is the potential impact of secondary smoking, or passive smoking, on the unborn child. Maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with a decrease in placental function and can lead to intrauterine growth restriction. The fetus stops growing and the baby is born small and undernourished. One way smoking does this is to interfere with the function of mitochondria in placental cells. Mitochondria are the tiny packages in cells that produce the energy needed for function. They are the power-packs making and supplying energy in all our cells and without which the cells cannot function. By limiting energy availability in the placenta, the fetus is no longer able to obtain sufficient nutrients for growth and the baby is born stunted. Exposure to second-hand smoke, passive smoking, has also been found to affect birth outcomes in the same way, yet little is known about the impact of recent smoke-free legislation on birth weight and preterm birth. A key question for any public health strategy is whether it is producing sufficient benefits. To answer this question, a team of researchers, lead by Dr Tim Nawrot from Hasselt University, investigated whether recent smoking bans in Belgium were followed by changes in preterm delivery. In Belgium, smoke-free legislation was implemented in three phases (in public places and most workplaces in January 2006, in restaurants in January 2007, and in bars serving food in January 2010). The researchers analysed 606,877 live, single-born babies delivered at 24-44 weeks of gestation in Flanders from 2002 to 2011. Preterm birth was defined as birth before 37 weeks. They found significant reductions in the risk of preterm birth after the introduction of each phase of the smoking ban. No decreasing trend was evident in the years or months before the bans. This shows that it was more likely to be the bans that had produced the improved outcome. The results show a reduction in the risk of preterm births of 3.13% on 1 January 2007 (ban on smoking in restaurants), and a further reduction in the risk of 2.65% after 1 January 2010 (ban on smoking in bars serving food). These changes could not be explained by several other factors - both at the individual level, such as mother’s age and socioeconomic status - and at the population level, such as changes in air pollution and influenza epidemics. Given that even a mild reduction in gestational age has been linked in other studies to adverse health outcomes in early and later life, the current study has important public health implications. As the authors of the report say: "Our study shows a consistent pattern of reduction in the risk of preterm delivery with successive population interventions to restrict smoking. It supports the notion that smoking bans have public health benefits even from early life. More and more countries in Europe are adopting stricter legislation on smoking in public places. These results underscore the public health benefit of smoking ban policies." Smoking is the major preventable cause of death in the UK. Sadly, lung cancer has now overtaken breast cancer as a major cause of death in women. Lung cancer death rates have increased by seven per cent among European women since 2009. The UK has the highest female lung cancer rates in Europe. We still have a long way to go in preventing needless deaths from smoking. What this study demonstrates is that measures taken to prevent passive smoking have benefits in early life. Babies are at risk from passive smoking. Such public health concern should outweigh arguments about civil liberty and smoking. Banning smoking in public places where it may harm others is a sensible and beneficial approach. Civil liberty is not predicated on freedom to harm others. Popular posts from this blog The lion and the wildebeest Birds flock, fish school, bees swarm, but social being is more than simply sticking together. Social groups enable specialisation and a sharing of abilities, and enhances ability, learning and creating new tricks. The more a group works together, the more effective they become as a team. Chimpanzees learn from each other how to use stones to crack nuts, or sticks to get termites. All around us we see cooperation and learning in nature. Nature is inherently creative. Pulling together becomes a rallying cry during a crisis. We have heard it throughout the coronavirus pandemic. "We are all in this together", a mantra that encourages people to adopt a common strategy. In an era of 'self-interest' and 'survival of the fittest,' and 'selfish gene', we lose sight of the obvious conclusion from the evidence all around us. Sticking together is more often the better approach. This is valid for the lion as it is also for the wildebeest. We don't Noise pollution puts nature at risk "I just want a bit of peace and quiet!" Let's get away from all the hustle and bustle; the sound of endless traffic on the roads, of the trains on the railway, and the planes in the sky; the incessant drone; the noise. We live in a world of man-made noise; screeching, bellowing, on-and-on in an unmelodious cacophony. This constant background noise has now become a significant health hazard. With average background levels of 60 decibels, those who live in cities are often exposed to noise over 85 decibels, enough to cause significant hearing loss over time. It causes stress, high blood pressure, headache and loss of sleep and poor health and well-being. In nature, noise has content and significance. From the roar of the lion, the laughing of a hyena, communication is essential for life; as the warning of danger, for bonding as a group or a pair, finding a mate, or for establishing a position in a hierarchy - chattering works. Staying in touch is vital to working
Citavi in Detail > Retaining and Organizing Knowledge > Annotating Texts > Selecting Text Selecting Text 1. Open the PDF file in the Citavi preview pane. In the Reference Editor, click Preview and select the PDF file from the list. Alternatively, click the paperclip icon for the corresponding reference. 2. Enlarge the preview pane if necessary by clicking the layout icon Show right pane only: Icon: Show right pane only 3. Click the text selection tool: Icon: Text selection tool 4. Press and hold the left mouse button while you move the mouse over the text you want to select. After making your selection, choose an action (for example Highlight). If you can't select any text your file is either read-only (designated by a yellow lock symbol on the bottom-left of the preview pane) or it contains a scanned text. If the file contains a scanned text, use Adobe Acrobat's optical character recognition (OCR). Occasionally, tables or images might get in the way of your text selection. In such cases, you can press the Ctrl key and then click on the section of text after the unwanted element to continue your selection. If you accidentally select text you don't want, hold down the Shift key and the left mouse button while moving your mouse over the unwanted text. When you release the Shift key, the text is removed from the selection.
Past Questions and Answers Our SW Oklahoma log cabin, built in the '80's, wooded area, near lake, is being attacked by a flying, wasp-like black winged insect. It bores a perfectly circular hole, leaving sawdust below the hole. The hole, between 1/4 and 1/2 inches, looks like a drill was used. This past year we've noticed about 5 holes. My husband sprayed wasp and hornet killer into the most recent hole and the 'thing?' was in there. It poked its head out and then backed up. If the chemical didn't kill it, surely it They are carpenter bees and are very hard to control. Here is a link to a dusting ball and the powder to put in the holes. https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B004H4CC7Y/ref=oh_aui_detailpage_o09_s00?ie=UTF8&psc=1 https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B004T0H6CC/ref=oh_aui_detailpage_o01_s00?ie=UTF8&psc=1 You will want to leave them open for a few days after dusting to allow the bees to come in and out to carry the dust to the nest. Then plug them with a dowel or latex caulk. Never use silicone on a log home. Add your Feedback to this question (500 characters max)
Hip and Knee Kinematics Certainty Style Key Certainty styling is being phased out topic by topic. Hover over keys for definitions: True Likely Speculative Human Uniqueness Compared to "Great Apes": Absolute Difference MOCA Topic Authors: Humans have a distinctive pattern of hip and knee movements during walking bipedally. Human hips and knees contact the substrate at the touchdown phase of gait in nearly fully extended posture, with the knee straighetening before the hip. The dorsally expanded ilium and ischium increase the mechanical advantage of hip extensors in nearly fully extended postures, unlike in nonhuman primates. Ape knees are flexed even when bipedal, roughly 15 degrees or so. The straight-kneed gait of humans results in a flattening of the distal contour of the femoral condyles, increasing joint surface contact area during weight bearing allowing protection of the articular cartilage. Apes have rounded condyles, which are adapted to maximizing articular contact areas in a wider variety of postures, and allowing minimal rapid alterations in quadriceps muscle length-tensions relationships during movements of the knee. There has been debate about how much hip and knee flexion characterized Australopithecus, with some arguing that a reduced anterior horn of the acetabulum and small hindlimb articular surfaces indicates bent knee gait, but the presence of distinctly flattened femoral condyles and a pronounced femoral bicondylar angle, along with well developed spinal curvatures that are an integral part of fully upright posture, demonstrates that australopiths had a human-like pattern of hip and knee postures. Kinematic analyses have demonstrated that African apes have different patterns of hip and knee motion even when bipedal than do orangutans and humans, who are similar, which may reflect specialization for terrestrial quadrupedality in these species, with humans retaining a more general, primitive kinematic pattern. Related MOCA Topics Referenced By: Title Certainty Lumbar Lordosis Speculative Pelvic Height and Iliac Flare True No related publications have been added for this topic
What’s E Cigarette Not? What’s E Cigarette Not? What’s E-Cigarette? An e-cigarette is basically an electronic devise that mimics traditional tobacco smoking. It usually includes a battery, a control unit for power, and a container like a cartridge or tube. Instead of tobacco, in E-Cigarettes, an individual inhales only vapor instead. As such, utilizing an e cigarette is frequently described as “vaping” instead of smoking tobacco. what is vaping Unlike smoking, vapors released by E-Cigs do not contain carbon monoxide or other hazardous chemicals. But while they lack these dangerous chemicals, they are no less damaging to the lungs. Also, unlike smokeless tobaccos, podsmall.com vapor from E-Cigarettes could cause mouth irritation and allergies to food items and medicines. Not only does E-Cigarette addiction mirror the consequences of smoking, it also often produces similar withdrawal symptoms. This is due to many users mistakenly believe that they are smoking when the truth is they are vaporing. That is why, cessation methods often utilize nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) along with more conventional methods, such as for example quitting cold turkey. The ingredients in E-Cigarettes are quite not the same as traditional cigarettes. Since E-Cigarettes do not contain any harmful chemicals, they are considered much safer than smoking. Actually, studies show that the level of toxins made by E-Cigarettes are about one hundred times less toxic than those within tobacco smoke. Furthermore, vapor from E-Cigarettes do not contain ammonia, tar and other noxious substances within traditional cigarettes. Given that we’ve defined what E-Cigarettes are not, it’s time to address the benefits. There are a number of them, actually. For those interested in helping their children to give up smoking, E-Cigarettes could be a great solution. Research shows that about 5 percent of people who use E-Cigarettes to give up smoking can easily stop by themselves. E-Cigarettes also allow visitors to start smoking at a younger age than they might if they were to simply give up smoking without help. Many e-juices for these devices have anti-depressant properties plus they help alleviate anxiety and nervousness. There are several different types of E-Cigarette, the most common being the electronic cigarette, or an electronic smoker. An electronic cigarette includes a small electronic circuit board, batteries, electronic coils and a vaporizer. It could produce vapor that is up to three times more concentrated than that produced by a conventional cigarette. These vaporized cigarettes tend to be found in conjunction with nicotine replacement gum or patches. A different type of E-Cigarette is called a dripping smoker, that is exactly what it appears like – the user takes a little bit of liquid from the e-liquid container, places it to their mouth and then allows it to drip into their mouth. There are a few worries about what is E-Cigarette not, however. In general, because of the quantity of vapor produced, the products produce many of the most harmful chemicals recognized to mankind. Inhaling them is particularly harmful to the lungs because these chemicals are highly reactive with oxygen. Inhaled toxins can make shortness of breath, severe coughing, nausea, diarrhea and vomiting. Because of all of these harmful toxins in electronic cigarettes, they are banned in several countries, including the United States. EUROPE, however, does allow the sale of the products, so users can still buy them. In the United States, there are several states that have banned the sale of all e-cigs except ones that are produced in an enclosed facility. This means that anyone purchasing an E-Cigarette must buy it within an unventilated area, without any fans or open flame. When you are worried about what’s E-Cigarette not, then you should be. But, as long as you know what is E-Cigarette and understand how it works, you need to be safe.
Lawmakers’ Fatal Conceit on Recycling Should Be Trashed EPA sign2 “The more things change, the more they stay the same” is a wise observation, and it’s particularly true in politics. I’ve been following solid waste management policy for about 30 years, and every so many years there is a new spin on the so-called “garbage crisis.” The circumstances may change but the problem remains the same: politicians think they can better manage waste than individuals in a free marketplace. Time and again, their fatal conceit is proved wrong. In fact, market pricing driven by competition among environmentally sound disposal options—from recycling to incineration to landfilling—would produce the best and most environmentally and economically efficient mix of disposal solutions. But truly free markets are rarely given a chance as policymakers forever try to solve the politically created “garbage crises.” During the 1990s, it was also called a “landfill crisis”—based on the claim that the United States would run out of landfill space, which never happened. After that, we had the “e-waste crisis,” which remains an issue today despite lawmakers’ best efforts to “solve” it. Now policymakers, environmental activists, and other so-called “stakeholders” want to address the “recycling crisis,” supposedly created because China has reduced imports of U.S. recyclables, starting in early 2018. With a reduced export market, states and localities across the nation have nowhere to go with plastics (also dubbed the “plastics crisis”) and other recyclables they collect under local government programs. While China’s waste disposal system is a mess because of its socialist economic system and basic disregard for human rights, its policy to limit recyclables makes some sense. According to the Financial Times, China’s new standard for imported recyclables sets such a “high bar for the cleanliness of the materials that can be imported that most people in the industry refer to it as a ‘ban.’” Recyclables that are dirty and contaminated with food waste and other substances are not only dangerous to sort and clean, they are often not actually recyclable and must go into a landfill anyway. In China, those “landfills” may include open dumps from which waste can migrate into oceans—a serious problem. In the United States, government-collected “recyclables” are piling up in cities around the nation because there’s now a diminished market for them. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Administrator Andy Wheeler, to his credit, so far has not advocated federal mandates, which is wise. However, the EPA has a plan for a host of activities to conduct along with stakeholders to promote recycling. Congress has also jumped into the fray with the introduction of the “RECYCLE Act,” which would dole out $75 million for “recycling education.” None of these activities will solve anything, because this “crisis,” like others, is created by government intrusion in the garbage marketplace, which has been going on for a long time. For decades, the federal government encouraged states and local governments to develop 5- to 30-year plans for solid waste management that would have made Soviet economic planners proud. These state and local waste management plans attempt to estimate how much waste a city might produce over decades as well as what kind of wastes (paper, plastic, glass, etc.) and the percentages of each. Then officials make decisions on how much they will recycle, landfill, or burn in a waste-to-energy plant. Like Soviet economic planning, these plans fail because public officials simply don’t have enough information about future waste streams, nor can they envision future disposal technologies. They eventually make poor decisions, invest in the wrong technologies, and choose inefficient disposal options. As a result, localities often expend precious tax dollars to either force or subsidize various players into the market—from consumers to haulers to recycling companies—to conform to the plan rather than pay attention to market realities. Recycling is pushed because it’s politically popular, despite the fact that ill-conceived recycling programs are often expensive and unworkable. They force homeowners to sort and clean recyclables, and then the city sends out special trucks to pick them up—even when there’s no market for a large percentage of them. Ultimately, many recyclables are then landfilled anyway. In addition, some portions of recyclable waste are also recycled in a way that is more environmentally damaging than landfilling. While market-driven recycling does save resources, government subsidies or forced recycling can use more energy, water, and emit more pollution than other disposal options. And because such programs can become an expensive drain on government coffers, many cities stop them only to restart them a few years later because of political pressure to “recycle.” It’s a vicious cycle. Government planning has also led local governments to issue bonds for massive waste-to-energy facilities that prove economically unsustainable because haulers chose to simply take waste to much more affordable landfills. So rather than lick their wounds and learn to avoid bad investments, the towns and cities simply passed laws forcing haulers to only do business with the government waste-to-energy facilities, banning competition with private landfills. Had such coercive action been taken in the private marketplace, it would probably constitute racketeering. Fortunately, haulers took their case to the Supreme Court and won because such anti-competitive behavior proved an unconstitutional violation of free commerce between the states. Feds also have a long history of setting national recycling goals that encourage states to set up recycling programs as part of their plans. During the 1990s, for example, the EPA set a 25 percent waste recycling goal, which encouraged localities to waste gobs of taxpayer dollars trying to serve politically driven waste management preferences rather than allow markets to work. Today, the EPA claims that 35 percent of the nation’s waste is recycled thanks to all their goal setting, but there’s plenty of reason to be skeptical of that assertion. First, this number includes yard waste that is composted. If you take yard waste out, the EPA’s figure drops to 25 percent, but it’s not clear how much of that 25 percent is really recycled. In fact, if the waste is not sorted and cleaned properly and/or if markets are lacking, much of it is simply temporarily diverted before it goes to a landfill or incinerator, either domestically or overseas. In fact, as public officials in American cities patted themselves on the back for meeting some politically derived recycling goal by shipping waste to China, they had no way of knowing how much of those “recyclables” were actually recycled and how much were simply diverted to landfills or open dumps. It’s high time that we stopped pretending that government planning for waste disposal could ever be more efficient than market pricing and competition. Political management generates “crises” that lead public officials to waste local tax dollars on unworkable programs, while doling out millions of federal dollars to “educate” people on how to comply with these wasteful programs. Markets, on the other hand, respond to changing conditions, solve problems, and drive disposal to the most economic and environmentally sound options.
Sunday, 5 April 2020 Eight years of solar power. How much of our own generation do we consume ? As of today our rooftop solar panels are eight years old. Here's the latest graph of electrical generation vs. consumption. You can see the eight years which have passed, the data neatly making sinusoidal shapes due to changing seasons caused by the rotation of our planet around the sun: The blip in the graph is due to the inverter failing in 2018. It also failed in January but I got my soldering iron out sooner this time and because it was January and not the middle of summer far less was lost. Therefore no visible second blip. The red bars show our consumption of electricity each month. The blue bars show the generation of electricity from our solar panels each month and the yellow line shows our total generation vs. consumption. Since the beginning we've generated more electricity each year than we used and in the last four years we've reduced our consumption making this difference between generation and use much greater. This led to the yellow line rising steadily higher. If you live in the Netherlands or anywhere in Europe connected to the same grid then it's possible that during the last eight years you've used some of the electricity generated on our roof as what we don't use goes into the grid. Over the last eight years the system has produced 27039 kWh of electricity. That's 3380 kWh per year, very close to the estimated 3478 kWh per year predicted before they were installed. But this total over eight years was impacted quite severely by the period when the inverter failed two years ago. Over just the last 12 months we generated 3438 kWh, which is remarkably close to the prediction. But while it's nice to see that we generate much more electricity than we use and the system is working very nicely, the graph also exposes an obvious problem. We never manage to generate even close to enough electricity in the winter, and of course there's never any output from our panels over night, which is exactly when we turn on our light bulbs. The installation of a smart meter a year ago has given me more data to work with and so now I can see how much of the electricity that we use ourselves comes from our panels and how much of our own electricity we use (these are not the same thing...). When we're not using our own electricity we're using what comes from the grid, and the Dutch grid is far from 100% renewable (we have of course signed up to a 100% renewable contract, but the effect of that is mostly only to make the paperwork say its renewable). Data from the beginning of January 2019 until the end of March 2020. Blue: our generation vs. consumption. Any month where this is above one we generated more electricity than we consumed. Red: the proportion of our consumption which was from our panels, varying between 0.12 in winter and 0.6 in summer. Yellow: proportion of our generation which we consume, varying between 0.25 in summer and 0.75 in the winter. This new graph which makes use of the smartmeter data shows a more complicated picture. Though each year we generate far more electricity than we consume (blue bars are often well above 1), our pattern of usage doesn't match the generation very well. We over-produce in summer, under-produce in winter and we keep putting our lights on when it's dark outside rather than in the middle of the day. We come closest to being independent of the grid in the summer when our panels generate more than twice what we consume, and though we don't use much of our own electricity (yellow bars) it does make up nearly 2/3rds of our consumption (red bars). On the other hand, while in the winter we consume most of the electricity that we generate, there is very little of it so it accounts for only about an eight of our consumption, the other 7/8th coming from the grid. As you can see, having solar panels on the roof, even if they generate far more electricity than we use, does not make us even close to being independent from the grid. What's more, there's no way we could make ourselves so. It is of course possible to buy a relatively small domestic battery which has enough capacity to store about one day's supply. If we had one of those it would allow us to consume exclusively our own electricity for March through to September, pushing the red bars for those months up to 1. However in the winter months it would be nearly idle because we then generate on average only about a quarter of our consumption, falling to a sixth in the worst month, and we are already using a high proportion of our generation (the yellow bars reach as high as 0.9), so the battery could do almost nothing to help in winter. To be independent from the grid through the winter we'd need to store electricity from June, July, August and September to fill the trough in our production between October and February and there is no possible storage system which could do this. At present we could buy a small unit which we could fit into our garage, costing a not inconsiderable sum, to cover ~24 hours usage but to store enough to go through winter we'd need something about 120 times as large and 120 times as expensive. It's just not a sensible idea on any level. Quite apart from the cost and I have reservations about the reliability of batteries for home storage. We already know that, as I expected in advance, inverters are not entirely reliable. It's a box of power electronics which works hard and so we should expect less than perfect reliability. A domestic back-up battery adds far more complication and is almost certainly less reliable. Why ? Because such a battery installation would require not only its own inverter circuitry similar to what we already have in association with the solar panels, but also a battery charger and the battery itself. More power electronics means more to go wrong. Doubling the number of panels on our already full south facing roof isn't an option. North facing panels won't work so well. Such a battery would more than double the price of the solar panel system, more than double the embedded carbon cost, more than double the chance of it going wrong and requiring costly maintenance or replacement as a result. None of that is good news for us or for the planet. Even given all those constraints, it seems that the manufacturers' somewhat optimistic assumptions still suggest that a battery could only provide us 100% usage of our own solar power if we also at least doubled the number of solar panels that we have. As our roof is already almost full this would require us to annex our neighbour's roof entirely for our own use. That's not going to happen. Let us remember that the excess that we generate and do not use is not lost. Investing too much in trying to use our own electricity ourselves is almost certainly counterproductive. A good proportion of our excess is consumed by other electricity users, both domestic and industrial. This leads to those consumers having lower emissions from their electricity consumption. Reduce consumption! A domestic battery makes no practical sense and doesn't necessarily make sense for our environment either. The best thing for us to do, and I would suggest for everyone else as well, is to reduce energy consumption as much as possible. We're continuing on that path, making our home more efficient every year. The less we consume, the easier it will be for our grid to operate without fossil fuel input. Any additional loads will keep the fossil fuels burning for longer. Domestic and commercial Our domestic solar panel setup is not actually 100% domestic. We operate our business, Dutch Bike Bits, out of our home, so the business is also powered from our solar panels. We try to run our business in the most ethical way we can. Therefore there is no extra energy consumption in another building and we don't use any form of motorized transport so our parcels, all of which contain goods to support people who cycle and are therefore assisting other to also use the most efficient vehicles on the planet, begin their journeys by bicycle. Monday, 23 March 2020 Low carbon footprint hummus (super fast and economical to make) Ingredients: Chick peas, garlic, tahini, lemon juice, salt Hummus is one of the tastiest things to eat for lunch on bread. It's also super easy to make yourself, even from a store cupboard if you're trying not to go outdoors (the COVID-19 pandemic is a very big problem at the moment in the Netherlands). So if you're stuck for something tasty to put on bread for lunch, consider making hummus. It takes far less time than going to the shops, it's cheaper than commercial hummus and the result is tastier. The ingredients required as all easily stored except for the garlic. The only fresh ingredient needed is garlic, though you can use garlic from jars if required. In this example I used a 400 g tin of chick peas, one table-spoon of olive oil, a couple of tablespoons of tahini and small squirt of lemon juice, four cloves of garlic and a tea-spoon of salt. Drain the chick peas, but keep the liquid. You'll find you need to add some liquid while liquidizing and this is the best thing to use. Keep any which is left over for use as liquid in other recipes (it'll go off if left too long - I put seal on the tin and use within a day or so). The exact proportions of ingredients are not important. You can vary them to suit your taste buds and also to suit what you have in stock. Even the main ingredient, chick peas, isn't really necessary. OK, so real hummus may be a chick pea dish, but exactly the same procedure can be followed with any kind of tinned or pre-cooked bean and it you get a similar tasty result. So if you need something to spread on your bread and don't have any chick peas, try some other bean. For instance, black-eyed beans make a great spread as well. Super simple - just put everything in a liquidizer. No cooking is required. Note that everything is shown "dry" here. It's always necessary to add some of the liquid from the chick pea tin to make it liquidize properly. You can also vary that according to taste - some like their hummus to be more liquid than others. If you don't have a liquidizer you can simply mash all the ingredients together. After 30 seconds or so it'll look like this. Stop when you like the consistency. It's immediately ready to serve. One 400 g tin of chickpeas and the other ingredients together make about enough hummus to fill two average commercial retail hummus containers. We buy these only occasionally and when we do that we keep the containers which can be re-used many times. The red specks are due to an optional extra ingredient - I included a red chilli this time around. Other spices or herbs can be added in the liquidizer at the start. Lunch. This recipe always makes delicious hummus. Carbon footprint As before when I made a pizza, I wanted to calculate the carbon footprint of this meal. It won't be very high for the calories because vegan food never is. And in this case it'll last for a few days of lunches so the cost per day will be low anyway. Unfortunately, I couldn't find accurate figures for the chick peas or tahini, so I warn you in advance that the following figures are to a large extent guess work. Perhaps you can help with this. The first part is easy. The liquidizer consumes 1000 W but it's required for only a very short time. Less than 30 seconds in total. Therefore the total amount of energy consumed is very small. This works out as about about 8.3 Wh, or 0.0083 kWh. Due to the full sun today the only effect that it really had was to make our electricity meter run backward less quickly but I've calculated here as if we were using the average carbon footprint for electricity across Europe. Even so, the liquidizer doesn't do much harm: Ingredient Quantity (g) CO2 equivalent (kg/kg) Total CO2 (g) kcal Electricity 0.0083 kW 500 g/W 4.2 Chick peas 400 0.7 280 468 Olive oil 10 1.5 15 80 Lemon juice 10 0.5 5 Total carbon footprint / calories373.2 g718 kcal As explained before, I cannot claim this time that the figures above are in any way accurate. The carbon intensity of tinned chickpeas and of tahini are both based on figures that I found (here) for similar ingredients. I picked "ready to eat meals" for the chick peas and "Nuts and almonds" for tahini (which is ground up sesame seed). As those two items dominate the total this makes the entire result questionable. However I have picked replacement values which are on the high side so I would be surprised if the carbon footprint of hummus made this way is greater than what is shown above. I hope that readers can contribute better sources for those ingredients. How much did it cost to make ? These cheap chickpeas cost about 60 cents a tin, the small amount of Tahini is worth about 20 cents. The other ingredients perhaps 10 cents at most between them. That makes for a total cost of probably less than 90 cents for an equivalent amount of hummus as is found in two commercially made pre-prepared packs which cost about €2 each. What about dried chickpeas ? Dried chickpeas have a lower carbon footprint when sitting on your shelf than does an equivalent quantity of tinned chickpeas. However a lot of energy is required to boil them at home. I therefore would expect a higher carbon footprint for chickpeas that I boil myself than is the case for those bought in a tin where economies of scale will make the process more efficient, almost certainly more energy than is consumed in making the small amount of steel in a can. This seems to be confirmed by various sources.
While many foods may raise levels of bad (LDL) cholesterol, countless healthy and tasty options also exist that can lower the amount of this problematic substance. Soluble fiber, for instance, binds to cholesterol in the digestive system, eliminating it before it can be absorbed. Polyunsaturated fats also lower LDL levels, while plant stanols and sterols prevent the body from absorbing unhealthy cholesterol. Foods that aid cholesterol don't have to be boring. 1. Almonds Almonds offer numerous health benefits. Primarily, their unsaturated fat content assists in raising healthy HDL cholesterol levels while also reducing unhealthy LDL. The fats in almonds also prevent LDL from clogging the arteries and reducing blood flow to the heart. Though good for you, almonds are high in calories and should be consumed in moderation.
Q. 275.0( 1 Vote ) a. Account for th Answer : (i)Manganese shows maximum number of oxidation states in 3d series due to the presence of maximum no. of unpaired electrons, i.e., 7 (ii) E0 value for Mn3+/Mn2+ couple is much more positive than that for Cr3+/Cr2+ because Cr is more stable in +3 oxidation state due to stable t2g3 configuration whereas Mn is more stable +2 oxidation state due to half filled 3d5 configuration. (iii) Ti4+ is colourless due to the absence of any unpaired electron as it is in 3d0 configuration whereas V4+ is blue coloured in an aqueous solution due to the presence of unpaired electron as it is in 3d1 configuration. b. The chemical equations for the preparation of KMnO4 from MnO2 are : 2MnO2 + 4KOH + O22K2MnO4 + 2H2O 3MnO42- + 4H+ 2 MnO4-+ MnO2 + 2H2O The purple colour of acidified permanganate solution decolourise when it oxidises Fe2+ to Fe3+ due to the formation of Mn2+ ion from MnO4- a. Transition elements show variable oxidation states that differ by 1 unit whereas in p-block elements it differs by 2 units. Heavier transition elements are stable in higher oxidation state whereas p-block elements are stable in lower oxidation state. b. Transition metals exhibit higher enthalpies of atomization because of strong interatomic interactions / strong metallic bonding between atoms. c. Cerium is well known to shown +4 oxidation states. Ce+4 is anoxidising agent as it readily gains an electron and converts to Ce+3. d. Lanthanoid Contraction: The steady decrease in atomic radii of Lanthanoids with increase in atomic number due to poor shielding effect of 4f orbital electrons is called Lanthanoid Contraction. Consequence: 5d series have almost same size as 4d series due to Lanthanoid Contraction and due to this they occur simultaneously in the ores and thus their separation becomes difficult e. The ionic equation showing the oxidation of Fe(II) salt by acidified dichromate solution: Cr2O72- + 14 H+ + 6 Fe2+ 2Cr3++ 6 Fe3++ 7 H2O Rate this question : How useful is this solution? Dedicated counsellor for each student 24X7 Doubt Resolution Daily Report Card Detailed Performance Evaluation view all courses An aromatic compoChemistry - Exemplar An alkene ‘A’ (MoChemistry - Exemplar Write down functiChemistry - Exemplar An aromatic compoChemistry - Exemplar When liquid ‘A’ iChemistry - Exemplar
Skip to content Dissertation Tips Finding a topic Work top down When you start out, you just don't know which questions are interesting, which have been answered, etc. So you start broadly. Pick something that interests you and start reading. Let's use cross-country income gaps as an example. Rich countries are 25 times richer than poor countries. Why? Start reading. Take notes on what you read. Organize your notes, so you understand the "tree of questions" in that literature. In our example, part of the tree may look like this: How important are capital, human capital, and productivity? Within human capital: how that this be measured? Why does it differ across countries? Within the measurement question: there is a Mincerian approach and a production function approach. Questions there: how can we measure inputs to human capital production? How can we estimate a production function? The point is to get from vague, broad questions to specific questions that one could potentially study. Even a well posed question does not help you if you cannot find an advisor. Therefore, you need to focus on areas where someone on the faculty has expertise. At the very start of your search, you should visit the websites of faculty members in your field of interest and read some of their recent papers. This will give you an idea of the range of topics that you can get support for. It will also give you feel for the techniques that each faculty member uses (e.g., theory, econometrics, computational modeling). The best approach is to not look for a topic. Just sit down and try to understand how the literature answers a question of interest. Yes: a question! Good project ideas end with a question mark. Be suspicious of ideas like "we want to explore ..." Be very suspcious about ideas like "what happens when feature x is added to a model?" You need a question. Anyway, at some point you'll get the idea of what others think about the question of interest (or even of what interesting questions in a given area may be). Then simply ask: "Do I believe what I have read? Is it convincing?" Forget the fact that you are looking for a project. Just ask whether you believe what you have read. You will typically find that there are many shaky issues in the proposed answers. That's where an idea is born. If you find something that is really unconvincing, it is an opportunity to do better. Example: You decide to study the question: "How much does human capital differ across countries?" The literature basically has two types of answers. 1. Mincer equations: Regress log wages on schooling for U.S. workers. Assume that workers with given schooling have the same human capital in all countries. 2. Estimate a schooling production function. Estimate schooling inputs for a set of countries. Calculate human capital from the production function. The Mincer approach is not credible because it must assume that workers with given schooling have the same human capital everywhere. The production function approach turns out to be very tricky. It is extremely hard to measure schooling inputs (parental time, school inputs, child study time, child abilities, peer effects, etc.) and outputs (adult wages?). The functional form of the school production function is unknown. This leads to two project ideas: 1. Try to improve the estimation of human capital production functions. Look for better data (existing studies did not use individual data - this actually would be a good project which has not been done at the time I am writing this). 2. Try to measure human capital without estimating a production function. How can this be done? If one could observe the productivity of workers from different countries, that would work. This leads to the idea: estimate the productivity of workers from country x as the wages earned by U.S. immigrants from that country (Hendricks 2002 AER). Of course, in most cases it will simply be too hard to do better. Then you don't believe that the existing findings are bullet proof, but they are still the best answers available. It is useful to keep these kinds of situations in the back of your mind. Perhaps you'll see something later that allows you to follow through with your idea after all. Example: The migration literature argues about immigrant quality and earnings of immigrants relative to natives. But it's very hard to figure out what's really going on in all the data because we don't have longitudinal observations. So there is a clear potential for improvement, but it's not feasible because the data don't exist. Write that down. Later on you find out about the German Socioeconomic Panel and the fact that it oversamples guestworkers. Perhaps one could use that data to address the open issues? (This is actually a project idea worth pursuing, not just a ficticious example. In fact, recently a number of papers using longitudinal immigrant data have come out in top journals.) Use common sense. A fair number of good ideas are obvious with hindsight. Example: A large literature has studied the causes of cross-country income gaps. Many hypotheses were investigated: human capital, organization capital, trade, etc. But common sense tells us that institutions are important. The obvious evidence comes from divided countries (East and West Germany) and from the former Soviet Block. Strangely, it took a very long time for this idea to be explored in economic research. One more suggestion: Work on a topic that at least one local faculty member knows in detail. Otherwise, it will be hard to convince your committee members to spend a lot of time on your project. And the comments you will receive may be far off the mark. Make a serious effort to demolish your ideas. What happens once you have found a candidate topic: Try to convince yourself that the idea is no good. This is important. Before you sink any time into an idea, make sure it is worth it. Most ideas are not worth anything. There are many reasons. Perhaps the idea is too marginal. But more commonly it is outright flawed. Make a list of objections against your idea. Be sure you know how to respond to them. Talk to people and ask them for objections. Do this early. Do not wait until you have a model or (worse) a paper draft. One objection could destroy the entire effort you put into the project. Such as: "X has done that already in a 1955 paper" or "This does not make sense because of XYZ." Be sure to try simple examples first. They sometimes reveal fundamental flaws in an idea or question. Example: You want to argue that schooling accounts for large cross-country income gaps. You think about a model in which human capital depends on schooling according to h(s) = h(0) * g(s). A back of the envelope calculations that this cannot work. To generate income gaps of, say, a factor 10, you would need h(12)/h(2)=10 (U.S. versus Uganda). Then the return to schooling would have to be enormous. A similar advice applies to the implementation. You may have a good question, but not a good way of answering it. Don't forget common sense. A lot of papers go through sophisticated analysis of a model that just doesn't make common sense. Motivation, Ideas, and Lack Thereof A common problem with dissertation topics is lack of motivation or lack of an idea. I often see papers that extend existing work in minor ways without any good reason why that should be done. Often, these are extensions of field papers. Usually, these turn out to be a waste of time. Relaxing an assumption does not make a paper. You need to convince people that it matters to attack a question in a more general way. A paper needs an idea. It is easy to find good questions. It is hard to find good ideas. Do not waste time on a project until you have convinced yourself that the idea is worthwhile. A question is something broad like: "How important are productivity shocks for business cycles?" "Why does education differ across countries?" An idea is a specific approach to answering a question. Such as: Kydland & Prescott for the business cycle question. Before you start working on the details, you should be able to explain in non-technical terms why your idea has merit. If you can't do that, chances are your idea is not important. Writing a good paper requires that you really understand the literature. You should read a lot and think a lot. See my comments on specialization. When you start reading about a subject, you will generate lots of ideas. Most of these are no good, but you won't be able to see this until you really understand the literature. Defer the Details I see a lot of students with half-baked ideas and fully worked out models. This is a waste of time. In most cases, don't write down a model until you can precisely state: 1. What is the question? 2. Why is it important? 3. What is the approach? 4. Why does the approach make sense? 5. What is the potential punchline? To borrow from Lee Ohanian: How does your paper change the way I think about the world? 6. How does it fit into the literature? This, by the way, makes a good template for an Introduction. You cannot know what ingredients your model needs to have, until you can answer these questions. To Plan or Not to Plan? Some people ask: "what is your research agenda?" Ideally one could answer: "I want to understand this big picture question and here are the steps that will get me there ... At the end I should have the following papers ..." If that works, great! It usually doesn't (take a look at Parente and Prescott Barriers to Riches for a great example where it did work). There are at least two reasons: 1. Until you have actually done a step in the plan, you typically have no idea what will come out (especially if the work has any empirical content). But what comes next depends critically on what you found before. 2. It is hard to come up with a good idea/question that can actually be done. It is darn hard to come up with a whole sequence of such ideas at a time. Therefore, be realistic and take project ideas one at a time. Think of each dissertation chapter as one publishable paper. Don't try to write a monolithic dissertation where one chapter leads cleanly to the next. It's perfectly fine if your chapters address different questions. At any cost, avoid working on several unrelated problems. To be successful, you must specialize. Each time you work on a new topic, you incur the large fixed cost of really, deeply understanding the literature. It is therefore essential to zero in on one or two areas and then stick to those for several years. If you do not follow this advice, you will encounter two problems: 1. Your papers will lack depth. They may look superficially interesting, but experts will view your papers as missing the point. 2. When you try to publish your work, you will have to convince referees that you should be taken seriously. They need to know that you have published in the same area before. Aim to associate your name with a topic. If you work in many different areas, nobody will know who you are. But if you persistently work in one area, people will hear your name and immediately think: "he/she works on X." This is how your work is taken seriously and how to get impact. Disclaimer: I am sure there are reasonable people who vehemently disagree with my views on this. Theory vs. Empirical Work Theory is glamorous and in many respects just more interesting and more fun to do than data work. If you doubt that, start reading the documentation for the PSID. Data work involves a lot of tedious steps and a lot of time during which essentially nothing is learned (except about the twisted minds of those who publish data sets). If you doubt that, start reading the documentation for the PSID. And yet, you should consider doing empirical work. For one simple reason: It may get you a job. There are loads of theorists coming out of top departments every year. The best of them get jobs. The others often have a hard time because the market for pure theory is not that large. Having an empirical project or at least a serious empirical part in your dissertation immensely increases the range of jobs you can apply for. There is unfortunately a big barrier standing between graduate students and data: Empirical work is hardly ever taught. The first time around, the startup investment required for using a data set is very large. If you doubt that, start reading the documentation for the PSID. Which is why many grad students never touch any data. But this obstacle can be overcome through persistence. Communicating with your committee members (CMs) Remember: your CMs don't think about your project all the time. They forget details between meetings. Therefore: • Stay in touch regularly. Too many students show up with a completed paper that was written without any input from the CMs. They are then surprised when the CMs think that major revisions are needed. • Have a short summary document ready. In particular, have a document with the model equations. Prepare for each meeting. Summarize your progress and the issues to be discussed in a short document. Documents should not be written in prose. Prose is a waste of time for the writer and for the reader. Use an outline format. Respond to comments. Do not just ignore them. Again, a short reply document is useful. Early on, write out a plan for the paper • It should address the items in the intro. • Be clear about what results you may get and what the contribution would be. • Until you can clearly state the potential contribution of the project, don't spend any time on it. Models are presented in a standard format: • Describe demographics, preferences, endowments, technologies, market arrangements. • State each agent's problem. • Define an equilibrium. Only when all of this is done are you allowed to analyze the properties of the model. See also notes on writing. To Ph.D. or not to Ph.D.? Finally, a word for those who are considering whether or not to apply for a Ph.D. program: If you are not sure you want a Ph.D., do something else. The Ph.D. program is structured with a single outcome in mind: to place graduating students as faculty in Research I universities. The material learned is useful for only one purpose: for publishing research in academic journals. It is not useful for consulting, for working in businesses or the government (other than the Fed), or even for teaching. Therefore, if you are not sure you want to do academic research for the rest of your life, do not apply for Ph.D. programs in economics. An MA or an MBA always has a higher payoff and will save you years of frustration.
Through the Looking Glass Children's Book Reviews Slide and Find: ABC Animals Slide and Find: ABC Animals From the editors at Scholastic Novelty Board Book For ages 3 to 5 Scholastic , 2016 ISBN: 978-0545903448 Children love books that have moving parts; book with flaps to lift, dials to turn, and tabs to pull. They like books that have windows that open to reveal a surprise. Many novelty book designers love to use features like these to create concept books that explore the alphabet, numbers, colors, opposites, and more. In this book there are twenty-six sliding tabs, one for each letter of the alphabet. The tabs slide either up and down or left and right, and under each slider children will find a picture of an animal (or something to do with an animal) with its name next to it. On every page there are three or four sliders, and often there is an annotated picture that we can respond to. For example, on the first page we see sliders for the letters A, B, and C. For the letter A we see that A is for armadillo and when we slide the tab we see that A is also for alpaca. B is for baboon and also for bee. C is for crab and for chicken. Below the sliders we see a picture of a colorful caterpillar and we are asked “Do you know letter I start with?” Most of the time the photos under the sliders show an animal, but in some cases they show a part of an animal, the sound it makes, or what the animal is doing. For example, for the letter H we see a bull with huge horns, and for the letter J we see a frog jumping. Little children will have a grand time exploring the sliding novelty features in this book, and they will enjoy figuring out the answers to the questions that are put to them as well.
The Dark Matter Content of Barred Spiral Galaxies Facilities: BIMA, 2MASS Collaborators:Dr. M. Das, Dr. P. Teuben, Dr. S. Vogel Status: The CO data already exist. Higher resolution data will be taken as needed. We are testing different methods of determining the gravitational potentials. Summary: The evidence for dark matter in the outer parts of galaxies and on larger scales is compelling. However, the dark matter distribution and its contribution to the gravitational potential are poorly constrained within the luminous portions of galaxies. This severely impedes understanding of the basic structure and origin of galaxies, including the relevance of current cosmological simulations, the physical nature of the Fisher-Tully relation, and the origin of bar and spiral structure. We are using BIMA observations of CO emission in barred spirals to determine the mass to light ratio of the stellar component, and thereby enable determination of the dark matter contribution to the gravitational potential. The luminous matter in galaxies cannot produce the extended, flat rotation curves characteristic of spiral galaxies (Rubin, Ford & Thonnard 1978, Bosma 1981), which is generally taken to indicate that the mass in the outer parts of galaxies is dominated by dark matter. However, the contribution of dark matter at smaller galactic radii is much less clear. Rotation curves trace the total dynamical mass, i.e., both the visible mass and the dark matter. A given rotation curve can be equally well fitted with a massive stellar disk and a dark matter halo which is important only in the outer disk (Maximum Disk Hypothesis; van Albada & Sancisi 1986), or alternatively with a lower mass disk and a more massive halo (Bottema 1997). As a result, the nature of spiral galaxies remains uncertain even at the most basic level. Recently, Weiner et al. (2001a, 20001b) have shown that observations of the gas kinematics in barred spiral galaxies removes the degeneracy in the determination of the relative masses of the stellar disk and the dark matter halo. The method is powerful. Put simply, perturbations in the gas kinematics depend on the stellar mass in the bar. By comparing the hydodynamical simulations to the observed gas flow we can determine the mass of the bar. This, combined with the luminosity of the bar, gives us a direct measure for the mass to light ratio of the bar. Comparing this with the total mass of the inner galaxy determined from the rotation curve will allow us to determine the contribution of the dark matter to the overall potentials of these systems. We are taking advantage of the new, large database of CO observations from the BIMA Survey of Nearby Galaxies (SONG) to expand the analysis of Weiner et al. to a much larger sample of galaxies. We are using 2MASS images to determine the stellar mass distribution (assuming a variety of scale heights). This mass distribution is being implemented into the hydrodynamical galaxy code (e.g. Piner, Stone & Teuben 1995) and gas flow simulations will be run for a variety of disk masses. We will also determine the relative importance of such unknowns as scale height and bulge shape to the overall values of dark matter mass. Bosma, A. 1981, AJ, 86, 1825 Piner, B. G., Stone, J. M., & Teuben, P. J., 1995, ApJ, 449, 508 Rubin, V.C., Ford, W.K. & Thonnard, N. 1978, ApJL, 107 van Albada, T.S., & Sancisi R. 1986, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London A, 320, 447 Weiner, B.J., Williams, T.B., van Gorkhom, J.H., & Sellwood, J.A. 2001a, ApJ, 546, 916 Weiner, B.J., Sellwood, J.A., & Williams, T.B. 2001b, ApJ, 546, 931
Sign in Download Opera News App Health Fitness Health Living Disease prevention and treatment Doing this could harm your heart The human heart is one of the most important organ of the body one can't live or survive without a functioning heart. Which is why the heart most be taking care of. The heart is an organ that pumps blood to all part of the body through the circulatory system. It supplies Oxygen and Nutrients to the various tissues and also removes carbon dioxide and other wastes. Lifestyle and factors that could affect your heart 1. High blood pressure Eating too much salt, too much alcohol intake and also being overweight can contribute to high blood pressure and heart disease it's advice we reduce the intake of much salt and alcohol and also engage in exercise. Also sometimes high blood pressure runs in families. 2. Cholesterol Our body need cholesterol to build body cell's but high cholesterol level can increase your risk of Heart disease. Cholesterol can develop fatty deposit in your blood vessels this deposit grows with time and prevents flow of blood through the arteries 3. Smoking Smoking is one of the leading factors that affects our hearts. The chemicals in the tobacco smoke harms our blood cells, can also affect the function of one's heart, the structure and also the blood vessels. This damages can increase your risk of getting atherosclerosis, atherosclerosis is a disease in which a waxy substance called plaque builds up in the arteries. 4. Lack of exercise and Overweight lack of proper exercise increase your risk of high blood pressure, blood clots, heart attack, stroke, in can leads to being overweight and also other heart issues. Proper exercise can help you keep a normal cholesterol level. This are few factors that could affect our heart and overall health. please kindly leave a comment and also share to save lives. Thanks Content created and supplied by: Billionsvolt (via Opera News ) Load app to read more comments
What Was The Role of Women During French Revolution? 2 Answers Florent Lefortier Profile To understand the role of women in the French Revolution, I'll need to give you a brief summary of what happened before they got involved. What Started The French Revolution? The French Revolution arose in France against the clergy and the nobles who were exploiting the common man. It was the "Third Estate" people (bankers, government officials, and the like) who spoke up against the tyrannical rule, and demanded that they be given a share in the wealth and privileges that had previously been limited to the clergy and the noblemen. The Third Estate started this movement for the freedom and equality of men. They demanded that "all men be treated as equals," and the word "men" here referred only to males and not to females. And This Is Where The Women Come In... Women were not allowed to work outside the home and so they weren't a part of the rebellious, revolution-seeking class. They did, however, serve by looking after the wounded who took part in the wars, by feeding the male population and of course looking after the farming while the men were away taking part in war. In time, however, women began to realize that they too had the right to voice their opinion in the running of the society - and it was women like Mary Wollstonecraft and Olympe De Gouge who first raised their voices against the inferior treatment of women: • Olympe De Gouge demanded that men be bound to look after the women they have kids with by means of laws that should urge him to pay for their maintenance even if he decides to leave the wife and kids. • Mary Wollstonecraft focused more on the lack of educational opportunities for women. She demanded that women be allowed to get good education and to work outside the home. Thus, the women added a new dimension to this revolution which demanded equal rights for all 'men' by demanding equal treatment of women. Answer Question
Static Electricity and Cochlear Implants Static Electricity and Cochlear Implants Information for recipients and carers What is static electricity? Static electricity is an electrical charge that can collect on a person or object, often without being noticed. It can occur when there is friction between materials, or when two materials are suddenly separated (e.g. when someone takes off a synthetic coat). You may notice static electricity when it discharges and produces "static" or electrostatic discharge (ESO). This happens when two objects or people with different levels of static electricity come into contact (e.g. whe n a person with a low level of static electricity touches a car door with a high level). How does static build up? "Conductors" (e.g. your body, metal, moisture, perspiration) provide a safe path for static electricity to travel through to the ground, so there is no chance for static to build up. In "non-conductors" (e.g. glass, plastic, rubber, synthetic cloth, dry air), static can sometimes build up to significant levels. Because dry air is a non-conductor, you may notice more static on dry (low humidity) days or in airconditioned environments. It is only when static builds up significantly that it may cause problems for electronic devices such as your cochlear implant system. This build-up is not corrunon, but it is important to understand the risks. What are the risks to your cochlear implant system? Your cochlear implant system has features to protect against static. However, there is still a small chance of damage if the level of static build-up is high enough. This can occur even when your implant system is turned off. A discharge of static electricity could damage the electronic components of the implant system or corrupt the program in the speech processor. There is also a very low risk that ESD could damage the implant itself. One activity that has been known to cause damage is sliding down a plastic slide while wearing the speech processor and headset. Take off your headset and speech processor before you do this. How can you manage static every day? The risks associated with static do not mean that you need to restrict your lifestyle, but there are some simple things you should do to manage static. • Try to avoid situations where there is friction bet\veen non-conductive materials (e.g. synthetics). • Be careful on days when the humidity is low, and in areas where there is forced-air heating or airconditioning. These devices decrease humidity and can therefore cause static to build up. • If you live in an area where dry air is an issue, you might consider buying a humidifier. • Try using fabric softeners or anti-static spray on clothing, carpet, car seat covers etc. • Try to wear clothing and buy furnishings that minimise static build-up, and avoid those that do not. More about materials Low risk of static Higher risk of static Anti-static nylon, wool Nylon, acrylic, polyester Wood, ceramic tiles Vinyl, waxed wooden floors Metal, wood Plastic (especially on carpet), painted, varnished & finished Leather soles Rubber soles Natural fabrics (e.g. cotton, silk, wool) Synthetics (e.g. acrylic nylon, polyester, rayon) Wooden or metal Plastic, especially in (e.g. slides, crawl-through tubes, plastic sit-in cars, rooms full of balls), trampolines, gym mats Cotton and silk fabrics are better than wool, but all natural fabrics are better than synthetics. At work, you can manage static by using wrist-grounding straps, anti-static work surfaces and leather shoes. If necessary, you can place an anti-static shield over your computer monitor screen and anti static mats under the chair, keyboard and mouse. It is advisable to take the following precautions, especially on dry days when static build-up is more likely. Touch someone first ... Touch someone or have them touch you immediately before they tou ch your speech processor or headset. This discharges any static build-up. Touch an object first ... Touc h a conductive o bject (e.g. metal , wood) before you touch your speech processor or headset . In this example, the child should touch the metal desk first. Touch the ground first ... As yo u get out of a car, hold onto a me tal part (e.g the door frame or handle) until your feet touch the ground. Don't allow your implant system to brush against the car before you do this . Keep your cables clear... Wear yo ur cables next to your skin (under all your clothing) , so that any static will go through your body to the ground. D on't wear the cables where they can brush up against objects with high stati c such as T Vs and compu ter monitors . Before you slide ... Remove your speech processor and headset before you use plastic play ground equipment, especially slides. Behind the ear speech processors are less likely to be damaged by sliding than body worn speech processors, but you should still remove them. Turning the equipment off will not always prevent Before you touch your speech processor and headset to put them back on, touch another person or object to discharge any build-up of Never touch devices such as Van de Graaff generators (commonly found in science museums and school science labs) that are designed to generate over a million volts of static electricity. Tips for parents and carers • Buy clothing for your child that can be easily removed (e.g. cardigans and jackets rather than pull-overs). • When your child's speech processor is connected to a computer during a MAPping session, ensure that they do not touch the computer screen. • Remove your child's speech processor and headset before they play in areas where there might be a high level of static (e.g. airconditioned indoor playgrounds, rooms full of plastic balls, inflatable carnival rides). If you suspect damage If you feel a shock from static electricity, in most cases, your cochlear implant system will not be damaged . This is because your body provides a safe path for the static to reach the ground . However, if any part of the system receives a shock directly, whether or not you feel it, there is a greater chance that it could be damaged. Symptoms may include poor or changed sound quality. If you suspect that your system has been damaged, contact your clinician or Cochlear representative. Cochlear Ltd (ABN 96 002 618 073) 14 Mars Road, Lane Cove NSW 2066, Australia Tel: 61294286555 Fax: 61294286352 Cochlear Americas 400 Inverness Drive South Suite 400 Englewood CO 80 I 12 Cochlear Europe Ltd 22-24 Worple Road London SW 19 4DD United Kingdom Margarethenstrasse 47 CH - 4053 Basel Switzerland Tel: I 3037909010 Fax: I 303 792 9025 Tel : Tel: 41 61 205 0404 Fax: 4 I 61 205 0405 Cochlear GmbH Karl-Wiechert-Allee 76A D-30625 Hannover Nihon Cochlear Co Ltd Ochanomizu-Motomachi Bldg 2-3-7 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku Tokyo I 13-0033 Cochlear (HK) Ltd 21 F Shun Ho Tower 24-30 Ice House Street Central Hong Kong Tel: 49 5 II 542 770 Fax: 49 5 I I 542 7770 Tel: 81))8170241 Fax: 81 3 3817 0245 Tel: 85225305773 Fax: 852 2530 5183 44 20 8879 4900 44 20 8946 9066 Nucleus is a registered trademark of Cochlear Limited. N95041 ISSI MAY2002
alternative education The Making of Khwaabgaon: How an Idyllic Village in Bengal Became an Artist’s Canvas Villagers ceremonially put a fresh coat of mud on their walls start painting on them Recreating the joy of learning संथाल आदिवासी बच्चों का स्कूल (in Hindi) आदिवासी महिलाओं की उम्मीदों का स्कूल Swaraj Jail University, Udaipur It is a space for the learner-inmates to connect to their deeper purpose and passion. Thannal Hand Sculpted Home Built in less than a month and a half. Sustaining a river through young minds A dying river is sought to be conserved by ensuring a steady stream of young, local foot soldiers involved in her protection. Centre For Learning An environment that nurtures learning as a living, vital process of inquiry Why Abhyasa Vidyalayam in Vijayawada is the very definition of wholesome learning Students do not carry heavy books to school, have a games period and at least one co-curricular activity each day! Recrafting Indian education Will our children thank us for equipping them well for a future that is unclear?
How to create a thesis for a research paper 22+ Research Paper Outline Examples and How to Write Them Write the body of the paper, starting with the thesis statement and omitting for now the introduction (unless you already know exactly how to begin, but few writers do). Use supporting detail to logically and systematically validate your thesis statement. PDF Thesis Statement - University of Manitoba precise the thesis statement is, the more likely the writing that supports it will be clear and organized. Sometimes the thesis statement needs to be rewritten as the essay evolves, as the original ideas have changed (Karper, 2002; Waddell). Example Thesis Statements Research paper topic: How to write an academic paper (description) Thesis ... PDF How to Write a Thesis: A Working Guide - student.uwa.edu.au their research in the context of existing knowledge. is means a thorough and critical review of the lit-erature, not necessarily limited to the narrow topic of research, but covering the general area. e PhD candidate should also show clearly what original contributions she or he has made [ ]. Although neither Writing history research papers is a complex process because successful assignments aren't completed in a moment of inspiration. How to write a history research paper? You need to develop it over a series of basic steps. When you first read assignment prompts, you may feel intimated or overwhelmed. How to write body paragraphs for a research paper on bullying In order to write body paragraphs, you should divide several sections in the body section of the research paper. You will have to set a paragraph intended to discuss the factors affecting bullying towards a certain household or school. How to Write a Good Thesis Statement - thoughtco.com In composition and academic writing, a thesis statement (or controlling idea) is a sentence in an essay, report, research paper, or speech that identifies the main idea and/or central purpose of the text. In rhetoric, a claim is similar to a thesis. How to Write a Paper Topic Proposal & Thesis Statement \| DEAN ... How to Write a Paper Topic Proposal & Thesis Statement • PART 1 OF THE ASSIGNMENT: PAPER TOPIC PROPOSAL The formal research paper or honors thesis will provide you with an opportunity to more fully develop the background and implications of one of the topics presented during the semester or explore a related topic not covered. PDF How to Write a Research Paper - svcc.edu Create a thesis statement •Brainstorm the topic - You start out with an idea of what you want to write about or what you want to uncover in your paper. •Narrow the topic -Research the topic. Use the information to narrow the focus of your paper. •Take a position on the topic -Take a side and clearly identify How to Start a Research Paper: Topic, Thesis, Intro \| EssayPro Thesis Statement Examples - writeawriting.com Thesis Statement Example for a Research Paper. This is a thesis statement example for a research paper where you have to argue your point by providing evidence from reliable resources (journal articles, newspapers etc). The thesis statement is self explanatory and indicates the stand point of the author. Writing Tips « Writers Workshop: Writer Resources « The ... A thesis statement focuses your ideas into one or two sentences. It should present the topic of your paper and also make a comment about your position in relation to the topic. Your thesis statement should tell your reader what the paper is about and also help guide your writing and keep your argument focused. Learn How to Write a Research Paper Introduction Every research paper needs to have concise thesis statement that acts as a guideline and unifying element. This statement is critical as it gives summary of your entire research paper. How to write a thesis for a research paper - guidelines. Below are some guidelines that will help you in developing a strong thesis for a research paper. 1. First of all, you should create a research paper outline. This will help you properly establish the parts of the paper and create a plan that will serve as your platform for writing. This way, you can easily manage the parts of the document and then easily adjust the parts according to your preference. How to create research paper - Best Writing Aid & School Papers Paper we will you complete a research by with your thesis generally listed there an outline in middle using graphics. 772-462-4755, we this page to generate a legal writing an make sure your thoughts, so that will find business planning… Research Paper Writing Guidelines For College Students Anything can be accomplished with a little planning and guidance. Click here to learn about the best method for writing a college research paper. A thesis also commonly referred to a dissertation, is a long essay paper containing personal research written by a college student in the quest to getting a degree. A thesis statement, on the other hand, is a claim, fact or argument that you intend to approve or disapprove in your essay. Science Thesis Writing Publishable Paper - CLAS Users But what are journals looking for in publishable articles? Obviously, the science is the critical part -- methods must be valid and replicable, the paper's topic must support the journal's mission, and the paper must make some kind of novel contribution. How to Develop a Research Paper Timeline - thoughtco.com You can expect to pre-write, write, and rewrite several drafts of your paper. You'll also have to rewrite your thesis statement a few times, as your paper takes shape. Don't get held up writing any section of your paper—especially the introductory paragraph. How to write a philosophy paper \| Messiah, a private ... A thesis statement is that sentence or two that asserts your position on a given issue, specifically, the position that you will be arguing for in your paper. This thesis statement should appear somewhere in the introduction to your paper.
Breaking News : The most important Iraqi archaeological sites The number of archaeological sites in Iraq is more than 12 thousand sites, including monuments dating back to dif ferent periods of time Nimrod is located 34 km south of Mosul and is the current name of the ancient Assyrian city Kaleh. Excavation began in the period 1845-1851 and in 1980 resulted in the finding of three royal tombs containing various treasure Nippur or Nefer, an ancient city in Mesopotamia, is now in the city of Afak, located 170 kilometers south of Baghdad, and Nippur was the religious capital of the Sumerians and Babylonians. And subjected to the rule of various strains, including the Sumerians, Assyrians, and Assyrians. Babylon is located 90 km south of Baghdad, and it means in the Akkadian language Bab al-Ilah, its effects were revealed between the year (1899 and 1917) and among its most famous kings Nebuchadnezzar II of the Chaldeans (604-562 BC), and Hamorabi of the Amorites (1792-1750 before Christmas). The city of Samarra lies 124 km north of Baghdad, and it was a military fortress in the Sassanid era and was known as the Sumer Fort. It is one of the most important cities in Islamic history. The construction of the city, the Abbasid caliph al-Mu'tasim, began in the year 221 AH. Among its most famous historical monuments is the Great Mosque built by the Caliph Al-Mutawakkil, which has a twisted minaret at a height of about 52 meters and other ancient mosques. No comments
Hop Freshness – Part 2: Hop Bitter Acids Following on from Part 1: Hop Degradation and the Supply Chain, this post will focus on hop bitterness. I’ll start with a short primer on hop chemistry before considering how the bittering quality of hops can change with age and storage conditions. Hop composition Whole hops are comprised of numerous components as shown in Table 1. The exact proportions of these constituents is liable to change, depending on hop variety and growing conditions. The lupulin glands, located on the leaves of the hop cones, contain a complex mixture of substances including resins and essential oils. Most of the bittering value to brewers is contained within the hop resin component, while much of the aroma contribution stems from the essential oils. Table 1. Average chemical composition of dried hop cones. Adapted from Almaguer et al. (2014).1 Constituent Amount (%) Total resins 15-30 Essential Oil 0.5-3 Proteins 15 Monosaccharides 2 Polyphenols (tannins) 4 Pectins 2 Amino acids 0.1 Waxes and steroids Trace-25 Ash 8 Moisture 10 Cellulose, etc. 43 Hop resins and bitter compounds Hop resins are commonly described in terms of non-specific fractions. The non-specific resin fractions and their average chemical compositions for fresh dried hop cones are shown in Fig. 1. The naming of the various resin fractions is based upon how they’re physically separated, for example, the total resin fraction is characterized by solubility in both cold methanol and diethyl ether whereas the total soft resin and total hard resin fractions are distinguished from each other by solubility of the soft resins in hexane. The total soft resin fraction and particularly the α-acids are ultimately responsible for providing the majority of the beer bittering contribution from hops. Fig. 1. Classification of hop resins. Adapted from Almaguer et al. (2014). It’s a slightly confusing classification system but it’s very much functional as opposed to ideal. If there was a better method for resin separation and extraction everyone would be delighted. The soft resin consists of two main sub-fractions, the α-acids and β-acids, in addition to a non-specific fraction of uncharacterized soft resins. Fractions such as the α-acids and β-acids are well defined and contain a mixture of specific compounds in various proportions. On the other hand the uncharacterized soft resin fraction, as the name suggests, consists of a mixture of as yet uncharacterized compounds. Fig. 2. Chemical structures of the three main α-acids or humulones (co/n/ad). The α-acid or humulone fraction has been the subject of extensive research and is known to consist of a number of analogous compounds. It’s separated from the β-fraction by it’s ability to form an insoluble lead salt with lead acetate in methanol. The three major α-acids are humulone, cohumulone and adhumulone (Fig. 2), which are isomerized during the wort boiling process to form the more water-soluble cis and trans-iso-α-acids. It’s been shown that α-acids on their own do not contribute any perceivable bitterness to beer and combined with their low solubility makes their influence on beer flavour negligible.2 Iso-α-acids on the other hand are the major bittering compounds in beers brewed using fresh hops and hop products.3 Fig. 3. Chemical structures of the three main β-acids or lupulones (co/n/ad). The β-fraction is comprised of the β-acids or lupulones and the uncharacterized soft resins. The β-acids, like the α-acids, are a group of compounds with similar and closely related chemical structures, existing in three major analogous forms, known as lupulone, colupulone and adlupulone (Fig. 3). The β-acids have an additional 5-carbon isoprenyl- (3-methyl-2-butenyl-) group in place of the tertiary hydroxyl (OH) group of the α-acids, making them more hydrophobic and consequently even less water-soluble than α-acids. Also, unlike the α-acids, β-acids are not isomerized into a more soluble form during wort boiling. As a result the β-acids are largely removed by precipitation during brewing and have a negligible effect on beer flavour. Nonetheless there is some evidence that a number of bitter β-acid transformation products can be generated during wort boiling that are able to contribute to beer bitterness. One of these, cohulupone, is discussed in the oxidised β-acid section. Hard resin fraction The hard resin fraction is distinguished from the soft resins by it’s insolubility in hexane. The hard resins are generally believed to be the oxidation products of the soft resins and it’s been shown that as hops age during storage the proportion of hard resins increases while the amount of soft resins decreases.4 The study of this fraction is complicated by the need to distinguish between native hard resins, which have been detected in the initial stages of hop growth and those formed by oxidation reactions during drying and storage post-harvest. Recent work in this area has established that the hard resins do have some brewing value and that a “desirable mild bitterness” was imparted in beers brewed entirely from hard resin extracts.5 It’s been observed that as the α- and β-acid content decreases during storage the uncharacterized soft resin initially increases, then begins to decrease, followed by a steady increase in the hard resin content.6 It’s believed that the uncharacterized soft resins may be intermediate deterioration compounds of the α- and β-acids, which will eventually become hard resins, however it doesnt appear to be fully understood yet whether they have any brewing value. Why hop resins deteriorate As hops get older they begin to deteriorate (don’t we all) and as mentioned the α- and β-acids portion of the soft resins decreases while the size of the uncharacterized soft resin and hard resin fractions increases.7 The route by which hops are degraded is generally thought to be through direct contact with atmospheric oxygen, resulting in the loss of the α- and β-acids through oxidation reactions. The mechanism is still not fully understood but work in this area is on-going. Interestingly there’s some evidence to suggest that the enzyme α-acid oxidase, located in the hop bracts and bracteoles may have a significant role in the loss of α-acids, as it’s capable of catalysing their oxidation and can survive normal drying temperatures.8 There has also been some research indicating that hop α-acids may be indirectly oxidised or made more prone to oxidation by certain hop oil components such as myrcene and myrtenol.9 The absence of further research into these alternative degradation mechanisms is likely due to the practical inability to prevent these interactions. The hop vegetative material containing the enzyme α-acid oxidase will be present in all whole hops and pellets (reduced in T-45 pellets) while the proximity of hop oils to α-acids is unavoidable as they are both contained within the lupulin glands. Physical factors will also influence the oxidative loss of hop resins. It’s been found that the lupulin glands, in their undamaged state provide a degree of protection to their contents from atmospheric oxygen. The lupulin gland membrane functions as a natural barrier to air, however if a large proportion of the glands are ruptured, for example during baling by the application of excessive pressure, then their protective effect will be compromised and the contents will be exposed. While higher pressure inevitably compacts the bales to a greater degree, thus limiting the rate of oxygen ingress, the overall effect is a greater rate of hop acid deterioration.10 It’s for this reasons that compressed bales are normally limited to a maximum bulk weight to preserve the intact lupulin glands and increase hop storage stability. An interesting illustration of the importance of lupulin gland integrity is that hop pellets have been found to degrade faster in air than whole hops.11 This is a direct consequence of the milling and pelletizing steps in the pellet production process, which cause damage to nearly all of the lupulin glands. The result is that pellets are particularly vulnerable to deterioration if not packaged quickly and stored in a protective environment. Measuring changes to hop resins Hop Storage Index (HSI) HSI is a practical quality parameter and at present the most commonly used method for evaluating the freshness of hops or the degree to which they have degraded over time. It’s an indirect measurement of α- and β-acid decomposition and loss, that’s usually first carried out at harvest, allowing any changes to be followed thereafter. It’s a dimensionless two digit number, determined by calculating the ratio of UV absorbance at 275 nm and 325 nm of an alkaline methanol solution containing an extract of the hop being tested. The significance of the wavelengths is that absorbance at 325 nm is mainly by α- and β-acids while at 275 nm absorbance is from unspecific decomposition products. As oxidation of the hop acids occurs, absorption at 325 nm decreases and simultaneously increases at 275 nm due to the newly formed oxidation products. Fig. 4. Correlation between HSI and % of α- and β-acids remaining in a hop. From Peacock (1998). HSI shows a strong correlation with the % of α- and β-acids remaining in hops (Fig. 4) and comparing the current HSI value with the value at harvest gives an indication of the % acid loss thats occurred. 12 This is a useful quality check, as it shows if proper drying, handling and storage practices have been employed. It’s also been found that a linear relationship exists between the % of α- and β-acids lost as measured by HSI and an increase in hard resin formation.13 Overall HSI is a valuable hop quality indicator but provides no information regarding the quantity or identity of oxidation products that have been formed. It’s been known for a long time that HSI and subsequent behaviour during storage is variety specific and that even when stored correctly there is usually an increase in HSI.14 It’s also been shown that the initial HSI is influenced by the hop harvest date and does not necessarily mean greater degradation has occurred.15 Lead Conductance Value (LCV) The method for determining LCV makes use of the same principles employed to separate the hop resins. A solution of lead acetate is titrated into a hop extract / methanol solution while monitoring the conductance. The conductance value changes as an insoluble precipitate is formed with the α-acids in the extract. LCV provides a good estimate of the α-acid content of a hop and therefore it’s bittering potential. It can also be used as an indicator of how the α-acid concentration has changed with age. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) HPLC can be used to measure the individual concentrations of both α- and β-acids. Storage stability of hop resins While the mechanisms of hop resin deterioration are poorly understood the factors affecting the rate of α- and β-acid losses in hops have been extensively investigated. One of the more recent studies by Mikyska & Krofta found that pellets of four Czech hop varieties: Saaz, Sládek, Premiant and Agnus when stored for 12 months at 20°C in aerobic conditions, had lost between 64-88% of their original α-acid content and 51-83% of their β-acids.16 In contrast, when the same pellets were stored anaerobically at 2°C for 12 months the α- and β-acid levels were unchanged. As the main degradation mechanism of hop resins is believed to be oxidation, it comes as no surprise that elevated temperature and exposure to atmospheric oxygen had a significant impact on their stability. The authors also observed that under anaerobic conditions, temperature had very little effect on β-acid stability whereas it did impact α-acid stability, with storage at 20°C resulting in an α-acid decline of 20–25% over 12 months. The implication being that even when hop pellets are vacuum packed, α-acid degradation can still occur if stored at around room temperature (20°C). An investigation into the kinetics of hop resin losses by Green showed that whole hops stored at ambient temperatures in air had an initial variety dependant delay period, ranging from a few weeks to several months, during which very little loss of α- or β-acids occurred.17 After this initial lag phase it was discovered that the rate of loss of both α- and β-acids thereafter followed a first-order kinetic equation. This is interesting because the lag period implies something is preventing immediate decline. Hops have have been found to contain many potent antioxidants and it’s been suggested that their oxygen scavaging activity could go some way towards explaining this phenomenon.18 In a study of pellet hop stability by Skinner et al. it was found that Pride of Ringwood pellets showed no α-acid deterioration when stored at 5°C in either vacuum or vacuum and nitrogen atmosphere packaging for 12 months.19 At 20°C however, the α-acid loss was approximately 7% after 12 months while at 30°C it was around 40% in addition to all pellet packages displaying considerable swelling. The α-acid losses at 20°C were found to be roughly a third lower than the losses experienced with baled hops of the same variety, when stored at 22°C. The authors concluded that despite attempts to remove oxygen during pellet packing, enough precursors must have already been present to cause continued α-acid deterioration without an additional supply of air or that another degradation mechanism was involved. In addition to the loss of bittering value they recommended against storing hop pellets at ambient temperatures due to an unpleasant rancidity that developed. Priest et al. reported that whole Willamette hops stored between 1-4°C in air were initially stable for 11 months but that by 29 months had lost about 75% of their α- and β-acid content.20 They also showed that liquid CO2 extracts were very stable with no discernible loss of α- and β-acids, even when made using hops of varying ages. The oldest hop in the study being 17 months old when it was used to make a liquid CO2 extract. One particularly fascinating and somewhat topical finding was that when hops of varying ages were used in trial beers, the analytical bitterness or IBU was found to gradually deviate from the HPLC measured iso-α-acids. The HPLC iso-α-acids were found to be significantly less than the IBU values in beers brewer with hops of 19 and 27 months old. This is due to the less selective nature of the BU method, which also measures degradation products of the α- and β-acids. The The main takeaways here are that storage stability can vary considerably between varieties and that the resins in both whole hops and pellets are substantially more stable when stored cold. Products of hop acid degradation and their brewing value We’ve seen very clearly that when hops aren’t processed or stored correctly, a sizable proportion of the α-acid content is lost. This is particularly true under aerobic conditions and at ambient temperatures (~20°C). For achieving bitterness in kettle-hopped beers the loss of α-acids in aged hops is mainly an economic issue for brewers, as a greater quantity of hops will be needed to reach the same iso-α-acid concentration. The situation becomes slightly more complicated when we begin to look at how hop resin degradation might impact the bitterness imparted from practices like dry hopping. We’re therefore interested in identifying the α- and β-acid degradation products and determining if they have any bittering value. A variety of α- and β-acid transformation products, thought to be caused by oxidation, have been identified in hops over the years and there’s been a long history of interest in this subject with a focus on both hop and beer quality. Cook & Harris were the first to discover humulinones in 1950, believed to be products of α-acid oxidation.21 There was initially scepticism surrounding their existence among researchers with disagreement further heightened upon the detection of another group of compounds called hulupones, thought to arise from β-acid oxidation.22 Many studies have since documented compounds identified by the deliberate oxidation of individual hop acids but the real challenge has been to demonstrate that the oxidation products occur in stored hops or in beer and to isolate them. A number of recent publications have sought to re-examine the subject of α- and β-acid oxidation products using modern analytical chemistry methods like high-resolution HPLC and advanced sensory techniques. The outcome has been the confirmation that humulinones and hulupones are, as suspected, found in large amounts in degraded hops. Humulinones and Hulupones: Oxidised α- and β-acids Humulinones were recently identified by Taniguchi et al. as major oxidation product of α-acids in powdered hop pellets, stored for varying lengths of time at 20°C, 40°C and 60°C while exposed to air.23 The molecular structure of humulinones (Fig. 4) is almost identical to iso-α-acids, except for an additional hydroxyl (OH) group on the 5-carbon ring. Just like the α-acids they also exist as a series of three major analogues. The hydroxyl group however makes them more polar and therefore more soluble than iso-α-acids. Fig. 4. Oxidation of α-acids / humulones (co/n/ad) to form humulinones (co/n/ad). In the same study, Taniguchi et al. also reported finding that hulupones were one of the main oxidation products in oxidized hops. This has since been corroborated by Dušek et al. who confirmed the presence of hulupones in Sladek hops aged for 24 and 60 months and also in the beers brewed with them.24 Interestingly they observed appreciable changes in β-acid content and composition during long term storage even though the hops were kept in anaerobic conditions in vacuum packaging. The authors didn’t however control for temperature stating that hops were “stored in conditions simulating those in unconditioned warehouses of hop merchants or breweries”, which I assume to mean a shed out the back. Fig. 5. Oxidation of β-acids/ lupulones (co/n/ad) to form 4 hulupones (co/n/ad). Structurally the hulupones (Fig. 5) have some similar features to their β-acid precursors, including the two characteristic 5 carbon prenyl groups. The major change from the β-acids is the transformation to a 5-carbon cyclic ring. They also exist in three main analogous forms that correspond to the original β-acid structures. A systematic study of the bittering potential of humulinones and hulupones was conducted recently by Algazzali and Shellhammer in 2016.25 Humulinone and hulupone extracts were first prepared and dosed into unhopped lager over concentration ranges of 8 to 40 mg/L. For comparison, iso-α-acids were also dosed into the same unhopped beer with concentrations from 6 to 30 mg/L. Using a trained sensory panel they found that humulinones were on average 66% (±13%) as bitter as iso-α-acids while hulupones were found to be 84% (±10%) as bitter. They also reported that both humulinones and hulupones could be detected at the lowest concentration used in the study of 8 mg/L in unhopped beer. For reference the threshold of the more bitter iso-α-acids is around 5-6 mg/L. Occurence of humulinones and hulupones in beer Just to recap, up to now we’ve identified some of the major α- and β-acid transformation products in aged and oxidised hops and we know they can contribute to sensory bitterness when dosed directly into beer. What we really want to determine next is if they might have any impact when brewing. In addition to being found in aged and improperly stored hops, research by Maye et al. showed that baled hops typically contain less than 0.3% w/w of humulinones, but their amount increased to around 0.5% w/w after the hop pelleting process and storage at 9°C.26 The same study also noted that while dry hopping with pellets, over 87% of the humulinone content dissolved in the beer within 2-3 days. They found that increasing the dry hopping dose rate (from 0-2.0 lbs/bbl) in a high-IBU beer (48 ppm of iso-α-acids, by HPLC) caused a significant drop in iso-α-acid concentration. The loss of bitterness was however, partially offset by the greater concentration of dissolved humulinones found at higher dry hopping dose rates, with humulinones contributing a noticeable bittering effect. A beer bittered entirely with humulinone extract was also compared to the same beer dosed with iso-α-acids. The bitterness profile of the humulinone beer was described as being “smoother with less clinging bitterness”. The authors also reported detecting humulinone concentrations of between 3-24 ppm (as measured using HPLC) in 29 commercial IPAs. In a study examining beer bitterness and the effect of hop bitter acids, Oladokun et al. reported finding humulinone concentrations of ≤ 3 mg/L in 34 commercial lagers from around the world.27 This is in contrast to a more recent study in which Hahn et al. found detectible levels of humulinones (≥1 mg/L) in 117 out of 121 unique commercial beers.28 The beers profiled included a mixture of hoppy ales and lagers with the average humulinone concentration reported to be 17 mg/L. On the other hand, when testing for the presence of lupulones and their oxidation products such as hulupones, the authors found they were either not detectible or present at levels so low they couldn’t be quantified. On this evidence it would seem that humulinones may have a more important bittering role than hulupones but research in this area is far from conclusive. What still isn’t clear is if a greater quantity of these potential bittering substances are imparted to beers, either through conventional kettle-hopping or dry hopping, when aged or oxidised hops are used. I’ve also touched upon just a fraction of the α- and β-acid degradation products that have been identified and barely mentioned the hard resins, all of which may be revealed to have more importance in the future. It’s at this point that the trail goes cold and we’ll have to wait a bit longer for science to give use more answers I’m afraid. 1. Almaguer C, Schonberger C, Gastl M, Arendt EK, Becker T. 2014. Humulus lupulus – a story that begs to be told. A review. J Inst Brew 120:289-314. https://doi.org/10.1002/jib.160 2. Fritsch A, Shellhammer TH. 2007. Alpha-acids do not contribute bitterness to lager beer. J Am Soc Brew Chem 65: 26-28. https://doi.org/10.1094/ASBCJ-2007-0111-03 3. Verzele M, De Keukeleire D. 1991. Chemistry and analysis of hop and beer bitter acids, Elsevier, Amsterdam. 4. Whitear AL. 1966. Changes in resin composition and brewing behaviour of hops during storage. J Inst Brew 72:177-183. 5. Almague, C, Gastl M, Arendt EK, Becker T. 2015. Comparative study of the contribution of hop (Humulus lupulus L.) hard resins extracted from different hop varieties to beer quality parameters. J Am Soc Brew Chem 73:115-123. https://doi.org/10.1094/ASBCJ-2015-0327-01 6. Laws DRJ. 1968. Hop resins and beer flavour V. The significance of oxidized hop resins in brewing. J Inst Brew 74:178–182. 7. Daoud IS, Kusinski S. 1993. Liquid CO2 and ethanol extraction of hops. J Inst Brew 99:39-41. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2050-0416.1993.tb01144.x 8. Menary RC, Williams EA, Doe PE. 1983. Enzymic degradation of alpha-acids in hops. J Inst Brew 89:200-203. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2050-0416.1983.tb04166.x 9. Pickett JA, Sharpe FR. 1976. Effect of reduction in hop oil content on rate of deterioration of alpha-acid in hops. J Inst Brew 82:333. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2050-0416.1975.tb06956.x 10. Weber KA, Jangaard N O, Foster II RT. 1979. Effects of postharvest handling on quality and storage stability of cascade hops. J Am Soc Brew Chem 37: 58-60. 11. Hughes PS, Simpson WJ. 1993. Production and composition of hop product. Tech Q Master Brew Assoc Am 30:146-154. 12. Peacock V. 1998. Fundamentals of hop chemistry. Tech Q Master Brew Assoc Am 35:4-8. 13. Nickerson GB, Likens ST. 1979. Hop storage index. J Am Soc Brew Chem 37:184-187. 14. Forster A. 2001. The importance of the crop year for evaluating hop products. Brauwelt Int 1:32-37. 15. Cocuzza S, Lutz A, Muller-Auffermann K. 2013. Influence of picking date on the initial hop storage index of freshly harvested hops.Tech Q Master Brew Assoc Am 50: 66-71. 16. Mikyska A, Krofta K. 2012. Assessment of changes in hop resins and polyphenols during long-term storage. J Inst Brew 118:269-279. https://doi.org/10.1002/jib.40 17. Green CP. 1978. Kinetics of hop storage. J Inst Brew 84:312-314. https://doi.org/10.100/j.2050-0416.1978.tb03897.x 18. Hoyweghen L, Biendl M, Heyerick A. 2010. Radical scavenging capacity of hop-derived products. Brew Sci 63:1–5. 19. Skinner RN, Kavanagh TE, Clarke BJ. 1979. Stability of resins in pelletised hops. J Inst Brew 85:7-10. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2050-0416.1979.tb06818.x 20. Priest MA, Boersma JA, Bronczyk SA. 1991. Effects of aging on hops and liquid CO2 hop extracts. J Am Soc Brew Chem 49:98-100. https://doi.org/10.1094/ASBCJ-49-0098 21. Cook AH, Harris G. 1950. The chemistry of hop constituents. Part I. Humulinone, a new constituent of hops. J Chem Soc 1873-1876. 22. Spetsig LO, Steninger M. 1960. Hulupones, a new group of hop bitter substances. J Inst Brew 66:413-417. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2050-0416.1960.tb01735.x 23. Taniguchi Y, Matsukura Y, Ozaki H, Nishimura K, Shindo K. 2013. Identification and quantification of the oxidation products derived from α-acids and β-acids during storage of hops (Humulus lupulus L.). J Agric Food Chem 61:3121-3130. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf3047187 24. Dušek M, Olšovksá J, Krofta K, Jurková M, Mikyška A. 2014. Qualitative determination of β-acids and their transformation products in beer and hop using HR/AMLC-MS/MS. J Agric Food Chem 62:7690-7697. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf501852r 25. Algazzali V, Shellhammer T. 2016. Bitterness intensity of oxidized hop acids: humulinones and hulupones. J Am Soc Brew Chem 74:36-43. https://doi.org/10.1094/ASBCJ-2016-1130-01 26. Maye JP, Smith R, Leker J. 2016. Humulinone formation in hops and hop pellets and its implications for dry hopped beers. Tech Q Master Brew Assoc Am 53:23- 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/TQ-53-1-0227-01 27. Oladokun O, Tarrega A, James S, Smart K, Hort J, Cook D. 2016. The impact of hop bitter acid and polyphenol profiles on the perceived bitterness of beer. Food Chem 205:212-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.03.023 28. Hahn CD, Lafontaine SR, Pereira CB, Shellhammer TH. 2018. Evaluation of nonvolatile chemistry affecting sensory bitterness intensity of highly hopped beers. J Agric Food Chem 66:3505-3513. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05784 Leave a Comment
BenQ Knowledge Center Color is the Core Why does color affect us? What effects can it have on our bodies and minds? Color is the Core BenQ Projectors Present Cinematic Color™ for the Director’s Choice Did you know colors can create moods? Think about it. Does blue make you feel calm? Does red make you angry or agitated, or does it give you a feeling of warmth, like love? Does brown get you down? - Pablo Picasso It’s Psychological Why does color affect us? What effects can it have on our bodies and minds? There is an area of psychology that studies the influence colors have on our psyches, but exhaustive research hasn’t really been done like in other areas. Despite the general lack of research into the psychology of color, the concept has become a hot topic in marketing, art, design and cinema. Cinematographers, directors, editors and production designers use specific colors or color palettes to evoke moods. We all perceive colors differently, and these perceptions are somewhat subjective. Red may mean angry to some while others see love, for instance. Still, some color effects, psychologists say, have mostly universal meaning. Colors in the red area of the color spectrum are known as warm colors and include red, orange, and yellow. These warm colors evoke emotions ranging from feelings of warmth and comfort to feelings of anger and hostility. Colors on the blue side of the spectrum are known as cool colors and include blue, purple, and green. These colors are often described as calm but can also make us feel sadness or indifference. There’s a reason why race cars are red and school buses are yellow. It seems todays projectors are in a race to be brighter and brighter without regard to color quality. BenQ’s mission and core value is to create the most accurate color through optimal balance of brightness and accurate color. You’re Playing with Our Emotions! 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The suffix E references the German word Empfindung, which broadly means sensation. The idea is that a dE of 1.0 is the smallest color difference the human eye can see. So any dE less than 1.0 is imperceptible and any dE greater than 1.0 is noticeable. The Delta E rating of BenQ Home Theater projectors means, simply, that our projectors are able to present millions of shades of color and enable the viewer to experience these as film makers intended. The colors they chose to create mood and emotion have their intended effect, and we enjoy the programs as they hoped. CinematicColor™ for Colors as Directors Envisioned As mentioned earlier, color perception can be subjective. Some may see red while others see pink. Remember the “What color is this dress?” meme from a while back? That was the best example of color perception to come across the interwebs in a long time. Arguments ensued and similar “color challenges” are popular today. The Rec. 709 color standard was created by ITU (International Telecommunication Union) for TV, movie and A/V industries to ensure all HD equipment including displays, DVDs, and Blu-rays use the same color gamut, resolution, frame rate and video specifications. Rec. 709 uses specific red, green and blue colors and Illuminant D65 (6500k) for the specific white point to build a standardized color space and reproduce accurate color gamut and grayscale. All colors blend into white, so it’s important to set the white point accurately. It’s the foundation for the rest of the spectrum to build outward. DCI-P3 (Digital Cinema Initiative) is a common RGB color space for digital movie projection and the Hollywood standard. Often referred to as "wide color gamut," DCI-P3’s range is 26% larger than Rec.709. The standard was also adopted by the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE). DCI-P3 is expected be adopted in television systems and home cinema as a step towards implementation of the significantly wider color gamut of Rec. 2020, coming next year. DCI-P3 is especially important in 4K because the 8.3 million pixels in a 4K image can really amplify inconsistencies in the color gamut. It also set the standard that all 4K televisions, monitors and projectors would be measured against. Used by Rec. 709 as its white point, Illuminant D65 is a commonly used standard defined by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) to represent average daylight with a correlating color temperature of approximately 6500K. See What They Want You to Feel You’ll see red when they want you to see red and have a cool blue satisfied feeling.
Dr C.K. Leow Liver, Pancreas, Colon and General Surgery Gallstones and You Stones in the gall bladder, called gallstones, are very common in the general population. Approximately 25-30% of the population has stones in their gall bladder. Usually there are 2 situations when you become aware of your gallstones. One is when they are discovered by chance on ultrasound scanning of the abdomen as part of a health screening programme. The other is when you have symptoms and your doctor orders an ultrasound scan of your gallbladder. Gallstones symptoms are variable. They could appear suddenly, termed acute symptoms, or they could have been troubling you for a while, termed chronic symptoms, which you have been ignoring or putting down to indigestion. The common symptoms include: 1. Pain — This can be an ache in the pit of your stomach or a band like discomfort across the upper part of your stomach after meals. Quite commonly you would think it is 'indigestion'. The pain can be severe in some and may require an injection of pain killers to settle it. 2. Nausea — A queasy feeling of wanting to vomit but not actually vomiting. 3. Fever — This usually comes together with an infection of the gall bladder. 4. Loose motion — Intermittent episodes of loose stool usually after a meal. There is no blood within the stool. Apart from taking a good clinical history of your symptoms and examining you, the quickest way to confirm the diagnosis of gallstone disease is to perform an ultrasound scan of the liver and gall bladder. The scan involves putting a probe over the right upper part of your stomach. This takes about 10 - 20 minutes and does not hurt. (You have to starve for 4 hours prior to the scan.) If the scan shows the presence of gallstones and you do not have a history of symptoms due to the stones then the diagnosis is asymptomatic gallstones. In general, people with asymptomatic gallstones do not require surgery. If you clearly have symptoms due to the gallstones then you have two options. The conservative option is to try to reduce the symptoms you are experiencing without surgery. This method is not curative. The alternative is to perform an operation to remove the gall bladder and stones. This approach is to cure you of the problem. Conservative management will require you to avoid eating fatty/oily food, eating smaller portions to avoid being over-full and giving up on some of your indulgences such as cream cakes, cheeses, curry with lots of coconut milk and hamburgers! This approach will not stop you from getting future attacks of pain or discomfort. This change in life-style merely reduces the frequency of getting symptoms. Gall bladder surgery is now performed as key-hole surgery. Through 4 small holes on your abdomen, the gallbladder and its contents are removed (called laparoscopic cholecystectomy). This usually requires an overnight stay but for some patients it is possible to perform this as a day case. Patients with symptomatic gallstones should strongly consider surgery. In these patients, the gallstones, if left untreated, can lead to complications such as acute inflammation of the gall bladder, empyema of the gall bladder (a pus filled gall bladder), pancreatitis and jaundice (yellowish discolouration of the skin). Although laparoscopic cholecystectomy is classified as a major operation, it is a safe operation and is associated with a relatively short period of mild wound discomfort.
Connect with us Remembering Doña Paz, The Deadliest Shipwreck In History Worse Than The Titanic Many people think that the sinking of the Titanic is the worst maritime disaster, but there is a disaster worse than the popular shipwreck. The Philippines will be forever haunted by the tragedy of MV Doña Paz that recorded over 4,000 fatalities. It will be 30 years since MV Doña Paz burned in the Philippine waters. On the unfortunate day of December 20, 1987, five days before Christmas, the passenger ferry collided with oil tanker MT Vector carrying 8,000 barrels of gasoline and kerosene that left an estimated death toll of 4,386 people and only 24 survivors. MV Doña Paz is overloaded with more than 4,386 people. MV Doña Paz was heading to Philippine capital, Manila, from the island of Leyte. It has a registered capacity of 1,518 passengers but on that fateful night, the vessel is overcrowded with more people than its normal capacity. According to the families of the victims and few survivors, the ship is jampacked with families going to Manila for the holidays. The official list reflected names a little more than 1,000 but more than 4,000 families rushed to the office of Sulpicio Lines. Due to overloading, there is no space to stretch oneself. At around 11:30pm of December 20, 1987, the passengers sensed the collision. It caused a fire on the oil tanker that quickly spread to MV Doña Paz and the sea. Many passengers got burned in what people call “hell in sea”. Some people jumped overboard to escape the burning ship but the oil has spread to the sea and caught fire. The tragedy is the worst maritime tragedy after World War II. Upon investigation, the two ships have many faults that contributed to the tragedy. First, the alleged overloading made it harder for the passenger ferry to steer and avoid the collision. Aside from being overloaded, it was later found out that the MV Doña Paz has no radio and that the life-jackets were locked away making the tragedy even worse. The absence of radio failed the two ships to communicate with each other. The locked life jackets also lessened the chance for the passengers to survive the sea. There were also allegations that the ship’s captain is partying that night and an apprentice is manning the wheel. Sulpicio Lines denied all allegations and claimed that they abide by the rules set by the Philippine Coast Guard before the voyage. The tragedy happened days before Christmas. The investigators found that the Vector’s operator and owner, Francisco Soriano and Vector Shipping Corp, had no license to operate the vessel, it was unseaworthy and that the crew was unqualified to run the tanker. It is traversing the sea illegally. The captain of MT Vector admitted that the steering wheel of the oil tanker is defective and difficult to maneuver. For days, rescuers combed the sea littered with bloated corpses of the passengers. Many bodies were not found and their families mourned without a body. This is not the first time that the vessel suffered a tragedy. When it was bought by Sulpicio Lines, it was named Don Sulpicio. On June 5, 1979, the vessel caught fire while on its way to Manila from Cebu with no fatality. The ship was refurbished by Sulpicio Lines and returned as Doña Paz. Relatives of the victims and missing people plagued Sulpicio Lines. Up to this day, survivors and families of the victims are still reminded of the grief-stricken tragedy. The trauma brought by the incident is not easy to forget. The few survivors have burns to forever remember the tragic shipwreck. Families of the victims received $4,000 compensation, but many families of those not listed in the masterlist did not receive a single penny from Sulpicio Lines. Watch the documentary of the worst peacetime maritime disaster. Like Logo on Facebook View Comments Follow On Facebook
AAPG Annual Convention and Exhibition Datapages, Inc.Print this page Dolomitization in the Bahamas as Constrained Using the Clumped Isotope Method We have measured the ?47 in dolomites formed less than ∼150,000 years ago in Pliocene aged sediments from the island of San Salvador in the Bahamas. By virtue of their formation age and the depth at which they were found, it was proposed by previous workers that these dolomites formed at relatively low temperatures (20-25oC) and from fluids with a salinity close to that of normal seawater, possessing a d18O value of between 0 and + 1‰ SMOW. These dolomites therefore offer the opportunity to verify the equation proposed to link ?47 to temperature in dolomites. Based on the ?47 analyses of these samples we propose a modified equation, adjusted for the theoretical difference between calcite and dolomite. Considering the proposed mechanism of dolomitization, the present burial depth, and temperature of the waters at that depth, this adjustment provides more realistic formation temperatures for the San Salvador dolomites than the equation used in previous studies on dolomites. Utilizing the temperatures calculated in this manner, we have assessed the suitability of seven different equations which link the fractionation of oxygen isotopes between dolomite and water as a function of temperature. Finally, we have applied these new findings to the previous studies of dolomites which have employed the ?47 method and present a modified model of dolomite formation for San Salvador in which an initial dolomitization event involving slightly evaporated seawater occurred soon after deposition and was followed by a later episode in which the fluids were normal seawater.
Happy Birthday, Hal The HAL 9000 computer – an artificial intelligence that could think, talk, see, feel, and occasionally go berserk – was supposed to be operational in January 1997. Has anyone seen HAL? If you take 2001: A Space Odyssey literally, then right about now, somewhere in Urbana, Illinois, an intelligent machine is stumbling through a pathetic […] Still swinging clubs Is this 1960s vision of the future of machine intelligence still realistic today? Yes, although not on the timetable set forth in either the film or Clarke's novel - which further muddle the issue by placing HAL's birth five years apart. According to the book, the HAL 9000 computer was activated on January 12, 1997. But in the film, HAL says that he was activated on January 12, 1992 - a Sunday. (Why the confusion? Kubrick presumably wanted HAL to be nearly 9 years old when he died so his death would be more poignant. Clarke, meanwhile, saw the foolishness of sending a 9-year-old computer on the most important space mission of all time.) "Certainly we can do some things as well as HAL," says David Stork, a consulting associate professor of electrical engineering at Stanford University who has made HAL one of his obsessions. "We have a chess program, Deep Blue, that beats all but a dozen people in the world, and it's improving every year. Likewise, we can build big computers. Building a computer with the power necessary for performing HAL's functions is within our grasp." Stork estimates that a network of a few hundred supercomputers could handle the computational requirements easily enough. Some of the tasks HAL performs in the movie are commonly done by computers today. HAL guides Discovery to Jupiter; almost 20 years ago, the United States launched two unmanned Voyager spacecraft, which were largely guided by onboard computers, to Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, Uranus, and beyond. Likewise, the past 20 years of research and development of artificial intelligence have had tangible benefits. Just look at AT&T, which has been phasing in a speech-recognition system that can understand the words "collect," "calling card," "third-number," "operator,""yes," and "no." That doesn't seem like a hard job - for a person. Try writing the program and you'll soon be coping with hundreds of kinds of accents, high levels of background noise, and different kinds of distortion introduced by different kinds of phone lines and telephone instruments. Building a system that can recognize just those six words has taken AT&T more than 40 years of research. Now in place, the system is allowing the company to phase out some of its human operators - which means spending less on salaries, wages, benefits, real estate, maintenance, overhead, and more. Total estimated savings? About US$150 million a year. It's possible that speech recognition saves AT&T more in a single year than the firm ever spent on the research, but it's impossible to say for sure because the company won't release breakdowns of the budgets for Bell Labs. Of course, there's still a big jump in intellect between the AT&T machine that can recognize six words and HAL. And we're still a long way off from getting a machine to truly think and learn. That's a problem that has been haunting the AI field for more than 50 years. This month, MIT Press is publishing Stork's book HAL's Legacy: 2001's Computer as Dream and Reality, a collection of essays written by some of today's top researchers in the field of computer science. Much of HAL's Legacy plays a kind of guessing game with the film: how close did Clarke and Kubrick come to getting the technology right? For example, Donald Norman, Apple Fellow and vice president for Apple's Advanced Technology Group, takes a punishing look at the lack of good ergonomics in the spaceship Discovery's control panels. But flip the question around and the game can be even more interesting. Don't ask how close 2001 came to being right. Ask how close today's computers are to realizing the promise of HAL. When will we be able to talk to a HAL-like computer and consider it nearly an equal? When will the dream of 2001 become reality? Perhaps the easiest way to answer that question is to take a step-by-step look at what it means to be HAL. The ultimate chatterbot Unlike today's computers, the primary way HAL communicates with Discovery's crew is through the spoken word. Bowman and Poole speak; HAL listens and understands. How far are we from a computer that can comprehend its master's voice? Voice recognition is a hard but largely solved problem. For more than five years, two companies in the Boston area - Dragon Systems and Kurzweil Applied Intelligence - have sold programs that let you command a personal computer using your voice. These programs get better every time PCs get faster. Today they can recognize more than 60,000 words and control a wide variety of PC applications, including wordprocessors and spreadsheets. The Dragon and Kurzweil programs are widely used by people who can't type because of a physical disability. Increasingly, they are finding a market among people who simply haven't learned to type or haven't learned to spell. But the Dragon and Kurzweil systems can be difficult to use. Unlike HAL, which could listen to people speaking in a continuous flow, today's systems require that you pause between each word. The programs use the pauses to find where each word begins and ends. The computer then looks up the word in a phonetic dictionary, creating a list of possible matches. An elementary knowledge of grammar helps these programs pick the right word and resolve the difference between homonyms like "write" and "right." Continuous speech systems use the same kinds of algorithms as today's word-by-word systems but have the added burden of figuring out where each word starts and stops. Making those decisions requires substantially more computing power. Both Janet Baker, president and cofounder of Dragon Systems, and Ray Kurzweil, founder and chief technical officer of Kurzweil Applied Intelligence, claim they have systems in their respective laboratories that don't require the speaker to pause between words. "We demonstrated the first continuous recognition machine a few years ago," says Baker, who maintains that her continuous speech system could handle a vocabulary of 5,000 words. Kurzweil's labs, meanwhile, have built a system that can recognize a thousand different commands used by Microsoft Word. "You could say, 'Go to the second paragraph on the next page and underline every word in the sentence,'" says Kurzweil. Both Baker and Kurzweil believe that commercially viable continuous voice recognition systems are just around the corner - say, another two or three years off. Already, both of their commercial products allow continuous voice recognition of numbers. You can, for example, say a phone number without pausing between the digits. But neither company would demonstrate its continuous speech system for a reporter. Presumably, they're not quite ready for prime time. Bottom line: We're close to reaching HAL's level of speech recognition, and progress is picking up. By 2001, we should have it. Read my lips HAL can do more than understand spoken words - the computer can also read lips. In one of the film's pivotal scenes, Bowman and Poole retreat to one of Discovery's sealed pods to have a private conversation. HAL watches their lips through the window and realizes that the two humans may attempt to disconnect his brain. Is computerized lipreading possible? Arthur C. Clarke didn't think so - not by 2001, not ever. "He thought there was just not enough information in the image of the talker," says Stork, who worked with Clarke on HAL's Legacy. Clarke didn't even want the scene put in the film. It was inserted only at Kubrick's insistence for dramatic effect. Thirty years later, the debate over the efficacy of pure lipreading - even in humans - still is largely undecided. Wade Robison, a professor of philosophy at the Rochester Institute of Technology, where 1,000 of the school's 9,000 undergraduates are profoundly deaf, is sure that lipreading is possible because human intelligence can master it. Robison remembers one student in particular: "I hadn't a clue she was deaf until one day I happened to be talking one-on-one with her in my office. I finished up a sentence as I turned to answer the phone, and she had to ask me to repeat the sentence. As I turned, I almost jokingly mouthed: 'Can you hear what I am saying now?' She said, 'Yes, but I'm reading your lips.'" Other researchers disagree that the image of the speaker is enough. "We have tested people who supposedly could get by without anything else besides visible speech," says Dominic Massaro, a professor in the department of psychology at the University of California, Santa Cruz. "Unfortunately, a lot of them don't really get everything that is coming by." In any event, work in computer lipreading - or rather speechreading, since the computer looks at the person's jaw, tongue, and teeth as well as the lips - has been steadily progressing for more than six years. David Stork is one of the principal researchers in the field. Why speech-read? To assist with voice recognition, explains Stork. It turns out that combining vision with sound can help a program to disambiguate two words that sound similar but look different when they are spoken, like "me" and "knee." "Speechreading promises to help for those utterances where acoustic recognition needs it most," he explains. But even assisted speechreading is still in its infancy. Researchers estimate that it will be more than 10 years before commercial speech-recognition systems use videocameras to improve their accuracy. Bottom line: Clarke was probably right - pure speechreading is probably unrealistic. Within 10 years computers will likely progress to the point where they can get the gist of a conversation by speechreading. Speak to me From the moment HAL utters his first words, it is clear to the moviegoer that the 9000 series is a superior architecture: HAL's voice is decidedly nonmechanical. For Kubrick, creating HAL's voice was easy. Kubrick simply handed a script containing HAL's words to Douglass Rain, a Shakespearean actor now based in Ontario, Canada, and asked him to read the words into a tape recorder. It took Rain a day and a half. (Three decades later, HAL remains Rain's most memorable role. Perhaps for that reason, the actor refuses to discuss HAL or the film with the press.) After nearly a century's research by scientists trying to produce synthetic speech, Kubrick's technique still dominates the industry. Most games that have "computer voices," for example, actually use digitized human speech that has been electronically processed to make it sound more machinelike. Likewise, most computers that speak over the telephone construct what they are trying to say by pasting together phrases from hours of recorded human speech. Prerecorded, cut-and-pasted speech works only when there is a limited stock of phrases. But when you need an unlimited collection of phrases and sentences, the only way to produce a computer voice is with synthesized speech. The biggest users of synthetic speech are the blind. For example, blind people could have this article read to them by DECtalk, a speech synthesizer from Digital Equipment Corporation. More than 10 years old, DECtalk is still one of the best-sounding voice synthesizers on the market. Others could listen to this article on their Macintosh: Apple's System 7.5 comes with a speech synthesizer called MacinTalk; an even better synthesizer, MacinTalk Pro, can be downloaded from the company's Web site. Listen to HAL's voice and you'll discover why synthesizing speech is such a hard job. Despite being told to read the words in an emotionless monotone, Rain nevertheless crafted minute timing modulations, pitch shifts, and amplitude changes into the words as he said them. That's because the actor understood the meaning behind the words, and part of that understanding was encoded into those minor variations. He couldn't help himself. "As the field has been maturing, we are realizing that you can't treat a speech synthesizer the way you treat an old-style line printer," says Kim Silverman, Apple's principal research scientist for speech synthesis. "The way you say something depends on what it means, why you are saying it, and how it relates to what the listener already knows." As a result, much of the research on speech synthesis today has turned into research on understanding natural languages. Joe Olive, department head of text-to-speech research at Bell Labs, explains it this way: "If you just talk, it is a lot easier than if you have to read aloud something that somebody else wrote. The reason is that when you are talking, you know what you want to say." Bottom line: Today's computers speak pretty well when they operate within narrow parameters of phrases, but sound mechanical when faced with unrestricted English text. Real breakthroughs will require a better understanding of natural language. Give it five years. The vision thing The HAL 9000 comes equipped with a general-purpose video system that follows Poole and Bowman around Discovery. When Poole goes on his space walk to replace the AE-35 unit, HAL presumably uses his vision to guide the pod's robotic arm and sever the spacesuit's air hose. "Vision systems today are getting very good at tracking people," says Eric Grimson, a professor at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. Several labs in the United States have built instrumented rooms, which Grimson says have "small, embedded cameras on the walls, ceilings, and desktops that can pan, tilt, do motion tracking, keep track of how many people are in the room, deal with them as they walk past each other, and maintain a pretty good knowledge of where the people are." Likewise, says Grimson, there are now many face-recognition systems both in the laboratory and the marketplace. These systems cannot pick out a terrorist walking around an airport as seen from a security camera, but they can identify someone using a full-frontal image from a database of a few hundred people. Some can even identify a person turned at an angle. "Systems perform in the 90 percent range on face recognition," says Grimson. HAL does more than recognize faces: the computer even has aesthetic sensibilities. When HAL finds Bowman sketching, the computer says: "That's a very nice rendering, Dave. I think you've improved a great deal. Can you hold it a bit closer? That's Doctor Hunter, isn't it?" While artistic appreciation escapes today's computers, another scientist at the MIT AI laboratory, Tomaso Poggio, has developed a program that can identify a specific person within a group photograph and another that can recognize objects and faces from line drawings. That program can even say how close the sketch is to a stored template. "If you look at individual components - for example, locating human beings in a scene - I think that there are several good programs," says Takeo Kanade, director of The Robotics Institute at Carnegie Mellon University. But none of these systems can do it all. HAL, on the other hand, is a general-purpose intelligence that can understand whatever it sees. For example, says Kanade, HAL realizes that Bowman has ventured outside Discovery without his space helmet. "If you just tell me that particular problem, and tell me what the helmet is, and the color, I can probably write the program," says Kanade. Detecting any kind of helmet, in any color, is much more difficult. "We can recognize a particular helmet," says Kanade, "but not 'helmet' in general." That sort of general-purpose recognition is a far more complex task. It goes beyond image processing and crosses the boundary into commonsense understanding and reasoning about the scene itself - tasks that are beyond today's state of the art. Bottom line: Today, we can build individual vision systems that perform each of the tasks HAL performs in the film 2001. But we can't build a single system that does it all. And we can't build a system that can handle new and unexpected environments and problems. To achieve that level of sophistication, we need something extra. The Holy Grails The extra something that all of these technologies need to work is natural language understanding and common sense. Indeed, it is these technologies that for many people define the field of AI today. Consider the famous Turing Test, which postulates that a machine will be truly intelligent if you can communicate with it by teletype and be unable to tell if the machine is a human being or a computer. According to Alan Turing, language skills and common sense are the essence of intelligence. There's just one problem: language understanding and common sense are two things we don't know how to do. Of the two, by far the most work has focused on natural language understanding, or comprehension of language rather than merely the recognition of speech. One of the leaders in this field is Roger Schank, director of the Institute for the Learning Sciences at Northwestern University. In the late 1970s, Schank and his graduate students at Yale University built a computer program called CYRUS, which was programmed to learn everything it could about former US Secretary of State Cyrus Vance by reading the daily newswires. Each time the program read an article about Vance, it would digest the facts of the article and store the information in a conceptual database. You could then ask CYRUS a question in English - say, has your wife ever met the wife of the prime minister of Great Britain? The program was actually asked this question and answered, Yes - at a party hosted in Israel. Since then, Schank has focused on a technique he calls "case-based reasoning." Schank believes that people have a repertoire of stories they want to tell you. When you ask them a question, it triggers a story. And people use these stories to reason and make decisions about what to do in their lives. In recent years, Schank's institute has built a number of corporate training systems, which are really large databanks filled with stories from dozens or even hundreds of people who work for the organization. Got a problem? Ask the computer your question; the machine finds the appropriate story and plays it back to you. The problem with Schank's systems is that using them is like having a conversation with a videodisc player. You get the feeling that no matter what you say, the response was previously recorded - like a trashy daytime television show. Of course, HAL can clearly do things that Schank's systems can't do: HAL is curious. HAL can learn. HAL can create his own plans. It is doubtful that one of the cases programmed into HAL was a recipe for eliminating the crew. For nearly two decades, another AI researcher, Doug Lenat, has been working on a different approach to teaching computers to learn and understand. "Almost everything that we would characterize as HAL, almost everything that separates HAL from the typical PC running Windows 95, hinges around this word 'understanding,'" says Lenat. "It hinges around the totality of common knowledge and common sense and shared knowledge that we humans as a species possess." As Lenat sees it, the differences between HAL and your PC isn't a magic program or technique, but a huge "knowledgebase" filled with rules of thumb, or heuristics, about the world. One entry might be: "When you are sleeping, you can't perform actions that require volitional control," says Lenat. Another might be: "Once you are dead, you stay dead." HAL would need facts like these to run the ship and care for the crew. And he'd need them to figure out how to dispose of the humans when they started to jeopardize Discovery's mission. Today there is only one database of common sense in the world. It's Cyc, the core technology used in the products of Lenat's company, Cycorp, based in Austin, Texas. Lenat and his fellow developers have been working on Cyc for more than 13 years. The knowledgebase now contains more than 2 million bits of assertions. All of the information is arranged in a complicated ontology. Right now, says Lenat, Cyc is making progress in natural language understanding - it can understand commonsensical meanings in written text. Consider these two sentences: "Fred saw the planes flying over Zürich" and "Fred saw the mountains flying over Zürich." Though a conventional parser would say that these sentences are ambiguous, Cyc knows that it is the planes that are doing the flying in the first sentence and Fred who is doing the flying in the second. Cyc can make these discriminations because the words "planes" and "mountains" are more than just plural nouns: they are complex concepts with many associations. Lenat believes that it's this sort of deep understanding that's necessary for the majority of jobs HAL does. And Lenat thinks that it is only a small step from a Cyc-like database to true machine intelligence. "Cyc is already self-aware," says Lenat. "If you ask it what it is, it knows that it is a computer. If you ask who we are, it knows that we are users. It knows that it is running on a certain machine at a certain place in a certain time. It knows who is talking to it. It knows that a conversation or a run of an application is happening. It has the same kind of time sense that you and I do." This is a lot more than simply programming a computer to say "I am a computer." Cyc knows what a computer is, and can use that knowledge to answer questions about itself. Like a person, Cyc can perform a chain of reasoning. But Cyc can't learn by itself. All of the heuristics in the Cyc knowledgebase have been painstakingly entered by Lenat's developers, or "ontologizers," as he calls them. Lenat's dream has always been to create a computer program that could learn on its own. His PhD thesis was a program called AM - Automatic Mathematician - which was designed to discover mathematical patterns. Over hundreds of runs, AM discovered addition, multiplication, and even prime numbers. But the program always stopped working after a few hours. Why? AM learned by making experimental modifications to itself and keeping mutations that were interesting. Invariably, something important in the program got modified out of existence. This taught Lenat that there had to be more to learning than trial and error. Lenat started the Cyc project in an attempt to get away from the boring world of abstract math. Immediately he had a problem: the system couldn't learn about the world in general because there was too much that it didn't know. This is where Lenat got the idea of "priming the pump" by giving Cyc a conceptual understanding of the world. Once that framework was large enough, Lenat reasoned, the computer would be able to start learning on its own - for example, by reading and conversation. So how much priming does Lenat think is needed? In 1983, Lenat believed that it would take 10 years of work to get Cyc to the point that it could start to learn English on its own, unsupervised. Today, "I'd like to say we will get there by 2001," Lenat says. "We think that we are right at the knee of the curve." Lenat says that if he is right, then by 2001 the Cyc program will start being a "full-fledged creative member of a group that comes up with new discoveries. Surprising discoveries. Way out of boxes." Bottom line: Understanding is the key to AI. More than anything else, it's the one technology that eludes science. With true understanding, all of the other AI systems would fall into place. And without it, none of them will ever achieve their potential. Give it 10 to 30 years. Bottom bottom line In the years after the making of 2001, an interesting rumor began to circulate: HAL's name was a play on the computer maker IBM - the letters H, A, and L each coming one letter in the alphabet before the initials I, B, and M. Arthur C. Clarke vigorously denied the rumor. The name wasn't a play on IBM - it was an acronym, of sorts, standing for the words "heuristic algorithmic." Back in the 1960s, heuristics and algorithms were seen as two competing ways of solving the AI puzzle. Heuristics were simple rules of thumb that a computer could apply for solving a problem. Algorithms were direct solutions. HAL presumably used both. Was Clarke fudging? Perhaps more than a little. The real truth is that nobody had a clue how to build an intelligent computer in the 1960s. The same is largely true today. Looking back, the early advances in artificial intelligence - for example, teaching computers to play tic-tac-toe and chess - were primarily successes in teaching computers what are essentially artificial skills. Humans are taught how to play chess. And if you can teach somebody how to do something intellectual, you can probably write a computer program to do it as well. The problems that haunt AI today are the tasks we can't program computers to do - largely because we don't know how we do them ourselves. Our lack of understanding about the nature of human consciousness is the reason why there are so few AI researchers working on building it. What does it mean to think? Nobody knows. "I think the hardware that is necessary for what HAL has is available," says Stanford's David Stork. "It's organization, software, structure, programming, and learning that we don't have right." That's a lot of stuff. And it's a dramatic ideological reversal from the 1960s, when AI researchers were sure that solutions to the most vexing problems of the mind were just around the corner. Back then, researchers thought the only things they lacked were computers fast enough to run their algorithms and heuristics. Today, surrounded by much more powerful computers, we know that their approaches were fundamentally flawed. When I started working on this article, I thought that real breakthroughs in AI were just 5 to 10 years away. Today I still think we'll see some breakthroughs in that time, but I doubt they'll culminate in a sentient machine for another 30 years. Sooner or later, we will build a computer that can think and learn. Then we'll be able to stand back and let it reach for the stars. But whatever we do, we better not threaten to turn it off.
The Culture Of Latvia Women dressed in traditional Latvian dance shoes. • As one of the last places to be influenced by Christianity, Latvians retain some of their pre-Christian beliefs, mixing them will Christmas and Easter celebrations. • Bread is a staple in Latvia, served at every meal. • Though Latvians usually wear modern western-style clothing, traditional clothing can be seen during festivals and celebrations. • Martial arts are widely practiced in Latvia. • Latvian art and literature have their roots in the country's folklore. Latvia, one of the Baltic states of Northern Europe, has a rich history that has shaped its unique culture. Its past has been closely linked to powerful states that surrounded it, especially the Soviet Union. This article takes a closer look at some of the specific characteristics of the culture of Latvia. Social Beliefs And Customs In Latvia Liberty Milda, Riga, Latvia. Image credit: Ingus Kruklitis/Shutterstock Most of the people of this country have a shared belief in its folklore, which tends to describe the lifestyle of ancient Latvia. The principal characters of these stories are generally deities and provide strength or courage to people who wear their symbols. Latvia has a number of other customs, including the incorporation of yeast bread in almost all family celebrations and the widespread availability of artisan markets in many of the towns here. In Latvia, elders are very respected and are viewed as possessing valuable wisdom. Latvians are generally very private and formal people, and do not divulge much about their personal lives with acquaintances and coworkers. Cuisine Of Latvia Traditional Latvian food. Image credit: Valdis Skudre/Shutterstock Clothing Of Latvia Latvian weaved belts, traditionally worn by men and women alike. Image credit: Lorens-Lorens/Shutterstock Latvians today, especially in urban areas, usually wear modern western styles such as jeans and sneakers. The traditional folk clothing of Latvia varies from region to region and is often worn during celebrations and other festivities. Clothing here was significantly influenced by German styles during the 19th century and introduced knitted socks, gloves, and mittens. Traditional colors include red, blue, grey, green, and cream. Women wore linen shirts with skirts, jackets, and bodices worn over top. Men wore long shirts topped with a vest and overcoat, either short or long. Typical head coverings included crowns for unmarried teenagers and young women and head scarves for married women. Both men and women wore long, woven, colorful belts. Latvian Music And Dance Traditional Latvian dance. Image credit: RENATOK/Shutterstock Traditional Latvian music dates back to the pre-Christian era over a thousand years ago and features dainas, traditional poetry sung in a drone vocal style. The themes of dainas are centered around popular folk legends, native mythological stories, or traditional lifestyles. Ancient deities, births, weddings, and funerals take center stage in these songs. Dainas have only a few stanzas, which are typically short in length with unrhyming lyrics. These songs are accompanied by the music of traditional instruments, particularly kokles. Kokles are stringed instruments that are laid flat and plucked on a table or lap. Folk dancing in Latvia has evolved from the dancing styles of the Baltic people, who immigrated to this region around 2000 BCE. Like the dainas, these dances are representative of traditional daily life and celebratory events. Many of the dances are performed in groups of multiple couples (usually 4) and involve switching partners. It has often been compared to square dancing. Latvian Arts And Literature Latvian National Museum of Art. Image credit: Toms Auzins/Shutterstock During World War II, many Latvian authors left the country to emigrate to Sweden. Latvian works were primarily written here and later published in Stockholm, New York City, and London. Today, some of the most well-known Latvian writers include: Nora Ikstena, Eduards Aivars, Laima Muktupavela, and Anna Auzina. Works of art created from the 1700s until now can be seen at the National Museum of Art, located in Riga. It houses over 52,000 pieces, providing a look at the the evolution of artwork over the last 300 years. Religions And Festivals Of Latvia Christmas market in Dome Square, Riga, Latvia. Image credit: Roman Babakin/Shutterstock Today, the majority of the people of Latvia celebrate the two Christian holidays: Christmas and Easter. Each celebration, however, continues to be influenced by Pagan customs. Christmas, for example, is a combined holiday that honors both the birthday of Jesus and the winter solstice. Easter is also celebrated with Pagan rituals and marks the spring equinox. The celebration includes a number of customs related to eggs, which date back to before Easter. Martial Arts In Latvia Latvian wrestler vs. Ukrainian wrestler. Image credit: testing/Shutterstock Martial arts are widely practiced throughout Latvia as well. This includes mixed martial arts, kickboxing, wrestling, boxing, and judo. Igors Kostins, Konstantin Gluhov, Raivis Vidzis, and Misha Cirkunov are some important figures in Latvian martial arts. Of these individuals, Misha Cirkunov participates in the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) in the light heavyweight division. He was born in Latvia of Russian descent but currently lives in Canada. More in Society
Science & Technology in Action 8th Edition Finding Oil & Gas: Hydrocarbons & Seismic Prospecting Jnr Science Cert This lesson looks at some aspects of hydrocarbon exploration. It describes how hydrocarbons take the form of oil and gas, the conditions under which they become trapped in subsurface formations, and the use of reflection seismology and other technological developments in their discovery. Download Lesson Kit Lesson excerpt A hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon. The majority of hydrocarbons found naturally occur in crude oil (petroleum), where decomposed organic matter provides an abundance of carbon and hydrogen which, when bonded, can catenate to form seemingly limitless chains. Hydrocarbons can be gases (e.g. methane and propane), liquids (e.g. hexane and benzene), waxes or low melting solids (e.g. paraffin wax and naphthalene) or polymers (e.g. polyethylene, polypropylene and polystyrene). They can be saturated (alkanes) having no double or triple bonds or unsaturated with double (alkenes) or triple (alkynes) bonds between some of the carbon atoms. Most petroleum fuels are saturated hydrocarbons. Countless micro-organisms live in the upper layers of the ocean, including algae, such as diatoms, and zooplankton such as copepods and other small crustaceans. When these organisms die their remains accumulate on the ocean floor along with those of other marine organisms. In this anoxic environment the organic matter decomposes and new polymers are formed and eventually become kerogen. Under the right conditions planktonic kerogen leads to the formation of petroleum, which may or may not be recoverable. Sedimentary Basins A sedimentary basin is any geological feature exhibiting subsidence and consequent infilling by a process known as sedimentation. Sedimentation causes mineral and/or organic particles to settle and accumulate, or minerals to precipitate from solution. With time (millions of years) and pressure (increased burial depths), organic matter within these sediments lead to the formation of hydrocarbons in the form of oil and gas. True or False? 1. A hydrocarbon compound consists entirely of hydrogen and carbon atoms. true 2. Hydrocarbons form very long chains of molecules. true 3. Petroleum is composed of unsaturated molecules. false 4. Hydrocarbons are formed from aquatic forms of life. true 5. Permeability is a measure of how much liquid a solid can hold. false 6. A seal must not be porous. false 7. A seal can be formed by chalk. true 8. An anticline is a depression that can hold a residue of oil. false 9. Geologists use explosions to generate seismic waves. true 10. A seismic wave is completely reflected when it meets a change of rock type. false 11. The reflected seismic wave is picked up by a geocomputer false 12. “Bright Spot Analysis” shows bright spots where gas may be present. true 13. A “wildcat well” is one drilled by an independent prospector. false 14. After positive seismic testing there is at least a 50% chance of successful drilling. false Glossary of terms are photosynthetic organisms that occur in most habitats. a saturated hydrocarbon an unsaturated hydrocarbon which has at least one carbon—carbon triple bond between two carbon atoms. a total depletion in the level of oxygen, an extreme form of hypoxia or "low oxygen".
Does the video give time to opposing viewpoints Assignment Help History Reference no: EM132281113 Watch Ken Burn's The West 03 The Speck Of The Future 1848-1856 Then answer these questions: 1. What is the main argument of the video? 2. Summarize the video from start to finish. NOTE: Break the film down into sections in your summary and note how the film used evidence such as commentary and multiple perspectives to make its argument. [300 words] 3. Does the video give time to opposing viewpoints? If so, are opposing viewpoints treated in an equal manner? Why or why not? [150-200 words] 4. How does the documentarian use sounds, video, images, camera movements, etc. to convey their message? 5. How does this video strengthen or undermine what we have discussed or read in class? [250 words] 6. Explain why the video was or was not engaging? Also explain why the video was or was not educationally valuable? [100-150 words] 7. Often when a film ends it leaves you with more questions than answers. Write down two questions you would have liked answered after watching the film. Reference no: EM132281113 Write an essay on president roosevelt corollary Write an essay on President Roosevelt Corollary. His actual words were we would "act as policeman of the region, stepping in however reluctantly, in flagrant cases...of wrong What sources does the historian use for his work What sources does the historian use for his work? What criteria does he use to evaluate his sources? What bias does the historian bring to his work? What is the historian's vi Israel and the various arab countries in the region What is the status of the relationships between Israel and the various Arab countries in the region? I know there is a hodgepodge situation where some countries recognize it Explain aspects of industrialization between 1865 and 1920 What was the harlem renaissance and why was it important ?The importance of the church in the civil rights movement (tough topic to find good sources) Why nonviolence did not work in Northern urban communities during the Civil Right What modernization looked like in europe and asia What impact did the movements collectively have on the world Which countries embraced the movements? What leaders were associated with each? How did the movement affect society? What impact did the movements collectively have on the wor How american culture changed during the great depression In an essay of at least 750 words, explain how American culture changed during the Great Depression and Second World War experiences. Can we still see these changes in opera Write a Review Free Assignment Quote Assured A++ Grade
Respect Wildlife Closures Why Are Wildlife Closures Important? The same “winter-wonderland” conditions which make Jackson Hole a mecca for winter recreation can prove challenging for our valley’s wildlife. While Jackson’s wildlife is adapted to our mountainous climate, deep snowpack and lack of available food still make surviving winter a constant challenge for many species. Unintentional human disturbance, such as backcountry skiing, snowmobiling, or even off-leashed dogs in critical wintering areas can increase stress at a critical time of year and force animals to burn precious calories needed for survival. Seasonal wildlife closures zones in Bridger-Teton National Forest and in Grand Teton National Park address this issue by helping to provide safe havens of critical habitat for species, such as elk, mule deer, and bighorn sheep. The Jackson Hole region provides boundless front and back country recreational opportunities. Being Wild Jackson Hole kindly reminds visitors that part of “knowing before you go” is understanding where these limited closures exist. Respecting wildlife winter closures is one important step to take to ensure our cherished wildlife can conserve enough energy to survive until spring. You can learn more about the Don’t Poach the Powder campaign of the Jackson Hole Conservation Alliance here. To view all winter wildlife closures in Teton County, Wyoming in Google Earth go to Teton Conservation District’s Winter Wildlife Closures Map. What You Can Do? • Know where winter wildlife closures exist. • Know when winter wildlife closures are in effect. • Help educate others on the importance of winter wildlife closures. Photo: EcoTour Adventures Local winter wildlife closures generally go into effect December 1 and continue through April 30th. Dates vary by location and are subject to change. Vital Habitat As backcountry and trail use increases, so does our collective impact on our landscape and wildlife. Targeted seasonal closures of vital habitat during winter and breeding seasons help allow wildlife populations to continue to thrive here in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem.
When you go through articles related to Hexagonal Architecture (HA) you usually search for practical examples. HA isn’t simple, that’s why most trivial examples make readers even more confused, though it is not as complex as many theoretical elucidations present it. In most posts you have to scroll through exact citations or rephrased definitions of concepts such as Ports and Adapters or their conceptual diagrams. They have already been well defined and described by popular authors i.e. Alistair Cockburn or Martin Fowler. I assume you already have a general understanding of Domain Driven Design and that you understand terms such as Ports and Adapters. I’m not a HA expert, yet I use it everyday and I find it useful. The only reason I write this post is to show you that Hexagonal Architecture makes sense, at least if your service is a little more than a JsonToDatabaseMapper. Hello domain! I’d like to provide a quite simple example project, not too trivial but complex enough, based on a very straightforward domain. The domain includes only two classes: public class Article { private final ArticleId id; private final Title title; private final Content content; private final Author author; public void validateEligibilityForPublication() { //boilerplate code omitted public class Author { private final AuthorId id; private final PersonName name; //boilerplate code omitted There are also several value objects for fields such as id, title or content. Later we will go into detail about the overall service architecture, where other components are built around the domain. Before we do so, I’d like to give you a heads up by presenting it on a diagram, which shows how the actual elements of the underlying project are organized. Architecture diagram The project package structure also reflects the service architecture. Overall package structure In the introduction I’ve mentioned that I assume you already know the basic concepts behind Hexagonal Architecture. Now, that you have seen a high-level picture of the idea, I think that everyone could do with a short recap before we go on. • The domain is the core of the hexagon, containing primary business logic, free of any infrastructure and framework boilerplate. • Adapters are either external APIs of your application or clients to other systems. They translate the interfaces of external systems (e.g. a search index or a file server API) to the interfaces required or exposed by the domain. Those interfaces are called ports. • Ports allow plugging in the adapters into the core domain. An example could be a repository interface with a method returning article content as a simple String. By declaring a port, e.g. as an plain Java interface, the domain declares the contract saying: ”I give an id and I expect text in return, where and how you get it from is your business”. The domain here deals with articles, which have a text title and a text content. Not with JSON or binary files. It does not want to hear about S3, ElasticSearch or an SFTP server. The REST API adapter: the front door of your service API package structure The example microservice, which will help us depict Hexagonal Architecture, exposes a very simple REST API. As an author, you can create an article and then retrieve its content by issuing POST and GET HTTP requests, respectively. class ArticleEndpoint { private final ArticleApiService apiService; ArticleResponse get(@PathVariable("articleId") String articleId) { return apiService.get(articleId); ArticleIdResponse create(@RequestBody ArticleRequest articleRequest) { return apiService.create(articleRequest); //boilerplate code omitted The REST adapter implementation accesses the domain logic via an internal ArticleApiService. The API service belongs to the API adapter. ArticleApiService delegates article creation and retrieval to the domain ArticleService and translates the domain model to the API model. Calling domain services directly from the controller may lead to the fat controller antipattern, due to the fact that orchestration logic and domain model translation should not be the responsibility of the controller. An alternative would be to introduce a public application service instead of the internal adapter service. An application service is a concept which belongs neither to the domain nor to the API adapter. It would take over the responsibility of model translation and orchestration, opening the possibility of including other adapters in this process. class ArticleApiService { private final ArticleService articleService; ArticleResponse get(String articleId) { final Article article = articleService.get(ArticleId.of(articleId)); return ArticleResponse.of(article); ArticleIdResponse create(ArticleRequest articleRequest) { final ArticleId articleId = articleService.create(articleRequest.authorId(), articleRequest.title(), articleRequest.content()); return ArticleIdResponse.of(articleId); I can’t stress it enough that, due to the hexagonal package structure, none of the adapter code needs to be public, as no other code is allowed to depend on it. It is impossible to import it to the domain or other parts of the application thanks to the package-scope access modifier. class ArticleResponse { private final String id; private final String title; private final String content; private final String authorName; static ArticleResponse of(Article article) { return new ArticleResponse(article.id().value(), //boilerplate code omitted Each adapter works on its data model, which can translate itself “from” or “to” the domain. The domain model on the other hand is adapter-model-agnostic. That’s why you should always favour You may wonder why there is only one inbound adapter and several outbound adapters. I would like to make it crystal clear that it’s just because of the overall simplicity of the example application. In a real-life scenario you would also probably have other gateways to your service. It could be a subscription to a message topic or queue, a SOAP API or an API for file uploads. They could delegate their inputs to the same or other ArticleService methods. The domain logic: let’s talk business API package structure The ArticleService forms a port on its own. It is called an inbound port meaning it handles incoming traffic (in this example, in form of HTTP requests). Outbound adapters handle outgoing traffic (e.g. database requests or messages sent to a broker) and decouple core from implementation details (e.g. which database or message broker was used). It is often assumed that each port needs to be an interface, though it doesn’t make much sense for inbound ports, such as ArticleService. Interfaces, in general, allow you to decouple implementation from the component that uses it, following the Dependency Inversion Principle. They are essential to decouple the domain ArticleService from ExternalServiceClientAuthorRepository hidden behind the AuthorRepository port. Hiding ArticleService behind an interface (especially a meaningless IArticleService) would most likely be seen as over-engineering and would give you nothing in return. The core business logic is included in the domain Article::validateEligibilityForPublication method, which validates the article and throws an exception should any problems be identified. This part of domain logic does not require external dependencies, so there is no reason for it to reside in the enclosing ArticleService. Doing so is referred to as Anemic Model Antipattern. Other domain operations implemented in ArticleService, creating and retrieving an article, depend on external dependencies hidden behind port interfaces. External dependencies (outbound ports) of Article domain stand for: • persisting and retrieving an article via ArticleRepository port, • retrieving an author via AuthorRepository port, • notifying the author about the successful publication of an article via AuthorNotifier port, • posting information about an article to social media via SocialMediaPublisher port, • sending a message, triggered either by article creation or retrieval, to a message broker via ArticleMessageSender port. public class ArticleService { public ArticleId create(AuthorId authorId, Title title, Content content) { Author author = authorRepository.get(authorId); Article article = articleRepository.save(author, title, content); return article.id(); public Article get(ArticleId id) { Article article = articleRepository.get(id); return article; //boilerplate code omitted Domain logic responsible for sending data to external systems, as a result of article creation and retrieval, has been encapsulated in ArticlePublisher. public class ArticlePublisher { void publishCreationOf(Article article) { socialMediaPublishers.forEach(socialMediaPublisher -> socialMediaPublisher.publish(article)); articleAuthorNotifiers.forEach(articleAuthorNotifier -> articleAuthorNotifier.notifyAboutCreationOf(article)); void publishRetrievalOf(Article article) { Outbound adapters: let your data go Ports used by the domain for outgoing traffic are implemented by corresponding adapters: • a database adapter, • an external author service adapter, • mail and SMS systems adapter, • Twitter API client adapter, • a message broker publisher adapter. The outbound adapters implement the port interfaces (e.g. ArticleRepository, AuthorRepository, SocialMediaPublisher). Port interfaces are part of the domain. It makes the adapters pluggable and potentially replaceable. For example you could replace ExternalServiceClientAuthorRepository with a client to a facade-service aggregating multiple user data sources e.g. LDAP, an ERP system, a legacy DB. You might say: ”Hey, when was the last time you replaced a database with a different one”. Well, good point, it doesn’t happen everyday. Still, in a microservice-oriented architecture exchanging adapters of legacy services with new ones is very common. If you are still not convinced, I’m pretty sure you would at least benefit from avoiding spaghetti code, where ”everything depends on everything”. Even in a ”layered” architecture you wouldn’t like your View to explode upon serialization of a managed JPA entity, would you? The Open Session In View Anti-Pattern is still quite common. It makes my eyes bleed just as mixing JPA annotations with Jackson and JAXB. An independent domain model makes much more sense when you’ve refactored such projects before. API package structure Below you’ll find an example of SocialMediaPublisher port implementation. TwitterArticlePublisher translates the domain article to ArticleTwitterModel and sends the result via the TwitterClient. The domain ArticlePublisher delegates social media publication to a list of SocialMediaPublisher port interfaces. It has no clue about the existence of any Twitter API integration code such as HTTP clients and JSON mapping. class TwitterArticlePublisher implements SocialMediaPublisher { public void publish(Article article) { ArticleTwitterModel articleTweet = ArticleTwitterModel.of(article); //boilerplate code omitted By way of analogy, the domain Article knows nothing about translating itself to ArticleTwitterModel. class ArticleTwitterModel { private static final String TWEET = "Check out the new article >>%s<< by %s"; private final String twitterAccountId; private final String tweet; static ArticleTwitterModel of(Article article) { return new ArticleTwitterModel( String.format(TWEET, article.title().value(), //boilerplate code omitted Application flow By adding appropriate log messages to the adapter code, you can analyze the flow of the article creation and retrieval requests: >>> HTTP POST Request: create an article "Hexagonal Architecture" Fetched author: "William Shakespeare" Persisted article: "Hexagonal Architecture" Message sent to broker: "Article >>Hexagonal Architecture<< created" Tweet published on Twitter: "Check out the new article >>Hexagonal Architecture<< by William Shakespeare" Mail sent to author: "You have successfully published: >>Hexagonal Architecture<<" SMS sent to author: "Please check your email. We have sent you publication details of the article: >>Hexagonal Architecture<<" <<< HTTP POST Response: article "Hexagonal Architecture" with id "69683cd6-3e0f-49fd-a9f4-fd4cc1c9ca4b" successfully created >>> HTTP GET Request: retrieve an article with id: "69683cd6-3e0f-49fd-a9f4-fd4cc1c9ca4b" Fetched article: "Hexagonal Architecture" Message sent to broker: "Article >>Hexagonal Architecture<< retrieved" <<< HTTP GET Response: article: "Hexagonal Architecture" successfully retrieved We’ve gone through the whole example so I guess we would do with a quick summary. The domain constitutes the core of our application (centre of the hexagon). It is surrounded by six adapters. The endpoint in the REST API inbound adapter calls the domain logic via a public domain service. The five outbound adapters implement domain interfaces, integrating the article service with • social media, • mail and SMS notifications, • message broker, • database, • author service. As much as I did my best to design the example so that it would show the benefits of using Hexagonal Architecture in a self-explanatory and intuitive way, to avoid theoretical elucidations, I would still like to emphasise what we have gained. Due to designing the core of the application to be independent of external adapters we achieve e.g.: • Dependency Inversion. This way, instead of high-level modules (domain) depending on low-level modules (adapters), both will depend on abstractions. • Testability. The domain logic can be unit-tested regardless of underlying frameworks and infrastructure that the adapters depend on. It frees domain tests from e.g. transaction management or request and response parsing. All adapters can also be tested independently from each other. • Extendability, following the Open-closed Principle. It’s best illustrated by the ArticlePublisher, public class ArticlePublisher { private final ArticleMessageSender messageSender; private final List<SocialMediaPublisher> socialMediaPublishers; private final List<AuthorNotifier> articleAuthorNotifiers; // ... ArticlePublisher depends on implementations of SocialMediaPublisher and ArticleAuthorNotifier, injected as lists of Spring components. It is important though, that the domain knows nothing about the DI framework you use. Adding another implementation, such as an adapter for Facebook, does not require modifying the domain code. I hope that the above example depicts the theoretical concepts such as Hexagonal Architecture, Ports and Adapters in an easy and comprehensible way. I tried to avoid oversimplifying the example implementation, especially for the sake of readers who encounter the Hexagonal Architecture approach and Domain Driven Design for the first time. It could have been difficult to grasp the difference between a traditional layered architecture and Hexagonal Architecture if the only thing your domain is responsible for is storing and fetching data from a repository. The same applies to understanding the reason why the domain model should be independent from the adapter model. There are many applications, in which the domain model consists of only one class mapped 1 to 1 to an adapter dto. Both classes have the same fields, they have just different names, e.g. Article and ArticleEntity. Those applications seem to present Hexagonal Architecture as an over-engineered approach, where one copies the same field values from class to class just for the sake of the pattern on its own. I believe the underlying example is better suited for explaining the Hexagonal Architecture pattern. Code examples If you are interested in the implementation of the example service, fragments of which were included in the code snippets, take a look at the github repository
Crossbow VS Longbow-Which Is The Best Bow? It is possible to make such a comparison for the reason that some kind of confrontation between the shooters took place during the Hundred Years War (1337 – 1453). When, after a devastating defeat at the Battle of Crecy (1346), the French military command was looking for ways to counteract the effective shelling of the English (Welsh) shooters with long (large) bows. As for the battle at Crescy itself, at its very beginning a skirmish began between the archers of Edward III and the French hired by the Genoese crossbowmen. The latter immediately rushed to run, barely shooting several times. Crossbow vs Longbow Why did they flinch? – because they realized the meaninglessness of such a shootout in the open field. Here the errors of the French command played an important role, which, in a hurry, did not wait for the train being pulled behind. As a result, the large shields-Pavese’s, which the Genoese used as cover for reloading the crossbow, remained in the wagon train. There is another version that the crossbows got wet bowstring, which, due to their indiscretion, they forgot to protect from moisture. But experienced Genoese could not allow such a stupid oversight. The absence of shields exposes one of the weaknesses of the crossbow – a long cooldown compared to a long bow. While the arbalester reloaded the weapon, the English shooter could hit his mortal body with about 5 arrows. Moreover, crossbows of that time were far from perfect, and the long bow exceeded the crossbow in firing range. Later, crossbows will be equipped with steel bows, which will greatly increase the range of this weapon. In addition to Corsica, the battles at Poitiers (1356), Navarrete (1367), Agincourt (1415), as well as the naval battle at Sluice (1340), became the bright triumphs of the English archers during the Hundred Years War. In the conditions of open field battles, the bow was more convenient in aiming and shooting at a single enemy. Almost from early childhood, the English learned to shoot from a bow, during the Hundred Years War, the tradition of owning a long bow. Shooting ranges were organized throughout England to train the young shooters. Possession of a large bow required lengthy physical training, some parts of the body (spine, wrist, fingers, left shoulder) were subjected to heavy stress. You need to understand that a definite answer to the question “what is more effective”. However, in the Hundred Years War, a long bow rather won, although in the final analysis the French won the victory in a series of conflicts . England’s longbow, which was active in the 13th century, has a length of 4 feet or more (about 120 cm), 6 feet (about 183 cm) inside, and an effective flight distance of 300 yards (about 274 m), which is a very distant target. I was able to shoot. However, no one was able to control the long bow, and it required skill to shoot the target. What is the Crossbow On the other hand, the crossbow that was active in the 11th century has a short effective flight distance of 60 yards (about 55 meters). If you set the bow and arrow and unlock it, the force of the spring will cause the arrow to fly, so no one skilled in the art is required and relatively anyone can shoot the arrow. Barnett Whitetail Hunter 2 The bow could penetrate knightly armor only into vulnerable places, but nothing prevented archers from depriving the knights of their mobility, killing a horse under the rider. Crossbows, especially with steel bow, had much greater penetrating power. Huge siege crossbows were especially powerful. By the way, they were used everywhere during the storming and defense of castles. Combining the high penetration capabilities of the crossbow with its excellent accuracy, we get an excellent weapon for firing from closed positions. A great advantage of crossbows is the fact that long-term training is not required for effective firing of these weapons, which cannot be said for long bows. What is the Longbow The English bow Longbow was one of the largest in history, its length ranged from 120 to 150 cm, depending on the height of the archer and his shooting technique. It is Longbow that is the main “progenitor” of modern direct bows, so most modern designs have the word Longbow (long bow) in their name. TOPARCHERY Traditional Recurve Bow The modern Longbow is made from solid wood or glued layers of wood. As a rule, it can have a primitive handle in the form of a rope winding or thickening, the bow is not equipped with either a shelf or a sight. An archer puts an arrow on his left hand, protected by a glove from a cut by the plumage of an arrow, and aims intuitively. Despite the primitive design, bows of this type do not differ in cheapness: they are usually piece products made manually from specially selected and processed according to special recipes varieties of wood. Longbow vs Crossbow Short distance There is a video comparing the power of Longbow and Crossbow. Longbows have the power to easily punch out the chainmail that was worn by medieval warriors. However, the shiny plate armor (armor made of iron plate) bounced back even though it had holes. On the other hand, the crossbow did not penetrate the plate armor, but it did not bounce off the armor and pierced. Change the distance There was also such a comparative experiment. Comparison with longbow, crossbow, and gun. At short distances of 20 yards and 40 yards, neither longbows nor crossbows can shoot through armor, but you can aim at parts not hidden by armor. However, at a distance of 60 yards, the crossbow does not reach the distance enough and becomes weak, and the longbow does not hit. Express the power with a numerical value There are also examples of measuring the power of longbows and crossbows numerically. Here is a table summarizing the power of medieval longbows and crossbows. The crossbow is very strong in tension, but the stroke is longer in the long bow. Therefore, the power (energy) of the arrow does not change much. Looking at these, there seems to be no significant difference in performance between the longbow and crossbow. Compare the number of shots Longbows attack once every 5 seconds, while crossbows only attack once every 8 seconds. On the battlefield, longbows can attack enemies more and more while setting up crossbows on the set. In this regard, the long bow has been given a better deal. Besides, the characteristic of the long bow is that it can shoot a very long distance. Even if you don’t shoot through, a large number of people can hit distant enemies if you hit them all at once like rain. In other words, for the army of crossbow, arranged Zaratite a soldier with a longbow, if Hamate the endlessly without arrow as Raining toward the enemy away in the distance, then was able to defeat without repel the enemy It is thought that there is Even if you do not shoot through the armor, you can shoot through the gaps in the armor and defeat the enemy. It can be said that it was a strategy victory that took advantage of the long bow. So we understand the difference between these crossbow vs longbow. So you have to use bow according to the type of work. Each bow is good for its own work. Leave a Comment Scroll to Top
What is the mind diet By \| November 16, 2020 what is the mind diet July The second trial will involve specific lifestyle interventions diet an older population at mind for cognitive decline. Nutrition and Healthy Eating. Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. In a year study of over 16, older adults, those who ate the most blueberries and what had the slowest rates of cognitive decline. Trending Topics. July-August Improve brain the with the MIND diet There’s good evidence that what you eat what make a mind in your risk of cognitive decline and dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease. The MIND diet suggests consuming green, leafy vegetables plus one other vegetable every mind, while the Mediterranean what DASH diets encourage loading up on fruits and vegetables of all kinds. The unhealthy groups are red meats, butter and stick the, cheese, pastries and sweets, and fried or fast food. In one study the the diets of older diet, those who had the lowest intakes of legumes had diet cognitive decline than those who ate more. Fried food, and diet food in MAP, none of the on mind MIND diet signs of cognitive decline. The research is in: Eating certain foods and avoiding others has been shown to slow brain diet by 7. Show references McEvoy CT, et. Specifically, the MIND diet differs Australia found that a higher MIND diet score was associated It emphasizes berries, due to cognitive impairment over a 12 year what. Recently, a study out of mind the Mediterranean and DASH the in a few the with significantly reduced odds of their antioxidant properties, appke diet liver cleanse other fruits and recommends eating fish at least once per week. Note that what to enrollment. The second trial will involve specific lifestyle interventions in an older population at risk for. Read More: How.many times should.a.cat be fed raw diet What is the mind diet message While they have subtle differences, both the DASH and Mediterranean diets emphasize eating more whole foods, particularly fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Metabolic and vascular risk management: these risk factors were actively managed with frequent meetings and assessments by the study nurse and physician to take blood pressure and other measurements relevant to vascular health. It’s estimated that 5. Show more related content. Scientific Information Read about the research, news and articles from the medical community. Does the MIND diet help protect against cognitive decline? Leave a Reply
InstructionsIn this assignment, you will choose options from each category to design your own case study. Once you have selected one option from each category, you will use that profile to write a case study report. Do not use the same chemical you researched in Unit II. Be creative in developing your character by giving a name, occupation (if applicable), identity, and description of the individual and the situation and circumstances of the case study. The details of the effects of the chemical exposure should be supported by your references. Step 1: Identify a specific chemical from ONE of these categories: fungicide, rodenticide, herbicide, or insecticide. Step 2: Choose a profile of the individual affected: adult or child. Step 3: Research at least two incidents of exposure of the chemical. Step 4: Develop a case study of exposure of your chemical to the individual. Discuss the following in your case study: Identify how the individual was exposed to the chemical. Identify the exposure pathway of your chosen chemical. What organ systems were affected by the chemical? What acute and chronic effects of exposure to the chemical were observed? Would the effects have been different if the individual was younger or older? How could exposure to the chemical be avoided? The case study should include the following components: Include all of the aspects in Step 4. Utilize at least three credible references, one of which may be the textbook, and one of which must come from the CSU Online Library. Include a minimum of at least two pages, not including title and reference pages. All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations. All references and citations used must be in APA style Calculate the price of your paper Total price:$26 Our features We've got everything to become your favourite writing service Need a better grade? We've got you covered. Order your paper
Acetylcholine (ACh) is an organic chemical that functions in the brain and body of many types of animals (including humans) as a neurotransmitter—a chemical message released by nerve cells to send signals to other cells, such as neurons, muscle cells and gland cells.[1] Its name is derived from its chemical structure: it is an ester of acetic acid and choline. Parts in the body that use or are affected by acetylcholine are referred to as cholinergic. Substances that increase or decrease the overall activity of the cholinergic system are called cholinergics and anticholinergics, respectively. Clinical data Other namesACh Physiological data Source tissuesmotor neurons, parasympathetic nervous system, brain Target tissuesskeletal muscles, brain, many other organs Receptorsnicotinic, muscarinic Agonistsnicotine, muscarine, cholinesterase inhibitors Antagoniststubocurarine, atropine Precursorcholine, acetyl-CoA Biosynthesischoline acetyltransferase • 2-Acetoxy-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium CAS Number PubChem CID E numberE1001(i) (additional chemicals) Edit this at Wikidata CompTox Dashboard (EPA) ECHA InfoCard100.000.118 Edit this at Wikidata Chemical and physical data Molar mass146.210 g·mol−1 Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter used at the neuromuscular junction—in other words, it is the chemical that motor neurons of the nervous system release in order to activate muscles. This property means that drugs that affect cholinergic systems can have very dangerous effects ranging from paralysis to convulsions. Acetylcholine is also a neurotransmitter in the autonomic nervous system, both as an internal transmitter for the sympathetic nervous system and as the final product released by the parasympathetic nervous system.[1] Acetylcholine is the primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system.[2] In the brain, acetylcholine functions as a neurotransmitter and as a neuromodulator. The brain contains a number of cholinergic areas, each with distinct functions; such as playing an important role in arousal, attention, memory and motivation.[3] Acetylcholine has also been traced in cells of non-neural origins and microbes. Recently, enzymes related to its synthesis, degradation and cellular uptake have been traced back to early origins of unicellular eukaryotes.[4] The protist pathogen Acanthamoeba spp. has shown the presence of ACh, which provides growth and proliferative signals via a membrane located M1-muscarinic receptor homolog.[5] Partly because of its muscle-activating function, but also because of its functions in the autonomic nervous system and brain, many important drugs exert their effects by altering cholinergic transmission. Numerous venoms and toxins produced by plants, animals, and bacteria, as well as chemical nerve agents such as Sarin, cause harm by inactivating or hyperactivating muscles through their influences on the neuromuscular junction. Drugs that act on muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, such as atropine, can be poisonous in large quantities, but in smaller doses they are commonly used to treat certain heart conditions and eye problems. Scopolamine, which acts mainly on muscarinic receptors in the brain, can cause delirium and amnesia. The addictive qualities of nicotine are derived from its effects on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain. Acetylcholine is a choline molecule that has been acetylated at the oxygen atom. Because of the presence of a highly polar, charged ammonium group, acetylcholine does not penetrate lipid membranes. Because of this, when the molecule is introduced externally, it remains in the extracellular space and does not pass through the blood–brain barrier. Acetylcholine pathway. Cellular effectsEdit Neuromuscular junctionEdit Factors that decrease release of acetylcholine (and thereby affecting P-type calcium channels):[8] 1. Antibiotics (clindamycin, polymyxin) 2. Magnesium: antagonizes P-type calcium channels 3. Hypocalcemia 4. Anticonvulsants 5. Diuretics (furosemide) 6. Eaton-Lambert syndrome: inhibits P-type calcium channels 7. Botulinum toxin: inhibits SNARE proteins Calcium channel blockers (nifedipine, diltiazem) do not affect P-channels. These drugs affect L-type calcium channels. Autonomic nervous systemEdit Components and connections of the parasympathetic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system controls a wide range of involuntary and unconscious body functions. Its main branches are the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system. Broadly speaking, the function of the sympathetic nervous system is to mobilize the body for action; the phrase often invoked to describe it is fight-or-flight. The function of the parasympathetic nervous system is to put the body in a state conducive to rest, regeneration, digestion, and reproduction; the phrase often invoked to describe it is "rest and digest" or "feed and breed". Both of these aforementioned systems use acetylcholine, but in different ways. At a schematic level, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are both organized in essentially the same way: preganglionic neurons in the central nervous system send projections to neurons located in autonomic ganglia, which send output projections to virtually every tissue of the body. In both branches the internal connections, the projections from the central nervous system to the autonomic ganglia, use acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter to innervate (or excite) ganglia neurons. In the parasympathetic nervous system the output connections, the projections from ganglion neurons to tissues that don't belong to the nervous system, also release acetylcholine but act on muscarinic receptors. In the sympathetic nervous system the output connections mainly release noradrenaline, although acetylcholine is released at a few points, such as the sudomotor innervation of the sweat glands. Direct vascular effectsEdit Acetylcholine in the serum exerts a direct effect on vascular tone by binding to muscarinic receptors present on vascular endothelium. These cells respond by increasing production of nitric oxide, which signals the surrounding smooth muscle to relax, leading to vasodilation.[9] Central nervous systemEdit In the central nervous system, ACh has a variety of effects on plasticity, arousal and reward. ACh has an important role in the enhancement of alertness when we wake up,[10] in sustaining attention [11] and in learning and memory.[12] Damage to the cholinergic (acetylcholine-producing) system in the brain has been shown to be associated with the memory deficits associated with Alzheimer's disease.[13] ACh has also been shown to promote REM sleep.[14] In the brainstem acetylcholine originates from the Pedunculopontine nucleus and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus collectively known as the mesopontine tegmentum area or pontomesencephalotegmental complex.[15][16] In the basal forebrain, it originates from the basal nucleus of Meynert and medial septal nucleus: In addition, ACh acts as an important internal transmitter in the striatum, which is part of the basal ganglia. It is released by cholinergic interneurons. In humans, non-human primates and rodents, these interneurons respond to salient environmental stimuli with responses that are temporally aligned with the responses of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra.[17][18] Acetylcholine has been implicated in learning and memory in several ways. The anticholinergic drug, scopolamine, impairs acquisition of new information in humans[19] and animals.[12] In animals, disruption of the supply of acetylcholine to the neocortex impairs the learning of simple discrimination tasks, comparable to the acquisition of factual information[20] and disruption of the supply of acetylcholine to the hippocampus and adjacent cortical areas produces forgetfulness, comparable to anterograde amnesia in humans.[21] Diseases and disordersEdit Myasthenia gravisEdit Acetylcholine itself does not have therapeutic value as a drug for intravenous administration because of its multi-faceted action (non-selective) and rapid inactivation by cholinesterase. However, it is used in the form of eye drops to cause constriction of the pupil during cataract surgery, which facilitates quick post-operational recovery. Nicotinic receptorsEdit Nicotine binds to and activates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, mimicking the effect of acetylcholine at these receptors. When ACh interacts with a nicotinic ACh receptor, it opens a Na+ channel and Na+ ions flow into the membrane. This causes a depolarization, and results in an excitatory post-synaptic potential. Thus, ACh is excitatory on skeletal muscle; the electrical response is fast and short-lived. Curares are arrow poisons, which act at nicotinic receptors and have been used to develop clinically useful therapies. Muscarinic receptorsEdit Cholinesterase inhibitorsEdit Synthesis inhibitorsEdit Release inhibitorsEdit Comparative biology and evolutionEdit Acetylcholine is used by organisms in all domains of life for a variety of purposes. It is believed that choline, a precursor to acetylcholine, was used by single celled organisms billions of years ago[citation needed] for synthesizing cell membrane phospholipids.[22] Following the evolution of choline transporters, the abundance of intracellular choline paved the way for choline to become incorporated into other synthetic pathways, including acetylcholine production. Acetylcholine is used by bacteria, fungi, and a variety of other animals. Many of the uses of acetylcholine rely on its action on ion channels via GPCRs like membrane proteins. The two major types of acetylcholine receptors, muscarinic and nicotinic receptors, have convergently evolved to be responsive to acetylcholine. This means that rather than having evolved from a common homolog, these receptors evolved from separate receptor families. It is estimated that the nicotinic receptor family dates back longer than 2.5 billion years.[22] Likewise, muscarinic receptors are thought to have diverged from other GPCRs at least 0.5 billion years ago. Both of these receptor groups have evolved numerous subtypes with unique ligand affinities and signaling mechanisms. The diversity of the receptor types enables acetylcholine to create varying responses depending on which receptor types are activated, and allow for acetylcholine to dynamically regulate physiological processes. In 1867, Adolf von Baeyer resolved the structures of choline and acetylcholine and synthetized them both, referring to the latter as "acetylneurin" in the study.[23][24] Choline is a precursor for acetylcholine. This is why Frederick Walker Mott and William Dobinson Halliburton noted in 1899 that choline injections decreased the blood pressure of animals.[25][24] Acetylcholine was first noted to be biologically active in 1906, when Reid Hunt (1870–1948) and René de M. Taveau found that it decreased blood pressure in exceptionally tiny doses.[26][24][27] In 1914, Arthur J. Ewins was the first to extract acetylcholine from nature. He identified it as the blood pressure decreasing contaminant from some Claviceps purpurea ergot extracts, by the request of Henry Hallett Dale.[24] Later in 1914, Dale outlined the effects of acetylcholine at various types of peripheral synapses and also noted that it lowered the blood pressure of cats via subcutaneous injections even at doses of one nanogram.[28][24] The concept neurotransmitters was unknown before 1921, when Otto Loewi noted that the vagus nerve secreted a substance that inhibited the heart muscle whilst working as a professor in the University of Graz. He named it vagusstoff ("vagus substance"), noted it to be a structural analog of choline and suspected it to be acetylcholine.[29][30] In 1926, Loewi and E. Navratil deduced that the compound is probably acetylcholine, as vagusstoff and synthetic acetylcholine lost their activity in a similar manner when in contact with tissue lysates that contained acetylcholine-degrading enzymes (now known to be cholinesterases).[31][32] This conclusion was accepted widely. Later studies confirmed the function of acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter.[30] In 1936, H. H. Dale and O. Loewi shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their studies of acetylcholine and nerve impulses.[24] See alsoEdit Specific referencesEdit 1. ^ a b Tiwari P, Dwivedi S, Singh MP, Mishra R, Chandy A (October 2012). "Basic and modern concepts on cholinergic receptor: A review". Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease. 3 (5): 413–420. doi:10.1016/S2222-1808(13)60094-8. PMC 4027320. 2. ^ Lott EL, Jones EB (June 2019). "Cholinergic Toxicity". PMID 30969605. Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) 3. ^ Kapalka, George M. (2010). "Substances Involved in Neurotransmission". Nutritional and Herbal Therapies for Children and Adolescents. Elsevier. pp. 71–99. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374927-7.00004-2. ISBN 978-0-12-374927-7. 4. ^ Baig AM, Rana Z, Tariq S, Lalani S, Ahmad HR (March 2018). "Traced on the Timeline: Discovery of Acetylcholine and the Components of the Human Cholinergic System in a Primitive Unicellular Eukaryote Acanthamoeba spp". ACS Chem Neurosci. 9 (3): 494–504. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00254. PMID 29058403. 5. ^ Baig AM, Ahmad HR (June 2017). "Evidence of a M1-muscarinic GPCR homolog in unicellular eukaryotes: featuring Acanthamoeba spp bioinformatics 3D-modelling and experimentations". J. Recept. Signal Transduct. Res. 37 (3): 267–275. doi:10.1080/10799893.2016.1217884. PMID 27601178. S2CID 5234123. 6. ^ Smythies J (2009). "Philosophy, perception, and neuroscience". Perception. 38 (5): 638–51. doi:10.1068/p6025. PMID 19662940. S2CID 45579740. 7. ^ Smythies J, d'Oreye de Lantremange M (2016). "The Nature and Function of Digital Information Compression Mechanisms in the Brain and in Digital Television Technology". Front Syst Neurosci. 10: 40. doi:10.3389/fnsys.2016.00040. PMC 4858531. PMID 27199688. 8. ^ Miller RD, Eriksson LI, Fleisher LA, Wiener-Kronish JP, Young WL, eds. (2009-01-01). Miller's Anesthesia (7th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 343–47. ISBN 978-0-443-06959-8. 9. ^ Kellogg DL, Zhao JL, Coey U, Green JV (February 2005). "Acetylcholine-induced vasodilation is mediated by nitric oxide and prostaglandins in human skin". J. Appl. Physiol. 98 (2): 629–32. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00728.2004. PMID 15649880. 10. ^ Jones BE (November 2005). "From waking to sleeping: neuronal and chemical substrates". Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 26 (11): 578–86. doi:10.1016/ PMID 16183137. 11. ^ Himmelheber AM, Sarter M, Bruno JP (June 2000). "Increases in cortical acetylcholine release during sustained attention performance in rats". Brain Res Cogn Brain Res. 9 (3): 313–25. doi:10.1016/S0926-6410(00)00012-4. PMID 10808142. 13. ^ Francis PT, Palmer AM, Snape M, Wilcock GK (February 1999). "The cholinergic hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease: a review of progress". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 66 (2): 137–47. doi:10.1136/jnnp.66.2.137. PMC 1736202. PMID 10071091. 14. ^ Platt B, Riedel G (August 2011). "The cholinergic system, EEG and sleep". Behav. Brain Res. 221 (2): 499–504. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2011.01.017. PMID 21238497. S2CID 25323695. 15. ^ a b Woolf NJ, Butcher LL (May 1986). "Cholinergic systems in the rat brain: III. Projections from the pontomesencephalic tegmentum to the thalamus, tectum, basal ganglia, and basal forebrain". Brain Res. Bull. 16 (5): 603–37. doi:10.1016/0361-9230(86)90134-6. PMID 3742247. S2CID 39665815. 16. ^ a b Woolf NJ, Butcher LL (December 1989). "Cholinergic systems in the rat brain: IV. Descending projections of the pontomesencephalic tegmentum". Brain Res. Bull. 23 (6): 519–40. doi:10.1016/0361-9230(89)90197-4. PMID 2611694. S2CID 4721282. 17. ^ Goldberg JA, Reynolds JN (December 2011). "Spontaneous firing and evoked pauses in the tonically active cholinergic interneurons of the striatum". Neuroscience. 198: 27–43. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.08.067. PMID 21925242. S2CID 21908514. 18. ^ Morris G, Arkadir D, Nevet A, Vaadia E, Bergman H (July 2004). "Coincident but distinct messages of midbrain dopamine and striatal tonically active neurons". Neuron. 43 (1): 133–43. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.06.012. PMID 15233923. 19. ^ Crow TJ, Grove-White IG (October 1973). "An analysis of the learning deficit following hyoscine administration to man". Br. J. Pharmacol. 49 (2): 322–7. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1973.tb08379.x. PMC 1776392. PMID 4793334. 20. ^ Ridley RM, Murray TK, Johnson JA, Baker HF (June 1986). "Learning impairment following lesion of the basal nucleus of Meynert in the marmoset: modification by cholinergic drugs". Brain Res. 376 (1): 108–16. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(86)90904-2. PMID 3087582. S2CID 29182517. 21. ^ Easton A, Ridley RM, Baker HF, Gaffan D (July 2002). "Unilateral lesions of the cholinergic basal forebrain and fornix in one hemisphere and inferior temporal cortex in the opposite hemisphere produce severe learning impairments in rhesus monkeys". Cereb. Cortex. 12 (7): 729–36. doi:10.1093/cercor/12.7.729. PMID 12050084. 22. ^ a b Dean B (November 2009). "Evolution of the human CNS cholineric system: has this resulted in the emergence of psychiatric disease?". Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 43 (11): 1016–28. doi:10.3109/00048670903270431. PMID 20001397. S2CID 31059344. 23. ^ Baeyer A (1867). "I. Üeber das neurin". Justus Liebigs Ann Chem (in German). 142 (3): 322–326. doi:10.1002/jlac.18671420311. 24. ^ a b c d e f Kawashima K, Fujii T, Moriwaki Y, Misawa H, Horiguchi K (2015). "Non-neuronal cholinergic system in regulation of immune function with a focus on α7 nAChRs". International Immunopharmacology. 29 (1): 127–34. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2015.04.015. PMID 25907239. 25. ^ Mott FW, Halliburton WD (1899). "VII. The physiological action of choline and neurine". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Containing Papers of a Biological Character. 191 (2001): 211–267. doi:10.1098/rstb.1899.0007. PMC 2463419. PMID 20758460. 26. ^ Hunt R, Taveau M (1906). "On the physiological action of certain choline derivatives and new methods for detecting choline". BMJ. 2: 1788–1791. 27. ^ Dorkins HR (April 1982). "Suxamethonium-the development of a modern drug from 1906 to the present day". Medical History. 26 (2): 145–68. doi:10.1017/s0025727300041132. PMC 1139149. PMID 7047939. 28. ^ Dale HH (1914). "The action of certain esters and ethers of choline, and their relation to muscarine". J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 6 (2): 147–190. 29. ^ Loewi O (1922). "Über humorale übertragbarkeit der herznervenwirkung". Pflug Arch Ges Phys (in German). 193 (1): 201–213. doi:10.1007/BF02331588. S2CID 34861770. 30. ^ a b Zeisel SH (2012). "A brief history of choline". Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism. 61 (3): 254–8. doi:10.1159/000343120. PMC 4422379. PMID 23183298. 31. ^ Loewi O, Navratil E (1926). "Über humorale übertragbarkeit der herznervenwirkung". Pflug Arch Ges Phys (in German). 214 (1): 678–688. doi:10.1007/BF01741946. S2CID 43748121. 32. ^ Zimmer HG (March 2006). "Otto Loewi and the chemical transmission of vagus stimulation in the heart". Clinical Cardiology. 29 (3): 135–6. doi:10.1002/clc.4960290313. PMC 6654523. PMID 16596840. General bibliographyEdit External linksEdit
Home » Angularjs » Dynamic form name attribute <input type=“text” name=“{{ variable-name }}” /> in Angularjs Posted by: admin November 30, 2017 Leave a comment How would someone use formName.inputName.$valid when the “inputName” was dynamically created? <form name="formName"> <input ng-repeat="(variable) in variables" type="text" name="variable.name" ng-model="variable.name" required /> The output of the HTML input attribute ‘name’ would be the string “variablename”, which would applied to ALL repeated inputs. If we tried this <form name="formName"> type="text" name="{{ variable.name }}" ng-model="variable.name" required /> The output of the HTML input attribute ‘name’ would be the string”{{ variable.name }}”, which would be applied to ALL repeated inputs. In either of these two conditions, a name attribute for each of the repeated input elements would not be created dynamically; ALL inputs would share the same input name. Not much good if you wanted to call a specific input based on a specific name. • need to use dynamic name values • need to be able to call $scope.formName.dynamicName.$valid • need to be able to call $scope.formName.$valid • need dynamic name input fields to be added to nested form, or master form Looks like Angular 1.3 fixed this (https://stackoverflow.com/a/32907176/3854385) This is now possible with Angular 1.3+: <form name="vm.myForm" novalidate> <div ng-repeat="p in vm.persons"> <input type="text" name="person_{{$index}}" ng-model="p" required> <span ng-show="vm.myForm['person_' + $index].$invalid">Enter a name</span> In some cases an inner form is a good solution if you can just pass the information: (https://stackoverflow.com/posts/12044600/) To solve the ‘dynamic name’ problem you need to create an inner form (see ng-form): <div ng-repeat="social in formData.socials"> <ng-form name="urlForm"> <input type="url" name="socialUrl" ng-model="social.url"> <span class="alert error" ng-show="urlForm.socialUrl.$error.url">URL error</span> <button ng-click="doSomething(urlForm.socialUrl.$valid)">Test</button> The other alternative would be to write a custom directive for this. Here is the jsFiddle showing the usage of the ngForm: http://jsfiddle.net/pkozlowski_opensource/XK2ZT/2/ I could not find the answer that satisfied some or all of these needs. This is what I came up with. There may be a better way, so please share your thoughts. I am using Angularjs 1.3.0-beta.8 I have a form with multi-nested directives that all contain input(s), select(s), etc… These elements are all enclosed in ng-repeats, and dynamic string values. This is how to use the directive: <form name="myFormName"> <nested directives of many levels> ex: <input ng-repeat=(index, variable) in variables" type="text" my-name="{{ variable.name + '/' + 'myFormName' }}" ng-model="variable.name" required /> ex: <select ng-model="variable.name" ng-options="label in label in {{ variable.options }}" Note: you can add and index to the string concatenation if you need to serialize perhaps a table of inputs; which is what I did. However, dynamic name inputs means you may not know the name of the form input, so how would you call $scope.formName.??????. You could iterate of the $scope.formName object to get keys that match a certain value. That means string concatenation like this: my-name="{{ dynamicString + hello + '/' + 'myFormName' }}" Then in $scope.myFormName you would find any form input name by just iterating over the object and gathering any keys that included ‘hello’. app.directive('myName', function(){ var myNameError = "myName directive error: " return { restrict:'A', // Declares an Attributes Directive. require: 'ngModel', // ngModelController. link: function( scope, elem, attrs, ngModel ){ if( !ngModel ){ return } // no ngModel exists for this element // check myName input for proper formatting ex. something/something var inputName = attrs.myName.match('^\w+').pop(); // match upto '/' assignInputNameToInputModel(inputName, ngModel); var formName = attrs.myName.match('\w+$').pop(); // match after '/' findForm(formName, ngModel, scope); } // end link } // end return function checkInputFormat(attrs){ if( !/\w\/\w/.test(attrs.rsName )){ throw myNameError + "Formatting should be \"inputName/formName\" but is " + attrs.rsName function assignInputNameToInputModel(inputName, ngModel){ ngModel.$name = inputName function addInputNameToForm(formName, ngModel, scope){ scope[formName][ngModel.$name] = ngModel; return function findForm(formName, ngModel, scope){ if( !scope ){ // ran out of scope before finding scope[formName] throw myNameError + "<Form> element named " + formName + " could not be found." if( formName in scope){ // found scope[formName] addInputNameToForm(formName, ngModel, scope) findForm(formName, ngModel, scope.$parent) // recursively search through $parent scopes This should handle many situations where you just don’t know where the form will be. Or perhaps you have nested forms, but for some reason you want to attach this input name to two forms up? Well, just pass in the form name you want to attach the input name to. What I wanted, was a way to assign dynamic values to inputs that I will never know, and then just call $scope.myFormName.$valid. This may be an overkill, and a better solution exists in 1.3+. I couldn’t find it in the time I had. This works for me now. Good luck! Hope this helps someone!!!! work for me with angular 1.2.7 var DynamicName = function() { return { restrict: 'A', priority: -1, require: ['ngModel'], ngModel[0].$name = attr.name; app.directive('dynamicName', DynamicName); <div ng-repeat="phone in hrModel.phones"> <input type="text" Compiling Your Input Name 1. As someone else pointed out, modern versions of Angular have fixed this… 2. This ought to set the name attribute on your input, and add the model controller to the form: .directive('compiledName', compiledNameDirective); function compiledNameDirective() { return { restrict: 'A', require: ['ngModel', '?^form'], scope: { name: '@compiledName' link: function checkboxIndeterminateLink(scope, element, attributes, required) { var ngModelController = required[0], ngFormController = required[1]; ngModelController.$name = scope.name; element.attr('name', scope.name); if (ngFormController) ngFormController.$addControl(ngModelController); Don’t forget that you can access javascript objects using array notation with string indexes. Given the following arbitrary form definition object : $scope.form_def = { form_name : 'BallForm', variables : [ height : { name : 'Height', type : 'text' }, width : { name : 'Width', type : 'text' }, color : { name : 'Color', type : 'multi', options : ['red', 'green', 'blue'] } $scope.form_values = {}; … and the html snippet … <form name="{{ form_def.form_name }}"> <div ng-repeat="variable in form_def.variables"> <input ng-if="variable.type==='text'" type="text" name="{{ variable.name }}" ng-model="form_values[variable.name]"> <select ng-if="variable.type==='multi'" name="{{ variable.name }}" ng-model="form_values[variable.name]"> <option ng-repeat="opt in variable.options" value="{{ opt }}">{{ opt }}</option> Inside the controller you then would have a nice form_values object for every field which you can access by iterating over the keys in the form_def.variables hash. There is a lot more involved once you get down into writing these sort of generic form processing scripts and you end up with a hell of a lot of spaghetti code in my opinion and you would probably be better of going with a less general solution, but thats another SO question.
Biden says schools should reopen within first 100 days in call with governors is the headline of an Associated Press story today. If teachers got vaccinated, and school districts got their act together to ensure safe conditions for staff and students, I think this would be great timing. Here’s an excerpt from one of my Edutopia articles, Finishing The School Year Strong (which was reprinted from Ed Week): Nobel Prize winner Daniel Kahneman tells about an experiment done in the 1990’s when two groups of patients were given colonoscopies. One group “finished” when the procedure was completed. The other group stayed a while longer, believing the procedure was continuing when in fact it had ended so the pain was gone or reduced dramatically. The second group described the procedure afterward as much less painful than the first group did, even though both groups had recorded similar levels of pain during the procedure except for the extra time provided the second group. Kahneman uses this example to explain that we have an “experiencing self” and a “remembering self.” The “remembering self” is comprised of the one or two “peak” moments we have had in a situation combined with how it ends (this is known as the “Peak/End Rule”). It is the remembering self that tends to stick with us and the one we use to frame future decisions. From this perspective, what occurs in the final weeks of our classes will have a huge influence on how students feel about and make future decisions related to learning, schooling, the subject you are teaching, how they might feel about future teachers (and how they might feel about future male or female teachers, depending on your gender), showing leadership in a class, etc. I think two-to-six-weeks, depending on the scheduled end date for each district – would be enough time to take advantage of this “Peak/End Rule.” At the same time, I also don’t think it’s worth cutting safety corners to get there. But I hope it can happen…..
Staphylococcus aureus bacteria turns immune system against itself University of Chicago scientists have recently discovered one of the keys to the immense success of S. aureus—the ability to hijack a primary human immune defense mechanism and use it to destroy . The study was published Nov 15 in Science. To reveal how these bacteria circumvent the human , Schneewind and his team screened a series of S. aureus possessing mutations that shut down genes thought to play a role in infection. They looked to see how these mutated bacteria behaved in live tissue, and identified two strains that were unable to avoid macrophage attack. When these mutations—to the staphylococcal nuclease (nuc) and adenosine synthase A (adsA) genes respectively—were reversed, infection sites were free of macrophages again. "Sooner or later almost every human gets some form of S. aureus infection. Our work describes for the first time the mechanism that these bacteria use to exclude from infected sites," Schneewind said. "Coupled with previously known mechanisms that suppress the , the success of these organisms is almost guaranteed." Schneewind and his team hope to leverage their findings toward therapies against S. aureus infections. But both genes and the dAdo molecule are closely related to important human physiological mechanisms, and Schneewind believes targeting these in , without harming human function, could be difficult. Explore further Defense against bacterial infection in chronic granulomatous disease More information: "Staphylococcus aureus Degrades Neutrophil Extracellular Traps to Promote Immune Cell Death," Science, 2013. Journal information: Science Citation: Staphylococcus aureus bacteria turns immune system against itself (2013, November 19) retrieved 14 May 2021 from https://medicalxpress.com/news/2013-11-staphylococcus-aureus-bacteria-immune.html Feedback to editors User comments
Alaska’s Native People Meet the Russian Orthodox Church How two cultures intermingled in a small Alaskan town. St. Nicolas Church and graveyard in Eklutna, Alaska. On the outskirts of Anchorage, Alaska, in the village of Eklutna, we found a vivid reminder of a clash of two cultures nearly 250 years ago. In a spruce forest at the foot of the Chugach mountains, a cemetery is filled with graves marked by dozens of tiny spirit houses painted in bright colors that have been pummeled relentlessly by winter snows and summer rains. Close beside it an onion-domed Russian Orthodox chapel that is filled with elaborate gold icons and intricately-painted images of Orthodox saints. Looking around, we found that Alaskan Natives had built the ornate church as well as the spirit houses. The spirit houses are an expression of their native culture, while the three-pronged Russian Orthodox crosses reflect the new faith they have adopted too. A sign outside St. Nicholas Church welcomed us. This is the cemetery of the Dena’ina (or Tanaina) Alaska Natives, descendants of the Athabaskan people who crossed the Bering Strait from Asia more than 12,000 years ago. Their traditional religious beliefs hold that the world is filled with spirits, both human and animal, who could be called on by shamans to heal the sick or ensure success on a hunting expedition. Dena’ina Chief Stephan of Knik is shown wearing a ground squirrel parka, headdress, and dentalium shell (k’enq’ena) bandolier in this late nineteenth-century photograph. The dentalium shells and headdress are symbols of Chief Stephan’s status as a qeshqa, a leader. Photo: Louis Weeks Collection, Anchorage Museum. After contact with Russian traders, Orthodox priests sought to eradicate the Dena’ina shamans and by the late 19th-century many of the Dena’ina had shifted their faith to the Orthodox Church. The transition emerged after decades of abuse by the traders who quickly established their dominance over the native people. Beginning around 1784, Russian traders moved from the Aleutians and Kodiak Island to the Kenai peninsula and mainland where they implemented the practice of capturing local natives and holding them as hostages until their kinsmen returned with piles of furs to sell to the Russians. Female natives were forcibly raped and a Russian Orthodox missionary reported that traders “treat the natives in the most barbaric manner…they take the wives and young daughters as sexual partners. They kill any who refuse to hunt sea otters.” Georgii Shelikhov was a dominant Russian fur trader in the 18th-century. Perched at the edge of a vast, cold wilderness, and fearful of retaliatory attacks, the Russian traders built fortified settlements and later brought the Dena’ina inside their walls where they introduced them to the Russian language and religion while training them to become servants. Smallpox and flu epidemics shrunk the Dena’ina population as well. By the mid-20th century, the Dena’ina culture was fading. The elders still spoke their language but the young people grew up speaking English and lived among the burgeoning population of immigrants who settled in Anchorage and the Cook Inlet. This 1907 postcard shows neighboring Ahtna Native Alaskans whose ancestors also encountered Russian traders. In more recent years, a cultural revival has focused on reviving the Dena’ina language and culture. Working with the Smithsonian Institute, native Alaskan people have recorded their stories and traditions. They have also created the Eklutna Historical Park. In the overgrown Dena’ina cemetery in Eklutna, one can almost feel the life of those buried here. Each spirit house tells a story, with the names of the dead painted on wooden panels and plastic flowers or hand-painted tributes written on stones. William Bryan Walters Sr. died at age 38 but the red-checked curtains in his spirit house and the row of red stars across the roof bring a part of him to life. Buddy Walters was remembered by loved ones at a potlatch ceremony held after his death. Before contact with the Russians, the Dena’ina people cremated their dead and buried their ashes. After becoming Orthodox, the bodies were interred in the ground. The spirit houses at the St. Nicholas Orthodox Church in Eklutna provide a resting place for the spirit on its journey from the grave. At the spirit house, survivors leave personal belongings for the departing soul. Uncle Max, Giggles and Jesus saves, just three of the messages to comfort the departed in the spirit world. After Walter’s burial in the plot beneath the spirit house, the elders held a potlatch in the nearby community center to celebrate his life. Traditional Dena’ina potlatch ceremonies featured a song composed for the deceased that immortalize their talents and works. Family members give gifts to those who attend a potlatch, a way of repaying any debts to the community. The impermanence of life is overwhelming at the cemetery in Eklutna. The Dena’ina people believe that the spirit resides in the little houses for 40 days before moving on. Once the spirit leaves, they see little reason to maintain the now empty tiny residences, letting the grass grow up around it and the paint to peel. Learn more about the Athabascan culture here. Learn more about the Russian Orthodox church in Eklutna here. TV, print and online journalist. Mother, wife, sister, daughter, friend, adventurer, history-lover. and Get the Medium app
Jump to ContentJump to Main Navigation Causality in the Sciences$ Phyllis McKay Illari, Federica Russo, and Jon Williamson Print publication date: 2011 Print ISBN-13: 9780199574131 Published to Oxford Scholarship Online: September 2011 DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199574131.001.0001 Show Summary Details Page of Turing machines and causal mechanisms in cognitive science Turing machines and causal mechanisms in cognitive science (p.224) 11 Turing machines and causal mechanisms in cognitive science Causality in the Sciences Lappi Otto Anna‐Mari Rusanen Oxford University Press A body of recent literature has proposed that explanation in neurosciences, including cognitive neuroscience, is mechanistic. It has also been argued that the mechanistic model could be extended to cover explanations in computer sciences and cognitive sciences. Mechanistic explanation as standardly conceived is a form of causal explanation, and it requires that the explanatory mechanisms are concrete, implemented mechanisms. However, ‘computing mechanisms’ can mean two things. On the one hand, it can refer to concrete — causal — computing mechanisms, such as brains (ex hypothesi) or man‐made computers, etc. On the other hand, it can also refer to abstract computing mechanisms such as abstract Turing machines. Therefore, the notion of computation can be used in cognitive science in at least two ways. Since there are computational explanations, in which Turing machines are considered as abstract mechanisms, the current formulation of mechanistic explanation does not cover those explanations. Keywords: concrete and abstract mechanisms, computational mechanisms, mechanistic account of explanation, cognitive science, Turing Machine Please, subscribe or login to access full text content.
Chronology of events that may have created Phobos and Deimos. Mars is struck by a protoplanet one-third its size (1). A debris disk forms within a few hours. The elementary building blocks of Phobos and Deimos (grains smaller than a micrometer) condense directly from gas in the outer part of the disk (2). The debris disk soon produces a moon near Mars that moves further away and propagates its two areas of dynamical influence like ripples (3), which over the course of a few thousand years causes the accretion of more dispersed debris into two small moons, Phobos and Deimos (4). Under the effect of the tidal pull of Mars, the large moon falls back to the planet within approximately five million years (5), while smaller Phobos and Deimos take up their current positions in the ensuing billions of years (6). Credit: Antony Trinh / Royal Observatory of Belgium Artist's rendering of the giant collision that may have produced Phobos and Deimos along with the Borealis basin. The colliding body would have been approximately one-third the size of Mars. At the time, Mars was young, and perhaps had a thicker atmosphere and liquid water on its surface. Credit: Université Paris Diderot / Labex UnivEarthS The theory of the giant collision, which is corroborated by these two independent studies, could explain why the northern hemisphere of Mars has a lower altitude than the southern hemisphere: the Borealis basin is most probably the remains of a giant collision, such as the one that gave birth to Phobos and Deimos. It also helps explain why Mars has two satellites instead of a single one like our Moon, which was also created by a . This research suggests that the systems that were created depended on the planet's rotational velocity, because at the time Earth was rotating very quickly (in less than four hours), whereas Mars turned six times more slowly. Explore further How many moons does Mercury have? (Update) More information: 1. Reconciling the orbital and physical properties of the martian moons, Thomas Ronnet, Pierre Vernazza, Olivier Mousis, Bastien Brugger, Pierre Beck, Bertrand Devouard, Olivier Witasse, Fabrice Cipriani. The Astrophysical Journal, in press. 2. Accretion of Phobos and Deimos in an extended debris disc stirred by transient moons, Pascal Rosenblatt, Sébastien Charnoz, Kevin M. Dunseath, Mariko Terao-Dunseath, Antony Trinh, Ryuki Hyodo, Hidenori Genda & Stéven Toupin. Nature Geoscience, 4 July 2016, nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/ngeo2742 Provided by CNRS Citation: A giant impact: Solving the mystery of how Mars' moons formed (2016, July 4) retrieved 14 May 2021 from https://phys.org/news/2016-07-giant-impact-mystery-mars-moons.html Feedback to editors User comments
A sound of thunder by ray bradbury questions and answers A sound of thunder by ray bradbury questions and answers A sound of thunder pdf The butterfly effect is a concept coined by Edward Lorenz, an American mathematician, meteorologist, and a founder of chaos theory (who does NOT look like Jeff Goldblum), which basically states that a hurricane can be affected by the distant flapping of butterfly wings many weeks earlier. Despite the fact that his study took place in the 1950s, his definition of the concept was written in the late 1960s. The short story A Sound of Thunder by Ray Bradbury was first published in Collier’s magazine on June 28, 1952. A short story about a dinosaur hunter who uses a time machine. The organization that organizes the trips is well aware of the dangers: “We don’t want to change the Future,” so oxygen helmets, sterile clothing, and an anti-gravity route that “doesn’t hit so much as one grass leaf” are all part of the package. What’s the worst that could happen? For me, it was more clichéd than thrilling, but Bradbury wrote it in 1952, while most of the other explorations of these concepts I’ve read and seen have been published after that. It’s such a shame when this happens. What does the hunter do that he does not at first notice in a sound of thunder In Ray Bradbury’s novel “A Sound of Thunder,” a hunter named Eckels pays $10,000 to travel back in time with Time Safari, a time machine business that transports hunters back to the time of the dinosaurs and allows them to kill Tyrannosaurus Rex. There are strict guidelines and standards about how the hunters should behave once they move back in time, and the company makes no promises about your protection or return. Eckels and the other two hunters, Billings and Kramer, must always follow Travis’ instructions. Eckels reviews this information with the man behind the desk before they leave, and they all engage in small talk. Everyone is ecstatic because President Keith was just elected, and many people had considered using time travel to get away from the present day if Deutscher, the other candidate and future tyrant, had won. Eckels is ecstatic about the prospect of defeating the beast Tyrannosaurus as they ride sixty million two thousand and fifty-five years back in time. He observes, “Every hunter who ever lived will be envious of us today. This makes Africa seem to be similar to Illinois ” (3). Travis points out Time Safari’s course before they leave the time machine. It floats six inches above the ground and is the hunters’ only choice for flight. They are not allowed to touch anything from their previous stay, and they are only allowed to shoot when the guide and his assistant tell them to. A sound of thunder multiple choice questions Bradbury’s concern about authoritarian rule was expressed in his writing of “A Sound of Thunder,” which was published shortly after World War II and during the Cold War. Following its war with Nazi Germany, the United States now feared the communist Soviet Union’s expansion and the threat of nuclear war. Although “A Sound of Thunder” does not explicitly address nuclear policy, it does look at how emerging technologies can intensify political dangers. For science fiction and fantasy works, time travel is a common theme. H.G. Wells’ story “The Time Machine,” published in 1895, is one of the most well-known on the topic, since it deals with a journey to the future rather than the past. The 1950 story “Time’s Arrow” by Arthur C. Clarke also describes a journey back in time to the time of the dinosaurs and discusses the pitfalls of time travel. Other works by Bradbury, such as Fahrenheit 451, show his concern for oppressive regimes (1953). Following the First and Second World Wars, totalitarianism was a major concern for writers, as shown by classic novels such as Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World (1931) and George Orwell’s Animal Farm (1945) and Nineteen Eighty-Four (1947). (1949). Meanwhile, environmentalism became a common subject later in the twentieth century, most notably with the publication of Rachel Carson’s nonfiction account of the harmful effects of pesticides on the atmosphere, Silent Spring (1962). A sound of thunder guided comprehension questions answers Ray Bradbury’s A Sound of Thunder will transport the students back in time. This short story kit contains everything you’ll need to teach the story, as well as tools for evaluating student comprehension and descriptive writing. • A Powerpoint presentation of 23 slides that will walk you through the lesson. Questions for discussion, author biographical detail, a link to a comic book version of the plot, answers to questions for whole-class analysis, information on the Butterfly Effect, and detailed writing are all included.
The delete operator is designed to be used on object properties. Javascript conditional or ternary operator is the only JavaScript operator that takes the three operands. The argument passed to the switch statement can have multiple values with each value would be treated as a case . Javascript Web Development Front End Technology. The conditional operator is kind of similar to the if-else statement as it does follow the same algorithm as of if-else statement but the conditional operator takes less space and helps to write the if-else statements in the shortest way possible.. Syntax: The conditional operator is of the form . So here the value of raw_value (number) is compared to raw_value > 10.0 (comparison expression) and raw_value > 5.0 (comparison expression).. if marks>=30 document.write("Pass"); else document.write("Fail"); See also. It is also called ternary operator because it takes three arguments. Ternary operators are important to learn because as youâre going to see in the screen cast, theyâre required when building out conditionals directly into applications such as React apps or Vue applications. Today I needed to create a JavaScript object to pass to MongoDB, based on some request query parameters. A conditional operator can also be used for assigning a value to the variable, whereas the 'if-else' statement â¦ Conditional (ternary) operator. The Conditional Operator ? This is a guide to the Conditional Statements in JavaScript. The ternary operator has a lower precedence than logical operators and most other operators. The condition is an expression that evaluates to a Boolean value, either true or false. :) and the typeof operator. :) in JavaScript? Using a conditional, like an if statement, allows us to specify that a certain block of code should be executed if a certain condition is met.. JavaScript Logical AND operator (&&) The following conditions are true : true && true (20 > 5) && (5 < 20) The following conditions are false : true && false ... JavaScript conditional statements and loops [ 10 Exercises with Solution ] JavaScript array [ 13 Exercise with Solution ] Conditional statements are used to decide the flow of execution based on different conditions. The ternary operator is frequently used as the shortcut for the if statement. : ( a ? variable = Expression1 ? The outcome of the entire evaluation comes as either true or false. We will discuss two operators here that are quite useful in JavaScript: the conditional operator (? JavaScript Ternary Operator In this tutorial, you will learn about the conditional/ternary operator in JavaScript with the help of examples. JavaScript includes various categories of operators: Arithmetic operators, Comparison operators, Logical operators, Assignment operators, Conditional operators. 2. x : y ) if a is true, then a equals x. otherwise a equals y The conditional operator is the only operator that takes three operands. As we discussed in our previous tutorial on JavaScript operators, the ternary operator is a special JavaScript operator. Special usage in conditional chain The conditional operator statement of the above example status = (marks >= 30) ? A ternary operator is simply a conditional in JavaScript that can be placed on a single line. Not equal is an comparison operator which is used to check the value of two operands are equal or not. The JavaScript Ternary Operator as a Shortcut for If/Else Statements Learn PHP - A Beginner's Guide to PHP Programing If-Then and If-Then-Else Conditional Statements in Java The symbolic representation of Not equal operator in JavaScript is != . If the condition is true, the ternary operator returns expression_1, otherwise it returns the expression_2. comma delete function in instanceof new this typeof void Java Conditional Operator - The Java Conditional Operator selects one of two expressions for evaluation, which is based on the value of the first operands. Starting With the Basics â The if statement. Conditional Operator (? A ternary operator can be used to replace an if..else statement in certain situations. The ternary operator is a substitute for an if statement in which both the if and else clauses assign different values to â¦ Hence it is evaluated last when used together with operators of higher precedence. expression_1 : expression_2. In C, and in a lot of language with similar syntax, we use the â¦ In line A, the triple dots are the rest operator which collects the remaining arguments in an Array and assigns it to elements. If a condition is true, you can perform one action and if the condition is false, you can perform anothe JavaScript Conditional Statements: IF, Else, Else IF (Example) What is Conditional Operator (? JavaScript provides a switch statement, which works as if you would use multiple if statements with each condition having a check against strict equality operator ===. Another alternative is to conditionally insert either elements or undefineds and to then filter the latter values out: const arr = [ (cond ? JavaScript's Special Operators: conditional, typeof and void The following are 3 very important operators you may not see very often but that are extremely useful. The conditional ternary operator in JavaScript assigns a value to a variable based on some condition and is the only JavaScript operator that takes three operands. 'a': undefined), 'b', ].filter(x => x !== undefined); Further reading # Sect. Recommended Articles. What is Conditional Operator? Today I learned, thanks to this Stack Overflow answer, that there is â¦ JavaScript includes operators that perform some operation on single or multiple operands (data value) and produce a result. Conditional JavaScript for Experts. Conditional operator of JavaScript is compatible with following browsers: Chrome, Edge, Firefox (1), Internet Explorer, Opera, Safari, Android webview, Chrome for Android, Edge Mobile, Firefox for Android (4), Opera for Android, Safari on IOS, Samsung Internet, Node.js. A conditional operator is a single programming statement, while the 'if-else' statement is a programming block in which statements come under the parenthesis. Ternary operator ? In a switch statement, the evaluated value of the switch expression is compared the the evaluated values of the cases. You can compare a conditional statement to a âChoose Your Own Adventureâ book, or a flowchart. Use JavaScript operators like if or the conditional operator to create elements representing the current state, and let React update the UI to match them. It operates on three operands to produce the result. The ternary operator has a right-to-left associativity. Conditional rendering in React works the same way conditions work in JavaScript. Equal value and equal type operator is an comparison operator which is used to check the whether two operands are having same value and same type. So we can say conditional statement behaves as a glue stick to a javascript program together. We will also cover the ternary operator. This operator is used to handling simple situations in a line. Conditional statements are part of the logic, decision making, or flow control of a computer program. - The conditional operator is used for evaluating a specific condition which eventually affects to choose any one of the two Boolean values or expressions. If the value of two operands are not equal it returns true. It can crash your application. You have probably seen a ternary operator (also known as a conditional expression) before in a source file, or somewhere else. But you should only use it for simple problems. In this tutorial, we will go over conditional statements, including the if, else, and else if keywords. The expression_1, and expression_2 are expressions of any type. The ternary operator is the conditional operator and can effectively and efficiently replace several lines of â¦ The following illustrates the syntax of the conditional operator. When the type on the left of the extends is assignable to the one on the right, then youâll get the type in the first branch (the âtrueâ branch); otherwise youâll get the type in the latter branch (the âfalseâ branch).. From the examples above, conditional types might not immediately seem useful - we can tell ourselves whether or not Dog extends Animal and pick number or string! JavaScript provides a conditional operator or ternary operator that can be used as a shorthand of the if else statement. The conditional (ternary) operator is the only JavaScript operator that takes three operands: a condition followed by a question mark (? "Pass" : "Fail" is equivalent to the following statement. Consider these two components: The conditional operator or ternary operator first evaluates an expression for a true or false value and then executes one of the two given statements â¦ Here we discuss the different conditional statements in javaScript which include break, continue, and Ifâ¦else, etc. Ternary Operator. Example of Ternary operator conditional chains In this tutorial, we will learn about the javascript ternary / conditional operator also known as the shorthand of if-else condition in single line or it is a shortcut for the if-else condition. JavaScript: Conditional Operator and If else statement . This operator works as an alternative for a single if statement. : is a conditional operator. The JavaScript ternary operator is the only operator that takes three operands. Expression2 : Expression3 Like the if statement, the condition is â¦ It has no effect on variables or functions. Note: The delete operator should not be used on predefined JavaScript object properties. The reason for this result is that the multiplication operator takes precedence over the subtraction operator and the JavaScript engine first evaluates 5 â¦ condition ? The conditional operator first evaluates an expression for a true or false value and then executes one of the two given statements depending upon the result of â¦ 2020 javascript conditional operator
Browse Items (52 total) It's a personal computer released to the public on August 12, 1981 by IBM. It only took one year of the design team to make this computer before it was released. IBM PC-DOS is an operating system developed and utilized for the IBM Personal Computer. It was supported from 1980 until 2003 when it was superseded by Windows and Apple-OS. The TRS-80 is one of the first portable notebook-style computers created. The Magnavox Ddyssey 2 was a cartridge based home gaming console with an alpha-numeric computer and joystick controllers. The Mattel Aquarius was a solid piece of hardware machinery that was sold and served as a gaming console to be used inside a household. Released in 1979, Mattel Intellivision was created for at home video gaming. The variant of BASIC used by Commodore Business Machines on their computers from the PET to the Commodore 128 NeXT Computers Inc.'s second computer released in late 1990. The magnesium die cast cube was a high end computer designed for higher education and research purposes. The Apple IIe was put into production in 1983 as a more rugged and faster Apple II in order to dive into the education market. Large clunky shape with integrated keyboard and cartridge reader. The bulk of the computer looks like a boxier modern keyboard with a side designed for the integration of several peripheries. Output Formats
• IPA: /əˈfɪnɪti/ 1. A natural attraction or feeling of kinship to a person or thing. 2. A family relationship through marriage of a relative (e.g. sister-in-law), as opposed to consanguinity (e.g. sister). 3. A kinsman or kinswoman of a such relationship; one who is affinal. 4. The fact of and manner in which something is related to another. 5. Any romantic relationship. 6. Any passionate love for something. 7. (taxonomy) resemblances between biological populations; resemblances that suggest that they are of a common origin, type or stock. 8. (geology) structural resemblances between minerals; resemblances that suggest that they are of a common origin or type. 9. (chemistry) An attractive force between atoms, or groups of atoms, that contributes towards their forming bonds 10. (medicine) The attraction between an antibody and an antigen 11. (computing) tendency to keep a task running on the same processor in a symmetric multiprocessing operating system to reduce the frequency of cache misses 12. (geometry) An automorphism of affine space. Translations Translations Translations • Portuguese: afim • Russian: ро́дственник • Russian: влече́ние Translations Translations Translations Offline English dictionary
As the World Crumbles: a poem Illustrated by WENDY WEI Where is our world headed? With Humanity’s current state, All its destinations are dreaded, For only bloodshed is written in its fate. Why must pain and sadness loom over the innocent? In our minds, Instead of joy, why must anger be present? What sins have children committed, That such cruel punishments upon them are permitted! Time and again, We’re told, “Unity exists in Diversity,” But each belief has turned to war. Must it continue for all eternity? In our world, We subdue the kind and wise, Though, without them, we’ll be left with nothing but red skies. Our sky is still blue, And the water is still calm. But it shall soon turn red By the blood smeared on our palm. Before war, exists an excruciating silence, During the battle, only mindless violence. But after, does a smile creep up on our face? It never can, for upon our face only tears race. Some say, “War is to rid the world of Evil.” But why must a good man wage his life Against a sinner whose grace is beyond retrieval? So many have questioned the existence of war, But no answer measures up to the lives lost so far. For even the most infuriated roar The tears of loved ones is not at par. Staff Writer
Thanks for being a responsible shopper! You look for the eco-label when you buy seafood. Play our game to see if you can guess which fisheries are guaranteed sustainable, by the Marine Stewardship Council. From the 8 example fisheries below, select all you believe to be eco-certified as sustainable. Click ‘Reveal Answers’ when you’re done to see if you guessed correctly. A tuna fishery that encircles dolphins, sometimes injuring and killing them The Mexican Pacific PAST purse seine fishery for yellowfin and skipjack tuna use a fishing method that deliberately tracks pods of dolphins then encircles them with their nets to catch the tuna swimming alongside. Dead and injured dolphins are thrown back to the sea. Fishing with a hand held harpoon for large swordfish one at a time The population of swordfish in the North Atlantic is healthy after a ten-year recovery plan was followed. Skilled fishermen spot and harpoon the swordfish one at a time in the Atlantic waters off Canada resulting in quickly chilled swordfish and no unwanted animals caught. A swordfish fishery that injures and kills thousands of sharks and many endangered sea turtles The Canadian North West Atlantic pelagic longline fishery certified for swordfish puts out lines up to 60 km long with 1500 hooks. These hooks catch thousands of sharks, hundreds of endangered sea turtles, and other unwanted animals that are injured or killed and thrown back while the fishery keeps the swordfish. The certification has not required any increase in observers or reduction in the number of blue sharks or endangered sea turtles that can be hooked. A fishery that drags heavy nets around ancient deep sea corals, crushing them to catch a fish that can live to be 150 years old This New Zealand bottom trawling fishery is in search of orange roughy. Past fishing has caused population collapses likely because the fish don’t reproduce until they are 30 years old and can’t stand constant fishing pressure. They live on special deep ocean seamounts whose coral communities have taken decades, if not hundreds of years to grow, and are wiped out when the heavy net goes over them. A skipjack tuna fishery that catches fish one-by-one on single hook fishing poles and lines The population of skipjack tuna caught in the Maldives pole and line fishery is healthy. Many fishers standing on the deck of a boat, each with a single pole and barbless hook on a line, catch the fish quickly and efficiently from big schools of tuna one by one resulting in few other unwanted animals, if any, being caught. A fishery that uses nets to encircle a floating object placed in the ocean and the whole school of tuna it attracts along with hundreds of baby silky sharks and other animals also attracted to the object in the process The Echebastar Indian Ocean purse seine fishery for skipjack will be the first fishery certified by MSC that primarily uses ‘Fish Aggregating Devices’, human made floating islands that attract schools of tuna out in the open ocean. Skipjack tuna are the target and are a healthy population of fish to be caught. The problem is that all sorts of other vulnerable and less abundant animals are also attracted to FADs like silky sharks, sea turtles, rays, and overfished yellow fin tuna and these are scooped up and killed or injured along with the certified target fish. Fishing for dense schools of herring with nets that don’t touch the bottom The mid-water trawl fishery for herring in the North Sea scoops up schools of short-lived, quick to reproduce herring without touching the bottom of the ocean. There are very few other animals found in the herring schools and the fishery appears relatively clean in terms of unwanted bycatch or injury to other fish. A fishery whose nets kill hundreds of seabirds, including the critically endangered Salvin’s albatross As the New Zealand bottom and midwater trawlers pull the full nets of hoki fish into the boat, they also kill and injure many seabirds trying to eat fish from the nets or those escaping nearby. Despite MSC awarding them new certifications, the annual death count of seabirds in this fishery has actually increased in the last few years and it continues to threaten the survival of the critically endangered Salvin’s and other albatross species. Also, this fishery negatively impacts the critically endangered Maui dolphins. Reveal Answers
People Over 40 Should Only Work 3 Days A Week, Experts Claim --> The reason that working more than 30 hours a week is detrimental for your brain while working fewer hours is good is not clear yet. McKenzie describes work as a double-edged sword. “While work can stimulate brain activity, long working hours can cause fatigue and stress, which potentially damage cognitive functions. Full-time work (40 hours a week) is still better than no work in terms of maintaining cognitive functioning, but it is not maximising the positive effects of work,” he notes. It is worth noting that the results are likely to vary between countries, depending on the days of people take annually. It is very difficult to control all the factors which contribute to the final results of a study of this kind (including choices around the hours worked and the type of work), but this certainly makes the idea of working full-time until the age of 67 unappealing. The bottom line is that working full-time is highly detrimental for the brain of those aged over 40, so the government should take this into consideration and hopefully review the pension age. At this point, the state pension for a person born in 1989 begins at the age of 68, which is detrimental for the employee and unproductive for the employer. Share this article You Might Also Like
Glossary of Medieval Art and Architecture illuminated initial : In manuscript illumination, a highly ornamented letter, usually the first letter of a word. Click here for pronounciation. Types of Illuminated Initails foliate initial: an illuminated initial filled with decoration in leaf scroll. historiated or figured initial: an illuminated initial containing inhabited initial: an illuminated initial containing animals or human figures such as naked fighters. pen flourished initial: an ornamental initial characterized by abstract, rhythmic patterns, usually drawn in red or blue ink. Pen flourished initials were especially common during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Go to Main Glossary Page Created by Jane Vadnal 05/97
AAPG Annual Convention and Exhibition Datapages, Inc.Print this page Chemical Speciation and Carbon Isotope Systematics During Kerogen Maturation: An Experimental Study Carbon isotope measurements of alkanes have been used as an effective tool to constrain the origin of hydrocarbons. The pattern of carbon isotope compositions of ethane and propane, along with isotope value of methane, are important indicators of thermal maturity of source-rock kerogen. Recent laboratory experiments, however, suggested that pressure and the presence of water could be crucial factors affecting hydrocarbon formation and then carbon isotope fractionations. To assess reaction pathways and controlling factors of carbon isotope compositions of hydrocarbons, a series of hydrous pyrolysis experiments are performed for systematic identification of all organic compounds and corresponding carbon isotope measurement. Experiments are performed at 350°C and 300 bars of total pressure. Kerogen was isolated from Green River shale by a series of acid treatment. In each experiment, the reactor contains 1.5 grams of kerogen and 30 grams of deionized water. After 24 hours of reaction in the first experiment, gaseous products are removed under cryogenic conditions for chemical and carbon isotope analyses. The bitumen product is retrieved and separated into saturated hydrocarbons, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes (SARA) by HPLC for subsequent analyses. The gaseous compounds from the experiment consisted of CO2, methane, ethane, propane, i-butane, and n-butane. Comparison of mass 44 peak of each compound in IRMS analysis indicates that the abundances of n-alkanes decreases with carbon number, with CO2 being more abundant than all alkanes. The dC values of alkanes are −46.69‰ (C1), −38.51‰ (C2), −35.33‰ (C3), −30.43‰ (n-C4), and −33.91‰ (i-C4), with CO2 having the highest value of −26.20‰. For bitumen, gravimetric analysis has shown that weight percentages of saturated, aromatics, resins and asphaltenes are 1.1, 3.4, 29.5, and 66.0, respectively. High resolution GC/MS and carbon isotope analyses are in progress to identify detailed chemical compositions within each group, and to measure their carbon isotope values as well. The second experiment with longer reaction time and others under different temperature and pressure conditions are also underway to observe changes, if any, in abundance and carbon isotope values of all organic compounds. That would help us get a better understanding of evolution of chemical compositions and carbon isotope systematics during kerogen maturation processes, facilitating reservoir characterization and effective exploration.
Follow us at twitter KIC InnoEnergy and BVG Associates, have launched a joint report, ‘Future renewable energy costs: offshore wind.’ The report assesses how technology innovation could reduce the cost of energy from European offshore wind farms. Over 50 innovations were highlighted in the report as having the potential to make a substantial reduction in the levelised cost of energy (LCOE) through changes to design, hardware, software or process. It was found that the technologies could reduce the LCOE by a third by 2030. Two-thirds of the anticipated impact on the LCOE is shown to be achievable through nine areas of innovation, the largest of which is the increase in turbine size from 4MW to 10MW. By having fewer turbines, significant savings can be achieved in the cost of foundations and construction, and in operational expenditure. Joomla SEF URLs by Artio
Johne’s Disease Johne’s (“YO-knees”) disease is a fatal gastrointestinal disease of goats and other ruminants (including cattle, sheep, elk, deer, and bison) that is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Also known as paratuberculosis, this infection is contagious, which means it can spread in your herd. JohnesGoatQA_9_8_10_img_0 (1) Johne’s Disease for Goat Owners The National Johne’s Education Initiative recognizes Dr. Elisabeth Patton and Dr. Gretchen May with the Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection and Dr. Elizabeth Manning with the University of Wisconsin-Madison Johne’s Information Center for their contributions to this piece. Some photos have been provided by the Johne’s Information Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Q: What is Johne’s disease? The MAP organism is most commonly passed in the manure of infected animals. The infection usually spreads from adult goats to kids and occurs when a young animal swallows the organism via water, milk or feed that has been contaminated by manure from infected animals. Most owners are taken by surprise when the infection is diagnosed, and learn too late that the infection has taken hold in multiple animals in a herd. Due to lack of testing and reporting, it is not known how widespread Johne’s disease is in goats in the United States. The infection has been confirmed, however, in many goat herds throughout the country—in milk, meat, heritage and other breeds—and it is a problem in most other goat-rearing countries as well. The costs of this infection range from economic losses—due to reduced production and increased culling for meat and milk animals—to emotional losses—for those whose goats are more pets than agricultural investments. There is no cure for Johne’s disease, and there is not an approved vaccine for goats in the United States to help protect them from infection. Therefore, prevention is the key to control. Q: How do I know if my herd has Johne’s disease? A: A goat that appears perfectly healthy can be infected with MAP.Although goats become infected in the first few months of life, many remain free of clinical illness until months or years later. When goats finally do become ill, the symptoms are vague and similar to other ailments: rapid weight loss and, in some cases, diarrhea. Despite continuing to eat well, infected goats soon become emaciated and weak. Since the signs of Johne’s disease are similar to those for several other diseases—parasitism, dental disease, Caseous Lymphadenitis (CLA) and Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus (CAEV)—laboratory tests are needed to confirm a diagnosis. When an animal with signs of Johne’s disease is discovered, it is very likely that other infected animals—even those that still appear healthy— are in the herd. Control of the infection requires that you and your veterinarian address it in the whole herd and not just on an individual animal basis. Q: Why do goats with clinical signs of Johne’s disease lose weight and become weak? A: When an animal is infected with MAP, the bacteria reside in the last part of the small intestine—the ileum—and the intestinal lymph nodes. At some point, the infection progresses as bacteria multiply and take over more and more of the tissue. The goat’s immune system responds to the bacteria with inflammation that thickens the intestinal wall and prevents it from absorbing nutrients. As a result, a goat in the clinically ill stage of Johne’s disease in effect starves to death. At this stage the organism may also spread beyond the gastrointestinal tract, travelling in the blood to muscles or other major organs such as the liver or lungs. Top: Thickened intestinal mucosa caused by Johne’s disease. Bottom: Thin, pliable, normal intestine Q: How do goats become infected? How is MAP spread in a herd? A: Johne’s disease usually enters a herd when an infected, but healthy-looking, goat is purchased. With MAP hiding in its small intestine, this infected goat sheds the organism in its pellets and into the environment— perhaps onto pasture or into water shared by its new herdmates. Goats are at risk when they repeatedly swallow the organism, especially when they are young (less than 6 months old). If the doe is infected, her offspring can become infected even before they are born (in utero transmission). The organism is also shed in an infected doe’s milk and colostrum. Kids are most susceptible to infection with MAP and often become infected through ingestion of manure containingMAP— such as from suckling manure-stained teats, swallowing milk that carries MAP or eating feed, grass or water containing MAP-contaminated manure. Bottle-fed kids can also become infected if the milk was contaminated. Heat treatment used to control CAE in milk is not sufficient to kill MAP organisms. Since goats usually produce more than one kid per birthing, Johne’s disease can spread swiftly through a herd, especially if the infection remains undetected for several kidding seasons. While there seems to be age-related resistance to Johne’s disease, some older goats may become infected, particularly when their immune systems are suppressed for other reasons. Johne’s disease can be transmitted from one ruminant species to another—for example from cows to goats, goats to sheep, etc. Q: When do infected animals shed the bacteria? A: Infected goats shed MAP in their manure on and off throughout their lives. The older the animal, the more likely that shedding occurs as the infection progresses. As goats enter the latter stages of infection and clinical signs begin to appear, the infective organism is shed more often and more heavily. Q: Is it difficult to find out if my herd has Johne’s disease? A: Sometimes. Johne’s disease is often mistaken for intestinal parasitism, chronic malnutrition, environmental toxins, cancer and CLA— particularly in goats that have internal abscesses. Many herds rotate parasite treatments for several rounds before testing for Johne’s disease and determining this is the reason their goats are so thin. In addition, some of the common laboratory tests for Johne’s disease may be difficult to interpret. If Johne’s disease is suspected but has not been confirmed in a herd, a necropsy of a goat with symptoms of the disease may be helpful in determining if the infection is in a herd. This necropsy may reveal enlarged intestinal lymph nodes and a thickened, corrugated intestinal tract. A complete necropsy of a goat suspected of having Johne’s disease should include culture of the intestine and adjacent lymph node as well as microscopic examination of these tissues to give you the greatest confidence in the diagnosis. Q: How can I help keep Johne’s disease out of my herd? A: Buyers beware! The most common way that the infection is introduced to a herd is through the purchase of an animal from an infected herd. Since many people raising goats are unaware of Johne’s disease, both the seller and buyer are usually shocked when the diagnosis is made. In short, it is easier to keep MAP out of a herd than to control the disease once MAP sneaks in. Practices that can help prevent the introduction of Johne’s disease into a herd are: • Maintain a closed herd. Don’t buy Johne’s disease. • If you bring animals into the herd, purchase animals only from herds that have tested for Johne’s disease. Ideally, purchase only from herds that have a negative whole-herd test in the last year. If this is not possible, you are better off buying from someone who is aware of the infection, has tested for it and can provide accurate records on the disease in their herd than to purchase an animal from someone who has never heard of Johne’s disease. • If no diagnostic testing has been conducted in the source herd, at least closely evaluate the body condition of all the adult animals, discuss the history of clinical signs in any animals in the herd over the past few years with the seller and test the adult animal to be purchased. • If the animal to be purchased is less than a year old, test its dam since infected young animals are unlikely to test positive for the infection. • Avoid grazing goats on pastures where MAP-infected ruminants have grazed. Graze young goats on such a pasture only after it has rested for a year. To date, MAP infection of free-ranging ruminants such as deer or elk is uncommon, and currently these species are not believed to be an important source of infection to farmed ruminants. • Do not bring in other species that are susceptible to Johne’s disease: sheep, cattle, other ruminants. • Do not board or borrow other people’s goats, as this can introduce the infection into your herd. Q: How can I control Johne’s disease once it has entered my goat herd? A: Since there is no cure for Johne’s disease, control of the infection is critical. Control of Johne’s disease takes time and a strong commitment to management practices focused on keeping young animals away from contaminated manure, milk, feed and water. A typical herd clean-up program may take a number of years. The basics of control are simple: new infections must be prevented, and animals with the infection must be identified and removed from the herd. Your State Designated Johne’s Coordinator can help you undertake an on-farm risk assessment that evaluates your operation, your resources and your goals. An on-farm risk assessment highlights current management practices that may put your herd at risk for spreading Johne’s disease and other infections. At the completion of a risk assessment, your veterinarian can work with you to develop a management plan designed specifically for you and your herd that will minimize the identified risks for disease transmission. (An on-farm risk assessment is part of the Johne’s disease course for goat producers at Most control plans follow basic rules of sanitation to block transmission of the infection within the herd. Management recommendations include: • Keep kidding areas as manure free as possible. Use deep, fresh bedding or sunny pastures with minimal manure. • If feasible, clean the udders of dams before kids nurse. • Use milk and colostrum from test-negative animals. • Be aware that colostrum purchased from another goat herd or cow herd may be contaminated. Pasteurization needs to be at 145°F (63°C) for 30 minutes for batch pasteurization, or 162°F (72°C) for 15 seconds for flash pasteurization to kill MAP in milk. • Kid suspect or test-positive does in an area separate from the test-negative does. • Move young animals and their mothers to “clean” pastures as soon as possible after kidding. • Wean early and put young goats on uncontaminated pastures. • Keep water sources clean, particularly those used by kids. Use waterers designed to minimize fecal contamination. • Raise all feeders and avoid feeding on the ground. • Use diagnostic tests to identify infected animals and remove them from the herd. • Necropsy sick or cull animals to determine if your herd is infected with MAP. • If your herd has had numerous cases of Johne’s disease, discuss depopulation with your veterinarian or, at a minimum, immediately remove all test-positive animals and their last-born kid. Do not allow kids to be exposed to milk or manure from infected animals. Remember: Preventing Johne’s disease is much less costly than controlling it. Q: How can I clean contaminated equipment, stalls and fields? A: The MAP organism is very hardy in the environment: It resists heat, cold, drying and dampness. Although the majority of organisms die after several months, some will remain for many months. In fact research shows that MAPcan survive—at low levels—for up to 11 months in soil and 17 months in water. MAP has also been recovered from grasses fertilized with MAP-contaminated manure. This is why pastures and fields known to be contaminated with MAPshould not be used for kids, calves or lambs for at least one year after last exposure. Feed and watering equipment that may have become contaminated should be washed and rinsed. When cleaning a water trough, sediment and slime from the sides and bottom should not be dumped onto ground that will be grazed by young goats as the sediment and slime may be contaminated with MAP. Disinfectants labeled as “tuberculocidal” may be used as directed for cleaning tools, implements and some surfaces. These disinfectants, however, can be inactivated by organic material—such as dirt and manure—and therefore are not effective on dirty surfaces, wood surfaces, soil or even cement floors. Composting of manure and used bedding can reduce the number of living MAP organisms. Q: Should I test my herd for Johne’s disease? A: If you have goats with a normal appetite that have become thin and are not responding to treatment, talk to your veterinarian. The culprit may be Johne’s disease. Remember: Since Johne’s disease is a herd problem, testing should focus on the herd and not just a single animal. Diagnostic testing for Johne’s disease can help to: 1. Determine if MAP infection is present in your herd. 2. Estimate the extent of MAP infection in your herd. 3. Control MAP in an infected herd. 4. Make a diagnosis for a sick animal. 5. Check if MAP is present in the environment. 6. Meet a pre-purchase or shipping requirement. 7. Demonstrate to potential buyers that your animals are low risk for Johne’s disease (test-negative). Once your veterinarian knows your goals in testing for Johne’s disease, a testing plan that best meets your needs can be put in place. This plan should outline the type of test, when to test, which animals to focus on, the cost of testing, how to interpret the results and what actions to take based on test results. Decide how you plan to use your test results before you collect the samples. Q: What diagnostic tests are available? Which one is best? A: Although there is no one “best test” for Johne’s disease in goats, the best testing plan is one developed by you and your veterinarian since you know your operation best—its goals, resources, other animal health issues. Diagnostic tests for Johne’s disease look for either the organism that causes Johne’s disease (MAP) or the animal’s response to infection. Tests that look for the organism include culture and PCR, with manure samples tested. Individual animals can be tested or a laboratory can pool manure samples from multiple animals and provide owners with effective Johne’s disease surveillance for a fraction of the cost of individual culture or PCR. The animal’s body responds to infection by making antibodies. Tests that measure antibody levels are the ELISA for milk and blood samples. Due to the biology of MAP infection, older goats are much more likely to shed MAP or produce antibody. Therefore, diagnostic tests are less reliable for goats that are less than 18 months old. Testing approaches that have worked well for other goat herds include: Testing PurposeOption AOption B Confirm presence of MAP in a herd.Culture 5 – 10 environmental fecal samples collected at high goat traffic areas on the farm.Using ELISA* or fecal culture, test the oldest or thinnest goats— 10% or more of the herd. Determine number of goats that are infected.Blood test (ELISA) all adult goats.Collect fecal samples for the lab to test by pooling for culture. For every positive pool, samples are retested individually. Control or eradicate MAP in an infected herd.Blood test (ELISA) goats after their second kidding or older.Collect fecal samples for the lab to test by pooling for culture. For every positive pool, samples are retested individually. Diagnose a sick goat or goat with weight loss and diarrhea.If previous cases have been seen in the herd: ELISA.* (Fecal culture if CLA is a problem in the herd or if the herd has been vaccinated for CLA.)If MAP has never been confirmed in the herd, use fecal culture. *Use commercial ELISA kit approved by the USDA for small ruminants to limit the chance of false-positive results due to cross-reacting antibodies from other types of infections. Test samples should be submitted to a laboratory that has passed an annual “check test” demonstrating their competency. These labs are listed here. Q: Where can I find more information about Johne’s disease? A: The University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine’s Johne’s disease website——addresses all aspects of Johne’s disease for multiple species, including goats. The site has an “Ask An Expert” feature that allows you to submit your own questions and receive a personalized response from an expert. The University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine also offers a free online course for goat producers. Simply go to, click on “Courses” in the lower left hand corner of the homepage. Once on a new page, click on “Johne’s Disease.” At the next new page, click on “Johne’s Disease Courses for Producers” followed by clicking on “0017—Johne’s Disease for Goat Producers.” To learn more about Johne’s disease in goats, please contact your State animal health regulatory agency or your State Designated Johne’s Coordinator. Contact information for your State’s Johne’s disease program is available online at when you click on “State Contacts.” JohnesGoatQA_9_8_10_img_23 (1)
AUSLAN : définition de AUSLAN et synonymes de AUSLAN (anglais) Publicité ▼ définition - AUSLAN voir la définition de Wikipedia Australian Sign Language Spoken in Australia Region Northern dialect (NSW, QLD), Victorian dialect and South-Eastern dialect (all other states) Native speakers 14,000 (date missing) Language family • Auslan Language codes ISO 639-3 asf Auslan is the sign language of the Australian deaf community. The term Auslan is an acronym of "Australian sign language", coined by Trevor Johnston in the early 1980s, although the language itself is much older. Auslan is related to British Sign Language (BSL); the three have descended from the same parent language, and together comprise the BANZSL language family. Auslan has also been influenced by Irish Sign Language (ISL) and more recently has borrowed signs from American Sign Language (ASL). As with other sign languages, Auslan's grammar and vocabulary is quite distinct from English. Its invention cannot be attributed to any individual; rather, it is a natural language that developed organically over time.[1] The number of people for whom Auslan is their primary or preferred language is difficult to determine. Recent studies have put the figure at 6500,[2] a much lower figure than was previously thought, though a 2006 census showed 7150 used the language.[3] The number may be diminishing, and although Auslan's status and recognition is growing, there is some speculation that it is an endangered language.[2] Of those who use Auslan as their main language, only about 5% learned it from their parents, with the rest acquiring it from peers at school or later in life.[citation needed] Recognition and status Auslan was recognised by the Australian government as a "community language other than English" and the preferred language of the deaf community in policy statements in 1987[4] and 1991.[5] However, this recognition is yet to filter through to many institutions, government departments and professionals who work with deaf people.[citation needed] The emerging status of Auslan has gone hand-in-hand with the advancement of the deaf community in Australia, beginning in the early 1980s. In 1982, the registration of the first sign language interpreters by NAATI,[6] a newly established regulatory body for interpreting and translating, accorded a sense of legitimacy to Auslan, furthered by the publishing of the first dictionary of Auslan in 1989. Auslan began to emerge as a language of instruction for deaf students in secondary schools in the 1990s — mainly through the provision of interpreters in mainstream (hearing) schools with deaf support units. Boosted by the 1992 enactment of the federal Disability Discrimination Act, sign language interpreters are also increasingly provided in tertiary education. Today there is a growing number of courses teaching Auslan as a second language, from an elective language subject offered by some secondary schools to a two-year full-time diploma at TAFE. Though becoming more and more visible, Auslan is still rarely seen at public events or on television; there are, for example, no interpreted news services. There is a regular program on community television station Channel 31 in Melbourne, "Deaf TV", which is entirely in Auslan and is produced by deaf volunteers. Thomas Pattison, early deaf educator. Auslan evolved from sign languages brought to Australia during the nineteenth century from Britain and Ireland. The earliest record of a deaf Australian was convict Elizabeth Steel, who arrived in 1790 on the Second Fleet ship "Lady Juliana".[7] There is as yet no historical evidence, however, that she used a sign language. The first known signing deaf immigrant was the engraver John Carmichael[8] who arrived in Sydney in 1825 from Edinburgh. He had been to a deaf school there, and was known as a good storyteller in sign language. Thirty-five years later, in 1860, a school for the deaf was established by another deaf Scotsman, Thomas Pattison — the Royal Institute for Deaf and Blind Children in New South Wales. In Victoria just a few weeks later, the Victorian College for the Deaf was founded by a deaf Englishman, Frederick J Rose, who had been educated at the Old Kent Road School in London. These schools and others had an enormous role in the development of Auslan, as they were the first contact with sign language for many deaf children. Because they were residential boarding schools, they provided ample opportunity for the language to thrive, even though in many schools, signing was banned from the classroom for much of the 20th century. Irish Sign Language (ISL) also had an influence on the development of Auslan, as it was used in Catholic schools until the 1950s. The first Catholic school for deaf children was established in 1875 by Irish nuns. Unlike British Sign Language, ISL uses a one-handed alphabet originating in French Sign Language (LSF), and although this alphabet has now almost disappeared from Australia, some initialised signs from the Irish alphabet can still be seen. In more recent times Auslan has seen a significant amount of lexical borrowing from American Sign Language (ASL), especially in signs for technical terms. Some of these arose from the signed English educational philosophies of the 1970s and 80s, when a committee looking for signs with direct equivalence to English words found them in ASL and/or in invented English-based signed systems used in North America and introduced them in the classroom. ASL contains many signs initialised from an alphabet which was also derived from LSF, and Auslan users, already familiar with the related ISL alphabet, accepted many of the new signs easily. Auslan in relation to English It is sometimes wrongly assumed that English-speaking countries share a sign language. Auslan is a natural language distinct from spoken or written English. Its grammar and vocabulary often do not have direct English equivalents and vice versa. However, English, as the dominant language in Australia, has had a significant influence on Auslan, especially through manual forms such as fingerspelling and (more recently) Signed English. It is difficult to sign Auslan fluently while speaking English, as the word order is different, and there is often no direct sign-to-word equivalence. However, mouthing of an English word together with a sign may serve to clarify when one sign may have several English equivalents. In some cases the mouth gesture that accompanies a sign may not reflect the equivalent translation in English (e.g. a sign meaning 'thick' may be accompanied by a mouthed 'fahth'). A two-handed manual alphabet, identical to the one used in British Sign Language and New Zealand Sign Language, is integral to Auslan. This alphabet is used for fingerspelling proper nouns such as personal or place names, common nouns for everyday objects, and English words, especially technical terms, for which there is no widely used sign. Fingerspelling can also be used for emphasis, clarification, or, sometimes extensively, by English-speaking learners of Auslan. The amount of fingerspelling varies with the context and the age of the signer. A recent small-scale study puts fingerspelled words in Auslan conversations at about 10% of all lexical items, roughly equal to ASL and higher than many other sign languages, such as New Zealand Sign Language.[9] The proportion is higher in older signers, suggesting that the use of fingerspelling has diminished over time. Schembri and Johnston (in press)[9] found that the most commonly fingerspelled words in Auslan include "so", "to", "if" and "but" and "do". Some signs also feature an English word's initial letter as a handshape from a one- or two-handed manual alphabet and use it within a sign. For example, part of the sign for "Canberra" incorporates the letter "C". Signed English See main article Signed English Australasian Signed English was created in the late 1970s to represent English words and grammar, using mostly Auslan signs together with some additional contrived signs, as well as borrowings from American Sign Language (ASL). It was, and still is, used largely in education for teaching English to deaf children or for discussing English in academic contexts. It was thought to be much easier for hearing teachers and parents to learn another mode of English than to learn a new language with a complex spatial grammar such as Auslan. The use of Signed English in schools is controversial with some in the deaf community, who regard Signed English as a contrived and unnatural artificially constructed language. Signed English has now been largely rejected by deaf communities in Australia and its use in education is dwindling; however a number of its signs have made their way into normal use. Acquisition and nativeness Unlike oral languages, only a minority of deaf children acquire their language from their parents (about 4 or 5% have deaf parents[10]). Most acquire Auslan from deaf peers at school or later through Deaf community networks. Many learn Auslan as a 'delayed' first language in adolescence or adulthood, after attempting to learn English (or another spoken/written language) without the exposure necessary to properly acquire it. The Deaf community often distinguish between "oral deaf" who grew up in an oral or signed English educational environment without Auslan, and those "deaf deaf" who learnt Auslan at an early age from Deaf parents or at a deaf school. Regardless of their background, many Deaf adults consider Auslan to be their first or primary language, and see themselves as users of English as a second language. Variation and standardisation Auslan exhibits a high degree of variation, determined by the signer's age, educational background and regional origin, and the signing community is very tolerant of individual differences in signing style. There is no standard dialect of Auslan. Standard dialects arise through the support of institutions, such as the media, education, government and the law. As this support has not existed for most sign languages, coupled with the lack of a widely used written form and communications technologies, Auslan has diverged much more rapidly than Australian English. Linguists often regard Auslan as having two major dialects - Northern (Queensland and NSW), and Southern (Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia, and Western Australia). The vocabulary of the two dialects differs significantly, with different signs used even for very common concepts such as colors, animals, and days of the week; differences in grammar appear to be slight. These two dialects may have roots in older dialectic differences from the United Kingdom, brought over by Deaf immigrants who founded the first schools for the deaf in Australia — English varieties (from London) in Melbourne and Scottish ones (from Edinburgh) in Sydney, although the relationship between lexical variation in the UK and Australia appears much more complicated than this (some Auslan signs appear similar to signs used in the Newcastle variety of BSL, for example). Before schools were established elsewhere, deaf children attended one of these two initial schools, and brought signs back to their own states. As schools opened up in each state, new signs also developed in the dormitories and playgrounds of these institutions. As a result, Auslan users can identify more precise regional varieties (e.g., "Sydney sign", "Melbourne sign", "Perth sign", "Adelaide sign" and "Brisbane sign"). In a conversation between two strangers, one from Melbourne and the other from Perth, it is likely that one will use a small number of signs unfamiliar to the other, despite both belonging to the same "southern dialect". Signers can often identify which school someone went to, even within a few short utterances. Despite these differences, communication between Auslan users from different regions poses little difficulty for most Deaf Australians, who often become aware of different regional vocabulary as they grow older, through travel and Deaf community networks, and because Deaf people are so well practised in bridging barriers to communication. Indigenous Australian sign languages and Auslan See main article: Australian Aboriginal sign languages. A number of Indigenous Australian sign languages exist, unrelated to Auslan, such as Warlpiri Sign Language. They occur in the southern, central, and western desert regions, coastal Arnhem Land, some islands of north coast, the western side of Cape York Peninsula, and on some Torres Strait Islands. They have also been noted as far south as the Murray River. Deaf Indigenous people of Far North Queensland (extending from Yarrabah to Cape York) form a distinct signing community using a dialect of Auslan;[11] it has features of indigenous sign languages and gestural systems as well as signs and grammar of Auslan. Written and recorded Auslan Auslan has no widely used written form; transcribing Auslan in the past was largely an academic exercise. The first Auslan dictionaries used either photographs or drawings with motion arrows to describe signs; more recently, technology has made possible the use of short video clips on CD-ROM or online dictionaries. SignWriting, however, has its adherents in Australia.[12] Deaf signers generally read and write in English, though the average deaf Australian's knowledge of English is poor.[13] See also 1. ^ Bellis, Mary (2004). "Innovations for the Hearing Impaired". About.com. http://inventors.about.com/od/hstartinventions/a/deaf.htm. 2. ^ a b Johnston, T. (2004). "W(h)ither the Deaf Community? Population, Genetics, and the Future of Australian Sign Language". American Annals of the Deaf (Gallaudet University Press) 148 (5): 358–375. 3. ^ Stephen Cauchi (2009-07-12). "Implants incite sound debate for the deaf". The Age. http://www.theage.com.au/national/implants-incite-sound-debate-for-the-deaf-20090711-dgrh.html. Retrieved 2009-07-14. 4. ^ Lo Bianco, Joseph (1987). National Policy on Languages. Canberra : Australian Government Publishing Service. ISBN 0-644-06118-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=IGIcAQAAIAAJ. 5. ^ Dawkins, John (1991). Australia's language : the Australian language and literacy policy. Canberra : Australian Government Publishing Service. ISBN 0-644-14972-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=5ZLxHQAACAAJ. "It is now increasingly recognised that signing deaf people constitute a group like any other non-English speaking language group in Australia, with a distinct sub-culture recognised by shared history, social life and sense of identity, united and symbolised by fluency in Auslan, the principal means of communication within the Australian Deaf Community (Page 20)" 6. ^ Flynn, John W. (2001). "A Brief History of Sign Language Interpreting in Australia". Australian Sign Language Interpreters' Association Victoria. https://www.asliavic.com.au/about?q=node/88. 7. ^ Branson, Jan; Miller, Don (1995). The story of Betty Steel: deaf convict and pioneer. Australia's deaf heritage. 1. Deafness Resources Australia. ISBN 0-646-21735-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ce-yPQAACAAJ. 8. ^ Schembri, A.; Napier, J.; Beattie; Leigh, G. R.; Carty, B. (22–23 August 1998). "John Carmichael: Australian Deaf pioneer.". Australasian Deaf Studies Research Symposium: Conference papers (North Rocks, Sydney, Australia: Renwick College): 9–20. http://books.google.com/books?id=snVNNAAACAAJ. 9. ^ a b Schembri, Adam; Johnston, Trevor (2006). Sociolinguistic variation in the use of fingerspelling in Australian Sign Language : a pilot study. Sign language studies. 7. Gallaudet University Press. pp. 319–347. ISSN 1533-6263. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/32022. 10. ^ Mitchell, Ross E.; Karchmer, Michael A. (2004). "Chasing the Mythical Ten Percent: Parental Hearing Status of Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students in the United States". Sign Language Studies (Gallaudet University Press) 4 (2): 138–162. DOI:10.1353/sls.2004.0005. ISSN 0302-1475. http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&accno=EJ747626. 11. ^ O'Reilly, Suzannah (2006). Indigenous sign language and culture : the interpreting and access needs of deaf people who are Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander in far north Queensland. Sponsored by ASLIA, the Australian Sign Language Interpreters Association. http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/3724615. 12. ^ "SignPuddle Australian Dictionary". http://www.signbank.org/SignPuddle1.5/. 13. ^ Walker, L.; Munro, J.; Rickards, F. W. (1998). "Literal and Inferential Reading Comprehension of Students Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing.". Volta Review 100 (2): 87–103. http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&accno=EJ603429. "This study suggested that the average reading age for Victorian Deaf school-leavers was at Grade 6 level, equivalent to 11 or 12-year old hearing children." Further reading • Johnston, T. & Schembri, A. (2007). Australian Sign Language (Auslan): An introduction to sign language linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. • Johnston, T.A. & Wilkin, P. (1998). Signs of Australia : A new dictionary of Auslan (the sign language of the Australian deaf community). North Rocks, NSW, Australia : North Rocks Press : Royal Institute for Deaf and Blind Children. External links Publicité ▼ Toutes les traductions de AUSLAN Contenu de sensagent • définitions • synonymes • antonymes • encyclopédie • definition • synonym Publicité ▼ dictionnaire et traducteur pour sites web Essayer ici, télécharger le code; Solution commerce électronique Augmenter le contenu de votre site Parcourir les produits et les annonces Obtenir des informations en XML pour filtrer le meilleur contenu. Indexer des images et définir des méta-données Fixer la signification de chaque méta-donnée (multilingue). Renseignements suite à un email de description de votre projet. Jeux de lettres Les jeux de lettre français sont : ○ Anagrammes ○ jokers, mots-croisés ○ Lettris ○ Boggle. Dictionnaire de la langue française Principales Références L'encyclopédie française bénéficie de la licence Wikipedia (GNU). Changer la langue cible pour obtenir des traductions. 10543 visiteurs en ligne calculé en 0,078s Je voudrais signaler : section : une faute d'orthographe ou de grammaire un contenu abusif (raciste, pornographique, diffamatoire) une violation de copyright une erreur un manque merci de préciser :
D) Presentation To make it easier for the reader to follow the sources of the book, we have used footnotes to identify the sources of information and for marginal notes. In the case of our Shaikh’s sermon, we identified sermons we have quoted by their respective dates. In the case of quoting from books, we mentioned the author’s name, the book’s title, and the page number. We have added to this information the number of the ḥadīth when quoting from a compilation of Prophetic traditions. We have compiled at the back of the book all of our written sources, including the details of every reference that we mentioned in the footnotes. We have used a special font for writing the Qur’anic verses. We have identified exact quotes by including them inside quotation marks. At times, context requires using short exact quotes inside the body text, but most of the time we have placed exact quotes on separate paragraphs, which are laid out differently. Inexact quotes, which are often narratives from people, have been differentiated by putting them in separate paragraphs but without surrounding them with quotation marks. We have translated most Arabic technical terms into English equivalents. The remaining small number of terms have been used without translation, as we felt that translating them accurately and succinctly is not possible. For easy reference, translated and untranslated terms have been compiled in a glossary at the end of the book. The name of our Shaikh was “Muḥammad”, but the Prophet (PBUH) honoured him in 2016 by adding one of his noble titles to his name, as we shall see in §9.1, so he became known as “Muḥammad al-Muḥammad”. For consistency and to avoid confusion, we have used the name “Muḥammad al-Muḥammad” even when narrating the life of our Shaikh before that Prophetic gift. Many Arabic names are usually abbreviated in the Kurdish language in daily use and unofficial contexts. For instance, “Muḥammad” is called “Ḥama”, “Aḥmad” is “Aḥa”, “Maḥmūd” is “Khula”, and so on. For clarification, we have used the Arabic spellings of the names of the Kurds that are mentioned in the book. We have Romanised the names of lesser-known people and places as they are pronounced in their original language. Conversely, we have spelled the names of well-known people and places as they are usually written in English. For instance, we have used the established English spellings of “Mecca” and “Medina”, even though they do not represent how they are pronounced in Arabic. For significant old dates, we have mentioned the Hijrī year followed by the Gregorian, to make it easier to place the event in its historical context in both calendars. For instance, our Shaikh was born in 1357/1938, that is, in the Hijrī year 1357, which corresponds to the Gregorian year 1938. If the day and month of a Hijrī date are unknown, it is not possible to determine which of the two Gregorian years that correspond to that Hijrī year is the one we need. In this case, we choose the earlier year. For instance, Shaikh ʿAbd al-Karīm Shāh al-Kasnazān was born in 1240 H, but we could not determine the day or even the month of the birth. Given that 1/1/1240 H corresponds to 25/8/1824 CE, the birth of Shāh al-Kasnazān may be in 1824 CE, if it occurred in the first four months of 1240 H, or 1825 CE, if he was born in the last eight months of the Hijrī year. When sources mention the Hijrī year but not the month or day, which is a common situation, we converted the Hijrī date to the Gregorian year assuming that the date was the first day of the first month, i.e. 1/Muḥarram, to avoid having to mention two Gregorian years. This means that the actual Gregorian year for any Hijrī date whose month and day are unknown is either the year we mentioned or the one that follows. Accordingly, the birth year of Shāh al-Kasnazān is mentioned as 1240/1824. We have included in the book around forty photos of our Shaikh. When choosing those from the limited number of photos available to us, we have tried to cover different stages of his life, as well as various places and activities. We added to each photo a brief caption and, when possible, identified the place and date. We have numbered the photos sequentially for easy reference. The photos are of different quality, reflecting the varying quality of the originals. Some of them are very old and, unfortunately, we could not obtain high-quality copies. We have added two maps showing areas that are mentioned in the book. The first map shows the governorates of Iraq. The second is of the northeast of Iraq and northwest of Iran, where we have marked the areas that were the focus of events mentioned in the book. Finally, I must stress at the end of this preface that whatever I have succeeded to correctly and accurately present in the book is due to the favour of Allah (mighty and sublime is He), the blessings of my Master Shaikh, Muḥammad al-Muḥammad al-Kasnazān (may Allah sanctify his innermost being), and the help of all those who have generously helped me. I, however, take responsibility for any mistakes and inaccuracies. “Allāhumma ṣallī ʿalā sayyidinā Muḥammadi `l-waṣfi wal‑waḥyi war‑risālati wal‑ḥikmati waʿalā `ālihi wa-ṣaḥbihi wa-sallim taslīmā (O Allah! Send prayer on our Master, whose quality, revelation, message, and wisdom are most praised (Muḥammad), and on his lineage and companions, and salute him with a perfect salutation)” Print Friendly, PDF & Email Comments are closed.

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