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The emergence of the 5G network for mobile communications, and the large amount of data that must be processed, stored and distributed, will have a major impact on the data center industry. This results in an increased demand for computing capacity and associated IT Infrastructure. There are still many questions about 5G, but it is clear that it will have a major impact as the amount of data will increase enormously.
Speed is one of the advantages of the 5G network, it is expected that speeds of up to 20 Gbps can be reached. It is also expected that users will have much faster access to data, because they no longer have to wait for web pages or videos to load.
Improved latency is another advantage of 5G – Latency is the time between a click and the delivery of data to the user – which is about 50 milliseconds today with the existing 4G network. With the 5G network, the response time is expected to be approximately 1 millisecond.
Large traditional data centers form the backbone of computing and connectivity, with almost all data processed centrally. With the rise of edge computing, more local data centers will be built close to business districts and residential areas. As a result, the data center infrastructure can change.
To work efficiently, the 5G connection uses the power of data centers. At the same time, 5G enables faster connectivity between Internet of Things (IoT) devices. The amount of data generated by such IoT applications is streamlined locally via edge computing. Instead of sending the data over long routes to data centers or the cloud, it is processed locally. This makes it possible to analyze data in real time.
How will edge computing change data centers?
As we try to envision more and more applications for edge computing, it will inevitably generate (even) more data. More data automatically means more demand for data centers.
In the next ten years, however, a new type of data center may emerge, in addition to the existing data centers. This, for example, with a base with various smaller locations, perhaps so local that it will be placed down to street level. A growing amount of (extra) data is being generated. Given the high population density in combination with a limited surface area, in Belgium, in the next 5 years, perhaps every larger city will first get its own local edge data center (s). In practice, this will be a prerequisite before surgery will be carried out at neighborhood or street level.
Cautious prognosis; there will be serious growth in the number of small and large data centers because of the exponential growth of data. Ultimately, in that situation, the aim should be to provide the right service in the right data center, based on the correct storage needs.
Datacenter United can respond perfectly to this exponential growth with its 3 datacenters.We also offer answers to today’s challenges:
Why Co-Location?- 5 reasons:
1. No Investments required – only OPEX
2. Scalability to suit your needs
3. All risks eliminated
4. Optimal Connectivity
5. Focus on your Infrastructure
Why Datacenter United?
Feel free to discover our Website:
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Date of Award
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Departmental Honors
The existence of the search and seizure restrictions encoded in the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution is the result of a two part historical development that took place simultaneously in England and the American colonies. Severe legislative restrictions on the press were largely responsible for the developments in England, while in the colonies it was British tax and trade regulations that spawned the changes. On both sides of the Atlantic, however, the primary catalyst was the government's use of general searches in the enforcement of those laws. It was the continued abuse of general searches despite the public's growing opposition to them that would ultimately prove responsible for the expression of reasonable search and seizure guidelines in the Bill of Rights.
Faculty Mentor |
E♭ (musical note)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
E (E-flat) or mi bémol is the fourth semitone of the solfège.
It lies a diatonic semitone above D and a chromatic semitone below E, thus being enharmonic to D (D-sharp) or re dièse. In equal temperament it is also enharmonic with Fdouble flat. However, in some temperaments, D is not the same as E. E is a perfect fourth above B, whereas D is a major third above B.
When calculated in equal temperament with a reference of A above middle C as 440 Hz, the frequency of the E above middle C (or E4) is approximately 311.127 Hz. See pitch (music) for a discussion of historical variations in frequency.
In German nomenclature, it is known as Es, sometimes (especially in the context of musical motifs) abbreviated to S.
Well-known compositions in E-flat major[edit]
The prelude to Richard Wagner's Das Rheingold is a famous piece of drone music that begin with a low E flat and builds to more and more elaborate figurations of the chord of E flat major. It is used in this opera to portray the motion of the river Rhine.[1]
Beethoven's Piano Concerto No. 5 (also known as The Emperor) and Symphony No. 3 (also known as the Eroica) are two more well-known piece set in the key of E-flat major. Robert Schumann's Symphony No. 3 (also known as the Rhenish Symphony) is yet another.
Jimi Hendrix's Voodoo Chile is a well-known popular music piece commonly performed in E-flat major.
Designation by octave[edit]
Scientific designation Helmholtz designation Octave name Frequency (Hz)
E−1 E͵͵͵ or ͵͵͵E or EEEE Subsubcontra 9.723
E0 E͵͵ or ͵͵E or EEE Subcontra 19.445
E1 E͵ or ͵E or EE Contra 38.891
E2 E Great 77.782
E3 e Small 155.563
E4 e One-lined 311.127
E5 e′′ Two-lined 622.254
E6 e′′′ Three-lined 1244.508
E7 e′′′′ Four-lined 2489.016
E8 e′′′′′ Five-lined 4978.032
E9 e′′′′′′ Six-lined 9956.063
E10 e′′′′′′′ Seven-lined 19912.127
Common scales beginning on E[edit]
• E Major: E F G A B C D E
• E Harmonic Minor: E F G A B C D E
Diatonic scales[edit]
• E Ionian: E F G A B C D E
• E Dorian: E F G A B C D E
• E Phrygian: E F G A B C D E
• E Lydian: E F G A B C D E
• E Mixolydian: E F G A B C D E
• E Aeolian: E F G A B C D E
• E Locrian: E F G A Bdouble flat C D E
Jazz melodic minor[edit]
See also[edit]
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How do I add a stroke to a layer in GIMP?
Per the GIMP documentation Edit > Stroke Selection:
The Stroke Selection command strokes a selection in the image. There are two ways you can stroke the selection, either by using a paint tool or without using one. This means that the selection border, which is emphasized in the image with a dotted line, can be drawn with a stroke. There are various options which you can use to specify how this stroke should look.
1. Create a new Layer enter image description here
2. Make a Selection via Rectangle Select Tool enter image description here
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3. Go to Edit > Stroke Selection and setup your desired Line width:
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Note: The stroke color is been taken from the current Foreground color.
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• For hours on end I've been trying to add a border around a half elliptical pasted selection, and I can see that it has the dotted lines, so it is selected, but for the life of me I cannot put a border around just this selected half elliptical. – MadHatter Jun 27 '19 at 9:47
Your Answer
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Last edited by Brajas
Sunday, April 26, 2020 | History
2 edition of subcellular structure of the blastula of Limnaea stagnalis L. (Mollusca) and the mobilization of the nutrient reserve. found in the catalog.
J. G. Bluemink
• 252 Want to read
• 27 Currently reading
Published by Bronder-Offset in Rotterdam .
Written in English
• Lymnaea stagnalis -- Embryology.
• Classifications
LC ClassificationsQL430.5.L55 B44
The Physical Object
Pagination[vii], 96 p.
Number of Pages96
ID Numbers
Open LibraryOL5667435M
LC Control Number68120407
blastula The stage of development of an animal embryo that results from cleavage of a fertilized egg. This stage generally resembles a hollow ball with the dividing cells (blastomeres) of the embryo forming a layer (blastoderm) around a central cavity (blastocoel).In vertebrates the blastula forms a disc (blastodisc) on the surface of the mammals the blastula stage is . Define blastocyst. blastocyst synonyms, blastocyst pronunciation, blastocyst translation, English dictionary definition of blastocyst. n. The modified blastula that is characteristic of placental mammals. Also called blastodermic vesicle. blas′tocys′tic adj. n 1. Also called: blastosphere.
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subcellular structure of the blastula of Limnaea stagnalis L. (Mollusca) and the mobilization of the nutrient reserve. by J. G. Bluemink Download PDF EPUB FB2
Subcellular structure of the blastula of Limnaea stagnalis L. (Mollusca) and the mobilization of the nutrient reserve. Rotterdam, Bronder-Offset, (OCoLC) Material Type: Thesis/dissertation: Document Type: Book: All Authors / Contributors: J G Bluemink.
Structure. A blastula is a sphere of cells surrounding a blastocoele. The blastocoele is a fluid filled cavity which contains amino acids, proteins, growth factors, sugars, ions and other components which are necessary for cellular blastocoele subcellular structure of the blastula of Limnaea stagnalis L.
book allows blastomeres to move during the process of gastrulation. In Xenopus embryos, the blastula is composed of three Gives rise to: Gastrula.
After the blastula. Difference between Blastula and Gastrula. During the process of embryogenesis, blastula formation is followed by the gastrula, thus both represents a different stage of embryo formation. The blastula and gastrula are formed through different processes.
The blastula is formed through blastulation, while the gastrula is formed through : Alexander Hammond. Mammals at this stage form a structure called the blastocyst, characterized by an inner cell mass that is distinct from the surrounding blastula, shown in Figure 1b. During cleavage, the cells divide without an increase in mass; that is, one large single.
Blastula definition is - an early metazoan embryo typically having the form of a hollow fluid-filled rounded cavity bounded by a single layer of cells.
The blastula (from Greek βÎ"ασÏ"ός (blastos), meaning "sprout") is a hollow sphere of cells, referred to as blastomeres, surrounding an inner fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoele formed during an early stage of embryonic development in animals.
The typical blastula is a ball of cells. The next stage in embryonic development is the formation of the body plan. The cells in the blastula rearrange themselves spatially to form three layers of cells in a process known as gastrulation.
During gastrulation, the blastula folds upon itself to form the three layers of cells. The sections on "Structure" and "Cellular Adhesion" are really well developed and provide a lot of good information. Under the section "Fertilization Technologies" it doesn't say how what exactly implantation and such has to do with the blastula.
Maybe you could make it a little more clear how the blastula plays a role in that process. Blastula. early developmental stage of an animal, following the morula stage and consisting of a single, spherical layer of cells enclosing a hollow, central cavity.
Gastrula. double-walled stage of the embryo resulting from invagination of the blastula. Gamete. One difference between the blastula and gastrula stages of development is that _____.
(see book section: Concept Morphogenesis in animals involves specific changes in cell shape, position, and survival) blastula cells are more differentiated than gastrula cells there are many more cells in a blastula the blastula consists of more cell layers.
Cleavage - Blastula Structure. The blastula is a hollow ball of cells organized into an epithelial monolayer. Midway through the blastula stage, the embryo secretes hatching enzyme, which results in proteolytic degradation of the fertilization envelope.
In developmental biology, midblastula or midblastula transition (MBT) occurs during the blastula stage of embryonic this stage, the embryo is referred to as a blastula.
The series of changes to the blastula that characterize the midblastula transition subcellular structure of the blastula of Limnaea stagnalis L. book activation of zygotic gene transcription, slowing of the cell cycle, increased asynchrony in cell division, and.
The blastocyst is a structure formed in the early development of possesses an inner cell mass (ICM) which subsequently forms the outer layer of the blastocyst consists of cells collectively called the layer surrounds the inner cell mass and a fluid-filled cavity known as the trophoblast gives rise to the ie stage: 3.
J.M. Gansner, L.I. Zon, in Methods in Cell Biology, Blastula transplantation. The term blastula refers to the period between the cell stage ( hpf, 8th zygotic cell cycle) and the beginning of gastrulation ( hpf, 14th zygotic cell cycle, around 50% epiboly) (Kimmel, Ballard, Kimmel, Ullmann, & Schilling, ).The optimal time window for transplantation lies.
Define blastula. blastula synonyms, blastula pronunciation, blastula translation, English dictionary definition of blastula. blastulas or blastulae An early embryonic form produced by cleavage of a fertilized ovum and consisting of a spherical layer of cells surrounding.
blastula: [ blas´tu-lah ] (pl. blas´tulae) (L.) the usually spherical body produced by cleavage of a fertilized ovum (zygote), consisting of a single layer of cells (blastoderm) surrounding a fluid-filled cavity (blastocoele); it follows the morula stage.
The specialized mammalian blastula that contains the two different cell types is called a blastocyst is the last stage of mammalian development that occurs before implantation in. Blastula. Definition: An early non-mammalian embryo that follows the morula stage.
A blastula resembles a hollow ball with the layer of cells surrounding a fluid-filled cavity. Blastula is a stage right before gastrulation begin.
The stage where you already have the different kinds of cells needed for gastrulation and it forms vegetal and animal pole. So I think the top part (animal pole) where there are no cells is just full of liquid and i think it could be called blastocyst or blastocoel.
blastula[′blaschələ] (embryology) A hollow sphere of cells characteristic of the early metazoan embryo. Blastula a stage in the development of the embryo of multicellular animals culminating in cleavage.
The structure of the embryo in the blastula stage depends on the structure of the egg and type of cleavage. Radial cleavage (echinoderms. Biology_b-grow-devmp4.
This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Morula vs Blastula The difference between morula and blastula is to do with the different developmental stages of the egg.
Major developmental stages of egg after the fertilization are zygote, morula, blastula, and ization is an important biological process resulting in the first embryonic stage, the zygote. Transitions Within the Blastula. During early development, the embryo behaves a certain way. For instance, a special set of DNA originating from the egg.
Gastrulation is a phase early in the embryonic development of most animals, during which the single-layered blastula is reorganized into a multilayered structure known as the gastrulation, the embryo is a continuous epithelial sheet of cells; by the end of gastrulation, the embryo has begun differentiation to establish distinct cell lineages, set up the basic axes of the MeSH: D De là, les cellules qui forment pendant le clivage jusqu'à l'étape de blastula, sont les blastomeres appelés.
La bille des cellules désigné sous le nom d'un blastula, une fois que le clivage. “Epiboly, beginning in the late blastula (Solnica-Krezel and Driever, ), is the thinning and spreading of both the Yoke Syncytial Layer (YSL) and the blastodisc over the yolk cell, as you might model by pulling a knitted ski cap over your head” – Stages of Embryonic Development of the Zebrafish, Kimmel et al.
The blastula is an early stage of embryonic development in animals. It is also called blastosphere. It is produced by cleavage of a fertilized ovum and consists of a spherical layer of around cells surrounding a central fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel. Blastulation 1. Blastulation Asst Prof: Chetana Kanekar Ashoka College Of Education 2.
• The cleavage is the fractionating process which splits zygote or fertilized egg into smaller cells called blastomeres. • These cells formed in. Example, in sycon the anterior half fo blastula is formed of flagellated cells while the posterior half is formed of large rounded granular cells on in amphibians where the two types of cells are micromeres and macromeres.
Amphibians. BLASTOCYST - It is formed in mammals as a result of holoblastic cleavage. Blastula – Structure and Fate Map VD. 2 First Steps • “Bottle cells” form at the vegetal most side of the organizer by apical constriction.
• The bottle cells invaginate into the interior of the embryo making a dimple. Organizer region D A V Vg Apical constriction and File Size: KB. List several specific differences between the blastula and the pluteus larva stages.
First, blastula occurs six hours after the sperm and egg meet, while gastrula occurs more than twelve hours later. More specifically, during blastula the cells are arranged spherically in a layer that encompasses the blastocoel.
Answer: d. a hollow ball of cells in an embryo. Explanation: Blastula is a stage during early embryo development which arrives between morula stage and gastrula stage. This stage is characterized by a hollow ball of cells which surround a cavity known as layer of cells which surround the blastocoele is known as blastoderm and it is formed by the repeated.
blastula: Definition: Search for: Biology Glossary search by An early developmental stage of vertebrate embryos formed by cleavage of the fertilized egg, in which the embryo consists of a single layer of cells surrounding a cavity (the blastocoel).
Cleavage and the Blastula 1. Cleavage: What cytoskeletal systems and molecular motor protein is involved?-microtubule-based cytoskeleton – constructs mitotic spindle (which segregates genetic material during late anaphase)-cytoskeletal elements required for cleavage – microtubules and actin-contractile ring – made of actin microfilaments and actin-based motor protein myosin.
The formation of blastula is as a result of the process called blastulation. A blastula is a hollow and spherically-shaped structure with a single cell layer called the blastoderm. This layer is covering the fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel.
Blastula is actualy formed from morula which produces hundreds of cells. Periblastula definition is - a blastula resulting from superficial segmentation of a centrolecithal egg.
Early on, the cells of the blastula continue to divide synchronously, at the same rhythm as before (Fig. 5 and Fig. More accurately, the cleavages during the early blastula period are "metasynchronous" because the mitoses do not all occur at quite the same time.
Instead, a wave crosses the blastodisc at the end of each cell cycle. blastula - WordReference English dictionary, questions, discussion and forums. All Free. amphibian blastula cells in the region where blastocoel roof and basement meet: meroblastic cleavage: cleavage with incomplete cytokinesis: mesenchyme: multipotent cells that move by amoeboid motion: mesoblast: mesoderm in birds: mesenchyme blastula: sea urchin blastula following invagination of former micromeres: mesolecithal egg: egg with.Construction of a backcross progeny collection of dextral and sinistral individuals of a freshwater gastropod, Lymnaea stagnalis Article in Development Genes and Evolution (4) June.Eventually the blastula acquires a smoothly outlined ellipsoidal shape, as viewed from the side, and the stage is named for this oblong shape.
The blastomeres are dividing highly asynchronously, many of them being in cycle 12 or The EVL is by now extremely thin, and careful observation with Nomarski is needed to detect its presence. |
AP Biology class blog for discussing current research in Biology
Author: alleele
Does The Time of Day Control Memory Ability?
Researchers University of Tokyo Department of Applied Biological Chemistry have found evidence that the time of day may influence one’s forgetfulness. They were able to study this by identifying and studying a gene in mice that controls memory.
The key to their research was making a test that differentiates between never learning information versus not remembering information. To ensure that the mice learned new information, the mice were given a new object and then given the same object later in the day. The mice were considered to have “learned” new information if they spent less time exploring the new object.
Researchers repeated this experiment with mice that had BMAL1 and with mice that did not have BMAL1. BMAL1 is a protein that controls different genes and normally fluctuates between high and low levels. Through tests, researchers discovered that the mice without the BMAL1 (normal mice), were more forgetful when they first woke up.
Though the researcher’s findings may indicate that humans are also more forgetful early in the morning, more research meeds to be done. Scientists are currently trying to find ways to strengthen memory through the BMAL1 pathway, that can possibly help cure diseases such as Alzheimer’s and dementia. They are also curious to determine the evolutionary benefit of having less memory ability later in the day. This study can be seen as the first step towards a major scientific discovery.
Is it Time For a Raw Food Diet?
A recent article details a study by scientists at UC San Francisco details the effects of cooked food versus raw food on the gut microbiomes of mice. By feeding some mice raw potato and others cooked potato, scientists discovered that in mice, raw food damages certain microbes. Scientists discovered that raw foods contain antimicrobial compounds that damaged microbes in mice. Surprisingly, differences between the mice were due to chemicals found in plants. Turnbaugh’s is currently analyzing the specific chemical changes that occur after cooking in order to further understand how cooked food impacts the mice microbiomes.
Another interesting effect of the raw food on mice was weight loss. The researchers were curious as to whether the weight loss was due to the altered microbiomes. They were ultimately not due to the microbiomes, because when the altered microbiomes were put into mice eating a normal diet, those mice put on fat. The researchers are currently unsure of why this happens.
Interested in the possible ramifications of his discovery on human diets, Turnbaugh conducted a second experiment using human test subjects. The raw food diets altered the microbiomes of the human test subjects, an exciting find for the researchers. The effects of these altered microbiomes are still unclear and is being further researched. For now, raw food diets don’t seem to have massive benefits and in cases of contaminated meat can be harmful to humans, but only further research will tell.
The Effects of Climate Change on Plants and Animals
Extreme weather events, such as Hurricane Dorian, have recently become more frequent due to climate change. Changing weather patterns can effect species, but it is unknown what these effects will look like. To solve this problem, Assistant professor of Biology at Washington University in St. Louis Carlos Botero and Thomas Haaland, formerly a graduate student at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, develop models to predict the effects of changing climate on biological species.
Botero and Haaland used computer simulations to highlight certain factors and traits that put a species at risk for extinction. A key finding was that species that breed a single time in their lifetime evolve as if they were going to experience environmental extreme often while species that breed multiple times in their lifetime evolve as if environmental extremes never happen. The two categories of species are called “conservative” and “care-free” by Botero and Haaland. The former can adapt to frequent, less intense extremes, while the latter can adapt to infrequent, more intense extremes. Because of the rising intensity of natural disasters as a result of climate change, the “care-free” category of animals is less prone to extinction and the “conservative” category of animals is more prone to extinction. Thus, their findings challenge the widely-accepted idea that species with more exposure to environment changes will more easily adapt to climate change.
For example, species in areas with more frequent heat waves are more prone to extinction. Specifically, species that are in these areas with a small geographic distribution are more in danger. This logic can be applied to any kind of environmental extreme, including hurricanes, floods, and wildfires, say Botero and Haaland.
Botero and Haaland also discovered that species with traits that cause them to evolve quicker tend to worsen adaptation to events such as natural disasters. This is partly because of the high mutation rates that accompany faster evolution rates.
Understanding how climate change effects animal species and knowing which species are in the most danger helps aid conservation efforts. People and the governments are able to start by helping protect species that are at the highest level of risk.
Do you think this is enough to offset the effects of climate change? How else can climate change be addressed?
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How cells sense oxygen wins Nobel prize
Honorary Master
Jul 5, 2009
The award was shared by Britain's Sir Peter Ratcliffe and two Americans, William Kaelin and Gregg Semenza.
Sir Peter Ratcliffe is based at the Francis Crick Institute and the University of Oxford in the UK, William Kaelin at Harvard in the US and Gregg Semenza at Johns Hopkins University in the US.
Oxygen is in every breath we take, our bodies are completely dependent on it for converting food into usable energy.
But oxygen levels vary in the body, particularly during exercise or at high altitude, or after a cut or wound disrupts the blood supply.
When oxygen levels drop, cells are forced to rapidly adapt their metabolism.
The oxygen-sensing ability of the body can trigger the production of new red blood cells or the construction of new blood vessels.
It also has a role in the immune system and the earliest stages of our development inside the womb.
Understanding the role of the body's oxygen-sensing abilities is leading to ideas for new treatments.
In cancer, tumours can hijack the process to create new blood vessels and make it easier for the cancer to grow.
Telling the body to make more red blood cells could also be an effective treatment for anaemia.
The story of how our bodies respond to oxygen levels was worked out back to front.
It was shown that a hormone, called erythropoietin or EPO - went up as oxygen levels went down, but why?
Piece-by-piece, the trio solved the puzzle.
First they showed that a cluster of proteins called hypoxia-inducible factor - or HIF - was able to bind to DNA (our genetic code) and change how it behaves. This is how levels of the hormone EPO increase in low oxygen.
Further work showed HIF is constantly being made by cells, but it is constantly destroyed when oxygen levels are normal.
The agent of destruction is another protein called VHL, but where does oxygen come into this?
The last breakthrough showed showed HIF and VHL could chemically react only when there was enough oxygen around.
So to tell the story in the correct order: when oxygen levels fall, VHL can no longer stick to HIF, so HIF levels build up and it is able change the way our DNA works. |
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Some Tips On Staying Healthy During the Holidays
How many times have you heard someone else or found yourself saying, “It never fails! The holidays are the time of the year when I get sick”. Some people refer to it as ‘flu season’ as if the virus gets stronger somewhere between November and January on the monthly calendar. The truth is, it’s about your rate of exposure. Holiday season typically means being around more family (and germy kids); in confined living rooms, sharing food, and consuming lots of sugary dessert. Picture a dutch oven simmering a recipe for influenza. Rather than simply avoiding your family events as a trade-off for your health, understand that our bodies are constantly exposed to the presence of germs and viruses, and the best way we can maintain our health is by making sure we are functioning at a high level from the inside in order to fight off these germs. Lucky you’ve chosen to read this blog and you’ll be fully prepared for the holiday season that lies ahead.
Some Tips On Staying Healthy During the Holidays
Let's start by discussing a bit about what the immune system is made up of. Unlike the more known systems like the muscular, circulatory and skeletal systems, which are made up primarily of similar parts (bones & muscles), the immune system is a collection of various organs that work together to fight infections. The complexity of it begins at the surface level with the skin, which acts as a natural barrier to the outside world; to the bone marrow found inside your bones, which is the center of red and white blood cell production; to the spleen and lymphatic system, which aids in filtering out toxins, waste and unwanted materials. The system continues on, but we won’t go there right now. The following are some of the best tips we recommend when it comes to boosting your immune systems ability to fight off those germy invaders.
• Vitamins A, B6, C, D and E - By increasing your fruit and vegetable intake, you will provide your body cells with proper nutrients in order to maintain proper function.
• Get some sun (Vit D) - Sunlight provides a crucial element that allows our bodies to synthesize Vitamin D, and Vit D allows our bodies maintain and absorb calcium. Calcium is required for bone health (the center for red and white blood cell production)
• Adequate sleep - Sleep is like the wax baths from the movie ‘Wanted’ that the agents use if they’ve been injured. It’s how our body catches up from the activities of the day, and how we recharge mentally. It’s also when the highest levels of growth hormone are released, promoting physical recovery.
• Moderate alcohol consumption - We all know what can happen when we have too much. We feel it the next day, imagine what’s going on inside that you aren’t feeling or what had to happen in order for you feel the way you do.
• Exercise regularly - It builds resilience, circulatory function and strength. All of which contribute to a fully functioning body.
Maintaining function within the body is the primary goal of the chiropractor. Locating misaligned or fixated segments in the spine and restoring normal mobility is how function is restored. Each and every organ that makes up the immune system is a target organ of the nervous system. The nerve distribution that talks to the spleen, for example, stems from the T8 vertebral level; adrenals glands T9 and Lymph circulation T12. Think of the organ as the lightbulb, the spine as the switch and the brain as the power source. If the switch is turned on the lightbulb should also turn on. Unless there’s a dimmer switch, which in our case would be a misaligned or fixed segment in the spine.
With a few minor tweaks and efforts in your lifestyle, you can give your body’s immune system the best chance it has at keeping you healthy and feeling full of energy at your next family gathering. Additionally, investing your energy towards a healthy immune system will reduce the amount of toxins in the body and will benefit you further down the line and aid in the prevention of diseases as we age.
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date: 18 January 2021
Strongyloidosis is an intestinal parasitism caused by the threadworm, Strongyloides stercoralis. The parasite, occurring in dogs, primates and man, is found throughout the moist tropics, as well as in temperate areas where poor sanitation or other factors facilitate the occurrence of faecally transmitted organisms. In some parts of the world, notably Africa and New Guinea, human infections caused by S. fülleborni have been reported. In Africa, the latter is primarily a parasite of primates, but in New Guinea, no animal host is known. S. stercoralis is unique among zoonotic nematodes, in that larvae passing in the faeces can give rise to a free-living generation of worms which, in turn, give rise to infective larvae. This life history alternative (i.e. heterogonic development) acts as an amplification mechanism, increasing the population of infective larvae in the external environment. The infective larvae are active skin penetrators; infection per os , while possible, is probably of limited importance. Because the parasitic female’s eggs hatch internally, a potential for autoinfection exists when precociously developing larvae attain infectivity while still in the host. This is another virtually unique feature of S. stercoralis infections in both its human and animal hosts. Autoinfection can occasionally escape control by the host, with massive re-penetration and larval migration. This can cause pulmonary or cerebro-spinal strongyloidosis as well as fulminant intestinal parasitism. Control of canine strongyloidosis has been achieved in kennels by strategic use of anthelmintics. Given the lack of epidemiological information community-based programs to control human strongyloidosis have not been attempted. The growing importance of human strongyloidosis depends upon the unique ability of S. stercoralis to replicate within its host and to behave as a potentially fatal opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised hosts, particularly in those receiving corticosteroids.
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An Introduction to Civilizations Throughout Time (Volume 6)
Children - Educational
98 Pages
Reviewed on 10/22/2017
Buy on Amazon
Author Biography
Her series includes:
Captain No Beard
If You Were Me and Lived in- Cultural
If You Were Me and Lived in- Historical
Nursery series
Oh Susannah- Early Reader
Navigating Indieworld- with co-author Julie A. Gerber
Book Review
Have you ever wondered what it would have been like if you had lived in the Middle Ages? If You Were Me and Lived in... the Middle Ages by Carole P. Roman is an educational children's book that will teach you everything you've ever wanted to know about that time in history. Where did they live? What did their houses look like? What was their work? What did they eat? What did they do for fun? What did they wear? This book will take you on a fun adventure through time, and will make you feel like you were really there, and will make you feel like you actually lived in the Middle Ages.
I really enjoyed reading If You Were Me and Lived in... the Middle Ages by Carole P. Roman. The book is very well written and descriptive. I liked how most of the book was written in second person perspective, making you really feel you are there. The book will make learning about the Middle Ages fun. I liked how, at the back of the book, there is a list of famous people who lived then. The book is very engaging and exciting. I liked how the book always showed how to pronounce words that children may be unfamiliar with. The pictures by Mateya Arkova are amazingly drawn and beautiful, and help to depict what the Middle Ages looked like. The descriptions are very vivid, as are the scenes. I would definitely recommend this book to everyone, especially school age students. |
Reparations is a nonstarter in Congress. Not in this Southern city. – The Christian Science Monitor
Posted: August 6, 2020 at 7:11 pm
Reparations to Black Americans for slavery is an old and fraught national topic. It has been taken up recently by activists seeking racial justice and police reform in cities, including Asheville, North Carolina, which styles itself as a progressive city but has a history of urban renewal that largely excluded Black people from sharing in the wealth created.
In July, the Asheville City Council passed a reparations ordinance, one of only a handful enacted in the U.S. Among other measures, it pledges new investment in Black homeownership as a way to redress the racial wealth gap. As in other segregated cities, Black children in Asheville are far more likely to grow up in poor neighborhoods.
Ashevilles ordinance doesnt provide financial restitution for past discrimination and its unclear how much money will be committed. But advocates say it represents a potentially new approach to reparations, one that puts the emphasis on local actions as a building block toward a national effort to tackle structural racial inequities.
Anthropologist Paul Mullins says Asheville is acknowledging its role in perpetuating injustices and providing a path forward. And thats deep-down what reparations are about: How can we have a measure of response to injustice that leads to some sort of racial reconciliation?
Asheville, N.C.
For all the funky exterior of a progressive mountain redoubt, this city has until now often looked the other way when it comes to racial inequity.
Two months after days of intense racial justice protests, however, a statue of Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee that had stood for nearly a century is gone. And an obelisk in the honor of Confederate-era Gov. Zeb Vance is now wrapped in black plastic, as the city considers its removal.
But those symbolic changes have been followed by something that could prove more concrete. Last month, the majority-white Asheville City Council unanimously passed a reparations ordinance aimed at righting not just historic injustice against Black Americans, but more recent wrongs against Ashevilles Black population.
In the past 40 years, residents say, urban renewal and discriminatory banking practices dispossessed especially older Black residents from historic Asheville neighborhoods. Today, 60% of public housing residents are Black, even though they only make up 12% of Ashevilles population, reflecting thenational trend in which Black children are far more likely than their white peers to grow up in poor neighborhoods.
Asheville is a microcosm of the nation right now, says John Hennon, a retired corporate executive turned pro-Black rights protester. Its done talking and its now acting.
The city ordinance isnt strictly reparations, which involve the direct redistribution of wealth. Its real contribution, though, may be to sharpen the optics for a national rethink of the concept: how laws and practices that were both explicitly and implicitly discriminatory have reinforced yawning gaps around wealth, health, even of hope.
Closing those racial gaps runs up against entrenched opposition. Even white liberals have balked at reforms like building public housing in gentrified neighborhoods. President Donald Trump has touted his save-the-suburbs campaign by undoing federal executive orders intended to add low-income housing in predominantly white middle-class districts.
These tensions arent going to go away magically if we ignore them, and frankly were in a historical moment where the [reparations] conversation is ... more publicly palatable, says Indiana University anthropologist Paul Mullins, author of Race and Affluence: An Archaeology of African America and Consumer Culture.
He frames the Asheville ordinance as a political statement that acknowledges racial injustices around land ownership and dispossession after World War II. Moreover, it outlines a first step toward some sort of reconciliation. And thats deep-down what reparations are about: How can we have a measure of response to injustice that leads to some sort of racial reconciliation?
The idea of compensating formerly enslaved Black Americans has been around since before the Declaration of Independence. Even some white Southerners urged the idea as an economic stimulus for the postwar South. More recently, the U.S. has paid reparations to Japanese Americans interned during World War II.
Still, two-thirds of Americans regularly pan the proposal. Sen. Tim Scott of South Carolina, the Senates only Black Republican, has likened reparations to trying to unscramble that egg. President Barack Obama in 2016 called the idea impractical.
Polls show most Black Americans agree with the concept of reparations. But even as support has grown in that community in recent months, overall white support has barely budged.
White people opposed to reparations say it would be unfair to force modern-day Americans to underwrite a wealth transfer for injustices they didnt personally commit. Scholars have estimated that the price tag could be as much as $10 trillion, or nearly half the nations annual economic output.
Ruben Dejernette is one of those torn by the concept. The white Asheville homeowner bought a house four years ago in what used to be the citys Black neighborhood on South French Broad.
There is no escaping that we have been doing the Black community wrong, but every time I go over it in my head I dont know what can actually be done to fix it, says Mr. Dejernette.
Nearly all Democratic presidential candidates, including Joe Biden, have come out in favor of a national commission to study reparations. A House study bill that would do just that has gone nowhere in Congress for 30 years.
Conservative Black commentator Vince Ellison says the Black community would be foolish to expect progressive Democrats to remunerate them for slavery. He calls reparations a lie.
Black people should look at white people who think theyre going to solve my problem and say, Who the hell do you think you are? says Mr. Ellison, a Virginia-based pastor and author.
Reparations just make you a slave looking for a master. Reparations is about making them pay, but youll never get enough. Forgiveness cannot be earned, and it shouldnt be expected.
In 2014, the journalist Ta-Nehisi Coates penned a case for reparations in a widely-read cover story for The Atlantic. [A]s surely as the creation of the [racial] wealth gap required the cooperation of every aspect of the society, bridging it will require the same, he wrote.
Yet as the slow walk for the House study bill shows, even studying reparations is deeply unpopular, says David Bateman, co-author of Southern Nation: Congress and White Supremacy After Reconstruction.
The question is, how do you actually amass a winning and enduring coalition that can sustain a particular vision? How do you define it and what would it look like? That might be easier done at the local level,thoughmost localities dont have the fiscal capacity or reach necessary to achieve a meaningful redistributive program.
In June, the California Assembly voted to create a reparations task force, and in July, Providence, Rhode Island, embarked on a truth telling and reparations process. The effort in Rhode Island underscores the extent to which Northern cities also profited from slavery and segregation.
In November, Evanston, Illinois, by an 8-1 vote, became the first entity to establish a reparations fund through a future recreational marijuana tax. How the money will be dispersed is still not clear.
Advocates for reparations say such efforts may ultimately nourish a broader national reparations bill by laying groundwork for what reparations look and feel like to Americans living in segregated areas, whether in the North or South.
This is a situation where many different entities states, cities, religious institutions, industries are beginning to recognize and realize that each unjustly benefited from the stolen labor during the enslavement era and through continuing laws and practice like gerrymandering, redlining, the war on drugs, and mass incarceration, says Washington, D.C., civil rights attorney Nkechi Taifa.
They are looking in their own backyards to rectify some of these abuses they themselves not personally, but institutionally were responsible for.
Patrik Jonsson/The Christian Science Monitor
Black rights activist John Hennon holds a sign next to the Zeb Vance monument in Asheville, North Carolina, on July 29, 2020. In response to racial justice protests, the city wrapped the obelisk, a monument to a Confederate-era governor, in plastic.
Through the 1960s and 1970s, a familiar pattern played out here in Asheville, which has become known as a beer brewing mecca.
Urban renewal brought the promise of a fresh start, and in some ways it laid the groundwork for the tourist destination the city is today. But renewal came at the expense of Black people. The cheapest properties to buy were targeted, with the city clearing out parts of the South French Broad neighborhood where Mr. Dejernette lives. Today, even a small home there can fetch $700,000.
But it wasnt just white people who benefited from Ashevilles gentrification. Retired paper mill worker Amanuel Lytle, who is Black, bought his newly vacant lot for $1, with a promise that he would build a new house on it.
A lot of the homes were falling down, says Mr. Lytle. The people who lived there didnt have enough money for upkeep, and the taxes kept going up.
A white builder agreed to cosign Mr. Lytles mortgage so that the bank would pay for the house that now stands there.
Many others, says Mr. Lytle, didnt have such benefactors. Today, most Black people live in public housing. Rates of Black homeownership in the city have declined as housing values and white wealth have soared.
These disparities, rooted in economic and social policy, are now part of the reparations conversation here.
Ashevilles reparations ordinance offers an official apology and vows to create policy and programs that will establish the creation of generational wealth and address reparations due in the black community. It also asks the state legislature and federal government to do the same.
That process may involve replacing lost housing stock by using city-owned land and its bonding authority to create new housing that will boost Black wealth, Sheneika Smith, a Black city councilor, has said.
If a community says were going to redevelop the urban core and were going to favor descendant communities ... you could dramatically and radically reshape a city that way through modest kinds of policies that dont cost a ton of money, says Professor Mullins.
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Reparations is a nonstarter in Congress. Not in this Southern city. - The Christian Science Monitor
Related Post |
Paper or plastic bags: which is better?
Where do brown paper bags come from?
Part way between trees and paper bags. Photo credit: Sally A. Morgan--Ecoscene/Corbis
Whew! And that's just to make the paper; don't forget about the energy inputs -- chemical, electrical, and fossil fuel-based -- used to transport the raw material, turn the paper into a bag and then transport the finished paper bag all over the world.
Paper recycling plants, like the one shown above, is the best place for bags to go when you're done with them.
Where do paper shopping bags go when you're done with them?
When you're done using paper shopping bags, for shopping or other household reuses, a couple of things can happen. If minimally-inked (or printed with soy or other veggie-based inks) they can be composted; otherwise, they can be recycled in most mixed-paper recycling schemes, or they can be thrown away (which is not something we recommend). If you compost them, the bags break down and go from paper to a rich soil nutrient over a period of a couple of months; if you throw them away, they'll eventually break down of the period of many, many years (and without the handy benefits that compost can provide). If you choose the recycle paper bags, then things get a little tricky.
How are plastic bags produced?
How does plastic bag recycling work?
Like paper, plastic can be recycled, but it isn't simple or easy. Recycling involves essentially re-melting the bags and re-casting the plastic, though, according to the U.S. EPA, manufacturing new plastic from recycled plastic requires two-thirds of the energy used in virgin plastic manufacturing. But, as any chef who has ever tried to re-heat a Hollondaise sauce will tell you, the quality isn't quite as good the second time around; the polymer chains often separate, leading to a lower-quality product. What does that mean to you? Basically, plastic is often downcycled -- that is, the material loses viability and/or value in the process of recycling -- into less functional forms, making it hard to make new plastic bags out of old plastic bags.
What about biodegradable plastic bags?
Biodegradable plastic is a mixed bag (pun intended) as well; while biopolymers like polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) and Polylactide (PLA) are completely biodegradable in compost (and very, very, very slowly -- if at all -- in a landfill) and are not made from petroleum products, they are often derived from our food sources. The primary feedstock for bioplastics today is corn, which is rife with agro-political conflict and often grown and harvested unsustainably; because of these reasons, and because it competes with food supply, it is not likely to be a long-term solution in the plastics world. Plus, some bags marked "biodegradable" are not actually so -- they're recycled plastic mixed with cornstarch. The cornstarch biodegrades and the plastic breaks down into tiny little pieces but does not actually "biodegrade," leaving a yucky polymer mess (if in small pieces). The only way to avoid this? Look for 100% plant-based polymers, like the two mentioned above.
So, while it's good to have the alternative (and to recognize the innovation it represents), bioplastics aren't quite ready to save us from the paper or plastic debate.
Paper bags hold more stuff, but plastic bags use less energy during production and recycling. Photo: Getty Images
Paper or plastic: A look at the facts and numbers
Paper bags can hold more stuff per bag -- anywhere from 50 percent to 400 percent more, depending on how they're packed, since they hold more volume and are sturdier. The numbers here assume that each paper bag holds 50 percent more than each plastic bag, meaning that it takes one and half plastic bags to equal a paper bag -- it's not a one-to-one comparison, even though plastic still comes out ahead.
It's important to note that all of the above numbers assume that none of the bags are recycled, which adds a lot of negative impacts for both the paper and plastic bags; the numbers decrease in size (and the relative impacts decrease) as more bags are recycled. Interestingly, the numbers for paper bag recycling get better faster -- the more that are recycled, the lower their overall environmental impact -- but, because plastic bags use much less to begin with, they still ends up creating less solid and waterborne waste and airborne emissions.
Paper and plastic bags' required energy inputs
From the same analysis, we learn that plastic also has lower energy requirements -- these numbers are expressed in millions of British thermal units (Btus) per 10,000 bags, again at 1.5 plastic bags for every one paper bag. Plastic bags require 9.7 million Btus, vs. 16.3 for paper bags at zero percent recycling; even at 100% recycling rates, plastic bags still require less -- 7.0 to paper's 9.1. What does that mean to me and you? Plastic bags just take less energy to create, which is significant because so much of our energy comes from dirty sources like coal and petroleum.
The best way to go? A reusable bag, not a plastic bag. Anya Hindmarch's wildly popular "I am Not a Plastic Bag" tote is helping give the reusable bag some sex appeal.
Paper bags or plastic bags: the conclusion
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Ban or No Ban: The Debate over Plastic Bags in LA (UPDATED) |
Surprising facts behind fast food strike
AP Photo/Mary Altaffer
AP Photo/Mary Altaffer
The strike is a big deal for two reasons: first, these workers aren't unionized. They're loosely connected through an organizing group called New York Communities for Change.
And despite the stereo-type, most fast food workers aren't teenaged kids trying to earn a few extra bucks. The median age of a fast food worker is over 28, and adult women dominate the industry. Two-thirds of fast food workers are women and most are over the age of 32, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Credit: NELP analysis of S&P Capital IQ database
The top three low-wage employers are Wal-Mart, Yum! Brands and McDonald's. Wal-Mart profits are up 23% and McDonald's profits have skyrocketed 130% during the recession. Yet the National Employment Law Project estimates that 58% of the jobs added during the recovery have been low-wage jobs.
Thursday's strike in New York coincided with the 45-year anniversary of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr'.s assassination and it echoes the sanitation workers strike that year in Memphis.
In fact, organizers in New York say they met with two of the 1968 strikers to get some guidance and they're hoping to gain some momentum nationwide.
We'll let you know what happens. |
Regardless of background or philosophy, practitioners representing virtually every form of skincare and healthcare (Western Medicine and many of the different branches of alternative/complementary healthcare) agree that excessive exposure to UV rays should be avoided due to the risk of developing different types of skin cancer (basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma).
While most consumers are aware of the dangers of excessive outdoor sun exposure and the need for responsible sun protection, indoor tanning beds pose just as much, if not more risk.
Are small amounts of indoor tanning safe?
The indoor tanning industry has fought back over the years, claiming that only the UVB rays (short “burning rays”) increase skin cancer risk; and indoor tanning products (tanning beds, tanning lamps, tanning booths, etc) mostly use the UVA (long (tanning rays”), therefore there is no risk. However, several experts and findings from recent studies have now come to the conclusion that even the UVA rays that cause the skin to tan, not burn, can cause skin cancer. On the subject of Vitamin D, it is true that some sunlamps and tanning beds do incorporate UVB rays. They claim that because of this, using these devices is a good way to get extra Vitamin D. However, the consensus among experts is that any benefit is far outweighed by the risks.
According to Tim Turnham, executive director of the Melanoma Research Foundation, when UVA rays hit the skin, they damage the DNA of the melanocytes (cells found in the deepest layer of the epidermis that produce the body’s melanin pigment), which sends them a message and causes them to produce more melanin pigment to protect the skin from additional damage. This emergency response, that so many people consider to be a desirable skin tone, is a tan.
Additionally, David Fisher, MD, PhD, chief of Dermatology at Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School states that there is no such thing as a safe tan, since a tan would not exist if DNA damage had not occurred. “Darkening of the skin is caused by damaging DNA. This is the same process by which cancer cells develop…if there is a tan there has to be DNA damage, and with that comes the risk of skin cancer.”
Why do people keep tanning when they know it causes harm?
The same question can be asked of cigarette smokers, as well as people who abuse alcohol, illegal drugs, prescription drugs, or other substances. The answer is because they may be addicted. Tim Turnham also noted that in addition to sending messages to the melanocytes to produce more pigment cells for protection, when UV rays hit the skin’s surface they also “start a cascade effect which causes the body to create endorphins, leading to a euphoric response” similar to the one generated by other addictive substances. This causes many tanners to become physically addicted to the UV exposure.
Studies on this subject surveyed groups of college students on their tanning habits and thoughts about why they tan. These students were evaluated based on the DSM-IV criteria for addiction, as well as the Cut-Down, Annoyed, Guilty, Eye-Opener (CAGE) questionnaire which was originally developed to identify alcoholics. This 2007 study found that 39.3% of the participants met the DSM-IV criteria, while 28% met the CAGE criteria for being addicted to tanning.
Tanning addiction can start at a young age.
Both the FDA and the American Cancer Society consider all types of UV radiation to be carcinogenic, and “in 2009 the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) moved these devices into the highest cancer risk category: ‘carcinogenic to humans.’” The CDC concurs, and lists updated research on tanning beds here. Tanning beds were previously rated as general usage Class I medical devices— the same category as tongue depressors and band aids. However, updated research revealed that “UV radiation exposure in youth and teenagers puts them at a greater risk for skin and eye damage later in life.” Because of this, as of September 2, 2014, “the FDA reclassified sunlamp products from class I to class II, which established additional requirements for the devices (called “special controls”) and required manufacturers to submit a premarket notification, which is commonly called a 510(k). Additionally, in December 2015, the FDA proposed a rule to amend the sunlamp products and UV lamps performance standard, as well as to restrict sunlamp product use to users 18 and older, and to require adult users to sign a risk acknowledgement certification before their first tanning sessions and every 6 months after that.”
Is there a 12-step program for tanning addiction?
If you suspect that you, your child, or someone else you know has a tanning addiction, it is necessary to have them evaluated by a mental health professional who specializes in treating addiction. Often, people with addictions or addictive personalities also suffer from other underlying mental health issues which require counseling or other professional intervention to treat.
We’d love to hear from you!
Have you experienced tanning addiction either personally, or witnessed it in your practice? Does your salon or spa still have sunlamps or tanning beds? How do you educate your clients about tanning safety? Please share your thoughts in the comments below!
*This article is an update from this initial post on NAA President, Rachael Pontillo’s Holistically Haute™ blog.
**Photo by Miran Rijavec , via Wikimedia Commons |
Donkey vs Mule: What's the Difference?
Posted by TF Oren
Mule Vs. Donkey
Both four-legged. Both horse-like. But neither one a horse. At a glance, donkeys and mules look similar, and to the untrained eye, it can be difficult to tell them apart. The two species are also closely related, which makes things even more complicated.
So, what, exactly is the difference between a donkey and a mule? When you understand the nuances that separate the species, you'll see the differences between these animals and be better able to tell them apart. Here's a quick primer.
Donkey and Mule Backgrounds
A donkey, although part of the horse family (Equidae), is, in fact, a different species from the horse (Equus africanus asinus). Donkeys are descended from the African wild ass. They were likely first bred around 5,000 years ago in Egypt or Mesopotamia.
A mule, on the other hand, is a hybrid animal. Mule foals are the offspring of female horses and male donkeys (a "jack"). A male horse and a female donkey (a "jenny" or "jennet") produce a "hinny." A hinny is just slightly smaller than a mule but otherwise similar.
Understanding Genetics
Genetics is the true foundation for the difference between donkeys and mules. Genetically speaking, donkeys have 62 chromosomes and can reproduce normally. Mules and hinnies have 63 chromosomes. It is because of this mismatch that they are usually sterile.
Having only 63 chromosomes, mules cannot produce haploid cells (cells with half the number of chromosomes), which are required for sexual reproduction. No male mules have been known to produce offspring. However, there are a few rare cases documenting reproductively viable female mules.
Mule Vs. Donkey
Mother Nature Network
Physical Similarities and Differences
Physically, mules share more physical characteristics with horses than donkeys do, including coat consistency, body shape, body size, ear shape, tail, and teeth. Mules come in all sizes, from miniature to draft, but are generally larger than donkeys, and often considerably so. Their body weight makes them better pack mules.
Aside from being smaller than mules, donkeys are identifiable by their endearingly long ears. Donkeys usually have a dorsal stripe that runs along the back, a dark stripe across the shoulders, a short mane, short thick head, and a tail that looks more like a cow's than a horse's. Most donkeys also lack true withers.
Vocalizations are another good way to distinguish donkeys from mules. A donkey makes the oh-so-familiar hee-haw sound. A mule's vocalizations are somewhere between the hee-haw and a horse's whinny. A mule's call usually starts as a whinny and ends as a hee-haw.
When cared for properly, donkeys can live 30-50 years, although this number decreases significantly when donkeys are used for hard work. Mules can live 30-40 years with proper care.
These are some of the major differences between donkeys and mules, but they're by no means the only ones. Interested in learning more about what makes each of these equines unique? Check out the American Donkey and Mule Society's resources.
Do you know the difference between donkeys and mules now? Tell us in the comments below!
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Donkey vs Mule: What's the Difference? |
What is the difference between wear-resistant ceramic materials and ordinary ceramics?
- Oct 17, 2020-
Wear-resistant ceramics are special corundum ceramics made of baiAL2O3 as the main raw material, rare metal oxides as the du flux, and sintered at a high temperature of 1,700 bai. Then, special rubber and high-strength organic/inorganic bonding are used. A combination of agents.
Each engineering ceramic material has its own advantages and disadvantages, so full analysis and research must be carried out for the working conditions of ceramics. If the use conditions are not met, the ceramic will not achieve the expected use effect. Under normal circumstances, the main factors affecting ceramic properties are as follows:
1. Operating temperature range and change;
2. Corrosive medium;
3. Force condition;
4. Incident angle of hard particle collision;
5. Particle erosion intensity
Among all ceramic materials, Beijing Titan Technology recommends that you mainly use alumina and silicon carbide ceramics. Alumina ceramics have extremely high resistance to general corrosion and abrasion, and have the highest performance-to-price ratio, which is suitable for most occasions. Sintered silicon carbide will only be considered for use under higher temperature, higher toughness and wear resistance requirements. |
Under normal circumstances, the RFID coding system has three standard systems, namely the ISO standard system, the EPC Global standard system and the Ubiquitous ID standard system. The ISO standards in the RFID field can be divided into the following four categories:
1) Technical standards (such as radio frequency identification technology, IC card standards, etc.)
2) Data content and coding standards (such as coding format, grammar standards, etc.)
3) Performance and conformance standards (such as test specifications)
4) Application standards (such as shipping labels, product packaging standards, etc.) EPC Global’s “Internet of Things” architecture consists of EPC encoding, EPC tags and readers, EPC middleware, ONS server and EPCIS server.
1) EPC is the only electronic code assigned to an item. Its bit length is usually 64 or 96 bits, and can be extended to 256 bits. For different applications, different encoding formats are specified, mainly storing enterprise codes, commodity codes and serial numbers. The latest GEN2 standard EPC code is compatible with a variety of codes.
2) The EPC middleware processes the read EPC code by filtering and fault tolerance, and then inputs it into the enterprise business system. It is compatible with readers of different manufacturers by defining a common interface (API) with the reader.
3) The ONS server parses according to the EPC encoding and user requirements to determine which EPCIS server the information related to the EPC encoding is stored on.
4) The EPCIS server stores and provides various information related to the EPC. This information is usually stored in PML format or in a relational database. uID Center’s ubiquitous identification technology architecture consists of four parts: ubiquitous identification code (ucode), information system server, ubiquitous communicator and ucode resolution server.
Ucode is a unique identifier that gives any physical object in the real world. It has ample capacity of 128 bits and can be extended to 256, 384 or 512 bits in 128-bit units. The biggest advantage of ucode is that it can accommodate the meta-encoding design of the existing coding system and is compatible with a variety of encodings. Ucode tags come in many forms, including barcodes, RF tags, smart cards, active chips, and more. The ubiquitous identification center classifies labels and sets up nine levels of different certification standards.
The information system server stores and provides various information related to ucode. The ucode parsing server determines that the ucode-related information is stored on that information system server.
The communication protocol of the ucode resolution server is ucodeRP and eTP, and eTP is an eTron (PKI) based password authentication communication protocol. The ubiquitous communicator is mainly composed of an IC tag, a tag reader and a wireless wide area communication device, and is used to send the read ucode to the ucode parsing server and obtain relevant information from the information system server.
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Macular Degeneration and Carbohydrates
Recent studies have concluded that other factors never before associated with the condition may also be contributing causes to the disease. Certain types of carbohydrates have conclusively been associated with the condition. Specifically, foods rich in carbohydrates that have a high glycemic index have been linked to Macular Degeneration. This factor raises the blood glucose level and is a measure of how fast the carbohydrates are metabolized. The faster the food is broken down the higher the glycemic index.
Foods made from simple carbohydrates like cake and white bread or ones that are sweetened with sugar or corn syrup metabolize very quickly pouring glucose into the system. Complex carbohydrates like fruits and vegetables break down more slowly and result in a steadier release of glucose into the system. Complex carbs are much better for timed release of energy for active people since it keeps fueling the system. It also uses the glucose as it is released thus decreasing the likelihood of having to store it in cells. This of course results in an increase in fatty tissue.
Intake of foods with a high glycemic index causes conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, vascular disease and certain types of cancers. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition has published studies correlating these foods and conditions. One such study stated that individuals that ate a lot of high glycemic index carbohydrates had as much as a 40 times greater chance of developing macular degeneration and that the severity of the condition would be worse then those that did not eat that class of food.
The theory behind the correlation between the high glycemic index carbohydrates and macular degeneration stems from it’s impact on the smaller blood vessels. High blood glucose like in diabetes weakens the cellular bonds in the blood vessel walls. This in turn weakens the vessel’s ability to maintain good blood flow thought the vessels. As a result the blood leaks out of the blood vessels resulting in damage to the surrounding tissue. In addition, the end organs are not going to get the full supply of blood. It can be compared to a garden hose that leaks water all along the hose. As a result the sprinkler will not get enough water and the grass at the end will turn brown. Also, the areas along the hose will flood damaging those parts as well. |
UNIT 5. Harmonic Dictation: Primary Triads and the Dominant Seventh; Cadential Tonic Six-Four
Basic Progression 1
• Turn to the worksheet for this example in your Workbook.
• Listen to the example. Notate the four voices and provide harmonic analysis.
scale (viola)
Click on image to show answer: |
What’s the difference between SHARED Hosting , VPS and Dedicated Server ?
So hello guys, today I will explain you that what is SHARED Hosting , VPS and DEDICATED Server. So first we have to know about DEDICATED Server.
What is Dedicated Server ?
So guys, dedicated server is a machine just like your PC, it has CPU, RAM, disk storage. A dedicated server is a complete machine. It has full access to resources.
What is VPS ?
So guys VPS ( Virtual Private Server ) is a virtual machine. it doesn’t exists physically. As you read in the above paragraph that Dedicated server is a complete machine so Dedicated server exists physically but VPS doesn’t exists physically. It is created VIRTUALLY.
VPS is made by Dedicated Server or a Node. A Node is a combination of many Dedicated Servers. Using Virtualization Technology we can create a VPS from Dedicated Server or Node. But VPS is little bit slow in comparison to Dedicated Server.
Let’s Understand why it is slow in comparison to Dedicated server,
We can create many VPS from a Node or Dedicated Server, and the resources of a Dedicated server or Node is shared to all VPS created from them. For Example think, I have a Dedicated Server of 12 Core and I created 7 VPS from that Dedicated Server so 12 Core will be shared with 7 VPS together. and one of my VPS is using too much resources, that VPS is using almost 8 Core. So Only 4 Core will be given to other 6 VPS and another one VPS is also using 4 Core so there is nothing left for other VPS so other VPS can’t complete their processes and the other VPS will be slow.
But Dedicated Server has a full access of resources and if I didn’t sell VPS from my Dedicated Server then I can use 12 Core and I didn’t share Resources with any other VPS so Dedicated Server will work fast.
What is Shared Hosting ?
So Guys in shared hosting, resources is also shared like VPS |
Shared Hosting can be sold via VPS and Dedicated Server.
For Example, I have a dedicated server and I sold 20 Shared Hosting to my customers and they created their websites on shared hosting. I have Dedicated Server of 12 Core and 64GB RAM so these Core and RAM will be shared to all 20 Shared Hosting and any site hosted on shared hosting provided by me can use these resources.
But via CloudLinux Technology we can also set resources limits for shared Hosting clients. and it is also important because if any client’s website use more resources then other client’s website will be go slow so it is important to set limits for every client. via CloudLinux Technology we can set CPU , RAM , I/O ENTRY PROCESS etc Limits for every client and then client cannot use more resources than the limit.
Some General Questions asked by clients :-
Question1. Which server is fast ? VPS or Dedicated ?
Answer :- Obviously Dedicated Server. Dedicated server is faster than VPS because it doesn’t share it’s resources with any other dedicated server and it is a complete machine and it exists physicially.
Question2. Can we sell VPS from VPS ?
Answer :- No, you cannot sell VPS via VPS. But you can sell VPS via Dedicated Server or Node but you have to purchase a big Dedicated Server. Like you cannot make a apple from apple but you can make a apple from a tree of apple.
Question3. if the resources are shared then our data is also shared ?
Answer :- No, resources shared means you are sharing CPU , RAM etc. But you are also sharing Disk , but it doesn’t mean other people can see your files and data. Only the owner of server can see your data.
Question4. How we open VPS or Dedicated Server via internet ?
Answer: Every VPS or Dedicated Server has an IP Address and from the IP Address we can open VPS or Dedicated Server. But If you want to Open your Domain name then you have to connect your domain name to the server IP via Nameserver or a records.
so at the end, Dedicated Server is a fully complete machine which has CPU, RAM , Disk and it exists physically. But VPS is a Virtual Machine which doesn’t exists physically and it doesn’t have any physical Core , RAM or Disk , it is created by a dedicated or node server and it uses the resources of a node or dedicated server. Shared Hosting is also not exists physically it is also virtually it uses the resources of a dedicated server or VPs.
Thanks for reading. I hope you liked the post 🙂
About Piyush Maheswari 4 Articles
Hello, I am the founder of HostBet. I love helping people , providing web hosting services , researching on topics related to webservers and web hosting.
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Meditation On A Citrus Fruit
by Carrie Fehr
The cheerful colors, fragrance and sweet taste of seasonal citrus fruit, bring a burst of sunshine in the middle of winter that enliven our senses, as we welcome the New Year with positive energy.
To celebrate the citrus harvest, students begin cooking classes with a time-honored tradition of meditating on a satsuma mandarin orange. Through mindful eating practices, students learn how to awaken a deeper appreciation of the food they eat, and become more conscious of the connection it has to their health and environment. As we pause and refresh our breath, we close our eyes, and savor the beauty of the mandarin, with gratitude for its nourishment, and its sweet nectar that embrace all our senses. And with the knowledge that it belongs to a greater whole—the land, sun, and sky—we fully appreciate the splendor of this gift of nature, in this precious moment of calm and stillness. |
War on Statues Extends to Alaska
• According to the protesters, the statue offends the feelings of representatives of indigenous peoples.
• This has been an ongoing situation in many US States.
• The destruction of history is never a good thing.
In Alaska, a group of local residents demanded that a monument to the chief ruler of the Russian colonies in North America, Alexander Baranov, be demolished. There have been localized protests in Alaska pertaining the monument. One has to ask what this movement, in Alaska and on the mainland, is really about.
Alexander Baranov was a Russian statesman, businessman and collegiate adviser. He was the first chief ruler of Russian settlements in North America (1790-1818). He was engaged in the construction of fortified settlements, founded a shipyard, started local shipbuilding, built a copper smelter and school, organized coal mining, and expanded the Kalan fishery. Due to his tireless efforts, locals were able to have more commercial goods and services and obtain education. He never forced anyone and was always well respected in his time. He died in 1819.
The City and Borough of Sitka is a unified city-borough in the southeast portion of the U.S. state of Alaska. The city is situated on the west side of Baranof Island and the south half of Chichagof Island in the Alexander Archipelago of the Pacific Ocean (part of the Alaska Panhandle). As of the 2010 census, Sitka had a population of 8,881.
Russia never owned slaves, nor used black labor. Therefore, the only answer is that the US has a racist campaign against the white race. It should never be about anyone race, period. No one should be reprimanded or mistreated based on race, ethnicity or religion.
At the same time you can’t blame everyone for what happened in the past. There are many that were oppressed. In the Soviet Era, Stalin murdered many people.
My family lost all the lands due to the 1917 Revolution that were stolen by the Communists. Now, they are further destroyed by the Ukraine-Russia conflict. Can I blame everyone, or the entire populous? No. That seems to be the trend in the US— cast blame and shaming.
According to the protesters, the statue, which was presented to the city by a local rich family in 1989, offends the feelings of representatives of indigenous peoples. There are defenders of the monument in Sitka, who point to its historical and artistic value.
The final decision must be made by the local council. The option of preserving the monument to the head of Russian settlements is considered, but as a balance, it is proposed to put a monument to representatives of the indigenous population, Tlingit.
Russian America was the name of the Russian colonial possessions in North America from 1733 to 1867. Its capital was Novo-Arkhangelsk (New Arkhangelsk), which is now Sitka, Alaska, United States. n 1867, Russia sold its last remaining possessions to the United States of America for $7.2 million ($132 million in today’s terms).
This has been an ongoing situation in many US States. In reality, only Native Americans have claims to the land. Therefore, any others are the equivalent of illegal immigrants and trespassers, regardless of how they got to the US.
However, the destruction of history is never a good thing. History is there to learn from those mistakes. Without knowing those mistakes, history tends to repeat itself on the myriad of levels, especially when it comes to wars.
At present, US President Donald Trump gave government forces powers to arrest anyone who is going to vandalize historic monuments. Also, such offense can carry up to 10 years in prison. It seems that the unrest is fueled by myriad of groups.
It would also be interesting to see the response from Russia, if in fact the monument is removed. Alaska is close to Russia, which also would be odd to suggest such.
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Classical Phong reflection model, as described on wikipedia, computes diffuse and specular light as follows:
vec3 diffuse = kd * dot(n, l) * i;
vec3 specular = ks * pow(dot(r, v), a) * i;
Where n, l, r, v are the normal, light, reflection and view vectors, kd, ks are surface diffuse and specular color, a is gloss and i is incoming light intensity.
I understand that the diffuse term is such as it is because 1) diffuse reflection is not dependent on viewer direction and 2) surfaces angled away from light recieve less light to scatter, thus the dot(n, l) term.
However, shouldn't the specular term also be multiplied by dot(n, l) for the same reason? Is my assumtion that dot(n, l) computes incoming light wrong?
I know that the Phong model is mostly a hack, but this seems like a simple and performant modification and I haven't found this issue discussed anywhere. I've also looked into the source code of the game Tesseract, which does seem to multiply the specular term by dot(n, l).
• $\begingroup$ The cos term is actually a part of the rendering equation. The lambertian BRDF is just a constant $ R_{d}/{\pi}$. Hence it gets multiplied with the whole BRDF (spec + diffuse) $\endgroup$ – gallickgunner Jul 19 '20 at 13:34
• 1
$\begingroup$ Phong is a hack, so the specular brdf is actually $\frac{specular}{\cos\theta}$ which breaks energy conservation. There is a modified version of the brdf where it is energy conserving and the specular part is multiplied with $\cos\theta$. $\endgroup$ – lightxbulb Jul 19 '20 at 13:50
The $N \cdot L$ term (I've seen "geometry term" thrown around; not quite accurate, but good enough for here) is part of the rendering equation. What you're looking at here is an estimate of the inside of the rendering equation—that is, the incoming radiance i times the geometry term dot(n,l) times the BRDF.
The simple answer for why the Phong BRDF doesn't include the geometry term is "Well, it probably should, but the Phong model predates the invention of the rendering equation by more than a decade.".
Phong, B.T.: Illumination for computer generated pictures. Communications of the ACM 18(6), 311–317 (1975).
Kajiya, J.T.: The rendering equation. In: Proceedings of the 13th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, SIGGRAPH ’86, pp. 143–150. ACM, New York, NY, USA (1986).
This deficiency was fixed in what is now called the Modified Phong BRDF:
Lewis, R.R.: Making Shaders More Physically Plausible. Computer Graphics Forum 13(2), 109–120 (1994)
At the end of the day, whether the term is present or not isn't an issue of correctness per-se. Not having the geometry term when you might expect it just means that the BRDF corresponds to a different surface reflection that doesn't foreshorten much at glancing angles. Indeed, many other BRDFs have terms that look like reciprocal geometry terms, so that they cancel with the actual geometry term in the rendering equation.
In code, the BRDFs look like:
vec3 f_phong = rho_s/(TWO_PI/(a+1.0)) * pow(max(0.0,dot(r,v)),a) / dot(n,l);
vec3 f_modphong = rho_s/(TWO_PI/(a+2.0)) * pow(max(0.0,dot(r,v)),a);
And so when multiplied by the light and geometry term in the rendering equation (i.e., i * f * dot(n,l)), you get:
vec3 spec_phong = i * rho_s/(TWO_PI/(a+1.0)) * pow(max(0.0,dot(r,v)),a);
vec3 spec_modphong = i * rho_s/(TWO_PI/(a+2.0)) * pow(max(0.0,dot(r,v)),a) * dot(n,l);
The obvious should be noted, however: while the Phong BRDF is simple to understand and implement, it is of limited accuracy on real-world materials. It's not terrible, the way many people think it is, but it does lack important features that can be important on many materials. It is not the state-of-the-art, and depending on your needs you may like to look elsewhere (GGX microfacet, etc.) for more modern BRDFs.
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We are One – Aren’t we?
By: Candice Jade Parkes
Sustainable farming sometimes seems like an unreachable glamorous idea. How do you feed almost 8 billion people in a sustainable way when we already know that habitats are being lost, species are going extinct, water resources are running out, etc. It seems like a fantasy.
But on a smaller scale, this may be possible. Using the ocean as a farming seascape is a great opportunity, but how do we make sure that we do not farm the sea in the same destructive way we have farmed the dry lands?
I recently worked on a project with the aim of intensifying fish and shellfish farms while improving animal welfare, all in an environmentally friendly way. This too seems like a glamorous idea. But with the help of local fishermen, scientists, software developers and, of course, you the consumer, this can be made possible.
Fundamentally, we need to realize that we do not function alone in this world, we are all part of a ‘bigger something’ that pulses and beats together, connected in one way or another. Two birds that communicate through songs, Blue Whales and Penguins that both eat krill, migrations, the metamorphosis and shedding of exoskeletons, the oxygen we breathe, the light we see, and the arms and legs that move us – we are all connected, and sustainability IS reachable is when we understand this connection.
Alternative Seafood- a sustainable food future?
Next 9th of December (1:00PM – 2:00PM GMT) the first seminar in the Big Fish Series, co-organized by GAIN partner University of Stirling, will take place. ALT seafood, plant-based, fermentation-derived and cell-based seafood, is emerging with the potential to help meet the growing seafood demand, but has attracted a mixed reaction by a range of stakeholders.
The format of these seminars is a short presentation of the key issues followed by an interactive discussion with a diverse panel of experts with opportunities for real time Q&A with registered participants.
This seminar will be co-hosted by WorldFish, a nonprofit research and innovation institution that conducts scientific research on aquatic food systems with transformational impact on human well-being and the environment. Its research data, evidence and insights shape better practices, policies and investment decisions for sustainable development in low- and middle-income countries.
As part of the preparatory work for the new aquatic foods program, WorldFish has conducted exploratory future-looking research on alternative seafood and its implications for food and nutrition security, livelihoods and the environment in Africa, Asia and the Pacific.
Aquatic foods are an integral part of the global food system that contribute significantly to food and nutrition security and livelihoods, particularly throughout low- and middle-income countries. The global supply of aquatic foods comes from capture fisheries and aquaculture, but there is concern about sustainability of the industry and its ability to meet future needs and demands.
WorldFish has identified priority research questions that need to be addressed to evaluate the alternative seafood sector and its potential implications, opportunities and challenges for food and nutrition security, livelihoods and the environment over the next decade in low- and middle-income countries.
Mark it on your calendar, and register here. |
Tag Archives: Food Geography
Shell Games
shell game
I knew I’d seen this exact shape before (the dark one on the left) – the distinct, lopsided bowl, the pronounced “beak” and the pastry-like layers of shell growth. I was shucking my way through a sack of Hog Island oysters, freshly harvested from Tomales Bay in Northern California, and hustling to get an order of 12 off the raw bar and out to some hungry customers. I set the provocative little bivalve aside on the ice, and forgot about it until clean up later that evening. Then the connection came clearly – this odd-shaped oyster looked just like one I had seen last summer (the grey one on the right), an oyster from a very different time and place…. a fossil from an outcropping of Mancos Shale in central Utah (photo below), preserved in stone from the mid-Cretaceous – around 100 million years ago! Utah shell creek
The similarities between the two shells are stunning. What is even more stunning is the obvious question underlying the “sisters from a different mister” – why? Why are these shells so similar, given all that has changed on planet Earth in 100 million years? How many animals living today look unchanged from their ancestors of the Cretaceous? Not many. So what is it about oysters, and the design of oysters, that makes this possible? The answer may lie in the nature of the intertidal habitat that oysters call (and many other marine invertebrates) call home.
to be continued…… |
What Is The Symbol For Life And Death?
What is the flower of the dead?
The flower is placed on graves during the holiday.
They also symbolize the fragility of life since they bloom in early summer and die with the fall’s first frost.
In Mexico, the flower is called the cempasuchitl..
What is a symbol for life?
What symbolizes new life?
The phoenix is a symbol of rebirth and renewal. It symbolizes the start of a new life.
What fruit symbolizes death?
What symbolizes mortality the cycle of life and death Day of the Dead?
Memento Mori Symbolism Skulls are, in fact, the most commonplace symbol in memento mori art and are the classic symbol of mortality. … Mexico’s Día de los Muertos, or “Day of the Dead,” is one of the most famous celebrations to use skull iconography to pay homage to those who have died.
What is the most famous symbol?
What is the most powerful symbol?
What is the oldest symbol in the world?
double-headed eagle motifThe double-headed eagle motif is one of the oldest symbols known to man. As far as we can tell it first appeared in the Early Bronze Age in Mesopotamia. An ancient scroll with a seal containing the double-headed eagle told of the foundation of the city of Gudea.
What bird symbolizes death?
Is there a symbol for death?
What symbolizes overcoming struggle?
What number symbolizes death?
What color symbolizes death?
color blackBlack mystery/death Of all mysteries, death may have been the biggest. Ancient people were completely “in the dark” about what would happen to them after death, and so it was (and is) represented by the color black in many cultures.
What tree symbolizes death?
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Be mindful of rattlesnakes hiding in Christmas decorations
What can you do?
Out of town visiting guests may need a quick refresher
The story
What happened to the snakes?
Why are we still catching rattlesnakes in the winter?
You may notice that our social media feeds are still full of rattlesnake captures and relocations, even in the coolest months of the year. Be assured: yes, rattlesnakes are hibernating (or brumating if you prefer) in the winter, roughly from November through February. However, as we’ve explained in previous winters, they can still be found from time to time on the surface.
The biggest reason you’ll still see so much from us is because we meter our content so that we don’t blow you away with 20+ posts during the summer days, and make you think we’ve disappeared during the winter. Every call is unique and interesting, with lessons and experiences that should be shared, so we space it out. That means that many of the photos you’re seeing in the winter may have been from calls we ran in October, etc.
There are of course snakes that are still active during the winter, both by their own choice, and not. We cover some of the reasons you may see one at your house during the cooler months in a previous post, named after the most common comment we see on photos of snakes found in the cooler months. “I thought they were hibernating!
Why would rattlesnakes be active when it’s so old outside?
One of the biggest misconceptions about rattlesnake behavior is that they are driven purely by warm temperatures. While it is true that rattlesnakes, like all reptiles, are cold-blooded and depend on external forces to get warm, temperature is just one of many factors that determine whether or not they’ll become active.
Here’s a great example that happened recently. In 2020, the Phoenix area broke several records for the hottest, driest summer in recent history. When rain finally came to the valley after more than 100 days without a drop, it was on a cold December day.
With temperatures barely breaking 50˚F, why would rattlesnakes suddenly become active? Simply: they have to, or risk death. With minimal effort, I was able to find 7 Western Diamondback Rattlesnakes on the surface hoping for rain. The first was found at just 45˚F, and the last at 51˚F. Comparing field notes for the day with a couple of knowledgeable friends, who also knew to put on boots instead of sweatpants for the day, showed similar results. Rattlesnakes, even in relatively cold temperatures, were very active. When rain fell again for a brief period on Christmas day, again, it was not difficult to find a lone Western Diamondback Rattlesnake coming out for a drink.
Just because we see rattlesnakes in the winter doesn’t mean you will.
People are often surprised that we are still able to find rattlesnakes in the winter – in fact it’s probably why you’re reading this right now. If you’re not someone that wants to run into them out there, don’t worry: it’s very unlikely that you will.
Rattlesnakes that we find in the winter aren’t in the same situation that you’d find them during other, warmer periods. They’re not out moving large distances, tracking prey, looking for mates, or any of the other behaviors that most often result in an encounter. This activity is much more specific – just coming to the surface of their den, and back down again when they’ve gotten what they need. That means that if you’re hiking on a trail and not purposefully searching situations that seem likely to house rattlesnakes over the winter, you’re not likely to see them at all.
More notes about rattlesnakes in the winter:
Which neighborhoods in Phoenix have the fewest rattlesnakes?
If you’re looking to move to Arizona, this question may be on your mind. Rattlesnakes seem to be everywhere in the state, so where can you buy a home and know what to expect? Fortunately, rattlesnakes are creatures of habit and where they are found tends to be fairly predictable. This is our overview of what we know about rattlesnakes and where they can be in the city, and a new tool we’ll be using to help communicate this to new Arizona residents.
Check the rattlesnake removal records!
While we will never make any information about an address or community public, we do share information based on zip code. Our removal activity log is available to the public, and is now searchable by zip code. If you’re curious about an area, pop in the zip code and you can see what kind of snake activity has occurred there. Keep in mind that zip codes can be large, so what happens at one house could be literally impossible just a couple of miles away. However, we won’t get more specific than this only to protect the privacy of our customers.
Welcome to Arizona!
The further you are from native desert, the fewer rattlesnakes are found.
Rattlesnakes are specialized desert reptiles, which means that they aren’t great at new things. While a Sonoran Gophersnake or Kingsnake might be found deep into the valley, making use of well-watered lawns and a growing roof rat problem, rattlesnakes are different. Without the presence of native desert habitat, rattlesnakes will not be found.
If you select a home on the interior of the valley, more than a half-mile from the nearest native habitat, your chances of seeing a rattlesnake in your yard are exceedingly low. That doesn’t bar a freak happening, like a snake that hitches a ride in a truck or someone releasing one, but those aren’t meaningful considerations.
The 5-year “Snakey” scale
The easiest way to look at it would be to use this general formula. It’s based on an estimation from our experience and data collected from relocation calls over a 10 year period. It’s not exact, but can be used as a general guideline that is accurate enough to help make home-buying decisions. If you want to go deep on a lot of this, here’s peer-reviewed research using our relocation data to shows some of the reasons how and where contact zones occur.
The scale I will use here is how many rattlesnakes a homeowner may encounter per 5 year period of occupancy. For example: a score of 1.5 means that a homeowner can expect 1.5 rattlesnake encounters per 5 years of occupancy.
Score: 4 on the Snakey Scale. From the nearest native desert habitat, the first row of immediately adjacent homes has the highest chance of encounters, at greater than 100% chance if occupied per 5 years. This group includes, specifically, homes found at the corners or street-ends, where the highest rate of encounter occurs. Homeowners in this situation should to see a rattlesnake about every year or every other year.
Homes on the corner or end of the street, closest to direct access to native desert habitat, have the highest rate of encounter. Generally, each home or street from there decreases the rate of encounter.
Score: 3 on the Snakey Scale. From there, the second home or row (across the street) has a pretty high rate of encounter, but not nearly. Rattlesnakes tend to stick closer to access points. While they may be more inclined to just pop around the corner and stick to the wall, we nearly as often see them use the entire side of the first house into the second yard, and across the street as well. Homes in this situation will likely see a few rattlesnakes in a 5 year period of occupancy.
Score: 2.5 on the Snakey Scale. Any home in the first street row backing up to the desert. The likelihood in these instances is that the snake could come from both sides, regardless of the placement of the wall. Fortunately this can be easliy fixed, which may dramatically reduce that figure.
Score: 1.5 on the Snakey Scale. Homes across the street from the row immediately next to the edge of the desert may expect to see 1 or 2 rattlesnakes in the yard during a 5 year time period.
As you go further from access to native desert, the likelihood of seeing a snake changes quickly. However, it’s seldom this simple.
Score: 0.7 on the Snakey Scale. Homes on the first 2 (or so) interior streets could encounter a rattlesnake at some point, but it’s also possible to not see one at all during a 5 year occupancy.
Something as simple as an opening, or a drainage “park” as we commonly see them in Arizona, can dramatically change things for the neighborhood.
Score: 0.3 on the Snakey Scale. Homes greater than 2 streets in from native desert habitat, but closer than 5 streets may see a rattlesnake in their yard at some point, but a slim majority will not.
Score: 0.1 on the Snakey Scale. Homes more than 5 streets in, but less than 10, from the nearest native desert habitat could see a rattlesnake, but it’s not entirely likely. If it is one, it would more likely be due to construction, displacement, or a wandering baby rattlesnake. Around 1 in 5 homes will experience a rattlesnake in the yard in a 5-year stay.
Score: 0.05 on the Snakey Scale. Homes that are more than 10 streets in from the nearest desert habitat will most likely never encounter a rattlesnake in their yard. However, it’s still a possibility, and homeowners should continue to be on guard and follow all of the available safety precautions.
Score: 0 on the Snakey Scale. Homes on the interior of the city, more than a mile from the nearest native desert habitat, have almost no chance of seeing a rattlesnake in the yard. Having to cross numerous roadways, a maze of walls and fences, and limited access would make it incredibly hard for a rattlesnake to find its way there. In addition, there’s probably just nothing there that the snake would want, so it wouldn’t be all that motivated to make the journey.
But of course, it’s not that simple. Rattlesnakes are part of a dynamic system.
It should be stated about using this method, too, that there are many variables at play that have nothing to do with location. This is just a general guideline that we use ourselves when evaluating a property for likelihood of rattlesnake encounters. They can usually be mitigated by preparation and snake fencing, and ongoing education. This is also not an indication of how many rattlesnakes actually visit the property, but of how many may be encountered. If you’re a gardener, have a dog, or spend a lot of time in your backyard, you can expect a greater rate of encounter than someone who seldom goes back there.
This is also specific to rattlesnakes. Each group of snakes will have its own scale, based on what it needs and prefers. However, since they’re not harmful, we’re just talking about rattlesnakes here. However, you can use the same guide to loosely estimate similar results for other species, with the knowledge that it’s an entirely different ballgame for more adaptable species.
Additionally, this is based on natural rattlesnake behavior and excludes factors like construction or artificial placement, botched relocation jobs from the fire department, and other activity that more or less isn’t what a rattlesnake would choose to do. This list should not in any way be taken as a guarantee that you’ll never see a snake if you follow these general guidelines.
Most of the time, snakes like this Western Diamondback Rattlesnake use places like this because of easy access and provision of resources. But, as with most things, there are always exceptions to the rules.
How do I know if it’s native desert, or where this scale should start from?
That can be tricky, since neighborhoods are not so black and white as described here. For instance, a 2-acre patch of desertscrub a couple miles into the city just doesn’t have the same quality or snake-carrying capacity as untouched saguaro and Sonoran desert at the edge of the valley … so be subjective.
A good rule of thumb: if you see cactus that wasn’t planted there by someone, you can count on that as being native habitat, and rattlesnakes probably live there. Especially with the presence of rodent holes, you can count on there at least being a strong likelihood of rattlesnake presence.
Watch the washes!
One particular feature to watch for are washes. To our friends moving here from outside the desert southwest: a wash is our word for “stream” or “creek”, or basically a drainage without water in it for most of the year. These areas are one of the most important features for rattlesnakes of most species, and much of their activity is centered around them. Think of washes like desert highways, where animals can travel, find food, and generally find quite useful.
In most of the neighborhoods at the edge of the desert, there are washes that snake deep into the interior of the community. This can’t be avoided – these washes are natural waterways and necessary to prevent flooding and other issues. However that does mean that these homes have a higher saturation level of contact with natural desert habitat than other neighborhoods might. In some areas, washes are common enough that there really aren’t any homes found that don’t score relatively high on our Snakey Scale. If you’re overly concerned with rattlesnakes (or snakes in general, really) the further your new home is from a wash, the better.
But, should you avoid your dream house if snakes are present? No!
Just like moving to the northeast might mean that ticks are on your list of concerns, or moving to Alaska might put bears on your radar, Arizona has snakes. For the most part, you made a pact with Arizona the moment you decided you’re moving here: snakes are here, but they might be part of your life.
Proactive solutions, like having snake fencing installed, can still make it possible to live safely in any area of the state.
However, that isn’t nearly as bad as most people feel it is, and it’s generally easy enough to work with and be totally safe. You can have your dog trained, for instance, to avoid rattlesnakes, and you can make landscaping decisions that make the yard either inaccessible or unuseful for rattlesnakes. Additionally, you can help yourself feel much more comfortable around snakes simply by taking the time to learn about them. In fact, if you’ve read this far into this article, you’re probably the exact type of person who would continue that education and dissolve the fear of snakes.
If you find the perfect home, be careful not to rule it out because of snakes. For the most part, it’s just not the threat most people believe it to be. Even though the fear of them is certainly real, even that can be challenged and defeated in most cases. To either end, if you need any help to sort through it all, feel free to contact us about any area and we’ll tell you what we can. While we obviously can’t divulge any activity that’s actually happened at a house, we can advise on the general area and work with you to be comfortable … or to high-tail it to the center of the city!
Winter is the best time to take care of rattlesnake prevention.
Why winter is the best time to have rattlesnake fencing installed.
Getting rattlesnake prevention done in the winter means it will be cheaper, better, completed faster and more smoothly, with the best customer service possible.
Cooler temperatures are here and rattlesnake activity is slow. Plans for your backyard that may have included preventative actions to keep rattlesnakes out of your yard are giving way for other stuff – holiday decorations or new patio furniture to enjoy Arizona’s perfect cooler season.
But don’t get too distracted – there are several reasons why the cooler months are actually the best time to take care of rattlesnake prevention. If keeping rattlesnakes out of your life is on your long term to-do list, you’ll want to read this to the end.
1. Pricing is as good as it gets – take advantage of winter discounts!
Like any business working with seasonal demand, the need for snake fence installation ebbs and flows alongside rattlesnake activity. If you know right now that keeping rattlesnakes away from your back patio is something you want to do, take advantage of this fact.
Snake fence installation companies almost always offer off-season discounts to help keep the schedule filled, and employees happy. If you wait, as most people do, until rattlesnake activity is at its peak in April – you can expect to pay full price and have less haggle room on the details. It’s classic supply and demand, and when you come in hot looking for snake fencing in December, it’s a buyer’s market.
Winter is a buyer’s market for snake fencing. Take advantage of it!
2. Almost no waiting – Winter has the shortest wait times to have snake fencing installed, and faster completion.
Just like pricing, the winter buyer’s market means that you’ll almost certainly be waiting a lot less time to have your snake fence installed. During peak season (April or so), snake fence providers are absolutely flooded with calls. That means that they’re usually booked out to capacity, sometimes weeks in advance.
Odds are that you’re like most people, and are looking for snake prevention services because of something that happened – a scare with a rattlesnake in the yard, or an incident with a pet – and you need it done right now just to feel at ease in your own yard.
Unfortunately, if you’re waiting for such an event before taking action, you’re in the same boat with everyone else, and may have to wait in line. You can beat the rush by taking advantage of the natural winter slowdown. In most cases, if you shop for snake fence installation in the dead of winter, you can have it installed as early as the next day.
Even better – without the brutal conditions of an Arizona summer, the installers can work longer hours. That means your snake fence will not only be completed sooner during the winter months, but the actual installation time itself will be shorter.
In the winter, you have the time to be proactive. Don’t get caught panic-shopping after an encounter like this one.
3. Being proactive about something as important as rattlesnake prevention can make a huge difference for the safety of your family and pets
Most people tend to wait until there’s an incident before finally biting the bullet and taking action. That incident is often just seeing a rattlesnake, but more unfortunate situations are also common.
As rattlesnake fence installers ourselves, we have a front-row seat to some very scary and sad encounters that have prompted action. Too often, we are called because a dog has been bitten by a rattlesnake, or in some cases, a family member.
Just like any other type of preventative action, rattlesnake fencing installed proactively can prevent the incident that would otherwise invoke action. If snake fencing is something you know you want to do at some point, don’t wait until an accident happens to get it done.
If you live where rattlesnakes do, proper and professionally installed snake fencing is your best insurance policy, and you can save yourself a lot of stress by getting it done early. While everyone else is panicking on Facebook over a snake seen in the neighborhood, you’ll rest easy knowing you’ve already taken care of it.
If you saw a rattlesnake at your place this year, you have the best opportunity to stop a repeat of that encounter right now.
Why wait for a second encounter before taking action?
4. There is a much lower chance of a snake being trapped in the yard
Rattlesnake fencing works both ways – when rattlesnake fencing is installed initially, there’s always some chance that you already have a rattlesnake in your yard, which would now become trapped. Obviously, you’d want to avoid this.
During the cooler months, from late October through late March, rattlesnake activity away from the den is at its lowest levels. More or less, rattlesnakes aren’t traveling very much.
Even then, the occasional rattlesnake den does happen! With milder temperatures and, frankly, more time on our hands, the installers should be able to do a much more thorough search of the property than they may otherwise be able to. Since you’ll want to work with a company that cross-trains snake fence installers in advanced snake detection and removal methods, they’ll be able to make sure your yard is truly snake-free.
During prime rattlesnake season, there’s a higher likelihood of already having a snake in your yard. In either case, you’ll want to make sure the installers are professionally trained to find and capture them.
5. The best customer service of the year is in the cooler months
This one is just about time! You should see our rattlesnake prevention team in April – driving from house to house as fast as they safely can and making phone calls in between, trying to keep up with the flood. It’s an exciting time and we all love it, but sometimes we just don’t get to spend as much time as we’d really want to with each property.
During the slower winter months, a rattlesnake prevention specialist simply has more time to be available. As a result, you may have a more relaxed and attentive experience. It’s certainly not that someone who calls in April is any less important, but the odds greatly increase that it could go to voicemail than be answered on the first ring.
By having your rattlesnake prevention done during the winter, you’ll be one of a handful of clients at the time and will likely get even more attention from the staff. Not only that, but you’ll probably have more time to ask a lot of questions that have less to do with snake fencing and prevention, and more to do with increasing your general knowledge on the subject. As with most things, the more you know about how rattlesnakes may be interacting with your property, the better prepared you’ll be and the better you’ll feel about living in your home.
6. Rattlesnakes are never truly “gone” in Arizona.
As I mentioned earlier, when it cools down, rattlesnake activity is at its lowest point. For the most part, they are settled into cover in small groups, and sometimes alone. However, this does not mean that you can’t still get a rattlesnake in the yard. Especially if you live at the edge of the desert, it’s possible to have an encounter any day of the year.
In areas of urban conflict, we’re unfortunately not exactly on nature’s schedule for activity. Every time ground is broken on a new development, rattlesnakes there are displaced – sometimes into adjacent neighborhoods. Despite being slower, our rattlesnake relocation hotline is active and receives calls for service throughout the winter.
Most of these winter rattlesnakes are due to construction, but even smaller projects can do the same. If the neighbor a few houses down tears down the old shed, any rattlesnakes using it need to find new cover in a hurry. If the HOA decides to clear brush along the shared viewfence wall, you can expect the same. Regardless of the natural behavior of rattlesnakes, human-caused variables keep our rattlesnake relocation team active all year. There is truly no time where getting a snake fence is a frivolous effort.
Even on cold days, rattlesnakes may be active and encounters do happen.
The most important reason – the people you care about.
This article has some no-brainer reasons why it’s better to take care of rattlesnake prevention during the slow months. However, the biggest factor has nothing to do with cost or convenience.
The holidays and early new-year are when we most often host visitors. This is when we all get together (in a normal year, that is) to celebrate whatever needs to be celebrated, and guilt one another into eating way too much pie. It’s when we have our first backyard grill party, and invite co-workers over to watch the superbowl.
In Arizona, the cool months are the time when you’re most likely to have the people you care about in your backyard, and you will want to know they are safe. Above all else, thinking ahead and getting out in front of prime rattlesnake season will be the best thing you can do to keep yourself, your family, and your pets safe.
When your relatives from the midwest come to visit and get out of the cold, you’ll want to make sure they’re safe, and feel that way too.
End of Rattlesnake Season Checklist – 8 Steps to Make Your Yard Rattlesnake Free this Winter
Summer has left us, and cooler temperatures are on the horizon. Yet, rattlesnakes are still incredibly active. In fact, the pre-hibernation flurry of activity means that encounters will be on the rise for a short amount of time.
In just a few short weeks, rattlesnakes need to eat and drink as much as they can, find mates, and travel long distances to their selected winter refuges. That can put them in conflict with people and pets, both on the trail and at home.
Here are some easy things you can do right now to get your property in shape so that any rattlesnakes that might be eyeballing your place as a winter den will keep on crawling.
1. Take care of that long-neglected landscaping project.
We all have one … that overgrown bush along the back wall that just never gets priority treatment, or that messy stack of agave that’s firmly on the “take care of that someday list”. Well, now’s the time! These may be opportunities for rattlesnakes to find the thermal protection they need to den for the winter.
Lantana is a rattlesnake’s best friend.
Over the years, we have removed hundreds of rattlesnakes from overgrown lantana, rosemary, and others. Any plants that tend to drop a lot of leaf-litter are suspect. That deep layer of organic material retains moisture and provides thermal protection.
Time for a yearly deep-maintenance landscaping check in. The rule of thumb: if you can see the ground under a ground-laying bush from above, it’s properly maintained.
2. Make any repairs to, and clean up, the pool equipment areas.
As we’ve mentioned many times, pool equipment is a favorite rattlesnake den for the winter. Concrete pads with rodents, combined with relatively high ambient moisture and a little vibration every time they turn on and off, means the formation of caves. These caves, even though they don’t look like much, can go deep, and be the perfect home for rattlesnakes and other animals.
This situation is what we encounter all winter – these often-neglected spots are perfect for rattlesnakes to camp out over winter.
The back corner of the property, complete with the little wall that usually hides it, is made to forget. For that reason, it often doubles as a graveyard for deflated pool toys, pavers, and old buckets.
Spend a little time this Saturday filling in any holes you find with gravel, repairing any concrete you need to, and cleaning it out. If there are no tunnels, the area is useless for rattlesnakes.
3. Bulk pickup day!
If you’re like most of us, you have a stack of roofing tiles or pavers someone on the property. We stack them there to deal with later, maybe have them around just in case a tile breaks or … whatever. But let’s be honest with ourselves; it’s been years and we haven’t touched them.
Time to go! Especially if stored near a wall or against the foundation of the home, as they tend to be, rodents will use them. These situations where rodents create tunnels under a stack of bricks are absolutely perfect for rattlesnakes to use during the winter. Fortunately, it’s as easy to take care of as posting “free pavers! come and get em” on Facebook Marketplace.
Free rattlesnake house!
Any other debris, too, has to go. You’d be surprised to learn how many winter rattlesnakes we pull out of situations like debris from the previous-summers kitchen remodel, old pool toys and unused stuff of all kinds. If you need a little motivation to finally kick this stuff to the curb, here it is: RATTLESNAKES WILL LIVE IN YOUR YARD IF IT’S THERE. Feel free to use that with your spouse this Saturday. You’re welcome.
4. Get snake fencing installed already.
If you live in Arizona, snake fence installations are probably something you’re familiar with. It’s a physical barrier that is designed and installed in such a way that it keeps them out of an area. If done properly by a reputable company *cough cough*, you could make rattlesnake heaven in the backyard and they’d not be able to come in.
Unlike the other items on this list, this one isn’t free. However, it is the most effective way to go, and removes the subjectivity. While everything else will have a high likelihood to decrease the chances of seeing a rattlesnake, snake fencing all-out prevents it.
If getting a snake fence installed has been on your list for awhile, right now is the best time to do it. It’s also near the end of the season, so discounts may be available. Here’s a massive and detailed guide of what to look for in a snake fence provider to help you in your snake-free journey.
You can barely see it, but this viewfence has snake fencing installed.
5. Seal up and clean out the garage.
If someone told you about a spacious, comfortable house … kept nice and warm (or cool), secure and safe, with free food … oh, and free … would you move in? Rattlesnakes say “YES”! The house we’re talking about is your garage. Every winter and early Spring, we get many calls for rattlesnakes who’ve found a comfy garage to spend the cool months.
That stack of boxes along the back wall? That’s cover. To you the garage may be highschool yearbook and christmas tree storage, to snakes it’s a furnished condo. If possible, find another spot for storage. Especially along the walls, rattlesnakes will take advantage of easy hiding spots.
If you are storing in your garage, use plastic boxes with lids so that rodents and snakes can’t use them, too. You can also get storage shelves (easy to buy and install from Amazon and other places) so that they’re up off the ground at least 5 or 6 inches. These actions help reduce the thermal protection that is attractive to snakes.
This Western Diamondback Rattlesnake found a nice place to hide in the corner of this garage. The leaf litter in the corner is an indication that the seal should be replaced.
You should also seal it up! It doesn’t take long for hot weather and rodents to make short work of the rubber seal on the garage door. If your garage door doesn’t close to allow no greater than 1/4″ at any point, you should consider calling a garage door company out to get it replaced. They may have a seal option that is made to keep bugs out, which would work just fine for rattlesnakes as well.
6. Fix any cracks or openings in the foundation
Not only for homes, but external garages and sheds, too. If there’s access under the home, animals will find it and use it. Rattlesnakes certainly do, too. If you notice that there’s a way in or under the foundation of your home, don’t wait to get it fixed.
Walk the property perimeter (this only takes a few minutes) and identify any potential issues. If you want to fix them quickly, you can get something from Home Depot to quickly seal it up. Or, have a concrete repair company make the repairs … you’ll want to get on that quickly, though.
Any opening into the wall or foundation may be used by a rattlesnake. Fortunately, it’s often an easy fix.
7. Attend to the wood pile!
It’s almost firewood season! Unfortunately, rattlesnakes are excited, too. The pile of debris at the side of your house that you haven’t touched since last year is a dream scenario for rodents and snakes alike. It’s basically a free log cabin.
Firewood maintenance can help avoid this sitation.
Fortunately, there are a couple of easy fixes here:
1. Use a stand or lift to keep the firewood up off the ground at least 6 inches. This will eliminate much of the thermal protection and make it useless to snakes.
2. Move the location of the woodpile each year. Even if it’s to the spot immediately next to it, it will help. When a woodpile has been in the same location for years, it invites rodents, often has tunnels under it, rotting material, and all the good stuff that they like.
8. Go deep! Go through the full checklist
The steps you take to keep rattlesnakes away from the yard are really not different than you’d do in other times of year, though the priority may shift to those potential den situations. If you want to do more, that’s always better. Review the Ultimate Guide to Keep Rattlesnakes Away and follow all instructions that apply.
What to expect.
If you take care of these items, and have an overall perspective of keeping habitat opportunities to a minimum, you will likely never see a rattlesnake in the winter. The spots that they choose are very specific, allowing them to survive and wait for Spring. If none of these spots are offered, your yard is simply not useful.
Usually, based on call volume to our snake relocation hotline and surveys, rattlesnakes are more or less where they intend to be for the Winter by the second week of November. That means that October will be busy. You can expect the most activity to occur in the late afternoon until about 1 hour after sunset. It’s important to keep your garage doors closed during this time, even as weather finally becomes more reasonable.
If you’re a seasonal resident, be sure to check out our Snowbird’s Guide to Rattlesnakes.
Rattlesnake in a house! How does this even happen?
This rattlesnake was found inside a home; a rare event.
How often does a rattlesnake get inside?
Not a rattlesnake.
How does a rattlesnake get into the house?
Not a nightsnake!
How to keep rattlesnakes out of the house?
This small Western Diamondback Rattlesnake was in a kitchen under the cabinets
Yes, rattlesnakes can climb trees–this is normal.
An article has been going around showing a Western Diamondback Rattlesnake sitting high in a tree, prompting many emails and messages asking about its validity.
This is normal behavior: rattlesnakes can and do climb trees, though it is not commonly observed. There is no reason to think that the series of photos was faked, staged, shopped, or anything but a totally natural observation.
Despite many comments saying this is a giant rattlesnake, and/or photoshopped … it’s not.
How do we know that? We see rattlesnakes in trees sometimes. A variety of species in very different areas all find some need to occasionally wander up the bark of a tree. Over the years, I have personally seen Blacktailed Rattlesnakeds, Western Diamondback Rattlesnakes, Speckled Rattlesnakes, Tiger Rattlesnakes, and Banded Rock Rattlesnakes in branches over my head. Additionally, Timber Rattlesnakes and other east-coast species have been repeatedly seen high in the trees.
An example: here’s a Western Diamondback Rattlesnake I saw just last night. It was disturbed by my flashlight and fled into the bushes … where it suddenly started to climb. It went higher and higher, and was still up there when I passed through the area again hours later. This snake decided the best escape route was: up.
Here’s a Blacktailed Rattlesnake seen on a job site by Jeff Martineau, one of our field team, as it ascended a tree. Blacktails are known to climb like this, possibly to hunt birds and squirrels.
Going up! Photo by Jeff Martineau
Here’s another Blacktail, which I saw from the edge of a road high in a tree, clearly not photoshopped 😉
Why do rattlesnakes climb trees?
There are probably a variety of reasons why a rattlesnake would climb a tree, but in most cases, I would assume that it’s to access prey. If you’re able to get off the ground, a lot of potential prey items, like birds and squirrels. They may also climb to escape predators, to stay cool, or to escape potential flood water during the monsoon season.
Are rattlesnakes going to drop out of the trees?
Almost certainly not. I suppose a snake could happen to make a mistake and fall out, and if you’re walking by right at that second you could possibly have a rattlesnake falling out of a tree onto you. But that’s an extremely remote, chance circumstance that isn’t worth worrying about.
You may have heard friends from the east claim that water moccasins routinely jump from trees into the canoe, too … but we’ll just gently say that they are completely full of it. Sure, it’s possible that someone scared a snake at the right time but and there are likely a handful of “lightning strike” type scenarios where this has possibly happened, but it’s not what they “do”. It’s like saying that the handful of dogs each year who accidentally disengage a parking brake and end up rolling the car down the street qualify the statement of “dogs drive cars”. Just think it through.
Does this mean they can climb the wall and get into my yard?
Not at all. Rattlesnakes can climb if there are sufficient rough surfaces to grip, which excludes your block wall or rattlesnake fence (if it’s installed properly) While they clearly can and do climb, they’re not nearly as good at it as a snake like a Gophersnake, Kingsnake, or Coachwhip, which are built for the task. If you’ve got a secured yard without “footholds” for lack of a better term, you should not expect rattlesnakes in the yard.
Here’s a video explaining how rattlesnakes climb … or don’t … smooth surfaces.
How high can a rattlesnake climb on a smooth surface? Not very far, it seems.
To close: a note to those on social media who like to shout answers on topics they don’t know much about: stop it 🙂 A simple google search in advance would have shown you how often rattlesnakes are actually found in trees, and that it’s totally normal. Here are some other videos of this behavior that I’ve found out there:
Speckled Rattlesnake going up.
Past due: Baby rattlesnakes are finally joining us
Better late than never – rattlesnakes are giving birth, even without the rain. One of the services we offer are serial property inspections, to continuously monitor properties to evaluate possible rattlesnake activity and provide recommendations to landscapers, pest control, and property managers.
We have been inspecting this particular property for many years, and this is the most interesting thing found there to date.
On the previous inspection, Greyson noted a shed skin in an area at the edge of the property. Knowing a fresh shed during this hot and dry period could indicate an estivation den nearby, he focused on that spot during his visit yesterday, and, whoa.
This mother rattlesnake gave birth to babies after being captured at a home in Phoenix.
Here is what was found: a late-season estivation den with a mixed bag of Western Diamondback Rattlesnakes, with one having given birth in the recent past, and another in a deep blue phase (preparing to shed skin)
While this is not entirely unusual, what is different about this year is that we are seeing that rattlesnakes are having their babies later than usual, and they are doing so in their estivation dens instead of moving to their usually-preferred birthing spots.
This is likely a response to our exceptionally hot (the hottest on record) summer and near-complete lack of rain. This is similar to a recent visit to a home by Dave in Tucson (I’ll be posting this shortly as well) where he captured a total of 14 rattlesnakes.
Are rattlesnakes giving birth later this year than normal?
According to our observations and activity on the relocation hotline: yes, it appears that rattlesnakes are having babies later this year than usual. In a normal year, we start to receive our first calls to capture groups of mother Western Diamondback Rattlesnakes with their newborn babies in early July, usually hitting its peak around the first week of August, then trickling in here or there until around the first week of September. This year, it took much longer for this to be normal, only now (mid-August) has it become routine.
Rattlesnakes give live birth and hang out with the babies for a period of time afterward.
Likewise, rattlesnakes seen in informal surveys and in our study of rattlesnakes in the Phoenix Mountain Preserve have shown that Western Diamondback Rattlesnake and Tiger Rattlesnakes that would have likely given birth by now are still languishing in a gravid (pregnant) state at estivation dens.
While this is in no way a full representation of what’s happening out there, but does represent 10 years of data collection and informal survey observations. It should also be noted that while this is the case in the Phoenix and Tucson areas, it is unlikely to represent behavior in other regions.
Why are baby rattlesnakes being born later this year than usual?
The most notable difference of this year from previous years is the combination of extreme, prolonged heat and a nearly-complete lack of meaningful rain. It has been documented that the birth time of Western Diamondback Rattlesnakes coincide with the onset of the monsoon rain (G. Schuett et all 2013).
This year makes that a little bit tougher than normal. If monsoon rain triggers pregnant rattlesnakes to give birth, what happens when there is no rain at all?
They have to give birth eventually … so what we are seeing is this: The mother rattlesnakes are staying at estivation sites (spots selected to hide away during the hottest summer months) far longer than they normally would. Rather than moving to a birthing site as they normally would, they are having their babies right in place.
This likely isn’t good for the babies, ultimately and unfortunately. They lose moisture more than twice as quickly as adults (J. Agugliaro, H. Reinert 2005). Unless we get some rain soon, that could be big trouble for this year’s babies. We’re hoping for the best, but looking at the forecast … hoping is all there is to do.
How homeowners can keep baby rattlesnakes out of the yard
Keeping the smallest rattlesnakes out of your area is a bit different than the larger ones.
First, the space they need to get in is much smaller … anything more than about a third of an inch can allow access. Second, they make frequent movements and may not necessarily know where they’re going. Unlike adults, who’ve had a lifetime to map out a homerange, babies may show up any place, any time. For that reason, physical barriers are the best bet. Rather than go too far into detail here, I’ll refer you to our guide to keep baby rattlesnakes out of the yard.
Schuett, G.W., Repp, R.A., Hoss, S.K. and Herrmann, H.‐W. (2013), Parturition in a Desert Rattlesnake. Biol J Linn Soc Lond, 110: 866-877. doi:10.1111/bij.12166
Agugliaro J, Reinert HK. Comparative skin permeability of neonatal and adult timber rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2005;141(1):70-75. doi:10.1016/j.cbpb.2005.04.002
Are these snake holes?
“Is this a snake hole?”
This question is one we hear often when we arrive at a homeowner’s residence to relocate a snake or perform an inspection. From the homeowner’s perspective, they’re likely a bit befuddled and nervous, because who wants a snake taking up residence where the kids play or where the dog likes to run around, right? Well, it’s a good question, and one I’ll answer as we explore a little bit about snakes, their behavior and where you’re likely to encounter them.
The quick answer: no, it’s not a rattlesnake hole. But that doesn’t mean a rattlesnake doesn’t live in it.
If you’ve lived in the Sonoran desert long enough, it’s likely you’ve seen many holes at the base of bushes, in the sides of wash walls, under rocks, etc. There is a lot of wildlife here, and many species have adapted to escaping the brutal temperatures of an Arizona summer day by getting out of the sun and down a hole. The hole is a refuge whereby the animal can keep hydrated (the humidity underground is appreciably higher than on the surface) and stay cool (the temperatures are appreciably cooler too).
In the greater Phoenix/Tucson areas, we don’t have snakes that dig their own holes In some areas of the country there are a few species that will (for example, in the eastern US female hognose snakes will excavate a hole to lay their eggs in). Here in Phoenix/Tucson, holes are dug by rodents, tortoises, lizards, etc. but not snakes. That said, snakes will sometimes use holes dug by other animals for refuge.
Is this a snake hole? Nope! But it doesn’t mean a snake doesn’t find it to be useful.
When you’re looking at a hole in your yard, how can you tell if a snake has been using it to get out of the sun/heat? Well, there are some indicators. First, rattlesnakes like to bask outside their refuges quite a bit. Depending on the substrate (ie sand, dirt, etc.) that the hole has been dug in, rattlesnakes will leave telling imprints in the substrate as evidence of their presence (similar to the footprint you leave while walking in sand). The imprint often looks like a “disk” of flattened dirt or sand, and in very clear cases you can even make out the belly scales of the snake that rested there outside the hole.
How can you tell if a rattlesnake is using the hole?
Snakes will also leave imprints as they enter/exit a hole. This looks like a flattened strip of sand/dirt that’s “raised” on the edges These edges are raised because as the snake crawls into/out of the hole, dirt and sand are pushed aside. Even in areas where the substrate isn’t conducive to leaving these particular kinds of imprints (ie gravel), it’s still possible to find evidence of snake activity. If there is grass or vegetation surrounding a hole, a snake will “flatten it out” as it rests outside the hole. Depending on the composition of the gravel, you may also see imprints as well.
Now, snakes aren’t the only animals that will leave evidence of their comings and goings into and out of holes. Lizards will often leave tail drags (they look like a line in the sand/dirt with little divots on the sides (the lizard’s hind feet)). Snake tracks are usually much wider and flatter than lizard tracks, and with a little practice it’s easy to tell them apart. Tortoises will leave very wide “slide” marks as they enter/exit, and these are easily differentiated from a snake track. Rodents will leave footprints too, but again, these look nothing like snake tracks.
How do you keep snakes from using these holes?
If you’ve seen rodent activity at a hole in your yard, it’s possible that at some point a snake may decide to use that hole as refuge. This is the best possible scenario for the snake, as it gets the cooler/more humid benefits out of the sun and may get a free meal to boot! If you see evidence of rodent activity in your yard (one big indicator is holes popping up where they didn’t exist before), your best bet is to contact a professional to address the rodent issue.
Also not a snake hole.
You can destroy the holes you see, but rodents also have a habit of making new ones when their old ones are destroyed. Once the rodent issue is addressed, that will also address the possible snake issue because at that point once the old holes are destroyed there won’t be any rodents to make new ones.
So s the hole you’re looking at a snake hole? If you’re in the Phoenix or Tucson areas, I can say that a snake didn’t make the hole you’re looking at.
Is there evidence that a snake has been using the hole (see above)? If not, the answer is likely no. If you do see evidence of snake activity, it’s important to remain calm and contact Rattlesnake Solutions to address the snake issue and a professional rodent expert to address the rodents.
Rattlesnake Solutions will professionally examine any holes, make a determination as to snake activity and also inspect your entire yard for further evidence of snake activity. They’ll discuss their findings with you and answer any questions you may have about snakes, holes, living in the desert, and more.
Ultimately, these holes, even though they aren’t caused by snakes, may be an indicator that your yard has things that snakes like. That means that if you’re in a contact zone with native desert, a visit from a rattlesnake or two is a strong possibility. This would be a good “shot across the bow” moment to take action to make your yard less attractive to rattlesnakes, and take care of things like having rattlesnake fencing installed.
Fastest, easiest, cheapest, and most effective way to get rid of packrats
This is a rattlesnake post in disguise. Though you’ve likely clicked through to learn all about how to get rid of a packrat nest, they’re really one in the same. Getting rid of packrat nests around your property is one of the top things you can do to immediately reduce the number of rattlesnake encounters at your property, second only to installing snake fencing.
The best way to get rid of packrats – poison free.
The homeowners we talk to about their packrat problems often have had quite a difficult time keeping them to come back. They set out traps and poisons and often succeed in killing one or two, but the nests just seem to keep regenerating rodents. So, what can you do?
The issue is that getting rid of packrats has very little to do with getting rid of the rodents themselves, but eliminating the nest.
A packrat nest (also called a midden) is a collection of sticks and debris gathered by the rodent to create a protected, warm (or cool) insulated area to live and breed. These deep burrows are home to a variety of wild animals, which includes rattlesnakes. You can kill all the rodents you want, but unless you remove the nest, more will just move in.
Fortunately, this is very easy to do and any homeowner can get rid of a packrat nest in just minutes, and do so in a way that prevents them from coming back.
How do you get rid of packrats without using poison?
1. Use a garden hose to flood the nest from the highest point in the nest. You want the water to completely fill the nest. Turn the water to half flow or less so that you can make sure water is getting down deep and not just collapsing the entrance. You also want any animals in there to come out and not become buried.
2. Use a rake or other tool to completely pull off the debris on the top and open it up.
3. Using the same tool (or any that will do the job), spread out the debris and make sure that the interior of the nest is completely exposed.
4. The next day, flood the hole again, use the tool to collapse the entrance as much as possible, and either completely spread out the nesting material or get rid of it.
5. Watch the area and at the first sign of any rodent starting to dig it out again, do exactly the same thing.
That’s it! Super simple and effective, and free (minus the cost of some water of course). In some instances you’ll need to do this a few times for persistent rodents, but it will work in time and it’s always a better option than destructive and costly solutions. Even better, you’ll not be using poisons that can kill all kinds of non-target wildlife. |
Headphones Tutorial Part 1 Pitch And Loudness Profile
Headphones Tutorial Part 1 Pitch And Loudness Profile
I listen to headphones because they are the most cost-effective way to have quality audio reproduction. I can bring that experience with me wherever I go and this is very appealing to me. They deliver music at a personal level with good bass, less noise, and directly to your heart through the ear canal. When buying such an important device, one should know more about acoustics (pitch & Loudness), type of headphones. Just don’t go for style looks of headphones, flashy colors, and other cosmetic designs. This should be the last factor in deciding a headphone. I will elaborate on what main variables you should check before investing hundreds of dollars on a headphone. Headphones are made in a range of different audio reproduction capabilities depending upon the purpose. Headphones let us enjoy quietly into our own imaginary worlds. Let us check what is pitch and loudness, the components of sound, delivered by headphones, to your ears.
Sound And How Is It Produced
What happens when we pluck the strings of a guitar? The continuously moving strings of a guitar shift the air particles in their respective directions. So, the vibrations of guitar strings set the surrounding air particles into vibrations, and this produces sound. As the vibrations of the guitar strings come to a stop, the surrounding air particles also stop vibrating and we cannot hear any more sound being produced. Similarly, you will notice that blowing a whistle produces a high sound (volume), while a drum produces a low sound. The high sound produced by whistle is called high pitch and the low sound produced by the drum is low pitch sound.
Audible Range Of Humans
The human hearing range is called the audible range. Pitches and loudness levels, which we hear before feeling discomfort is the human hearing range. The absolute borders of the human hearing range are 20 to 20,000Hz. Our hearing is most sensitive in the 2000 – 5000 Hz frequency range. The most important sounds we hear every day are in the 250 to 6,000 Hz range. Sounds with frequencies below 20 hertz are called infrasound more preciously low-frequency noise. Infrasound is too low-pitched for humans to hear. The sound produced by earthquakes, thunder, volcanoes is in the Infrasonic range. Human Ear can’t hear this sound but elephants and whales can hear this. Middle-frequency sounds are sounds that are between the 500 and 2000 Hz range, which is where you can intelligently determine human speech. Sounds in this range often have a tinny or horn-like quality. Sounds of alarms and sirens fall in this category. At this frequency range, we are unable to determine which direction sound is coming. This property is used for stereo sounds. Sounds with frequencies above 20,000 hertz are called ultrasound and humans can not hear it. However, animals, such as dogs, bats, and dolphins, can hear these very high-pitched sounds. The measurement of cycles per second of sound is expressed in Hertz (Hz).
Low Pitch (Bass)
Low-pitched sounds come from things that vibrate more slowly. Humans can hear sounds of different pitches. If an object moves back and forth slowly, it will cause a low pitch sound, such as that of a drum. A “rumble,” thunder, or a man’s deep voice, human heartbeat are all examples of low-frequency sounds (Low Pitch). When you turn up the bass on your stereo, you are creating more low-frequency sound. These are “rumbly” sounds that you feel as much as hear.
So when selecting headphones, please check its bass is good as bass makes you to “feel” the music more along with hearing it. The lowest note on musical instruments like organs, tubas, pianos, and cellos are all in the 5-70 Hz frequency range. when you turn up the bass, you’re filtering out the high-frequency sound and getting more low-frequency sound, If you love deep bass, your headphones should have a low-pass filter to cut out the higher frequencies of the bass notes. If you listen to a lot of bass-heavy genres like dubstep, EDM, or hip-hop, you likely want a pair of headphones that can add a solid amount of punch and thump to your music. You need to check the bass profile of the headphones if you love drums and bass guitars. Your headphone should be able to deliver 5 Hz – 30 kHz for the best bass.
High Pitch (Treble)
High-frequency sounds can start at above 2000 Hz, although there’s a very wide range of audible sound in this region. At 2000 Hz, we say the sound gives “presence” to speech, speech sounds more real and authentic. It’s the easiest range of sound for the brain to localize in relation to space as compared to mid-range sound. By 10,000 Hz, you’re hearing sounds like crashing cymbals and chirping birds. shrill whistle, mosquito sound. When you turn up the treble you’re getting more of the high frequencies. Treble describes the highest sounds in the music, like the upper range of voices, instruments, Treble needs to be fast and accurate to sound good. Too much treble makes a headphone fatiguing to listen to overtime. Too little treble makes a headphone sound muffled and boring
Volume (Loudness)
You will notice that whispering makes a soft sound but shouting in a playground makes a loud sound. A sound is loud or soft is identified by its volume. This is different from the pitch and is another property of sound. Loud sound has a high volume while soft sound has a low volume. Banging of a hammer, lawnmower, rock concert, fire Alarms, and a car’s horn are examples of loud sounds. Playing piano, Clock ticking, a person whispering and leaf rustling, and the sound of blowing wind are examples of soft sounds. Soft sound has low dB and loud sound has high dB. Sound volume is measured in units called decibels (dB).
Humans Love High Volume
Humans by nature, love to switch up the volume. It makes their music sounds more “fun” and immersive. All headphones with a v-shaped signature are characterized by high volume. It is recommended to keep sound levels somewhere between 60 and 85 decibels for the best volume level without hurting your ears. Your headphones should not be too loud. If you have ear ringing muffled voices and struggling to hear people in the conversation than your headphones are too loud. Always use 60% of the highest volume of your headphones. Restrict your usage to 15 minutes if you are listening to music at around 100dB, Jet take-off, power lawnmower, garbage truck, and auto horn produce noise level above 100dB. listening to any music is better with headphones/earphones if the volume is very low and the same music sounds flattered when played at a far higher volume.
In the next post, we will discuss the impedance and sensitivity of audio headphones
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Vincent Willem van Gogh
Vincent Willem van Gogh
Born Vincent Willem van Gogh
Mar. 30, 1853
Zundert, Netherlands
Died July 29, 1890 (at age 37)
Auvers-sur-Oise, France
Nationality Dutch
Movement Post-Impressionism
Field Painter
Vincent van Gogh Famous Paintings
The Starry Night, 1889
Sunflowers, 1888
Starry Night Over the Rhone, 1888
Irises, 1889
The Potato Eaters, 1885
Yellow House, 1888
Café Terrace at Night, 1888
The Red Vineyard, 1888
Outskirts of Paris, 1887
Vincent Willem van Gogh is one of the most famous artists of all time. He has influenced many painters over the years, and been one of the most collected painters that ever lived. He created his own art movement, Post-Impressionism, which was only recognized after his death, just like his work.
Early Life
Van Gogh was born March 30, 1853 in Groot-Zundert, Holland. Other than his birth, not much is known about his child-hood. He had five siblings; three sisters and two brothers. His dad was a pastor for the Methodist church that they attended, and his mom was just a housewife. The only thing Van Gogh ever said about these early years was “my youth was gloomy, cold, and sterile.”
At the age of 15, he became an apprentice at an art dealership called Goupil and Cie. He was transferred to the London branch when he was 20 in 1873. This was the only time in his life he was truly happy. He had a good job, he earned more than his father, and he was in love with his landlady’s daughter, Elizabeth. When he confessed his love to her, she denied it, saying she was engaged to a previous tenant. Devastated, he became increasingly hostile, and started hating his job. In 1876, he was officially let go from Goupil and Cie.
An Artist’s Journey
Van Gogh then decided he would become a preacher, and traveled to a small mining town to preach to them. Since they were impoverished, he inclined to live like them, and this lasted for about a year. He still needed his ministry degrees to be an official preacher, so he went and studied under a preacher in the area. After failing the test twice, he gave up and left the area. In 1880, his brother, Theo, finally convinced him to become an artist, and he attended the Royal Academy of Art for one year. Van Gogh hated being there, for he was against formal instruction. He believed art should just be a natural talent.
He left the Academy to train with his cousin by marriage, Mauve. Van Gogh at the time was living with a prostitute, Sien, and his cousin refused to train him if he continued living with her. After a few more months, Van Gogh and Mauve got into a fight and they never spoke again. In about 1884, Van Gogh moved in with his brother, Theo.
In 1885, Van Gogh’s father died. He went into a slight depression, for a few months, but came out of it when his brother, Theo, held his first art show for him in Paris. Paintings like the Potato Eaters were shown there, but none sold. Many of the people that saw the exhibition thought the paintings were too dark and dreary, and no one wanted to look at paintings of peasants. He became depressed again, and started drinking absinth.
Peter Paul Rubens
The next year, Van Gogh discovered the work of Peter Paul Rubens, another Dutch artist from the Baroque era. He was inspired by Rubens bright colors and mix of contemporary styles with that of his own. Van Gogh was also influenced by the Japanese woodcuts being produced at that time, and he made several paintings like them. For instance, Japonaiserie: Oiran, completed in 1887. The painting is of a geisha off one of the wood blocks, with a border of lilies and bamboo.
Paul Gauguin
In November of 1887, he met Paul Gauguin, and became obsessed with him. They would hang out, exchange art work, and write letters to each other while they were away. But in December of 1888, they got into a huge fight, and Van Gogh cut off the bottom part of his own ear. He gave a piece to a prostitute named Rachael, although the reasons for why are unclear. Gauguin and Van Gogh never saw or spoke to each other again. After this, Van Gogh went crazy, Theo had to put him into a mental institution. He had two rooms, one for sleeping and one for painting.
Mental Institution & Death
Most of the works we know by Van Gogh were painted in the mental institution, like Starry Night (1889) and Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear (1889). A good majority of these paintings like Starry Night had the ever-looming presence of death. The black Cypress in the painting is a symbol of death that reaches up into the night.
In 1890, Van Gogh was released from the mental institution, and relocated to Ravoux Inn, where he had a personal doctor to monitor him. On July 1, 1890, he went out to the wheat fields and shot himself in the chest. He died two days later, on July 3, at the age of 37. He was buried in Auvers-sur-Oise, France. Six months later, his brother Theo, died and was buried next to him.
“Starry starry night…..Now I think I know what you tried to say to me, and how you suffered for your sanity, and how you tried to set them free.” – “Vincent” by Don McLean.
11 responses to “Vincent Willem van Gogh”
1. Caelii says:
2. meeples says:
3. ian eafe says:
Art and artists are like snowflakes as no two are identical
4. John says:
Your list seems to indicate that van Gogh was born in 1890 and died in 1978. The details in the linked page correct that to 1853-1890.
5. Evelyn Greer says:
this is the best webpage ever?
6. werid gorl says:
van gogh is wrong in a lot of ways!!/?
7. Barbara Deschene says:
The painting by Vincent Van Gogh “Sunflowers” is in my possession. I have this painting.I purchased this painting at a auction over fifty years ago.
8. but man says:
oh yeah
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What is ‘wellbeing,? The Oxford English dictionary defines wellbeing as ‘The state of being or doing well in life’adult_reflexology_image_5
Dictionary.com goes further: ‘well-be·ing: a good or satisfactory condition of existence; a state characterized by health, happiness and prosperity.’ (This is a more inclusive definition and takes into account the element of having enough money to live.) The World Health Organisation (WHO) includes wellbeing in their definition of health: ‘Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.’
What does this have to do with reflexology, you may ask? Reflexology treatments can be very helpful in promoting balance (or homeostasis), within your body, where all your systems are working together as they should. Doing things that are good for your wellbeing will benefit all aspects of your life; for example, less stress will equal better relationships, better sleep and improved mood. What’s not to like about that?
baby_foot_image_1Reflexology is suitable for almost everyone, from tiny babies to older people, and can help to promote wellbeing, even when you are well. If you’d like to try it for yourself, or know someone who may benefit from a treatment, then why not get in touch?
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Dharmesh Patel
M Posted 5 years ago
t 3 min read
You’ve most likely heard of “retargeting,” but what is it exactly and how does it work? Retargeting is a technique that allows marketers to keep their brand in front of potential customers who’ve visited their website without making a purchase or taking some other desired action, such as subscribing to a newsletter. According to AdRoll, first-time visitors who leave a site without converting is a substantial 98 percent.
So given that only 2 percent of users actually convert the first time they visit a site, the goal of retargeting is to entice the other 98 percent to return to your site with ongoing brand exposure and relative messaging. This can be accomplished with targeted advertisements displayed on other websites that the prospect visits around the web. Since those 98 percent are now qualified site visitors, retargeting has proven to be a highly effective marketing strategy that drives higher click-through rates and conversions. how does ad retargeting work - brightedge
How Retargeting Works
When users visit and navigate a website their web browsers can collect and store small pieces of data known as “cookies.” The user information gathered by browser cookies is then sent back to the website owner’s server which tracks and records the user’s behavior on the site. This data is invaluable to online businesses as it allows website owners to determine user actions such as the specific pages visited, the number of pages visited and shopping cart items. Based on this information, marketers can then develop a sharply honed retargeting campaign to woo site visitors back to their website to complete the conversion. In order to capture user behavior data, marketers need to include a snippet of code (a remarketing tag) in the footer of their site.
Your web developer will likely assure you that your site has a single master footer, so you should only be concerned with adding the retargeting tag to one page for use throughout your website. After this is complete, each time a user visits the website, they are automatically added to a list created via the browser cookie. Voila! The retargeting list is born. This is a simplified explanation, of course. Retargeting is a bit more complex than that and different retargeting lists can be created for individual site pages, such as key product or services pages. The site visitors on any given retargeting list are then exposed to custom display ads on other relevant websites based on their recorded behavior.
Display Advertising’s Major Players and More
The Google’s Adwords platform is well known to those who employ pay-per-click (PPC) ads in their search marketing strategy. In terms of retargeting, Google relies on its display network. The ad network allows for all types of media for ads, including image and video ads. A number of brands have achieved great success in terms of lead generation and cost per acquisition (CPA), detailed at Google’s Ads Display Network page. You can read more about how brands are using Google’s remarketing here on Think with Google. Bing’s advertising platform also boasts an impressive suite of retargeting tools that rival Google’s. Specific to retargeting, Bing features a program that it calls “remessaging.” Like Google’s remarketing, Bing allows you to set your retargeting tag for search, which will display your ad on its search results pages or set it to show your ad on other related websites in its display ad network.
Whether you settle on Google or Bing or choose to use both, the advantages of leveraging retargeting techniques are undeniable. By luring qualified prospects back to your website, you can realize more clicks and conversions. In addition to these big players, there are other well known companies that that focus on retargeting, like AdRoll. They use direct relationships with ad exchanges to grow their display networks. They also provide a robust suite of tools to segment, track, and optimize your website traffic. There's no one size fits all methodology for retargeting, but the more targeted and segmented structure you create, the better your results.
ads, paid ads, paid search |
T-Rex Tooth and Root
T-Rex Tooth and Root
Out of stock
T-Rex Tooth and Root
Taken from a Tyrannosaurus Rex, the well known King of the dinosaurs. This tooth is merely a glimpse at just how fearsome this ancient creature really was.
A known carnivore, it is estimated this beast was capable of speeds up to 45mph.
This tooth was housed in a head so large, that it’s thought that due to the competing space around the neck meant that T-Rex had small arms, not that it mattered, once those mighty jaws clamped down on it’s prey, the chances of escaping were pretty much extinct.
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In the eyes of a child, it can seem as though adults aren’t afraid of anything. They’re big, they’re strong, they work hard, and they make life flow in an easy way. But in fact, one of the most common and widespread fears among older demographics is a phobia of the dentist. Why is this, and how can it be corrected?
At Federal Hill Smiles, we understand that not every individual is comfortable with the idea of visiting a dentist, even if they logically understand the importance of going for their dental health and physical wellbeing. In this article, we outline some of the reasons that even the bravest adults have a perfectly understandable fear of dental care, and we also offer advice on ways to mitigate this sense of ill ease.
What Causes Dental Anxiety?
According to the Cleveland Clinic, between nine and 15 percent of Americans struggle with some form of moderate to severe dental anxiety. This can be defined as an intense fear arising from the prospective thought of visiting the dentist, whether for a routine cleaning and checkup or a more intensive surgical procedure. But what causes this? After all, wouldn’t most people do away with a toothache rather than endure the pain that an untreated cavity can cause?
Dental anxiety can be caused by a number of factors, but most often it is linked to a past negative experience (a trauma) while visiting a dentist or a medical professional. This may range from the benign, such as a feeling of discomfort during a cleaning, all the way to the extreme, such as a severe infection after a root canal. What’s important to understand about dental anxiety is that it feels valid to the affected person, even though the average individual may not see things in the same way.
Phobias are both interesting and difficult to treat in that they have no basis in rationality, whether the sufferer perceives it to be logical or not. However, these phobias can be explained and better understood, and in doing so, dentists and other professionals alike can learn how to cope with these sentiments of discomfort and create a more welcoming environment for their clientele.
Sedation Dentistry
Sedation dentistry is broadly understood as general dental care performed under the accommodation of anesthetics or numbing agents. Although many individuals are capable of receiving cleanings, cavity fillings, and even wisdom tooth extractions without “going under,” some adults are simply not comfortable with the idea of getting work done on their teeth and mouth.
That’s where sedation dentistry comes into play. By administering a small amount of relaxing medication, sedation dentistry makes it possible for those struggling with anxiety to receive the care and procedures they need to best manage their dental health.
Although it is commonly referred to as “sleep dentistry”, sedation dentistry almost never causes a person to lose consciousness. Instead, the idea is to induce a state of relaxation while maintaining consciousness and coherence, while allowing the individual to receive the service or treatment they need.
Is Sedation Dentistry Right for You?
Sedation dentistry may be a good fit for you if you have difficulty visiting the dentist without experiencing a strong sense of discomfort and worry. Thanks to advancements in modern medicine and technology, there has never been a more affordable, safer, or convenient way to receive sedation dentistry, especially when you partner with the professionals at Federal Hill Smiles.
Our team of dental hygienists, dentists, and oral surgeons is ready to help you get through the difficulties that you may believe to be associated with dental care. We are compassionate, competent, and communicative. So if you are ready to receive the comfortable, stress-free treatment that is best for you and your oral health, please give us a call today! |
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ExxonMobil: Green Company of the Year
Christopher Helman
This article is more than 10 years old.
There are two ways for a big oil company to go green. There is the political approach and there is the engineer's approach. ExxonMobil uses both.
Purely political: the grand announcement in July that ExxonMobil would put $600 million into algae farms that would turn sunlight into automotive fuel. It takes a leap of faith to think tanks of algae can compete with oil wells, even allowing for the advantage that biofuels would have in a world of carbon permits (or carbon taxes). But the algae project buys ExxonMobil some peace with environmentalists. Since taking the helm in 2006, ExxonMobil boss Rex W. Tillerson has worked hard to soften the company's stance on climate change; he is not as gruff and forceful as his predecessor Lee R. Raymond in dismissing global-warming alarmists.
The engineering solution to the matter of carbon in the atmosphere: Drill for natural gas. Per unit of energy delivered, methane releases 40% to 50% less carbon dioxide than coal and a quarter less than petroleum. Coal fuels half of U.S. power generation. Replacing all of it with methane would cut CO2 emissions by 1 billion tons a year. Could windmills come close to that in reducing greenhouse gases? Not easily. To get the same emissions reduction you would have to replace half of power plant coal with 80,000 giant turbines covering 400,000 acres of ground. "Natural gas is the answer to green-energy low-carbon concerns," says Neil Duffin, president of ExxonMobil's project development company.
ExxonMobil's bet on natural gas best comes into focus 7,900 miles away from its Irving, Tex. headquarters, in the Persian Gulf state of Qatar. There ExxonMobil is nearing completion of a $30 billion project to develop the world's biggest natural gas field. Four giant plants, the biggest of their kind, will chill the gas into liquefied natural gas for loading onto thermos-bottle tankers (also the biggest) and shipment to ports around the world.
The Qatar megaproject will by next year boost ExxonMobil's gas production 12% to 9.9 billion cubic feet a day, and vault the company into first place as the world's biggest natural gas producer not controlled by a government. Qatar volumes will help increase total oil and gas output roughly 5% to the energy equivalent of 4.3 million barrels of oil a day. The country will contribute an estimated 7% of ExxonMobil's pretax earnings (which were $55 billion in the last 12 months). All the big oil companies are drifting away from petroleum into natural gas, and for the same two reasons that Exxon is: Gas is cleaner-burning and still plentiful. With Qatar, Exxon has gotten ahead of its competition.
At the moment natural gas looks like a terrible business. The recession has led to a 10% drop this year in industrial demand. In the U.S. the price of gas has plunged to $3.50 per million British thermal units (more or less the same as 1,000 cubic feet), from a peak of $11 a year ago. This contributed to Exxon's 66% plunge in second-quarter earnings. A surge in supply could send prices even lower. New projects in such countries as Yemen, Russia and Indonesia are expected to push up volumes of liquefied natural gas 50% in the next two years. At that point LNG will account for 12% of global gas supply. Meanwhile, drillers are using innovative rock-cracking techniques in the tricky shale deposits of Texas, Pennsylvania and elsewhere; in five years they've found at least 500 trillion cubic feet of recoverable gas, roughly 20 years of U.S. demand.
All of this raises the question whether ExxonMobil's LNG bet, shipping gas from the other side of the world, will come a cropper. Tillerson smiles. "We're just doing what we always do," he says. It's not by accident that ExxonMobil has exceeded a 30% return on capital the past four years. "Qatar LNG can pretty well compete with anything," he insists.
Ras Laffan, a Persian Gulf port on the northern end of Qatar, is the nexus of the global trade in liquefied natural gas. It is also the world's biggest construction zone, where 145,000 workers toil in 110-degree heat, amid a forest of cranes, assembling a maze of pipes, pumps and manifolds to slurp up the prodigious output from the world's biggest natural-gas field. Stretching from Qatar's coast 80 miles northeast into Iranian waters, the North Field, as it's known, contains at least 900 trillion cubic feet of natural gas.
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ExxonMobil forged its relationship with Qatar on the missteps of others. Shell discovered the North Field in 1972. There was a lot of fossil fuel there, but it was of the wrong sort. At the time, methane was just a by-product of oil production not worth harvesting when found far from places where fuel was in demand. Shell had no interest in developing the North Field, so Qatar formed a consortium in the 1980s with British Petroleum, France's Total and Japan's Marubeni and Mitsui to study the potential of someday building LNG plants. The technology was then in its infancy.
In 1992 BP quit the consortium, announcing that potential returns from developing the North Field paled against other opportunities. Abdullah Bin Hamad Al- Attiyah, Qatar's minister of energy and chairman of Qatar Petroleum, still bristles. "They had it on a golden plate, but they rejected it," he says. France's Total was then too small to take a leading role. Shell had also left Qatar by then in a dispute over oil concessions. "So we contacted Mobil. They came immediately," says Al-Attiyah. "If BP did not leave, Mobil would not be here." Will BP ever be allowed back into Qatar? "They try many times, but it is too late," he says.
Mobil put its experience developing LNG in Indonesia to work, and the consortium, known as Qatargas, inaugurated Qatar's first LNG plant in 1996; two more soon followed. The plants that make LNG are known as "trains" because of the way they move the gas through a line of processing modules, condensing it to 1/600 of its original volume by chilling it to --260 degrees Fahrenheit.
Qatar Petroleum, in return for Mobil's help getting LNG off the ground, gave Mobil a 30% stake in a new joint venture called RasGas (qp kept the other 70%). Mobil spearheaded construction of Qatar's next five trains covering 1 trillion cubic feet a year. Each put up their respective share of capital, with Mobil responsible for drilling new wells, laying pipe and finding customers. This relationship was a key perk in Exxon's 1999 merger with Mobil.
Tillerson has visited Qatar three times this year. He says he's not worried about being dependent on one country for such large volumes of its raw material. "Whenever I meet the emir, the last thing he says to me is always: 'Mr. Tillerson, you know we are committed to our agreements with ExxonMobil, and we will always stand by our agreements.' I appreciate that he says it," says Tillerson. "I take his word as his bond, and in our business that means a lot." Adds Chase Untermeyer, former U.S. ambassador to Qatar: "The Qataris remember who their friends are. Relationships are paramount."
ExxonMobil started planning the new generation of LNG megatrains in 2003--when oil was seen as expensive at $30 a barrel and natural gas in the U.S. averaged $4.50 per thousand cubic feet. Each of these four megatrains (two for Qatargas, two for RasGas) is 70% bigger than any built in Qatar before. The first of these megatrains (estimated cost: $6 billion) started up in March, with all four to be online early next year. Together, at an annual 1.6 trillion cubic feet (gas volumes being figured before the chill), they will account for nearly half of Qatar's LNG output.
How much is 1.6 trillion cubic feet of LNG? It's the energy equivalent of 275 million barrels of oil, or enough to meet the energy needs of 10 million U.S. homes for a year. What's more, burning that gas in place of an equal amount of coal means 70 million fewer tons of carbon dioxide emitted into the air.
To move the LNG, ExxonMobil designed new tankers. The q-Max is 1,100 feet long and holds 80% more LNG than standard tankers. At the equivalent of 5.5 billion cubic feet of natural gas, one cargo can supply one-twelfth of daily U.S. demand. The bulk of the LNG will unload at three new regasification terminals, in Texas, Wales and Italy. Some cargoes will head for East Asia.
But will ExxonMobil be able to recoup its Qatar costs? Though the futures market prices U.S. natural gas at $5.90 per thousand cubic feet a year from now, some analysts see the potential for a plummet to as low as $2, as new LNG flows in from abroad. Facing a dearth of demand, buyers in Japan and Korea have been sending away LNG shipments. Tillerson shrugs these trends off, saying that there are "aspects of Qatar LNG that make it extraordinarily competitive." What might they be? Consider this: ExxonMobil and its partners could give away the LNG for free and still make a profit. The secret is that gas is only half the revenue story here.
The stream of hydrocarbons that gushes from the North Field is "wet"--laden with larger molecules like propane and butane that don't need such extreme treatment to be liquefied. The wells that feed the megatrains give up some 300,000 barrels a day of these so-called liquids. At current prices the liquids will generate revenue of $5.8 billion a year. Compare that with $6.8 billion in revenue from the gas. But the cost of moving the methane (capital investment, liquefaction, shipping and regasification) is high: $3.3 billion a year. Producing the liquids costs only $350 million a year.
After paying royalties to the Qatari government of 40% on LNG and 18% on the liquids, the joint venture ends up with a pretax profit of $2.2 billion on LNG and $4.7 billion on the liquids. ExxonMobil's 30% share comes to $2 billion a year. "They can afford to undercut everybody," says Gavin Law, a consultant at Wood Mackenzie in the U.K.
By next year LNG is expected to supply 5% of U.S. gas demand, enough to hurt the smaller producers that supply 20% of U.S. needs. Qatar will keep running at full capacity, confident that high-cost producers would shut in enough wells to push prices back up.
ExxonMobil, Qatar and the other producers undoubtedly hope that low prices and plentiful supply will get their customers hooked on gas before their investments start to crater. Climate-change legislation, if enacted, should help. The bill that passed the House in June calls for a carbon cap-and-trade regime that would require electric utilities to have allowances for every ton of carbon dioxide emitted. A levy of $20 per ton on CO2 would add $1.20 per thousand cubic feet to the cost of gas. For coal the same amount of energy would suffer a $2 (or 80%) hike. That 80-cent difference translates into a roughly 1-cent increase in the cost of producing a kilowatt-hour of electricity. That's material when you consider that the pretax profit the average investor-owned utility makes on a kilowatt-hour is 1 cent.
ExxonMobil isn't going after gas out of a pure love for the environment. It's doing so because it's running out of oil. The company's production of crude is down 12% in the past three years to 2.3 million barrels a day. In dollar value the company is still weighted toward petroleum. In energy content its reserves are evenly divided. Tillerson says ExxonMobil is agnostic on whether a project contains oil or gas. "We never sit down and say, 'Gee, gas is going to perform better than oil,'" says Tillerson. "It's really about finding resource opportunities where we think profitability will be good."
To that end, ExxonMobil's next gas megaproject is a $30 billion pipeline Tillerson aims to build with TransCanada to bring as much as 150 trillion cubic feet of gas (6.5 years of U.S. consumption) from Alaska to the Lower 48. This is a long shot, a version of which BP and ConocoPhillips have been pursuing for a decade.
"People ask me all the time, 'What's the holdup?'" says Tillerson. "'You made all these billions of dollars of commitments in Qatar; why can't you make them in Alaska?'" In short, he says, it's because Qatar is "willing to put terms in place to give you stability to go out and make that kind of commitment." But, he says, "we have difficulties having that same kind of conversation, not just with Alaskans but in this country in general."
Windmills and solar panels might make us feel good, but a better solution might be to give bad ol' Big Oil the chance to develop our own bountiful supplies of natural gas.
Big Oil, For Now
Natural gas is an ever bigger slice of energy giants' output. In 2010 ExxonMobil, with 9.9 billion cubic feet a day, will edge out Shell. Want lower emissions? Replace coal with gas.
COAL 2.3 22%
Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Read Forbes Editor William Baldwin's Side Lines On This Story
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A water bottle is usually made of plastic, glass, or metal. Water bottles are available in different shapes, colours and sizes. In the past, water bottles were sometimes made of wood, bark, or animal skins such as leather and sheepskin. Water bottles can be either disposable or reusable. Reusable water bottles can also be used for liquids such as juice, iced tea, alcoholic beverages, or soft drinks. This water bottle form can help save the environment, through reducing waste.
Easily portable, water bottles make for convenient use, while typically containing nutrition facts and fluid ounces.
Water bottle sales have increased almost every decade in the United States for more than a decade. In 2011, greater than $11 billion was spent on U.S. bottled water products. The International Bottled Water Association (IBWA) states that Americans are increasingly relying on water bottles for convenience and portability.
Multi-use water bottles can be made from high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), copolyester or polypropylene. All offer the advantage of being durable, lightweight, dishwasher-safe and BPA-free. The main difference between each type of water bottle is the flexibility of the material. Copolyester and polypropylene bottles offer the greatest rigidity. HDPE bottles retain some flexibility, while LDPE bottles (most commonly associated with 'squeeze' type bottles) are highly flexible and collapsible.
Metal water bottles are growing in popularity. Made primarily from stainless steel or aluminum, they are durable and retain minimal odor or taste from previous contents. Aluminum bottles often contain a plastic resin or epoxy liner to protect contents from taste and odor transfer. Although most liners are now BPA-free, older and less expensive models can contain BPA.
It is not recommended to fill aluminum bottles with acidic liquids (e.g. orange juice), as this could cause aluminum to leach into the contents of the bottle. Stainless steel bottles do not contain a liner but have been known to transfer a metallic taste and odor to contents. Bottles made with food grade stainless steel (Grade 304, also known as 18/8) do not transfer taste or odor. Depending on the type of source material and manufacturing process behind your stainless steel bottle, trace amounts of minerals can leach into contents.
Metal water bottles can be heavier than their plastic counterparts and readily transfer temperature of contents to external surfaces, which makes them unsuitable for use with unusually hot or cold liquids.
This type of bottle is often BPA-Free and more commonly uses carbon (activated charcoal) filtration. UV light can also be used to purify water. UV filtration bottles are popular and convenient for those who are traveling to areas where water quality may be harmful, or where bottled water is not readily available. UV is effective against all water-borne pathogens.
Carbon filtration bottles will eliminate some organic chemicals and improve the taste and odor of water. Carbon filtration will not eliminate pathogens, metals or nitrates from water. Carbon filters must be changed regularly to maintain effectiveness.
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intending establishments have developed. A History of Modern Psychology. I intend to go into as much depth as possible when explaining the reasons behind postmodernists way of thinking as well as functionalists which is where the nuclear family is introduced. A strength of the functionalist theory is that it a macro degree structural theory which uses an organic analogy- utilizing the organic structure as a manner to depict the different parts within society. Bing a consensus theory. This is one of the ways to enforce and follow the law. New York: W.W. Norton; 2012. First mentioned in his book, The Principles of Psychology, James described four concepts he believed were the basis of his theory of functionalism. William James was not the only person who believed in functionalism as a psychological concept. Structuralism played a role in the drive to make psychology a more experimental science. However, Wundt referred to his view of psychology as voluntarism. the functionalists approach slightly contradicts itself as functionalism sees worlds as being shaped by society. Functionalism views the body and mind as inseparable and one cannot function effectively without the other. Parsons identifies three similarities; System, System Needs and Functions. These perspectives are important for a social worker to understand in order to create, Strengths and Weaknesses of the Functionalist View on Society, Assess the strengths and weaknesses of the functionalist view on society. Created by. Parsons identifies three similarities; System, System Needs and Functions. These institutions seem to give an important role to society and its good function. Wrong says that persons have no free will or pick ; they are mere marionettes whose twine are pulled by society. this essay is not unique. These needs which Parsons identified can be seen as a strength of society as they help sociologists to understand what society needs in order to function adequately. This analysis clearly looks at the whole of society ; all while doing it easier to understand sociologically and visually shows how all the different maps of society nexus and work together. It, strictly with his family such as who is allowed to enter his home and at what time they are given permission to do so. Harvey Carr was good friends with James Angell and worked with John Dewey at the University of Chicago. Strengths of the Theory Structuralism was the first major school of thought in psychology, and it paved the way for other thoughts of psychology to thrive. Within traditional society. through establishments such as parliament. Some of the strengths of Functionalism include; It is a macro (large) view on society If a person in society benefits from the Functionalism then other people will benefit from that. the behavior of each individual will be rather predictable and stable. William James wrote that structuralism had "plenty of school, but no thought," while Wilhelm Wundt dismissed functionalism as "literature" rather than science. For example, functionalism claims that children need to socialised (this is the effect) and therefore the family exists (this is the cause). One functionalist. Many sociologists have criticized Functionalism for neglecting negative implications in the social circle. Functionalism is a consensus position. We provide you with original essay samples, perfect formatting and styling. Retrieved from, Type: In 1906, he gave a speech at the American Psychological Association and voiced his opinion on three major points. Strengths and Weaknesses of the Functionalist View on Society Sample. The Functionalist perspective has contributed immensely to the structure of society and the understanding of human behaviour in society. Functionalism in Context of Psychology. As an example, participating in a church that seems to be part of being a religion, but in fact it is a matter of teaching participants to see the difference of a persons from institutions. Remember: This is just a sample from a fellow student. It strengths are seen in the way in which it explains the basic needs and function of society, these explanations can be used by other sociologists to improve and maintain an adequate society. Gravity. Functionalism views consciousness as the result of a combination of the persons needs and the stressors of their environment. also offered here. Durkheim saw the passage to modern industrial society as a concern. Pssst… Due to this, functionalism sees society as a body (organic analogy), all the institutions work together to make society. Mentioning to the functionalist attack. He was also known for asking questions particularly on topics that were assumed to be true by others. James Angell was a student of John Dewey at the University of Michigan and he also worked with William James at Harvard. System Needs and Functions. In case you can’t find a sample example, our professional writers are ready to help you with writing the fact that it is a macro degree theory can besides be interpreted as a disadvantage. However, as functionalism is a macro-scale approach and sees society as a whole, it could miss crucial factors/ groups which contribute to the functioning of society; these include small groups and tribes, such as gipsies. In that way, if a brain function or process didn’t serve a purpose, it would be naturally eliminated in the next generation or two. Functionalism is a consensus perspective that sees society as based on shared values into which members are socialized. Thank you, {{}}, for signing up. The problem with functionalism was again, that it was difficult to measure and didn’t consider human behavior that does not appear to have any systemic origin. organ cells. By continuing we’ll assume you’re on board with our cookie policy, Categories Network, Social science, Socialization, Society, Sociology, Strengths, Strengths And Weaknesses. Start studying Functionalism and Education - Strengths and Weaknesses. Behaviorism became to received recognition after the publication of Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It by John B Watson, in 1919. It is a based on an analogy between social systems and organic systems and has identified numerous ways which state, contribution of the Marxist theory to the sociological understanding of crime and deviance. The structuralist school also influenced the development of experimental psychology. All rights reserved Gradesfixer ™, “Strength and weakness of functionalism theory.”, Strength and weakness of functionalism theory [Internet]. Some of the important functionalist thinkers included William James, John Dewey, Harvey Carr, and John Angell. An agent of socialization is people and groups that influence our self-concept, emotions, attitudes and behavior. PLAY. farms. In the early 1890, William James published his book, The Principles of Psychology. Even though structuralism and functionalism were the first schools of thought to emerge in the field of psychology, eventually, both lost dominance and were replaced by other theories like psychoanalysis, humanism, and behaviorism.. Why do we act the way we do? Marxism is a macro/structural approach to society, meaning that it looks at the large-scale societal structure for answers about how society works and operates and explores crime and deviance in relation to classes within a capitalist society. Merton also criticises Parsons’ idea about indispensability, he assumes that everything is necessary in the way that it is; for example, children can only be socialised adequately in a two parent, nuclear family, however, Merton rejects this claim as he argues that adequate socialisation can occur even within a single parent family. He became a professor of Psychology at the University of Chicago, again with John Dewey and helped to train many functional psychologists. Assess the strengths and weaknesses of the functionalist view on society. Combinations of Edge Statistics and Morphology Techniques Essay, The Idea of Cause and Consequence Based on Dualism and Functionalism Essay, The Meaning of Emile Durkheim's Functionalism Essay, Emile Durkheim's Works and Understanding the Concept of Functionalism Essay, Sociology review on the different concepts of society Essay, Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model Essay, The Significant People of the Enlightenment Period Essay. Assess the strengths and weaknesses on the functionalist approach to society (33 marks) A strength of the functionalist approach to society is the explanation of how social order is achieved.Parsons argues that social order is achieved through the existence of a shared culture, a set or norms and values that are shaped by the members of a society. |
Definitions for "Meteoroid"
A small body moving through space, or revolving about the sun, which on entering the earth's atmosphere would be deflagrated and appear as a meteor.
a piece of rock that ranges in size from the size of a pea to miles across that wanders through space
A piece of stone or metal that travels in outer space. |
Teaching mathematics
Teaching mathematics
Free course
Teaching mathematics
3 The equals sign
Figure 7 Friends = love
One of the strong findings of early algebra research is that learners in the middle years need to change their perception of the equals sign. This sign is recognised from an early age (Figure 7), and it is usually understood as standing for an instruction such as ‘makes’ or ‘work it out now’. This is called the operational understanding of the equals sign and it works well for number problems. Text books, worksheets and even national examinations use the equals sign in this way:
equation left hand side 15 plus five equals right hand side
Area equals length multiplication breadth
To make progress in algebraic thinking, learners need to develop a new relational understanding of the equals sign. In algebra, the equals sign only makes sense when it is used as a way of comparing two expressions and saying that they have the same value as each other.
All of the following equations can be understood as statements that express a relationship between two quantities:
10 multiplication four equals 40
equation left hand side 10 multiplication four equals right hand side 20 multiplication two
five postfix times equation left hand side normal m postfix times equals right hand side 500 postfix times cm
equation left hand side two solidus three equals right hand side four solidus six
equation left hand side two times open normal y plus six close equals right hand side two times normal y plus 12
Two other relational symbols are the inequality signs < and >. Tasks that require learners to decide which of these symbols to use can develop a relational understanding of the equals sign.
Activity 13 Relationships between expressions
Timing: Allow 5 minutes
Which is bigger: 3ab or 2a + b? Choose values of a and b and decide. Record your results using the signs <, > and =.
You could write:
If we choose a equals one comma b equals two then three multiplication one minus two equals one and two multiplication one plus two equals four, so one less than four.
If a equals one comma b equals four then equation left hand side three multiplication one minus four equals right hand side negative one and two multiplication one plus four equals four so three times a minus b less than a plus b.
Or a equals two comma b equals one then three multiplication two minus one equals five and two multiplication two plus one equals five
Activity 14 Reflect
Timing: Allow 5 minutes
You might have noticed the different ways in which the three responses to the previous question were written.
How would you ask your learners to record their results?
Does this ensure that they have practice in selecting and writing the correct signs, in comparing two expressions?
ab3ab2a + bWrite your inequality or equation here
12143a b < 2a + b
Using the equals or inequality signs between numbers or symbolic expressions is correct mathematics. Learners should not write =, < or > on its own.
Using a table is often helpful for keeping track of several calculations.
ab3ab2a + bWrite your inequality or equation here
12143a b < 2a + b
10327233a b > 2a + b
6315153a b = 2a + b
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By Shaurya Singh, 5/28/2020
How to be an Expert in Mobile App Development
Developing mobile applications is a process that has evolved rapidly throughout its short lifetime so far. With different technologies and design practices implemented every year, a mobile app at the beginning of this industry would likely have noticeable differences than phone apps developed currently. However, despite these constant changes in the technology world, the process of developing mobile applications has held a relatively consistent lifecycle.
Mobile App Objectives
The first step in the mobile app lifecycle is figuring out where to go once an idea is hatched. This step is one of the most important steps, outlining the market research and objectives behind the app. By establishing a holistic understanding of what the app is meant to accomplish, the process of transitioning into more in-depth processes becomes clearer and more efficient. A classic example of defining the mobile app objectives would be to look at possible competitors and the target audience. With those two variables researched, the conversation of differentiation in the app market will be an easier one to navigate. It’s important to note that this stage should also look into some of the limitations behind building this app; this could be budget, time to develop, and resource allocation. Finally, in order to thoroughly execute on this step, a useful tip is to think from the end-user’s perspective. During mobile app development, there is an inevitable balance between end user goals and your own goals; it’s vital to get as close to the balance as possible in order to ensure that the app is relevant, usable, and does its job correctly.
Foundations, Storyboarding, Wireframing, and UI/UX Design
At this point in the app lifecycle, putting the pen on the paper and hashing out the specifics of the mobile app should be a much easier process. While the prior step doesn’t have too much room for change, there are a lot of viable options for the following steps: technology stack, choice of backend, and wireframing. The technology stack and the backend go hand in hand in the sense that they are both foundations from which the app will be built on. By tying in the objectives of the mobile app and the capabilities of technology stack, a clear understanding of the support the app will need through its lifetime can be found. For example, at Waker we often use a combination of React JS or React Native for the front end and Ruby or Node.js for the backend. In combination with a database and server that matches the apps technology needs, our stack’s main goal is to provide a scalable solution to guarantee smoother transitions once more users join and more features are incorporated into the mobile app. The technology stack and languages used are a “make it or break it” step, and we find that perfection in this step is the only way to guarantee a solid foundation for your mobile app to grow. However, with any foundation there needs to be a structure to scale work on top of it. This moves the mobile app development lifecycle into the wireframing stage. While the technology stack and the backend look more into the software development side of creating a mobile app, the wireframing of a mobile app requires a design driven approach with an understanding of engineering capabilities. Notice how although design is the largest aspect behind wireframing, it is still important to stay aware of the engineering process and the technology stack in use. With this in mind, you can hash out the APIs, user journey, notifications, and how data interacts through the interface. Throughout the wireframing process, it is still extremely important to think about the end user. At this point, an in-depth interface experience of the mobile app should be created. Every detail, from what happens during the tap of a button to animations when content is being refreshed, should be designed and finalized for prototyping. There might be final changes once it gets to the development stage, but the wireframes and designs should be detailed enough that these changes are few and far between. However, before the mobile app is ready to release it’s important to get a feel for what the app feels like in its native form. This is done through prototyping.
Iterating the UI/UX through prototyping
Prototyping is a very exciting part in the lifecycle; it is one of the first times you can get your app in the users hands at a larger scale. It’s important to not downplay that potential; the prototype’s main goal is to gather insights from using the app to use towards the final product. A newer use for a prototype is something called “dogfooding”. The concept is that you use your own app for a longer stretch of time in hopes that you can see some of the bugs and issues that were not as visible at first. Again, this stage is all about insight collecting and less about trying to ship the perfect mobile app right away. Take the time to watch users go through their entire experience using the app and adjust the interface and user experience accordingly. Something to note is that many people will have different opinions, but not all of these opinions should sway you to change direction! It’s important to take note of changes that are possible and changes that are not, and it is definitely okay to acknowledge someone’s desires in your app but not actually build out that request. A common trap some mobile development cases fall into is that the app’s function and usability are second nature to the creators, but would leave a common user with a difficult experience to navigate through. Thorough wireframing and user experience testing in design is vital here to assure a successfully received mobile app. Minimizing the barrier to entry in using the app is vital, because the first impression to a user can be the difference between them opening the app again or deleting it. Another common point during this process is people asking “When have I collected enough data through my prototype that I can move into the final development stage?” Many people have different answers to this question, but one of the more common approaches is to have some key performance indicators that have been created before the prototype’s release that need to be met. For example, one could be measuring the amount of time it takes new users to login, and then trying to minimize that average time until it meets the KPI that you set. Either way, it is important that your prototype is obtaining valuable information that could be put towards the final product.
Development and Testing
The next stage is one of the more exciting, but also one of the most critical to manage correctly: development. Most time will be spent in the development stage since the engineering put into this stage needs to be accurate and well suited for the entire app. It’s important to take every detail into account. A good way to look at these details is by putting them into categories. If there is a mistake that inhibits the user from using the app to its full potential, then that would be classified as a vital error. All vital errors should be gone in the finalized mobile app since most of the time they ruin certain experiences through the user journey. Medium and smaller errors should also be minimized, but will likely be fixed over time in a roadmap for improvements as it is very rare for an app to have zero things to update. Think about your favorite apps and how many updates they go through every year. It is important to have a development team that understands that while the final product might be polished, it will not be perfect forever. There will be a guaranteed need for app changes and updates, especially if you are looking for the app to scale. At the highest level, the most important aspect to take into account during the final development phase is the timeline. The timing of certain deliverables should be figured out and can keep a team on track for meeting the app’s final release time.
Revising your Go-To-Market Plan
Getting your app finished is the most exciting step in the entire process. At this point, the idea has turned into a viable product and is ready for the mobile user market to try out. However, that is definitely not the end of the mobile app lifecycle. You may want to go through the same process with the prototype in terms of testing, but instead of gathering insights towards creating the final product, these insights should be used to smooth out minor bugs and interactions. It’s vital to go extremely in depth because you want the app to cover most scenarios across your user base. Once all the scenarios are looked into, the app can grow forward and scale. The most key success factors towards launching the app move more into the marketing realm. SEO, branding, and websites are a few of the factors that make up the entire marketing process behind an app launch.
Post Launch Improvement
Executing on a mobile app launch is a large component to the overall success of the app itself, but the life of the app is still not over. As stated earlier, it is very rare for an app to be completely perfect. There will be a need for updates, and with those updates comes another requirement to continue to collect data. While you may be able to get users on your app, it may be hard to get those users to continuously use your app. It may be worth it to invest in a way to gather feedback from users who have been on the app since its release. User feedback is one of the most valuable aspects behind the future decision making of the app, and without anything set up to gather those insights it can be tough to make effective feature updates to your mobile app.
Continuing to Improve your Mobile App
All in all, the mobile app development lifecycle is an exciting process, but it is by no means easy or linear. At Waker, every single mobile app we’ve developed has had its own processes and difficulties that need to be addressed, and it is uncommon to see major similarities between these separate processes. Although the stages behind the development of a mobile application can seem similar, the specific details behind every mobile app need its own set of attention and research. With this in mind, it’s vital to have a team that is ready to go the extra mile when it comes to personalizing your app to the end user at scale. Mobile app development is a multidimensional process. A team that understands all of these dimensions can help your app achieve the goals you are looking for.
What Waker does?
Waker is a top-rated UX/UI and software development company consistently improving ourselves to help our clietns with what we do best. Our clients trust us to strategize digital products, design the user experience, and use cutting-edge software development to bring it all to life. Clients appreciate our hands-on, partnership-style process. Our services include Minimum Viable Products (MVP) & Prototypes, Web Apps, SaaS, Venture Development, and Innovation. We work with clients nationwide and have offices located in Columbus (Ohio), Atlanta (Georgia), and Wilmington (Delaware).
Ready to grow your app or software project?
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Law of the United States
Law of the United States in Encyclopedia Encyclopedia
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Law of the United States
The United States Constitution, the supreme law of the United States
The United States Constitution, the supreme law of the United States
The United States Code, the codification of federal statutory law The Code of Federal Regulations, the codification of federal administrative law
The United States Reports, the official reporter of the Supreme Court of the United States
The law of the United States consists of many levels[1] of codified and uncodified forms of law, of which the most important is the United States Constitution, the foundation of the federal government of the United States. The Constitution sets out the boundaries of federal law, which consists of constitutional acts of Congress, constitutional treaties ratified by Congress, constitutional regulations promulgated by the executive branch, and case law originating from the federal judiciary.
The Constitution and federal law are the supreme law of the land, thus preempting conflicting state and territorial laws in the fifty U.S. states and in the territories.[2] However, the scope of federal preemption is limited, because the scope of federal power is itself rather limited. In the unique dual-sovereign system of American federalism (actually tripartite[3] when one includes Indian reservations), states are the plenary sovereigns, while the federal sovereign possesses only the limited supreme authority enumerated in the Constitution.[4] Indeed, states may grant their citizens broader rights than the federal Constitution as long as they do not infringe on any federal constitutional rights.[5][6] Thus, most U.S. law (especially the actual "living law" of contract, tort, criminal, and family law experienced by the majority of citizens on a day-to-day basis) consists primarily of state law, which can and does vary greatly from one state to the next.[7][8]
At both the federal and state levels, the law of the United States was originally largely derived from the common law system of English law, which was in force at the time of the Revolutionary War.[9][10] However, U.S. law has diverged greatly from its English ancestor both in terms of substance and procedure, and has incorporated a number of civil law innovations.
General overview
Sources of law
In the United States, the law is derived from four sources. These four sources are constitutional law, statutory law, administrative regulations, and the common law (which includes case law).[11] The most important source of law is the United States Constitution. All other law falls under and are subordinate to that document. No law may contradict the Constitution..
American common law
The United States and most Commonwealth countries are heirs to the common law legal tradition of English law.[15] Certain practices traditionally allowed under English common law were expressly outlawed by the Constitution, such as bills of attainder[16] and general search warrants.[17]
As common law courts, U.S. courts have inherited the principle of stare decisis.[18] American judges, like common law judges elsewhere, not only apply the law, they also make the law, to the extent that their decisions in the cases before them become precedent for decisions in future cases.[19]
The actual substance of English law was formally "received" into the United States in several ways. First, all U.S. states except Louisiana have enacted "reception statutes" which generally state that the common law of England (particularly judge-made law) is the law of the state to the extent that it is not repugnant to domestic law or indigenous conditions.[20] Some reception statutes impose a specific cutoff date for reception, such as the date of a colony's founding, while others are deliberately vague.[21] Thus, contemporary U.S. courts often cite pre-Revolution cases when discussing the evolution of an ancient judge-made common law principle into its modern form,[21] such as the heightened duty of care traditionally imposed upon common carriers.[22]
Second, a small number of important British statutes in effect at the time of the Revolution have been independently reenacted by U.S. states. Two examples that many lawyers will recognize are the Statute of Frauds (still widely known in the U.S. by that name) and the Statute of 13 Elizabeth (the ancestor of the Uniform Fraudulent Transfers Act). Such English statutes are still regularly cited in contemporary American cases interpreting their modern American descendants.[23]
Early on, American courts, even after the Revolution, often did cite contemporary English cases. This was because appellate decisions from many American courts were not regularly reported until the mid-19th century; lawyers and judges, as creatures of habit, used English legal materials to fill the gap.[25] But citations to English decisions gradually disappeared during the 19th century as American courts developed their own principles to resolve the legal problems of the American people.[26] The number of published volumes of American reports soared from eighteen in 1810 to over 8,000 by 1910.[27] By 1879, one of the delegates to the California constitutional convention was already complaining: "Now, when we require them to state the reasons for a decision, we do not mean they shall write a hundred pages of detail. We [do] not mean that they shall include the small cases, and impose on the country all this fine judicial literature, for the Lord knows we have got enough of that already."[28]
Today, in the words of Stanford law professor Lawrence Friedman: "American cases rarely cite foreign materials. Courts occasionally cite a British classic or two, a famous old case, or a nod to Blackstone; but current British law almost never gets any mention."[29] Foreign law has never been cited as binding precedent, but merely as a reflection of the shared values of Anglo-American civilization or even Western civilization in general.[30]
Levels of law
Federal law
Federal law originates with the Constitution, which gives Congress the power to enact statutes for certain limited purposes like regulating interstate commerce. Nearly all statutes have been codified in the United States Code. Many statutes give executive branch agencies the power to create regulations, which are published in the Federal Register and codified into the Code of Federal Regulations. Regulations generally also carry the force of law under the Chevron doctrine. Many lawsuits turn on the meaning of a federal statute or regulation, and judicial interpretations of such meaning carry legal force under the principle of stare decisis.
The other major implication of the Erie doctrine is that federal courts cannot dictate the content of state law when there is no federal issue (and thus no federal supremacy issue) in a case. When hearing claims under state law pursuant to diversity jurisdiction, federal trial courts must apply the statutory and decisional law of the state in which they sit, as if they were a court of that state,[32] even if they believe that the relevant state law is irrational or just bad public policy.[33] And under Erie, deference is one-way only: state courts are not bound by federal interpretations of state law.[34]
If this was not confusing enough, state courts are not bound to follow judicial interpretations of federal law from the federal courts that sit in a state, including federal courts of appeals and district courts (that is, the intermediate appellate courts and trial courts).[35] There is only one federal court that binds all state courts as to the interpretation of federal law and the federal Constitution: the U.S. Supreme Court itself.[36]
Federal statutory enactment and codification
Federal regulatory promulgation and codification
Formulation of federal precedent
As Judge Alex Kozinski has explained, binding precedent as we know it today simply did not exist at the time the Constitution was framed.[41] Judicial decisions were not consistently, accurately, and faithfully reported on both sides of the Atlantic (reporters often simply rewrote or failed to publish decisions which they disliked), and the United Kingdom lacked a coherent court hierarchy prior to the end of the 19th century.[41] Furthermore, English judges in the eighteenth century subscribed to now-obsolete natural law theories of law, by which law was believed to have an existence independent of what individual judges said. They saw themselves as merely declaring the law which had always theoretically existed, not making it.[41] Therefore, a judge could reject another judge's opinion as simply an incorrect statement of the law, like how scientists regularly reject each other's conclusions as incorrect statements of the laws of science.[41]
The contemporary rule of binding precedent became possible in the U.S. in the nineteenth century only after the creation of a clear court hierarchy (under the Judiciary Acts), and the beginning of regular verbatim publication of U.S. appellate decisions by West Publishing.[41] It gradually developed case-by-case as an extension of the judiciary's public policy of effective judicial administration (that is, in order to efficiently exercise the judicial power).[41] It is generally justified today as a matter of public policy, first, as a matter of fundamental fairness, and second, that in the absence of case law, it would be completely unworkable for every minor issue in every legal case to be briefed, argued, and decided from first principles (such as relevant statutes, constitutional provisions, and underlying public policies), which in turn would create hopeless inefficiency, instability, and unpredictability, and thereby undermine the rule of law.[43][44]
However, since precedents became binding, it is now sometimes possible, over time, for a line of them to drift away from the express language of any underlying statutory or constitutional texts, until such texts are severely overloaded with implied meanings not even hinted at on their face. This tendency towards so-called judicial lawmaking has been particularly obvious in federal substantive due process decisions. Due to obvious tension with the reservation of legislative power to Congress in Article One of the United States Constitution, it is often subject to harsh criticism as "antidemocratic" from originalists such as Associate Justice Antonin Scalia, as in this 2000 dissenting opinion:
State law
The Restatement (Second) of Torts, a highly influential restatement of United States tort law The fifty American states are separate sovereigns with their own state constitutions, state governments, and state courts (including state supreme courts).[45] They retain plenary power to make laws covering anything not preempted by the federal Constitution, federal statutes, or international treaties ratified by the federal Senate. Normally, state supreme courts are the final interpreters of state constitutions and state law, unless their interpretation itself presents a federal issue, in which case a decision may be appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court by way of a petition for writ of certiorari.[46]
Most cases are litigated in state courts and involve claims and defenses under state laws. Each year, only about 280,000 civil and criminal cases are heard in federal courts, as opposed to 27.5 million civil and criminal cases in state courts (these numbers exclude 858,000 federal bankruptcy cases, and in state courts, 4.5 million domestic, 1.7 million juvenile, and 55 million traffic cases).[47]
The law of most of the states is based on the common law of England; the notable exception is Louisiana, whose civil law is largely based upon French and Spanish law. The passage of time has led to state courts and legislatures expanding, overruling, or modifying the common law; as a result, the laws of any given state invariably differ from the laws of its sister states.
All states have codified some or all of their statutory law into legal codes. Codification was an idea borrowed from the civil law through the efforts of American lawyer David Dudley Field.[48] New York's codes are known as "Laws." California and Texas simply call them "Codes." Other states use terms such as "Revised Statutes" or "Compiled Statutes" for their compilations. California, New York, and Texas have separate subject-specific codes, while all other states and the federal government use a single code divided into numbered titles.
In some states, codification is often treated as a mere restatement of the common law, to the extent that the subject matter of the particular statute at issue was covered by some judge-made principle at common law. Judges are free to liberally interpret the codes unless and until their interpretations are specifically overridden by the legislature.[49] In other states, there is a tradition of strict adherence to the plain text of the codes.
The advantage of codification is that once the state legislature becomes accustomed to writing new laws as amendments to an existing code, the code will usually reflect democratic sentiment as to what the current law is (though the entire state of the law must always be ascertained by reviewing case law to determine how judges have interpreted a particular codified statute).
In contrast, in jurisdictions with uncodified statutes, like the United Kingdom, determining what the law is can be a more difficult process. One has to trace back to the earliest relevant Act of Parliament, and then identify all later Acts which amended the earlier Act, or which directly overrode it. For example, when the UK decided to create a Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, lawmakers had to identify every single Act referring to the House of Lords that was still good law, and then amend all of those laws to refer to the Supreme Court.[50]
Attempts at "uniform" laws
Efforts by various organizations to create "uniform" state laws have been only partially successful. The two leading organizations are the American Law Institute (ALI) and the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws (NCCUSL). The most successful and influential uniform laws are the Uniform Commercial Code (a joint ALI-NCCUSL project) and the Model Penal Code (from ALI).
Apart from model codes, the American Law Institute has also created Restatements of the Law which are widely used by lawyers and judges to simplify the task of summarizing the current status of the common law. Instead of listing long, tedious citations of old cases that may not fit very well together (in order to invoke the long-established principles supposedly contained in those cases), or citing a treatise which may reflect the view of only one or two authors, they can simply cite a Restatement section (which is supposed to reflect the consensus of the American legal community) to refer to a particular common law principle.
Local law
Law affects every aspect of American life, including parking lots. Note the citations to statutes on the sign. States have delegated lawmaking powers to thousands of agencies, townships, counties, cities, and special districts. And all the state constitutions, statutes and regulations (as well as all the ordinances and regulations promulgated by local entities) are subject to judicial interpretation like their federal counterparts.[51]
Types of law
Procedural law
Traditionally, lawyers distinguish between procedural law (which controls the procedure followed by courts and parties to legal cases) and substantive law (which is what most people think of as law). In turn, procedural law is divided into criminal procedure and civil procedure.
Criminal procedure
Civil procedure
35 states have adopted rules of civil procedure closely modeled after the FRCP (including rule numbers). However, in doing so, they had to make some modifications to account for the fact that state courts have broad general jurisdiction while federal courts have relatively limited jurisdiction.
New York, Illinois, and California are the most significant states that have not adopted the FRCP. Furthermore, both states continue to maintain their civil procedure laws in the form of codified statutes enacted by the state legislature, as opposed to court rules promulgated by the state supreme court, on the ground that the latter are undemocratic. But certain key portions of their civil procedure laws have been modified by their legislatures to bring them closer to federal civil procedure.[53]
Substantive law
Criminal law
Contract law
Tort law
Notably, the most broadly influential innovation of 20th century American tort law was the rule of strict liability for defective products, which originated with judicial glosses on the law of warranty. In 1963, Roger J. Traynor of the Supreme Court of California threw away legal fictions based on warranties and imposed strict liability for defective products as a matter of public policy in the landmark case of Greenman v. Yuba Power Products.[54] The American Law Institute subsequently adopted a slightly different version of the Greenman rule in Section 402A of the Restatement (Second) of Torts, which was published in 1964 and was very influential throughout the United States.[55] Outside the U.S., the rule was adopted by the European Economic Community in the Product Liability Directive of July 1985,[56] by Australia in July 1992,[57] and by Japan in June 1994.[58]
Much of Louisiana law is derived from French and Spanish civil law, which stems from its history as a colony of both France and Spain.[60] Puerto Rico, a former Spanish colony, is also a civil law jurisdiction of the United States.[61] However, the criminal law of both jurisdictions has been necessarily modified by common law influences and the supremacy of the federal Constitution.[62][63]
Furthermore, Puerto Rico is also unique in that it is the only U.S. jurisdiction in which the everyday working language of court proceedings, statutes, regulations, and case law is Spanish.[64] All states, the federal government, and most territories use American English as their working language.[65] Some states, such as California, do provide certain court forms in other languages (Chinese, Korean, Spanish, Vietnamese) for the convenience of immigrants and naturalized citizens.[66] But American law as developed through statutes, regulations, and case law is always in English, attorneys are expected to take and pass the bar examination in English, judges hear oral argument and give orders from the bench in English, and testimony and documents originating in other languages is translated into English before being incorporated into the official record of a case.[65]
Many states in the southwest that were originally Mexican territory have inherited several unique features from the civil law that governed when they were part of Mexico. These states include Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, and Texas. For example, these states all have a community property system for the property of married persons (Idaho, Washington, and Wisconsin have also adopted community property systems, but they did not inherit them from a previous civil law system that governed the state).[67][68] Another example of civil law influence in these states can be seen in the California Civil Code, where the law of contracts is treated as part of the law of obligations (though the rules actually codified are clearly derived from the common law).
Many of the western states, including California, Colorado, New Mexico, and Wyoming use a system of allocating water rights known as the prior appropriation doctrine, which is derived from Spanish civil law.[69] It should be noted that each state has modified the doctrine to suit its own internal conditions and needs.[70]
See also
Further reading
• Friedman, Lawrence M. American Law (1984)
Legal history
• Rabban, David M. (2003) "The Historiography of Late Nineteenth-Century American Legal History," Theoretical Inquiries in Law 4#2 Article 5. abstract
• Gerber, Scott D. "Bringing Ideas Back In--A Brief Historiography of American Colonial Law," American Journal of Legal History, April 2011, 51#2 pp 359-374
• Hoffer, Peter. Law and people in colonial America (1998) 193pp
• Abel, Richard L. American Lawyers (1991)
Philosophy of law
External links
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Help/Frequently asked questions
Topographical terms for birds
Bird Topography
For latin topographical terms click here.
For german topographical terms click here.
What is the meaning of the Avitopia logo?
The logo shows the Earth globe on which the richness of bird species of each point of the Earth is shown using the Avitopia data base. On land the colour code runs from white (few birds) to green (many bird species), in the ocean from white to blue.
What is "taxonomic depth"?
A taxon is a group of living organism according to a hierarchically organized biological system. For practical reasons the name of a group (e.g. "family") is correlated to a rank in the hierarchy. At Avitopia the taxonomic depth indicates down to which rank the system hierarchy will be taken into account.
The taxonomic depth "family" leads to a kind of a systematic overview und is thus suitable for a quick understanding of the diversity of birds.
The taxonomic depth "genus" is interesting, as the latin name of a genus does not exist twice in fauna and flora. Unfortunately, there is often no vernacular name available.
The taxonomic depth "species" is the default choice, in particular as vernacular names have been given in many languages. The latin names always consist of the genus and the species name.
The taxonomic depth "subspecies" is important for experts in and Avitopia prepares to offer this feature, too.
What is the meaning of the symbols indicating the conservation status?
Near threatened
Critically endangered
Extinct in the wild
Data deficient
How do I translate a bird name?
You choose "Extended search", and there the desired Secondary language and the condition "all names, optimal illustration". Generally, the Method of area selection should be "Menu tree" and the area "Planet Earth". Assuming the name at hand is a species, the Taxonomic depth is set to "per species", all other ornithological options should remain as unrestricted as possible. Then you enter the name (or a part of it) into the appropriate language field and click on "Call preview".
The language settings may be changed anytime.
How can I identify a bird that I have seen?
First you try to determine the family the bird belongs to. Usually you succeed pretty fast to reduce the number of suitable families to very few or one. Within a family you ought to compare the images of the species one after the other. However, you must not forget that a species might very well appear in different plumages (male vs. female, seasonal plumages, etc.). This is more fun than burden, anyway, with experience it works faster until you get along without any help.
For comparing you should remember or take notes of as many details as possible that are perceivable to other birds of the same species (from front colour to wing lining). By careful observation you will experience the fascination of birding.
Can I combine any search criteria at Avitopia?
Yes, even across different languages. All criteria will be linked by logigal "AND", only stations are linked by logical "OR to each other".
How can I define a search area crossing the date line?
You can do this under the menu item "Numerical area entry" (activated by "go"). When entering the area definition, you only have to realize, that the longitudes and latitudes refer to the limits of the area. If the "west. longitude" is more positive than the "east. longitude", the area crosses the date line.
Correspondingly the search area may be defined under "Graphical area entry". To this end the first click (SW corner) must be placed east of the second click (NE corner).
How can I define a search area that is cyclically closed such as the tropics?
First, you have to select the menu item "self-defined area" and activate it by "go". Then you enter -180 for west. longitude and 180 for east. longitude. These two special values are recognized by the Avitopia engine as defining a cyclic area.
What means "endemic"?
Endemic always refers to an area that has been defined before. If a taxon, usually a species, is regarded as endemic, this taxon has only been found inside this area. Originally this term has been applied to islands, but today it is also used with reference countries, continents and other unequivocally bordered areas. For the planet earth all living organisms are endemic, except humans, since they have stepped on the moon. However, currently they are extinct there.
Can I search for endemic species in self-defined area?
Yes, but only with the search engine of Avitopia.
How can I get to know the zoological system of birds?
In spite of modern methods to study the DNA of birds, the delimitations of many taxa are still debated; therefore there is no unique standard system. The least debated taxa are the families, of which ca. 200 have been described. They are the best means to get an overview over the diversity of birds. Practically, you select 'families' as taxonomic depth and select your home country as area. There you get aquainted with the typical examples of the families. Subsequently you may change the area and increase the taxonomic depth.
How can I search for bird names the exact spelling of which I don't know?
The search engine searches anyway for parts of names by automatically adding wildcard characters at the beginning and the end. You may insert a wildcard character (%) anywhere in your search string, e.g. "c%erul%e".
Where do I obtain software to open a PDF-file?
Here you may get the Adobe Reader free of charge for desktop, tablet or smartphone.
Where do I obtain software to open an ePub-file?
Here you may get the Calibre Reader free of charge for desktop. Unfortunately, it ignores commands referring to page breaks (status January 2016).
Here you may get the Aldiko Reader free of charge for tablet and smartphone. The display of floating objects is not bug-free (status April 2014).
With this software you can read E-books in PDF format, too.
Can I read the bird guides of AVITOPIA with my Kindle?
Yes, its is possble, AVITOPIA does not impose this restriction. But they have to be converted into some Kindle-Format (e.g. mobi). That can be done using the tools of Calibre or using the Kindle Previewer. E-Books in ePub format are most suitable for conversion, while e-Books in PDF format cause more difficulties.
How can I input special european characters?
It can be difficult to input special characters, e.g. German umlaute using an English keybord. Avitopia offers here a list of special characters to facilitate copying.
In case you want to enter the german characters "ä,ö,ü,ß" while your keyboard - e.g. in tablets - does not contain them, you may enter "a,o,u,ss" instead.
How can I view japanese characters?
You need japanese fonts, which are preinstalled in more recent operating systems (in windows it is "East Asian Language Package" with Chinese, Japanese and Korean), but they must be activated by an administrator. Further, the activation claims several hundred MB memory space.
If you acquire an PDF-File with your search results from Avitopia, you will see japanese characters, even if the fonts are not installed at your computer, because the fonts will be included in the PDF-file by Avitopia.
How can I input japanese characters?
Most important, japanese fonts have to be installed and activated.
Further you need a software that converts entries by a standard keyboard into complex characters. It is preinstalled in more recent operating systems (in windows the program is "Input Method Editor" IME) and usually you can activate it without administrator rights.
If such software is not available, you still have the chance to copy the characters individually into the input field. As most of the japanese bird names consist of katakana, as a service Avitopia provides katakana characters for copying purposes.
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High Blood Sugar Level Chart
Diabetes blood sugar levels chart: what is a normal blood, Keep in mind that the blood glucose level before a meal for a non diabetic person and a person with prediabetes may be very similar. the blood glucose before meals is.
Blood Sugar Log
Blood pressure chart – normal blood pressure range, Human b.p. range diagram textual description. the 1st number: systolic pressure is the blood pressure when the heart muscle contracts..
Hypertension (high blood pressure) health center – webmd, One of the most dangerous aspects of hypertension is that you may not know that you have it. in fact, nearly one-third of people who have high blood pressure don’t.
High blood pressure: medlineplus medical encyclopedia, Causes. many factors can affect blood pressure, including: the amount of water and salt you have in your body; the condition of your kidneys, nervous system, or blood.
Lifecoach: low blood sugar level symptoms – telegraph, Lifecoach: low blood sugar level symptoms our health experts answer your problems. this week: hypoglycaemia and how to use kettlebells safely..
What you need to know about blood glucose meter, A blood glucose meter is a must have especially for diabetics who always have to monitor their blood sugar levels. of course, just like any medical equipment, it is.
Glossary index | womenshealth.gov, A recurring pain or discomfort in the chest that happens when some part of the heart does not receive enough blood. it is a common symptom of coronary heart disease.
Normal Blood Sugar Levels Chart for Women |
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Russia now is far weaker and much less threatening than the once daunting and frightening USSR. Besides, the present friction and clashes with the West over Ukraine and on other fronts are just a pale shadow of the once formidable Cold War.
Similarly, Russia’s present exposure in Syria and the draining of its resources in the confusing battle lines against Islamic State (IS) are but a vague reminder of the gory and massive conflict the Soviets fought in Afghanistan against IS’ forefathers, the mujahideen, that eventually bled the USSR to death. Then Moscow was caught in the trap of falling oil prices (cutting its main revenue) and growing military expenditures because of costs in Afghanistan and the new arms race with the U.S.
Now, the ongoing fall in oil prices (again cutting Russian income at a time of dire need), Russia’s growing perception as a neo-dictatorship, its military commitment in Ukraine (which destabilizes Kiev and does not help Moscow, either), and its re-entry into the Middle East after some 30 years all bring back old memories.
In this situation, Walter Laqueur’s Putinism: Russia and Its Future in the West makes a compelling read. It is inspiring possibly more than anything about Moscow’s actual predicament.
Writing of the optimistic perception of Russia after the fall of the Soviet empire, Laqueur notes, “Even with the benefit of hindsight, it is difficult to explain this unwarranted optimism; given Russia’s past and present conditions, it was rooted in wishful thinking. Very few considered the likelihood that the loss of empire might not have been the end of the story and that, as quite often happens in history, an attempt would be made to regain what had been lost.
“The German precedent should have been remembered: Completely defeated and powerless in 1918, Germany was able to return as a great power within a mere 15 years. It should have been realized that when new tensions arose, they were not provoked by Putin and the KGB. Like the German people in the early 1930s, a majority of Russians wanted not only a good life, but to be part of a great power, if possible a superpower.” (p. 186)
In this quandary, at the fall of the Soviet empire “people in Moscow expected help from the West, but it was not clear in what way the West could have helped except by the World Bank support. But there was also the suspicion, small at the beginning but steadily growing, that the West would take advantage of Russia’s weakness. Some went further and expressed the conviction that the fall of the Soviet Union had been engineered by Western imperialism. Zapadophobia (fear of the West) grew in Russia by leaps and bounds. There was a deep-seated conviction that any initiative that was good for the West was bound to be harmful for Russia and should therefore be rejected. The radical Right, which had emerged as a force to reckon with in Moscow, was praying for a revival of the Cold War.” (p. 187)
Here Laqueur provides the largest canvas to try to interpret Russia’s present involvement in Syria and its growing rivalry with Turkey, an enemy for centuries. As World War II was the legitimate child of the bad end to World War I, so the present tensions with Russia are the legitimate child of a bad end to the Cold War. Many Russians, argues the author of more than 25 books on history, terrorism, and the Cold War, did not feel they had been defeated. Just like the post–World War I Germans, they felt they had been betrayed and stabbed in the back, and failed to admit and recognize the total bankruptcy of their state.
At the same time, there was a lack of appreciation in the West for what was really going on in Russia after the Cold War. “Many wondered: if the United Kingdom and France had accepted the loss of empire, why couldn’t Russia? Perhaps because of Russia’s conviction that it could not survive except as a great power,” (p. 202) underscores Laqueur.
This spins into another Russian fear with old German roots. As at the turn of the 19thcentury, Prussians drove themselves to conflict and tensions with other European nations, fearing too many people in too little space, similarly now some Russians fear they are left with too much space and not enough people, especially in semi-deserted and inhospitable Siberia. This feeling bodes ill for the future, especially if considered with the background of some recent Russian macroeconomic policies, writes the author.
Russia’s military expenditures (4.5% of GDP) are about twice that of NATO countries. Then taxes will have to increase, from the current maximum rate of 13% that favors the ultra rich—otherwise Moscow will not have enough money for schools or health care, and thus will have lower life expectancy and lower literacy. Both of these phenomena will further stress the perception of too much land and too few people.
Here there is also an important China angle, as especially in its territorial vision Russia remains largely an Asian country neighboring China. Moscow fears that an increasingly depopulated Siberia, representing some two-thirds of its remaining empire, will be gobbled up by commercially and politically aggressive, overpopulated China, which is perceived as having a lot of people but no space.
At the same time, China is afraid of moving or even being perceived as moving into Siberia, which could trigger global fears of expansionism. Moreover, Beijing sees clearly Russia’s long-term weaknesses and fears its possible collapse in Siberia. This would create a huge power vacuum that would be ominous for China, however it were to be solved.
If Beijing were to step in, this could taint its own international image as expansionist while making China a neighbor of Europe, possibly irking sensibilities on both ends of the Eurasian continent. If Beijing were to stay aloof in case of Russia’s collapse in Siberia, this could bring to the fore a new, possibly aggressive neighbor, which might look for sponsors and support among the wide array of countries wary of China in the world. In sum, Russia’s further weakening would be lose-lose proposition for China, and these are deep reasons for China’s recent support of Russia. Strong China thus wants to help flagging Russia, which is perhaps not totally aware of its difficulties.
However, Moscow is uncomfortable being Beijing’s junior partner, after having been the senior partner during the long stretch of Cold War. Despite official statements, Russia remains very suspicious of China, as Miles Yu pointed out recently (see ).
Here perhaps, once more, the legacy of the Cold War and present geopolitical concerns run amok and spin out of control, and this is the scenario that de facto Laqueur introduces.
Cold War went hot in Korea in 1950s and dovetailed in Vietnam in the late 1960s. Then, to make up for the political and moral loss the U.S. was suffering in the proxy war in Vietnam with Soviets, Nixon and Kissinger decided to open to China and deployed it politically more than militarily against the USSR. This deployment became more effective after Mao’s death with Carter and Brzezinski, who propped China to “teach a lesson” to Vietnam, which had invaded fellow communist Cambodia, and to marshal weapons to the mujahideen in Afghanistan.
Thanks to its contributions against the USSR, China survived the end of the Cold War, and so did Vietnam, which in the late 1980s collaborated on a peace initiative started by U.S.-allied Thailand to bring peace to Cambodia. The initiative kindled the fast economic growth of all of Southeast Asia, including Vietnam.
Yet China not only remained officially “communist” (thus in theory “to be Cold Warred” and with some internal “Cold Warring” factions) but also moved to be a great power, able, possibly, to challenge U.S. supremacy in the future. The growing tensions in recent years between China and the U.S., coated at times in old Cold War rhetoric, objectively provided an argument to the Russians that Putin was the hero who could successfully take on the West where the USSR had failed. If the Chinese were doing it, so could the Russians.
On the other end of the spectrum, in China, Putin’s apparently successful rebirth of imperial Russia was providing an argument against Beijing’s pulls to transition to more democratic and liberal institutions. This seemed particularly true after the 2008 American financial crisis, in which practical Chinese saw a failure of the U.S. economic and also political model.
Russia’s recent initiatives in Ukraine and Syria have somewhat cooled Beijing’s affections for Putin.
From the Chinese historical viewpoint (which is not grounded in Thucydides’ history of the war between Athens and Sparta), the world looks more and more like that of the Warring States period, as a 2004 book by Wang Jian, Li Xiaoning, Qiao Liang, and Wang Xiangsui argued (Xin zhan guo shidai). At the time, between 5th and 3rdcenturies BC, a few powers were competing with each other and all unable to prevail, unlike during the preceding spring and autumn period, when scores of states were destroyed and gobbled up by mightier neighbors.
The end of that Warring State era occurred thanks to the very special situation of the time, impossible to be repeated on a global scale: the relatively short and very successful campaign by Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi, concluding with the establishment of the first empire in China in 211 BC. That total unification (political and cultural) created an ideal precedent to which China tried to go back but never really exceeded the physical borders traced by Qin. The rest of the world, until very recently, was not part of “under heaven” (tianxia), the Chinese political universe.
As the Chinese now try to cope with the modern world, they are also trying to philosophically translate it into terms closer to their cultural sensitivities. This was Zhao Tingyang’s effort with his Tianxia zhi (2005), clearly inspired by an ancient, pre-Qin unification vision of the world where many states coexist while recognizing the moral authority of a son of heaven, something like half the Catholic Pope, half the United Nations.
This is a very different cultural setting from that of the U.S. or Russia or Europe, grounded on Thucydides’ bipolar vision with incumbent and aspiring powers competing for the annihilation of the other.
This brings us back to Laqueur. If cultural and social perceptions are so important to political decisions, as proved by the experience of Germany in the 1930s and Russia now, this might be real ground to break for those seeking a solution to today’s problems. Here everybody’s “soft power” is failing, including that of America. No one seems interested or able to reach everyone with an overarching message, as both the capitalist West and communist USSR tried to do during the Cold War.
This might be good as it avoids religious and ideological wars, but it is plunging us in a world of mutually unconnected and non-communicating cultural universes, where all try to maximize their specific profit while ignoring the rest. It is a world of cultural relativism, to steal a sentence from the Catholic Church, where conflict over ideals is traded for neglect of others. This neglect (from the West and from Russia) has apparently also contributed to breeding Putin’s Russia and IS. Perhaps there is a way that is neither ideological war nor neglect for others. Short of that, we might well expect far more troubles of this kind.
Then the present situation appears like a dangerous mix of the geopolitical tensions before World War I, where land, ambitions, misperceptions were daily issues, and unfinished businesses of the Cold War. In all of this, IS is just a detail, or perhaps can be the fuse to set off everything.
Francesco Sisci
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Date of Award
Fall 12-1-2020
Degree Type
Degree Name
Master of Arts in American Studies (MAST)
Interdisciplinary Studies
First Advisor
Dr. Jennifer Dickey
Second Advisor
Dr. Tom Okie
Third Advisor
Dr. Catherine Lewis
The purpose of this project is to examine the many different groups of people who used military service in order to gain the political and civil rights of citizenship. I begin with a history of immigration and military service, throughout American history. I particularly concentrate on World War II, a pivotal moment for immigration and the military. I will then cover the historiography that informed my research. I include some research on immigrants who used military service to become naturalized citizens, such as those from Ireland, Germany, and the Philippines. I also include those who were born on American soil, such as African Americans and Native Americans, who hoped to gain civil rights through military service. Immigration legislation affects all those who immigrate to the United States. Therefore, I include these laws and how they affected those who wished to become citizens and how xenophobic attitudes influenced these regulations. I then explain the research process that went into my capstone project, which was the creation of teachers’ guides for the Kennesaw State University’s Museum of History and Holocaust Education. I focus on two groups in particular, The Ritchie Boys and Nisei in the Military Intelligence Service. The first are a group of European Jews who joined the military in World War II to become linguists for the Military Intelligence Service in the European Theater. The second group is a group of Japanese Americans who served in the Pacific Theater for the Military Intelligence Service as linguists. Finally, I discuss the importance of the study of military service in obtaining American citizenship and what it means today.
Service and Citizenship Appendices.docx (4190 kB)
Service and Citizenship Teachers' Guides and Bibliography |
Question: What Is The ASTM Number?
What is ASTM stands for?
the American Society for Testing and MaterialsThe letters “ASTM” used to stand for the American Society for Testing and Materials..
What are the 5 types of standards recognized by ASTM?
ASTM stands for the American Society for Testing and Materials and has created six types of standards that relate to manufacturing processes such as testing, materials classification and operation. The six types are test method, specification, classification, practice, guide and terminology standards.
What is ASTM grade?
What are ASTM Grades? ASTM standards define the specific manufacturing process of the material and determine the exact chemical composition of pipes, fittings and flanges, through percentages of the permitted quantities of carbon, magnesium, nickel, etc., and are indicated by “Grade”.
Why is ASTM important?
ASTM helps to ensure that only quality, raw materials are used to produce bearings and other industrial goods. The standards are highly-regarded throughout the plastic supply chain.
What is ASTM test method?
ASTM test methods are petroleum industry standards, accepted worldwide for quality and reliability. ASTM test methods for petroleum and refined products include: Petroleum and Petrochemical Test Directory. ASTM Tests for Petroleum, Fuels and Petrochemicals.
What is Grade C pipe?
The ASTM A106 Grade C Pipe is carbon steel pipes used for the high pressure and high temperature applications.
How do you read ASTM numbers?
Every ASTM standard is identified by a unique designation. It includes a capital letter (A – H), followed by a serial number ranging from one to four digits, a dash, and finally the year of issue.
What does ASTM a36 mean?
A36 Steel is the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) designation for carbon steel. ASTM A36 steel is the most common type of steel used in construction. Its properties allow the steel to be used in many applications, unlike higher-performance alloys.
Why are engineering standards important?
The purpose of developing and adhering to standards is to ensure minimum performance, meet safety requirements, make sure that the product/system/process is consistent and repeatable, and provide for interfacing with other standard-compliant equipment (ensure compatibility). …
What does ASTM d4236 mean?
All art supplies sold in the US must bear the phrase, “conforms to ASTM D 4236,” confirming that they have been properly labeled for chronic health hazards, in accordance with the federal Labeling Hazardous Art Materials Act (LHAMA). … Any art material evaluated by ACMI will bear one of the organization’s seals.
What is ASME and ASTM?
The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) issues standards on material properties and testing. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), meanwhile, specifies standards for materials to be used in construction and infrastructure.
Where are ASTM standards used?
ASTM standards are used and accepted worldwide and cover areas such as metals, paints, plastics, textiles, petroleum, construction, energy, the environment, consumer products, medical services, devices and electronics, advanced materials and much more.
What is an ASTM number?
What is the difference between ASTM and ISO?
ASTM is a national organization that is a part of ISO organizations. ISO is an international organization that has representations from all countries including ASTM. ISO establishes documents and updates the standards of testing materials with global consensus from the experts of the associated national organizations.
What does it mean when an ASTM standard is withdrawn?
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Is there a rule beyond the common "no the with proper nouns and names" for the following problem?
I saw the Empire State Building.
We went to the White House.
We saw the Golden Gate Bridge.
I went to Death Valley National Park.
I crossed Brooklyn Bridge.
For buildings, there are no clear rules. We say “The Eiffel Tower” but there’s no the in “Tokyo Tower”. We say “The White House” and “The New York Met”, but there’s no the in “Sydney Opera House”.
In general, we use the for proper nouns denoting:
• plural names (The Simpsons, The Philippines, …)
• any institution or establishment where part of the name is a noun denoting the kind of institution or establishment (The British Broadcasting Corporation, The White House, The French Republic, …)
• newspapers (but not magazines)
• rivers, canals, seas and oceans (but not lakes)
But note that we do not use the if there is an “’s” in the name, even when the apostrophe has been dropped. (St Paul’s Cathedral, Harrods Department Store, …)
• 1
I’ve rewritten this answer to incorporate the information in the links in J.R.’s answer. – Pitarou Feb 26 '12 at 14:58
• Think your last paragraph has gone off-beam. You yourself cite The Simpsons. And churches never take an article anyway. Shops are a whole new question; eg english.stackexchange.com/q/14796/8019 – Tim Lymington Mar 8 '12 at 14:27
• @TimLymington The Simpsons is a plural, not an “’s”. I thought the churches rules was just an instance of the “’s” and institution rules, since most churches’ official names are something like “Saint John’s Church” or “The Church of Our Lady”. – Pitarou Mar 8 '12 at 14:37
• 1
@Pitarou I think you are trying to identify possessives when you say things "with an s". It's nota ohonetic criterion but a grannatical one. – Spencer Jul 23 '17 at 12:28
• @TimLymingtonsupportsMonica What's wrong with "Harrods" example at your opinion? It was "Harrod's" and then rebranded into "Harrods". Thus, it have dropped "'s" and thus it looks as a valid example here. – john c. j. Nov 22 '19 at 11:23
These two references explain the use of "THE" with proper nouns rather nicely:
• In the end, we usually go with what sounds most correct (although "The Ohio State University" may be an exception...) – J.R. Feb 26 '12 at 10:05
• These references are better than the ones I linked to. – Pitarou Feb 26 '12 at 14:21
• I took the liberty of rewriting my answer to incorporate the summary Jasper Loy asked for. – Pitarou Feb 26 '12 at 14:57
• @Pitarou, then you should also edit the references into your answer – James Waldby - jwpat7 Sep 5 '12 at 23:21
In American dialects it is the predominant habit to use "the" with structures (including "the Brooklyn Bridge," but to omit "the" with places that have less specific or pertinent boundaries (such as a National Park). Often, the use or omission of "the" conveys a particular nuance. "I went to Cowboys Stadium," implies that I went to the general location and/or to many places within the bounds of the place; whereas, "I went to the Cowboys Stadium" connotes a trip to the structure itself, maybe to examine or photograph it, perhaps.
More often than not, however, the use or omission of "the" simply reflects local, regional, or national idiomatic usage. British usage, for instance, says "He was in hospital following his accident"; while American usage is "He was in the hospital…" Likewise with "university"; British omits "the" while American inserts it.
Within America, within California even, denizens of the Los Angeles region insert "the" before freeway identifiers: "I took the 405," "I'm on the Santa Monica"; while San Francisco Bay Area residents say: "I took 101 north to the City," "I'm on Bayshore."
When it is one of a kind, we use the article: The Sun, The Moon, The Matterhorn. If the word has a title (Mt.), it does not take an article. Names from foreign languages take the article as translated: The Eiffle Tower. Oceans take the article: The Pacific, The Atlantic.
• Why in The world are you capitalize The articles?? It’s just the White House, not ****The** White House*. – tchrist Jun 21 '13 at 17:22
According to the previous links, organisations should take 'the'. So its 'the CIA' and 'the FBI'. But what about 'MENSA', 'ISIS' and 'Mossad'? These are organisations, but don't take 'the'. A strange example of how to get this completely wrong is Mark Greaney's spy novels. The author consistently refers to the CIA and FBI without 'the', but talks about Mossad with and without 'the' on the same page. The main character in these books is called the Gray Man, except when the author refers to him as Gray Man. It is odd that a successful spy novelist can be so unaware of the rules, or even the conventions. Or perhaps this illustrates that the answer to the OP's question is, there is no rule.
• This post doesn't answer the question. Answer boxes for meant for answers only. Sorry for the downvote, but it's the site's policy. – Mari-Lou A Jul 23 '17 at 11:00
• If you have a question, ask a question. See the button near the top right off this page. – Hot Licks Jul 23 '17 at 12:31
• It is odd that a successful spy novelist can be so unaware of the rules, or even the conventions. What are the "rules"? That there is no rule or convention? – Mari-Lou A Jul 23 '17 at 12:32
• The rules are suggested in the links in JR's earlier post. I am merely posing the possibility that if someone writes a lot of succesful books which ignore the rules, then perhaps there are no rules. – RicB Jul 23 '17 at 13:34
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Enhancing your memory
remember things easily
Enhancing your memory, wisely use your brain, remember things easily.
In the mists of time the Greeks organized competitions in which those who could remember more things would won. To succeed, the people involved in the race used to display information to remember as if they were in a room in their home, or in a certain corner of the city where they lived.
Soon we will also talk about this technique, but now let’s talk about the POSTS system, that is fixed points for your memory.
A doctor was involved in a maritime disaster during a cruise in the Atlantic Ocean. He was in the dining room, like any of the other passengers, more or less 80.
Passenger boarding documents had been lost, and it was important to find them because one of the passengers had disappeared. How to do? The doctor tried to remember, and during the process he made a great discovery. Although he was not able to remember all the names of the passengers, he could remember, one at a time, the tables in the dining room, and the faces of the people sitting at each evening table
after evening.
He also knew what these people were called, so he was able to remember the names of all passengers and to identify the one who disappeared.
The association between dining room tables and those who sat there is what we have called “POST”, that is an access key to memories. But all this requires a certain ORDER! What does that mean?
Think about creating an archive.
You could confusingly stack papers in a locker, or dedicate one compartment to invoices, one to letters, one to documents … everything in its place.
If one day you need to find an old bill to prove it has been paid to your gas supplier, which of the two proposed systems make your search easier? The second of course!
The same goes for memory: if we don’t create a system for easily accessing a particular type of memory the risks involved are having to look for a long time in times of need. This is perhaps the main obstacle on the road to those who wish to learn the art of memorization, because building a system of mental storage can take time and patience.
When Albert Einstein died, the scientists wanted to examine his brain, and, opening the skull, they were surprised to see that it was smaller than average! Evidently he knew how to exploit it much better of most people. Being a genius is not entirely a gift of nature. The more we are able to make more connections, the more we will be able to store information and rework it.
Let analyze a series of very frequent practical problems we all experience quite frequently for one reason or another. We will be able to solve them easily thanks to the techniques that follow. These are ideas to improve your baggage of memory tricks.
Don’t you remember where you left the keys? Here is how to remember. Whenever you put them down somewhere, imagine one giant key of the size of a man, and give the name of the place where you put them. So, if you put them in an ashtray, call the giant ASHTRAY key. It’s a habit you have to take. You’ll see that in this way, even if you have the habit of leaving the keys everywhere, you will be able to find them easily!
To remember the directions or destinations of a route you must remember key points. So when you ask for street information don’t settle for knowing that “the way you are looking for is the second on the right, after the third traffic light … “, but always look for more concrete references to identify places. So let’s say that
shops, offices, monuments … there are nearby, with their names, and build us a funny story that helps to remember. If by chance you forget the names exact references you received, you are still able to rework them with your mind to recognize them.
When you have the right techniques study can turn out to be funny! Memorizing while reading can seem like a process much more difficult than the sequence: reading, taking notes, analyze, summarize, repeat, learn, but it is not so! Here is a suggestion for a more effective study:
Take a few minutes to get an idea of what could be the contents of the chapters of a book.
Ask yourself: “What question does the title answer?” After that, read all the subtitles and continue to train your thoughts. At this point create links with all the information you have: this will help you create stable associations with areas that are already familiar.
This is not yet memorizing, but you are creating an environment where to build “bridges of information”. The moment of the overview is fundamental. It’s like I’m traveling and I need a map to know the way: look where you are going, create points of reference along it and understand your path.
To study unfortunately it is not like reading a novel, where reading flows pleasantly and a fascinating story is told.
A school book tries to communicate a concept through accurate explanations, and in doing so it invokes precedents
arguments leading to a “point of arrival”. Knowing the point of arrival therefore facilitates everything!
Memory in multi faceted but for our purpose we can distinguish between short term memory and long term memory.
Short term memory is the one we use for the actions of every day, like getting out of bed.
We need to remember the things we just did, like brush our teeth so we don’t have to wash them continuously. On the other hand, we don’t want to rethink at any time of the day we brushed our teeth, right ?!
The information we collect comes first into the memory a short term, and then, working on it a little, they end up in the long one term. It’s like having a tray and a locker: you can put first the information in view on the tray, but in the future to find them you have to open the cabinet where you kept the tray.
You may get the impression that learning by heart works, because through repetition the concepts become a familiar thing, but in actuality you are just entering material directly into your long term memory, however, your mind was not made to work this way.
When you recall a memory, very profound chemical changes occur in the brain, and when memories are firmly connected to each other it is easier to remember. Learn to repetition does not produce the same chemical modifications! HThat’s is why you should form images in your mind and then recall them to create lasting memories.
Our brain has a large ability to memorize sounds and learn languages before adolescence.
After the age of 18, it is difficult to learn a foreign language without adding our accent. As already mentioned, simple repetition reinforces the words of a language only in short-term memory, but does not place them in the long-term memory, to which they should belong.
Therefore the normal techniques for learning languages, based on repetition, are ineffective and slow!
Well, I hope you will soon become more aware of the fantastic proprieties of your brain. Your mind has immense potential the important thing is to believe in it and apply yourself to it.
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18 Responses
1. The idea of the archive is a “must”. Perhaps that is why we do archive files and folders in our computers…so that we can find them easily.
1. These days if I want to prove that I paid my gas bill I just print a bank statement….surely I pay with a card and not in cash. If I remember the password to get access to it online!
1. Not a bad Idea, I actually make my passwords of phrases and stick numbers and special characters in between. All I have to do to remember the password is think of that phrase.
1. gosh just read all that about his brain, it is shocking to learn that they are still studying it after so many years.
2. So they had name cards in the table at the restaurant? How did the doctor know the names?
1. he could remember, one at a time, the tables in the dining room, and the faces of the people sitting at each evening table after evening”….not name mentioned.
Both did not read properly, next paragraph says “He also knew what these people were called, so he was able to remember the names of all passengers and to identify the one who disappeared.
1. This guys was a king of being social, after a few days of cruise he had already met and befriended everyone or what?
Comments are closed.
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Epi Life Coach
Relaxing Music Samples
1. Breathe
2. Naked Spirit
3. Feeling Good
4. Buddha Bar
5. Take Me Away
6. Wilderness
7. Talking To The Moon
8. Oxygen
9. Shaking
10. Sex On The Beach |
Part One
Read the “Analyzing Cognitive and Educational Evaluation Report” provided for student Adam Gallery. Based on the report, create a table with a row for each assessment. Clearly identify each assessment. In the first column, provide a summary of the results that will help guide appropriate educational decisions. (Do not simply cut and paste the findings.) In the next column, describe how each assessment is technically sound and minimizes rater bias. In the last column, explain why the selected assessment tool is appropriate for this student.
In a 500-750-word analysis, advocate for the appropriate educational decisions for this student based on the assessment results, including recommendations on accommodations, modifications, and placement.
Part Two
Using the “Analyzing Cognitive and Educational Evaluation Report,” compose a 250-500-word script for seeking consent for special education services from Adam’s parents. Your script should include a hypothetical conversation with the parents where results of the MET report appropriately relayed.
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The practice of bloodletting goes back 3,000 years. In fact, this ancient medical practice was so revered for centuries that it’s only since the 19th century that the practice fell into disfavor. Bloodletting involves withdrawing blood from a patient to cure an illness or disease, often using leeches. Though modern medical science largely discredits the practice, some practitioners still use it occasionally to treat conditions like polycythemia and hemochromatosis, and leeches still play a role in some plastic and reconstructive surgery procedures.
1. It All Began with the Hippopotamus
The practice of bloodletting goes back to ancient Egypt. An important ancient medical text written around 1550 B.C.E., the Ebers Papyrus, recorded the ancient Egyptian practice of bloodletting through scarification. According to historians, the practitioners witnessed hippopotami scratching themselves, apparently to relieve distress. However, the creature was not bleeding -- the observers confused the creature’s red sweat with blood.
bloodletting hippos Lingbeek / Getty Images
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No federal law
No federal law
Dear EarthTalk: Given the environmental and economic benefits, why doesn’t the U.S. have a federal law mandating recycling nationwide?
— N. Koslowsky, Pompano Beach, Fla.
The U.S. government has historically relied on state and local governments to handle waste management in all of its forms, including recycling. Although there have been a few attempts to push legislation through Congress to mandate minimum national recycling rates, none have made it out of committee hearings. Federal lawmakers are loathe to take waste management regulatory powers away from individual states, which have vastly different needs from one another. For instance, less populous western states with lots of extra land for siting landfills might not be as inclined to push for higher recycling rates as those crowded eastern states with less room to store their trash.
According to Chaz Miller, director of State Programs at the National Solid Wastes Management Association, America’s very first federal solid waste law, 1965’s Solid Waste Disposal Act — itself an amendment to the original Clean Air Act — didn’t even mention recycling. “Eleven years later, Congress passed the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, which remains the cornerstone of federal solid waste and recycling legislation,” reports Miller. RCRA abolished open dumps and required the Environmental Protection Agency to create guidelines for solid waste disposal and regulations for hazardous waste management, but had little to say about recycling except to call for an increase in federal purchases of products made with recycled content. The EPA also published manuals and workshops on implementing curbside recycling programs, although funding for such programs dried up by 1981.
Nevertheless, the seed had taken root. Pioneering programs in Massachusetts and elsewhere led to the development of curbside recycling programs in more than 600 municipalities throughout the United States — mostly in the Northeast and on the West Coast — by the mid-1980s. In addition, 10 states introduced “bottle bill” laws to encourage recycling of beer and soft drink containers. Two states, Rhode Island and New Jersey, both being small, densely populated and short on landfill space, implemented comprehensive approaches to recycling. They began requiring local jurisdictions to pick up residents’ and businesses’ paper, metal and glass, and helped towns and cities set up systems for pickup, sorting and materials recovery. Most of the 8,600-plus municipal recycling programs in existence today are modeled on these early efforts.
Just a few decades ago, Americans recycled less than 10 percent of their solid waste. Multimaterial and curbside collection programs were nonexistent, paper was only collected sporadically when a local scout troop or similar group organized a paper drive, and family-owned scrap dealers would occasionally buy paper and metal scrap based on limited market demand for additional raw materials.
Today, the EPA estimates that Americans recycle some 32 percent of the 350 million tons of refuse they generate annually. While it still has no federal platform for doing so, the EPA, through its Resource Conservation Challenge program, is pushing for Americans to up that rate. Forty-two states now have their own recycling or waste diversion goals, and 18 are trying to divert upward of half their waste via recycling or composting.
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Today is July 4, 2020. In the face of the global coronavirus pandemic we are being advised to forgo our usual celebrations, to avoid mass gatherings, going to the beach and large public fireworks displays. Sheltering in place is the order of the day which may include virtual cocktails and barbecues with families and friends. There will be no Fourth of July parades, and the usual flag-waving will be mostly limited to displays of the flag hung from our homes. Of course, if you are a pandemic denier and or a supporter of the current administration, you will most likely be disregarding all the warnings about wearing facial coverings, social distancing and avoiding large groups.
But exactly what is all the celebrating?
Native Americans aren’t celebrating (largely). Predating the American revolution by more than 250 years, white Europeans began to explore and colonize what we now know as the United States of America (as well as Canada, Central and South America). A regimen of dishonesty, subjugation, displacement and genocide was begun at that time and continues through this day. Native peoples are still barely an asterisk in our discussion of equality and human rights in this country.
Many (mostly white) people would say that it celebrates our independence from British rule in the 18th century. Others would say that it represents the rights of all men to be free from oppression. Still others would point to the rights of life, liberty, and The Pursuit of Happiness. Many Americans would check the box labeled “none of the above.”
Most of us look to the first sentence of the second paragraph of the Declaration of Independence wherein the founding fathers wrote,
No one in their right minds, however, could ever believe that the founding fathers, by writing the words, “all men,” actually intended their words to apply to everyone. The founding fathers were the one percenters of their time. They were wealthy, land owning, slave owning white men. Yes, they were upset with the British because the king was interfering with their business relations and their profit margins both at home and abroad. Breaking free from the monarchy would protect their bottom lines.
They clearly did not trust the electorate to protect their business interests either. They therefore included in the Constitution a provision for the electoral college which allowed more wealthy, landowning white men who would be appointed by other wealthy landowning white men to cast the final ballots for president of the United States. It was also a way to keep the southern states in the union by including the 3/5 rule which gave the less populace southern states additional representation by counting 3/5 of the slaves for electoral purposes.
Furthermore, voting would be limited to land owning white men. Hopefully, you are following the trend here.
We didn’t “abolish” slavery until 1865, when the 13th Amendment was ratified, and people of color (slaves) were not given the vote until the 15th Amendment was ratified in 1870. Of course women, who were even farther down the pecking order, were not given the vote until 1920, with the ratification of the 19th Amendment, and the Equal Rights Amendment was never ratified.
Even though blacks, and arguably other people of color, were given the vote in 1870, great lengths were taken to prevent that from happening and it wasn’t until 1961, with the ratification of the 24th Amendment which prohibited revocation of voting rights for failure to pay a poll or other tax that the voting franchise was fully extended. Even then, it took President Lyndon Johnson, signing the Civil Rights Act in 1964, to finally start putting things in order, and almost 50 years of attempts by various groups to undo it.
On July 5, 1852, in Rochester, New York, Frederick Douglas gave one of his most famous speeches, “The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro,” to the Rochester, NY Ladies’ Anti-Slavery Society.
In the words of the signers of the Declaration of Independence,
Our causes are many. It is now time to dissolve this administration.
Today we see attempts by the Republican Party to prevent states from enacting legislation that would allow widespread vote by mail which would throw open the doors to the polls allowing vastly more people the opportunity to vote–arguably as our founding fathers would have wanted.
Instead, using the pandemic as an excuse, Republican led state legislatures have limited vote by mail, and closed the majority of the polling places, thereby engaging in widespread voter suppression.
Over the last 3 1/2 years we have suffered under administration which has chipped away at economic freedoms, laid waste to environmental protections, protected the wealthy at the expense of the poor and middle-class, taking away health care for millions of Americans while failing to protect them from the treachery of of pandemic. The administration is continued to chip away human rights including a woman’s right to choose and removing protections for gay, lesbian, and transgender people.
In the wake of increasing racial tensions occasioned by the unlawful murders of black people in police custody, the administration continues to drive a racial wedge between the people of this country. And while the Black Lives Matter movement continues to grow and people’s attitudes continued to change, the administration continues to side with police and call the demonstrators thugs and anarchists. When people of this enlightened age began to tear down monuments aggrandizing Confederate “heroes” and demanded the renaming of military bases named for Confederate generals, the president threatened to imprison these demonstrators and to protect these abhorrent monuments “at all costs.”
When the COVID-19 pandemic began to ravage our shores, the administration turned its face away claiming it was no worse than the flu and that it would simply disappear. This weekend as infection rates are spiking after the premature opening of businesses and public spaces (at the presidents encouragement) we in the United States are on track to reach 200,000 deaths from the virus by October 1. Still the president and members of his administration refuse to wear facial coverings. At his political rallies, facial coverings are not required and neither is social distancing. Countless people tested positive for the virus, including members of his own administration, after his rally in Tulsa, Oklahoma. But he continues, undeterred.
The administration continues to downplay the effects and reach of the virus. There is no coordinated federal response or plan for treatment, testing, or tracing.
We learned this week that the president was informed months ago that the Kremlin offered to pay a bounty to the Taliban and for every US and UK’s soldier it killed. Notwithstanding that many administration officials confirmed that the president was advised of this, the president continues to deny he was informed and to this day has taken no action against the Russians.
From the Declaration of Independence, which is as relevant today as when it was first written,
This week I asked my Facebook friends whether they would fly the flag this Fourth of July holiday weekend. Only 39% said they would definitely fly the flag; 23% said they would definitely not fly the flag and 38% responded that they would either fly an alternate flag or fly the US flag upside down or at half-mast.
This is not surprising. On July 2, syndicated columnist David Brooks wrote in an opinion piece in the New York Times, “At least Americans are not in denial about the nation’s turmoil of the last three months. According to a Pew survey, 71 percent of Americans are angry about the state of the country right now and 66 percent are fearful. Only 17 percent are proud.”
So exactly what are we celebrating this weekend?
If I had to put that into words, and that is the point of this blog, I would have to say that we are not celebrating a particular thing but a set of ideals. The ideal that all people are created equal, possessing certain unalienable rights, among them being life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
That should be our over arching purpose in life, that mankind, all mankind is equal in the eyes of the law and that no person or peoples should be caused to suffer because of who they are, what they look like, or who they love. We must never lose sight of that and those who think that they are better must learn how to come into the fold, must learn that there are no “others.” It is just “we.”
The framers noted their noble intentions in the preamble to the United States Constitution and it should be the Northstar for everything we do.
To form a more perfect union, to establish justice, to promote the general welfare, and to secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and to our posterity. There can be no higher calling. We must not allow ourselves to be strict constructionists when it comes to reading the Constitution. We must look beyond the small-mindedness and narrow focus of its framers, and read the Constitution in its broadest possible terms so that it encompasses all people and its benefits are extended to everyone.
So my celebration today will not be a celebration of the country as it is but of the country as it should be. I will celebrate the Declaration of Independence and our Constitution for what they can be, for what they should be. And I will vote in November to facilitate that goal.
In case you were wondering . . .
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Math Worksheets and Study Guides Seventh Grade. Exponents, Factors and Fractions
The resources above correspond to the standards listed below:
Minnesota Academic Standards
MN.7.1. Number & Operation
7.1.1. Read, write, represent and compare positive and negative rational numbers, expressed as integers, fractions and decimals. Compare positive and negative rational numbers expressed in various forms using the symbols <, >, =, less than or equal to, greater than or equal to Recognize and generate equivalent representations of positive and negative rational numbers, including equivalent fractions.
7.1.2. Calculate with positive and negative rational numbers, and rational numbers with whole number exponents, to solve real-world and mathematical problems. Add, subtract, multiply and divide positive and negative rational numbers that are integers, fractions and terminating decimals; use efficient and generalizable procedures, including standard algorithms; raise positive rational numbers to whole-number exponents.
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Sound safety: Novel device with rock 'n' roll roots may protect listeners
Sound safety
The Ambrose Diaphonic Ear Lens™ (ADEL), fully inflated. The inflation pressure, while gentle, is enough to seal the ear canal and improve grip. Credit: Asius Technologies, LLC
Engineers investigating "listener fatigue" -- the discomfort and pain some people experience while using in-ear headphones, hearing aids and other devices that seal the ear canal from external sound--have found not only what they believe is the cause, but also a potential solution.
In two separate papers and a presentation at the 130th Audio Engineering Society convention in London on May 14, 2011, Stephen Ambrose, Robert Schulein and Samuel Gido of Asius Technologies in Longmont, Colo., describe how sealing a speaker in the substantially boosts sound pressures and how a modified ear-tip can help alleviate, or even eliminate, that effect.
Data from the models coupled with laboratory observations suggest that the boost triggers the acoustic reflex, a defense mechanism in the ear that dampens the transfer of sound energy from the eardrum to the cochlea--the auditory portion of the inner ear--by as much as 50 decibels, but does not protect the ear drum from the excessive shaking.
To counter the oscillations, Ambrose and his colleagues developed a way to use a synthetic membrane technology outside the ear drum to take the brunt of all the pounding. This "sacrificial membrane" disrupts the excessive pressure waves, protecting the ear drum and preventing the triggering of the acoustic reflex, ultimately leading to lower, safer listening volumes.
The papers describe two approaches for introducing the new membrane technology. The simplest involves a retrofit that can be applied to existing in-ear and builds upon earlier studies of . For decades, audiologists have known that sealed ear canals create distracting side effects, such as the occlusion effect that causes one's voice to sound muffled. In years past, audiologists drilled small holes in the earbuds of hearing aids and other audio devices to alleviate the pressure; however, the holes also led to squealing feedback effects and diminished sound quality.
Ambrose discovered that stretching a thin film of medical-grade polymer over these pressure-alleviating holes reseals the ear environment, yet provides a sacrificial membrane to absorb the abusive pressures. Based on the conclusions of the recent papers, the membrane-hole modification appears to eliminate the overpressure effects that impact the users of many headphones, hearing aids and other devices.
For greater sound pressure reduction and potentially improved sound quality, Asius also developed a more advanced corrective device: a small, inflatable seal called an Ambrose Diaphonic Ear Lens. The ADEL™, which looks like a tiny ear-sealing balloon, uses a novel, miniaturized technology called an Asius Diaphonic Pump™ to inflate the polymer membrane.
Sound waves are compression and rarefaction waves--specifically, symmetric pulses of alternating compressed and expanded air molecules. Our interpret the alternating pulses as sound.
While the small size, improved sound and other advantages led to wide adoption of the IEMs, users realized early on that extended listening could result in uncomfortable fatigue in the ear, and sometimes pain. The experiences were not unique--hearing-aid users, battlefield soldiers using in-ear protection, and others using sealed-ear-canal devices reported similar experiences.
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Citation: Sound safety: Novel device with rock 'n' roll roots may protect listeners (2011, May 17) retrieved 18 January 2021 from https://phys.org/news/2011-05-safety-device-roots.html
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Invest in Bitcoin.
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Anonymity is the quality of a person whose identity is unknown. An anonymous person uses a pseudonym to operate in public without revealing their identity. In the age of the Internet, anonymity is extremely hard to establish and maintain. Bank accounts, employers, social media, and telephone companies almost all require personal identification.
The Bitcoin blockchain is inherently pseudonymous, not anonymous. Instead of a name, address, or phone number being linked to each transaction, only addresses, public keys, and signatures appear on the blockchain. These addresses do not themselves reveal who owns which bitcoin. However, using various heuristics and surveillance tools, governments and corporations can perform chain analysis to connect a users’s pseudonymous address to their real-world identity. |
How a Nebula Is Detected
The existence of such powerful roaring winds kicking up violent and powerful dust storms suggests that the underlying sand can be set in motion, too, and that the giant dunes covering Titan's equatorial regions are still active and continually changing. This cycle has been appropriately named the 'dark moon'. The cycle from one dark moon to the next is called a lunation and an average lunation calculates at about 29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes and 3 seconds (roughly) To be fair, it does deviate in relation to the moons erratic orbit patterns and is affected by the gravity conflict between the sun and the moon. The very productive Cassini mission might attain some indirect information by analyzing the ring arc material--however, it is unlikely to come close to the little moon again before the mission ends in 2017. |
aluminium reacts with caustic soda to form
Our channel. (b) What is the mass of the precipitate when 2.76 g of aluminum sulfate in 125 mL of solution is combined with 85.0 mL of 0.2500 M NaOH? Find another reaction. Problem: Aluminum sulfite reacts with sodium hydroxide to form sodium sulfite and aluminum hydroxide according to the following equation.Al2(SO3)3 + 6 NaOH → 3 Na 2SO3 + 2 Al(OH)3a) Determine the limiting reactant if 20.0 g of Al 2(SO3)3 reacts with 20.0 g of NaOH. Aluminum chloride react with sodium hydroxide to produce aluminium hydroxide and sodium chloride. A few drops of dilute sodium hydroxide solution react to form a white precipitate with aluminium ions, calcium ions and magnesium ions. When aluminum and sodium hydroxide come into contact with one another, there is quite a vigorous reaction. The drain cleaner, Drainex contains small bits of aluminum which react with caustic soda to produce dihydrogen. Picture of reaction: What volume of dihydrogen at 2 0 o C and one bar will be released when 0.15 g of aluminum reacts? b) Determine the number of moles and mass of Al(OH) 3 produced. (a) Write a balanced net ionic equation for the reaction. Aluminum oxide react with sodium hydroxide. Thermodynamic properties of substances The solubility of the substances Periodic table of elements. Aluminium metal will react with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce aqueous aluminium chloride, "AlCl"_3, and hydrogen gas, "H"_2. Hydrogen gas is being produced. Hydrogen reacts with oxygen to form water. Our channel. Sodium hydroxide - diluted solution. Find another reaction. Sodium hydroxide is otherwise known as lye or caustic soda. This reaction takes place at a temperature of 900-1100°C. (c) What is the molarity of the ion in excess? Al 2 O 3 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO 2 + H 2 O [ Check the balance ] Aluminum oxide react with sodium hydroxide to produce sodium aluminate and water. This reaction is extremely quick and produces a lot of energy. When solutions of aluminum sulfate and sodium hydroxide are mixed, a white gelatinous precipitate forms. You will have seen this from the bubbles of hydrogen that you lit with the splint. In order for the Aluminium to react, the Aluminium oxide layer has to be broken down first.
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Squid Giant Axon
Action Potential
Action potentials, also referred to as "spikes", are generated in neurons to carry the electrical signals from the cell body to the synapses on the axon. Action potentials are short changes in the electrical potential across the cell membrane in an axon. Hodgkin and Huxley found that the resting potential across the membrane of the neuron was -60mV inside relative to outside. The action potential is a reversal of the polarity (the potential across the membrane becomes positive inside relative to outside) that travels down the axon to the axon terminals.[2][3]
The potential across the membrane is created by the presence of different ions on either side of the membrane. to maintain the potential, ion channels are employed to keep the concentrations stable. In order to propagate the action potential, the ion channels allow more positively charged ions to flow into the cell and negatively charged ions to flow out.[2]
Myelin Sheath
The squid giant axon is large because it increases the speed that the action potential moves along the axon. Another mechanism that has evolved to increase the action potential speed is myelin sheaths. Myelin sheaths consist of glial membranes that are wound multiple times around an axon. Myelin works by insulating the axon from the surrounding environment. Instead of the depolarization occurring at every point along the axons's length, it only happens at breaks in the myelin, called the nodes of Ranvier.[4]
3. Barnett, Mark W., Larkman, Phillip M. (2007) The Action Potential Pract. Neurol. 7:192-197
4. Hartline DK, Colman DR (January 2007). Rapid conduction and the evolution of giant axons and myelinated fibers. Curr. Biol. 17 (1): R29–35. |
California, United States
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Oroville, city, seat (1856) of Butte county, north-central California, U.S. It lies along the Feather River, in the Sacramento Valley, at the foot of the Sierra Nevada, about 75 miles (120 km) north of Sacramento. The city originated in 1850 as the gold-mining camp of Ophir City. By 1872 the lure of gold (oro in Spanish) had attracted large numbers of prospectors, including Chinese from other parts of the state. After the decline of gold mining, citrus fruit and olive groves were extensively cultivated in the area. Oroville is now a shipping point for semitropical fruit and has one of the country’s largest olive-canning factories. Historic landmarks include the Chinese Temple (1863); the C.F. Lott Home (1856), which contains period furnishings; and the Butte County Pioneer Museum (1932), a replica gold-rush-era cabin. Oroville’s lumber and mining history is preserved at the Forbestown Museum. A community college (1966) is located near the city. Oroville Dam on the Feather River is 6 miles (10 km) northeast. Also nearby are Lake Oroville State Recreation Area, Feather Falls (at 640-feet [195-metres] high) in Plumas National Forest, and the Feather River Fish Hatchery. Pop. (2000) 13,004; (2010) 15,546.
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What is data democratization?
Data democratization is the foundation for self-service analytics because it enables business users to seamlessly access data that they can use to make informed business decisions. This helps create a data-driven culture throughout the entire organization.
Large enterprises produce a considerable amount of data every single day. These organizations look to use this data to innovate and grow. However, with data spread out across the organization and trapped in silos, it can be difficult to make data-driven decisions. As a result, many large organizations look to tools, such as a data catalog, to enable data democratization across their business.
What does data democratization help with?
Without data democratization, business users waste time searching for data, accessing the data, and waiting for approval. This inefficiency is caused by
• Data silos: When data is siloed across the organization, stored in different enterprise applications, data warehouses and data lakes, it is nearly impossible for a business user to know where to find the data she needs to do her job.
• Controlled access to data: While controlling access to data is important from a governance point of view, if only IT has access to the data, it can create a bottleneck. In this scenario, once a business user finds the data she needs, she must go to IT for approval to use the data, which slows down time to insight.
Data democratization helps combat these inefficiencies by enabling non-technical users to access an organizations’ data without having to ask IT for permission. It ensures self-service analytics and makes it easier for the business to make data-driven decisions.
Data democratization concerns?
Although data democratization is an important aspect of becoming a data-driven organization, it does raise some concerns regarding data ethics, misuse of data and compliance.
• Data ethics: Many organizations house sensitive and personal data in their systems. Depending on the organization, this data can range from medical history to financial history, to where someone lives and beyond. This data is private and must be treated ethically. With limited oversight and lack of access controls, people across the organization could access this sensitive data.
• Misuse of data: In many organizations, IT serves as the gatekeeper of an organization’s data. This creates a “system of checks and balances” that ensures that the data is always being used properly. Without IT in this role, business users may be able to access data they should not have access to and could potentially use data improperly.
• Compliance: Regulations such as GDPR and CCPA protect personal data from being misused. If everyone in the company has access to the data, there is a higher probability of someone using the data in a noncompliant manner. This can lead to regulatory fines and penalties.
How a data catalog enables data democratization
Data democratization tools like a data catalog help business analysts, data scientists and other business users do their job more effectively and efficiently. A data catalog enables users to search for data across the enterprise, find the data they need, trust it and access this data seamlessly on their own.
To democratize data at scale while ensuring trusted data is accessed and used in a compliant way, organizations must invest in a data catalog with embedded data governance like Collibra Data Catalog. With our governance capabilities, data stewards can create the policies needed to protect an organizations’ data from misuse. And through our ML-powered automation, these policies are applied to data sets without a lot of manual effort from a data steward. Furthermore, Collibra Data Privacy provides policies, guidelines, and purpose limitations to guarantee that data is only accessed by the right people and used in a compliant manner. These capabilities serve as the “checks and balances” needed for data democratization, but eliminate the bottleneck of having IT as the gatekeeper of all data, thus enabling the entire organization to become data and insight driven.
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BH09 Schöngrabern (16 November 1805)
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Record a victory for BOTTOM ARMY 100 %
Total plays 3 - Last reported by Mark McG on 2015-07-02 00:00:00
Russian rear guard action
16 November 1805
Historical Background
The Battle of Schöngrabern (also known as the Battle of Hollabrunn) was an engagement in the Napoleonic Wars during the War of the Third Coalition, fought on 16 November 1805 near Hollabrunn in Lower Austria, four weeks after the Battle of Ulm and two weeks before the Battle of Austerlitz (Slavkov, Moravia - now Czech Republic).
The Russian army of Kutuzov was retiring north of the Danube before the French army of Napoleon. On 13 November 1805 Marshals Murat and Lannes, commanding the French advance guard, had captured a bridge over the Danube at Vienna by falsely claiming that an armistice had been signed, and then rushing the bridge while the guards were distracted. Kutuzov needed to gain time in order to make contact near Brno (Brünn) with reinforcements led by Buxhowden. He ordered his rearguard under Major-General Prince Pyotr Bagration to delay the French.
Murat and Lannes commanded the 4th and 5th Corps and the Reserve Cavalry.
Bagration took up a position about 6 km north of Hollabrunn, on the hill above the small town of Schöngrabern (today part of Grabern). Murat believed that the whole of the Russian army was before him, and hesitated to attack. Bagration then suggested to Murat that negotiations for an armistice should be opened. Murat agreed, and did not attack.
Murat sent an aide to Napoleon to notify of the cease-fire and invited Wintzingerode,Bagration and other Russian officers to his headquarters for wine and polite conversation. Lannes never believed Wintzingerode for a minute, regarding the cease fire. Instead, he had a pretty good idea where Kutuzov was, and thought Bagration on his own, and knew Napoleon meant to fight the Russians, not to negotiate with them. Already annoyed that his corps was at half strength and Murat was telling him what to do, he stood on the edge of the gathering, holding a glass of wine and glaring at friends and enemies alike. he spoke only to Bagration, whom he recognized as a professional soldier, not a buffoon like some in the present company. "If I was onmy own and didn't have to put up with Murat's orders," he told the Russian general, "we'd be fighting, not standing around drinking and talking about the goddamned weather."
When Napoleon was informed of this he was furious and wrote to Murat:
“ I cannot find words to express my displeasure. You only command my vanguard and have no right to agree to an armistice without my orders. You will cost me the fruits of a campaign. End the armistice at once, and attack the enemy. Inform him that the general who has signed this has no power to make it, that only the Russian Emperor has the right, and that when the Russian Emperor ratifies this agreement, I will also ratify it. But it is only a ruse. March, destroy the Russian army. You are in a position to take his baggage and artillery.”
Bagration's troops had built some hasty earthworks north of Schongrabern and deployed behind them when the French attacked the afternoon of 16 November.
Russian artillery covered the road from Hollabrunn, raking the advancing grenadiers and infantry as the cavalry attacked them on both flanks. The artillery pounded the French and Schongrabern - most of the village went up in flames. Murat repulsed the Russian cavalry but Bagration inflicted heavy casualties among the grenadiers and infantry. Though the French suffered, they overwhelmed the Russians by their superior numbers. The fighting continued until after midnight when the Russians finally withdrew, leaving 2400 casualties behind. Lannes escaped injury during the battle but Oudinot was not so fortunate; he was sent to the hospital in Vienna along with many other senior officers.
Set-Up Order
Forest 10
Hill 18
Town 1
Battle Notes
Russian Army
Leader: Petr Bagration
5 cards
Mother Russia rule is in effect
Line Infantry Light Infantry Grenadier Infantry Light Cavalry Heavy Cavalry Militia Cossack Cavalry Foot Artillery Leader Grenzer Infantry Light Cavalry Leader
5 2 2 1 1 2 2 3 - 2 1 1
French Army
Leader: Joachim Murat, Jean Lannes
5 cards
move first
Line Infantry Light Infantry Grenadier Infantry Light Cavalry Cuirassier Cavalry Heavy Cavalry Foot Artillery Leader
10 3 2 2 1 1 2 4
6 Banners
Special Rules
The allied player starts the scenario with 1 victory banner. This banner is lost if the French player occupies three hill hexes with units at their turn start (Temporary Group Victory Banner)
Mother Russia rule is in effect.
Tags: Banners: 6, Army: Allies, Army: Austrian, Army: French, Army: Russian, Special Rule: Mother Russia, Special Rule: Temporary Group VB, Unofficial
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Mark-McG's Avatar
Mark-McG replied the topic: #5739 1 year 9 months ago
In the normal course of Tactician cards, the pattern is;
Bagration: 4 Tactician cards
Lannes: 5 Tactician cards
Murat: 5 Tactician cards
it wasn't playtested with Tactician cards, and the balance seems pro-French. Doubt Tactician cards will do much to change that.
Hawkmoon's Avatar
Hawkmoon replied the topic: #5738 1 year 9 months ago
The cards don't make the games...
Last game we've been playing (Caldiero by Brad Hurst), the Austrian side won both games (7-4 & 7-6) with less Tactician cards (3 against 5)...
RiverWanderer's Avatar
RiverWanderer replied the topic: #5737 1 year 9 months ago
Hawkmoon wrote: Hi,
We want to play this scenario.
Can you tell us how much Tactician cards shall we draw ?
Based on other scenarios, I judge 3 Tactician Cards each. Reading the intro it sounds like a bad day for the French command structure but you could give 4 TC for the French if you give them the benefit of Lannes being in joint command with Murat.
Reference scenarios:-
Lannes and Bagration:
Hawkmoon's Avatar
Hawkmoon replied the topic: #5736 1 year 9 months ago
We want to play this scenario.
Can you tell us how much Tactician cards shall we draw ?
Kandras78 replied the topic: #2871 5 years 6 months ago
TheMP wrote: Although able to retreat 1 hex and have a leader ignore another flag, the remaining 3 hexes could not be completed as they were blocked by friendly units. This eliminated that Grenzer unit.
Nice AAR, though I assume you executed this retreat not according to the rules, as Leaders Stop Retreats (pg.13.):
Leaders Stop Retreats: A unit without an attached leader may retreat onto a hex that contains an unattached friendly leader
(i.e. a leader alone in a hex). The leader is immediately attached to that unit and the unit’s retreat stops in the leader’s hex. The retreating unit will ignore any additional retreat movement.
Mark-McG's Avatar
Mark-McG replied the topic: #2870 5 years 6 months ago
Played this twice today
First game was very close, French won 6-5
Second game the Allies were up 3-1, when the French played LGM and marched into Russian lines. The Russians had no appropriate response card, and chipped away. The French followed up with Cold Steel, taking 4 banners in the subsequent 5 attacks, and destroying the Russian Left. The final banner fell as the sole survivor attempted to escape, and was killed on the battle back.
A highly successful maneuver, well timed, and lucky. French won 6-3 in a complete reversal of fortune.
TheMP's Avatar
TheMP replied the topic: #2841 5 years 6 months ago
Got this one on the table today as a solo game and in all honesty it didn't go very well as it turned quickly into a French walkover with only 17 cards being played!
The reason it went that way was because the French got the cards AND the dice. As an example, in the first turn, they were able to play a 'Short Sopply' on a 'Mother Russia' enhanced battery at the front of the Russian Right Flank. So from the off, their infantry were pretty free to advance to their own tune on that flank.
On the Allied left, where a group of Austrian Grenzers and light cavalry were situated, the Grenzer advance here turned into a nightmare. Advancing on the French in the hope of taking advantage as the French concentrated on the other flank, the Grenzers only rolled 1 hit against French infantry with their 6 dice that were rolled. Of course in reply on their own turn, French fire proved devastating. One Grenzer unit losing 3 blocks. The other, losing just 1 block but had 3 flags rolled against it. Although able to retreat 1 hex and have a leader ignore another flag, the remaining 3 hexes could not be completed as they were blocked by friendly units. This eliminated that Grenzer unit.
It was all down hill from there as Allied rolls after Allied rolls produced nothing of substance whilst French ones were murderous. Another example of Allied misery was a leadership enhanced heavy cavalry charge against a French battery. 6 dice rolled, no hits and no retreat. French reply with 4 dice, 2 CAV hit and a retreat! The game ended as a 6-1 thrasing by the French and that 1 Allied banner was already allocated to them at the start of the game!! French incursions came on both flanks with their light infantry leading the way supported by artillery fire.
My game was not a good advert for this scenario as it was so perversely lop-sided in dice & card fortune. Therefore, if you are reading as a potential player, I would go on right ahead and play. Do not let the scoreline here put you off. The sceanrio situation itself is interesting. My one question, given the amount of units on the board was whether a 6 banner win score was high enough? I could see this deserving 8 banners or at least 7.
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Today's Word is....
Whenever you start learning a new job, hobby, subject, whatever - you always encounter new words. The people who have been doing this new-to-you-but-old-to-them activity throw buzzwords around and they just expect you to know what they are talking about. The same is true of homeschoolers so I'm starting a Blog-tionary, a blog-dictionary, of some of the common buzz words you will hear in the homeschool lexicon.
Today's word is:
This morning's strew.
No, its not something you do when you are sick. Although it can come in handy when you are sick...
What it means:
To strew means to scatter or spread things untidily over a surface or area. You know, like your kids do with their dirty clothes. When you hear a homeschooler say "strewing" you can be fairly sure they aren't talking about making messes. They are talking about the strewing of ideas and new experiences. You've heard the phrase, "You can lead a horse to water but you can't make him drink." Well, strewing is the leading the horse to water part.
Strewing can be done many different ways. You can place books on different topics strategically around your house for the kids to pick up at random. You can lay out materials on the table for a new project and let the kids discover it in the morning. You can plan outings to a variety of different places and see what sparks your child's imagination. Find random craft/nature materials, lay them out on the floor and let the kids do whatever they think to do with them. Watch what they are doing, observe their thought processes and gather valuable information to help guide them in their education. There is a plethora of online classes available to homeschool students now. You could let you child try some out - let them choose the topics and make sure they know they aren't "committed" to it, just exploring. Strewing is more intentional than just letting the kids wander the library and find things. You, as the parent take the lead in guiding them to the "water" but they may not realize that you are leading them.
Strewing can be used to break up the monotony of daily homeschool work. When you sense your kids are ready for a break but you don't want the learning to stop, plan to strew some new ideas in front of them the next day. Plan a few outings that you wouldn't normally do, or experience an old favorite in a new way. Scavenger hunt in the library or a museum. Get out in nature and explore - let them collect things to bring home. When you get home, help them identify the things they brought home. They could create a collection or draw them in a book. You don't know where strewing may lead and its important that you allow your child to follow that interest and encourage them! Even if it's messy.
How we use strewing in our homeschool:
I am not as elaborate in this technique as some other homeschool moms might be but I do use it regularly. We like to travel so when we take a road trip - I try to plan a wide variety of experiences to pique their interests. They will often come home wanting to practice a new craft or skill they saw or wanting to learn more about the history of a place we visited. We also love to read so I will check out books from the library on a new topic and lay them out all over the dining room table at night for them to find in the morning and declare it a "reading morning". More often than not, the kids will see the books on the table and dive in without me saying a word. I'll come into the dining room to find them already engrossed in whatever they find. This inevitably leads to a lot of, "Hey Mom! Look at this!" "Mom! Did you know...?" They will even share books and talk about what they are reading together... without fighting.
We have also done a lot of trial classes. Gymnastics, music, robotics, dance, and online classes... Many places offer trial classes for free. Online learning sites like www.varsitytutors.com and www.outschool.com offer one time only classes - where it's not a course but rather an overview class or a fun introduction to a topic. Varsity Tutors often has free group classes led by experts and even a few celebrities. We have used both sites and enjoyed them immensely.
YouTube is another great resource for strewing! There are sooooooooo many great YouTube channels for science, history, social studies, and skill based crafts. Set aside a time to surf with your kids (never let them surf YouTube alone!) and let them create a playlist of topics they want to learn. Guide their choices lest they want to fill their list with videos of watching kids play with toys or watching other people play video games. My son and husband have taken up forging - making knives and swords - by watching YouTube channels. I learned to crochet from YouTube. My middle daughter is learning the ukelele by watching YouTube videos.
Strewing takes relatively little work on the part of the parent but it does require some forethought and planning. There is no need to create "work" based off of what you are introducing because its for fun... They will create their own "work." Yes, for fun! They won't even know it is work! They are ENJOYING IT and the best part is - you get to watch :).
Today's strew worked out kind of nicely: Working on a mad lib TOGETHER - hello parts of speech! Good-bye fighting. This led to them reading the rest of the magazine (National Geographic Kids) together.
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Should you inflate your tyre with nitrogen?
There is always an ongoing debate regarding which air should be added in the tires, either nitrogen or oxygen? In this article, we’ll be talking about the nitrogen air in tires, particularly. Using pure nitrogen air instead of oxygen in tires has many compelling reasons such as nitrogen provides more stability and exhibit less pressure change when there is a change in temperature. Therefore, we have made the list of the following reasons, which will help you in making your mind regarding nitrogen air in your tires.
How is your tyre inflated?
The first question which definitely pops up in your mind is regarding the inflation of tires. It is worthy to mention here that normally, mostly tires are inflated with ordinary air, which contains about 21% oxygen, 78% nitrogen, and the remaining 1% other gases.
Better stability and handling
Yes, using nitrogen gas in your car’s tires does make a difference. Firstly, the pressure inside the tire will remain more stable for a longer period of time, and this will be because of the property of nitrogen gas that it’ll avoid migrating through the rubber tire. This happens due to the fact that the larger gas molecules of nitrogen replace the small molecules of oxygen; thus, it reduces the rate of compressed gas through the walls of tires.
This, in turn, also helps and benefits the passenger cars having more stabilized pressure even when the temperature outside changes. Using nitrogen gas is also beneficial as it will help in less water vapor in the tires of the car, which in turn will again reduce the change in pressure of the gas within the tire, thus helping in avoiding the corrosion of aluminum and steel rim. Because the corrosion of rim not only causes uneven wear and tear but also increase the fuel consumption and poor handling of the car.
Therefore, before opting for tires make sure to have a proper guide and knowledge during its purchase.
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Little Girl With Missing Front Teeth
The short answer to this question is that if the tooth is lost at the time in the child’s life when it is generally expected to fall out, the new tooth could appear in as soon as a week, or as long as six months. If the tooth is lost due to fracture or decay, this premature loss could mean that it will take longer for the adult tooth to come in.
In rare cases, other baby teeth or permanent teeth might interfere with the desired adult tooth’s ability to break through the gums. If this is suspected, an x-ray can confirm the problem. In most instances, though, the adult teeth will come through when they’re supposed to.
The tooth transition phase usually starts around age six, and by the time the child reaches 12-13, the permanent teeth should be fully in place. When the baby teeth, also known as deciduous teeth, are gone, there should be 32 permanent adult teeth. Baby teeth will usually fall out on their own, so it’s not necessary to extract them.
Many parents obsess needlessly during the transitional phase. Frequently, the permanent teeth will come in crooked, and a parent may rush unnecessarily to an orthodontist. It’s worth noting that the transitional period is often referred to as an “ugly duckling” phase for just such reasons, and it often is just that—a phase. Most of the time the teeth will straighten out on their own. Once all the teeth have come in, and the dentist is satisfied that the child’s jawbones are not going to develop any more than they have already, that would be the time to consider whether the child is going to require orthodontic treatment. |
Written by: Stephanie Manuzak
On hot days in New York City, residents swelter when they’re outside and in their homes. The heat is not just uncomfortable. It can be fatal.
“Extreme heat is actually the deadliest extreme weather event we face in New York City,” says Jainey Bavishi of the Mayor’s Office of Recovery and Resiliency.
Heat waves are most dangerous for older people and those with health problems. Low-income residents are also vulnerable: They may not have air conditioning, and their neighborhoods tend to have more pavement and fewer trees, which makes them hotter.
So the city has taken steps to cool these areas by painting roofs with a coating that reflects sunlight.
“We’ve already painted 10 million square feet of rooftops white in New York City and we’re concentrating those coatings in the most heat-vulnerable areas,” Bavishi says.
The city is also working to ensure residents remain safe during a heat wave. It’s providing air conditioners to tens of thousands of elderly, low-income residents, and it runs a program that pairs volunteers with vulnerable people – “just to make sure that the residents of our communities that are most likely to be impacted by the hot temperatures are being checked in on and staying safe,” Bavishi says.
So from rooftops to living rooms, the city is working to protect residents as temperatures heat up.
This article originally appeared on Yale Climate Connections |
An Inside Scoop Into All the Latest Happenings. Check out the Individual Articles by the Authors Name.
By Sreenita Nair
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By Mehar Saini
During this difficult time, people must be aware of their mental and physical health. Having better physical health helps reduce the chances of mental health and symptoms of depression, while mental health can lead to poor physical health. To read more about taking care of your mental health, visit Earagan Nimalan’s article. Dealing with mental health can be a struggle; along with mental health, you also need to take care of your physical health. There are different types of physical activity. Physical activities include any form of recreational exercise, sports participation, cycling and walking; working around the house or even an activity like gardening. Physical movement doesn’t have to be a form of exercise, such as sports, playing or dancing; cleaning the house and carrying heavy shopping is all part of being physically active. But remember when being physically active, if you’re going for a walk maintain the 2 meter or 6 feet distance away from people.
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By Earagan Nimalan
Good mental health is essential in our modern-day lives. Ensuring that you are mentally healthy is as important as being physically healthy. Mental health impacts you physiologically and emotionally, affecting your social wellness as well. It is generally the healthiness of our minds. It decides our choice-making, how we connect to peers and others, as well as how we handle stress. Mental illness and mental disorders tie in with our mental health. Illnesses or disorders are not bad things that can spread, they’re not things that will control your life as long as you are taking control over them. Having an illness or disorder does NOT make you any different from another person. It’s not a disease or a virus. If you have a mental illness or disorder, it is suggested you reach out to a psychologist. Some common mental illnesses and disorders are anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress disorder amongst many more. Ensuring your mental illness is under control is crucial through every step of your life.
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By Sreenita Nair
NGOs are nonprofit organizations that operate independently without being overseen by a government. Most NGOs’ purposes are to address social or political issues worldwide. Some of the most popular NGOs around the world are Doctors Without Borders, Worldreader, Goonj, Thorn, and UNAIDS. All these organizations are driven to contribute to the greater good of the world. The organizations described below are this edition's favourite top three and explains how they are contributing positively to the world.
By Aarav Modi
COVID-19 this is one name that has shaken the world. COVID-19 is a disease caused by a coronavirus. Human coronaviruses are common and are typically linked with moderate illnesses, related to the common cold. “Coronavirus” belongs to a family of viruses that range from the common cold to more critical illnesses like SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) and MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome). This virus is believed to be originated from a wet market in Wuhan, China. Like many other wet markets across Asia, farmed and exotic animals are tied up or stacked in cages. Many are maimed on-site to guarantee freshness. The markets are considered breeding areas for new and dangerous diseases, health experts say, because the close contact between humans and live foreign animals makes it easier for viruses to jump between species. SARS rose from the same kind of market in 2002. In this case, COVID 19 is believed to be a bat virus as the structure of the virus is similar.
By Roshni Sen
Human Coronaviruses are a family of viruses that usually cause illnesses like the common cold. Almost everyone gets one of these viruses at some point in their lives. Most of the time the illness only lasts for a short time. However, the new coronavirus called COVID-19 was discovered in December 2019 and has now spread throughout the world. As the virus spreads, we are seeing some people with mild illness, some who get very sick, and some who have died. This is a deadly virus that was issued as a world pandemic for the past month. The reason health officials are concerned is that the virus is new, which makes it hard to predict how it will continue to affect people. Researchers and doctors are learning more about it every day, including exactly how it spreads and who is most at risk. Numbers are continuously increasing with no sign of stopping. Currently, there are over +1.3 million cases of Coronavirus worldwide. The highest number of cases is in the USA with almost 400,000 cases and Italy has the record of most deaths due to COVID-19 at +18,000. Canada has had a large increase in cases in the past week making it a total of almost +31,000 COVID-19. Canada still hasn’t reached its peak yet, health advisors say that it will get worse before it gets better and April will be a roller coaster.
By Siya Patel
2020 did not start as well as we all thought it would, and with the beginning of quarantine, sour moods are no surprise. People all around the world have been limited to their homes, stuck between the same four walls for weeks and weeks on end, with the same routine every day. It goes without mention, that this sudden change in our everyday life affected our mindset in a not so positive way. We might be finding ourselves procrastinating more than ever, and in most cases losing motivation to do even the smallest tasks. All of this can be changed though if we just fix one small thing, our mindset. Of course, what better way to do this than to engage in some exciting at-home activities!
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©2020 by The Young Opinion. |
Graduation day. The culmination of years of hard work. Dressed in cap and gown, walking up on stage to collect your degree. The thought might’ve helped you through the trials of late-night study, group assignments, and pre-exam jitters. And, if you've graduated from VU this year, the real experience is still a vivid memory.
The cloak, cap, and traditions that are synonymous with graduations are seen in these ceremonies right around the world.
But what do they signify and why did they come about? We take a look at the origins of these enduring traditions.
Robes of the Middle Ages
The first European universities were founded by clergy in the 12th and 13th centuries. The clergy introduced robes to delineate religious scholars from the non-religious population of a university city, separating the “town and gown”. The robes were also introduced for a practical reason: to keep students warm in unheated buildings.
Oxford and Cambridge were the first to standardise gowns during graduation. In 1222, the Archbishop of Canterbury declared that students wear robes, then known as the “cappa clausa”.
Over the centuries, conventions evolved and robes are now worn at universities around the world, not as everyday dress, but to signify academic achievement. At VU, undergrad and postgrad graduands wear a black gown in the Oxford style, while doctoral candidates wear a red gown. There are different styles of gowns for undergraduate and higher degrees, with the hood or stole indicating the discipline of the award.
Robing for graduation, a centuries-old tradition.
Mortarboards, the square ‘cap’ of graduation
Mortarboards, the square caps that are universal at graduations the world over, are said to have developed from a hat called a “biretta” worn by the Roman Catholic clergy. They became popular in the 14th and 15th centuries.
The term "mortarboard" came into usage in the mid-1800s, which is said to be because of similarity to the hawk tool used by tradespeople to hold mortar or plaster. The mortarboard was originally worn only by students who had completed a master’s degree, but now it is worn by a much wider breadth of students including VE/TAFE, undergraduate and masters graduands. The tassel is always worn on the front left temple.
The first graduates of Footscray Institute of Technology, 1971.
Cracking the colour code
Ruby. Ultramarine. Parchment. Pansy. Sapphire. Buff. As vibrant and varied as a tin of Derwent pencils; each colour corresponds to a specific academic discipline, worn over the gown at graduation, in a hood or stole, to indicate the faculty of the award.
Centuries after robes first became a staple of academic wardrobes, the University of London introduced the first colour code system for academic disciplines in the UK in 1844. This innovation was adopted by other UK universities; and then by universities in the US, with an Intercollegiate Commission coming together in 1895 to create a code of academic dress and the colours to be worn for each discipline.
The use of colour is more flexible in Australian universities, with each devising its own colour code system.
Check out the VU colour code.
An MBA graduate celebrates her achievement in business' academic colour, aquamarine.
Recognising the age-old ceremonies of the Kulin and Eora peoples
The land on which our campuses stand is the place of age-old ceremonies of celebration, initiation, and renewal. The Kulin and Eora peoples’ living culture had, and has, a unique role in the life of these regions. To recognise this at our graduations, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students have the option of wearing a calf-length black and red silk Indigenous stole together with the academic dress of their award. The stole has gold tassels and gold silk embroideries, including the words “Ngaga Jindi Woraback”, which, in Woiwurrung language, means ‘join and unite'.
Graduates in the academic dress of their awards, worn together with Indigenous stoles.
Recently graduated? Check out the benefits and career support for you
If you're a recent - or soon-to-be - graduate, keep in touch and check out the benefits from VU's Alumni Association.
VU's Learning Hub online offers recent graduates and current students career advice and academic support. You'll gain access to the online jobs board, career resources, virtual interview practice, drop-in sessions, workshops and mentoring.
VU also offers Talent Connect, a program that guides students in their final year of study into employment through career master classes and alumni mentoring. |
Digital knowledge and awareness
On this page you can read articles, get instructions, tips and advice to guide you on your digital journey and improve your knowledge of technology and digital services.
Digital Citizenship Assessment
How good are your Digital skills? Take a 10-minute test to find out. After completing this assessment you will be provided with a personalised action plan to help you improve your online skills. Plus you will be see how your skills compare to others in our digital benchmark assessment.
Online assessment for Businesses
Take the free online assessment and discover how digital technologies can benefit your business and streamline operations. Visit
How did you go?
The action plan provided to you can help you gain the knowledge and skills you need. If there are any recommendations for courses or activities that are currently not available in the Waitomo District, then we would be interested in hearing from you.
Internet Security
Can you easily identify which websites to trust and which ones may contain misinformation?
Many people are using online technology to learn, whether it’s to look up the meaning of a word, how to do something, or to find out more information on a topic. Common places to find information include; wikis, blogs and the use of search engines such as Google.
However, not all websites are reliable sources of information, so it's important you can identify which websites to trust.
Younger children will enjoy a visit to Silicon Deep where Hector the Dolphin and his friends learn some important online safety lessons. Note: this website uses Flash and will not work on all computers and mobile devices.
3G and 4G - what does this mean?
The 3G services work using a “cellular” based technology; the signals are passed from phone tower to phone tower, and then the tower nearest the phone passes the signal to it.
What is 4G extended coverage?
4G Extended is better at providing coverage when travelling long distances such as in rural locations, and penetrating walls and buildings.
The following devices can use both 4G 1800 and 4G Extended:
• Apple iPhone 6s
• Apple iPhone 6s Plus
• Apple iPhone 6
• Apple iPhone 6 Plus
• Apple iPad Air 2
• HTC One M8
• HTC One M9
• Microsoft Lumia 640
• Samsung GALAXY A3
• Samsung GALAXY A5
• Samsung GALAXY Alpha
• Samsung GALAXY Core Prime
• Samsung Galaxy J5
• Samsung GALAXY Note 4
• Samsung GALAXY Note 5
• Samsung GALAXY S5 (SM-G900i variant only)
• Samsung Galaxy S6
• Samsung Galaxy S6 edge
• Samsung Galaxy S6 edge +
• Samsung GALAXY Tab A 9.7
• Samsung GALAXY Tab Active
• Samsung GALAXY Tab S 10.5
• Sony Xperia E4g
• Sony Xperia Z5 Compact
Devices - what are they and how do they work?
In general, a device (sometimes referred to as a gadget) can refer to any electronic device including a laptoptablet, and smartphone.
A mobile device is basically any handheld computer, designed to be extremely portable, often fitting in the palm of your hand or in your pocket.
Some mobile devices are more powerful, and they allow you to do many of the same things you can do with a desktop or laptop computer. These include tablet computers, e-readers, and smartphones.
Tablet computers
Tablet computers are designed to be portable much like a laptop. They don't havetablet computer keyboards or touchpads. Instead, the entire screen is touch-sensitive, allowing you to type on a virtual keyboard and use your finger as a mouse pointer.
Tablet computers can't necessarily do everything traditional computers can do. For many people, a traditional computer like a desktop or laptop is still needed in order to use some programs. However, the convenience of a tablet computer means it may be ideal as a second computer. Below are some of the main features you can expect with a tablet computer.
• Wi-Fi and 3G/4G: Because they are optimized for Internet use, tablet computers have built-in Wi-Fi. For a monthly fee, you can also purchase a 3G or 4G data plan, allowing you to access the Internet from almost anywhere.
• Bluetooth: In order to save space, tablet computers have very few ports. If you want to use an external keyboard or other peripherals, they will often use a wireless Bluetooth connection.
E-book readers
These devices are also called e-readers and are similar to tablet computers, except they are mainly designed for reading e-books (digital, downloadable books). Examples include the Amazone-readers Kindle and the Barnes & Noble Nook.
E-book readers have either an e-paper display or an LCD display.
• E-Paper: Short for electronic paper, this type of display can usually only display black and white. It is designed to look like a page in a book. Unlike an LCD display, it is not backlit, so the text stays readable even if you're outdoors in full sun. Many people consider e-paper to be more pleasant to read because it causes less eye strain. However, it generally can't be used for videos or other applications because the refresh rate is too low.
• Go to the Kindle and Nook websites to compare the features of different e-readers.
A smartphone is a powerful mobile phone that is designed to run a variety ofsmartphones applications in addition to providing phone service.
Smartphones are basically small tablet computers, and they can be used for checking emails, web browsing, watching videos, reading e-books, and playing games.
Smartphones use touch screens and operating systems similar to those used by tablet computers. Many of them use a virtual keyboard, but others have a physical keyboard, which allows the entire screen to be used for display purposes.
Internet access is an important feature of smartphones. Generally, you will need to purchase a 3G, 4G, or LTE data plan in addition to normal cell service. Smartphones can also connect to Wi-Fi when it is available; this allows you to use the Internet without using up your monthly data allotment. |
D - F Colored Diamonds: Colorless Quality
When looking at a diamond, your eyes will notice something that makes a diamond look slightly dull or unclear. You may not be able to pinpoint the cause, but your eyes see a distraction. That distraction can often be the diamond's color. Diamond color is actually the absence of a colored tint in the diamond. The tint is most often yellow (and sometimes brown or green). Color is graded on a scale (established by GIA) that ranges from D to Z. grades beyond Z count as fancy colored, which actually boast a premium. In general, the higher the color, the rarer and therefore more expensive the diamond. Colors are actually ranges so a diamond that has more color than a G but less than an H, for example, would be a G color because it is better than H and falls in the G to H range.
Learn all about natural diamond and lab diamond color. What is a colorless diamond and where do diamond graded D, E, and F color fall on the GIA and IGI scales?
See our company founder break down everything you need to know as it relates to diamond color so that you can choose the best one for your engagement ring.
D Color Diamonds
So given that the scale goes from D to Z, D is the highest or rarest and most expensive diamond color. A D color diamond has no visible tint of color whatsoever. This is the most prized or valuable diamond color in the world. It is considered colorless, but industry trade terms. There are no eye distractions that impede the diamond's light performance and sparkle. The white color make the diamond look absolutely stunning and desirable.
The D color diamonds are for perfectionists. While not required for a beautiful stone, people who must have the highest color will prefer D colored diamonds. It's always important to remember that a D color diamond's price may affect the other attributes such as cut, carat, and clarity. If you're okay with reducing to E or F (which are also colorless), you can maximize the other attributes further to strike a balance. If that isn't an issue for you, then certainly a D color diamond is unquestioned.
E Color Diamonds
The E color diamond also falls in the colorless range of diamonds. It is very rare, and also has a significant premium. The color is not visible to the naked eye and the difference between E and D is almost undetectable, especially when set in jewelry or engagement rings. E color diamonds represent less than 1% of all the world's diamonds and are premium gem quality.
F Color Diamonds
The F color diamond is the last quality in the colorless range. It has an unnoticeable color tint that affects the diamond's sparkle. It is an excellent balance of the highest quality range and value. F color diamonds are for those that truly value the important of a colorless diamond, while still being able to increase the other attributes such as cut, carat and clarity. We highly recommend F color diamonds because when set in jewelry and bridal rings, they look stunning.
The difference between the D, E, and F colors is really quite small. On an electronic colorimeter, the score for D to F would be between 0.00 and 1.49. As a customer, you should feel great about any color in this range because your diamond will not have colored distraction the block light penetration and reflection.
Shop D-F Color |
What Is A Bomb Cyclone And How Can You Help Those Affected Most On The East Coast
What is a bomb cyclone? The storm is expected to impact most of the East Coast.
What is a bomb cyclone?
While it may sound like a spell ripped straight out of Dungeons and Dragons, a bomb cyclone is actually a very real weather phenomenon and it's expected to hit a majority of the East Coast on January 4, 2018.
Honestly, I thought "arctic blast" sounded scary enough, but now meteorologists gotta throw a "bomb" in their terminology too?
While "bomb cyclone" does sound terrifying, and it has already affected the south, with Florida, Georgia and South Carolina seeing a rare show of ice and snow, the seriousness of the storm is still unknown -- besides the upcoming frigid temperatures and sub-zero wind chills that put many at risk.
So, what is a bomb cyclone? It occurs when a strong low-pressure system rapidly intensifies. "Bomb cyclone" comes from the scientific term "bombogenesis," which is a storm that drops 24 millibars of pressure over 24 hours.
Researchers are worried that winter storm Grayson's pressure levels could be on the same level as Hurricane Sandy.
Thanks climate change.
Already the storm is breaking substantial records.
For instance, this is the first time in 28 years that Tallahassee, Florida has had measurable snow.
It was also one of the heaviest one-day snowfalls on record in both Savannah, Georgia and Charleston, South Carolina.
No matter how much snow falls, one thing is certain: it will be brutally cold. There will hurricane-force winds as well as temperatures dropping 20 to 40 degrees below normal.
How can I help people affected by the bomb cyclone?
People who are at risk of going without heat, or are experiencing homelessness, this drop in temperature has the potential to be fatal. Here's how you can help people going through the bomb cyclone.
While there is a lack of statistics of how many homeless die due to freezing in America, it should be noted that it happens quite often, even in warmer climates. For example, in 2013 seven homeless people died in California when the temperature in the Bay Area dropped to near freezing.
Thankfully, many east coast cities are opening their shelters for those in needs, but there are ways we can help.
Call 311 to help people find shelter.
In New York City, Chicago, Boston, DC, and Balitmore you can call 311 to get service for anyone who may help finding shelter.
Many other cities offer this service:
Philadelphia: 215-232-1984 Pittsburgh: 412-779-1329 Minneapolis: 612-879-7624 Detroit: 1-800-274-3583 St. Louis/Kansas City: 211
If the person may need medical assistance, dial 911.
Donate to a food bank in your area.
Food banks provide food to many Americans, including children, and their resources will be depleting during storms such as Grayson. You can find your local food bank here.
Donate to your local homeless shelter.
Shelters will be staying open longer to help protect the vulnerable from the cold during the bomb cyclone, and they will be much more full because of the temperatures.
Reach out to your local homeless shelter and ask what they may need from money, to coats, to canned foods.
As always, make sure you're prepared.
Stock up on food, put gas in your car, have fresh water saved, and bring your pets inside.
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What is In fact Honestly a Proportion in Math?
What is actually offender arithmetic? Matrix mathematics is a kind. Matrices are preparations that may be utilised to replicate any lot of completely unique facts.
Noam Chomsky to begin with https://www.domyhomeworkfor.me/ introduced the matrix strategy. He suggests that the matrix idea demonstrates both of those relationships.
The easiest choice features a person and only a single column, two rows and three columns. Other less complicated types contain 30 6, twelve, twenty-four, 6, sixtyeight as well as eightyeight columns and pops.
You’ll find it not very difficult to determine the best way the matrix could be utilized to signify any selection of important things. In matrix mathematics, just about every column and row can have a significance. On remaining aspect of the matrix, we have got the item all over the most beneficial, which is generally known as the matrix matter.
This suggests that consumers all know how a variety of the solutions there happen to have been in the matrix. We find out how a large number of values you can find for just about every column and row, When we produce down some row and column info about the matrix. The values for each one row and column is the measurement of the matrix.
For instance, if you prefer to multiply just one merchandise with some other, you’d multiply the matrix things with all the purchase. This will even be said as the product of all of the matrix factors. Just about every row and column are authored as initially element and also the next row and column are published as the 2nd component etc.
The reality is that the arrangement does give the worthy of of their matrix factors. We want clearly to learn which elements are referenced by the features that we’ve When we tend not to have the matrix point order. do my programming homework An reference is any service that is referenced in just one portion to the following.
The get isn’t the reference to any aspect, it’s the reference of your item with the matrix. As an illustration, in matrix mathematics, the crucial element element is going to be referenced as being the crucial. The worth will likely be referenced since the price.
It is essential to recall that each for the parts within the matrix is referred with the get they appear while in the matrix. If we have a matrix with two rows and three columns, the buy will be columns, even though if we now have a matrix with an individual row and just one column, the order are going to be rows. The get will also be penned as still left to appropriate, best to base, and appropriate to left.
The a lot more rows and columns, the more get is needed to get each and every row and column. A matrix with just one row and a person column can be utilized for more than a single aspect free of any concerns.
What is known as a proportion in math? If we look within the matrix in a very way that is mathematically equal for the relation of solution, we are able to evaluate a single element to a different. Whenever we are attempting to calculate what a proportion of one aspect is, it truly is really an identical technique.
What is a proportion in math? When two or maybe more things are compared, it’s the relation that the mathematical relations that relate parts and therefore are termed proportion. The purchase around the matrix will enable you to match up the weather inside of a proportion to produce certain that what the matrix says is true.
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Replenishing Electrolytes
It seems like people are always advising me to work on replenishing electrolytes after I go for a long run or do any physical activity in the heat of summer.
People are also always advising us to stay hydrated but not to drink too much water without replenishing electrolytes.
Lots of advice for sure but what does it mean?
What are Electrolytes?
I knew that electrolytes are minerals in our bodies, such as calcium, magnesium and potassium but that’s about the extent of my knowledge. (I really should have taken more science courses in college.)
Here’s a great definition of electrolytes that I found on Medline Plus, which is a website of health information put out by the U.S. National Library of Medicine:
• Balance the amount of water in your body
• Balance your body’s acid/base (pH) level
• Move nutrients into your cells
• Move wastes out of your cells
Hydration Fluctuations
A number of reasons can explain changing levels of electrolytes. You can have too little water in your body, which is called dehydration. Too much water in your body is called overhydration. Either situation affects your electrolytes. This can happen from taking certain kinds of medicines, nausea, diarrhea, sweating, and illness.
When I exercise intensely or in the heat, I sometimes end up feeling dizzy or faint. Sometimes I just end up feeling sluggish. I find myself thinking, “it feels like I’ve never run before.” I end up replenishing my electrolytes and usually feel much better pretty quickly. Chris talked about different solutions for dealing with heat, including replacing electrolytes.
It’s thought that when we get cramps, particularly in our legs and often at night, it’s our bodies alerting us that we need to work on replenishing electrolytes. Other things can cause this, of course, but it’s worth trying if you’re dealing with this. Cramps can be so painful, they’re impossible to ignore.
Replenishing electrolytes
If you’re struggling with electrolyte problems due to health issues or medication, you should talk to your healthcare provider or pharmacist.
If you’re dealing with this because you’ve been working out, you can use a few different methods for replenishing your electrolytes.
First of all, food is your best source:
• Bananas are a great source of potassium.
• Dairy products are well known for their levels of calcium.
• Green leafy vegetables can replace both magnesium and potassium.
• Coconut water is considered to be a good source of electrolytes
Basically, if you eat a well-rounded diet of natural, whole foods, your body will get what it needs.
However, when you’re out running or biking or really pushing yourself in the gym, you may need to supplement with something. Don’t just drink lots of water because you can end up overhydrated which basically dilutes your electrolytes. You need to make sure you get what your body needs.
There are lots of ways to supplement. Probably the best known is drinking a sports drink like GatorAde or PowerAde. There are electrolyte mixes you can add to water and there are tablets you can dissolve in your mouth.
Replenishing Electrolytes
I’ll discuss some of these supplements in future posts so stay tuned!
In the meantime, let me know if you have problems with fluctuating electrolytes and what you do to resolve the problem. Leave a comment below or leave a phone message at 330-970-6662 or send an email to
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Educator Spotlight: Mapping Infectious Disease Trends
Matt Kuehl’s high school biology students investigated the frequency of common biological pathogens. Then they investigated the death rates of several diseases and plotted them on a mega map. Students identified correlations between the frequencies of the diseases and the locations of high death rates.
Matt Kuehl is a 10th-grade science teacher at Grand Rapids High School in Grand Rapids, Minnesota. Photo by Shelly Lindstrom
What inspired you to take the topic of infectious diseases, which you teach every year, and rework your approach as part of your National Geographic Educator Certification project?
Often while teaching a traditional lesson plan, science teachers focus on just the biological mechanisms—for example, the process of cellular respiration. However, this type of learning is often difficult for students to apply to real-life scenarios.
One of my goals for my project on pathogens was to look at diseases from a variety of scales, from local to national to global.
I wanted students to understand the global prevalence of different types of diseases, especially those we don’t see often in the U.S. because we are fortunate to have access to good medical care. Just because people aren’t dying from certain communicable diseases in the U.S. doesn’t mean they aren’t threats in other places around the world.
How did you make this project visual, and how did that influence student learning?
We used a National Geographic MapMaker Kit to display a huge map on the wall.
Students crunched disease death rate numbers from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Initially, students were intimidated by the sheer amount of data. However, after they organized the data, wrote it on sticky notes, and placed it on the world map, they saw clear trends in disease death rates. Students asked questions like, “Why are there so many disease deaths in Africa?” They then made connections between the different biological and social factors that influence the rates of communicable diseases.
Educators: Download full lesson plan here.
“Kids forget a lot of things from school, but I hope one memory my students will retain is the image of the giant wall map with all the data they plotted on it,” says Matt. Photo by Matt Kuehl
You mentioned that your project helped make science relevant for your students. What kind of impacts did you notice?
The introduction to this project focused on the basics of specific diseases. Students’ response to this information was typical of many general research lessons; they were engaged but not overly enthusiastic.
However, their curiosity was piqued during the project when we had a whole class discussion after analyzing the pathogen data and placing it on the global map. Instead of memorizing facts, students were actually seeing disease trends around the world. One of the most memorable questions one of my students asked was: “Why are all these sticky notes in one place?” This observation led to an in-depth discussion on why students were seeing certain disease trends on the map.
Our discussion also led some students to question how they, in their own city in northern Minnesota, could potentially help people dying of communicable diseases in other parts of the world. I am still surprised by the amount of interest the project generated. What began as an average research project escalated to riveting discussions about the impact of governments, ecology, and economics on the spread of infectious diseases.
Matt integrated technology by having students use tablets. Photo by Matt Kuehl
What advice do you have for other educators looking to transform a traditional lesson they’ve taught year after year into a more interactive and relevant lesson?
One of my goals, regardless of the lesson plan, is to find things that motivate me as a teacher. Excitement is contagious. When I’m enthusiastic, it’s so much easier to convince students to be excited as well.
I’d recommend other educators begin by finding what really motivates them. Then, they can explore the different ways to teach that beyond a study guide or a PowerPoint presentation. Also, one of the things that was helpful for me was using the resources available through National Geographic.
Do you have a favorite quote that inspires your teaching?
The poem “The Summer Day” by Mary Oliver inspires me in three important ways. First, it reminds me of the importance of observation both as a person and as a teacher. Second, it helps me focus on the important things in life, even when life can be overwhelming. Third, the poem reinforces the importance of teachers as role models, guides, and educators in the lives of students trying to make sense of their own purpose in the world.
This interview has been edited and condensed.
Interested in joining Matt as a National Geographic Certified Educator? Learn more at
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About Covid-19 and Prevention of Diseases
We are going through difficult times due to the Coronavirus pandemic. The virus causes a respiratory disease that spreads easily from one person to another through droplets in air (saliva) and presents symptoms such as fever, cough and respiratory distress. Experts recommend thorough hand washing, respecting social distancing by keeping ourselves at least 6 feet apart from other individuals, and refraining from touching our eyes, nose, and mouth. However, we don't hear much about nutrition.
When we visit the supermarket, we notice healthy food sitting in shelves while junk food is running out. This shows how little we understand our immune system, let alone the importance of taking care of our diet in times like these. If you want to know how to strengthen your immune system this quarantine, continue reading.
What is the immune system?
The immune system is a defense system that our body has and protects us from diseases and pathogens such as parasites, viruses and bacteria. However, sometimes it fails and, as we age, our immune response drops, and certain microorganisms manage to make us sick.
Can we do something to strengthen it and maintain our health?
The answer is yes, and here’s how.
Our body works best when we treat it well and maintain a healthy lifestyle. Therefore, we recommend:
• Not smoking
• Sleeping 7-8 hours a day
• Exercising at least 30 minutes a day, for 5 to 6 days a week
• Minimizing stress: Meditate, do breathing exercises, visualize yourself happy and healthy
• Hydrating yourself with water, coconut water or fruits with high water content such as pineapples, strawberries and raspberries
• Avoiding alcoholic drinks
• Eating more products of plant origin, such as fruits and vegetables
How do vegetables and fruits help us boost our immune system?
Detoxify: Green vegetables, due to their chlorophyll content, help us detoxify the body and cleanse it of toxins and heavy metals, which can cause cellular damage.
Source of antioxidants and anti-inflammatories: Antioxidants allow us to cleanse the body of accumulated cellular waste that could make us susceptible to disease, inflammation and premature aging. Inflammation is one of the main causes for a weakened immune system.
Sources of vitamins and minerals: To be healthy, it is necessary to avoid vitamin deficiencies by supplying ourselves with a rich and varied diet. The more variety of vegetables and fruits we consume, the more variety of benefits and vitamins we obtain.
Regulate pH: Fruits and vegetables help us regulate acid levels in our body, making it alkaline (the opposite of acid). An acidic body has been associated with a greater predisposition to diseases like cancer, tiredness, drowsiness, poor memory, and many others.
They provide energy: In order to feel good and healthy, we need to enjoy energy that allows us to accomplish our daily activities without complications. We can achieve this by eating healthy.
Ideal for those who do not like vegetables: Adding fruits to vegetables by making juices and different smoothies allows us to sweeten vegetables naturally and make them more appealing to the palate. This approach is ideal for adults and children who do not like to eat them.
Are you struggling to eat your greens?
Campoverde makes your life easier and offers you a perfect solution with its 'Fruit & Veggie Blenders' variety, which brings a perfect balance of fruit and vegetables in separate pre-portioned mixes. Campoverde also offers fruits free of added sugars, additives, and preservatives. Give them a try, while you boost your system, improve your defenses and enjoy all these benefits. |
Mon. Jan 18th, 2021
On This Day: What happened on 19 December?
on this day what happened on 19 december - On This Day: What happened on 19 December?
Here’s a look at what happened on this day, 19 December, throughout history. We remember the news, events, and people that influenced the course of history forever.
1969 | Former president of Uganda Apollo Milton Obote was shot in the head while attending a conference in Kampala. After the assassination attempt, all opposition parties were banned and an authoritarian regime was adopted.
1982 | Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) attacks Koeberg Nuclear Power Station in Cape Town. No injuries were reported.
1989 | Zimbabwe African People’s Union (ZAPU), led by Joshua Nkomo, and Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU), led initially by Ndabaningi Sithole merged to form a new political party, Zimbabwean African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF).
1992 | Due to illegal or unauthorised activities by the South African Defence Force (SADF), 23 members including two generals and four brigadiers were dismissed by President F.W. de Klerk.
READ: On This Day: What happened on 18 December?
2008 | Zimbabwean racing driver, Sam Tingle (87)
1944 | Kenyan politician, Richard Leakey
1955 | Zimbabwean former cricketer, William Houghton
1973 | Kenyan marathon runner, Erick Wainaina
1983 | South African cricketer, Carl Raubenheimer
1987 | Rugby player, Michael Rhodes
36424a1d thulani malinga 000727 winner g 1050 - On This Day: What happened on 19 December?
1997 | South African professional boxer, Thulani “Sugarboy” Malinga won the World Boxing Council (WBC) title for the second time.
2001 | The first movie of the Lord of the Rings, ‘The Fellowship of the Ring’ is released.
Africa is the second largest continent in the world after Asia. It covers about over 30 million square kilometres.
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Laelius de Amicitia
Laelius de Amicitia (or simply De Amicitia) is a treatise on friendship (amicitia) by the Roman statesman and author Marcus Tullius Cicero, written in 44 BC.
The work is written as a dialogue between prominent figures of the Middle Roman Republic and is set after the death of the younger Scipio Africanus (otherwise known as Scipio Aemilianus, Scipio Africanus Minor or Scipio the Younger) in 129 BC. The interlocutors of the dialogue chosen by Cicero are Gaius Laelius, a close friend of the late statesman, and Laelius's two sons-in-law, Gaius Fannius, and Quintus Mucius Scaevola. Cicero in his youth knew Scaevola, and states that Scaevola described to him the substance of the conversation on Friendship which he and Fannius had held with Laelius a few days after the death of Scipio.[1]
De Amicitia is addressed to Atticus, who, as Cicero tells him in his dedication, could not fail to discover his own portrait in the study of a perfect friend.[2]
In the dialogue Fannius, the historian, and Mucius Scaevola, the Augur, both sons-in-law of Laelius, pay him a visit immediately after the sudden and suspicious death of Scipio Africanus.[1] The loss which Laelius had thus sustained leads to a eulogy on the virtues of the departed hero, and to a discussion on the nature of their friendship.[1] Many of the sentiments which Laelius utters are declared by Scaevola to have originally flowed from Scipio, with whom the nature and laws of friendship formed a favourite topic of discourse.[1]
But I must at the very beginning lay down this principle—friendship can only exist between good men. …We mean then by the "good" those whose actions and lives leave no question as to their honour, purity, equity, and liberality; who are free from greed, lust, and violence; and who have the courage of their convictions.[3] |
Dr. Leo Galland’s article on Coronavirus Protection
Leo Galland M.D.
20 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10011
Coronavirus Protection
Corona viruses are a family of viruses made from RNA instead of DNA. There are many species that produce respiratory and gastrointestinal illness in humans and animals. Four strains cause the common cold. The pandemic corona virus, COVID-19, first identified in Wuhan, China, has certain distinctive features, some of which are receiving attention in the media: Chinese data indicate that 80% of infected people have minimal symptoms and do not seek medical attention, whereas 15% become moderately to severely ill with cough and shortness of breath and 5% require intensive care. About half the Chinese patients admitted to hospitals do not have a fever and a fifth failed to develop fever despite having pneumonia, so—unlike with influenza—the presence or absence of fever is not a useful diagnostic aid.
COVID-19 appears to spread readily from person to person, usually as droplets from coughing or sneezing. It is also shed in stool, so food-borne or water-borne infection is possible but not yet demonstrated. Corona viruses remain viable on surfaces for up to 9 days (more about this below), but spread of infection from touching of a contaminated surface has not yet been demonstrated. The incubation period from exposure to illness is 2 to 14 days, with an average of 5 days. Unlike the flu, illness from COVID-19 appears to start gradually with fatigue, aches and pains and a sore throat. These symptoms typically last for 5 days and are followed by recovery. This is Phase One and for 80% of people it is the only phase. For 20%, however, Phase Two starts after 5 days, with cough and shortness of breath, symptoms of pneumonia. Both groups will continue to shed the virus in secretions for several weeks and may still be contagious after symptoms end.
Because people who are infected but not sick are able to infect others, widespread dissemination is likely. For this reason, healthy young people need to take the same precautions their grandparents take, if the pandemic is to be controlled. Infants and young children, even when heavily infected, are especially resistant to sickness from this virus, which is the opposite of the flu. Severe illness and mortality increase with age and are more likely in smokers and in people with diabetes, high blood pressure and heart disease. The reason for these differences and for the two phases of illness is explained below, in the sections on the Coronavirus Biology and ACE-2 Enhancement.
Unlike influenza, in which pneumonia is due to a secondary bacterial infection, responsive to antibiotics, corona virus pneumonia is viral and produces a characteristic pattern on chest X-ray or CAT scan. The mortality rate of COVID-19 varies with the population being studied. The clearest data for mortality among ambulatory, well-fed individuals comes from the Diamond Princess cruise ship, because all of the 3500 people on board were tested. So far, 706 have tested positive for the virus and 6 have died, a case fatality rate of 0.85%, almost 10 times greater than the typical seasonal flu. In nursing homes or homeless shelters the COVID-19 case fatality rate is likely to be much higher. Dr. Anthony Fauci of the National Institutes of Health puts the case fatality rate for COVID-19 in the U.S. at 1%.
It is not presently known whether recovery from infection with COVID-19 produces immunity to the virus. There are cases reported of apparent re-infection, but they might represent flare-up of an infection that had been suppressed and not cured. Without individual immunity, vaccines will not work and there will be no herd immunity.
Avoidance of exposure should be the number one strategy and has received the most attention. Methods of avoidance are described in the section below called Anti-Viral Hygiene. By avoiding infection, you help prevent spread to other people and benefit the entire community.
If you are exposed or infected, there are measures you can take, based on the biology of the virus, which may diminish the likelihood of severe illness. These are not treatments for disease; they are preventive strategies to help place you among the 80% with mild to minimal illness and they have the greatest chance of succeeding if implemented before you are exposed.
In order to cause disease, any virus must enter a human cell, replicate, and damage the cell, escaping to infect adjacent cells. COVID-19 enters human cells by attaching to a protein on the cell surface called ACE-2. The pattern of COVID-19 pneumonia matches the distribution of ACE-2 in the lungs. ACE-2 is actually an enzyme with strong beneficial effects in the organs that produce it. When corona virus binds to ACE-2, the protein loses its enzyme activity. In the words of one scientist, COVID-19 produces “ACE-2 exhaustion”. Scientists believe that ACE-2 exhaustion is responsible for the severity of pneumonia and catastrophic effects like heart failure and circulatory collapse. Laboratory studies have shown that restoring ACE-2 dramatically reduces the severity of pneumonia in animals infected with the SARS virus, a close relative of COVID-19. The resilience of ACE-2 may explain the diversity of responses to corona virus infection. ACE-2 activity is highest in the young and decreases with age. The conditions associated with death from COVID-19 infection (advanced age, diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, cigarette smoking) are all associated with diminished baseline ACE-2 activity. The second phase of COVID-19, the progression from a minor viral illness to severe pneumonia, probably reflects ACE-2 exhaustion, occurring several days after the initial symptoms. This protocol for protection will present aids to enhancing ACE-2 resilience.
Once they have entered human cells, corona viruses replicate by hijacking a human protein called mTOR, which is present in all cells. The body uses specialized proteins called Sirtuins to control mTOR activation. Nutritional activation of Sirtuins can inhibit mTOR.
Once they have multiplied, corona viruses damage human cells by producing an enzyme called 3CL protease, which allows them to spread to adjacent cells. 3CL protease has been called “the Achilles heel” of corona virus and is the subject of new anti-viral drug development. There are some dietary flavonoids that inhibit 3CL protease, which may limit severity of infection.
In order to accomplish the 3 steps just described, viruses also need to avoid the natural, intrinsic protection provided by the human innate immune system, a series of cells and proteins that kill viruses on contact. Corona viruses have many mechanisms for evading the innate immune system, so it isn’t clear that stimulating innate immunity will offer much protection, but weakened innate immunity is likely to contribute to severity of illness, so measures to optimize innate immunity are warranted. Once pneumonia develops and disease severity increases, the role of the immune system changes. Much of the damage is due to over activity of immune responses, what is termed a “cytokine storm.” Immune boosting therapies may be contra-indicated during phase two of COVID-19 infection.
A few natural products have shown anti-corona virus effects in laboratory studies, including results in animals. Some of these have a long history of human use for treating infections.
ACE-2 Enhancement
Regular aerobic exercise and a plant-based whole foods diet are associated with improved ACE-2 function. Natural products shown to enhance ACE-2 include curcumin (a set of flavonoids found in the spice turmeric), resveratrol (a polyphenol found in red grapes and other foods), rosmarinic acid (a polyphenol found in spices like rosemary and oregano), Panax notoginseng (an herb used in some traditional Chinese medicines—the active Panax fractions for strengthening ACE-2 are called saponins), and alpha-lipoic acid (an anti-oxidant). ACE-2 as an enzyme produces a peptide called Ang 1-7, which is responsible for many of its cellular benefits. Ang 1-7 is made up of 7 amino acids and is absorbed if taken orally. Through a positive feedback loop, administration of Ang 1-7 also increases activity of ACE 2. Ang 1-7 may soon be available through a compounding pharmacy.
mTOR Modulation
The best known nutritional stimulator of Sirtuin function, and hence the most studied natural modulator of mTOR, is resveratrol. Quercetin, a flavonoid found in apples, onions and many spices, also inhibits mTOR. In the case of resveratrol, repeated exposure decreases the amount that’s needed for viral inhibition. Because resveratrol and quercetin are poorly absorbed, it is best to start taking them long before exposure, so that levels in cells can accumulate. Both have high safety profiles and anti-inflammatory effects.
3CL protease inhibition
Elderberry fruit (Sambucus nigra) and the medicinal herb Houttuynia cordata both inhibit the viral enzyme 3-CL protease and have been shown to inhibit coronavirus activity in cells. Both are also potent stimulators of anti-viral immune responses. Elderberry seems to be most effective if started before infection and continued through the initial period of infection. It may be contra-indicated in Phase Two of COVID-19, because of its immune enhancing effects. Elderberries’ 3CL protease inhibition is related to its content of flavonoids, especially those called anthocyanins, and its immune stimulating activity is related to its complex sugars (polysaccharides). When taking elderberry, make sure its flavonoid or anthocyanin content has been standardized. Elderberry extracts are safer than raw elderberry fruit. The leaves, bark and roots of elderberries contain a toxic substance, which is removed by cooking or extraction. Concerns have been raised about the immune stimulating effects of elderberries. These are addressed in the next section,because they apply to all immune enhancing therapies. There are several other dietary flavonoids that inhibit coronavirus 3CL protease. The most potent according to one detailed study, was herbacetin, which is primarily found in ground flax seed.
Enhancement of Innate Immunity
The innate immune system is present at birth and is ready to attack microbes on contact. Its function is supported by adequate sleep and moderate exercise. The most important dietary component for its maintenance is protein. Protein deficiency impairs innate immunity, but there is no evidence that excess dietary protein improves it beyond the effects of a normal healthy diet. Your protein intake in grams should be about half your lean body weight in pounds.
Vitamin D, vitamin A and zinc are essential for innate immunity but excess levels of these actually impair immune function. Almost everyone should supplement with Vitamin D through the winter, but the dose needs to be individualized over a range of 1000 to 5000 IU/day. Vitamin D is best absorbed with a large meal. Vitamin A (in the form of retinol) and zinc should only be supplemented if blood levels are low. Many integrative physicians make the mistake of measuring zinc in red blood cells or whole blood; this is not an accurate reflection of zinc status. Plasma zinc or white blood cell zinc is much more meaningful.
Elderberry polysaccharides are potent stimulators of innate immunity, so, like resveratrol, elderberry extract can help on two fronts. The COVID-19 pandemic has created a run on elderberries and warnings about elderberries, because of their known benefits in fighting flu. All elderberry products are not the same, however, and some may be of little value. Alcohol extraction of elderberries leaves the polysaccharides behind. The best elderberry products for both flavonoid content and polysaccharide content are produced by ultrafiltration.
Medicinal and dietary mushrooms also contain polysaccharides that can stimulate innate anti-viral immunity. The most studied are turkey tail (Coriolus), maitake, shiitake and reishi.
Probiotics and prebiotics may impact innate immunity by creating a gut microbiome that stimulates the immune system. Research in this area is in its infancy. Prebiotics with the best evidence for immune stimulation include beta-glucans, arabinogalactans and galacto-oligosaccharides. These are readily available as powders. Probiotics with the best evidence for immune stimulation are Lactobacillus species, especially Lactobacillus plantarum, which is found in sauerkraut and other fermented plant foods, and spore-forming bacteria of the genus Bacillus, which are normally found in soil. Several preparations are commercially available. Because COVID-19 has many mechanisms for evading innate immunity, even when it is strong, immune enhancement by itself is not a promising approach for preventing severe infection.
The lung damage of advanced corona virus pneumonia is due to an overactive immune response, so these immune boosting therapies should be used for prevention or early infection only, and not for severe illness. If you suffer from an autoimmune disease, it may not be advisable to use mushrooms, elderberry or probiotics that stimulate innate immune function. If you have been sick with COVID-19 for 5 days and have evidence of pneumonia, you should stop the use of mushrooms, elderberry and immune-enhancing probiotics.
The first step is to develop these habits: Wash your hands with soap and water for 20 seconds before eating, touching your face, after being with other people and when you return home. A face wash is also a good idea. Do not use antibacterial soap; it will not kill viruses and will only damage your skin’s microbiome. Because corona virus can live on hard surfaces for days, avoid touching doorknobs or elevator buttons with your hands.
The following substances will kill most viruses, including corona viruses, on hard surfaces with 30 seconds of contact: 70% alcohol, 0.5 % hydrogen peroxide, 0.1 % bleach (hypochlorous acid). The studies have been done on hard nonporous surfaces, so alcohol, peroxide or bleach will work on countertops but may not work on your skin or other porous surfaces. If you choose to use bleach, make sure you do not mix it with ammonia, because the combination produces a deadly gas. Purell hand sanitizer is 70% alcohol and might be a good substitute for soap, but remember that contact needs to be maintained for 30 seconds. Clean door knobs, phones and keyboards daily or more often.
If you are sick, stay home and wear a surgical mask around other people. N95 respirators are fairly uncomfortable when worn for extended periods of time and should be reserved for health professionals. When coughing or sneezing, cover your nose and mouth with your forearm or with a tissue and dispose of the tissue in a closed container. Avoid shaking hands. Social distancing prevents viral spread; try staying six feet away from other people, especially if you’re sick.
Various metals are being touted for their antiviral effects. Do not fall for the hype. Copper and its alloys like bronze are the most potent of the anti-viral metals. However, a recent, not yet published study from Princeton found that COVID-19 is relatively resistant to death by copper, needing 4 hours of exposure, unlike cold viruses, which are killed in 60 seconds. Because the mechanisms by which different metals kill viruses tend to be similar, it is unlikely that metals like zinc or silver will be effective at killing COVID-19. Furthermore, the silver preparations tested in scientific studies are different from the colloidal silver that is sold in health food stores, so colloidal silver sprays cannot be relied upon for protection. High levels of zinc kill some corona viruses but are less effective than copper. Although some doctors advocate the use of zinc lozenges to prevent COVID-19, zinc lozenges are unlikely to achieve time of contact or concentration needed to kill this virus. The main side effect of zinc is nausea, which would interfere with your ability to take more useful preventive treatments.
In the Princeton study, COVID-19 survived on stainless steel surfaces for 48 hours. Another interesting finding in this study was the number of viral particles transferred to a cotton swab from different surfaces that had been contaminated by the same amount of virus under experimental conditions. Hard, non-porous surface transferred the greatest number, whereas soft highly porous surfaces transferred the least. The number of particles picked up from cloth was just 1% of the number of particles picked up from a hard surface. Possibly the virus becomes enmeshed in the fabric. At present there is no evidence that COVID-19 is spread to human by any means other than airborne droplets, so it is unclear how much effort should be placed on cleaning surfaces or fabrics.
These recommendations may change based upon availability of specific products and continuing research. They can be modified because of individual needs. Their function is to address the biology of COVID-19 and human immune response. Possible preventive supplements:
1. Liposomal curcumin (200 mg) and resveratrol (75 mg) twice a day with food. (If unable to get a liposomal form, take curcumin 500 mg and resveratrol 200 mg twice a day).
2. Rosmarinic acid 140 mg twice a day with food
3. Alpha-lipoic acid 300 mg twice a day with food
1. Resveratrol as described above
2. Quercetin 300 mg twice a day with food.
1. Elderberry, dose depends on product
2. Houttuynia cordata, dose depends on product
3. Flax seed meal 1-2 teaspoons a day
1. Elderberry extract as described above.
2. Vitamin D3, 1000 to 5000 IU/day with a large meal
3. Lactobacillus plantarum (refrigerate) 1 capsule twice a day at the start of a meal
4. Beta glucan powder 1 scoop a day
5. Arabinogalactan powder 1 scoop a day
6. Coriolus (turkeytail) supplying 800 mg of polysaccharides a day
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Depression, sadness and preventing suicide
If you are having suicidal thoughts, contact the Samaritans helpline on 116 123.
There can be many factors that cause us to feel sad, including our environment, seasonal changes, and our experiences. Loneliness is a big cause of sadness and can lead to depression, but as depression develops, it can make us less social and become reclusive, adding to the loneliness. As well as finding therapy services to improve the symptoms of depression, you can search for hobby groups or sports clubs to join and begin working through the causes.
How does depression affect wellbeing?
Depression is a lot more than feeling sad, much more than not being happy. It is a constant low mood even in situations you think you should be happier. If you are suffering from depression, you may experience excessive sweating, paranoia, mood swings, tiredness and lethargy, lose interest in hobbies, change in appetite, be unable to complete daily tasks like brushing your hair, and much more. It affects your body and mind.
Seasonal Affective Disorder is an extreme sadness felt through the winter months. Reduced daylight hours make your body sleepy, and this can make you feel depressed. It is why UV lamps and lightbulbs can help you feel better and more energetic.
How can I improve my wellbeing?
You will not always feel this way. Some people with sadness or depression find they bounce between mania (happiness) and depression, this is known as bipolar. It is important to look into the causes and triggers of what changes your mood drastically. Use the services listed below to find help and support. Taking part in a new group, either sports, craft or just to chat, can help too. If you start a new hobby found here, you do not need to talk about your mental health, but it might help to open up and be honest with someone you trust or a professional.
Online services such as Hull and East Yorkshire Mind, or support and therapy like IESO can give you more information about sadness and the different types of depression.
Use the services below to find support:
How to help others
Children and teenagers
If you are worried about a child or young person, there are lots of resources online to help parents and carers understand mental health and advice for how to approach it at home. There are many website available for young people to help them through difficult periods, such as RiseAbove and These have been created for young people's mental health and body issues, with support channels, information and parent helplines.
Friend or family member
If you are concerned about a loved one, read through the advice on mental health websites such as Hull and East Yorkshire Mind. Make friends and family aware that there are services and hobby groups available to them, such as IESO (free for residents of East Riding of Yorkshire).
I'm a professional
If you are concerned your client is thinking about suicide, encourage them to speak with the Samaritans. Residents of the East Riding can self refer to IESO for free online therapy for mental health
Wellbeing in the workplace
Depression can affect productivity at work. During the winter months, Seasonal Affective Disorder syndrome can cause low mood, leading to low productivity and staff morale. Ensure working areas are brightly lit. Many mental health websites have advice and resources for businesses to improve wellbeing in the workplace. Search Find Wellbeing for 'workplace' for information on managing different stress based mental health issues for employees. |
Quick Answer: How Many Hours Is A C1?
How long does it take to go from b2 to c1?
For example, a candidate who has passed B2 First (previously known as Cambridge English: First), at level B2 on the CEFR, might need approximately 200 hours of lessons and supervised study to prepare for the C1 Advanced (previously known as Cambridge English: Advanced), which is aligned to level C1 on the CEFR..
Is c1 level good?
The C1 level would allow for full autonomy in a native English-speaking country. According to the official CEFR guidelines, someone at the C1 level in English: Can understand a wide range of demanding, longer texts, and recognize implicit meaning.
Are native speakers c2?
Can I learn French in 3 months?
Is Ielts 6.5 b2 or c1?
Is c2 the highest level of English?
What is the highest CEFR level?
What is a c1 level?
Level C1 corresponds to proficient users of the language, i.e. those able to perform complex tasks related to work and study. … It consists of 6 levels of reference: three blocks (A or basic user, B or independent user and C or proficient user), which are in turn divided into two sublevels, 1 and 2.
Is c2 level fluent?
Is b2 level considered fluent?
Is b2 Spanish fluent?
B1 – Conversational I: low intermediate level. B2 – Conversational II: independent, spontaneous. C1 – Fluency I: fluent Spanish in complex manner. C2 – Fluency II: same abilities of a native speaker.
What level will duolingo get you to?
6 Comments. The short answer is it will get you to some intermediate level (whether that is lower to upper intermediate depends on your effort). Duolingo will take you through all the major verb tenses, but will only cover about 2,000 words. If you want to be proficient you will have to study outside of Duolingo.
Is c1 considered fluent?
2:When are people usually fluent? Well, it depends on them and the “beginning of fluency” can be anywhere between B1-C1.
Is c1 better than b2?
How long does it take to learn French c1?
Is c1 German fluent?
Certificate: Optional: “ÖSD Zertifikat C1 (university entrance exam)”. You can express yourself fluently in German. You work on literary, socio-political, cultural and scientific topics.
What is the hardest language to learn?
How many words should you know for c1?
Because words you choose to learn matter that much! If you were to concentrate on words from the frequency list, you would definitely have to deduct 20% on higher levels (B1-C2)….How Many Words You Should Know (for Every Language Level)Language LevelNumber of Base Words NeededA21000B12000B24000C180002 more rows
What is c1 c2 level of English?
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Simple Guide to Sapphire Jewelry
Now that we’ve covered all the jewelry eras, we are happy to dive deeper and get into the specifics of the gemstone world. This week we will be discussing sapphires; the September birthstone. One of the oldest, most precious, and cherished gemstones across all civilizations and decades. Today, this gemstone is extremely desirable due to its color variations, durability, and royal look.
In This Blog Post You Will Learn:
• Sapphire’s Main Characteristics
• Kashmir Sapphires
• How to Choose A Sapphire
• Historical tales
Sapphire's Main Characteristics
Just as Rubies, Sapphires derive from the mineral Corundum. When thinking of sapphires, a rich, royal blue color probably comes to mind. Sapphires actually come in almost every color, including - green, pink, peach, orange, teal, purple, and various hues. Nevertheless, red and it’s various shades are typically considered Rubies. When it comes to sapphires, origin and color are the most valuable characteristics. Sapphires often contain light inclusions - tiny Rutile needles. When present, these inclusions decrease transparency and are often referred to as silk.
Sapphire is the second most durable gemstone after diamond, which makes it great for everyday wear and engagement rings. Due to its hardness, sapphire also has industrial uses. Many watch companies, including Apple Watch Series 3, feature lab-created sapphire crystal in its screen to make it more resistant to scratching.
Kashmir Sapphires
The most valuable Sapphires come from Kashmir, a mountainous region in the Himalayas. They are famous for their deep, vivid, cornflower blue color. But color is not the only characteristic that makes Kashmir sapphires so valuable and expensive. Let’s dive deeper into their history.
The story began in 1880, in the Kashmir region on the Indian subcontinent. A landslide on the top of the Himalayas revealed unique rocks under the top layer of soil. Tints of blue were noticed by the locals in the pile of rocks fallen from the mountains. After a while, locals realized that these tiny blue stones were sapphires. This occurrence caught the eye of the Maharajah, a local ruler in India. He immediately sent guards to protect the mine, as well as miners to dig out more sapphires. 1882 -1887 was an extremely productive, yet exhausting period for the mine. The miners had to work in any weather conditions, day and night to source the precious stones.
By the end of 1887, the mine was exhausted, no more sapphires could be retrieved. To this day, no other deposits of Kashmir sapphires have been found. This means that all Kashmir Sapphires have been mined during the 5 years in the 19th century. Nowadays, Kashmir Sapphires are extremely rare and now have a reputation of near-mythical status. We happen to have one of the rarest sapphires in the world.
Besides Kashmir, Burma and Ceylon are other most valuable origins of top-quality sapphires.
How To Choose A Sapphire
Color - after origin, color is the most valuable factor when it comes to sapphires. Deep, royal velvet blue to violet-blue are the most desirable colors. The higher saturation, the better.
Clarity - unlike diamonds, sapphires don’t have a universal grading system. It’s generally accepted for sapphires to have slight inclusions. Your ultimate goal is to get an “eye-clean” sapphire, meaning no visible inclusions to the naked eye. Due to the depth and color, inclusions in sapphires aren’t as apparent as in diamonds. Be mindful, if you find a completely clean, perfectly flawless sapphire, it might be synthetic, lab-created.
While valuable in diamonds, cut and carat are much more subjective when it comes to sapphires. Most importantly, make sure to choose a shape that you find appealing.
Sapphire Heat Treatments - sapphires are often heat-treated to enhance color, clarity, and overall appearance. When shopping, assume that all sapphires have been heat-treated unless explicitly stated “Unheated”, “No Heat”, “No indications of treatment” etc. Sapphires without treatment are rarer, thus more valuable and expensive. These gorgeous Oscar Heyman earrings feature natural, untreated sapphires, approximately 10 carats each. Nevertheless, there is nothing wrong with purchasing a heated stone. You will find a large variety of more affordable options.
Historical Tales
Over centuries, various cultures believed that sapphires have mystical powers. In ancient times, people believed that sapphires protect from evil. They were often associated with havens due to their bright blue color. Europeans in the Middle Ages believed that sapphires cured wearers of eye diseases, preserved chastity, and attracted other blessings.
One of the most intriguing and admired historical personas - the French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte gave his beloved wife Josephine a two-stone sapphire and diamond engagement ring in 1796. It featured 2 pear-shaped stones facing the opposite directions and set in a thin gold band.
The most famous royal sapphire engagement ring today was given by English Prince Charles to Lady Diana in 1981 and is now worn by Princess Catherine. This gorgeous ring features a 12-carat oval blue sapphire surrounded by diamonds.
During the Victorian Period, many engagement rings featured sapphires as the center stone, surrounded by diamonds, thus creating the floral cluster motif.
The Bottom Line
When choosing sapphire jewelry, look for the origin, color, and indications of treatment. If the budget allows, definitely consider investing in a genuine stone - it’s truly a magical and scientific process, for the gemstone to go from the earth deposits to your hands.
Email us at if you have any questions or comments!
Send us a DM @jackweirandsons |
Hypochromic/Microcytic Anemias (NORMO)/HYPOCHROMIC &/or (NORMO)/MICROCYTIC ANEMIAS 1. Disorders of iron utilization a. iron deficiency b. anemia of chronic disease 2. Disorders of globin synthesis
a. Thalassemias b. other hemoglobinopathies: HbC, HbE 3. Disorders of porphyrin or heme synthesis a. Lead poisoning b. Porphyrias (RARE) c. Sideroblastic anemias (RARE) NORMAL IRON METABOLISM: what goes in must come out (#1)
1. Ideally, normal iron balance: amount absorbed = amount lost from the body. 2. No mechanism for iron excretion exists; it is extensively recycled. 3. Absorption takes place in proximal small intestine. Only a small fraction of ingested iron is absorbed. Regulation of absorption is tightly
controlled. Dietary Iron cycle NORMAL IRON METABOLISM: what came in must go out (#2) 4. Normal iron losses: a. Males & Females: desquamated GI/urinary
epithelial cells (1 mg/d) b. Females: Menstrual iron loss (30 mg/month) 5. Senescent RBC ingested by splenic macrophages, and the iron is reused. Iron is used, recycled and stored FOOD IRON ABSORPTION
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Heme and nonheme iron are absorbed differently
Heme iron (from animal products) is absorbed directly from food via special receptor. Nonheme iron (vegetable forms) exists as ferric salts, and must be converted to ferrous form (2+) to be absorbed. This depends on luminal factors in intestine (pH, food, etc). Stomach acid is required for vegetable iron absorption. Calcium inhibits iron absorption (dairy
products), also tea (tannin). IRON DEFICIENCY IS A PROGRESSIVE, INSIDIOUS DISORDER 1. First, lose storage iron (asymptomatic) 2. Next, lose transport iron, then lose iron in hemoglobin (asymptomatic) 3. At this point, there is normochromic, normocytic anemia.
4. After a period of time in which there is iron deficient erythropoiesis, hypochromic, microcytic anemia develops. 5. Low MCV is a LATE sign of iron deficiency! (Different from B12/Folate deficiency where high MCV is an early sign). IRON DEFICIENCY: SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
1. General signs and symptoms: fatigue, pallor impaired muscle performance Children: cognitive impairment, attention deficit, behavioral abnormalities 2. Epithelial signs: spoon-shaped nails, sore tongue, decreased papillae, angular stomatitis, dysphagia (esophageal webs)
3. Pica (craving to eat): ice, crunchy foods, paper, clay, starch (cause or effect?) IRON DEFICIENCY: SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS 4. Laboratory data: ADVANCED iron deficiency: CBC: low Hb, low MCV, low MCH (MCV can be <50)
High RDW, High Platelet count is common LOW reticulocytes! Peripheral smear: hypo/micro, poiks, targets BUT: In early iron deficiency: all of these are absent and the anemia is normochromic and normocytic! Scanning EM of RBC
Normal peripheral blood Iron deficiency: Hypochromia (central pallor more than 1/3 of cell) Iron deficiency: Hypochromia and aniso/poikilocytosis Serum Ferritin
Ferritin is a good test for body iron stores. In iron deficiency: low ferritin=iron deficiency However: Ferritin is also an acute phase reactant, and rises in response to fever, inflammation, etc.: unreliable in many clinical settings!
Iron stain of bone marrow: normal Iron deficient bone marrow ETIOLOGY OF IRON DEFICIENCY 1. Iron deficiency is not a disease, it is a symptom of an underlying illness. Essential to identify the cause! 2. Adult women: most prone due to
menstrual blood loss. Israeli postpartum women: 17-49% iron deficient! New female recruits to army: 49% iron deficient! ETIOLOGY OF IRON DEFICIENCY 3. Infants and Children: iron stores depleted by 4-6 months.
Formula is a poor source of iron (poor absorption) Mothers milk: better absorption but poor source. Israel: A few years ago, up to 70% of children age 12 years have iron deficiency -> Iron supplementation is now recommended up to 2 yrs! 4. Postmenopausal women or Adult men: iron deficiency is rare, usually a sign of BLOOD LOSS (gastrointestinal, cancer?) malabsorption of iron?? TREATMENT OF IRON DEFICIENCY
1. Oral iron almost always effective if taken properly: a. on an empty stomach or with meat meal b. not with dairy products, tea c. with Vitamin C or food containing Vit C (acid) 2. Oral iron often causes symptoms: a. gastrointestinal: diarrhea, constipation, nausea
b. dark stools (false positive test for occult blood) TREATMENT OF IRON DEFICIENCY 3. Parenteral iron (IV) necessary if: a. malabsorption b. poor compliance c. intolerance 4. Disadvantages of parenteral iron:
Expensive, must be given in hospital/clinic (allergies are rare) 5. Response to iron therapy is SLOW: weeks to months to achieve normal Hb
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A heart attack is called a myocardial infarction. This occurs
A heart attack is called a myocardial infarction. This occurs when the heart muscular tissue is damaged or does not obtain adequate oxygen. Many cardiac related issues occur as a result of blockages in arteries that carry detoxified blood away from the heart to different parts of the body. Another reason is the development of blood clots.
Very commonly, it is fairly hard to differentiate in between a heart attack and heartburn. The typical indications of a cardiovascular disease are a tightness, pain, or pain in the breast. Sweating, nausea, and also throwing up that are accompanied by intense stress in the chest. An emitting and also intense discomfort in the upper body that expands from the chest to the left arm. A lack of breath for more than a few mins. If you have any of the above you need to speak with the physician or go to the emergency clinic.
If you also believe you are having a cardiovascular disease you need to call for a cardiac care rescue, and put under your tongue a sorbitrate or eat an aspirin. If you are allergic to aspirin do not take one. At the healthcare facility treatment will consist of rapid thrombolysis, heart catheterization, as well as angioplasty. They will certainly also administer intravenously embolisms breaking medications.
The risk factors for a heart attack consist of: cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus, high degrees of cholesterol, high blood pressure, family history of heart problem, atherosclerosis, lack of workout, excessive weight, as well as convenience foods.
Reduce the risks of a heart attack by:
1. Stopping smoking.
2. Eating healthy and balanced. Prevent fatty foods, excess salt, as well as red meats.
3. Controlling high blood pressure as well as diabetes.
4. Guaranteeing normal exercise a minimum of thirty minutes a day. Walking is most helpful.
5. Stopping obesity. Doing all you can to maintain weight.
6. Selecting to live a healthy and balanced way of life.
7. Exercising meditation.
8. Doing routine relaxation and also breathing exercises.
9. Undergoing regular heart evaluations.
A killer illness, according to the American Heart Organization roughly 58.8 million people in the United States suffer from heart problem. And also, regarding 950,000 Americans die of heart ailments each year. Heart problem and also death from it can be avoided by keeping your health. Find an equilibrium in life between job and also various other tasks, desert the sofa for the outdoors, don’t view sporting activities on television play sports instead and also you can wish to live a long as well as satisfied life.
The norm prevention is much better than cure could lead a whole country towards healthiness and also well being. |
[Question] Would Covid19 patients benefit from blood transfusions from people who have recovered?
Epistemic status: wild idea thrown out there in case it is brilliant.
Presumably, the blood of recovered patients has some antibody that targets the virus. Blood transfusions are widely understood and known safe. (Or at least safe so long as you don’t do a few things that doctors know not to do, like giving AB blood to an O patient. ) Is it another thing that should work in principle, is more likely than not to work in practice, but by the time someone has run the medical trial, it will be all over. Of course, the recovered patients blood contains enough antibodys to make them immune, but I don’t know how big an effect a fraction of the concentration would have. Of course given exponential growth rates, there might be far more critically ill patients than recovered patients. It might be possible to separate the antibody from the rest of the blood, or even grow it by infecting cells with covid19 in a lab. |
How to Ward Off the Flu
September 30, 2010
Flu season officially begins Friday, Oct. 1, and unlike last years season when shortages lead to rationing, there will be plenty of vaccine on hand for everyone who wants a flu shot.
"There are seven companies making flu vaccine this year and more than 160 million doses are expected for the United States," says Dr. Michael Koller, associate professor at the Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine in Maywood, Ill. "Thats more than ever."
Every flu season is different and there is no way to know in advance how mild or serious any particular season will be, Koller says. "You learn lessons from past seasons but you always have to have a healthy respect for the flu because in one weeks time, the situation can change dramatically for the worse."
This season the H1N1 strain, also known as "swine flu," is still around but its not as widespread. To account for its presence, this years flu vaccine will contain the H1N1 strain as well as two others the Perth H3N2 virus and the B Brisbane virus. "So only one vaccine is required, unlike the two that were recommended last year," Koller says.
Also, a new high-dose vaccine is available for people ages 65 and older, Koller says. The vaccine for seniors contains four times the amount of flu antigen (the active ingredient) as the standard flu shot. "An older persons immune system is not as robust as a younger persons, so when seniors get a standard flu shot, they dont generate as great an immune response," Koller says. "The immune response is what protects everybody two weeks after they are vaccinated."
"Flu is primarily spread by respiratory droplets," Koller says. "When somebody with influenza coughs or sneezes, out shoots this spray of flu virus that can infect anyone nearby. In addition to covering your mouth when you cough and covering your nose when you sneeze, its really important to wash your hands to decrease the spread of the flu."
"Once you have the flu, you never forget it," Koller says. "Usually those are the people you dont have to convince to get a flu shot because they never want to get it again."
"Some people get soreness or pain at the site of the injection. A smaller number of people will feel achy and tired," Koller says. "But all of those side effects are usually gone after two days. If its the first year that youve gotten the flu shot, youre more likely to get the side effects. In the subsequent years, youre much less likely to get them." |
Portrait Drawing Techniques For Children – Ages 9-12
21-08-19 kievartschool 0 comment
What would you think if I told you that children as young as age 9 years old can be taught how to draw realistic portraits of people? Impossible? You may think because of their age they have not fully graduated from drawing animation characters, and using color markers, and construction paper. Yes, your child can learn how to draw realistic people portraits using the (five tones of shading, a high quality black and white photo, 8 "x 10" plastic acetate sheet grid, gridded 8 "x 10" drawing paper, and a 1 / 2 "cardboard square viewfinder.) By using these basic drawing techniques and drawing materials your child will be able to draw a realistic portrait within two hours without taking any previous drawing lessons from an instructor, or ever picking up a sketching pencil and drawing paper .
Are you still puzzled? I was, and I am still puzzled today. I was an independent Art Teacher teaching at Michael's Art and Crafts, located in Waldorf, MD on Saturday's. I noticed in my area a lack of art classes available for children ages (5-12). Most of the art instructors taught art to individuals ages 13 to adults. But know one wanted to teach the youngger children, or it was hard to find an art teacher close by who would have the patience to teach younger kids, because of their short attention span.
I thought to myself. If a child can learn how to draw animals, landscapes, and animation characters using basic shapes such as a (circle, straight line, angle, curve, and square). They can apply these shapes to draw a realistic portrait of a person. I started reading articles on the Internet and other reference materials on how children learn how to read, write, and draw. I then incorporated my research into a six-week portrait drawing workshop for children ages (9-12).
I learned when a child learns how to read, write, and draw, everything is upside down, or right to left. In other words, they read from right to left instead of left to right. Instead of drawing right side up like adults do. A child will turn their photo upside down to draw, like they are looking in a mirror were everything in reverse. So I came up with a fun and creative portrait drawing workshop by combining children's games, 5, 10, 15 minute drawing time drills, grid line drawing, light and shadowing or toning, upside down reverse drawing, etc. I had to think like a child, and reverse the way I was taught how to draw into the way a child learns how to draw.
For example, by the fourth week of classes the students were ready for time drills. You say time drills that sounds like they are in military school. Not quite, time drills helps the student to focus on the shapes, expression, and movement of the subject without using shading. The basics of this technique is to remind the students to draw the subject exactly the way they see it without stopping. The students were given a cartoon character to draw in five minutes such as Mickey Mouse or any cartoon character. I would tell them not to rush because five minutes is a long time. Some students finished sketching the character in less than three minutes. If they finished before the five minutes were up they could go back for the two additional minutes to correct their mistakes and erase out unnecessary lines. The students would do this exercise for one hour alternating between (five to fifteen minutes time drills) sketching as many as six drawings or more.
Another great exercise is the upside down reverse drawing. The students were given a 8 "x 10" black and white photo, a plastic acetate gridded sheet, and 8 "x 10" gridded paper. The students were instructed to turn the photo upside down, place the plastic acetate gridded sheet on top of the photo. What they are now seeing is the photo divided into (8) squares (horizontally), and (10) squares (vertically). The number of squares on the acetate gridded sheet, should be the same number of squares on the grided paper. Instead of focusing on the photo the students are now focusing on the shapes, and tones of the subject in each square. The purpose of this exercise is for the students to draw and shade in the shapes exactly how they see it in each square. In other words, its like playing connect the lines, or connect the dots. Once the exercise is completed they now have a portrait of a person with the right placement of the eyes, ears, nose, mouth without spending time making corrections. All of the corrections of the portraits can now be finalized by turning the paper right side up and erasing unnecessary lines and heavy shading.
You may think that you need years of drawing experience to draw a realistic portrait. However, I found that to be false. I have taught students with no drawing experience, and some with a few years of drawing experience. Anyone with the desire to want to learn how to draw can do it. The three key points to remember is:
1) Patience – Go at your own pace. Do not compare yourself to other artists, or you will get frustrated and want to quit.
2) Technique and Style – Everyone has their own unique style. Choose a drawing or painting medium that you feel comfortable using. For instance, if you enjoy using oil painting, but feel uneasy about exploring with watercolors. Stick to the oil painting.
3) Practice – I always say this to my students. Practice makes perfect. Then practice again and again.
Article published on the Intuit Business Directory website (4/2/09). To see examples of my students artwork projects visit [http://www.yourelegantportrait.com]
Source by Tara Scott |
Adult Lang. Disorders & Cognitive-Based Dysfunction
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Adult Lang. Disorders & Cognitive-Based Dysfunction by Mind Map: Adult Lang. Disorders & Cognitive-Based Dysfunction
1. Aphasia Types
1.1. Wernicke's Aphasia
1.2. Global aphasia
1.3. Conduction aphasia
1.4. Transcortical aphasia
1.5. Anomic aphasia
2. Aphasia
2.1. Language disorder acquired after an individual has devloped lang. competence. "abscence of language"
2.1.1. not a developmental disorder
2.1.2. Not a motor speech disorder
3. Jargon
3.1. the use of real words put together without any meaning
4. Right-Hemisphere Dysfunction(RHD)
4.1. aphasia battery
4.2. damage to the right cerebral hemisphere(non dominant)
4.3. treatments are more limited
5. Traumatic Brain Injury(TBI)
5.1. damage to the brain from the impact of external forces
5.2. leading cause of death and disability in U.S.
5.3. can go undetected- open and closed-head injuries
6. Dementia
6.1. chronic, progressive decline in memory, cognition, language and personality resulting from CNS dysfunction.
6.1.1. mild, moderate, severe
6.1.2. Treated with some perscriptions and speech-language therapy helps with deficits.
7. Prosody
7.1. melody, intonation, and rhythm of speech.
8. Alzheimer's Disease(AD)
8.1. Chronic, progressive brain disease; affects 4.5 million Americans.
8.2. Usually at 65+
8.3. Information processing tasks help
9. Delirium, Dementia, Depression
10. Dysphasia- impairment of language comprehension
11. Sarah Scott Videos
11.1. Suffered stroke at 18
11.2. With help of therapy and SLP, improved her speaking. Struggled with reading and writing.
12. Huntington's Disease
12.1. Meghan's story
12.2. Daniels's story |
The Dangers of Water Parks: How to Keep Your Family Safe
When the sun is beating down and you want to cool off chances are you may bring your family to the local water park. The wave pools and slides are a terrific way to freshen up on a hot day, but there are several subtle dangers of water parks you may not be aware of.
Sure, we all know not to run or roughhouse to prevent slipping. But chemicals and microorganisms in the water itself can pose potential health hazards for you and your family. Read on for the rundown on these lurking dangers.
Chlorine is a chemical used to treat water for cleanliness, but more and more studies show that chlorine exposure in large doses can be dangerous for the general public. Chlorine can cause red eyes and skin irritation after a few short minutes, and prolonged inhalation of chlorine fumes can cause and exacerbate allergies and asthma.
When traveling to a water park limit your children’s exposure to chlorine. Don’t allow them to stay in the water for hours on end. Break up your activities throughout the day by grabbing a meal or riding a dry ride if you’re at a larger amusement park. After dipping in to the pool, be sure to shower and rise off at a shower station. The water may still have chlorine in it but hopefully at much lower levels, helping to alleviate the harmful effects of chlorine in pool water.
We’re sure you know that sunscreen is essential when spending time outside. With all the splashing around and water-based activities at a waterpark, children’s protective layer of sunscreen can be washed off quickly. In order to protect your kids make it mandatory to reapply sunscreen after three hours, even two hours depending on the SPF, your skin tone, and the degree of direct sun exposure.
This rule applies even for indoor water parks. While enjoying indoor water parks you may notice that the roofs are see-through and allow sunlight in. Being inside is no excuse not to lather up and protect your family’s skin from sunburn and skin cancer.
Waterborne Illness
Unfortunately there are countless bacteria and microorganisms that can be transferred through the water at your local water park. Everyone is sharing the same water, which is fertile breeding ground for cryptosporidium, E. coli, Legionnaires’ disease, and other microbes to grow and spread. Symptoms can range from vomiting and diarrhea to life-threatening seizures.
As a rule of thumb, don’t let your children swim if they have diarrhea or have had it in the last week. Take your children to the restroom several times throughout the day to make sure nothing ends up in the pools. Illnesses are generally transmitted through urine or fecal matter entering the water. When swimming, inform your children to not swallow any pool water (or to open their mouth underwater at all, if they can help it).
Athlete’s Foot
The wet concrete that everyone walks over in the water park is coated in fungus. Moisture is the perfect breeding ground for athlete’s foot, and if you’re not careful you and your children will go home with more than a souvenir mug. Athlete’s foot is painful, itchy, and especially troublesome for children.
Encourage your kids to wear flip-flops or shoes they can wear in and out of the water. Avoid that concrete if you can, and get your family members’ feet nice and dry as soon as you leave.
If you decide to venture out to a water park follow this advice to reduce your risk of falling victim to waterborne dangers. |
There can be no mistake that electrification in automotive applications is here to change the world of transportation as we know it. Whether we utilize electrification to assist or replace the internal combustion engine, modern vehicles will include additional high voltage wiring and components that, at some point in their service life, may require maintenance, diagnosis or repair.
Electrified powertrains should not be feared but more so relished for the diagnostic opportunities they present such as charging errors, contactor failure, inverter malfunctions, insulation and earth bonding faults.
Naturally, training is fundamental to diagnosis and the electrified powertrains are no exception as we require new skill sets to acquire revised measurement techniques using alternative test equipment.
One such piece of alternative test equipment, that will be new to many, is the Two-pole Voltage Detector from Pico Auto, which is designed to categorically prove the absence of voltage (zero potential) when following the correct test procedure.
Zero potential testing is arguably one of the most important measurements you will ever make, as your life literally depends on it! In order to qualify the absence of voltage a robust test sequence, in conjunction with the TA466 Two-pole Voltage Detector, will ensure beyond any doubt that your vehicle/machine is shut down.
So how can you use the Two-pole Voltage Detector to qualify the absence of voltage?
The Two-pole voltage detector is the go-to tool once you have followed the manufacturer procedure for shutting down the vehicle/machine you want to test. At some point during the shutdown process, we are asked to qualify the absence of voltage at the specified measurement point.
Before attempting the following test, please follow the relevant safety procedures with the appropriate PPE:
1. Reach for the Two-pole Voltage Detector and inspect the device for signs of damage.
The attached test leads of the voltage detector are double insulated and black in colour. Do not use the voltage detector if the test leads reveal the white inner cable.
1. Press the button at the base of the voltage detector to illuminate the LED torch above the LCD display.
2. Join the voltage detector’s probe tips together. The device will respond by illuminating the display and sounding an alarm.
3. We now place the probe tips across a known good low-voltage source, such as a 12 V battery. The display will illuminate blue (indicating a safe working voltage) and display the acquired value.
4. You can now use the voltage detector to measure the high-voltage test points of the vehicle/machine under test as per the manufacturer’s instructions.
If no voltage is present, the voltage detector will not respond. If it detects a voltage between 3 and 36 V AC/DC the display will illuminate blue. Should it detect a dangerously high voltage (above 36 V AC/DC) the display will illuminate red and the alarm will sound.
1. The final check is to qualify that the voltage detector is functioning correctly by once again measuring across a known good low voltage source. If the display illuminates blue it confirms the integrity of the device.
To watch the entire procedure above, please visit the new Electric Vehicle Guided Tests within PicoScope 7 version 7.0.59 or later. You can download the latest version of the software here. In the Guided Test menu, click on the Electric Vehicle icon, select Safety Tests > 0 V potential and open the “Guide and settings file”. Within this Guided Test you will find a link to a supporting video describing the application of the voltage detector.
As you can see, zero-volt potential testing requires a disciplined and robust measurement routine to ensure beyond a reasonable doubt that the acquired results are both accurate and verified.
So, what are the advantages of the Two-pole Voltage Detector and why can I not just use my multimeter?
The short answer here is that you can!
However, the potential for erroneous test results increases given the number of the variables presented to the user of the multimeter.
Whether you are a Master Technician or an Apprentice, the potential for mistakes in a pressurised working environment is inevitable (we are all human).
Let’s assume you apply the multimeter to the relevant high-voltage test points of a vehicle but you have set the dial to display AC voltage!
Or how about the test leads of the multimeter, what if they are not in the correct ports on the meter?
In both cases, the multimeter will read either low or no voltage suggesting the vehicle is shut down and safe to dismantle! The word “shocking” does not do such a measurement error justice!
The following video describes the numerous pitfalls of using a multimeter instead of a Two-pole Voltage Detector to confirm the absence of high voltage.
I hope you found this information useful. If you want more information on our EV measurement solutions and a glimpse of how automotive electrification is changing our world, I suggest the following links: Electric Vehicle (EV) kits and accessories on our website and Welcome to EV on the Automotive Support Forum.
Take care, |
Summary: Two brothers in the family had entirely different viewpoints on the way a situation was handled. The difference led them in two different directions. How they resolved the problem in the end may be representative of today’s situations.
March, 2007
“Two Points of View”
Luke 15:11-31
INTRODUCTION: Today our scripture is a well-known parable that generally focuses on the younger son who is labeled “the prodigal son” but he is only part of the story. We start with his journey, but it extends to the whole family.
According to Jewish custom by law the oldest son would get 2/3 of the property and the youngest could have expected to get the remaining 1/3 of the property, but an early request may have been less than 1/3 (Deut. 21:17). The division of the property was normally at the father’s death although some divided earlier and retired. In this case, the younger son initiated the division of property showing his disregard for his father’s authority as head of the family.
The father had the right to KETSATSAH or disownership of a son. Could be what is meant in vs. 24 by the son being called “dead”--at least the son did not expect to be coming back once he left.
What understanding can we get from the different “points of view” brought out in this story that we can apply to our lives today?
1. The Point of View from the Younger Son: Just what is a prodigal?
A prodigal is someone who recklessly throws away what he has. The younger son did that very quickly. He threw away not only his inheritance but also his relationship with his family. When he asked for the inheritance, he was rejecting his father. Then by moving to a distant country he was rejecting his Jewish Heritage as well. He quickly became caught in a downward spiral.
At the point of departure the prodigal didn’t even know what he had thrown away or that he had thrown anything away. He just wanted to get out of town away from his father breathing down his neck, away from any danger of interference from home. He wanted to be independent of his father’s control and advice.
As long as his inheritance lasted, his inner monitor was silent. “Do what I want, when I want, and it’s nobody’s business. I’ll do as I please.” That was his point of view at the beginning of his journey.
He began his downward spiral by heading for a far country where he would be free--or so he thought. Things happened in stages.
APPLICATION: Sometimes we wonder why people will not turn to the Lord even when many people are praying for them--even when people are inviting and encouraging them--why does it not seem to phase them? We wonder, why doesn’t God turn that person around quicker--why do people go from bad to worse and still not change. Why? You might wonder the same thing about yourself --Why is it so difficult for me to respond to God’s promptings in my life? Why do I continue on in the same pattern? The same thing happened to the younger son. He progressed through several stages before he “came to himself” and realized where he was and what he had lost.
Could the father have talked him out of leaving?
Could he have refused to give the inheritance in the first place?
He didn’t seem to try to stop him. Maybe he knew that this younger son had to find out for himself and experience his own pain. This happens today in families and parents often blame themselves when their children take the prodigal route.
The first step downward was the son’s waste of all his resources, but that didn’t seem to stop him. He partied and had lots of friends while the money lasted. It is interesting to note that it was only after the money ran out that the FAMINE also hit the land. Up until this point, he was not hurting all that much, but when the famine hit, scripture says he BEGAN TO BE IN NEED. At this point things were getting worse, and he was beginning to feel the pinch personally--but that still was not enough to bring him to see things differently. He would just go find a job and things would be OK again. He could make it on his own.
How many times do we feel SELF-SUFFICIENT in our need--we can make it on our own--don’t need God all that much. I can take care of it on my own. He was successful in landing a job, but it was not a good job. To a Jewish person it was the most humiliating job he could have come up with--feeding the pigs. He still had his PRIDE--he was not ready to go home yet--there would have been shame in a return home.
How many times does our PRIDE keep us from something better--because of PRIDE and SELF SUFFICIENCY we would rather continue on the downward spiral.
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Super-Fast Shipping Comes With High Environmental Costs
Black Friday may be over, but there's still a lot of Cyber Monday left. And companies like Amazon and Walmart are touting free two-day shipping to entice you to click buy on that must-have item.
M SANJAYAN: The problem with that is that it does not allow for the most efficient method to be used to ship those goods to us.
CORNISH: That's M. Sanjayan, CEO of Conservation International. He studied the environmental effects of super-fast shipping with the University of California.
SANJAYAN: While online shopping does have a smaller carbon footprint than traditional retail shopping, it's only really better for the environment if you don't get rush delivery.
Sanjayan says trucks from online retailers may go out less than full to get you your products more quickly. But it can increase harmful emissions. And another aspect of online shopping, returned items, has the same effect.
SANJAYAN: We generally think online shopping is better for the environment because it saves you from driving around, trying to find a place to get things and all of that. That only works if you're not constantly returning things. So if you are a kind of person that buys a lot of things, tries them all out, then does multiple returns, then it's really not going to actually be better for the planet.
KELLY: Still, with a little patience, we can get the goods we love and try to help keep the environment cleaner.
SANJAYAN: By basically checking the take your time and deliver this to me in the best method possible would mean that the trucks are going to be filled to the brim with goods when they're being sent, and the company's going to use the most efficient way to get it there.
CORNISH: Some companies say that their big warehouses, called fulfillment centers, are located near their customers, thus cutting down on long-haul trucking. But Sanjayan says that's just shifting the problem.
SANJAYAN: The vast majority of stuff is still getting from Point A to Point B. It still has to get to those fulfillment centers.
CORNISH: A Walmart representative told us the company does a number of things to reduce its carbon footprint, like asking people to bundle their purchases and pick them up at stores. But Sanjayan also thinks companies can be more upfront when telling you there could be a greener way to ship your goods.
SANJAYAN: Wouldn't it be fantastic if there was a green button that when you go and shop online, whether you're shopping at Amazon or Walmart or any other store, you press that green button, and it assures you maximum efficiency within some reasonable period? So it says, within five days, we'll get this to you in the most efficient means possible. It would be even better if that green button also took some of those savings that the company is now seeing because they don't have to pay high shipping costs, and that savings is put back into the environment.
KELLY: And he says people can go even farther.
SANJAYAN: You don't need a pair of socks to get to you swiftly. It probably makes just as as much sense to get it to you efficiently.
KELLY: M. Sanjayan. He studied the environmental effects of super-fast shipping with the University of California.
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Topic: Walter Hagen
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Walter Charles Hagen (December 21, 1892 – October 6, 1969) was a major figure in golf in the first half of the 20th century. His tally of eleven professional majors is third behind Jack Nicklaus (18) and Tiger Woods (14). He won the U.S. Open twice, and in 1922 he became the first native-born American to win the British Open, which he went on to win four times in total. He also won the PGA Championship a record-tying five times (1921, '24-'27), and the Western Open five times when it had near major championship status. Hagen totalled 45 PGA wins in his career, and was a six-time Ryder Cup captain.
Hagen was born in Rochester, New York, and came from a lower-class background. He developed his golf game at the Country Club of Rochester, beginning as a caddie, and earned money to help support his family from pre-teen age. Hagen played golf at every chance he got; caddie access to the course was limited to off-peak times, as it was elsewhere in the U.S. during that era. Hagen gradually improved his golf skill to the stage where he was an expert player by his mid-teens, and was then hired by the club to give lessons to club members and to work in the pro shop. He made his top-class professional debut at age 19 at the 1912 Canadian Open.
Hagen was also very skilled at baseball, primarily as a pitcher. He canceled a 1914 tryout for the Philadelphia Phillies in order to play in a golf tournament. Later that week, Hagen was the U.S. Open Champion, and his career was changed forever.
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Simple Advice On Good Gardening
You wish to make a fresh and healthy organic garden. You’ve come to the right place! The following tips and tricks will help prepare you for organic gardening success.
For in-home organic gardeners, you are looking for an ideal temperature of around 60-75 degrees for your plants. This is the optimum temperature to ensure strong growth. If you want to save money on gas bills in the winter, you can provide local heating for the plants with a heat lamp instead.
Organic indoor plants may need additional light sources to make up for the light they miss out on by being indoors. This needs to be considered. The amount of light available can determine which type of organic plants you should grow. For example, if your living area does not provide much natural sunlight, you could grow those plants that only need low to medium amounts of natural light to thrive. If your plants still need more light, there are always artificial light sources that you can use.
Sprouting seeds need less warmth than before. To ensure that your plants do not suffer shock, start eliminating the use of a heat source. Plastic films should be removed on the containers, as that helps to keep out humidity and warmth. Unless you closely monitor your seedlings, you may not move them in time.
Work properly in your garden. You do not have the time to spend an hour looking for each tool you need. Keep your tools well-maintained and stored away in a designated place. That way you always know where they are and they are ready to use when you need them. If needed, purchase a tool belt or heavy duty pants with plenty of pockets.
One of the most important things to consider when plotting your garden is to make note of your available space. It is easy to underestimate the amount of space that the plants will take up once they start to grow. You will also need to ensure that you allow ample space around full-grown plants for air circulation. Make sure that you map out your garden layout beforehand and place your seeds with an adequate amount of space in between each.
When the time has come to gather up the produce, you need to use an old laundry basket. Laundry baskets which have holes in them act as giant strainers for your home grown produce. Just rinse the produce right in the basket; the water will drain through the holes.
Green Plant
Your compost pile should contain green plant materials and dry plant materials. Green plant material consists of spent flowers, veggie and fruit waste, leaves, weeds, and grass clippings. Dried plant material comprises shredded paper, cardboard, sawdust, and straw. Avoid using animal manure, charcoal or diseased plants in your compost.
When planting seeds, you should bury them three times as deep as their actual size. However, you should always know that some seeds cannot be covered, even the slightest bit, because they need to be in direct sunlight. Petunia and ageratum seeds need direct sunlight, for example. If you don’t know whether your seeds require sun exposure, check the seed package or search online for the information.
Create raised beds with stone, brick or untreated wood. When selecting wood, make certain you pick untreated products that have a natural resistance to rot. Some great choices to choose from are cedar, locust and cypress. If you use treated wood in your vegetable garden, the chemicals in the wood can make their way into the soil, and in turn, to your crops. You may have previously used treated lumber; if so, you should use a plastic liner to cover it.
Now you know a bit more about what you are doing in starting an organic garden. By reading and applying the information you have learned, you can go from a novice gardener to an expert-level organic gardener in no time at all. The different tips and methods you can use are endless, and as long as you can follow and implement the information correctly, you should have no trouble growing a fantastic garden this season. |
7 Stereotypes Regarding Wellness Supplement That May Not Be Constantly True
A supplement Această pagină web is actually everything manufactured for the objective of augmenting the food supply. An instance of a supplement is actually a natural food supplement, which is actually often prepped with all the important components and nutrients to enhance health and wellness as well as battle against health conditions.
A supplement has a lot of benefits over traditional wellness meals. Thus, individuals can easily utilize supplements without having actually to be actually involved about side results, which is commonly a worry along with conventional products.
There are some health supplements that are actually made use of to regulate blood stream tension. Some are used to help in weight loss.
Specific vezi această pagină health and wellness supplements are actually required to improve the body immune system. These may include medications like glucosamine, amino acids, and also even vitamins.
Particular ailments are alleviated along with natural herbs. Specific supplements also contain minerals and vitamins. These can easily assist in minimizing stress, blood pressure, and also cholesterol.
Certain nutrients găsiți mai multe could be secured from specific sorts of foods items, including omega fats, calcium mineral, vitamin E, and zinc. Others are actually gotten through consuming water.
Vitamins are crucial to improve the body system’s ability to overcome against disease. They can also assist in keeping health and also stop conditions. Vitamins could be acquired coming from food sources, such as veggies, fruits, and also fish, or even by taking supplements.
Physical exercise participates in a crucial function in maintaining a healthy body and mind. It assists the body system remove contaminants and maintain it match. It can assist in stopping ailments and also in minimizing the risk of building some serious diseases.
Consuming a healthy and balanced diet on a regular basis is the best technique to keep good health as well as prevent illness. A well-balanced diet regimen must consist of plenty of clean vegetables and fruits, whole grains, slim protein, and also slim milk products. Consuming these foods is the vital to suitable nutrition.
Healthiness supplements aid individuals in a variety of techniques. Among the means is actually to reduce tension and anxiety. Much of the health and wellness supplements include elements that have a comforting effect on the nerve system.
Other wellness supplements can easily help in reducing symptoms of hypertension as well as also lower the dangers of cancer cells and heart problem. Vitamins are necessary for healthy and balanced bones and also muscle mass. Other health supplements are actually utilized for enhancing the body immune systems as well as lessening the risks of heart disease.
There are many health supplements that are used for boosting mind. Others may have anti-aging properties and help in lowering cholesterol degrees, along with effective weight loss and boosting eyesight.
As far as vitamins are actually concerned, the only individual who must take vitamins is the individual themself or even herself. There are some items that are bad for kids or pregnant ladies. Such items should be actually prevented by any individual that is actually expecting or even breastfeeding.
Folks who have actually been actually detected with cancer and various other severe health conditions must consult their physicians before utilizing any type of supplement. If they have actually certainly not been tested appropriately, folks who go through from specific persistent sickness should never ever take supplements.
Most health supplements are actually certainly not inexpensive. There are some of them that are moderately valued and also provide substantial end results. A lot of these wellness supplements are actually readily available over-the-counter, yet it might take a couple of days or full weeks before the effects of the supplement will definitely be really felt.
There are actually health and wellness supplements accessible that can be taken by pregnant women to strengthen the premium of their little ones’ advancement. Many of the health and wellness supplements for pregnancy are accessible without a physician’s prescribed.
The majority of health supplements are actually not recommended for use through little ones as well as small kids. A vitamin supplement may be actually useful in the prevention of eye concerns as well as particular cancers, and also other major health conditions.
A few of the health supplements may likewise aid in advertising the growth of hair, skin layer, as well as nails. A person may experience some side effects coming from taking these supplements. A person’s mood can easily additionally be actually improved through taking these supplements.
In our modern-day world, there are a lot of types of wellness supplements to choose from to offer us an edge over our contemporary lifestyles and also our typically less active lives. Having said that, if you are still not knowledgeable about what comprises an effective diet plan for yourself, at that point it is great to be knowledgeable about the advantages of taking supplements.
All-natural diet plan supplements are actually made to supplement an existing diet plan while still offering needed to have nutrients to the physical body. A great supplement can give nutrients either acquired coming from synthetic or even organic sources, each one by one or in combination, to increase the amount of their daily intake.
Some all-natural supplements might be actually considered to be an unique type of meals. As an example, some meals supplements such as fish oil may consist of vital fatty acids that can easily assist in dealing with numerous illness and also problems like higher cholesterol, diabetic issues, joint inflammation, obesity, and hypertension. It may also have anti-aging features due to the fact that these nutrients help the body regrow itself. Some vitamins and also minerals might assist build up the immune system to ward off the popular cold.
Some people think about natural supplements to become a kind of medicine given that a few of them have active ingredients that have actually been verified to offer wellness benefits. Instances of organic supplements include vitamin A, vitamin C, zinc, anti-oxidants, choline, and natural extracts.
One typical wellness complication that numerous individuals may possess at some aspect in their daily life is actually irregularity. If you wish to steer clear of these health complications, you should try taking a supplement that includes fiber.
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HTML documents are plain-text, also known as ASCII files, that can be created using any simple text editor like Notepad or WordPad on Windows. It is best to create your code with these simple text editors as opposed to Word or WordPerfect, which may reformat your code as you create it. You are probably wondering how any lowly text editor could design such sophisticated-looking Web sites. Well, it’s the Web browser that determines how the page actually looks. The browser reads the text, looks for HTML markings, then visually displays the page according to the instructions.
The only drawback to this is that it is impossible to know what your page will look like when it is done. Fortunately, you can do a test run on a browser before you actually publish your page. It’s not a perfect scenario, but it works.
You will also need access to a Web server to get your files on to the Web. Contact your local internet provider to see if you can post your files free of charge.
The tag is a code that describes how the images and texts are going to appear on your site. For example, if you want a certain word or block of text bold, you would type it as follows: (the tag for bold is <B>)
<B>Welcome To My Web Page</B>
The first <B> instructs the browser to make anything after it appears bold. The second </B> (notice the backslash to denote an ending bracket) tells the browser to stop the bold instructions.
Tags denote the various elements in an HTML document. An element is a basic component in the structure of a text document. Elements can be heads, tables, paragraphs, and lists; and they may contain plain text, other elements, or a combination of both.
An HTML tag is made up of a left angle bracket (<), a tag name, and a right angle bracket (>). They are usually paired to begin and end the tag instruction. For example, <H1> and </H1>. The end tag is similar to the start tag except that a slash “/” precedes the text within the brackets.
Some elements may include an attribute or additional information inside the start tag. For example, if we wanted to create a table using HTML, we would use the table tag, <table>. We could add attributes to the tag to define the border and width of the table, as in: <table border=2 width=100%>.
Mark-Up Tags
* HTML–This announces to your browser that the file contains HTML coded information. The file extension .html also indicates that this is an HTML document and must be coded. The final tag in your document will be </HTML>.
* Head–The head element identifies the first part of your HTML-coded document that contains the title. The title is shown as part of your browser’s window.
<title> my web page </title>
* Title–The title element contains your document title and identifies its content in a global context. The title is usually displayed in the title bar at the top of the browser window, but not inside the window itself. The title is also what is displayed on someone’s hotlist or bookmark list, so choose something descriptive, unique, and relatively short.
* Body–The second and largest part of your HTML document is the body, which contains the content of your document (displayed within the text area of your browser window).
* Headings–HTML has six levels of headings numbered one through six, with one being the largest. Headings are usually displayed in larger and/or bolder fonts. The first heading in each document could be tagged <H1>.
<H1> This displays a large font </H>
Additional code here
* Paragraphs–You must indicate paragraphs with <P> elements. Without them, the document becomes one large paragraph. Your browser doesn’t acknowledge carriage returns, so when it comes across a spot where you pressed Enter, it will just keep reading the text until it comes to <P>. You can also use break tags (<br>) to identify a line break.
* Lists–Sometimes you’ll want to present your information in the form of a list. HTML lets you create unnumbered, numbered, bulleted, and definition lists.
* Tables–You can also set up data into tables. HTML reduces multiple spaces to a single space and doesn’t pay attention to tabs. You can use rows and columns, however, and that will work in most situations. Refer to your selected text for more information.
When you display images on your Web page, they don’t actually appear on your text editor. All you do is add a tag to the document that basically says “add image here.”
Use the image tag and define the source, which is the location of where the image is located.
<IMG SRC=”A:myimage.gif”>
This HTML tag will display the image named myimage.gif, which is located on the A: drive.
This is the backbone of all Web pages–creating the ability for your user to link to other locations, whether it be relative (within your own Web site) or absolute (to some other Web site). Here is an example.
This bit of HTML code will display the words “Go to AOL” on your page and will be linked to the AOL Web site. The user can click on these words to complete the link.
Although there is much more to know about decorating” and designing your page for optimum beauty and presentation, hopefully, you understand what HTML is about and how to go about making use of it. The concept isn’t too far out-once you grasp it you should zip through the basics in no time.
Last year marked a revolution in back-end design. The major force behind this change was not just a need for better functionality but for a better process in Web development. In an industry survey from 1999, Web startups found that 80 percent of their budget was typically spent on development costs. These companies also observed that the best site redesign every two months. The enormous development costs got people’s attention. Complex, transaction-heavy sites were demanding better processes. The old one-tier sites with static HTML or just CGI were fading away, and even the newer, two-tier systems like flat ASP or Cold Fusion were becoming impossible to keep clean and updateable.
What is meant exactly by tiered site architecture? The three aspects of any site are presentation, logic, and data. The further you separate these areas, the more layers, or “tiers,” your system has. The earliest Web sites were static HTML pages, with maybe some small logical piece running HTML forms through a Common Gateway Interface (CGI). Sites like the initial CERN Web site and many university Web sites still combine presentation, logic, and data in one layer. The problem with this approach is that when you change any one aspect you have to wade through all the rest. For example, if you want to change the site’s presentation (i.e., do a redesign), the code and data are also affected. Two-tier architecture sites, like the early HotWired and current sites like and, divide the site into two layers: a combined presentation and logic layer and a separate database. This was an improvement over single-tier architecture, as changes in content (publishing a new article, for example) only affected the database and didn’t impact the site’s logic or design. But a change in the site’s design still risked messing up the logical portion.
Enter the three-tier system, perhaps best exemplified currently by base technologies like ATG Dynamo, and now cropping up everywhere. Amazon and E*Trade are two sites that are now fully three-tier. In this system, designers and information architects work on the front layer or interface of a Web site, programmers and software architects work on the middle layer, and integrators and database designers work on the back end. The three-tier system is currently a great way to make the three pieces of Web development (front, middle, and rear) operate with some independence from each other. This independence allows sites to be built more quickly and also permits one tier to be altered without rewriting the others. Nam Szeto, creative director at Rare Medium in New York, notes that “if more strides can be made to free up the display layer from the business logic layer, Web designers and developers can enjoy more freedoms building sophisticated and elegant interfaces that aren’t wholly contingent on whatever happens on the back-end.”
Working within a good three-tier system permits designers to develop a dynamic interface in a meaningful, malleable way, taking into consideration the ultimate purpose of the site, and working with–not against–the structure of the site’s data and content. The two most important components of back-end functionality that specifically affect the designer’s job are transactions and content management. In order to have a site that can be at all affected by the people who use it, the site must be able to handle transactions. Content management allows a site’s editorial staff to keep the content fresh by rotating news, posting articles, and updating information. Whether it’s an experimental site to express oneself or a retail site that delivers products to customers, both of these components–transactions and content management–will affect how ultimately compelling the user-experience is and how flexible the front-end can and should be.
Transactions allow a user to take actions that affect the site or the real world: pay a bill, buy a product, or post a message to a bulletin board–they are an integral part of a site’s interactivity. Usually, transactions involve HTML pages that present a face for an application server, which then does the actual work. (An application server is a generic framework that allows the installation of custom software components that provide the functionality necessary in a transactional site.)
Content management, the second task of back-end technology, is the be-all and end-all of sites like online newspapers. Workflow is also a part of this picture, permitting articles in a newspaper to be entered by a reporter, proofread by a proofreader, modified and approved by an editor, and posted to the site by another editor. The workflow also allows a story to be published live and on schedule, and retired to the archive at the appropriate time. A number of systems have been built to handle content management on the Web. A system called Vignette is one of the largest, and though it is two-tier, it performs workflow and content management very well. In the future, the popular content management systems, including Vignette, will begin relying more and more on Extensible Markup Language (XML) and will make their systems fully three-tier. This bodes well for sites that combine content and transaction.
Besides workflow, another important subcategory of content management is templating, which means finding all the pages in a site that share a common format and creating a single template that encapsulates the common design elements and contains some tags or code to pull in dynamic content. “A great templating architecture is essential not only for content management but for all the disparate development areas of a dynamic Web site,” says Lisa Lindstrom of Hyper Island School of New Media Design in Sweden. “It makes designers, producers, and developers use the same terminology and will make the content gathering easier for the client.” Microsoft’s Active Server Pages (ASP), Sun’s Java Server Pages (JSP), the open-source PHP, and Allaire’s Cold Fusion are all engines that enable templating, but if the ultimate goal of a site is to become truly three-tier, only ASP and JSP or variants allow for this type of structure.
There are other areas of back-end development, such as using open architecture, that can aid in the implementation of a three-tier system and allow more freedom for front-end creatives. Open architecture means that programmers write custom code to plug into the application server to deal with existing or third-party systems. An open system allows two pieces from different vendors to work together. Misty West, community director for, a new site serving whole foods markets, says, “Open architecture on the Web represents global success where Esperanto failed. Open architecture isn’t just central to the Web, it is the Web.”
Finally, having an application server that is easily clusterable also helps sustain the health of a three-tier system. This means that as the site develops, more machines can be added to serve more people, and the software on all those different machines will still work together. Three-tier systems are much easier to build and maintain, but they put more burdens on a system, so more hardware will be needed as the site grows. The best current candidate for meeting these requirements is the class of application servers, based on Java, known as Enterprise Java Bean (EJB) Servers. These use an object-oriented middle layer that meets the Sun standard and uses Java Server Pages (JSP) for the presentation layer.
In short, if you are a designer who wants to work with a team that builds useful, dynamic sites, an understanding of three-tier architecture is essential. Three-tier sites are functional for the user, but also make creativity and constant improvement possible for the designer. These sites have useful and powerful back-ends that won’t entangle you in creative restrictions. And that is the ultimate purpose of a three-tier architecture. |
Domestic Work, Sexual Abuse, and Exploitation
Increasing understanding of child domestic workers, including their experience of sexual abuse and transitions to sexual exploitation; and engaging partners in designing programs to prevent exploitation and support child domestic workers.
From a Community of Practice to Movement Building
Building and strengthening networks for girl-centered programming that builds protective health, economic, cognitive, and social assets of the most off-track adolescent girls; implementing tools, conducting workshops, introducing technologies, and documenting experiences.
Harnessing Data to End Child Marriage
Deepening understanding of the diversity of experiences of child, early, and forced marriage and the effectiveness of interventions to build an evidence base for policies, programs, advocacy, and investments. |
What is Crochet Blocking? Learn How To Do It
What is Crochet Blocking and How to Do It. Find out why and how you can do it in your crochet project in 3 different ways! Crochet wet blocking, steam blocking and spray blocking.
What is Blocking in Crochet And How to Do It | Written
What is Crochet Blocking?
Blocking can be defined in so many ways as it is used in several studies and fields. A volleyball and a basketball dictionary describe it as a technique to stop an opponent from scoring.
Whereas, in theatre arts, it means the position of an actor onstage in such a way that he/she and the actions done are visible to the audience at all times during the play.
However, when it comes to crochet-making, crochet blocking is the process of shaping your crochet into the shape and style that you desire.
It is an important process a crocheter must know. Moisture and heat, design, and yarn type used will play a role in your choice of crochet blocking technique.
How to Do Blocking in Crochet
Materials to start blocking in crochet
Before you begin learning about how to do blocking in crochet, let us first list down the materials you’ll need when you try it on your own:
• Pins
• Blocking mats or you can also use yoga mats
• Steamer or an iron steam
• Spray bottle
3 Ways to Block in Crochet
The first thing one must consider in crochet blocking is the yarn used. Too much heat may cause your acrylic yarn to lose its quality, while others like cotton yarn need water or steam for effective blocking.
You can now choose among the three crochet blocking techniques in which you can do to preserve your crochet creations better: Crochet wet blocking, Crochet Spray blocking and Crochet Steam blocking.
Crochet Wet blocking
Wet Blocking! by Tanis
1. Crochet Wet blocking
1. First, soak the project into a bowl of water or in a washing machine. Don’t rinse yet!
2. Then, get two towels. Insert the crochet in between the two like a sandwich. Like making sushi, slowly and carefully roll your crochet to remove the excess water.
3. When it has no more excess water, spread it flat on the table and gently pat it into the shape you want.
4. Keep it that way by putting pins on it.
5. Lastly, leave the crochet overnight to dry out. The process may be quicker if you use a fan to dry your crochet.
Crochet Spray blocking
Tutorial: Blocking Knits by KnitPicks
2. Crochet Spray blocking
This is somehow similar to crochet wet blocking without the soaking part.
1. The first step is to pin the crochet onto the blocking mats based on the shape that you want it to have.
2. Use water from a spray bottle to make the project wet.
3. Then, similarly, you’ll have to leave it overnight to dry. You can also use a fan!
Crochet Steam blocking
How to Block Knitting and Crochet by Edie Eckman
3. Crochet Steam blocking
This is a faster strategy for blocking compared with the other two. Best for those who work with cotton yarns.
1. You must pin first the crochet into the mats according to your desired shape. Ensure that the pins are spaced uniformly apart and close to one another.
2. Pat the seams gently and the areas where it is needed.
3. Afterward, use the steamer or steam iron and begin putting some heat on the fabric by hovering it slowly on top of the surface of the crochet project.
Be sure not to let the steamer or steam iron touch any part of the fabric.
4. Lastly, let it cool for about 30 minutes.
Falling flowers spring shawl uses blocking in crochet technique
Falling Blossoms Shawl by byaccessorise
Now, that is how you do blocking in crochet-making! It’s like stopping the fabric from making any more movements that will ruin the shape you created for it to have.
To try out what you’ve learned, you can make this beautiful ‘stingray’ shaped shawl pattern. Can you believe that this elegant shawl only uses basic crochet stitches and is very easy to follow?
Here are the materials you will need to create this 40x46x29 inches (23 inches depth) shawl:
What is Blocking in Crochet And How to Do It | Written
Falling Blossoms Shawl by byaccessorise
Now you already know what is blocking in crochet and how to do it, try it on your crochet projects!
You can have whatever shape you’d like for your crochet now that you have learned the process of crochet blocking.
There are a lot of models and inspiration patterns around for you to apply in your crochet.
Get your finished crochet or get your crochet hooks… whichever way, don’t forget to add the finishing touches by applying this What is Blocking in Crochet And How to Do It! |
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In 1650, Pope Innocent X Pamphili launched a tender for the construction of the Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi.
This pontiff had been elected in 1644 and had immediately repudiated the works of his predecessor Urban VIII Barberini, whereby the main members of that family had to flee to France, where they were protected by the powerful cardinal Mazarin.
For all the great works planned in the city, Francesco Borromini was preferred to Gian Lorenzo Bernini who was considered to be the architect of the Barberini family.
The design of the fountain was initially entrusted to Borromini, but with a smart stratagy Bernini managed to win the job.
He sent to Donna Olympia, widow of the pope’s brother and his most listened to advisor, a silver model of the fountain with caves, lions, palms and the obelisk above. The Pontiff, seeing the model “by chance”, was enthusiastic and entrusted Bernini with the work.
The fountain was paid with the proceeds of the taxes on bread, wine and other consumer goods and inaugurated in 1651.
Francesco Borromini designed for the family the large Palace on Piazza Navona, where the Brazilian Embassy and the Church of Sant’Agnese are now located.
In the ten years of his reign, Pope Innocent X was concerned with greatly enhancing the wealth his family, but also with enriching the city with works of art.
To direct these acquisitions was Donna Olympia, widow of the pope’s brother and according to popular rumours lover of the pope.
Donna Olympia was very greedy and for a decade she was the most powerful person in the state, whoever wanted to talk to the pontiff had to go first to her.
The family properties ranged from the palazzo in Piazza Navona, to the Palace on Via del Corso, to the immense Villa Pamphili, with the Casino del Buon Respiro, to the fiefdom of San Martino al Cimino.
In 1647 Cardinal Camillo Pamphili, son of Olympia and nephew (or son) of the Pope, met another Donna Olympia Aldobrandini, young widow of Prince Paolo Borghese.
And despite the contrary opinion of the mother, having obtained the necessary papal dispensation, he married her thus abandoning the cardinal’s robes.
The pope accepted the wedding, but fearing quarrels between the two Olympias, he sent the spouses to live in Frascati at Villa Aldobrandini.
He called them back to Rome a few years later, and in fact the two Olympias came to disagreements but it was always the mother-in-law who had the upper hand and remained the only lady in the papal court.
In 1654 Donna Olympia also bought the fiefdom of Alviano with its castle.
Withdrawing from Rome after the pope’s death in January 1655, the Roman curia attempted to at least partially regain possession of the wealth accumulated by Donna Olympia at the expense of the Papal States, but to no avail.
She refused to pay even the pope’s funeral expenses. The new pope, Alexander VII had Donna Olympia confined to San Martino al Cimino where she died two years later from the plague, leaving billions to her heirs and content for many popular legends.
In 1651 Camillo Pamphili bought the fiefdom of Valmontone. His daughter Anna married a Doria (from Genoa) which would begin the Doria Pamphili dynasty, which would cease its blood line in 2000 with Orietta and continue with her adopted children.
Villa Doria Pamphili of the Municipality of Rome is the largest public park in the city, after that of the Appia Antica, but the building of the Villa is closed to the public as it is used by the Government for official meetings.
It is amazing to note how the greatest masterpieces of this city were born from corruption and robberies. |
He wants to threaten and intimidate anyone and everyone who is in his way at the moment. Sounding like of a steak sizzling on the grill, it ⦠They have five potential weapons (their teeth and all four clawed paws) compared to a dogs sole weapon of his or her mouth. You’re on the couch, petting your purring cat just like you have on many previous quiet evenings. Or has he become more aggressive, more irritable and short-tempered lately? In these cases, a cat is in a hyper-aroused state by some sort of external stimulus—an animal outside, squirrels running by that he can’t chase, a frightening noise or smell. These are all very dangerous scenarios, which is why it is important never to provoke an angry cat. This makes handling the paws stressful for cats. When they do not want someone in their space or they do not want you to touch them, a growl is their way of communicating this. They declawed her as a ⦠If they are near her or near any area the the oldest female cat likes. Cats may view other pets in the household â birds, gerbils and guinea pigs â as prey and become agitated when they're near them. Although this type of aggression is often associated with male cats who haven't been neutered, any adult cat may bully others in the household over territorial conflicts. The nose is a furry creature's conduit of affection. Is your cat hissing or growling when you touch him, pick him up or move him? Cats with this syndrome are extremely sensitive when touched along the spine, down the back, and to the base of the tail. -Fear aggression is triggered by a cat who perceives a threat that he or she cannot escape. -Petting-induced aggression, the type described in the opening paragraph, occurs when a cat who enjoys being pet suddenly changes his or her mind. Arthritis, dental disease, trauma, and infections are just some of the conditions that can cause pain and subsequent aggression when a cat is touched, or thinks he or she might be touched, in a painful area. While you can’t always control the causes of the anxiety, owners can often give the cat the space he or she needs to wind down without injuring anyone. If a cat is acting in an aggressive manner, calmly leave the situation as soon as possible. In either case, you want to avoid interacting with a cat exhibiting these postures as they are on the brink of moving on to the real damaging moves. Why Does a Cat Keep it Is Tail Hanging Down?→. Purring is a soft, low rumbling sound that almost all cats make. Predatory aggression. I have 3 cats and a dog, my 1 cat is only 6 yrs old with no medical problems other then the anxiety disorder. Is he avoiding your touch? There are no breed, sex, or age predispositions for developing tail trauma, although outdoor cats have a higher risk for experiencing tail trauma than indoor cats. These postures include: stiffened legs, hackles raised, moving toward you, staring at you, upright ears, growling, and a stiff tail. 9 years ago. Hiss. In your blameless state, you walk by and wind up on the receiving end of this pent-up outburst, seemingly out of nowhere. If you attempt to touch a cat that is in pain because of an injury, disease, or disorder, it may greet you with a growl. If a cat just isn't in the mood for play time, he may growl as a way to express to you, "I just don't really feel like it now." Then, before you know what happened, she hisses and bites your hand. Cats who growl when you try to move them, block doors, or bite you when you pay attention to another pet may be asserting themselves in this manner. A defensive cat is often experiencing fear or anxiety about a situation that may or may not be apparent to you. Aggression is the second most common feline behavior problem seen by animal behaviorists. You can be the recipient of fear-based aggression even if you’re not the one causing the anxiety. Hi, my cat hisses,bites,growls,licking her paws,flicker her paws,and runs to hide after playing and touching her front paws and back. If a cat attempts to attack in any way, seek medical attention immediately. The vocalization may not have any aggressive undertones at all. Brought the kittens home around 1:00 pm. You can compare it to a catâs purr, meaning that your dog is emitting pure pleasure and happiness. If your cat has a clean bill of health, your veterinarian can refer you to a behaviorist who can help determine the triggers of aggression and the steps you can take at home to resolve the problem. However, cats may still hiss out of aggression. It also can be a precursor to an actual physical attack. Growling is often an offensive stance in felines. Cats can bit⦠She can examine your cat and make sure he does not have a medical condition causing the unwanted behavior. A cat in attack mode can move with startling speed and aggression, and inflict extensive damage in a very swift period when the mouth and all four paws are engaged. This isnât a warning you should ignore because cats usually use growling as the last resort before attacking/defending. If the growl is especially extended, this is especially likely, so stay alert. In these cases, the cat may be warning you of possible danger he perceives to be on the horizon. Growling is oftentimes also just a sign of abject fear. These postures may be a clue in pinpointing the trigger for the aggressive behavior, as well as a much-needed warning before future attacks. Growling can also occasionally indicate annoyance. The clinical signs seen can include: Rippling of the skin over the back. Source(s): https://owly.im/a0rY7. She has recently started growling and ⦠If you notice a cat growling in a low, almost gravelly manner, it may not be a sign of aggression -- at least perhaps not towards you. Cat paws are highly sensitive. Muscle spasms and twitching. If you're an enthusiastic cat lover who isn't exactly well-versed in speaking "cat," you're not alone. Growling isn't just a warning for someone -- whether a person or another animal -- to go away. So I fed their breakfast around 10:15 am, they both ate it and kept them in my bedroom. Although cat aggression is sometimes taken less seriously than dog aggressionperhaps because cats are smaller and dont pursue people to bite themaggressive cats can be formidable. Cat Growling When Touched. Carina. It could also be that your cat has a sore on him that hurts when you touch it, or that there is something wrong inside of him that hurts when you press on it. Ok, so today we had a nose to nose with both females. Something about you (something youâve done in the past or are still doing) means that the cat perceives you as a threat. They are basically saying that they need you to back off. If you notice any significant change in vocalizationâyour cat could be ⦠A hiss occurs âwhen a cat exhales a burst of air through the mouth, causing a noise that sounds similar to a snake hiss,â explains Dr. Marci Koski, a certified feline behavior and training professional with Feline Behavior Solutions in Vancouver, Washington. Inter-cat aggression. He may simply be terrified about whatever situation he is in. If your cat resents the new kitten that you just adopted from a pet shelter you should not panic since it is natural cat behavior. Defensive postures are intended to make a cat look smaller and position herself in a protective manner. Tail. Copyright 2020 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. Don't stare and don't touch -- just leave the scene pronto. My calico cat age 2 appears to have a knot on her mid section and does not like anyone to touch her stomach. It can be a sign that he is ⦠That can be normal. In addition to pain, cognitive decline, a loss of normal sensory input, or neurological problems can all lead to aggression. A cat who is growling, hissing, or spitting is a clear sign that the cat is agitated, frightened, or angry about something. When a painful spot is touched, they may turn quickly, growl and bite. We rescued her a few years ago from being abandon by her previous family. Cat scratches and bites can be very dangerous and lead to harmful infection and other ailments, so don't take chances. Held very low or ⦠Taking a full and complete history about where the cat was located and what was happening right before the aggressive behavior began is a key component in determining the cause. While often directed at other cats, people and other animals may be the subject of the aggression as well. 0 0. It's being a few months since either of my two cats saw foster kittens. While cats can live healthy lives into their late teens and even early 20s, there comes a time when your pet will begin to decline, either due to old age or a progressive or terminal medical issue. Then, before you know what happened, she hisses and bites your hand. Triggers may include introducing a new pet or even a new person into the house, a recent move, or new cats in the neighborhood. My cat growled when he was picked up this morning, on a hunch My cat growled when he was picked up this morning, on a hunch, I touched his tummy and he growled and tried to get away, he did pee in the litter ⦠read more dvs1986 If the growl is especially extended, this is especially likely, so stay alert. Cat aggression is truly no laughing matter. The Humane Society says that cats have a wide variety of vocalizations that they use for communicating, both with other cats and with humans. As I said, growling is merely a way of communicating oneâs needs, either positive or negative. My older female cat wont stop hissing and growling at the younger female cat and even the older boy cat. Today I brought home two foster kittens. But animal experts know that the royal fur balls put up a really good poker face and, contrary to their apparent apathy toward life, our feline friends actually do feel pain. If you notice a cat growling, don't be surprised if he also swats, hisses, scratches or bites. When a cat is behaving offensively, he essentially is attempting to look like the tough guy. If your cat is growling, chances are, he is not happy about something. Behave cautiously around a growling cat, especially when children or other animals are around. The cat may not be feeling aggressive at the moment. When Siouxsieâs hips are bothering her, she only ⦠If a cat is growling at you, it's basically a sign for you to scram. What gives? Cats don't usually hiss to show dominance or threaten other animals. What happened to turn your mild-mannered cat into Cujo? You may also elicit a growl from your pet when you touch a specific area. There is no mistaking the intent of a catâs hiss. She turns on her side as you rub her belly, and she kneads her paws in contentment. Youre on the couch, petting your purring cat just like you have on many previous quiet evenings. But at home, cats can use a tell-tale sign: growling. However, most cats react with immediate aggression if their paws are touched unexpectedly. This is especially important if the feline is stray or feral. Instead of trying to change the catâs behaviour, change your own. Muscle trembling normally occurs in response to irritants or emotions and is not necessarily related to any medical condition. -Status aggression occurs when a cat attempts to run the house. Typically speaking, a cat hisses to show their disdain of somethingâor someoneâbut there are other reason why your cat is hissing.Changes in behavior are always a cause for concern among cat parents, so letâs break down why your cat is hissing to help youâand themâout ASAP. Also these symptoms happens when during cold weather. You should smile and accept this honor, as the knight who kneels beneath his king's sword. In these cases, the cat may be warning you of possible danger he perceives to be on the horizon. When the nose approaches, you should not falter. Involuntary muscle trembling, officially known as fasciculation, describes a condition in which muscles tremble, twitch, or spasm uncontrollably. Then the old cat came downstairs and the new female gave her low growl and the old cat ran back up. Take children and other pets out of the situation as soon as possible. Unfortunately, aggression is not uncommon in felines; in fact, it’s the second most common reason for a visit to a behaviorist. Tail trauma in cats is usually the result of accidental injury. What gives? She turns on her side as you rub her belly, and she kneads her paws in contentment. These postures may include: crouching, flattened ears, turning away from the person, hissing, swatting at you, raised hackles, or a tucked head. It’s thought that the repetitive motion over time turns from pleasant to irritating. Read an overview of the condition. If you notice a cat growling in a low, almost gravelly manner, it may not be a sign of aggression -- at least perhaps not towards you. Either way, trying to punish a cat for hissing will only make it more upset, and likely to hiss even more. Depending on the cat, it may be a very quiet murmur or so loud you can hear it across the room. A cat growling and hissing is usually a cat who's scared. Each cat is unique and has its personality. Want to learn more about the diagnosis and treatment of aggression in cats? Cats may growl if they are feeling frightened or trying to deter a threat. Offensive postures make a cat look big and intimidating. This can be a learned behavior based on past experience, and you may not be entirely sure exactly what the cat is fearful of. All cat owners know that cats only have three modes: 1) doesn't care you exist, 2) purring cat cuddle time and 3) devil incarnate. Vocalization â Growling, Hissing. Pleasure growling is characterized by a low, affectionate growl that may be paired with a moan and can continue on for a longer period of time. Cat aggression falls into a number of categories. In addition to the painful nature of cat bites and scratches, they can also transmit diseases such as cat scratch fever or serious bacterial infection. The Humane Society of the United States: Cat Chat, Arizona Humane Society: Understanding Feline Body Language. she has been pooping out of the litter box for bout 7-8 months now. In many cases, simply being aware of the early signals of a cat about to freak out gives you the chance to remove yourself from the situation before it escalates to violence. The mysterious language of cats is confusing and will often have you scratching your head for hours, although one thing is definitely for certain -- growling is never, ever a sign of happiness. Erect, fur flat: Alert, inquisitive or happy. They were upstairs and there was a little his from the new female, but they touched noses and then both retreated, one to the bedroom and the new cat downstairs. Here are some common reasons why your cat is hissing or growling at the new kitten: 1. For cats, exposing their belly makes them very vulnerable. You can also often feel a ⦠We all know that cats meow, and we most certainly know that they hiss, too. -Redirected aggression is one of the most unpredictable and dangerous types of feline aggression. This can occur in cats and other companion animals for various reasons. It only needs a proper introduction of the cats, coupled with lots of patience. The first stop any time a cat shows these aggressive signs without obvious provocation is your veterinarian. Another reason why cats growl is to give a warning to either another cat or a human. -Aggression with a medical origin is also common. -Territorial aggression happens when a cat feels an intruder is infringing on his or her territory. :-) Cats hiss and growl when they feel threatened. Although owners often report a cat attacking out of nowhere, cats often exhibit subtle changes in body positioning before launching into an actual act of aggression. We left for a week in Christmas which we do every year and when we came back My oldest female has been aggressive to the other cats constantly even attacking them. What happened to turn your mild-mannered cat into Cujo? Pain is the most sudden medical cause for sudden aggression, particularly in older cats or those who have always had a calm temperament. Growling is first and foremost a warning. So I have two cats at home. The paws pick up all manner of sensory input from the ground, using vibrations to complement other senses, such as their hearing. While hissing is more common, it may be accompanied by a growl, which just adds to the threatening appearance of the cat. They usually hiss when they feel vulnerable, frightened, or in pain. With patience and some good detective work, many cats are quickly back in everyone’s good graces. Sudden aggression in cats is a scary and frustrating problem for many owners, who fear the unpredictable nature of the kitty fury as well as the physical damage he or she can cause in the throes of an attack. A sick cat might stick to one sleeping position. Fur standing up: Angry or frightened.
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Quick Answer: How Much Should A 1 Year Old Eat At Each Meal?
What portion size should a 1 year old eat?
Here’s an average toddler-sized meal: One ounce of meat, or 2 to 3 tablespoons of beans.
One to 2 tablespoons of vegetable.
One to 2 tablespoons of fruit.
One-quarter slice of bread..
What should a 1 year old eat in a day?
What are some snack ideas for my child?Whole grain cereal or oatmeal with milk.Bite-sized pieces of leftover cooked beef, chicken or tofu and soft cooked vegetables.Milk or yogurt-based fruit smoothies in an open cup.Plain yogurt with pieces of soft fresh fruit.Applesauce with whole grain crackers or roti.More items…
What fruits can a 1 year old eat?
Slice bananas, clementines, strawberries, peaches, or mango, and slowly introduce them to your child. Avoid large pieces of fruit, as they may pose a choking hazard. Cut grapes into halves or quarters and never feed these to your child whole. If your child doesn’t immediately take to the new fruit, don’t stress.
How many tablespoons of food should a 1 year old eat?
A good general rule is to serve about 1 tablespoon per year of age for each type of food offered. See the table below for specific examples. Always start with one serving of each food and then let the child decide how much to eat.
How much should a 1 year old weigh?
By one year, the average weight of a baby girl is approximately 19 pounds 10 ounces (8.9 kg), with boys weighing about 21 pounds 3 ounces (9.6 kg).
How much should a 15 month old eat in a day?
Continue to give your 15-month-old three meals and two snacks per day. Give her a daily variety of foods in all food groups—vegetables, fruits, grains, protein and dairy. Doctors say most toddlers need approximately 1,000 calories per day—give or take—or about 40 calories for each inch of their height.
How many words should a 12 month old say?
Most children speak their first word between 10 to 14 months of age. By the time your baby is a year old, he or she is probably saying between one to three words. They will be simple, and not complete words, but you will know what they mean.
What should a 1 year old eat for breakfast?
Breakfast MealsYogurt parfait- greek yogurt, fruit, granola, flaxseed and a little honey.Banana and sweet potato muffins– these are super yummy and healthy. … Whole grain bagel with cream cheese, fruit and hard boiled egg.Oatmeal muffin, has oats and fruit. … Whole wheat pancakes with applesauce.More items…•
How much solid food should a 12 month old eat?
In brief: Feeding your child at 1–2 years. At 1 year, solid foods – including healthy snacks – are now your child’s main source of energy and nutrition. He can take between three quarters to one cup of food three to four times a day, plus one to two snacks between meals.
What should my 12 month old be eating?
Babies readily eat cereal, cooked noodles, soft breads, and rice. It’s just as easy to give them enough dairy, since babies this age are still drinking 16 to 24 ounces of breast milk or formula a day. But don’t forget to serve extra protein in the form of chicken, fish, beans, or eggs.
What is overweight for a 1 year old?
For toddlers: Underweight = BMI below the 5th percentile. Healthy weight = BMI in the 5th to 84th percentile. Overweight = BMI in the 85th to 94th percentile.
What can I give my 1 year old instead of formula?
Milk. One-year-olds no longer need formula, and can now switch to whole milk. Some toddlers never drink milk; if that’s the case with your child, please don’t force it. Toddlers need the nutrients in milk — calcium and protein — but these nutrients are also available from other sources.
What should I feed my 1 year old for lunch?
Lunch½ sandwich sliced turkey or chicken, tuna, egg salad, or peanut butter.½ cup cooked green vegetables.½ cup whole milk.
How much water should a 1 year old drink?
A: According to the Institute of Medicine’s Dietary Reference Intakes for Electrolytes and Water, the Adequate Intake (AI) for water for children aged 1 to 3 is 1.3 liters per day; that’s about 44 fluid ounces, or the equivalent of 5-1/2 8 ounce cups of water.
How much milk should a 1 year old drink?
Milk is now mainly just a drink and source of calcium and vitamin D. About 8 to 10 ounces is a reasonable minimum of whole milk consumption (especially if other dairy products are being consumed), and the most a toddler should drink is no more than 24 ounces of whole milk per day.
How many eggs can a 1 year old eat a day?
One egg contains approximately 9 percent of a baby’s daily iron requirements, 60 percent of their daily folate requirements, 12 percent of their daily omega 3 requirements and 43 percent of a baby’s daily protein requirements. So, just one egg each day is a powerhouse of nutrients.
What should you not feed a one year old?
Is there anything I shouldn’t feed my toddler?Slippery foods such as whole grapes; large pieces of meats, poultry, and hot dogs; candy and cough drops.Small, hard foods such as nuts, seeds, popcorn, chips, pretzels, raw carrots, and raisins.Sticky foods such as peanut butter and marshmallows. |
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Make an example for each phrase or sentence structures
• Running behind: late
EX: Her alarm clock didn’t wake her on time, so she was running behind.
• Running scared: being worried that you’ll lose at something
EX: After they lost two games to the Colorado Rockies, the Philadelphia Phillies were running scared in the baseball series.
• Running the show: being in charge
EX: He spent so much time working at the food pantry that he was soon running the show when the leader became sick
• Run it by me again: repeat something
EX: I didn’t hear what the speaker said about my car. Can you run it by me again? |
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