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1653 Rhodes Map of Tonkin, Vietnam - first significant specific map of Vietnam! Carte du Royaume d’Annam, comprenant les Royaumes du Tumkin et de la Cocinchine. - Main View The first specific map of Vietnam! 1653 (undated) 16.5 x 13.5 in (41.91 x 34.29 cm) 1 : 3345000 An extraordinary rarity, this is the Alexander de Rhodes and Pierre Mariette 1653 map of Vietnam. This is considered the first specific map of the Kingdom of Annam, or Tonkin, what would later become North Vietnam. Coverage extends from roughly Quảng Ngãi, north to the Chinese border, and west as far as Laos and Cambodia. This map represents a major milestone in the mapping of Vietnam and would prove the underpinning cartography of this region through the mid-19th century. Alexandre de Rhodes Mission in Tonkin Cartographically the map is based upon a combination of older cartographic data and firsthand reconnaissance by the Jesuit Missionary Alexandre de Rhodes, who established the first Catholic mission in Tonkin between 1627 and 1645. Before Rhodes, the Gulf and Kingdom of Tonkin was almost entirely unknown to Europeans. The Portuguese (based in Macao) and later the Jesuits established trading and missionary relations with the rival Champa Kingdom (near modern day DaNang in Central Vietnam), but due to political tensions between North and South Vietnam (Champa and Tonkin, respectively), did not initially venture further north. In fact, the islands marked on this map, 'Polociampeilo and Pulocatan' are the northernmost point of Portuguese exploration and the marker by which earlier rutters directed navigators to turn northeast, bypassing the Gulf of Tonkin entirely, en route to Macao. Rhodes was sent to establish mission in Tonkin in 1627, after the Jesuits were expelled from Tokugawa Japan. His mission was reportedly successful, but his missionary work eventually ran contrary to traditional Vietnamese values, and he was expelled from Tonkin. Nonetheless, during his long tenure in Tonkin, he developed previously unknown understanding of the country, language, terrain, and peoples. The Cartography Although well trained mathematically, Rhodes appears do have completed few if any calculations of geographic coordinates. The coastline is roughly similar to that presented on previous general map of the region, with the Gulf of Tonkin jutting like a wedge into the mainland. It is the inland cartography that is here most significant. The map extends from the border with the Champa Kingdom, roughly near modern day Hoi An, north as far as Macao, what would become Hong Kong, and Yunnan, though encompassing the totality of Rhodes' Chochinchina travels. He is the first to lay a groundwork for the inland cartography of North Vietnam / Tonkin, detailing provinces, major cities, river systems, and political affiliations. The major North Vietnamese city, Tonkin (Hanoi) is noted. As is the central highland range that divides the 'civilized' coastlands with the supposedly barbarous tribal peoples, noted here as the Kemoy'. The Mac Rhodes also notes the rebel province of Cao Bang (Cav Bang) where, when he was living in Vietnam, hosted the Mac family redoubt. The Mac overthrew the le dynasty in 1527, usurping the throne. Although eventually expelled and forced into exile, they Mac family retreated to their strongholds in the mountainous Chinese border province of Cao Bang. They remained a thorn in the side of the Trịnh kings until finally suppressed in 1667 - well after Rhodes' return to Europe. The Wall West of Cao Bang is a great wall labeled 'Entrée des Tunkinois dans la Chines'. Roughly corresponding to Lạng Sơn, this fertile valley was the pathway of armies. Although changing hands multiple times, the Lạng Sơn corridor was the primary overland gateway to China, and the source of constant consternation to the Trịnh Kings of Tonkin. Later, it was similarly problematic to the French. Even the name of this map, 'Annan', which would later become 'Annam' is derived from the Chinese term for 'pacified peoples'. Giovanni Battista Bonelli In the upper left here is a note referring to another Jesuit Father, Jean Baptiste Bonel (Giovanni Battista Bonelli; 1589 - 1638). The note roughly corresponds to the upper Mekong and Laos in the vicinity of Luang Prabang. Bonelli met his end exploring an overland route from Tonkin to Vientiane (Laos) in 1638. Publication History and Census This map was engraved by Jean Pruthenus Somer and drawn by Pierre Mariette in Paris for publication in Alexander de Rhodes, 1653 Divers voyages et missions en la Chine et autres royaumes de l'Orient, avec son retour en Europe par la Perse et l'Arménie, the first and most important Jesuit description of the Kingdom of Tonkin. Two examples of the separate map are cataloged at the Bibliothèque Nationale de France. We have identified a single instance of this map appearing on the private market. In 2017, an example sold at auction in France for roughly 13,000 USD, before buyer's premium. A once in a lifetime opportunity. Alexander de Rhodes (March 15, 1593 - November 5, 1660) was a French Jesuit father, mapmaker, historian, and lexicographer active in Vietnam in the early 17th century. It is believed that he may have been of Jewish descent. Rhodes was born in Avignon, France and took Jesuit vows in 1612. He sailed to Macau in 1623 with the intention of joining a mission in Japan. When the Shogun banned missionary activity, Rhodes was redirected to a growing Jesuit mission in Hoi An, near present day Danang, then part of the Champa Kingdom, Chochinchina. Rhodes stated at the mission in Chochinchina mission from December 1624 to July 1627). The Champa Kingdom (Chiampa) in south central Vietnam, and the Tonkin Kingdom around Hanoi, were then at war and travel between the two kingdoms impossible - in fact there was a wall. Rhodes then set sail northward, traveling all the way to Macao, before turning south to the largely unknown Kingdom of Tonkin. There he established the first Jesuit mission in Tonkin. He remained in Tonkin in March 1627. He became one of the first Europeans to become proficient in Vietnamese. In July 1630, the Viet king, Trịnh Trán, accused him of spying for the Nguyễn of the Champa Kingdom and exiled him from Tonkin. More likely his Christian teachings were taking hold in court and threatening the polygamas values of Vietnam. Taking refuge in the regional Jesuit center in Macao, where he composed a history of Chochinchina. When political tensions lessened in 1640, he returned to Tonkin, traveling throughout the country, often in disguise. Rhodes left Vietnam for the last time in 1645, returning to Rome in 1649. Rhodes published two maps, a tiny map measuring 12 x 18 cm for his 1650 history of Tonkin, and in partnership with Pierre Mariette, a much larger and more detailed map published for his 1653 Divers voyages et missions du P. Alexandre de Rhodes. This second map is considered the first significant published European map of Tonkin. Later in life, Rhodes helped to found the Paris Foreign Missions Society in 1659. As neither the Portuguese nor the Pope showed interest in the project, Alexandre de Rhodes, with Pope Alexander VII's agreement, found secular volunteers in Paris in the persons of François Pallu and Pierre Lambert de la Motte, the first members of the Paris Foreign Missions Society, who were sent to the Far-East as Apostolic vicars. Rhodes was sent on a final missionary voyage, to Persia. He died in Isfahan in 1660 and was buried in the New Julfa Armenian Cemetery. Learn More... Pierre Mariette (1569 - 1657) was a French publisher and engraver active in Paris during the first half of the 19th century. Mariette established himself as successful publisher of art prints, but decided to turn his energy to map with the purchase of Melchior Tavernier map plates in 1644. Tavernier had partnered with Sanson before his death and Mariette followed suite. Around 1644- 1648 Mariette partnered with Nicolas Sanson, a then nascent figure in French cartography, to produce folio maps and atlases. The Sanson-Mariette relationship depended upon Sanson to draw and obtain rights for the maps while Mariette engraved them and paid for the expensive printing process. The two then shared rights to the maps into perpetuity. The finished copper plates were split between two such that neither could publish an atlas without the other's assent. The relationship seemed reasonably amicable until Mariette's death in 1657, when disputes arose between Sanson and Mariette's heirs. A court battle finally returned the most of the plates to Sanson's own heirs in 1674. As a consequence, some printings feature the Mariette imprint, others the Sanson imprint, and still others both imprints. Learn More... Jean Pruthenus Somer (fl. 1650 - 1663), aka Sommer, also known as Jean Somers Pruthenus ('Pruthenus' means 'A Prussian), was a Prussian engraver active in Paris in the middle part of the 17th century. Somer worked extensively for Sanson and Mariette, for whom he was the principle map engraver. His imprint appears many of Sanson's most influential maps. Learn More... Rhodes, de, Divers voyages et missions en la Chine et autres royaumes de l'Orient, avec son retour en Europe par la Perse et l'Arménie (Paris: Sébastien et Gabriel Cramoisy) 1653. Very good. Wide clean margins. Meinheit, H., 'Unveiling Vietnam: The Maps lf Alexandre de Rhodes,' The Portolan, Spring 2006. Bibliothèque nationale de France, GED-7972.
What Causes Bad Breath and How to Get Rid of It Date: 6th. Jan.,2017 If you wonder why people keep their distance from you or why that perfect date didn’t end so well, the cause could be bad breath. After dental caries and gum disease, bad breath or halitosis is the most common ailment for which people consult a dentist. In fact, halitosis is said to plague one person in four around the world! Even though halitosis is easy to avoid, it is so widespread because many are not even aware that they have bad breath. Since you get used to the smell of your own breath, it is very difficult to detect bad odour. Moreover, it is the source of anxiety, embarrassment, and low confidence for those suffering from it. How to Check If You Have Bad Breath? Most people check how their breath smells by breathing into cupped hands and sniffing immediately after. However, this method is not effective since you’re acclimated to your breath. To be more effective, you can use any one of the following methods: Wrist Method: • Start by washing your wrist and wipe it dry. This is to eliminate any external smells from perfume, sweat or cologne. • Now, lick your wrist and smell it after 10 seconds. • If it has a bad odour, then you suffer from halitosis. And, if you smell nothing, then your breath is fine. Tongue/Cheek Swab Method: • You will need either a spoon, cotton swab, toothpick, or a Q-tip for this method • After selecting one of the above, gently rub your cheek or far back of your tongue • Wait for one minute and smell the selected object • The smell of your breath would be the same as the smell of the object Besides the methods mentioned above, you can also ask for an honest answer from someone you’re close to like a spouse, sibling or parent. What Causes Halitosis? In order to prevent bad breath, it is vital to know what is reason for it. Here are some of the most common causes for halitosis: 1. Poor Oral Hygiene The most common cause for bad breath is poor oral habits. When you don’t brush and floss regularly, food residue stuck in your teeth is not removed properly. The bacteria in your mouth feed on the stuck food particles and produce compounds that leave a foul odour. Continued food particle accumulation also leads to cavities and other periodontal diseases. 1. Dry Mouth The most distinguishable symptom of dry mouth is a rough cotton-like feeling in your mouth. If your saliva flow slows, your mouth becomes dry and causes bad breath. Saliva is a natural cleanser that keeps your mouth moist, preventing odour. Excess alcohol and coffee consumption, mouth breathing, medicines, or diseases like xerostomia can cause dry mouth. Products like Wet Mouth can also help in keeping your mouth moist. 1. Smoking and Chewing Tobacco Over time, tobacco products leave their distinct odour in the user’s mouth, which is also called ‘smoker’s breath’. The tobacco and chemicals released during tobacco consumption reduce the salivary flow and cause dry mouth, which in turn, causes halitosis. 1. Certain Kinds of Food Some foods like garlic and onion can cause bad breath, too. While these are relatively temporary and superficial, these odours can also last for days. By brushing after consuming such foods can help in eliminating bad breath. 1. Dentures and Other Dental Appliances When you use dentures or dental appliances, it is easier for food particles to get stuck. As mentioned earlier, stuck food cause mouth bacteria to thrive and release bad odour. In addition, it is more difficult to brush and floss with dentures. Special toothbrushes like Clinsodent Brush and interdental brushes like Thermoseal Proxa are great tools for brushing your teeth when you are using dentures or braces. You can also use denture cleansers like Clinsodent Powder and Clinsodent Tablet to clean your dentures and kill the odour-causing bacteria on its surface. 1. Systemic Causes Though uncommon, halitosis or bad breath can also be a result of systemic causes like uncontrolled diabetes, lung infections, persistent cold, gastroesophageal reflux disease, ketoacidosis, bronchiectasis, etc. This kind of halitosis will persist despite having immaculate oral hygiene. To get rid of bad breath caused by systemic causes, the underlying condition must be treated. 5 Tips to Prevent Bad Breath 1. Brush and Floss Regularly By regularly brushing and flossing, you can keep bad breath at bay. Following a dental routine removes the plaque build-up which is responsible for halitosis. But remember, by brushing too hard or too frequently (more than thrice a day), you can harm your teeth by damaging its enamel layer. 1. Rinse Your Mouth and Brush Your Tongue You should also use an antiseptic mouthwash like Hexidine as they not only freshen your mouth, but also eradicate any mouth bacteria. Moreover, there is a coating that forms on your tongue, which is full of smelly bacteria. By brushing your tongue using a tongue brush like Glosso Tongue Brush, you can tackle halitosis at its source as it gets rid of bacteria as well as dead cells. You can also consider using halitosis management kits like Halyx that contain all necessary tools like chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash (Hexidine), tongue brush, sugar-free gums, interdental brush (Thermoseal Proxa), and fresh breath spray (Wassup) to fight bad breath. 1. Quit Smoking and Tobacco Use Since tobacco is a major reason for bad breath, quitting its use is a no-brainer. Tobacco use is not only detrimental to your breath quality but it also stains your teeth, damages gums and causes dry mouth. Moreover, prolonged use also causes periodontal diseases and oral cancer. Since quitting is no easy feat, you can use nicotine patches or gums to keep the urge under control. 1. Stay Hydrated By drinking 8 to 10 glasses of water a day, you can keep your mouth moist. This will prevent bad odour and even tooth decay. To stimulate saliva production, you can also use sugarless gums or hard candy. However, make sure that you avoid sugary drinks. 1. Choose Healthy Snacks Instead of going for sugary and oily snacks, you can choose carrots, cucumbers, celery, or apples to satiate your hunger pangs. Crispy fruits and vegetables increase your saliva production, which keeps halitosis in check. Moreover, this approach will also help you lead a healthier lifestyle. So now that you know what causes halitosis and how to prevent it, you can effectively keep your breath fresh. 1. Cathy L. Bartels, Pharm.D. Xerostomia. School of Pharmacy and Allied Health Sciences, University of Montana – oralcancerfoundation.org. (last accessed 2013-06-10) 2. Rad M, Kakoie S, Niliye Brojeni F, Pourdamghan N. Effect of Long-term Smoking on Whole-mouth Salivary Flow Rate and Oral Health. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects. 2010 Fall;4(4):110-4. doi: 10.5681/joddd.2010.028. Epub 2010 Dec 21. 3. Tanaka, T. Journal of Periodontology, November 2010 4. British National Health Service, nhs.uk/conditions/bronchiectasis/Pages/Introduction.aspx 5. Mayo Clinic, mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bad-breath/home/ovc-20192359 6. British National Health Service, nhs.uk/conditions/Bad-breath/Pages/Introduction.aspx 7. Oral Malodour, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1570844/ Share This ! One thought on “What Causes Bad Breath and How to Get Rid of It” Leave a Reply 1 × 3 =
Neural Networks Give Self-Driving Cars Their Own Brains \| Koeppel Direct Neural Networks Give Self-Driving Cars Their Own Brains The future of self-driving cars may be in the hands, and minds, of machines. Although the concept of the self-driving car has been around for a while, it wasn’t until recently that machine learning was applied to the problem. What took months to teach a car in the past now only takes days, bringing the self-driving car closer and closer to commercial production for the auto industry. Machine Learning, Blessing or Curse? Google first employed machine learning on its self-driving car in order to teach the vehicle how to properly identify pedestrians, slowly incorporating the tech into different aspects of the software. However, newer self-driving car startups like Google vet Chris Urmson’s Aurora Innovation have been able to catch up quickly to companies long-involved in this research because they don’t have to go back and retrofit machine learning into older, hand-coded software. Instead, their car’s programming is built with machine learning from the ground-up, allowing for possibilities that are both impressive and intimidating. Machine learning works by feeding an immense amount of data into an algorithm, which then ultimately informs the types of decisions that the software will make. The problem with this approach is that because the calculations of these neural networks are so complex, they sometimes can behave unpredictably, which becomes exponentially more difficult to untangle than if a human performed some irrational behavior. Who’s at Fault in a Self-Driving Accident? One of the questions being raised by the Virginia Department of Transportation’s Transportation Research Council is this: in an accident between a car controlled by a neural network and one driven by, say, a human, can you explain why the car made the decision that led to the crash and ensure it won’t happen again? It seems to be a key question that’s on everyone’s mind. Without being able to understand what’s really going on in that neural network, it might be possible that something completely unforeseen occurs, but Aurora’s Drew Bagnell has one simple answer. “How do you get confidence that something works? You test it.” And, as it turns out, you also hire a few specialists who spend their days trying to trick the algorithm into doing strange things so they can figure out how to prevent them in the future.
History of Warrington WARRINGTON HISTORY: Warrington formally known as Waeringtun whose name means (settlement by the Weir), is the largest town in the county of Cheshire and is located 20 miles east of Liverpool, and 20 miles west of Manchester. Here we have detailed a brief history of our town, researched and written in the main by Tim Lambert. We hope you will find it interesting and enlightening to see how from humble small beginnings the town faced challenges and earned its reputation as “the town of many industries” with history books often quoting glass making, beer brewing, soap boiling, wire weaving, tanning and even ship-building and motorcycle-making as significant local industries! WARRINGTON IN THE MIDDLE AGES: In AD79 Warrington was founded by the Romans who built a settlement at Wilderspool, an important crossing place on the River Mersey. In 407 The Roman army began to leave Britain and the Roman settlement in Warrington was abandon around 410. Later, a new settlement was established by the Anglo Saxons, they named the town WALINTUNE which is the name found in the Domesday Survey of 1086.. At the time of the Domesday Book in 1086, Walintune was only a small village but in time grew larger and more important. St Elphin's Church existed by 1086 and probably much earlier. Furthermore, the Normans built a wooden castle at Warrington around 1070 AD. By the beginning of the 12th century, Warrington had grown into a small market town. In 1255, Warrington was granted the right to hold a fair. In the Middle Ages fairs were like markets but they were held only once a year and they attracted buyers and sellers from a wide area. From 1277 Warrington had 2 fairs. Sometime in the 13th century (the exact date is unknown) Warrington was given a charter. (A document granting the townspeople certain rights). In 1292 a second charter was established. Medieval Warrington was a small town with a population of several hundred and at that time was under the control of the Lord of the Manor. Then in the late 13th century Augustinian friars came to Warrington. When the Friary was established in the 13th century, the 'centre' of Warrington had started to shift from its medieval location in Church Street to land above the new Warrington Bridge / River Mersey crossing at Bridgefoot. Such a location was ideal for the Augustinian Friars who, unlike some religious orders, did not seek seclusion but preferred instead to live alongside busy thoroughfares where they could preach and collect donations from passing travellers. Although the friary building itself was modest in size, its grounds are believed to have stretched upwards from Bridgefoot to Friars Gate and as far back as Barbauld Street. In 1495, at the very end of the Middle Ages, a stone bridge was built over the Mersey. WARRINGTON 1500-1800: In 1526 a wealthy man named Sir Thomas Boteler left money in his will to found a grammar school in Warrington. In 1539 Henry VIII closed the friary. During the 16th century and the 17th century Warrington grew larger and more important. This was despite outbreaks of plague in 1613 and 1647. There was also a famine in Northwest England in 1623-1624, which led to many deaths. However, Warrington recovered from each disaster and continued to grow. Georgian Warrington was famous for its sacking and canvas industry and benefited from Liverpool’s growth by creating a large market for sailcloth. In the 1770s a writer said that Warrington supplied 'nearly one half of the Navy of Great Britain'. He also said that making pins was an important industry in Warrington. So was making 'locks, hinges, cast iron and other branches of hardware'. The writer said that near the town there was: 'A very large works for the refining of copper'. He said the glass industry and sugar refineries 'employ many hands'. John Wesley, a Methodist itinerate preacher visited Warrington on numerous occasions when travelling to Liverpool, Manchester and Chester to preach the gospel. Most of his preaching in Warrington took place in the old market place outside the Barley Mow pub. He also preached in three cottage rooms, all close to Padgate Lane, The three cottages appear to have been 5 Sankey's Cottages (demolished in 1970); an unnamed cottage, half way between the old and the new chapels, on the Padgate side of St. Oswald's car park, and a room behind the present Grange Mount, on the estate of William Bennett. His last visit was in 1792. WARRINGTON IN THE 19th CENTURY: By 1801 the population of Warrington was over 10,500, which made it a fairly large town by the standards of the time. It grew rapidly. In 1831 Warrington was connected to Liverpool and Manchester by railway and by 1861 its population grew to 26,000. By 1901 the population had grown to nearly 65,000. However, like all early 19th century towns Warrington was overcrowded and unsanitary. In 1810 a dispensary was opened where the poor could obtain free medicines. However, in 1832 there was a cholera epidemic that killed 169 people. However, life in Victorian Warrington gradually improved. In 1846 a company was formed to supply Warrington with piped water supply. In the 1860s and 1870s sewers were dug and in 1877 Warrington infirmary was opened. In 1847 Warrington was made a borough and gained a mayor and corporation. In 1848 the first public library opened in Warrington. In 1856 a Market Hall was built and in 1860, a 281 feet high spire was added to St Elphin's Church. The towns motto is found on the inscription on the coat of arms located on the golden gates at the entrance of the Warrington Town Hall states, ‘DEUS DAT INCREMENTUM’. The English translation for this inscription is taken from the book of 1st Corinthians in the bible chapter 3: verses 6-7 and reads ‘GOD GIVES THE INCREASE’. Warrington's history shows that increase has been at the very heart of life in this town since its inception. The linen industry continued. Some cotton was woven in the town but Warrington never developed into a cotton town like those further north. There was also a large soap making industry in Warrington. From the end of the 19th century gas cookers were made in Warrington. WARRINGTON IN THE 20th CENTURY: In the 20th century Warrington, like other towns, underwent 'de-industrialization'. Old manufacturing industries declined and service industries such as retail, education and local government grew rapidly. Then in 1968 it was decided to make Warrington a new town. People from Greater Manchester were moved to the town. As a result, Warrington grew rapidly and new suburbs and industrial estates were built. WARRINGTON IN THE 21st CENTURY: In the 21st century Warrington is still a thriving town. The Pyramid Arts Centre opened in 2002. Today the population of Warrington is 210,000. Warrington House of Prayer Erwood Street Call: 07827 – 338764 Email: admin@warringtonhop.org.uk • YouTube Social Icon • Facebook Social Icon Check Out Our Facebook and YouTube Pages Proudly created with wix.com
Bible class questions for Deuteronomy 16 1. Other than “unleavened”, what other word was used to describe the bread Israel was to eat during this feast? (Deuteronomy 16:3) 2. After reading verses 3, 4 and 8, it is clear no leaven was allowed, but why? (Deuteronomy 16:3-4, 8) 3. When you think about the Feast of Weeks’ connection to Israel’s slavery in Egypt, why do you think their offering was to be of a free-will nature? (Deuteronomy 16:10) 4. What emotion was meant to characterize the mood during the Feast of Weeks? (Deuteronomy 16:11) 5. Was anyone meant to be left out of the Tabernacle celebration? (Deuteronomy 16:14) 6. What condition were the hands of the men who appeared before God during the three feasts supposed to be in? (Deuteronomy 16:16) 7. What if the giver was not wealthy? (Deuteronomy 16:17) 8. What was the fruit of a harvest sowed with a bribe? (Deuteronomy 16:19) 1. Affliction 2. Possible the leaven served as a symbol for sin (although much of this analogy/typology seems to be found in the NT) but the simplest answer is because it reminded Israel about the importance of listening to God (along with the “hurried/ready to go” aspect of leaving Egypt) 3. As a slave in Egypt they farmed for others…in Canaan they would farm for themselves (by God’s grace – Romans 6:17-18, 22-23) 4. Rejoicing! 5. No 6. Giving (2 Corinthians 9:6-8) 7. They were to give according to what they had been blessed with (1 Corinthians 16:2) 8. Blind eyes to wisdom and the word twisting/perversion of the righteous/just
Korea’s traditional culture in “The Palace: Tales of Jang Nok-Su,” As Korea’s leading traditional culture and arts theater, Jeongdong Theater hold our high quality performances that give a modern interpretation to Korean traditional culture and art in high esteem. Especially our running program “The Palace: Tales of Jang Nok-Su,” a dance musical that shows the dramatic life story of Jang Nok-Su as she progresses from slave to member of the palace through traditional dances and performances. The show also shows different traditional games in between scenes. 1. Dapgyo Nori The show starts with women dancing while carrying lanterns, this dance is called the “Dapgyo Nori.” Dapgyo Nori is a nationwide tradition where people cross over a bridge in a town during the night of Jeongwol Daeboreum (the first full moon of the lunar calendar) to wish for a rich harvest and a long healthy life. It is also believed that if you step on the bridge, you can get rid of twelve months of bad energy. Look up to the sky and reach for the stars, look down to the earth and farm the land. This year’s a good harvest; next year’s a good harvest. Dear moon, bright moon, bright as daylight, This game dates as far back as Goryeo Dynasty. However, it differs in different provinces. For example, in Seoul, 12 bridges must be crossed but, in some provinces, crossing 3 or the oldest bridge is sufficient. 1. Plate Spinning and Bean Bag Tossing After the Dapgyo Nori, the actors invite two members of the audience to the stage and play the games together. Plate spinning is a very old traditional game of spinning a ‘plate-like’ object using a stick with a pointed tip of about 40cm, making it a game of concentration and stamina. The bean bag toss is also a lot of fun as the two audience members compete against each other to see who can put the most bean bags in each colander. At the end, participants get a prize. 1. Jeogeobi Nori Jeogeobi Nori is a festival associated with a type of doll or human figurine called a Jeongaebi or Jeonggyeongi that is made from straw and characterized by its oversized penis. During the Gyeonggi dodanggut, a ritual exorcism, the performers beat this doll at the end, sing a song, and carry it outside to burn it, an act which symbolizes the burning of ‘bad energy’. For our performance, a modern reinterpretation was created around this doll. Dodanggut was chosen because it retains the core Korean rhythm patterns and is well-structured in terms of musical techniques and the dance movements also show the basics of Korean dance movement. 1. Samulnori The play ends with an exciting samulnori performance. Samulnori is a street performance that was reborn in 1978 as a performance genre. The traditional piece of music played with four different types of musical instruments: The Korean word “samul” refers to four instruments ― the “jing,” a large gong; “kkwaenggwari,” a small gong; “janggo,” an hourglass-shaped drum; and “buk,” a barrel drum ― “nori” means to play. Thus, the meaning of the term is the playing of four instruments. Samulnori is often confused with Pungmulnori, but the two are quite different. Based on the name, the biggest difference is the number of instruments. In addition to the four instruments used in Samulnori, Pungmulnori adds Sogo and Taepyeongso and is a comprehensive game that combines dance, talk, play, play and ritual. In Samulnori, four people play indoors, but Pungmulnori often plays outside. Either way, both are a pleasure to watch. From the beginning of the performance to the final stage of the finale, our dances, our melodies, our culture, our play, etc. takes the emotions on a ride that is exhilarating and sometimes sad. Come watch <The Palace: The Tale of Jang Nok-Su> with the family and enjoy the ride. 0 replies Leave a Reply Want to join the discussion? Feel free to contribute! Leave a Reply
Who said that the fly has a brain? The common belief is that the fly catches with its eyes, the movement of the predator and sends the information to the brain. The brain processes the information and sends feedback to the muscles of the fly and the fly escapes. The weak spot in this concept is that the time needed for transferring data would probably be too long for the fly to survive. Does the fly use a different mechanism for its survival? We would like to offer an analogy with the world of automated Data processing or computing. In this world, we are present to the advantage of the embedded hardware over programs and applications • Speed and reaction time. • The ability to perform the same action, over and over again, exactly as it has already been tested and found optimal. We are going to show that it is possible for the brain of the fly to act as hardware like mechanism, rater then an application driven mechanism. The idea that leys in the foundation of the TOTEM theory, is that the fly, like any other living creature, including mankind, owns an embedded system that is basically a CPU and not a computer-like machine. The difference between a computer and a CPU is, in a nut shell that in a computer there is a distinction between the unit that uses "OPCODE" to process the data, which we call "CPU" and the units that are responsible for gathering data and storing it like "memory", "storage", etc. A CPU on the other hand is an autonomous unit that gets a signal that switches the junctions in the CPU and produces an output. The brain functions in a similar way, that in a Human environment is called "Reflex". Moreover, the brain "defines" for itself its reflexes. This information includes all together, the stimulation, the feeling and the automatic action that derives from the input signal. This end to end information, which is basically the complete experience from the triggering event, is organized as brain patterns, that we call Reflexive Brain Patterns RBP. Those RBPs are automatically triggered by a stimulus when a similar event or something that seems like a similar event occurs. [Although it seems as if this is another article about brain as a hardware quest, our final goal is to draw the layout] Once we have established this possibility, then it becomes logical to comprehend that the best way for the fly to maintain its survival, would be if the wing was part or a derivative of the brain. So when there is a signal that requires reaction, the reaction would be immediate and there will be no processing, only automatic action. Deeper observation will suggest that the unique structure of the eye of the fly, which is combined of a large number of lenses, allows a direct connection of each lens directly to single specific muscle. In more details, each lens triggers a specific nerve thread (a single "thread" out the many that construct the nerve), which relays the activation to the specific muscle, Thus, enabling a REALTIME response. ]. In spite of the fact that each muscle operates always the same, the large verity of lenses and muscles creates an almost unlimited number possible reactions. The world that is being described here, opens vast number of possibilities when it comes to the discussion over complex creatures. The brain is a derivative of DNA and not its fingerprint. TOTEMind Mission - Cultivating artificial intelligence, out of understanding the Human brain Yigal Efrati: Business, personal & family coach. Mail: yigalef@gmail.com Tel: +972-54-7855144
Education: Charter Schools a Colossal Failure by Dr. Lilburn Wesche, NNU professor emeritus Charter schools were initiated with great expectations. The original idea was to establish research or experimental schools which would not be subject to some of the antiquated or restrictive state or federal codes, such as requiring a certain number of minutes per subject, a specific curriculum, only licensed teachers, class size and other regulations. But it was not to be! After a decade of significant charter school growth, research and experience from around the country show that most charter schools are failing to explore better approaches to learning or to serve students with the greatest needs. Instead they are often disrupting communities, increasing racial segregation, and introducing new kinds of corruption into education, all the while producing similar or worse educational outcomes than public schools. The evidence is mounting that placing education in the hands of unelected privately run organizations whose pri-mary goal is profit or prejudice is a disaster for students, teachers, and communi-ties. In a society which values equality, deliberating setting aside public funds to establish elite or pseudo segregated schools flies in the face of the American dream. By emphasizing a narrow focus such as ‘classics’ ‘ liberal arts’ ‘mathematics’ ‘literature’ foreign languages’ ‘technology’ or specific themes such as ‘patriotism,’ or ‘essentials’, charter schools established parameters which assured them of a specific audience. Transportation problems and admission standards which require certain academic potential or performance further reduce the possibilities for special needs applicants and children of poverty. As a result, public schools become burdened with a far greater percentage of special needs students, second language learners, children with minimal or no parent sup-port, and who are ‘different’. Concentrating on a limited curricular focus at the elementary or even secondary level denies many charter school students sufficient exposure to a broad general education. Despite the restricted audience a number of studies indicate test scores of charter school students are little different or below public school scores and show no valid superiority. In fact, when scores are limited to students with similar advantages, public school students do better. The opportunity to establish a school outside the general system has enabled profit seeking promoters to attempt to privatize the public school system. These special interest groups, as well as others have created schools which discriminate, segregate, indoctrinate, generate elitism and limit student population. Worst of all charter schools have become a major movement to eliminate respect for diversity, to exclude those who don’t fit the norm. Granted, the concept of ‘all men are created equal’ put forth by our founding fa-thers really meant ‘all Caucasian, northern European male property owners’. But as a people, most of us, contrary to some politicians, do believe that ALL of us should be equal in opportunity before the law. There is a place for what charter schools were intended to do and it could readily be done by public schools. Districts or schools, rather than pseudo private charter schools, can be selected to pilot new ideas. Providing funds for research and incorporating those ideas which merit universal application needs only courageous, innovative leadership and adequate financing by state and local policy makers. Ideas such as mastery learning and continuous progress utilizing team teaching, year around schools, peer tutoring, small and large group instruction, professional development, flipped classroom, technology in the classroom, core curriculum, on line learning, blended instruction, and other strategies can benefit from carefully structured practice and research. Successes can be transferred so all students benefit. A major objective in every class and school in America should be to provide those knowledges, skills and qualities which will foster open mindedness, the capacity to think critically and be receptive to that which will make for a better world. Critical thinking begins with the question: Why? Why are we doing what we are doing, and how can we improve? Unfortunately, policy makers begin with the question: What are we doing and what needs to change that won’t increase costs? The takeover of the charter school movement by self interest groups and profiteers is an indictment of public school policy makers. Maybe it’s time for the public to open their minds to the vista of what could be and demand that education, not corporate greed, be our priority. Editor: Terry Gilbert Today’s Columnist: Lilburn Wesche, Ed.D. Contact: Dr. Lilburn Wesche, NNU professor emeritus, has been a secondary school teacher and administrator, university professor and administrator, and education consultant. He is past president of the Seattle Uni-versity and SW Idaho PDK Chapters and has served on committees and councils of numerous professional organizations.
Although the height of a person is determined by the person’s genetics, other environmental factors such as food and diet also have an influence kid talleron a person’s height. Eating a healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, poultry and dairy products can supply all the essential nutrients like calcium, potassium, zinc, manganese, vitamin C, phosphorus and proteins which are necessary for stimulating growth and increase in height. Dairy Products Milk and other dairy products like cheese, paneer and yogurt are essential for growth because they contain all the essential nutrients for height increase, such as calcium, proteins and vitamins A, B, D and E. Calcium is essential for growth and maintenance of healthy and strong bones whereas vitamin D is vital for absorption of calcium into the body from various foods. Therefore, it is suggested to drink at least 2 glasses of milk daily and include other dairy products in your daily diet. Eggs are a cheap and easily available source of high-quality protein that is essential for optimum growth. Eggs are a powerful source of vitamin D, calcium, and Vitamin B2 or Riboflavin, all of which helps in developing strong bones and a healthy body. It is recommended to consume 3 to 6 egg whites on a daily basis. As white albumin is 100% protein. Chicken is one of the best natural sources of protein available which helps build tissues and muscles. A person trying to increase height must consume at least 50 grams of chicken every day in order to load up on high-quality proteins. Soy Bean Soybean is a rich source of proteins, folate, vitamins, fiber and carbohydrates which makes it a complete food for improving overall health. The protein present in soybean also improves bone and tissue mass and density which are necessary for increasing height. One should try to consume 50 to 55 grams of soybean every day. It is an amazing fruit for increasing height. Being a rich source of minerals like potassium, manganese and calcium and healthy probiotic bacteria, bananas help in boosting height in various ways. The potassium present in bananas protects the bones and teeth from weakening, and it also neutralizes the harmful impact of sodium on bones. It also helps retain the concentration of calcium in bones. Manganese found in bananas improves bone health and metabolism, and the probiotic bacteria absorb calcium from foods, thereby promoting healthy bones. The calcium in bananas prevents the thinning of bones and helps develop stronger bones. Protein rich foods such as oatmeal help in repairing bones and tissues, and also promote the creation of new tissues. The amino acids found in protein-rich foods are required for optimum growth and functioning of the human body. Therefore, a person trying to increase his or her height should include 50 grams of oatmeal in breakfast on a daily basis. Nuts and Seeds Nuts like peanuts, almonds and seeds like pumpkin seeds, flax seeds contain essentail minerals for the body, healthy fats and amino acids which help in repairing the body tissues and promote the building of new tissues. Leafy Green Vegetables One of the best foods to increase height is fresh leafy green vegetables, which contain all the essential minerals, vitamins, carbohydrates and dietary fibers required to stimulate growth hormones in the body which in turn helps in boosting your height. Some of the green vegetables that must be consumed for increasing height are spinach, collard greens, broccoli, peas, Brussels sprouts, okra, etc. Fishes like salmon, tuna, sardine are a rich source of proteins and vitamin D, both of which are required for height growth. Vitamin D rich foods such as fish promote the absorption of calcium from other food sources which is necessary for growth and development of bones and increasing bone density. This is not really a food, but more of a natural herbal remedy for increasing height. The scientific term for ashwagandha is Withania somnifera. The wide range of minerals present in this herb help in broadening the bones of the body and also increase bone density which helps in increasing height. This herb also has the capacity to influence the Human Growth Hormone (HCG) in an indirect manner which is responsible for the growth in height. Although the increase in height of an individual is dependent on the age of the person, there are certain stretching exercises that can increase muscle length and enhance height even after puberty. The muscle stretching exercises can be categorized into static, dynamic and pre-contraction stretches. Here are some functional exercises for height increase: swimming, jumping exercises, hanging exercises, standing and seated toe touch, etc. There are various supplements in the basket of Herbalage Wellness India, which is enriched with whey and casein and helps in healthy height increase, & they are as follows: WellneSure Protein & Multi-Vitamin Blend For Smarter & Growing Kids • Kids grow faster, smarter & stronger. • Teen-agers have best of their health, energy and vibrancy. • Kids and younger generation to concentrate on their studies. • Achieve fast learning and memorizing. • Enhance sports and athletic performance. • Taller height, stronger bones and muscles. Other than Whey protein WellneSure Protein & Multi-Vitamin Blend For Smarter & Growing Kids contains ample amount of Phosphorous, Potassium, Sodium, Selenium, Zinc, Vitamin A (Beta Carotene), Vitamin B1 (Thiamin), Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin), Vitamin B3 (Niacin Amide), Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid), Vitamin B6, B7, B9, B12 And Vitamin D. Nutrilage Plus *(should be given to the children of 7 years or more) Immunity, energy, disease prevention and Stress support. • Improves the functions of liver and kidneys and relieves stresses.
Policy Call to Action Economy Australian Bushfires Crisis of 2020 demands a new Political Strategy 18 minutes read. The unprecedented Australian bushfires in 2020 followed the lost 2019 ‘Unloseable Climate Election’ As we enter the new decade, Australia finds itself flooding the international headlines for all the wrong reasons. The record-breaking bushfires that began in December raged for weeks and were only fully extinguished thanks to unprecedented rainfall. It has shocked people all around the world. Over January, Australia was hit by the most severe bushfires on record, with a prolonged drought and temperatures never previously recorded in Australia. The record for the hottest day was broken on Wednesday 18th December, with average temperatures reaching 41.9°C. This extreme weather was driven by complex natural processes. The research shows with the average warming in Australia already at +1oC, the coupling of extreme weather events and anthropogenic global warming is beyond question, except by some whose agenda is clearly non-scientific. Sadly for prospects of real action, such voices can still be heard. The consequence of this climate change via the tinder dry vegetation has been bushfires at a scale and intensity never before experienced in Australia. The impacts are visceral and severe, with 33 people dead and over 1 billion animals wiped out. These bushfires consumed a total of 11 million hectares of land, just under the land area of England, much of which was pristine biodiverse bush, as well as rainforest and dried out swamps which don’t usually burn. It seems Australia has rather dramatically become the canary in the coal mine. The country is at the front line of fossil fuel emission-driven global warming, bearing the full impact of the changes in our planet’s climate. So how does a developed nation like Australia aim to transition its economy and society? How can it effectively mitigate its contribution to CO2 emissions and adapt to the impacts? Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison received scathing criticism over his actions in responding to this disaster. On January 4th, after much damage had already been done, he finally agreed to a request made 18 months earlier for A$20 million to lease 4 extra firefighting water-bomber aeroplanes. Morrison also called out the defence force reserves, and approved a relief package for recovery for citizens affected by the Australian bushfires. As former IPCC author and US climatologist Professor Michael Mann said, in Sydney, Australia during the crisis, not only was this unprecedented but to paraphrase: “you ain’t seen nothin’ yet”. Mann also reminded Morrison and his laissez-faire government that it needs to take its national and international responsibilities seriously. “This is not the new normal, this is worse … This is what happens with 1°C warming, imagine what it will be like with 3°C.” Prof Michael Mann on Australian TV, January 2020 In the face of the largest environmental disaster ever to befall the country, some Australians are now calling for a A$1/tonne carbon tax or levy on fossil fuel production. To aim for complete decarbonisation of the economy the IMF recommends far higher carbon taxes. Even though this $1/tonne taxation on carbon emissions may generate considerable income for the government, it is designed to have an inconsequential effect on the mining industry – it’s proposed as a means to raise funds for compensation and adaptation, not mitigation. Even so, there is little chance that the Morrison government would implement a $1/tonne tax. They have also declared that they consider their current policies sufficient to meet international emissions obligations. The usual adage was trotted out about how small Australia’s contribution is on a global scale. The government prefers a technical solution to any 2050 target. So close and yet so far What is astonishing is that a few months before this disaster unfolded, in May 2019 Australia came tantalisingly close to voting in a Labor government that pledged substantial and meaningful climate action. Labor was ahead in the polls in the years leading up to the 2019 general election, which many observers saw as unlosable for the party. Believing the electorate was primed for climate action, Bill Shorten, the Labor leader, took the decision to make action on global warming the centrepiece to his campaign. Australia had already been traumatised by major bushfires and coral bleaching events and had been observing global warming-related impacts on the increase worldwide. “It is not the Australian way to avoid and duck the hard fights. We will take this emergency seriously, and we will not just leave it to other countries or to the next generation. We are up for real action on climate change now if we get elected on Saturday.” Bill Shorten, campaign speech Shorten’s decision to focus on climate action was well founded. This strategy aligned with the annual Lowy Institute poll which showed over 60% of Australians agreeing that ‘’Global warming is a serious and pressing problem’’ and that steps should be taken urgently, even if it involves significant cost. To compare, in 2016 only 9% of people identified climate change as the most important issue, while in 2019, this had risen to 29%. With this data to back him up, it made sense that Shorten saw this election as an opportunity for meaningful action on climate change. For the first time anywhere in the world, the issue of climate change was to be the decisive topic in an election. Australia was on the brink of being the first developed nation to vote for climate action over business-as-usual. So did Australia, with one of the highest per capita carbon footprints in the developed world at 16.77 tonnes of CO2 emitted annually, accept Shorten’s call to action? The “unlosable election” was, in fact, losable. Despite correctly identifying the upward trend in support for climate action, the people of Australia were still not ready for Shorten’s bold strategy of disrupting Australia’s economy for the sake of the planet and future generations. Scott Morrison, the leader of The Liberal National Coalition, proved all the polls wrong and was able to steal victory, to the glee of climate sceptics and denialists across the globe. It is important to note key shortcomings in the Labour campaign that contributed to their loss. The most pertinent reason, according to the party’s official post campaign review, was the lack of direction in the campaign strategy. The review discovered that new spending polices were often established on the spot. The effect this had was that the labour campaign ‘’lacked focus, wandering from topic to topic without a clear purpose.’’ For a climate-focused campaign, one which demands careful persuasion to convince the constituents to accept the necessary changes, this cocktail of disorganisation loaded the dice against Shorten. For example, spending announcements of over A$100bn exacerbated already unpopular tax policies, exposing Labor to coalition attack. The review further found that low-income workers swung against Labor, in part thanks to the ambiguous language about controversial topics such as the Adani coal mine. If concerned voters are going to commit to radical measures like Shorten’s climate policies, they need the politicians to offer clarity, security, conviction and direction. Shorten’s Labor party claimed to offer substantive climate action, but simultaneously fostered a perception of uncertainty and lack of direction. This was the key shortcoming in Labor’s climate action campaign. For the constituents, the common and pervasive assumption about climate action was that it would lead to significant impacts on people’s material wealth. The Labor party did little, if anything, to address this worry. The message lacked clarity as voters were presented with accounts of relatively extreme policy measures, all likely to deliver a significant blow to the economic prosperity of Australia. Common tools for climate action The presumption of massive costs for the voters is understandable when most climate-related policy tools are seriously socially regressive. As a share of income, spending on high carbon products and services is much greater for poorer people, impacting them disproportionately to the rest of the population. Despite this, carbon taxation is now widely used across the globe and regarded as the most important tool to drive down emissions. About 47 regional and national jurisdictions worldwide have implemented a carbon tax scheme. In some cases, it has proven successful. British Columbia for example, is lauded for their version of carbon tax. They currently have a levy of CAN$30/tonne on selected fuels. After implementation, gasoline use shrank seven times as much as would be expected from an equivalent rise in its market price. But what about the disproportionate effect this has on the less affluent? The CAN$5 billion revenue from the tax is redistributed in the form of business tax cuts ($3billion), personal tax breaks ($1billion) and just under $1billion in low income tax cuts. To overcome the regressive nature of the tax, British Columbia pays an annual dividend, known as the “Climate Action Tax Credit”, of $115.50 for each parent and $34.50 per child annually. Overall, the carbon emissions of British Columbia have been significantly reduced and the populace accepts the tax and dividend approach. Australian Bushfires, Image courtesy of Chris Tangey @Flickr Fire tornado outback Australia #flickr Clearly, if managed correctly carbon pricing can work. However, success is the exception. Failed and ineffective schemes out-number these successes substantially. If we look to the European Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS), the largest in the world, we see that it has been a seriously rocky road to reach an estimated emissions reduction of 40-80 MtCO2/year, equal to a relatively paltry 2-4% of total capped emissions. Since its inception in 2005, the EU ETS emissions price has been very volatile, seeing several collapses of 30% or more. These frequent swings in energy prices made it harder for businesses to plan, further compounding the cost of the scheme and reducing its impact. Huge windfall profits were allowed as a surplus of €4.1billion in allowances were captured by ten companies, four times the entire EU environment budget over the same period. Known as the carbon fat cats from the iron, steel and cement industries, their emission allowances amounted to the annual emissions of Austria (87 million tonnes CO2), Denmark (64M tCO2), Portugal (78M tCO2) and Latvia (12M tCO2) combined. Any scheme tasked at reducing CO2 emissions must perform better than this. So yes, the EU ETS has been successful in bringing down overall carbon emissions, but whether it really achieved anything close to its targets for 2020 is debatable (see the Ember/Sandbag report). Its effectiveness is heavily dependent on the correct allocation of allowances by decision makers and the scheme has been mired in controversial errors, over-complications, industry lobbying and non-climate-related political agendas. With the perception in Australia that the sharpest tools in the policy toolbox were somewhat blunt, it was no surprise that Shorten failed to assuage voters’ concerns on costs. To show the inadequacy of carbon tax, a 2019 review of carbon pricing policies by the Kleinman Center for Energy Policy made a recommendation on the costs and benefits of carbon pricing. It concluded that the best solution is not aim for market impact by reducing demand, but rather to have only a moderate carbon price with the main purpose of generating revenues for subsidies and investment in carbon reduction measures, such as renewable energy, CCS and natural carbon storage. The goal of internalising all the social and environmental externalities associated with the emissions and to drive down demand was regarded as simply too ambitious. Now in 2020, climate targets for 2050 probably seem popular, achievable and defensible to decision makers, but the route to zero emissions can only be through a series of substantial and radical steps – not a leisurely pace followed by a gargantuan effort in the 2040’s. Yet that is the path of business-as-usual, where “usual” is defined by the imperative of economic growth, and not by the realities of global warming. It becomes alarmingly clear that avoiding Climate Hell cannot be done with carbon taxes. Taxes have a role to play, but if they take the starring role in climate policy, the result is most likely to be a series of missed targets. The failure to seek out new policy mechanisms to drive decarbonisation was identified in a recent UNEP report which found that without more meaningful action the Paris Agreement 1.5°C target will slip out of reach. So, considering the inherent issues with the established policies, how could Australia’s Shorten or any other politician successfully fight an election on the climate ticket? What is politically realistic? How can a party craft a meaningful environmental strategy which reduces emissions and is socially just, but doesn’t alienate middle class voters and business? The need for a new tool A suitable political strategy has so far remained elusive. What is needed is a new framework with a clear, coherent agenda that appeals to the majority. This includes both the rich and the poor, ethnic minorities, fossil fuel companies and renewable energy providers, the political right and the left, and internationally, developed and developing nations. Current action is stifled by the rifts between these various groups as they debate how to face the crisis with the current portfolio of weak policy tools. Too much time and energy is dedicated to brokering compromise between factions, all vying to forward their own agendas for the future. And as we have seen with current negotiations on the international scale at COP25 in Madrid, the Paris Agreement Article 6 proved too big a stumbling block. This small detail stipulates the time-frame of carbon emission targets, with developed nations wanting 10 years to reduce their emissions in line with the Paris agreement while developing nations want 5 years. Why not 7 1/2 years? Obviously negotiations should lead to compromise, but a hard truth needs to be accepted here. If the world’s leaders cannot even agree on relatively trivial caveats to climate action, how then is society going overhaul our economic and social systems within the time-frame available? Bearing that in mind and knowing where business-as-usual is leading, it’s obvious that the required “radical” and “drastic” action, which fits in with the wants and desires of an electorate, can only be one thing. Peering into our toolbox, we realise there is still another tool which has yet to be tried. Decried over a decade ago as too “radical” and subsequently forgotten, it is carbon rationing. Total Carbon Rationing – both citizens and business Carbon rationing is the most progressive economic mechanism for driving down a country’s CO2 emissions. Unlike taxation, which impacts the poorest the most, it puts pressure on the most flagrant carbon users to reduce their emissions. Importantly for business, its agency works within market mechanisms. In this way, its usefulness and potential are not limited by biases which afflict carbon taxes. Critically, it is the fairest of carbon policies because the rations are allocated to citizens on a per capita basis. It is also transparent and simple for governments wishing to adjust individual allocations to citizens with special considerations. Whether that is National Health Service nurses or Prince Harry is up to the politicians leading on the implementation. The Total Carbon Rationing policy proposal outlines how all goods and services bought or sold within the economy would be subject to the payment of rations – right through the supply chain from citizen-consumer to oil company producer. In essence, it will be a new currency in the form of carbon rations, distributed on a regular per capita basis to all citizens. All citizens would have the right and ability to spend this however they please in tandem with their usual money. For example, whoever wants to purchase a new car, must pay the car dealer in money and rations. The car dealer pays the car manufacturer with rations as well. The manufacturer pays several suppliers, also with rations, including a steelworks, an energy provider, a battery manufacturer and so on. The steelworks obtains its rations from its customers, like the car manufacturer. It knows how many rations to charge, because it has to pay rations for the energy it uses in its furnaces – whether to a fossil fuel supplier or, in much smaller quantities, to a renewable energy source. The total amount of rations in the economy directly limits the amount of fossil fuels allowed to be pumped out of the ground. The start-up costs of implementing carbon rationing are large, but it is already established that the action needed has to be radical and drastic. Similar actions at a national level have been taken before – the decimalisation of the British currency, metrication, the creation of the Euro, and of course, war-time rationing. The overall effect is that companies will get a direct, immediate competitive edge from improving their carbon efficiencies, without any complexities or shenanigans from a carbon taxation system or any red tape from government regulation. It will create a shift simultaneously across all industries and sectors to a new state in which driving down carbon emissions is as vital as driving down monetary costs of production. This ubiquitous effect is what carbon taxation and carbon pricing have failed to achieve. This circular flow of carbon rations from citizens to fuel producer is driven by the energy companies. The carbon rations they collect from customers must match the amount of carbon they pump out. Importantly, a market for carbon will be created for individuals and businesses needing to buy or sell rations. This puts pressure on big carbon users as they are forced to buy more carbon rations at a fair price on the market set by the more environmentally aware or thrifty who have surplus to sell. Finally, a centralised bank would be established to monitor and audit the energy producers. The bank would have the power to progressively reduce the amount of carbon rations in the economy to drive down emissions in accordance with the Paris Agreement of keeping warming below 1.5°C. This supply control is what gives carbon rationing so much potential for keeping within our carbon budgets. With the current state of the climate and the economy in 2020, a sharp decline in emissions is needed and carbon supply controls are the key tool for balancing emissions reduction against economic damage. To start, the total national carbon ration quantity could match or significantly exceed the current levels of emissions, to allow citizens to adapt to the introduction and prepare themselves for future restrictions. If implemented now, CO2 emission reductions could be achieved at the ideal optimal rate, at a rate which people could realistically handle, at a rate that allowed business to adapt their total supply chains and not fail, and at a rate that could hold total global warming as far under 2°C as possible. For more information, use read the explainer, check the Q&A section or read the full Total Carbon Rationing (TCR) proposal. Australia as the model country With this new tool to hand, in a developed country populated by most constituents believing that climate breakdown is a significant issue, Bill Shorten’s election campaign might really have been unlosable. If he had embodied Total Carbon Rationing as the backbone to his campaign, he could have established a clear direction and purpose. This is far from the reality of Australia in 2020. It is fair to say that carbon rationing would create an Australia unimaginable under Prime Minister Scott Morrison. As mentioned earlier, Morrison’s response to climate change warnings and his disingenuous climate policies garnered widespread criticism. It is obvious that the fossil fuel industries hold sway over Morrison’s agenda. Australia is currently ranked as the worst of 57 countries on climate change policy. In June of 2019 any hope of Morrison’s cabinet overcoming its fossil fuel addiction was dashed as the former Minerals Council of Australia CEO Brendan Pearson was appointed as one of Morrison’s senior advisor. Clearly not even half-measure carbon pricing policies would get past Morrison. So how would a new agenda such as TCR survive the influence of the big fossil fuel industries in Australia? They will likely be a substantial roadblock for rationing. Mining for export has long been the cornerstone of Australia’s economy, with the number of companies totaling over 700. And it is the most dirty of all, fossil fuels, that hold the highest value of exports at US$87.7 billion in 2019, representing 34.6% of Australia’s total exports. To play Devil’s Advocate, national rationing in Australia would allow a politically adept avoidance of confrontation with the Adani coal mine and the extraction industry – by considering it as an exported emissions problem to tackle later, which would only fall under an Australian carbon rationing system once India and China (the Adani customers) joined Australia in a carbon rationing trading block. Initially, if Australia imposed carbon rationing through a new carbon authority, it could set up the rationing comprehensively domestically and on imports at the border. This would mean, to begin with, TCR would only affect domestic industries. The policy could effectively drive down domestic emissions without disrupting exports. On the other hand, with the carbon ration borders, it would discourage emissions imports. Essentially national rationing would separate the exported emissions issue from the domestic emissions issue. This doesn’t fit the 2020’s popular narrative of packaging all policies into one manifesto such as the Green New Deals, but removing the controversial Adani coal mine from the debate might just be enough to pull in the required votes. The reality is that a carbon tax which will hit Australia’s economy will struggle to pass, but TCR can be promoted as a policy of choice for these industries. It would allow a huge part of the Australian economy to continue over the short term. Instead of creating concern over some industries’ future and incurring massive costs, it just puts the writing on the wall through the creation of a straight and narrow path, a period of adaptation, with continual, regular decreases in demand for carbon. Instead of threatening the removal or over-pricing of a range of popular products, services and activities, TCR only enforces a reduction across the board, where consumer choice is still guaranteed as long as the consumer is not a flagrant carbon abuser. Instead of taking on far more than a “fair share” nationally, Australia could adopt a policy which guarantees Australian decarbonisation now, and could fit into international negotiations transparently and fairly, and could create some huge synergies in international trade if other countries adopt the same policy. Instead of a campaign which divides and polarises voters, carbon rationing could be put forward as a fair and effective strategy with clear costs but a real purpose, justified by the country’s vulnerability to wildfire, coral reef bleaching, flooding, drought and refugee crises. 60% of Australians want climate action. The carbon emissions of every purchase of goods or services are abundantly clear under carbon rationing. Combined with the freedom of choice in trading off lifestyle against carbon footprint, TCR would allow voters a means to turn their attitude into meaningful behaviour. In short, TCR could have saved Shorten’s election. He could have been the first person to effectively communicate to voters on climate, to demonstrate that climate action need not be divisive, but unifying. That it doesn’t have to mean sacrificing to their complete way of life. Implementing TCR, putting rationing like this in place, begs the question whether society really wants this, and can really do this. It is certainly a radical and drastic approach only ever seen before in war-time. But the evidence shows two things: that all the other policy tools at our disposal are significantly inferior on many levels to the point of being useless and even dangerous; and that the global economy is now at a point where there is no more room for mistakes in addressing the climate crisis. Leave a Reply
DEV Community Cover image for Understanding Prototypal Inheritance in JavaScript : Part 1 Understanding Prototypal Inheritance in JavaScript : Part 1 vaibsgharge profile image Vaibhav Gharge 👨🏻‍💻 ・4 min read This article was originally published on When it comes to JavaScript development, there are some things that are good to know and some things that we need to know to embark on our great journey. One of the things that you should know is a prototypal inheritance. The goal of this article is to define and clarify the different aspects of “Prototypes in JavaScript”. Lets take a closer look at, • What are Javascript Objects • What's a prototype? and how to create one? • How does it work? • Gets are deep, but sets are always shallow • Difference between prototype, getPrototypeOf and _proto_ • Parting Thoughts What are Javascript Objects Objects are JavaScript's fundamental data structure. Like many other languages, JavaScript provides support for implementation inheritance: the reuse of code or data structure through a dynamic delegation mechanism. However, unlike many other conventional languages, JavaScript's inheritance mechanism is based on prototypes rather than classes. In many languages, for example, Java every object is nothing but an instance of pariticular class, which provides code shared between all of its instances and inheritance provided by such languages is very static, you cannot do something that you can with aggregates. On the other hand, JavaScript has no built-in notion of classes. Instead objects inherit from other objects. So it allows every object to be assosicated with some other object, known as its prototype. What's a prototype? and how to create one? To understand, what and why of prototype let's look at following example, 1. We have a person object, with firstName and lastName properties. 2. As you can see when we invoke a function called work on person object, javascript throws an error as there is no such property exists. 3. We will then attach an employment object containing work function to person's prototype using syntax proto. 4. Now, if we invoke function work on person object, 'Working ...' is displayed in console. var person = { firstName: 'John', lastName: 'Smith' console.log(person.firstName); // outputs John // throws error, as there is no such function property exists in person object var employment = { work : function () {console.log('Working ...');} console.log(person.__proto__); // outputs {}, as there is no prototype object is assosicated with person person.__proto__ = employment;; // outputs Working ... How does it work? As inheritance in JavaScript is implemented using an object chain, and not using a class hierarchy, to understand prototypal inheritance we have to know how object chaining behaves. Lets take a look at an example. class Person {} const personOne = new Person(); const personTwo = new Person(); const personOnePrototype = Reflect.getPrototypeOf(personOne); const personTwoPrototype = Reflect.getPrototypeOf(personTwo); console.log(personOne === personTwo); //outputs false console.log(personOnePrototype === personTwoPrototype); //outputs true 1. As you can see when we created two objects of class Person and compared their identity and the identity of their prototypes. 2. The objects are different, but they share their prototypes. 3. The instance personOne of Person has a prototype Person {}, which in turn has a prototype {}, which has null as its prototype, resulting in end of the prototype chain. Understanding Prototypal Inheritance in JavaScript : Part 1 Two objects of the same class in class-based inheritance share the same class hierarchy, two objects of the same class in prototypal inheritance share the same object chain. Gets are Deep, but Sets are Shallow The motivation behind the inheritance is to reuse the methods and properties. In class-based inheritance, the instances of a class reuse the members of the class’s base class. Whereas, in the case of prototypal inheritance, the prototype is reused by delegating calls to its prototype. However, the behavior is widely different when we are trying to get a property as compared to setting it. So let’s dig in, class Person {} Person.prototype.birthYear = 2000; Person.prototype.calculateAge = function () { return new Date().getFullYear() - this.birthYear; }; Person.prototype.incrementBirthYearByOne = function () { this.birthYear += 1; }; const person1 = new Person(); const person2 = new Person(); console.log(person1.calculateAge()); //outputs 19 console.log(person2.calculateAge()); //outputs 19 console.log(person1.calculateAge()); //outputs 18 1. We added and initialized a field, birthYear, to the prototype 2. Then we added a function, calculateAge(), to the prototype as well. 3. When called, will return the difference between the current year and javascript this.birthYear . 4. We then created two instances of Person — person1 and person2 — and displayed the value returned by calculateAge(). 5. The birthYear field does not exist directly in these instances, but JavaScript will get the values from the prototype. 6. We then called the incrementBirthYearByOne() function on person1. Once again, incrementBirthYearByOne() is reused from the prototype and it increments javascript this.birthYear by 1. 7. We then asked for the age on the two instances by invoking function calculateAge(), and we get the output that confirms the isolation of the instances. One thing to note here is that even if we override the field or property in the derived class, then we will correctly use the overridden field or property in the instance and not the one in the base class. Difference between prototype, getPrototypeOf and _proto_ • Person.prototype is used to establish the prototype of objects created by new operator i.e new Person(). • Object.getPrototypeOf(person1) is used for retrieving person1's prototype object. • person.proto is non-standard mechanism for retrieving person1's prototype object. Object.getPrototypeOf(person1) === Person.prototype; // outputs true person1.__proto__ === Person.prototype; // outputs true Parting Thoughts • JavaScript supports object-oriented programming, but unlike most of the other mainstream languages, it offers prototypal inheritance instead of class-based inheritance. • You have learned what a Prototype is and with Prototypal Inheritance, now you can achieve dynamic delegation. • You have seen that when a field or property is not present in an object, JavaScript will search for it in the prototype chain—that is, it will automatically look it up in the base class. • You have also learned the differences between prototype, getPrototypeOf and _proto_. • You'll end up using JavaScript's prototypal inheritance at many, a great feature of the language. Hope you find this article useful. Please share your thoughts in the comment section. I’d be happy to talk! If you liked this post, please share, comment and give a few ❤️. See you next time. Editor guide karataev profile image Eugene Karataev I think if you're working with classes then dealing with prototypes directly is not necessary and might be confusing. Person example can be rewritten without direct access to the prototype chain: class Person { constructor() { this.birthYear = 2010; calculateAge() { return new Date().getFullYear() - this.birthYear; incrementBirthYearByOne() { this.birthYear += 1; In this case the birthYear property is created in the person instance, not in the prototype while calculateAge and incrementBirthYearByOne are in the prototype.
Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 80.djvu/285 This page has been validated. wooden frame in which was fastened a perpendicular cylinder closed at the bottom and open at the top. In it was placed a piston and rod, and on the rod a number of cogs. These cogs were geared into the cogs of a pulley. At the end of the axle on which the pulley was fastened was a hand behind which was attached the dial-plate to a wooden frame. On the dial, each numeral from I. to XII. was marked twice, and the hand moved round the whole face once in twenty-four hours. The contrivance was set in motion by starting a flow of water from a tank into the space between the bottom of the cylinder and the piston. As the piston-rod rose it turned the pulley and the shaft, and of course with it the hand at the end. By regulating the pressure of the water in the tank, the hand could be made to move faster or slower when it was desired to lengthen or shorten the hours to conform to the relative proportion of daylight and darkness in the twenty-four. Water-clocks were formerly much in vogue in the east and were sometimes very artistically constructed. Haroun al Raschid presented one to [[w:Charlemagne\|Charlemagne] that was provided with a striking mechanism and adorned with movable figures such as are now quite common. The ancient Greek designations for the time of both the day and of the night were very vague: "the full market," "candle-lighting," "the first sleep," and so on. Herodotus says the troops that were dispatched by Xerxes to get in the rear of Leonidas left the camp "about the time of the lighting of the candles." It would have been more rational to say "about dark," but he evidently used the common phraseology. Cock-crowing was accepted as an indication of time. A well-known example is given in the story of Christ's trial. It is still much relied on by the peasants in some parts of Europe. In the nature of the case the Greek designations did not indicate the same actual time at all seasons of the year, as candle-lighting would be much earlier in the winter than in the summer. Soldiers divided the night into five watches, the length of which also varied with the seasons. It is not probable that they were accurately measured. This division of time is doubtless the oldest; it is several times referred to in the old testament. Sun-dials were a good deal used by the ancients. The Greeks seem to have received them from the Babylonians. Only the astronomers regarded the hours as of equal length. So far as can be known they depended upon water-clocks. But they were of much simpler construction than the one described above, usually consisting merely of two vessels each of which had a small orifice in or near the bottom. One of these vessels was placed above the other and the water which had been poured into it allowed to trickle slowly into the one underneath. When the lower vessel was full the orifice in the upper was closed, that in the lower opened and placed uppermost, when the same process would be repeated. The speakers in the assembly were timed by these clepsydræ, as they were called; they
Introduction of Fab Antibody • What is Fab fragment? Fab fragments, also known as antigen-binding fragments, are regions in the structure of antibodies that can bind to antigens. Fab fragment consists of a complete VH and CH1 domains of light and heavy chains. Both light chain and heavy chain have a constant region and a variable region, and there are disulfide bond links between light chain and heavy chain. Structure and Characteristics of Fab Natural polyclonal antibodies and monoclonal antibodies are immunoglobulin molecules. IgG molecule consists of two identical 5x104 heavy chains and two identical 2.5x104 light chains. Fab molecule is composed of light chain and heavy chain, about 5x104. The interaction between the two chains and the disulfide bond formed play a stable role in the double-chain structure of Fab molecule. The antigen binding sites of Fab and IgG are composed of six complementarity determination regions (CDB), which are located on light chain and heavy chain respectively, and form the core of antigen binding sites. In the three-dimensional structure of the variable region, two opposite parallel beta-folded peptide chains form the framework region. The outer side is connected by highly variable CDR rings, forming a sandwich structure. The inner side is connected by conservative disulfide bonds, which makes the CDR prominent. Development of Fab antibody In 1988, researchers first used genetic engineering technology to design and modify the antibody gene structure at the gene level, expressed the antibody heavy chain variable region and light chain variable region with bacteria, and recombined them in vitro, and successfully obtained functional recombinant molecules. Since then, with the maturation of the technology of manipulating antibodies at the gene level, the rapid development of DNA recombination technology and the deeper understanding of antibodies, the third generation of antibodies——recombinant antibodies, after polyclonal antibodies and monoclonal antibodies, have emerged. Small molecule antibodies in recombinant antibodies have become the main members and research hotspots of the recombinant family because of their many characteristics. Fab antibody is an important discovery of its small molecule antibody. Like monoclonal antibodies, the development of Fab antibodies has gone through four stages: murine, chimeric, humanized and human monoclonal antibody. Chimeric Fab fragments consist of murine variable region and human constant region. Humanized Fab fragments consist of murine CDR and human frame region. Acquisition of Fab Antibody Fab fragments were obtained mainly by chemical, enzymatic and genetic engineering methods. Chemical method is to use chemical reagents to act on the N-terminal of disulfide bond between heavy chains, open the disulfide bond, and obtain two identical antigen binding fragments. Enzymatic digestion of IgG full-length antibodies with papain, pepsin and fig protease is also a common method. Fab fragments of functional antibodies obtained by genetic engineering are mainly expressed in E. coli system, Pichia pastoris system and insect system. Escherichia coli system is the most commonly used one. However, the low expression of antibody Fab fragment in E. coli system is the main factor restricting its large-scale production. Advantages of Fab Antibody One of the main advantages of antibody Fab fragment is that it is suitable for expression in E. coli, while IgG full-length antibody is mainly expressed in mammalian cells because of its large molecule and glycosylation modification of CH2 region. E. coli expressing antibody Fab fragment is not only low cost and short cycle, but also conducive to DNA recombination technology to efficiently induce mutation. Through various optimization methods, it can improve the expression, solubility and stability of antibody Fab fragment in a short time, and has higher affinity and stability than the corresponding scFv. However, the low expression of antibody Fab fragment in E. coli is the main factor restricting its large-scale production and application. Through modification and optimization of host cells, expression vectors, expression conditions and purification conditions, it is possible to obtain high expression of genetic engineering antibodies. Application of Fab Antibody Compared with complete IgG, Fab fragment lacks Fc fragment, which can selectively bind to antigen but does not precipitate. Because of its low autoimmunity, it can not be recognized by living immune cells, so it can obviously reduce the probability of hypersensitivity reaction and improve the safety of products. Fab antibody fragments have the characteristics of small molecular weight, strong tissue distribution, low immune prototype, and can be operated by genetic engineering. Fab has become an important member of the medical research field. Fab drugs are widely used in prevention, diagnosis, treatment and other fields. Diversification of therapeutic antibodies is the trend of development in the future. There are several molecular types, such as minimization of effective function antibody molecule, toxin-containing antibody molecule, antibody-drug conjugates, bispecific/trispecific molecule and newly discovered mini-antibody. Among them, the bispecific and trispecific molecules of Fab have just entered the early stage of clinical research. With the diversity of antibody fragments in the future, the efficacy and safety of small molecular antibodies may be better than that of full molecular monoclonal antibodies. There is reason to believe that in the near future there will be safer, more efficient, convenient and inexpensive Fab antibody drugs, which will play a more important role in the field of disease prevention, diagnosis and treatment.
Building a Text-Based Bank in Java 443 calificaciones ofrecido por Coursera Project Network 7,344 ya inscrito En este proyecto guiado, tú: Learn how to build a basic Java program, with input and output to the user Learn how to manipulate variables in Java, and the different types of numeric variables Learn how to manipulate data, using arrays and loops Clock2 hours CloudNo se necesita descarga VideoVideo de pantalla dividida Comment DotsInglés (English) LaptopSolo escritorio By the end of this project, you will learn how to create a basic banking command-line application using Java and Eclipse. This application will be able to model real life bank functions such as adding an account, increasing/decreasing the balance of an account, and allowing a user to check their balance. We will also learn how to store basic demographic information of each account holder and learn how to output a summary of all accounts. This application will demonstrate standard programming paradigms, and teach students about essential programming concepts such as variables, commenting, input and output to the user with the Scanner class, and importing/using standard Java libraries. We will also cover more powerful concepts such as conditional statements, loops, and arrays. Students can expect to walk away from the course confident in their ability to use essential Java programming tools, with a basic working understanding of how Java functions. Habilidades que desarrollarás Computer ProgrammingApplication DesignJava Aprende paso a paso 1. Learners will be introduced to the banking application, and get to view the planned design of the application 2. Learners will learn how to output to the user and setup to take input 3. Learners will discover the many different numeric variable types in Java, and get hands on experience with assigning input to a variable. 4. Learners will learn how to create branching logic in programs using conditional statements. Learners will discover the syntax necessary for if and else statements. 5. Students will learn how to create an array and how to assign values to each index. We will also why and how to keep track of a size counter. 6. Learners will get practice with operations on variables, and get to see how Java deals with decimal values when they are output to the user. 7. Students will discover how to use an array to make their program loop so it functions like a real-life program. Learners will also discover how a for loop can traverse all filled values in an array. 8. Students will learn how to make their program quit. They will also get to test the final program, and learn a common tool for debugging a program. Cómo funcionan los proyectos guiados Principales reseñas sobre BUILDING A TEXT-BASED BANK IN JAVA Ver todas las reseñas Preguntas Frecuentes Preguntas Frecuentes
@article{MIHCI Türker_Pala_2020, title={The Effect of Algorithm Education on Students’ Computer Programming Self-Efficacy Perceptions and Computational Thinking Skills}, volume={3}, url={https://ijcses.org/index.php/ijcses/article/view/69}, DOI={10.21585/ijcses.v3i3.69}, abstractNote={<p>In this study, the effect of algorithm education on teacher candidates’ computational thinking skills and computer programming self-efficacy perceptions were examined. In the study, one group pretest posttest experimental design was employed. The participants consisted of 24 (14 males and 10 females) teacher candidates, majoring in Computer Education and Instructional Technology (CEIT). In order to determine the teacher candidates’ computer programming self-efficacy perceptions, the Computer Programming Self-Efficacy Scale was used, whereas Computational Thinking Skills Scale was used to determine their computational thinking skills. The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test was used to analyze the differences between pretest and posttest scores of students’ computer programming self-efficacy perceptions and computational thinking skills. Throughout the practices, 10 different algorithmic problems were presented to the students each week, and they were asked to solve these problems using flow chart. For 13 weeks, 130 different algorithmic problems were solved. Algorithm education positively and significantly increased students’ simple programming tasks, complex programming tasks and programming self-efficacy perceptions. On the other hand, algorithm education had a positive and significant effect only on students’ algorithmic thinking sub-dimension but did not have any effect on other sub-dimensions and computational thinking skills in general. </p>}, number={3}, journal={International Journal of Computer Science Education in Schools}, author={MIHCI Türker, PINAR and Pala, Ferhat Kadir}, year={2020}, month={Jan.}, pages={19 - 32} }
Heart attacks are the leading cause of death in the United States, surpassing the number of cancer deaths. In 2008 alone, heart disease caused up to 25 percent of deaths, which is almost 1 in every 4. Coronary heart disease is the most common type of heart disease, affecting more men than women. Annually, 785,000 Americans have coronary attack for the first time and 470,000 who already had one or more have another attack. As reported by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, high blood pressure, smoking, and high cholesterol are the three major causes of heart attack and conditions like being overweight, poor diet, physical inactivity, excessive alcohol intake, and diabetes also add to the risk of heart attack. Early detection is the critical point when it comes to the likelihood of survival, as nearly half of the heart attacks occur outside the hospital. A study done by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention has shown that 92 percent of the sufferers experienced chest discomfort as an early symptom of a heart attack. Only 27 percent of them knew that this symptom indicated a heart attack and knew that it was the time to call 9-1-1. Symptoms Of A Heart Attack The 6 symptoms below are the major early signs of heart attack. They could let you know that you are at risk of having a heart attack up to a month before it strikes. 1. Chest Discomfort Chest discomfort comes in many different forms, such as burning sensation, pinching, or feeling pressure in the chest. These unpleasant symptoms may occur during physical activity or while you are at rest. In case you experience any unusual sensation in the chest, consult a doctor as soon as possible. Note: One can be having a heart attack without feeling discomfort in the chest, as it typically occurs in women. 2. Fatigue Unexplained fatigue may also indicate that a heart attack is on its way. As arteries begin to close up, the heart starts working much harder, and this in turn makes the performance of simple tasks much more exhausting. Consequently, this may lead to sleeping much longer or feeling the urge to take a few naps during the day. 3. Persistent Cough Persistent cough which doesn’t seem to subside after an extended period of time can be a sign of heart failure. This happens as result of the blood accumulated in the lungs, which is caused by the struggle of the heart to supply the body with sufficient amount of blood. White or pink mucus could be a product of blood leakage, so pay attention to this sign! 4. Dizziness In case of compromised heart function the blood circulation is restricted, causing lack of oxygen in the blood. This causes symptoms like dizziness and lightheadedness, which seek immediate medical attention. 5. Shortness of Breath Shortness of breath is yet another common sign of an impending heart attack. The lungs and the heart wok in synergy, so as heart`s function deteriorates, the lungs fail to get sufficient amount of oxygen they need to function optimally. Hence, this leads to shortness of breath and difficulty breathing. 6. Swelling Last but not least, heart`s struggle to pump blood may cause the blood to swell, resulting in a bloating-like effect. The legs, feet, and ankles are the major points of swelling as they are at the greatest distance from the heart. Peripheral cyanosis, a blue tinge in the extremities or on the lips, is also possible.
As I have noticed there are multiple interpretations of the following lines from William Shakespeare 's Macbeth. For example, "drink gave thee the lie" has been interpreted as diversely as "deceived you," "told you that you're a liar," and "knocked you down." I wonder if all these interpretations are correct, and if so, how the Porter's answer "i' the very throat on me" makes sense. Macduff: I believe drink gave thee the lie last night. Porter: That it did, sir, i' the very throat on me: but I requited him for his lie; To "give the lie" is an English expression meaning to expose a lie, or show a thing is not true. It is still in use today. to show that something is not at all true These figures give the lie to the notion that people are spending less. Macmillan Dictionary to prove that something is not true: The fact that the number of deaths from cancer in the area has doubled surely gives the lie to official assurances of the safety of nuclear power. Cambridge Dictionary So the literal interpretation of Macduff's words is that drink made the Porter tell lies. This being Shakespeare though, there are deeper meanings at play. The most obvious one is a pun: drink made the porter "lie" as in "lie down drunk". Drink also makes people into "liars" because they talk nonsense. A more interesting interpretation, however, is that the Porter in this scene can be read as a stand-in for his master, Macbeth. His speech about hell is a metaphor for the hell which Macbeth's castle has become and each of the three sinners for an aspect of Macbeth's character. In this interpretation, Macbeth has been "given the lie" by the Witches through their manipulative prophecies. The result is his confusion, as though drunk with power and aggression, and eventually the literal "lie down" of his death. While "give the lie" remains a current phrase, the Porter's reply is another figure of speech which has become less common: lie in one's throat to tell a foul or outrageous lie Collins Dictionary So he is simply confirming that Macduff is correct via a comic overstatement. This then adds dramatic weight to his "requitation" of the drink, managing to stand and converse despite his hangover. It's worth noting that again there is a literal pun here. When drinking the drink does of course "lie" in the throat of the drinker both in drinking and in the aftermath of alcohol-provoked vomit. References: Macbeth and His Porter, Frederic B. Tromly, Shakespeare Quarterly, Vol. 26, No. 2 (Spring, 1975), pp. 151-156 • 2 In current usage (AFAIK), one normally "gives the lie" to a statement or an idea (as in your two examples) rather than a person. Was it a common phrase in Shakespeare's day to "give the lie" to a person, meaning expose them as a liar? – Rand al'Thor Sep 4 '19 at 10:37 • 1 @Rand al'Thor: the OED has citations for "giving the lie" to both statements and people contemporary to Shakespeare. – Peter Shor Sep 4 '19 at 12:02 • What does "each of the three sinners" refer to? – Tsundoku May 18 '20 at 11:57 • @Tsundoku The farmer, the equivocator and the tailor – Matt Thrower May 18 '20 at 14:04 • You quote the definition of “give the lie” as “expose as a liar”, and then say “So the literal interpretation of Macduff's words is that drink made the Porter tell lies.” I don’t see how this follows — exposing someone as a liar doesn’t necessarily mean making them tell lies, and can just as well mean making them slip up and tell the truth, exposing an earlier lie. Indeed, this seems a better for for most other quoted uses of “give the lie to” — the “giving the lie” isn’t the act of lying itself, but the later event that exposes the lies. – Peter LeFanu Lumsdaine Nov 26 '20 at 19:22 One should consider the context of this passage. The porter is obviously very drunk, and when McDuff and Lennox come in, the following exchange occurs (quoted from the First Folio, emphasis added; line breaks from the First Folio): That you doe lye so late? And Drinke, Sir, is a great prouoker of three things. Macd. What three things does Drinke especially (...) Therefore much Drinke may be said to be an Equiuocator with Le- (...) in conclu- sion, [drink] equiuocates him in a sleepe, and giuing him the Lye, leaues him. Macd. I beleeue, Drinke gaue thee the Lye last Night. The words "lye so late* means "(still) lie in bed at this late hour". The porter then introduces other concepts that are related to "lye": 1. Equivocation could refer to the Jesuit doctrine of mental reservation that "permitted one to express virtual falsehoods in a verbally true form to satisfy the speaker's conscience" (Macbeth. Edited by A. R. Braunmuller. Cambrdidge University Press, 1997, page 150). Elsewhere in Shakespeare, equivocation refers to using ambiguous words. This is not quite the same thing as lying, but it is a method of deception. 2. "Urine" introduces another meaning of lye or at least chamber-lye (which could be used as a detergent; see e.g. Lye and chamber lye). When the porter says "giving him the lye*, there are at least three meanings (Macbeth. edited by G. K. Hunter. Penguin, 1967, page 154): (1) deceives him; (2) floors him; (3) makes him urinate (lie = lye). Braunmuller's Macbeth edition adds the following meanings: (4) makes him lose his erection; (5) accuses him of lying (has Lady Macbeth did Macbeth, 1.7.47-51). When Macduff says to the porter, "Drinke gaue thee the Lye", each of the above meanings may be at work. However, the porter's words "I requited him for his Lye" focus the meaning on lying and deception. Robert S. Miola glosses "i'the very Throat on me" as "deeply, egregiously" (Macbeth. Edited by Robert S. Miola. Second edtion. Norton, 2014). Note also that lying in one's throat is an expression that occurs elsewhere in Shakespeare's work, e.g. King Henry IV, Part II, Act I, scene 2 ("I had lied in my throat"). Lying in the throat was worse than lying fromm the lips (notes on lines 65, 67 in King Henry IV, Part II in Shakespeare Online), hence the interpretation as "outrageous lie" Your Answer
The Secret Society: How a 19th Century Politician Planned for a New World Order To summarize the history of the modern Western World with a few sparring sentences begs a task that is nearly insurmountable. The complexity of world affairs, after all, is more complicated than a series of revolutions, both of the political and industrial variety, and two Great Wars which set in place the alliances of nations that have held together a semblance of the “peace in our time” echoed in the great speech, and failed hopes, of British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain in 1938. Rather paradoxically, the puzzle pieces that assemble our knowledge of the modern world are only a tiny glimmer of sand at the edge of a wide shorefront, with the sands representing that of time since the beginning of our universe. Within the grand scheme of all things, Earth’s political history spanning the last century or so actually means very little. And yet, for those who study history, we know that there is indeed more action of consequence that has transpired within the last few centuries, culminating in the state of world affairs in the present day. Despite the many books, and the standard elements that are taught in our colleges and universities, there is also much information that has managed to be kept off the books; a sort of “secret history” of the Western World, complete with its key players who have worked, often from behind the scenes, to shape a new order of things in our world. Cecil John Rhodes was just such a player. Cited among of the most committed imperialists of the 19th Century, Rhodes has been Prime Minister of the Cape Colony from 1890 to 1896. Earlier on, he came to Africa in his 20s and, at the time, was believed to be suffering from tuberculosis. As a businessman, Rhodes made an untold fortune from gold and diamond mining in the region; his exploits there would lead to a long-held contempt for the man, culminating in 2015 with a group of protesters in South Africa calling for removal of a statue of Rhodes, which was doused in pink paint and dragged away into storage. There was more to Rhodes than just his business and political ambitions. Among his personal beliefs, Rhodes endorsed the idea of superiority he attributed to Anglo-Saxons, which he called “the first race in the world” in a portion of his will. He further wrote that, “the more of the world we [Anglo-Saxons] inhabit the better it is for the human race.” Rhodes hopeful aspirations for his Anglo-Saxon kindred carried further than mere personal beliefs. While in his twenties, Rhodes sought to solidify formation of a secret group, following a meeting that transpired with General Gordon of Khartoum. What resulted was Rhodes aptly-named group, The Secret Society, which was designed with one express intent and purpose: the institution of a New World Order, under British Imperial rule. Rhodes’ Secret Society was outlined thusly by author Robin Brown, in his excellent book The Secret Society: Cecil John Rhodes’s Plan for a New World Order: “The Secret Society has perhaps been passed over because it is not the subject matter of conventional biography. It has instead been categorized as conspiracy theory, the stuff of whodunits, involving diamonds by the ton, vast hordes of gold, political intrigue, presidents and prime ministers, plots involving the Nazi axis, Erin aristocrats and royals — and, of course, that particular ‘secret society’ that is world banking. But it is clearly not a conspiracy theory: Rhodes documented everything. The codicil attached to his first will announcing his intention to form a secret society to rule the world may be found at Rhodes House in Oxford. In addition, he nominated beneficiaries to run the Society and left them money to fund its activities. Finally, the Society still exists, albeit in several different forms. Though far less secretive, some of these do still lack transparency, and some… are more influential today than they were over a century ago.” Rhodes’ Secret Society went on to become highly influential during World War I, and later, “appeasement initiatives” aimed toward placating figures such as the Duke of Windsor and, more notably, Adolf Hitler, would be spearheaded by groups associated with Rhodes’ Secret Society in the years leading up to World War II. "From Cape Town to Cairo": Political cartoon featuring Rhodes reigning over Africa. “From Cape Town to Cairo”: Political cartoon featuring Rhodes reigning over Africa. Of the various modern formations Brown noted earlier in the excerpt from his book above, Georgetown University History Professor Carroll Quigley described what he called “Round Table Groups”, which were essentially the same secret societal shoot-offs founded in 1891 by Cecil Rhodes and, later, Lord Alfred Milner. The groups, their formation, and subsequent operations were outlined by Quigley as follows, in his 1964 book Tragedy and Hope: Needless to say, the American Council on Foreign Relations maintains a healthy degree of attention for its dealings in areas of politics, governance, and international affairs. In my article A Brief History of Secret Societies in the Western World, I outlined a brief summary of the formation and current function of the CFR thusly: This is an interesting historical side-note, about the publication of Foreign Affairs in association with the activities of groups like the CFR. As Quigley noted, a similar publication was (and still is) offered by the Round Table Groups, which can be more directly associated with Rhodes and his Secret Society than it’s aforementioned “modern” counterparts. To what extent, even well after his own death, was Rhodes able to set the groundwork for the “New World Order” he envisioned? Arguably, the globalization that is continually promoted in the name of “Atlanticism” and similar unifying ideas continues today, under the oversight of groups like the Bilderbergs, the CFR and its subsidiary known as the Trilateral Commission, and countless other organizations, groups, and yes, even secret fraternities and societies. Placed into proper historical context, the underpinnings of many of the most influential political groups known today stem back to the exploits of those like Rhodes, who, in all their obscurity, have indeed managed to have very lasting influence on world affairs. You can follow Micah on and
New Dating of Nebra Sky Disk Makes All Previous Astronomical Interpretations Obsolete Nebra Sky Disk Archaeologists from Frankfurt and Munich prove origins in the first millennium B.C. Until now the Nebra sky disk was deemed to be from the Early Bronze Age and therefore the world’s oldest depiction of the cosmos. Archaeologists from Goethe University Frankfurt and Ludwig-Maximilian University in Munich have now reanalyzed diverse data on the reconstruction of the discovery site and surrounding circumstances of the find. Their findings are that the disk must be dated in the Iron Age, making it about 1,000 years younger than previously assumed. This makes all previous astronomical interpretations obsolete. The Nebra sky disk is one of Germany’s most significant archaeological finds and was included in the UNESCO Memory of the World Register in 2013. It was discovered in an illegal excavation in 1999 together with Bronze Age swords, axes, and bracelets according to the finders. This discovery context was important for the scientific dating, as the disk itself could neither be scientifically nor archeologically dated by comparison with other objects. Many years of investigations by several research groups therefore attempted to verify both the attribution to the supposed discovery site as well as the common origins of the objects independent of the vague information given by the looters. Swords With Nebra Sky Disk The swords found with the Nebra Sky Disk. Credit: Dbachmann / Wikimedia Commons CC BY 3.0 Rupert Gebhard, Director of the Munich Archäologischen Staatssammlung, and Rüdiger Krause Professor for Prehistory and Early European History at Goethe University Frankfurt have now extensively analyzed the discovery circumstances and research results on the Nebra sky disk. Their conclusion: The site that was considered the discovery site until today and which was investigated in subsequent excavations is with high probability not the discovery site of the looters. Furthermore, there is no convincing evidence that the Bronze Age swords, axes and bracelets form an ensemble of common origins. For this reason, it must be assumed that this is not a typical Bronze Age deposit and that the disk was not found together with the other objects in an original state at the excavation site. According to the archaeologists, this means that the disk must be investigated and evaluated as an individual find. Culturally and stylistically, the sky disk cannot be fitted into the Early Bronze Age motif world of the beginning of the second millennium B.C. On the contrary, clearer references can be made to the motif world of the Iron Age of the first millennium B.C. According to Gebhard and Krause, on the basis of a divergent data situation and on the basis of this new assessment, all previous, sometimes far-reaching cultural-historical conclusions must be discussed anew and with an open mind, and the disk must be interpreted and evaluated in different contexts than before. The basis for this must be the submission of all previously unpublished data and facts. 19 Comments on "New Dating of Nebra Sky Disk Makes All Previous Astronomical Interpretations Obsolete" 1. At least the archaeologists will still admit when they got it wrong. Still a cool piece. • Your subtext innuendos are inaccurate. All modern science results and theories are constantly peer-reviewed. It’s not up to any individual scientist, scholar, or group to decide what is a valid and correct. Those decisions are a function of the majority consensus in a particular branch of science, borne out by repeat experiments and supporting evidence. If new evidence and experiments surface disproving the consensus opinion, it will be abandoned until a new consensus is reached. 2. They don’t explain how they came to this conclusion 3. The Banned Ones \| September 8, 2020 at 6:45 am \| Reply The artifact can’t be explained. So the anomoly that it is a bronze age artifact found with iron age items suggesting that iron was developed earlier must be re-adjusted to fit the accepted paradigm. The tyranny of establishment group think. What they don’t tell you is that instead of the evidence leading to a new understanding, they just change the rules to shave that square peg to fit that into that round hole. • The new dating of the Nebra Sky Disk fits with my archaeoastronomical dating of Homer’s great works, the Illiad and the Odyssey. Even though bronze objects occur profusely in early iron age times it is because they were entirely satisfactory for warfare, not subject to rusting and not replaced until tempered steel was ontainef for weaponry and I have yet to find adequate research into this aspect. Archaeoastronomy using star pillar theory has revealed that the Odyssey was in the Atlantic and work with Te Arawa Iwi (tribe) here in the Pacific has confirmed that the pacific was colonized in a very systematic way using star pillar theory for 800 year old artefacts the uses of which were unknown have been confirmed as used to determine precise verticalty allowing a Polynesian waka (vessel) to home in on the tiniest of atolls. My research suggests that the ability to navigate precisely and home precisely without instruments or ephemeris has been available to mankind for a very long time calling into question the assumptions of the German playboy, Schliemann. Given funding we hope to demonstrate with a voyage from MOERAKI in South Island to MOCHE off the coast of Chille. Financial help is needed if you can help. 4. How One Woman Discovered theo2 Female Fat-Loss Code Missed by Modern Medicine And Lost 84lbs Using a Simple 2-Step Ritual That 100% Guarantees Shocking Daily Weight loss 5. For the ones that were banned, unless you are drawing on previous information, the articles says it was claimed that the sky disk was found along side bronze age weopons. No anomaly,just a question as to if all the items found were from the same time period. The archeologists now believe they were not and the sky disk was from a period 1000 years later. They seem to be welcoming new insights. I am not arguing the tyranny of establishment group think, just the use of this article to justify your argument. 6. the banned ones: do you not have the story reversed? while you are implying thst it might be a revered bronze age plaque in an iron age horde, the report claims that it is an anomaly in a bronze age horde, which. furthermore, is of items not culturally consistent. thus, it os quite possible that the horde is composed of a stolen collection – which could have been hidden in recent centuries. rach piece in the horde will have to be re-evaluated for date and provenience. 7. Banned Ones and Ted. The Iron age was before the Bronze age. The object is older than the ones it was supposed to have been found with. Bronze is an alloy and takes a bit of tech and expertise. Iron can be found just laying around and melted. 8. The Sumerian clay tablets are much older. And they show exact and correct orientation of the solar system. 9. It sounds like a recreation of a bronze age artifact in the iron age. Made 1,000 years earlier or not, it still accurately represents how the stars looked in 2000BC, right? So it must’ve been copied from something. I would keep digging. Might find the original. 10. These material arrivals were placed during hunger times with those outside the city within Nebraska. Asst. Intrm. DA. 11. Realstorynexus \| September 8, 2020 at 5:36 pm \| Reply The excepted his’stories of our past; The theories halted in painted paradigms of authors and artists most interested in upholding that which best reflects their perceived machinations of the self proclaimed ‘foremost’ and recognized. If it is understood that the wooden square does not fit in the circular hole, do we cut the hole into a square, cut the square into a circle to best understand. Or understand that the square will not fit into the hole. If an understanding is to reflect truth. Then truth must be sought out, not shaped to fit anyone’s understanding. No matter how uncomfortable or who is discredited of a discovery*. Responsibility to truth, regardless of how ones does or does not understand where, how, why and when those facts do or do not fit is paramount… Carbon dating possible? 12. The mainstream Archaeology has very low credibility. They will never date the wood found in the pyramid since it would collapse all the lies of history they built. 13. I think cycles are normal but 24/7 news coverage of the entire planet is a disaster. Imho. 14. If you only knew part of the truth, would make your hair stand up, but this is less important than the fact that complete and total truth of humanity (on earth) we shall never know officially, until we are told by an outside source.. Until then, everything îs.. What ?! ASSUMPTION nothing more or less.. Leave a comment
Download paper The Principle Of Historical Cost Historical Cost Accounting is a traditional valuation method as it reflects only on the past cost of the asset, however in the contemporary business environment companies must remain flexible and transparent. This belief has lead to the creation of several other valuation methods, due to word constraints I have focused primarily on Fair Value Accounting as an alternative to Historical Cost Accounting. Although Fair value accounting is a theoretically superior valuation methodology, there are several severe problems in its current application, due to lax regulations and ineffective methods of determining current values of non-current assets. These problems within Fair Value Accounting have ensured that most companies conservatively remain using Historical Cost Accounting. What are Historical costs? Historical cost is a generally accepted accounting principle requiring all goods or assets used in production to be valued by the expenditures actually incurred to acquire those goods or assets, however far back in the past those expenditures took place (System of National Accounts, 1993). Valuing assets upon their original cost ensures valuations are objective, reliable and may be verified through invoices and documentation. Furthermore, accumulative depreciation ensures that the cost of the asset is spread throughout its productive lifetime. This method smooths out speculative fluctuations within Financial Statements to reflect comparable changes in company performance. The American Accounting Association (AAA 1936, p188) supported this view; “…accounting is thus not essentially a process of valuation, but the allocation of historical costs and revenues to current and succeeding fiscal periods.” Criticisms of Historical cost Accounting Historical cost method, over a period of time has been subject to many criticisms, especially as it tells the user the acquisition cost of an asset and its deprecation in the following years, but ignores the possibility that the current market value of that asset may be higher or lower than it suggests. Top Experts Verified expert 4.9 (546) Doctor Jennifer Verified expert 5 (893) Verified expert 5 (339) hire verified expert This occurs due to the various factors, other than the state of the good, that influence price. Rees (2004, p 21) expresses the need for fair value accounting within the Real Estate industry as land and houses tend to only increase in value over time. Another main criticism of Historical accounting method is its obvious flaws in times of inflation. The validity of historic accounting rests on the assumption that the currency in which transactions are recorded remains stable. However, inflationary pressures erode the purchasing power of money, therefore asset valuations should increase relative to inflation to reflect these changes. In addition effects of inflation may not be the same for all the companies in the market and historical cost accounts become almost unhelpful when comparing corporate performance. Alternatives to historic cost accounting. AASB 1010 Accounting for Revaluation of Non-Current Assets allows a good deal of scope because it doesn’t specify acceptable means of valuing assets, any need for reporting on the basis of the valuation or frequency of valuations. The Sydney Morning Herald (1990, p 24) reported on this situation, comments of Mr C. Breach: “In Australia there are no commonly accepted standards and how properties are valued depends on the instructions of those asking for the valuation” The lack of regulation has lead to various other valuation methods being used throughout the industry and thus enabling valuations to be manipulated by owners. Fair Value Accounting. Although various other valuation methods exist ‘Fair Value Accounting’ is the most popular alternative. The Fair Value of an asset is the amount at which that asset could be bought or sold in a current transaction between willing parties, other than in liquidation (GAAP 2004). This is important for businesses as, by using this valuation method, financial statements reflect the current value of company assets and thus true state of company solvency. Increased transparency and effective increase in asset valuations may encourage investors. Appropriate valuation of assets without verifiable data can be difficult and subjective. This is especially the case when there is no market for the asset and valuation must be wholly speculative, often leading to unintentional over-valuations of assets. Furthermore, management using Fair Value Accounting may intentionally over-value assets to improve the financial position of the company, as asset appreciation is recorded as revenue. Watts’ (2003, 2) points out that Enron’s ability to manipulate ‘fair values’ and WorldCom’s capitalisation of unverifiable unused capacity, were factors in those particular accounting scandals. Comparison between Historical Cost Accounting and Fair Value Accounting. Quite clearly historical cost accounting has several limitations and flaws that can have notable influences on businesses and are often criticised. Still historical costs are the standard form of accounting due to its unique features and conventions that make it better than all currently available alternatives. If markets were liquid and transparent for all assets and liabilities, fair value accounting clearly would be reliable information useful in the decision making process. However, because many assets and liabilities do not have an active market, the inputs and methods for estimating their fair value are more subjective and, therefore, the valuations less reliable. Management bias, whether intentional or unintentional, may result in inappropriate fair value measurements and misstatements of earnings and equity capital. Many recent cases of ‘accounting malpractice’ and ‘creative accounting’ have made accounting bodies reluctant from using current values that directly effect share value. Use of alternative valuation methods, such as Fair value pricing and Replacement Costing, opens the door to manipulation of numbers as it must, in part, be speculative and thus subjective. Under Historical cost accounting there is no room for manipulation and the data is supported by evidence such as invoices, receipts, etc. The increased risk associated with Fair Value Accounting due to the high tendency of malpractice can also be detrimental to investor confidence in certain cultures, despite the method providing greater transparency. L. Nichols’ (2002, p 3) study highlights this belief as German bankers general lend more to companies using Fair Value Accounting, whereas US bankers, in a proportional more corrupt market, lend more to companies using historical cost accounting. The high level of speculation required for valuation of assets will also increase company’s volatility to economic conditions. As Wilson explains, “Financial reporting will be about predicting the future as opposed to reporting the past,” (International Accounting Bulletin 2004). The historical cost system provides managers with a reliable, objective data that solely identifies changes in the organisations performance. Upon this base changes in performance can then be compared in reporting and measuring economic information. No other method of accounting can provide exact information at a glance on the change in trends in the company’s workings like the historical costs method. Current valuations of non-current assts can also be disclosed as supplementary data without affecting financial statements. The accounting industry should be very careful before moving toward a more comprehensive fair value approach, where all financial assets and liabilities are recorded on the balance sheet at fair value and changes in fair value are recorded in earnings, whether realized or not. However, the many potential gains of Fair Value Accounting should be noted, especially in industries such as Real Estate where non-current assets can produce revenue. Historical cost accounting is not the most effective valuation method possibly for businesses, and theoretically Fair Vale Accounting would improve company transparency, flexibility and efficiency. However, the various problems of the current methodology diminish its current popularity. Until Australian Accounting Standards can ensure that regulations are being enforced to guarantee fair value estimates are reliable, verifiable, and auditable, the risk of malpractice shall continue to weaken investor confidence. Cite this page The Principle Of Historical Cost. (2016, Jul 23). Retrieved from
Top Answer User Avatar Wiki User Answered 2013-05-09 01:55:23 There no longer is a North Vietnam, North Vietnam and South Vietnam were joined together after the Vietnam War. User Avatar Your Answer Related Questions The north Vietnamese wanted south Vietnam reunited with north Vietnam Which Vietnam is good North or South NO MORE North Vietnam, NO MORE South Vietnam...Just Vietnam. The Americans did not make war with Vietnam. There was no Vietnam. There were two countries: NORTH Vietnam and SOUTH Vietnam. NORTH Vietnam attacked SOUTH Vietnam. The US (Americans) defended SOUTH Vietnam. The US never invaded NORTH Vietnam (the US bombed it though). NORTH Vietnam invaded SOUTH Vietnam. NORTH Vietnam was (and still is) a communist nation. The US was against communism. There is no North and South in Vietnam. Just Vietnam. See the website on "Vietnam". But be advised, there was NO "North Vietnam" after the war ended...Just VIETNAM. Technically between North Vietnam and South Vietnam. Actually between the US and North Vietnam. North Vietnam moved to South Vietnam by rice rich right ? north vietnam won and south vietnam lost now south vietnam has toxic wate down there but north vietnam has clean water North Vietnam was created in 1954. North Vietnam ended in 1976. North Vietnam was a communist country. The Republic of South Vietnam was a free country. Hanoi is the capital of North Vietnam. Communist North Vietnam wanted to unite with NON-Communist South Vietnam. The capitol for South Vietnam was Saigon, and the capital of North Vietnam was Hanoi. North Vietnam - Ho Chi Minh South Vietnam - Ngo Dinh Diem North Vietnam defeated South Vietnam; the North won the war. North Vietnam and South Vietnam. South Vietnam was a democratic republic and North Vietnam had a socialist government headed by a communist regime. North Vietnam was trying to defeat the democracy of South Vietnam and unify the country. There IS no North and South Vietnam, only Vietnam. After the US withdrew combat forces from South Vietnam, North Vietnam violated the peace agreement, invaded and conquered South Vietnam. Game over. North Vietnam WAS located north of the 17th parallel. South VN was south of it. There is no "North Vietnam" as a country. The term "North Vietnam" was an erronous term used by the US to justify there intervention into Vietnam after the Paris Peace Accord 1954 which temporarily divide the country into 2 parts, North and South. FoIn the history there was no north or south country in Vietnam. The capital of Vietnam is Hanoi. the U.S.A., South Vietnam, and North Vietnam. Which Vietnam? North or South? North Vietnam conquered South Vietnam.
Various factors are associated with a higher risk of death during the year after people with a CD4 count below 100 start HIV treatment, including having a very low CD4 count, a high number of physical symptoms, weight loss, problems with self-care and various abnormal lab test results, aidsmap reports. Publishing their findings in Clinical Infectious Diseases, researchers from the REALITY trial conducted an analysis of factors associated with mortality after 48 weeks. A total of 1,711 people living with HIV in five sub-Saharan African nations, including adults and children age 5 and older, were enrolled in the prospective clinical study; all of them had a CD4 count below 100 when they were diagnosed and immediately started antiretroviral (ARV) treatment. A total of 203 (12 percent) of the participants died within 48 weeks. The researchers found that mortality was independently associated with older age, a lower CD4 count, lower albumin (an indication of inflammation, shock or malnutrition), lower hemoglobin (a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body), weaker grip strength, moderate to severe weight loss, problems with mobility, vomiting and problems with self-care, such as bathing and dressing. Particular constellations of factors were associated with a higher risk of death. Among one group with certain commonalities, 25 percent died; those in this group had a median CD4 count of 28, a high number of physical symptoms, weight loss, poor mobility and low albumin and hemoglobin. In another group that had a median CD4 count of 43, weight loss and blood test results indicating inflammation or infections, 11 percent died. And there was a 10 percent death rate in a group in which the median CD4 count was 27, but the individuals had few physical symptoms and had not experienced a drop in fat mass or body weight. To read the aidsmap article, click here. To read the study abstract, click here.
Friction Burns A friction burn is a type of abrasion that occurs when the skin rubs against another surface. It is also known as rope burn, rug burn, chafing or skinning. Despite the name, friction burns aren’t really burns, but since friction generates heat, extreme cases can cause the outer layers of the skin to burn. If the top layers of the dermis are removed, the individual will experience pain and discomfort, but bleeding isn’t common. How Friction Burns Happen Minor friction burns can occur quite easily. The mere action of skin rubbing against skin can cause abrasion. However, it is more common for friction burns to be caused by carpet, rope or clothing. The more sensitive a person’s skin is, the more likely it is that they will suffer injury. Friction burns can lead to infection as well as scarring that can be either temporary or permanent. Friction burns often occur in road traffic accidents, especially those involving motorcyclists or bicyclists. This is because of the combination of hard, rough asphalt and speed. Some friction burns are also due to items in the workplace or home such as moving belts and treadmills. The exact incidence of friction burns isn’t known since most affected people don’t have to go to the doctor or the hospital. In addition, these injuries aren’t typically counted in surveys on burn injuries. However, it is estimated that friction burns account for one to two percent of burn injuries. Generally, burns can damage the three layers of the skin: the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis or subcutaneous tissue. The epidermis is the upper layer so as long as there’s a burn injury, this will be damaged. Deeper burns go into the dermis which contains the hair follicles and nerve endings. The deepest burns of all extend into the subcutaneous layer. The latter is unlikely to occur due to friction. Friction burns can happen on any area of the body, but they tend to affect the bony parts including the elbows, forearms, knees and shins. Scrapes can often be more painful than cuts since they tear a much bigger section of the skin and expose more nerve endings. However, abrasions to the head or face can look worse than they are and bleed a lot. The true severity of the injury can only be assessed when the bleeding is under control. To prevent infection, every friction burn should be cleaned and cleared of dirt and debris. Symptoms of Friction Burns Friction burns cover a wide area of the skin and appear red and raw. The skin could bleed or there may be fluid weeping from the area. A lot depends on what caused the injury. If the burn resulted from rug burn, it will be dry, but road rash is more likely to weep. Rug burn is also painful. As with other burns, the severity of a friction burn is measured by the depth of the burn and the size as measured as a percentage of the body’s surface area. Superficial burns only damage the epidermis and they may simply be called skin abrasions. With partial-thickness burns, the epidermis is completely scraped away and the dermis is affected. This is when rug burns start to bleed and rarely, weep fluid. Since the epidermis stays largely intact, the skin can continue to regulate the victim’s temperature and keep the body free from infection. Meanwhile, full-thickness burns are characterized by the removal of both the epidermis and the dermis and the exposure of the deepest layer or muscle. This type of friction burn is rare since it’s highly unlikely that the necessary amount of force could be sustained. Severity of Burns Some types of burns are deemed to be more severe than others based on the where they occur on the body. Injuries on the face, genitalia, hands, and feet are considered severe. Still, a rug burn injury to the face doesn’t present the complications that a thermal burn would. However, anyone with rug burns on the hands or feet that are large enough to interfere with regular function should see a doctor. Rug burns to the face or genitals also require medical attention as does any full or partial-thickness burn that covers a large area. Treatment for Friction Burns Even though friction burns aren’t truly classified as burns, they may have to be treated quite similarly to thermal or electrical burns. It all depends on the severity and depth of the injury. Usually, the first step is to rinse the affected area and clean it with a gentle soap and water. There’s no need to run water over the burn for ten minutes or more as is the case with thermal burns. That’s because as soon as the friction stops, the injury stops progressing. After the burn is cleaned, it should be covered in a dry bandage. Burn gels and ointments are helpful for friction burns and they don’t inhibit healing. If the injured person is experiencing pain, they can use over-the-counter medications. Minor cases don’t usually require any more than this and can be easily treated at home. It is still necessary to monitor the wound to make sure it doesn’t get infected. Individuals with weakened immune systems are more likely to develop an infection. It doesn’t matter whether their compromised immunity is due to a health condition or medication. Signs of infection include swelling, worsening pain and pus or drainage coming from the wound. A fever or a rash that gets bigger or spreads also indicates infection. If a friction burn becomes infected, the doctor may prescribe antibiotics and prescription-grade topical cream. Friction burns are typically minor, and they will, therefore, heal on their own after about a week. Usually, there’s no scarring, but severe burns, including rug burn, can leave slight discoloration or permanent scarring. If a victim has serious injuries but they get the right treatment, they shouldn’t experience any life-changing complications. Free Case Evaluation Discover how we can help you..
Biography on culture history Topic can be any person, group/organization, creation, or invention who/which made a significant contribution to Western Civilization’s history between 10,000 BCE and 1700 CE. The topic can be in the area of politics, economics, military history, social history, cultural history, art history, sports or leisure-time history, science or social science history, inventions and technology history, and/or women’s history, so long as it puts the story of the topic into the broader context of what was happening at the time. The post Biography on culture history first appeared on Biography on culture history was first posted on January 14, 2021 at 6:47 pm. Essay Writing Service
Even Light Drinking May Increase Cancer Risk By Temma Ehrenfeld @Temmaehrenfeld April 27, 2020 Backing up years of research, one study suggests that drinking any alcohol increases your risk for cancers of the colon, stomach, breast, prosate, and esophagus. Alcohol is one of the major contributors to chronic disease. In fact, even having two drinks a day or fewer increases your risk for several forms of cancer. Most people think drinking is okay unless you’re an alcoholic. Drinking within the guidelines is fine, right? Maybe not. Backing up years of research, a giant study from Japan suggests that any drinking of alcohol upped the risk of cancer of the colon, stomach, breast, prostate, and esophagus. YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE: Our Cancer Care section In wealthier countries around the world, cancer causes more than half of deaths among middle-aged people, compared to less than a quarter for heart disease. (That's good news, in a way, as heart disease rates have fallen with better prevention and care.) Cancer deaths have fallen, too, by 26 percent in the United States between 1991 and 2015. One reason: The number of smokers has decreased, thanks to a wave of public education and restrictive new laws. But obesity is on the rise, and that will lead to more cancer cases. In 2018, the American Society of Clinical Oncology stated that more than 5 percent of new cancer cases were attributable to alcohol consumption. Within your body, an alcoholic drink breaks down into acetaldehyde, which damages your DNA. Your genes are a kind of instruction manual for your cells. With the instruction manual damaged, your cells can begin overproducing. With breast and prostate cancer, alcohol might be changing levels of sex hormone levels. The study was large, following more than 63,000 cancer cases and the same number of controls at several medical centers in Japan. People who downed 2 drinks a day or fewer had a 5 percent higher risk of any kind of cancer, compared to people who didn't drink at all. This elevated risk also applied to most gastrointestinal cancer, and breast and prostate cancer. For other cancers, the risk was slightly less; for esophageal cancer, it was more. Participants reported their drinking habits based on standard alcohol units for sake, beer, wine, and whisky. Over the years, all types of alcoholic drinks, including red and white wine, beer, cocktails, and liquor, have been linked with cancer. The more you drink, the higher your cancer risk. In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends women stick to a drink a day and men to two. You’ve gone on a binge if you consume five or more alcoholic drinks and you’re male, or four if you’re female, within a couple hours of each other. You've probably heard that wine protects you against cancer and heart disease. There is some evidence of a protective effect for some cancers, but always with very moderate consumption and other parts of the body may be hurt. And, of course, you should stay away from liquor if you will be driving or operating machinery or minding a child or elder. You can’t mix alcohol with a long list of ordinary medications, including over-the-counter remedies for allergies, colds and flu, pain, heartburn, and cough; prescriptions for high blood pressure, antibiotics, anti-anxiety drugs, nitroglycerin for angina, antidepressants, anti-seizure drugs, anti-nausea drugs, some arthritis medication, blood thinners, cholesterol-lowering drugs, and sleep aids. If you’re pregnant, the best idea is to avoid alcohol altogether. If you decide to go off that regime, stick to one drink on any occasion. From a cancer prevention standpoint, drinking the least amount of alcohol possible is your best strategy. The bottom line: If you're at risk for cancer because of a family history, previous cancer, or other factors, you may want to steer clear of alcohol. YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE: Our Alcohol Abuse section April 27, 2020 Reviewed By: Janet O’Dell
The Effects That Marijuana has On the Body. The Effects That Marijuana has On the Body. The intended use of marijuana was as a drug for pain relief, to stop nausea, vomiting and a loss of appetite. It is the most commonly used illicit drug in the U.S. It is a dry brown and green mixture of flowers, seeds, steams and leaves of the cannabis plant. The mixture is smoked or mixed in baked goods and eaten to achieve a high feeling. The active chemical is thc (the psychoactive ingredient) which causes the high feeling user?s experience. This feeling persist in the body for up to three hours. Marijuana high gives most people the false sense of having new ideas and a new understanding about life. Over 2000 chemicals enter the body through the lungs when marijuana is smoked. Some users experience a state of panic and dread rather than the high they expect. However, the user?s mood and personality effects their reaction to the drug. There are new studies concerning the effects of marijuana daily. One of these studies confirms that heavy marijuana use impairs critical thinking and learning. This particular effect lasts up to twenty-four hours after the user stops feeling high. Smoking one to three marijuana cigarettes produce the same lung damage and cancer risk as smoking five times as many cigarettes. The user?s risk of heart attack is greater within the first hour of smoking. This happens because of the elevated blood pressure, heart rate and reduced level of oxygen. Frequent and long term use cause burning and stinging of the mouth and throat. Some may have the same respiratory problems as tobacco smokers. Smoking marijuana increases the risk of cancer. One study found that people who use marijuana frequently but do not smoke tobacco have more health problems than nonsmokers. Depression and anxiety are associated with marijuana use. These conditions may not show up for years after a person stop using. Marijuana use can enhance these mental conditions causing prolonged treatment. The immune system?s ability to fight off infectious diseases and cancer is impaired with the frequent use of marijuana. The user experiences the effects other mixed-drugs within marijuana thus, causing a slow death. This is the main effect that marijuana has on the body. The Effects That Marijuana has On the Body. 9.5 of 10 on the basis of 3282 Review.
Redefining the word 'Friend' in the Social Media Age By: Greg Miller Bookmark and Share Subscribe to the Digital Pivot RSS Feed Share This article initially was going to explore how the definition of the word "friend" has changed in the social media age. The plan was to start this article with a definition of the word with Dictionary.com being the source. From there, I would explore the history of friendship. But upon visiting the Dictionary.com site, something caught my attention. Something that just a couple of years ago probably didn't exist. There are six definitions of the word "friend" on Dictionary.com: 2. a person who gives assistance; patron; supporter. 4. a member of the same nation, party, etc 5. a member of the Religious Society of Friends; a Quaker These all seem to be what one would expect. But it's when you get to definition number six that things get interesting. It makes the title of this article (which was conceived prior to looking up the definition) even more poignant. 6. a person associated with another as a contact on a social-networking Web site. With this being an official definition, it somewhat changed the dynamic of what this article would have turned out to be. So I guess the real question becomes, what is a friend? In this social media age, has what a friend is changed? There are a lot of people who would not classify their 300+ Facebook friends as "real friends." A lot of those “friends” we probably never see and/or haven’t seen in some time. And if it were not for social networking, most of them would simply be an afterthought. But when you examine the definitions provided above, Facebook friends seem to fit the classifications. - A lot of them provide support and assistance whenever their friends post issues they’re having. - If you’re friends on Facebook, then you’re usually on good terms with that person and if any of them ever did become hostile, you would simply un-friend them. - If you’re on Facebook, then you’re all part of a nation, a community of sorts. So what is a friend? Is Dictionary.com wrong in how they define the word friend? What about Oxford? The second definition listed on Oxforddictionaries.com site for "friend" is the following: 2. a contact on a social networking site. So was Facebook on to something when they started using the word "friend" to describe the relationships on the site? (By the way, "friend" is also a verb, meaning "to add a person to one’s list of contacts on a social-networking Web site.") Is this how friendships will be defined going forward? Dictionary.com seems to think so, and surely Facebook believes so. What about you? Bookmark and Share Subscribe to the Digital Pivot RSS Feed Share blog comments powered by Disqus About the Author Greg Miller is an IT Support Pro, digital evolutionist, NBA fanatic, and the founder\editor of LifeAppolution where you can learn to get more from life one app at a time. Be sure to follow him on Twitter @LifeAppolution. Digital Pivot on Advertise on Digital Pivot Return to Top
Visualize the mass marketing person as standing smack in the middle of a major league park. Companies sell mass-produced products as they are cheap to produce, and also it is easy for labor to produce identical products. Mass customization can then become part of a lucrative marketing strategy for a company. In an undifferentiated marketing also known as Mass marketing, a firm typically ignores individual segment differences and targets the whole market with mainly one offering. Mass marketing is a marketing strategy that targets an entire market as opposed to a segment or niche.It is associated with large firms with dominant brands in a category. The mass marketing person just … Critical mass is the point at which a growing company becomes self-sustaining, and no longer needs additional investment to remain economically viable. On the ground, in front of this person, is a large pile of various denominations of currency. Companies that offer customization can give themselves a … These are different channels of communication. However, including mass customization in business is not easy as there are various factors involved with it. Mass marketing definition: the organization of the sale of a product to a large number of people \| Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples It emphasizes on designing a marketing program for a product or a service with a superior image that can be sold to broadest number of buyers through mass distribution and mass communication channels. This concept compares niche and mass marketing strategies and discusses different methods of applying these marketing strategies. Mass marketing will burn up your marketing dollars. Mass communication is a way of relaying and exchanging information to a large chunk of heterogeneous population by using different mass media like newspapers, radio, TV, social media, etc at a point of time. Mass marketing is typified by a product or production-oriented business which uses shotgun marketing tactics rather than more precise targeted activities (Kotler et al., 1999)." Mass customization is need of the hour as more and more customers want customized products. The following are common elements of mass marketing. Generally speaking, small firms find it more efficient to target a specific niche as they don't have the resources to create brand awareness across an entire market.
Skip to main content Biology LibreTexts 14: Mechanisms of Catalysis – Serine proteases, Enzyme modification, Ribozymes • Page ID • . external link: Chymotrypsin - hydrolyzes peptide bonds on the carboxyl side of aromatic amino acid residues. B. Mechanism, external link: Chymotrypsin mechanism handout 1. Catalytic triad forms a charge transfer system to facilitate catalysis 2. Tetrahedryl intermediate stabilized by enzyme structure, including oxyanion hole 3. Covalent acyl-enzyme intermediate is relatively stable 4. Entry of water allows formation of second tetrahedryl intermediate that is similarly stabilized by enzyme 5. Resolution of second tetrahedryl intermediate restores enzyme and produces second hydrolysis product 6. Reaction accelerated by approximately a factor of 1010 II. Cofactors - non amino acid compounds that aid catalysis A. Prosthetic groups - tightly bound to enzyme, e. g. heme and other tetrapyrrols B. Coenzymes - like prosthetic groups, but not tightly bound so they transiently associate with enzymes, e. g. coenzyme A, FAD, NAD, NADP Most Vitamins are precursors to coenzymes. Animals cannot make them and they must be obtained from plants or microbes in animal food. C. Metal ions: like the iron in heme. Enzymes have been found that require: Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Mg, Co, Ni, Mo, V, Se. This is the reason for organisms requiring trace minerals in their diets. They must have these ions for specific enzymes to function. III. Ribozymes- catalytic RNA 1. Ribonuclease P - a ribonucleoprotein ribonuclease where the RNA component is catalytic 2. Self-splicing ribosomal RNA - an RNA that can both cleave and ligate RNA (acting on itself) 3. The ribosome is a ribozyme - peptidyl transferase (linking amino acids) occurs in a region of the ribosome where there is only ribosomal RNA 4. Hypotheses for the early life - the "RNA world"
Research & Education Hyperinsulinemia: An Early Indicator of Metabolic Dysfunction Most people are accustomed to thinking about insulin as a blood sugar regulating hormone. When blood glucose rises, insulin is secreted in order to help bring it down, partly via stimulation of insulin-sensitive glucose transporters. However, this is only one of insulin’s many roles completely unrelated to blood glucose. In fact, to many people’s surprise, insulin is not actually required for cellular glucose uptake. (The use of exogenous insulin in those with type 1 diabetes may be required more to suppress unopposed glucagon secretion than it is to facilitate glucose transport into cells. And even for insulin-sensitive glucose transporters, such as GLUT-4s, glucose uptake may occur in the absence of an insulin stimulus, such as via the non-insulin mediated glucose uptake induced by exercise.) The myopic focus on insulin as it relates to blood glucose has led us into a dark age wherein we have missed a host of health problems that occur in the presence of normal glucose but chronically elevated insulin. A previous article covered the work of Joseph Kraft, MD, who pioneered what is now sometimes referred to as the “Kraft test”—a modified oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). It’s modified in that rather than the standard 2-hour test, the Kraft test is a 5-hour test, and instead of testing only glucose, insulin is also tested at each time point. These seemingly simple changes yielded extraordinary findings: a staggering number of people were identified as being hyperinsulinemic in the presence of normoglycemia. That is, high insulin levels were keeping the glucose from rising. But chronically elevated insulin, even in the absence of elevated glucose, is a major contributor to cardiometabolic disease. This is being missed because while fasting glucose is a routine part of a checkup or regular bloodwork, and even the HbA1c test is becoming more standard, insulin testing is still relatively uncommon. Chronic hyperinsulinemia is the main causal factor in polycystic ovarian syndrome. To be clear, this is not a mere association. Hyperinsulinemia has been “causally linked to all features of the syndrome, such as hyperandrogenism, reproductive disorders, acne, hirsutism and metabolic disturbances.” (Emphasis added.) Looking at associations, chronically elevated insulin may be a factor in the etiology of conditions not typically thought of as having any connection to this “blood sugar hormone,” such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), erectile dysfunction, migraine, tinnitus, vertigo, Ménière’s disease, acne, and more. Obviously, not everyone living with these conditions has type 2 diabetes (T2D), which hammers home the point that it may be elevated insulin, rather than glucose, which may be conferring increased risk. Indeed, a small study identified a high prevalence of undiagnosed insulin resistance among patients with Parkinson’s disease—and these individuals were not diabetic. (They were not classified as diabetic due to normal fasting glucose levels, but they were hyperinsulinemic.) It’s worth noting that insulin resistance (IR) was defined as HOMA-IR ≥ 2.0 or HbA1c ≥ 5.7, but HOMA-IR is based on fasting insulin and glucose levels. Using fasting levels, over half the subjects were identified as having undiagnosed IR. How many more might have been shown to have IR if insulin levels had been measured after a meal or a after a glucose load? The same pattern was identified among patients with newly diagnosed multiple sclerosis (MS). A small study comparing newly diagnosed MS patients to healthy age-matched controls found that the two groups has similar fasting glucose levels and similar glycemic responses to an OGTT, but the MS patients showed an increased insulin response and decreased insulin sensitivity. This study and the Parkinson’s study both had very small sample sizes, but they raise interesting questions regarding a possible role for chronic hyperinsulinemia and IR in the etiology of neurodegenerative disorders. The authors of the MS paper noted, “The role of hyperinsulinemia in CNS function impairment should be further investigated.” Chronically elevated insulin may be present long before rising blood glucose indicates any metabolic dysfunction. In one study, elevated insulin predicted progression to impaired glucose tolerance as far as twenty years in advance. It is imperative that physicians begin to understand the importance of measuring insulin levels when assessing patients and establishing the best course of treatment. In noting the numerous conditions that improve when insulin levels are reduced, one author even called lowering insulin “the sleeping giant in patient care.” If someone is living with a condition known or highly suspected to be caused or exacerbated by chronic hyperinsulinemia, there are several interventions that may be effective for improving outcomes via lowering insulin levels. A previous article explored the powerful effects of very low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets for improving insulin and blood glucose dynamics. This dietary strategy is often used for weight loss, but it’s effective for reversing metabolic syndrome (i.e. “insulin resistance syndrome”) even in the absence of weight loss. Supplementation with inositol may be beneficial for those with IR. Metformin has been studied for numerous hyperinsulinemic conditions, and considering the overlapping effects of berberine and metformin, berberine may be a useful adjunct to diet and lifestyle changes. It’s time to awaken the sleeping giant and realize that even when blood sugar is normal, high insulin is an early indicator of metabolic dysfunction and may be a major contributor to the etiology and pathology of chronic cardiometabolic disease.
Training, Nutrition and Wellbeing This page features free advice on training, nutrition and wellbeing Latest Article! Many of us, mostly through personal observation, know that if you are constantly under stress for a prolonged period of time you tend to gain weight. Making bad food choices due to a lack of time to eat, or prepare food, would be an obvious cause but there is much more to the story. The real culprit is actually high insulin levels that eventually lead to insulin resistance, unwanted weight gain and eventually obesity. Stress is a feeling of emotional or physical tension. It can come from any event or thought that makes you feel frustrated, angry, or nervous. Stress is your body's reaction to a challenge or demand. In short bursts, stress can be helpful, such as when it helps you avoid danger or meet a deadline. But when stress lasts for a long time, it can be bad for your health. Cortisol is the so-called stress hormone which mediates the flight-or-fight response, a set of physiological responses to perceived threats. Cortisol prepares the body for action by moving energy out of stores and into readily available forms such as glucose. In ancient times, the stress that led to the release of cortisol was mostly physical and necessitated a physical response i.e fighting off a predator or running away from it. The energy released as a result of cortisol in these situations was used up in the action to escape or deal with the physical threat. In modern times however, most stressors are non-physical and reacting with a physical response can have unwanted consequences. Ideally, you cannot chase your coworkers around the office or run away from a challenging meeting when you are having a stressful day at work. The body’s stress response however have remained the same. With every stressful event the body prepares you to deal with it by releasing cortisol which in turn liberates glucose into the bloodstream. Glucose in the bloodstream in turn signals the release of insulin which helps to drive the glucose into the cells where it gets used for energy. The problem comes in with prolonged times of stress, also known as chronic stress. In our modern-day lives, we have many chronic, nonphysical stressors that increase our cortisol levels. For example, marital issues, problems at work, arguments with children, sleep deprivation etc. These are all serious stressors, but they do not result in the vigorous physical exertion needed to burn off the blood glucose released to allow the body to deal with physical stressors. High levels of insulin and insulin resistance is the drivers for unwanted weight gain and obesity. Under conditions of chronic stress, glucose levels remain high for extended periods of time. In turn high levels of insulin are also released to cater for the high levels of glucose. The chronic high levels of insulin eventually lead to insulin resistance as the body starts to get less sensitive to insulin. A viscious cycle ensues as the body compensates by releasing more insulin to counteract the insulin resistance. Reducing stress is not always easy, but vitally important. Also contrary to popular belief, sitting in front of the television or computer is a poor way to relieve stress. Stress relief is an active process. Some tried and tested methods of dealing with stress are mindfulness meditation, yoga, massage therapy, hypnotherapy and exercise. If you struggle to incorporate these into your life, or don’t know where to start, a health coach, trainer or counsellor can help. You also don’t have to feel forced into a specific practise, explore more than one and choose the one you feel suited for you. You can also contact us at or 078 036 8702 if you need help or advice on available options to deal with stress in your life. Our health coach can help you put together a plan to assist with dealing with your stress.
Soak Your Way to Good Health There’s no doubt that a good, long soak in a hot bath has its benefits. Enjoying the warm water as it languidly washes over your skin and letting go of the drama of the day can be advantageous for anyone. However, it is only recently that scientists have discovered a new reason to draw a bath and relax: lowered blood pressure and blood sugar. A recent study out of Loughborough University in the UK revealed that an hour-long soak in a hot bath burns about 140 calories—roughly the same amount as a half-hour walk. Passive heating is a term that describes the raising of your body temperature—outside of exercise—be it through a soak in the tub or a session in the sauna. As your body temperature rises, there is a rise in nitric oxide—a molecule responsible for lowering blood pressure and blood sugar. Through the rise in nitric oxide, along with the creation of “heat shock molecules”—molecules created by the cells in the body in response to the stresses of increased heat—a rise in body temperature actually mimics the effect of exercise on the body. This blood-sugar-lowering alternative to exercise can help diabetics—or those with high blood pressure—who are unable to maintain the physical activitybneeded to raise the body temperature through moderate exercise. This UK study proved that the increase in body temperature that comes from exercise is, in itself, one of the reasons why exercise is so good at lowering blood pressure, burning calories, and maintaining blood sugar levels. But before you hang up your running shoes and cancel your gym membership, it should be noted that taking a hot bath cannot replace the plethora of health benefits that come from regular exercise—but it also certainly won’t hurt. by Pax Ansley
Question: Should Stress Be Controlled In The Same Way As Other Hazards At Work? Proving That Stress or Anxiety Is Work-RelatedThe working conditions must be objectively stressful;The believable evidence must support a finding that the worker reacted to the conditions as stressful;The objectively stressful working conditions must be “peculiar” to the particular workplace;More items…•. Is stress a workplace hazard? Key facts. Work-related stress is one of the biggest health hazards in the workplace. Stress is difficult to identify, but it can be caused by excessive workloads or pressure placed on employees. Work-related stress is a reaction to pressure or harassment at work or other working conditions. What are the signs positive and negative stressors? Stress can be positive or negative, depending on the situation. Positive stressors (called eustress) may include an upcoming wedding, the holidays, or pregnancy. On the other hand, negative stress (called distress) results in the full-blown stress response. What are 5 emotional signs of stress? What are the 3 steps used to manage health and safety at work? There are three steps used to manage health and safety at work.Spot the Hazard (Hazard Identification)Assess the Risk (Risk Assessment)Make the Changes (Risk Control) What are the 5 hierarchy of control? NIOSH defines five rungs of the Hierarchy of Controls: elimination, substitution, engineering controls, administrative controls and personal protective equipment. The hierarchy is arranged beginning with the most effective controls and proceeds to the least effective. What are the 6 levels of hierarchy of hazard control? HIERARCHY OF CONTROLSOverview. Controlling exposures to occupational hazards is the fundamental method of protecting workers. … Elimination and Substitution. … Engineering Controls. … Administrative Controls and PPE. How do you identify a hazard? What type of hazard is stress? Psychosocial hazards include those that can have an adverse effect on an employee’s mental health or wellbeing. For example, sexual harassment, victimisation, stress and workplace violence. What type of hazard is brought by too much stress from work? increased heart rate and blood pressure. weakened immune system. fatigue / insomnia. What are 2 tangible things you can do to help eliminate workplace hazards and reduce risk? Six Steps to Control Workplace HazardsStep 1: Design or re-organise to eliminate hazards. … Step 2: Substitute the hazard with something safer. … Step 3: Isolate the hazard from people. … Step 4: Use engineering controls. … Step 5: Use administrative controls. … Step 6: Use Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) What is the best way to control hazards in the workplace? Elimination is the process of removing the hazard from the workplace. It is the most effective way to control a risk because the hazard is no longer present. It is the preferred way to control a hazard and should be used whenever possible. What are the reasons for employees stress? Some of the factors that commonly cause work-related stress include:Long hours.Heavy workload.Changes within the organisation.Tight deadlines.Changes to duties.Job insecurity.Lack of autonomy.Boring work.More items…• What is the safest level of hazard control? Elimination. Physical removal of the hazard is the most effective hazard control. For example, if employees must work high above the ground, the hazard can be eliminated by moving the piece they are working on to ground level to eliminate the need to work at heights. What are the main ways to control a hazard? What are Control Measures?Eliminate the hazard. … Substitute the hazard with a lesser risk. … Isolate the hazard. … Use engineering controls. … Use administrative controls. … Use personal protective equipment. What is a psychological hazard in the workplace? A psychological hazard is any hazard that affects the mental well-being or mental health of the worker by overwhelming individual coping mechanisms and impacting the worker’s ability to work in a healthy and safe manner. Sources of psychological hazards. Work Organizational Factors. ➢Workplace violence and harassment. Can I sue my employer for stress and anxiety? Stress, in varying levels, is a common part of work life for most workers, however when that stress reaches a severe level where it causes a psychological injury, you may be able to make a claim for workers compensation. Can you be sacked for being off with stress? Constructive dismissal If an employer first dismisses you due to your work-related stress, you may have a claim for unfair dismissal. Sometimes an employee’s condition can meet the criteria of being a disability, which is a “protected characteristic” under the Equality Act.
DEV Community Cover image for Be a psychoanalyst for a day of the great poets with Node.js and IBM Watson wakeupmh profile image Marcos Henrique ・6 min read IBM Watson What's this?😅 enter image description here Watson is an IBM supercomputer that combines artificial intelligence (AI) and sophisticated analytical software for optimal performance as a "question answering" machine computer system capable of answering questions posed in natural language based on cognitive computing 🤯 Cognitive computing is a technique which is a set of several techniques: • Machine learning is a technique where system tries to get better day by day by learning new things, just like we humans do. • Natural language processing is a way of interaction with computers by means of a language that we speak daily (i.e. English). • Artificial intelligence is the way by which computers perform some tasks which actually need human intelligence. • Human interaction is the way in which computers can interact with humans, yes you can say natural language processing as a subset of human interaction. You can read more on Bradley Nice post or in IBM's site. Creating an account and setting the Personality Insights Service No credit card required 🤠🎊✨ I'ts foor free with call limitations to get started with their amazing tools, you can create an account clicking here, This article isn't a Getting started with IBM Watson, for this I recommends this awesome article writed by Editor's of IBM Watson Tutorials Bayo Opesanya. After creating your account and loged in you'll see all the services that you can access, something like that: On the left sidebar, scroll your eyes to the Watson section, click on and then navigate to Watson Services > Browse Services. enter image description here Therefore find Personality Insights option, than click on and let's get started with this incredible API. enter image description here Step by step 📝 1) Select a Region; 2) Select a pricing plan (the free option 😁) 3) Configure your resource: 1) Service Name (insert a heroic name); 2) Tag (set a tag if you want); After all these steps clck on Create enter image description here So finally our prize 🎆🎉 an API KEY . enter image description here enter image description here I'll assume you already have a basic notion of Node.js, but if you don't have a look at this Pramod Chandrayan article . This application is an API that has a route which you use from PoetryDB, which according to the site "is the first API for next generation internet poets". In this article I will cover only the most important parts of how I take a poem to send to Watson to analyze the author's personality while abstracting his can see my full code here. Installs 📚 npm i --save axios npm i --save body-parser npm i --save express npm i --save nodemon npm i --save personality-text-summary npm i --save watson-developer-cloud npm i --save dotenv Or just: npm i --save axios body-parser express nodemon personality-text-summary watson-developer-cloud dotenv Retrieving the poem 📜 The poetryModel.js where I access to PoetryDB const axios = require('axios'); async function getPoetry(author, title){ return axios.get(`,title/${author};${title}`) .then(result => { .catch(error => { return null; module.exports = getPoetry; I unifing my response with a delimiter passed as param on the poetryBusiness.js where I handle my information let getPoetry = require('../models/poetryModel') async function handlePoetry(author, title, delimiter){ let unifiedLines = ""; let poetry = await getPoetry(author, title); for(let i in poetry.lines){ unifiedLines += `${poetry.lines[i]}${delimiter}` let result = Object.assign({}, poetry, {delimitedLines:unifiedLines}) return result; module.exports = handlePoetry; The final result is something like that: "title": "Dreams", "author": "Edgar Allan Poe", "lines": [ "Oh! that my young life were a lasting dream!", "My spirit not awakening, till the beam", "Of an Eternity should bring the morrow.", "Yes! tho' that long dream were of hopeless sorrow,", "'Twere better than the cold reality", "Of waking life, to him whose heart must be,", "And hath been still, upon the lovely earth,", "A chaos of deep passion, from his birth.", "But should it be- that dream eternally", "Continuing- as dreams have been to me", "In my young boyhood- should it thus be given,", "'Twere folly still to hope for higher Heaven.", "For I have revell'd, when the sun was bright", "I' the summer sky, in dreams of living light", "And loveliness,- have left my very heart", "In climes of my imagining, apart", "From mine own home, with beings that have been", "Of mine own thought- what more could I have seen?", "'Twas once- and only once- and the wild hour", "From my remembrance shall not pass- some power", "Or spell had bound me- 'twas the chilly wind", "Came o'er me in the night, and left behind", "Its image on my spirit- or the moon", "Shone on my slumbers in her lofty noon", "Too coldly- or the stars- howe'er it was", "That dream was as that night-wind- let it pass.", "I have been happy, tho' in a dream.", "I have been happy- and I love the theme:", "Dreams! in their vivid coloring of life,", "As in that fleeting, shadowy, misty strife", "Of semblance with reality, which brings", "To the delirious eye, more lovely things", "Of Paradise and Love- and all our own!", "Than young Hope in his sunniest hour hath known." "linecount": "34", "delimetedLines":"same as lines but every position in array are unified by a delimited param" And now the most important part: Analysing Personality 🧐 First of all we need to set our keys (in this case is username and password of your ibm's account) in environment variables, if you don't know env or why this is so important when you developing with Node.js look this article Analysing the data is quite simple, we just need require our npm module previous installed, post into our previous created poetry route to retrieve the poem, finally fire the method profile inside personality module passing the params, and we have the analysed data like a magic pass 🎩🔮🎇 const PersonalityInsightsV3 =require('watson-developer-cloud/personality-insights/v3'); const personality = new PersonalityInsightsV3({ username: process.env.PERSONALITY_INSIGHTS_USERNAME, password: process.env.PERSONALITY_INSIGHTS_PASSWORD, version_date: process.env.PERSONALITY_INSIGHTS_VERSION_DATE const v3EnglishTextSummaries = new PersonalityTextSummaries({ locale: 'en', version: 'v3' const getTextSummary = personalityProfile => { let textSummary = v3EnglishTextSummaries.getSummary(personalityProfile); if (typeof(textSummary)!== 'string') { console.log("Could not get summary."); } else { return textSummary; const getPersonalityInside = async (_author, _title, _delimiter) =>{ let content = await'http://localhost:3000/api/poetry/get-poetry/', title: _title, .then(result => { return result .catch(error => { return null let params = { content_type: 'text/plain', raw_scores: true, consumption_preferences: true return personality.profile(params) .then(response => { return getTextSummary(response) .catch(error =>console.log(error)) WTF is PersonalityTextSummaries? Our result is a combination of four major parts: • Personality results based on Big5 personality traits and facets • Needs, which describe at a high level those aspects of a product that are likely to resonate with the author of the input text • Values, which describe motivating factors that influence the author’s decision-making • Consumption Preferences, which indicate the author’s likelihood to prefer different products, services, and activities. You can get a lot more detail from the official documentation Asides this, there’s an npm module (that we installed earlier )that gives you a textual analysis of that whole JSON response from the Personality Insights API. Turn it into human readable language in a Freudian style. Running this in Dreams of Edgar Allan Poe, we have this result: "personality": "You are inner-directed.\nYou are appreciative of art: you enjoy beauty and seek out creative experiences. You are philosophical: you are open to and intrigued by new ideas and love to explore them. And you are empathetic: you feel what others feel and are compassionate towards them.\nYour choices are driven by a desire for well-being.\nYou are relatively unconcerned with achieving success: you make decisions with little regard for how they show off your talents. You consider independence to guide a large part of what you do: you like to set your own goals to decide how to best achieve them." Now you are able to writing 100 words text and analyse yourself, Or you can go around giving a postmodern Lacanian 😂 Thanks for your most valuable asset: time ⌚! A little nilism to close with a golden key: Beliefs are more dangerous enemies of truth than lies. 🍻 Editor guide
de Alison Griffiths (Auteur) Prêts illimités, Un à la fois From the architectural spectacle of the medieval cathedral and the romantic sublime of the nineteenth-century panorama to the techno-fetishism of today's London Science Museum, humans have gained a deeper understanding of the natural world through highly illusionistic representations that engender new modes of seeing, listening, and thinking. What unites and defines many of these wondrous spaces is an immersive view-an invitation to step inside the virtual world of the image and become a part of its universe, if only for a short time. Since their inception, museums of science and natural history have mixed education and entertainment, often to incredible, eye-opening effect. Immersive spaces of visual display and modes of exhibition send "shivers" down our spines, engaging the distinct cognitive and embodied mapping skills we bring to spectacular architecture and illusionistic media. They also force us to reconsider traditional models of film spectatorship in the context of a mobile and interactive spectator. Through a series of detailed historical case studies, Alison Griffiths masterfully explores the uncanny and unforgettable visceral power of the medieval cathedral, the panorama, the planetarium, the IMAX theater, and the science museum. Examining these structures as exemplary spaces of immersion and interactivity, Griffiths reveals the sometimes surprising antecedents of modern media forms, suggesting the spectator's deep-seated desire to become immersed in a virtual world. Shivers Down Your Spine demonstrates how immersive and interactive museum display techniques such as large video displays, reconstructed environments, and touch-screen computer interactives have redefined the museum space, fueling the opposition between public and private, science and spectacle, civic and corporate interests, voice and text, and life and death. In her remarkable study of sensual spaces, Griffiths explains why, for centuries, we keep coming back for more. Fiche livre Date de publication 8 août 2008 ISBN papier
Question: Does DOE Mean Money? Is salary a year or month? Definition of Salary Salary is associated with employee compensation quoted on an annual basis, such as $50,000 per year. Many employees working in a company’s general office will be paid a salary. Often the salaries are paid semi-monthly.. Why is cheddar slang for money? Cheese. Meaning: Slang term for money. Derived from the fact Americans on welfare used to receive cheese as part of their benefits. … In recent times the etymology of this phrase has developed further – our American friends often describe cash as ‘cheddar’. Why is a dollar a buck? Buck is an informal reference to $1 that may trace its origins to the American colonial period when deer skins (buckskins) were commonly traded for goods. The buck also refers to the U.S. dollar as a currency that can be used both domestically and internationally. What does having doe eyes mean? : having large innocent-looking eyes. What does ewe mean in English? female of: the female of the sheep especially when mature also : the female of various related animals. Ewe. What does DOE slang mean? dead on arrivalIt’s an acronym for “dead on arrival”. Meaning you ordered a product (typically electronics), and it failed to operate although you didn’t break it yourself, meaning it was already faulty when it was sent to you. … But you learned something new anyway 🙂 DOE is also an acronym, used in job postings. Is salary the same as hourly? Salaried employees are paid a regular, consistent amount based on their pay schedule — equal to their annual sum. With a salary, you’re not typically paid based on the number of hours you work. On the other hand, hourly positions pay a certain amount for each hour you work, such as $15 per hour. What doe means in salary? Is money called bread? The term bread was directly tied with someone who earned money. From there, it’s easy to see how bread, and subsequently dough, came into common usage. … The term “bread and honey” was used instead of money. But there’s enough evidence to suggest that bread was used as a term for money before the Cockney’s adopted it. What is a fancy word for money? SYNONYMS. cash, hard cash, ready money. the means, the wherewithal, funds, capital, finances, lucre, filthy lucre. banknotes, notes, paper money, coins, change, coin, coinage, silver, copper, currency, legal tender. Does dough mean money? Does slang do money? General terms include bucks, dough, bread, moolah, cheddar, paper, stash, Benjamin, Benji, loot, smackers, and samoleons. Outdated or rarely used terms include: bones, clams, tamales, scratch, grease, cheese, guap, lettuce, salad, scrilla, scrill, chips, cake, ducats, spondulix, celery, and cabbage. What is the slang for $100? C-NoteWhat Is a C-Note? C-note is a slang term for a $100 banknote in U.S. currency. The “C” in C-note refers to the Roman numeral for 100, which was printed on $100 bills, and it can also refer to a century. The term came to prominence in the 1920s and 1930s, and it was popularized in a number of gangster films. When did bread become slang for money? What does bread mean in slang? Bread is a slang word for money. The money earned from a high paying job is an example of bread. What is DOE full form? Rating. DOE. Department Of Education. Governmental » US Government — and more… What drug is Doe?
Which Three Of These Elements Characterizes Quid Pro Quo Harassment? What defines harassment? From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Harassment covers a wide range of behaviors of an offensive nature. What is unique about quid pro quo harassment? “Quid pro quo” literally means “this for that” in Latin. Quid pro quo sexual harassment occurs when employment, pay, benefits, title, position or other opportunities for advancement or training are conditioned on the submission to unwelcome sexual advances. Whether the harassment is explicit or implicit, it is illegal. What is the most common type of harassment? 7 Most Common Types of Workplace HarassmentPhysical Harassment. Physical harassment is one of the most common types of harassment at work. … Personal Harassment. Personal harassment can also be called bullying. … Discriminatory Harassment. … Psychological Harassment. … Cyberbullying. … Sexual Harassment. … 3rd Party Harassment. What can I do if someone is harassing me? What are the two main types of harassment? According to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), there are two types of sexual harassment claims: “quid pro quo” and “hostile work environment.” The EEOC provides guidance on defining sexual harassment and establishing employer liability. How do I complain about harassment? Employee Complaint LetterIdentify exactly the kind of workplace harassment that took place.Write down the details about the harassment.Introduce yourself and your purpose.Present the facts of the harassment.Explain in great detail how you responded.Proffer a solution to the issue.Avoid using offensive language. What are the four types of harassment? 10 Types of Workplace Harassment that can put your Business at RiskDiscriminatory Harassment. … Harassment based on Religion. … Personal Harassment. … Physical Harassment. … Power Harassment. … Psychological Harassment. … Sexual Harassment. … Third-Party Harassment.More items…• What is quid pro quo social engineering? Quid pro quo means something for something: An attacker calls random numbers at a company, claiming to be calling back from technical support. Eventually this person will hit someone with a legitimate problem, grateful that someone is calling back to help them. What can be some of the consequences of harassment? For Victims Victims of sexual harassment can suffer significant psychological effects, including anxiety, depression, headaches, sleep disorders, weight loss or gain, nausea, lowered self-esteem and sexual dysfunction. What are examples of quid pro quo harassment? Examples of this type of harassment can include: A supervisor requesting sexual favors as a condition for hiring, promotion, advancement, or opportunities. A manager threatening to terminate, transfer, demote, or otherwise adversely affect an employee’s work life if sexual favors are not given or continued. What does pro quo mean in English? What is an example of harassment? Examples of Verbal Harassment Obvious verbal harassment behaviors include things like threatening, yelling, insulting or cursing at a victim in public or in private. If this is aimed at someone in a protected class, it is unlawful. What are the elements of quid pro quo? Elements of a Quid Pro Quo Harassment ClaimPlaintiff was an employee of, or applied for a job with, company X (the defendant).The alleged harasser, an officer or employee of company X, made unwanted sexual advance to the plaintiff, or engaged in other unwanted verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature.More items…• Is quid pro quo governed by Title VII? Sexual harassment is illegal under Title VII of the federal Civil Rights Act’s protections against gender discrimination. … Every case of gender discrimination is different, but the conduct generally falls into one of two categories: Quid pro quo employment decisions. Hostile work environment. What is considered harassment by a manager? For the unlawful conduct to be considered harassment, it must be “so frequent or severe that it creates a hostile or offensive work environment” or “result in an adverse employment decision (such as the victim being fired or demoted).” In any event, the alleged behavior must rise above simple teasing and general … What is psychological harassment? Psychological harassment or mobbing, a definition. … Psychological harassment is defined as negative or hostile behavior by one or more persons, directly or indirectly targeting a third person. What are the 3 types of harassment? How do you prove quid pro quo harassment? In order to bring a “quid pro quo” sexual harassment claim, an employee needs to simply prove that her “submission to the unwelcome advances was an express or implied condition for receiving job benefits.” In other words, even if the “something for something” exchange isn’t directly stated, the employee still has a … Is asking a coworker on a date harassment? Because sexual conduct must be unwelcome to be considered harassment under Title VII, consensual relationships generally are not considered harassment. However, dating a co-worker can involve complicated issues such as breakups and favoritism, which can, in some circumstances, be unlawful. What is the first step for someone experiencing harassment? First Step: Speak Up If you are a victim of harassment, your first step toward resolving the problem should be to let the offending party know that you find their conduct offensive.
Vehicle Rollovers Automobile owners and drivers trust that the vehicles they rely on every day have been safely manufactured and thoroughly tested. If something goes wrong when a vehicle is on the road, a serious accident could occur. Sadly, manufacturers and distributors do not always uphold this responsibility, and millions of cars are recalled every year, often after consumers are injured or killed by the defective auto product. Even the smallest automotive defect can cause a life-threatening incident, especially in a vehicle traveling at high speeds. In the case of an accident, the risk of injury can be increased exponentially if safety equipment, such as air bags, does not function properly. Some defective items may even pose an independent hazard to vehicle owners. Dangerous Automotive Defects It can easily be argued that a vehicle’s tires are among its most crucial components, as well as the most potentially dangerous. The fact of the matter is, defective tires can lead to serious accidents causing devastating injuries and even wrongful death. Whenever a tire blows out or loses its tread due to a defect, the driver can easily lose control, which can lead a vehicle to crash into another or even roll over, sometimes rolling several times. Vehicle rollovers can crush the roof, shatter safety glass, and cause violent motions that yield other injuries, even if vehicle occupants are buckled in properly. According to statistics from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), the rates of accidents involving defective tires are much higher for trucks and SUVs. Tire defects of various types – especially blowouts and tread separations – have left behind a large path of devastation for drivers and their families throughout Texas and the rest of the country. Another particular area of importance to a car’s structural integrity is its frame. When a car is struck, and especially in the instance of a rollover, the frame of the vehicle must withstand the impact to keep the passengers inside from being severely injured. If a roof is crushed or another part of a vehicle crumples under impact, the damages resulting from a car accident will be much more severe. Although federal regulations require certain measures of vehicle integrity be established before a car is sold to the public, some manufacturers may rush production or choose to overlook unfavorable crash outcomes, putting consumers at risk. Product Recalls Car manufacturers are required to meet certain safety standards with every car they produce. Sometimes only after a vehicle is produced and sold does it surface that a part or function of the car might not work properly and puts drivers at risk. When this happens, either the manufacturer or NHTSA will issue a vehicle recall so the defective portion can be repaired or replaced. Recalls generally do not mean an entire car needs to be replaced. Car manufacturers are required to notify consumers when their car is subject to a recall. Most commonly, this is done through sending letters in the mail that include: • a description of the defect • the risk the defects poses to drivers and passengers • whether the car is safe to drive • potential warning signs • how the manufacturer will fix the problem • specific instructions for owners regarding the next steps they need to take In most instances, the repairs can be completed at a local dealership and the manufacturer will pay for them. It is important that all instructions on the notice are followed to prevent any accidents. Children can be particularly vulnerable in car accidents, but having the appropriate child seats can help prevent or reduce the severity of crash injuries. Car seat manufacturers need to uphold the highest manufacturing and design standards to protect young passengers, and most child seats do, but sometimes after a product is on the market, a defect or design flaw causes it to be recalled. Car manufacturers provide recall contact information for customers, including phone numbers, emails, and addresses, but car seat manufacturers do not provide the same information. This means when there is a car seat recall, it is much more difficult to inform customers. Regardless of car seat manufacturers’ ability to inform customers of recalls, they have a responsibility to produce products meeting certain federal safety standards. Parents can check for child seat recalls at any time on NHTSA’s website. While tires, frames, and child seats are common product defects in cars, many other components can be defective, such as airbags, seatbelts, windows or windshields, seats, flammable parts, brakes, and ignition switches. It can be difficult to determine the liable party and take on intimidating companies after a defective auto part contributes to an accident. For instance, an airbag may be defective due to a poor design, flawed manufacturing, or inadequate testing performed before distribution. Victims are usually up against massive corporations, but an attorney with experience in this field of law can make all the difference in getting the compensation you deserve. Auto Products Liability Lawyers The past few years have seen record numbers of vehicle recalls across the country, with millions at risk due to defective parts. If you believe that you or a loved one has been harmed due to a vehicle malfunction, the auto products liability lawyers at Adame Garza LLP can help. Contact us today to speak to an experienced Texas attorney and take the first steps in seeking compensation for your injuries.
4.6 Million Square Miles of Land Will Sink In by 2040, Reveals New Study Could the ground be sinking in under our feet? Subsidence exacerbates flooding. RoschetzkyIstockPhoto/ iStock Do you ever get a sinking feeling that something is terribly wrong? It could be because something is. A new study is revealing that land is literally sinking in all around the world right under our feet. Sinking fast The research estimates that about 4.6 million square miles (12 million square kilometers) will have sunk in by 2040. "Subsidence, the lowering of Earth's land surface, is a potentially destructive hazard that can be caused by a wide range of natural or anthropogenic triggers but mainly results from solid or fluid mobilization underground," states the study. The work goes on to explore the reasons behind this subsidence finding that a large part of it is caused by human activity such as the extraction of oil, natural gas, and groundwater "During the next decades, global population and economic growth will continue to increase groundwater demand and accompanying groundwater depletion and when exacerbated by droughts, will probably increase land subsidence occurrence and related damages or impacts," write the study's authors. At least 200 locations The researchers found that at least 200 locations across 34 countries witnessed subsidence due to groundwater depletion in the past century. They also found that a significant amount of our cities are located in areas threatened by subsidence. “Our results identify 1,596 major cities, or about 22% of the world’s 7,343 major cities that are in potential subsidence areas," added the authors in their work. Making matters worse is the fact that the areas most likely to sink in the future are located in and around highly populated urban centers. This means that their impact will be felt by even more people in even more ways. The authors urge country leaders to formulate "effective land-subsidence policies that are lacking in most countries worldwide." This is especially important if you consider that as subsidence grows, sea levels also rise. If action is not taken soon and swiftly we may all find ourselves sinking beyond repair. The study is published in Science. Follow Us on Stay on top of the latest engineering news Just enter your email and we’ll take care of the rest:
Self Care. Earth Edition. Have you ever thought about the world and the problems that occur each day? How sustainability could do so much for these problems if we all try and help? After looking back on my views of sustainability before this class, I realized I was only looking at surface problems, I would think of sustainability as just recycling within your communities and using metal straws rather than plastic to save sea life. Through classes I’ve taken before in DHM I’ve heard about sustainability in a broader aspect, but it wasn’t until this class that I actually got the knowledge of what sustainability was and how much our world truly needs it. I’ve seen on the internet certain things about the world and how it’s slowly dying, but actually seeing true videos of what is happening is truly terrifying. My whole perception of sustainability was changed from just the few classes we’ve had within this class and how I want to help make the change of using less and less natural resources and how we as a human race can complete that, sustainability is already becoming more and more known and how much our world needs it, but we (humans) need to make that change NOW and help our home. Our earth needs us to help it and quickly, there are so many wicked problems, that by now, may be irreversible, but we need to help try and prevent them from growing. A wicked problem meaning a complex issue that has a resistance to a resolution (no final solution). The difference between a wicked problem and a tame problem is a tame problem has more people on board and there is some type of final solution, for example an outbreak disease among a country would be a tame problem because the solution would be to vaccinate everyone to cure the disease (smallpox). There are six characteristics of a wicked problem, first being a “vague problem,” it is hard to pinpoint what the problem actually is because it is so diverse. Second would be a wicked problem has variable solutions, meaning solutions for the wicked problem are not right or wrong, some are just better than others. The third, fourth, and fifth coincide with the fact that the solutions have no end point, solutions pose irreversible effects, and solutions require unique approaches, with all three, if you put forth a solution you must go at it analytically and creatively together, because there is always some type of consequence for that solution and it’s never ending. The last characteristic is that wicked problems are urgent, if we don’t take action now, it will result in harm to natural systems and humans. For example, with the Easter Island reading, as we read we saw how the humans were using all the natural resources at an increased rate and didn’t realize they didn’t have much to begin with, with the amount of people that were on the island, which poses two wicked problems already, population growth and using up too many natural resources. This relates to our world today because although this was a smaller island with less resources than we have now, our population right now is growing at an extremely high rate, and our natural life cannot keep up because we use too many natural resources that we think will be there forever, but as we saw with Easter Island, eventually all our resources will not be able to withhold the amount of people on the earth and eventually we will die out. With our population growing so much women may need to actually be taking contraceptives to prevent population growth, not just in the United States, but all over the world. Either that or with the population growing we need to realize we are not separated from nature as it states in the 11thHour, we need to stop using so many natural resources and thinking its all for us because our earth needs these resources. We as humans compete with nature by burning fossil fuels which causes climate change within our earth and just thinking of a “few degrees” hotter on earth is nothing is actually a really big deal when you think about how we need to live. After learning all this in class I now realize that we need to make a change to our daily lives and not just wait for others to do it, WE need to make the change NOW. We as people need to be in the now and think about everything we do wholeistically. One of the quotes that has really stuck with me and should stick with everyone is, “is your mind full or are you mindful?” Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
UCLA Neuroscience Researcher Reveals 4 Rituals That Will Make You Happy By Fattima Mahdi Truth Theory Alex Korb is a neuroscientist and author of The Upward Spiral. His book challenges readers to face depression head on and provides dozens of small, practical things that you can do to alleviate your symptoms. Here are four ways you can create an upward spiral of happiness in your life. Label Negative Feelings Are you sad? Angry, Nervous? If you are feeling down, Korb encourages you to name the emotion. According to an fMRI study, putting feelings into words is a way of consciously recognising emotions. Participants were shown pictures of people with emotional facial expressions. As expected, each participant’s amygdala reacted to the emotions in the picture. However, when participants were asked to name the emotion, another brain region – the prefrontal cortex was activated. This disrupted the amygdala activity and reduced the impact of the emotion. Based on these findings, Korb suggests that naming your emotions produces therapeutic effects in the brain. Be Grateful Gratitude affects your brain at the biological level. By simply finding reasons to be grateful (however small) your brain will be happy. It can also create a positive feedback loop in your relationships. Via The Upward Spiral: So what are you grateful for? Touch People Relationships play a very important role in how your brain feels happiness. Neuroscientists conducted a study where participants played a ball-tossing video game. The participants were told that the characters they were playing ball with were real people. However, this was not true. The characters were just a computer program. Results showed that the participants’ brains responded in the same way as if they had experienced physical pain. This suggests that feeling love and acceptance from others is good, if you face rejection, your brain feels the effects of this. Make That Decision Making decisions reduces worry and anxiety. Of course, deciding on how best to proceed is not always easy, but don’t worry, neuroscience has an answer. Korb says that you should make a “good enough” decision. If you try and make the ‘perfect’ decision, it will only overwhelm your brain with emotions and this will make you feel like you don’t have control. Via The Upward Spiral: IMAGE CREDIT: fotomaximum / 123RF Stock Photo Leave Comment:
Posted By admin Posted On Easter Island Mystery Solved? Sort Of! Easter Island has long been a mystery to just about everyone who has ever read about or seen the place, with scientists leading the list. The quandary? What exactly happened to the Polynesians who lived there? Why did the population of Rapa Nuis dry up? Did these people flee this 64-square-mile island in the Pacific after food was no longer able to be sourced? A study that was published in the Proceedings for the National Academy of Sciences that was conduction by researchers from all over the world have been on top of this, trying to find the answers. This team took soil samples in the place where hundreds of statues from the moia made the destination famous. These samples were studies and the results proclaimed that “nutrients in the soil eventually were depleted, pushing the Rapa Nui into decline long before European explorers arrived in 1722.” Easter Island Mystery Solved? Sort Of! And so, after scientists dug for answers by examining soil chemistry and the use of land over time, the results showed a much clearer regarding “shrinking and swelling in population numbers.” In fact, according to University of California at Santa Barbara’s Oliver Chadwick, there was “evidence of some communities being abandoned prior to European contact” on Easter Island. But why? After reviewing six agriculture sites on the island. where water that burst through the surface of obsidian spear points, the scientists were able to determine how much time this obsidian remained exposed. This determined the age of the end of the spears. In the end, the team “determined that a very dry area of the island located in a volcano’s ‘rain shadow’ and a very wet area that featured a low nutrient supply were given up prior to 1722.” Still, Easter Island maintained what was called a “robust population” after the Europeans came there. When making the trip, these explorers also introduced such diseases as smallpox, syphilis, and tuberculosis. Chadwick has determined that inhabitants were not able to “maintain the food resources necessary to keep the statue builders in business.” That may well clear up what happened to this mysterious place, but so many other questions remain and are being studied, including the tooth plaque of the Rapa Nui. Still more information is yet to clear up the entire debate so stay tuned.
A Brief History Of Bullet Proof Glass A Brief History Of Bullet Proof Glass The term “bullet proof glass” is bandied about in movies and novels. It is used less frequently within the industry where the more accurate term is bullet resistant glass. However, bullet proof is more romantic and aptly suited to describe a material with a history that includes individuals from Al Capone to the Pope. It is a story full of myths that begins with an accident. Bullet Proof Glass: A Fortunate Accident When a beaker falls or is knocked over in a lab, this is usually considered an unfortunate accident. It may set back an experiment or two. In 1903, Edouard Benedictus (1879-1930), a French chemist and artist. He knocked over a flask. To his amazement, the flask did not shatter. It remained whole. Benedictus was puzzled until his assistant informed him that the flask had contained cellulose (plastic) nitrate. It has evaporated leaving a thin coating which had provided protection to the flask. Benedictus tested the substance and, intending it to be utilized to improve the windshields of cars, came up with safety glass. It took several years, but he came up with the first actual version of bullet proof glass. He called it Triplex. Benedictus took out a patent in 1909. His was not the only one. Over the years several companies have come up with their own formulation for bullet proof glass. Patents were one thing. Implementation became another. It was not until the advent of World War I that this product came into active usage. It was used in gas masks that the military provided their personnel. During the 1920s, a few uses were found for the material. It was used to protect bank tellers. Car makers also decided bullet proof glass was perfect for car windshields. Henry Ford led the way in 1919 when he began to employ it in his now famous Fords. It quickly became the standard for all his Ford vehicles. In fact, all Capone’s car, including his now famous 1928 Cadillac, was constructed employing this material for its windshield. This was the same vehicle that President Franklin Delano Roosevelt used to protect his person following Pearl Harbor when it necessitated he leave the White House to make a speech. During World War II, bullet proof glass was used in a wide variety of applications. It was a heavier version than what is employed today, but it did what was expected of it. Army engineers utilized it to provide the windows for various battle craft as well as for bunkers windows. This includes the windshields of several aircraft. Bullet Proof Glass Today Today, bullet resistant glass is a highly sophisticated substance. It is used widely across the world including by or for the following: • Military • Police and Public Security forces • Private Security Companies • Residences • Commercial and Industrial Enterprises All can employ a form of bullet proof glass to ensure that they, their loved ones, employees and/or goods are protected from those forces and elements that may harm them. Be the first to like. FavoriteLoadingAdd to favorites Leave a Reply 8 + eighteen =
transpose of a matrix in python using list comprehension Both generates the same output. In other words, transpose of A[][] is obtained by changing A[i][j] to A[j][i]. Create a Python Matrix using the nested list data type; Create Python Matrix using Arrays from Python Numpy package; Create Python Matrix using a nested list data type. Check the difference between two procudures. A good example of using nested list comprehensions would be creating a transpose of the matrix for the previous section. In Python, the arrays are represented using the list data type. If it evaluates to true then the immediate “for” loop get iterated and finally prints the transpose of matrix “M”. You can read this article if you want to learn more about list comprehensions. Python comes with many inbuilt libraries zip is among those. Example 8: Transpose of a Matrix using List Comprehension matrix = [[1, 2], [3,4], [5,6], [7,8]] transpose = [[row[i] for row in matrix] for i in range(2)] print (transpose) In Python, we can implement a matrix as nested list (list inside a list). Readability wise procedure2 is good. Now check the size of the matrix with the instruction “Trans_M[b][a] = M[a][b]”. Python – Matrix Transpose. The zip() function returns an iterator of tuples based on the iterable object. Prerequisite topics to create this program. The above program is using list comprehension to transpose the matrix, the list evaluating from the expression is the transpose of the given matrix. We will create a 3x3 matrix, as shown below: For Square Matrix : The below program finds transpose of A[][] and stores the result in B[][], we can change N for different dimension. Python Input/Output; Python List; Python Loop; Python List comprehension; Matrix: A matrix is a 2-Dimensional array, which is form by using columns and rows. A matrix is a two-dimensional array, represented as a list of lists of integers. List comprehensions are one of my favorite features in Python. In this case, you will be dealing with list comprehensions within list comprehensions. Way 2: Using list comprehension. Browse other questions tagged python list matrix list-comprehension or ask your own question. While I love list comprehensions, I’ve found that once new Pythonistas start to really appreciate comprehensions they tend to use them everywhere. I'm trying to create a matrix transpose function in Python. Transpose of a matrix is obtained by changing rows to columns and columns to rows. In Python, a Matrix can be represented using a nested list. In Python to represent a matrix, we use a list of lists. Here in this article, we have provided a python source code that can transpose a matrix. Today we’ll learn how to use list comprehensions to work with matrices. In this section, we will find transpose of a matrix using nested loop inside list comprehension. In this example, you will learn to transpose a matrix (which is created by using a nested list). Without a list comprehension expression, you will need to use two for loops to create the transpose. We can also find transpose of a matrix by using List comprehension concept. In mathematics a matrix is a rectangular array of numbers arranged in rows and columns. For example X = [[1, 2], [4, 5], [3, 6]] would represent a 3x2 matrix. The Overflow Blog How to write an effective developer resume: Advice from a hiring manager Following is a simple example of nested list which could be considered as a 2x3 matrix.. matrixA = [ [2, 8, 4], [3, 1, 5] ] I love list comprehensions so much that I’ve written an article about them, done a talk about them, and held a 3 hour comprehensions tutorial at PyCon 2018.. For example, the following is a 2X3 matrix (meaning the height of the matrix is 2 and the width is 3): Lists inside the list are the rows. We can also perform nested iteration inside a list comprehension. Python Program To Transpose a Matrix Using Zip. List comprehensions in python basically reduce the loc. So now will make use of the list to create a python matrix. In particular we’ll be talking about matrix column and diagonal retrieval with list comprehensions. Its complicated for the one's who dnt know about list comprehensions. We can treat each element as a row of the matrix. Budapest Weather Monthly, Dolphin Flipper Skeleton, Cloud Computing Open Source, How Long Does Soft Serve Ice Cream Last In Machine, Fungicidal Sealant For Wood, Dried Chili Peppers Canada, Japanese Verb Conjugation, Best Double Din Head Unit 2020 Apple Carplay, Timur In English, 0 replies Leave a Reply Want to join the discussion? Feel free to contribute! Leave a Reply
Why Grade 3? As students transition from early to upper elementary grades, reading instruction also shifts. Once students enter fourth grade, they are increasingly tasked to learn from their reading rather than learn how to read. There is a higher expectation for students to be able to readindependently and understand what they are reading. Reading at or above grade level by the end of third grade is a significant predictor of future success. Children who are not reading proficiently by the end of third grade will continue to struggle academically as they are called upon to engage with increasingly complex texts across content areas.1 1Annie E. Casey Foundation, Double Jeopardy: How Third-Grade Reading Skills and Poverty Influence High School Graduation, 2011
Negative Essay: Internet Filtering At School Hurts Kids 800 Words4 Pages "The government should have control over the internet based on a middle ground that can be formed. Censorship can be harmful to the right that we have to equal access of knowledge. We as a people need to teach kids about the internet. The internet can never be a complete utopia free of evil. We can combat it the best we can, and we can learn how to handle it. We as a people have a responsibility; as John Locke puts it [The people's_Ñé job is to follow the laws, and the government's is to ensure people's rights, if the government fails its end the people can revolt, if we fail ours, the government can execute the law]. Knowledge needs to be free to everyone. Censorship in schools of sites is not just. In the article Internet Filtering at School Hurts Kids. There are students who cannot access sites for an exam, and students in debate teams cannot look at _ÑÒcontroversial topics on school computers_Ñù. Students need…show more content… The internet is a vast space, and what is deemed bullying is at times subjective. It is hard for a person to sift through it all properly. Kids need to be taught that cyberbullying is bad. Yes, that that might be common sense, but they need to be taught about the consequences in depth. The kids also need to be taught how to handle what the internet might throw at them. In the article Internet Filtering at School Hurts Kids _ÑÒWithout question, students need to become digitally literate because ultimately they live in an unfiltered world...if we believe any technical solution like filtering will keep us totally safe, that is misplaced._Ñù_ÑùHelp for people with mental illnesses also needs to be increased. These victims are at higher risk of harming themselves do to cyberbullying. Platforms need a mechanic that allows bullying to be reported, and then evaluated properly. The consequence of cyberbullying could be having an account taken away for a length of time, and the school of the child notified More about Negative Essay: Internet Filtering At School Hurts Kids Open Document
What Is Raw Chocolate? An RD Explains How To Use The Varieties Registered Dietitian By Frances Largeman-Roth, R.D. Registered Dietitian Frances Largeman-Roth, R.D. is a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist, a New York Times best selling author and nationally recognized nutrition and wellness expert. Side view of still life of chocolate bar, almond milk, and wrapper on pink seamless with strong lighting and shadows While chocolate may be synonymous with love and romance (not to mention deliciousness), it isn't always thought of as healthy. But, despite its sugary reputation, there are some forms of chocolate that are good for you. You probably know that dark chocolate is better than milk chocolate, but did you know raw chocolate takes the cake when it comes to healthy chocolates? Raw chocolate includes cacao nibs, butter, paste, and powder. Here's everything you need to know about the healthiest way to eat chocolate. Where does chocolate come from? Chocolate comes from cacao trees, which grow on farms in tropical areas in West Africa, South and Central America, and Southeast Asia. The cacao bean grows inside a pod on the tree. Each pod contains about 40 beans. Once harvested, cacao beans are fermented under banana leaves and then dried. Then they travel elsewhere to be cleaned, roasted, and turned into the chocolate we buy to eat. The chocolate bars we buy are made from the meat of the cacao bean, which is referred to as the nib. The nibs are ground into chocolate liquor (the name is misleading; there's no booze here) or liquid chocolate. This is then poured into molds and hardened, resulting in unsweetened chocolate, which is then combined with sugar and sometimes milk and made into the various chocolate products we use, like semisweet and milk chocolate bars. Benefits of chocolate. Cocoa (cacao) beans and products made with them are rich in heart-protective flavanols, which have been shown to help lower blood pressure, reducing the risk of stroke and heart disease. Chocolate may also help keep skin hydrated and protect it from the sun. And chocolate may keep your memory sharp by boosting blood flow to the brain—definitely great reasons to get a daily dose of chocolate! It also contains the bone-building minerals magnesium, manganese, copper, zinc, and phosphorus. Semisweet versus bittersweet. While chocolate definitely has health benefits, keep in mind that an ounce (30 g) of dark chocolate is about 220 calories. The higher the percentage of cocoa in dark chocolate, the less sugar there will be in the chocolate. For example, if the label says 80% cocoa, the remaining 20% will be sugar. So to get the most benefit while still fitting chocolate into your balanced eating plan, look for semisweet or bittersweet chocolate. Both need to contain 35% cocoa solids by law. Semisweet generally has more sugar. They can be used interchangeably in baking and both are referred to as dark chocolate. Chocolate in the buff. Of course we all love the creamy, rich, seductive flavor and texture of chocolate bars and truffles, but there's a whole world of benefits waiting for you in the raw components of chocolate. What they are: Roasted cocoa beans are cracked to reveal the "meat" of the bean or the nibs. Benefits: Nutty and crunchy, unsweetened nibs are an easy and fun way to add the power of cacao to everyday meals. Two tablespoons of cacao nibs contain 114 calories, 5 g of fiber, and 6 g of carbs. How to use them: Nibs are delicious and nutty and can be sprinkled over yogurt, smoothie bowls or cereal. Nibs can also be used in baked goods, like muffins and cookies. Cocoa butter What it is: The pure fat from cocoa beans. While it has a chocolate aroma, it's nearly flavorless. Benefits: Cocoa butter is what makes chocolate bars rich and velvety. It's a vegan substitute for butter, and unlike coconut oil, it remains solid at room temperature. The fat in cocoa butter is mostly saturated (57 to 64%) and is mostly comprised of stearic acid. Because the jury is still out on how much saturated fat is safe to consume, cocoa butter should be used in moderation, just like butter. How to use it: Cocoa butter is used to make chocolate and is also used in beauty products. You can buy cocoa butter and use it as a fat source in recipes. Cacao paste What it is: The paste is made from grinding up cacao nibs. Benefits: It's antioxidant-packed, plus it contains the fiber and oil from the bean. Also, since it doesn't contain any sugar, you can use it to make all kinds of unsweetened or lightly sweetened chocolaty treats. How to use it: You can add it to smoothies or break it into little chunks and use it to top granola. You can also shave it with a cheese plane or a microplane and use it to top coffee and other hot drinks. Also, you can make an antioxidant-packed chocolate bark with the paste by melting it with cocoa butter and adding your own sweetener, as well as health-boosting ingredients like nuts, coconut, and dried fruits. Cocoa powder What it is: When cocoa butter is removed from cocoa paste, you're left with cocoa powder. Benefits: Packed with heart-healthy flavanols, cocoa powder is a great way to add an antioxidant boost without any fat or sugar. How to use it: Unsweetened cocoa powder can be added to smoothies and baked goods, like banana bread and muffins. You can also use it to make your own homemade hot chocolate mix. I like combining 1 cup of unsweetened cocoa powder with 1 to 1½ cups sugar (depending on how sweet you like it), plus a pinch of sea salt. Mix together and transfer to a lidded jar. 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The state of robotics in the 2020 The state of robotics in the 2020 : prominence of modularity. The modules form a shape as you put them together. The reason why modular robotics are the most popular is because they are a bit easier to program, easier to produce and reusable. Modularity in Air Flying modular robotic structure that is able to self-assemble in midair and cooperatively fly. The structure is composed by agile flying modules that can easily move in a three dimensional environment. The module is based on a quadrotor platform within a cuboid frame which allows it to attach to other modules by matching vertical faces. Using this mechanism, a ModQuad swarm is able to rapidly assemble flying structures in midair using the robot bodies as building units. Check Also This Autonomous Robot AI Drone is built to Win Shape Shifting The University of Pennsylvania’s Modular Robotics Laboratory works with a variety of robots built of units that can self-configure and re-configure themselves into a variety of shapes. The SMORES-EP module is seen here in three configurations at 2x, 8x, and 4x speed, respectively. Check also : Robotic Cubes Jump and Communicate Modular is good for industry Amazon Kiva : a warehouse where robots navigate aroun following a series of computerized bar-code stickers on the floor. Each drive unit has a sensor that prevents it from colliding with others. When the drive unit reaches the target location, it slides underneath the pod and lifts it off the ground through a corkscrew lift arm. The robot then carries the pod to the specified human operator to pick the items. Kiva robot can load heavy as 3,000 pounds, they have a orange color for be easily visible by operators. The maximum velocity of the robots is 1.3 meters per second. those bots are battery-powered and need to be recharged every hour for five minutes. The robot is techically easily to build, simple as a commercial Cleaning Robots. Smart and modular, the hobbist choice The main features of SMARS robot are the reduced number of components, the possibility of mount it without screws and without soldering any part, it doesn’t need glue or similar and it’s really cheap to build. Another main point of SMARS is the modular design : You can mount different sensors and tools and design your own parts. Smars is opensource and available in different configuration similar to spider, otto and rover Check the Smars Project here: Share to Unlock Contentimage/svg+xml Back to Top
Successfully reported this slideshow. Diffuse interstitial (infiltrative, restrictive) diseases. Pathology. mpiloe Published on Published in: Health & Medicine • Login to see the comments Diffuse interstitial (infiltrative, restrictive) diseases. Pathology. mpiloe 1. 1. Diffuse Interstitial (Infiltrative, Restrictive) Diseases M .Sibanda MBChB 5 2. 2. Obstructive Versus Restrictive Pulmonary Diseases Such a classification is based on pulmonary function tests. A critical part of the initial workup of patients. 1. obstructive disease (airway disease)- limitation of airflow. 2. restrictive disease-reduced expansion of lung parenchyma. Obstructive disease: hallmark is a decreased expiratory flow rate (FEV1 it follows that the ratio of FEV1 to FVC ). Diffuse restrictive diseases FVC is reduced and the expiratory flow rate is normal or reduced proportionately (ratio of FEV1 to FVC is near normal). 3. 3. Focus on restrictive defect Occurs in two general conditions 1. Chest wall disorders in the presence of normal lungs (e.g in diseases of the pleura, Guillain-Barre syndrome. 2. Acute or chronic interstitial lung diseases (classic acute restrictive disease is ARDS, Chronic restrictive diseases pneumoconiosis, interstitial fibrosis of unknown aetiology, and most of the infiltrative conditions (e.g., sarcoidosis). THE SECOND CONDITION IS WHAT WE WILL FOCUS ON. 4. 4. Diffuse Interstitial (Infiltrative, Restrictive) Diseases Heterogeneous group of disorders characterised by diffuse usually chronic involvement of pulmonary connective tissue. Principally the most peripheral and delicate interstitium in alveolar walls 5. 5. DEFINITION cont.… Many of the entities are of unknown cause and pathogenesis. Some have an intra-alveolar as well as an interstitial component. Account for about 15% of non-infectious diseases. Clinical and pulmonary functional changes.  Patients have dyspnoea, tachypnea, end-inspiratory crackles, and eventual cyanosis, without wheezing. Classic physiologic features: reductions in carbon monoxide diffusing capacity, lung volume, and compliance. CXR-picture and the term infiltrative. Early stages-can often be distinguished . Advanced forms- hard to differentiate becoz, of end-stage lung. 6. 6. DEFINITION cont.… Categorized either as clinicopathologic syndromes or as having characteristic histology .  Frequency of disease: most common associations are -Environmental diseases (approximately 25%) -Sarcoidosis (approximately 20%) -Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (approximately 15%) -the collagen vascular diseases (approximately 10%) more than 100 different causes and associations account for the remaining interstitial disease. 7. 7. Pathogenesis 8. 8. Pathogenesis cont.… Earliest common manifestation of most of the interstitial diseases is alveolitis. In mild and self-limited injury, resolution with restoration of normal architecture follows.  Accumulation of leukocytes has two consequences. -1. Distorts the normal alveolar structures . -2. Release of mediators that can injure parenchymal cells and stimulate fibrosis THESE RESULT IN END STAGE LUNG 9. 9. Pathogenesis cont.… initial stimuli for alveolitis are as heterogeneous, ROS, directly toxic to endothelial cells, epithelial cells etc. Compliment and macrophage mediated accumulation of inflammatory cells is seen I most diseases . CMI is seen in disease like sarcoidosis with formation of granulomas . 10. 10. Major Categories of Chronic Interstitial Lung Disease Fibrosing Usual interstitial pneumonia (idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis) (IPF ) Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP) Associated with collagen vascular diseases Pneumoconiosis Drug reactions Radiation pneumonitis Granulomatous Sarcoidosis Hypersensitivity pneumonitis Eosinophilic Smoking-Related Desquamative interstitial pneumonia Respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease Other Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis 11. 11. Fibrosing Category 1. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis) Diffuse interstitial fibrosis (usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP)), which in advanced cases results in severe hypoxemia and cyanosis. Males are affected more often than are females. Approx. two-thirds of patients are older than 60 years of age at presentation. similar pathologic findings in the lung may be noted with well-defined entities such as asbestosis 12. 12. Morphology Pleural surfaces of the lung have the appearance of cobblestones . The cut surface shows fibrosis (firm, rubbery white areas). Patchy interstitial fibrosis.  Earliest lesions appear as fibroblastic foci . Temporal heterogeneity. Honeycomb fibrosis occurs. The interstitial inflammation is usually patchy and consists of an alveolar septal infiltrate of mostly lymphocytes .  Foci of squamous metaplasia and Intimal fibrosis and medial thickening of pulmonary arteries often present. 13. 13. Usual interstitial pneumonia. The fibrosis, which varies in intensity, is more pronounced in the sub-pleural region 14. 14. Usual interstitial pneumonia. Fibroblastic focus with fibres running parallel to surface and bluish myxoid extracellular matrix. 15. 15. Clinical Course IPF usually presents insidiously Gradual onset of a non-productive cough and progressive dyspnoea. O/E  "dry" or "Velcro"-like crackles during inspiration. Cyanosis, cor pulmonale, and peripheral oedema . Investigations: Surgical lung biopsy remains the gold standard for diagnosing IPF . Prognosis is poor mean survival of 3 years or less. 16. 16. Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia Unknown aetiology, affects mostly 45 to 55 year olds. Lung biopsies fail to show diagnostic features of any of the other well- characterized interstitial diseases. "wastebasket" type of diagnosis, it is important to differentiate non- specific interstitial fibrosis from UIP. Divided into cellular and fibrosing patterns. Fibroblastic foci are typically absent. Clinical course : Patients present with dyspnoea and cough of several months' duration cellular pattern have a better outcome 17. 17. Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia Synonymous with "bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Clinical course cough and dyspnoea .  Radiographically have subpleural or peribronchial patchy areas of airspace consolidation Some individuals recover spontaneously, but most require treatment Histologically Polypoid plugs of loose organizing connective tissue within alveolar ducts, alveoli, and often bronchioles . Organizing pneumonia with intra-alveolar fibrosis.  There is no interstitial fibrosis/ honeycomb 18. 18. Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia. Alveolar spaces are filled with balls of fibroblasts (arrow). 19. 19. Pulmonary Involvement in Collagen Vascular Diseases systemic lupus erythematous, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis, and dermatomyositis-polymyositis are examples. Histologic variants , with NSIP, UIP-pattern (similar to what is seen in IPF), vascular sclerosis, organizing pneumonia, and bronchiolitis (small airway disease, with or without fibrosis) being the most common. Pulmonary involvement in these diseases is usually associated with a poor prognosis. 20. 20. Pneumoconiosis Non neoplastic lungs reaction to inhalation of mineral dusts in the work place and organic as well as inorganic particles, fumes and vapours. 21. 21. Mineral Dust-Induced Lung Disease  Agent Disease: Exposure Coal dust exposure: Simple coal workers' pneumoconiosis: macules and nodules Complicated coal workers' pneumoconiosis: PMF- Coal mining Silica exposure: Silicosis -Sandblasting, quarrying, mining, stone cutting, foundry work, ceramics Asbestos exposure: Asbestosis pleural effusions, pleural plaques, or diffuse fibrosis; mesothelioma; carcinoma of the lung and larynx- Mining, milling, and fabrication of ores and materials; installation and removal of insulation 22. 22. Pathogenesis Size, shape, solubility, and reactivity of the particles etc determine the reaction of the lung to mineral dusts . The amount which cause disease depends on the factors above. Coal dust is relatively inert (large amounts must deposit). Silica, asbestos, and beryllium are more reactive than coal dust (fibrotic reactions at lower concentrations) Macrophages accumulate and endocytose the trapped particulates More reactive particles trigger the macrophages to release inflammatory mediators. Tobacco smoking worsens the effects of all inhaled mineral dusts, more so with asbestos than with any other particle.  Larger particles resist dissolution these tend to evoke fibrosing collagenous pneumoconiosis (characteristic of silicosis). 23. 23. Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis ("black lung" ) Findings range from: 1.asymptomatic anthracosis, 2.simple coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP),3. complicated CWP or progressive massive fibrosis (PMF). Fewer than 10% of cases of simple CWP progress to PMF. PMF is a generic term that applies to a confluent fibrosing reaction in the lung; this can be a complication of any one of the three pneumoconiosis discussed here. Anthracite mining has been associated with a higher risk of CWP. 24. 24. Morphology Pulmonary anthracosis: innocuous coal-induced pulmonary lesion -Inhaled carbon pigment is engulfed by alveolar or interstitial macrophages. -Which then accumulate in the connective tissue along the lymphatics, including the pleural lymphatics, or in lymph nodes. Linear streaks and aggregates of anthracotic pigment are seen. Simple CWP: coal macules and the somewhat larger coal nodule are seen. -The upper lobes and upper zones of the lower lobes are more heavily involved.C -Centrilobular emphysema can occur. Complicated CWP (PMF) Occurs on a background of simple CWP by coalescence of coal nodules characterized by intensely blackened scars larger than 2 cm, sometimes up to 10 cm in greatest diameter 25. 25. Progressive massive fibrosis superimposed on coal workers' pneumoconiosis. The large blackened scars are principally in the upper lobe. Note the extensions of scars into surrounding parenchyma and retraction of adjacent pleura. 26. 26. Clinical Course  Usually a benign disease that produces little decrement in lung function. Increasing pulmonary dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension, and cor pulmonale, seen if PMF develops.  Progression from CWP to PMF has been linked to a variety of conditions including coal dust exposure level and total dust burden  Once smoking-related risk has been taken into account, there is no increased frequency of bronchogenic carcinoma in coal miners. 27. 27. Silicosis Currently the most prevalent chronic occupational disease in the world. Slowly progressive. Caused by inhalation of crystalline silica.(quartz is most commonly implicated in silicosis) After inhalation the particles interact with epithelial cells and macrophages. Ingested silica particles cause activation and release of mediators by pulmonary macrophages, including IL-1, TNF. When mixed with other minerals, quartz has a reduced fibrogenic effect. 28. 28. Morphology Silicotic nodules . Microscopically, the silicotic nodule demonstrates concentrically arranged hyalinized collagen fibers surrounding an amorphous center. "whorled" appearance of the collagen fibres. Polarized microscopy reveals weakly birefringent silica particles, primarily in the center of the nodules. Fibrotic lesions may occur in the hilar lymph nodes and pleura. "eggshell" calcification . 29. 29. Advanced silicosis seen on transection of lung. Scarring has contracted the upper lobe into a small dark mass (arrow). Note the dense pleural thickening 30. 30. Several coalescent collagenous silicotic nodules 31. 31. Clinical Course Usually detected in routine chest radiographs performed on asymptomatic workers.(fine nodularity in the upper zones of the lung is seen) After PMF is present the disease may be progressive, even if the person is no longer exposed. Many individuals with PMF develop pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale, Disease is slow to kill, but impaired pulmonary function may severely limit activity. Silicosis is associated with an increased susceptibility to tuberculosis. 32. 32. Asbestosis and Asbestos-Related Diseases occupational exposure to asbestos is linked to : (1) parenchymal interstitial fibrosis (asbestosis) (2) localized fibrous plaques or, rarely, diffuse fibrosis in the pleura (3) pleural effusion (4) bronchogenic carcinoma. (5) malignant pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma (6) laryngeal carcinoma. 33. 33. Pathogenesis There are two distinct forms of asbestos Serpentine and amphibole. Amphibole are more pathogenic than the serpentine chrysotile. Asbestos causes fibrosis by interacting with lung macrophages. Asbestos probably also functions as both a tumor initiator and a promoter. Potentially toxic chemicals adsorbed onto the asbestos fibers undoubtedly contribute to the pathogenicity of the fibres. 34. 34. Morphology  Marked by diffuse pulmonary interstitial fibrosis. Asbestos bodies distinguish it from diffuse interstitial fibrosis.  Asbestosis begins in the lower lobes and subpleurally ( In contrast to CWP and silicosis)  Contraction of the fibrous tissue distorts the native architecture, creating enlarged airspaces enclosed within thick fibrous walls.(honeycombed formation). Pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale may result. Pleural plaques (well-circumscribed plaques of dense collagen often containing calcium.) Uncommonly, asbestos exposure induces pleural effusions, which are usually serous but may be bloody. 35. 35. High-power detail of an asbestos body, revealing the typical beading and knobbed ends (arrow) 36. 36. Asbestosis. Markedly thickened visceral pleura covers the lateral and diaphragmatic surface of lung. Note also severe interstitial fibrosis diffusely affecting the lower lobe of the lung 37. 37. Clinical Course Dyspnea (exertion then at rest) Productive cough The disease may remain static or progress to CHF, cor pulmonale, and death Disease manifestations more common 20 years after exposure. The relative risk for mesotheliomas, normally a very rare tumor , is more than 1000-fold greater. Concomitant cigarette smoking, has no association with increased risk of mesothelioma. 38. 38. Drug- and Radiation-Induced Pulmonary Diseases Acute and chronic alterations in respiratory structure and function can result from drugs.e.g Bleomycin, an anticancer agent, causes pneumonitis and interstitial fibrosis Amiodarone, an anti-arrhythmic agent, is also associated with pneumonitis and fibrosis  Radiation pneumonitis . Acute radiation pneumonitis-fever, dyspnea out of proportion to the volume of irradiated lung, pleural effusion, and pulmonary infiltrates. Progress to chronic radiation pneumonitis may occur, associated with pulmonary fibrosis. 39. 39. Granulomatous Diseases Sarcoidosis -bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy or lung involvement (or both), visible on chest radiographs, is the major presenting manifestation . The prevalence of sarcoidosis is higher in women than in men, BLACKS than whites . Sarcoidosis is one of the few pulmonary diseases with a higher prevalence among nonsmokers. 40. 40. Aetiology and Pathogenesis Unknown but evidence points to the1. immune dysregulation in 2. genetically predisposed individual 3. exposed to certain environmental agents Cell mediated response to unidentified antigen driven by CD4= helper T cells. CMI. These accumulate In the Intra-alveolar and interstitial space.  IL -2 and IFN-GAMMA etc from TH-1 cells, result in T-cell expansion and macrophage activation, respectively, this eventually lead to recruitment of additional T cells and monocytes and contribute to the formation of granulomas. Polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia and anergy to common skin test antigens occur. (TH-cell dysregulation) Familial and racial clustering of cases and association with certain human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotypes (e.g., class I HLA-A1 and HLA-B8)  Viruses, mycobacteria, Borrelia, pollen have been proposed as the inciting agent for sarcoidosis . 41. 41. Morphology noncaseating epithelioid granuloma. Central necrosis unusual Granulomatous fibrous and hyaline with chronicity. Schaumann bodies and Asteroid bodies are also seen (not pathognomonic of sarcoidosis) . The granulomas predominantly involve the interstitium rather than airspaces, with some "lymphangitic" distribution tendency. The bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) contains abundant CD4+T cells. Diffuse interstitial fibrosis resulting in a honeycomb lung in 5-15%. hilar and paratracheal lymph nodes are enlarged in 75% to 90% of patients. 42. 42. Morphology cont… Skin lesions : approximately 30-50% of cases of patients. -Erythema nodosum, the hallmark of acute sarcoidosis ( Sarcoidal granulomas are uncommon in these lesions). -Lupus pernio. Involvement of the eye and lacrimal glands occurs in about one-fifth to one-half of patients -ocular involvement: takes the form of iritis or iridocyclitis (Corneal opacities, glaucoma, and (less commonly) total loss of vision may then develop. -Posterior uveal tract is also affected. -Ocular lesions are frequently accompanied by inflammation in the lacrimal glands sicca syndrome may occur.. Unilateral or bilateral parotitis with painful enlargement of the parotid glands in < 10%.  Mikulicz syndrome, is also seen. 43. 43. Morphology cont… -The spleen In about three-fourths of cases it contains granulomas, in approximately 10% it becomes clinically enlarged.  The liver demonstrates microscopic granulomatous lesions, usually in the portal triads. Bone marrow is reported in as many as 40% of patients, although it rarely causes severe manifestations. Sometimes there is hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria. Muscle involvement : is often underdiagnosed, since it may be asymptomatic. muscle weakness, aches, tenderness, and fatigue should prompt consideration of occult sarcoid myositis. Muscle biopsy could be a useful tool in the diagnosis of sarcodosis. 44. 44. Characteristic sarcoid noncaseating granulomas in lung with many giant cells 45. 45. Clinical Course. In many individuals the disease is entirely asymptomatic, discovered on routine chest films . bilateral hilar adenopathy or as an incidental finding at autopsy In others, lesion to other tissues may be presenting manifestations. In about two-thirds of symptomatic cases there is a gradual appearance of respiratory symptoms . Lung or lymph node biopsy are often used. Sarcoidosis follows an unpredictable course . 65% to 70% of affected individuals recover with minimal or no residual manifestations. 20% develop permanent lung dysfunction or visual impairment. Of the remaining 10% to 15%, most succumb to progressive pulmonary fibrosis and cor pulmonale. Patients presenting with hilar lymphadenopathy alone have the best prognosis, followed by those with adenopathy and pulmonary infiltrates. 46. 46. Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis An immunologically mediated inflammatory lung disease (allergic alveolitis). Results from heightened sensitivity to inhaled antigens such as moldy hay . Immunologically mediated injury occurs at the level of alveoli. Occupational exposures are diverse, probably have very similar pathophysiology. Several lines of evidence suggest that hypersensitivity pneumonitis is an immunologically mediated disease. Increased numbers of T lymphocytes of both CD4+ and CD8+ phenotype, also indication of a type III hypersensitivity and type IV hypersensitivity against the implicated antigen(s). hypersensitivity pneumonitis is an immunologically mediated response to an extrinsic antigen that involves both immune-complex and delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions. progression to serious chronic fibrotic lung disease can be prevented by removal of the environmental agent. 47. 47. Selected Causes of Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis Syndrome – Exposure - Antigens Fungal and Bacterial Antigens -Farmer's lung - Moldy hay - Micropolyspora faeni . -Bagassosis - Moldy pressed sugar cane (bagasse ) - Thermophilic actinomycetes. -Maple bark disease - Moldy maple bark - Cryptostroma corticale . -Humidifier lung - Cool-mist humidifier -Thermophilic actinomycetes, Aureobasidium pullulans -Malt worker's lung - Moldy barley - Aspergillus clavatus . -Cheese washer's lung - Moldy cheese - Penicillium casei . Insect Products -Miller's lung - Dust-contaminated grain - Sitophilus granarius (wheat weevil) . Animal Products -Pigeon breeder's lung - Pigeons - Pigeon serum proteins in droppings . Chemicals -Chemical worker's lung - Chemical industry - Trimellitic anhydride, isocyanates . 48. 48. Morphology Patchy mononuclear cell infiltrates, demonstrated in both acute and chronic forms of hypersensitivity pneumonitis.  Lymphocytes predominate, but plasma cells and epithelioid cells are also present. In acute forms of the disease, variable numbers of neutrophils also may be seen. Interstitial noncaseating granulomas are present in more than two-thirds of cases. In advanced chronic cases, diffuse interstitial fibrosis occurs. Interstitial fibrosis and obliterative bronchiolitis (late stages) Intra-alveolar infiltrates in over 50% 49. 49. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis, histologic appearance. Loosely formed interstitial granulomas and chronic inflammation are characteristic. 50. 50. Clinical Course May present either : As a may present either as an acute reaction with fever, cough, dyspnea, and constitutional complaints 4 to 8 hours after exposure . As a chronic disease with insidious onset of cough, dyspnea, malaise, and weight loss. Temporal relationship of symptoms to exposure to the incriminating antigen in acute rxn makes diagnosis obvious. 51. 51. Pulmonary Eosinophilia These diverse diseases are generally of immunologic origin but are incompletely understood . characterized by an infiltration and activation of eosinophils, the latter by elevated levels of alveolar IL-5. Pulmonary eosinophilia is divided into the following categories: 1. Acute eosinophilic pneumonia with respiratory failure. -characterized by: rapid onset of fever, dyspnea, hypoxia, and diffuse pulmonary infiltrates on chest radiograms. 2. Simple pulmonary eosinophilia (Löffler syndrome). -characterized by transient pulmonary lesions, eosinophilia in the blood, and a benign clinical course. -The alveolar septa are thickened by an infiltrate containing eosinophils and occasional giant cells 52. 52. Pulmonary Eosinophilia 3. Tropical eosinophilia -caused by infection with microfilariae, a parasite. 4. Secondary eosinophilia, - Seen, for example, in association with asthma, drug allergies, and certain forms of vasculitis. 1.Idiopathic chronic eosinophilic pneumonia. -Characterized by aggregates of lymphocytes and eosinophils within the septal walls and the alveolar spaces, typically in the periphery of the lung fields . -accompanied by high fever, night sweats, and dyspnea. -Good response to corticosteroids 53. 53. Smoking-Related Interstitial Diseases Desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP) and respiratory bronchiolitis are the two eg. Accumulation of large numbers of macrophages with abundant cytoplasm containing dusty brown pigment (Smoker's macrophages ) in the airspaces in DIP. - The alveolar septa are thickened by a sparse inflammatory infiltrate (usually lymphocytes), and interstitial fibrosis, when present, is mild. - good prognosis with excellent response to steroid therapy and smoking cessation. Respiratory bronchiolitis . characterized by the presence of pigmented intraluminal macrophages akin to DIP, but in a "bronchiolocentric" distribution (first- and second-order respiratory bronchioles). 54. 54. Clinical course DIP presents in the fourth or fifth decade of life, more common males than females 2 : 1. Virtually all patients are cigarette smokers. 55. 55. Desquamative interstitial pneumonia. Medium-power detail of lung to demonstrate the accumulation of large numbers of mononuclear cells within the alveolar spaces with only mild fibrous thickening of the alveolar walls 56. 56. PULMONARY ALVEOLAR PROTEINOSIS Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare disease Characterized : -Radiologically by bilateral patchy asymmetric pulmonary opacification . -Histologically by accumulation of acellular surfactant in the intra-alveolar and bronchiolar spaces.  Three distinct classes of this disease. acquired, congenital, and secondary PAP. 1. Acquired PAP is of unknown etiology. -Without any familial predisposition; it represents 90% of all cases of PAP. -Now considered to be autoimmune disorder and can occur post double lung transplant 2. Congenital PAP is a rare cause of immediate-onset neonatal respiratory distress. -Cause unclear 57. 57. PULMONARY ALVEOLAR PROTEINOSIS 1. Secondary Uncommon Causes include acute silicosis Other inhalational syndromes Immunodeficiency disorders Malignancy  Hematopoietic disorders 58. 58. Morphology. Characterized by a peculiar homogeneous, granular precipitate within the alveoli. Minimal inflammatory reaction Causing focal-to-confluent consolidation of large areas of the lungs with minimal inflammatory reaction. On section, turbid flud exudes from these areas. Marked increase in the size and weight of the lung 59. 59. Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, histologic appearance. The alveoli are filled with a dense, amorphous, protein-lipid granular precipitate, while the alveolar walls are normal.
Essay范文-Learn about gender-neutral relationships-51Due留学教育 Learn about gender-neutral relationships 2020-08-14 来源: 51Due教员组类别: Essay范文下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 -- Learn about gender-neutral relationships，文章讲述在大多数情况下，男孩和女孩在学校表现出不同的行为并不少见。在小学阶段，女孩的学习成绩通常比男孩高，而男孩随着时间的流逝学习新事物的速度似乎更快。至于不同的科目，男孩和女孩也表现出各自的才能。男孩，女孩比数学，物理和计算机科学等科目更容易被男孩掌握。女孩更喜欢其他科目，例如语言，写作和音乐。 Learn about gender-neutral relationships It is not an uncommon phenomenon that boys and girls, in most cases, perform different behaviors at school. Girls usually get higher scores in their studies than boys in primary school years, while boys seem to learn new things faster with time passing by. As for different subjects, boys and girls also show their separated talents. Subjects like mathematics, physics and computer science are more likely to be easily grasped by boys than girls. Other subjects, such as languages, writing and music, are more welcomed by girls. Why such differences exist between boys and girls? What are the causes of such phenomenon? Due to the separate characteristics, both physical and mental, of the two different genders, boys and girls will experience their own periods of growing up, during which they form different abilities on various fields. There are many problems caused by gender difference in education and daily life, thus the influence of gender is a great issue to which people’s attention need to be paid. With the consideration of gender factors, the pattern of education will be modified on the basis of today, and the teaching methods will also be improved to be more pertinent to boys and girls separately. In that way, the overall level of education will be further perfected, and students of different genders can also act to the best of their abilities. That is where the significance of gender consideration in education lies. Resource One Hong, Peter. “A Growing Gender Gap in American Colleges”. Modern Issues. 2010(9): 27. This article describes the changing phenomenon in American colleges. In the past, male students usually got more bachelor’s degrees than female students. However, in resent years, more than 50 percent of the degrees are given to female students, and the trend still seems to grow. There seems to be a gap between boys and girls in school, which is even getting bigger and deeper. Rhetorical Analysis: This author of the passage makes a very careful observation of the situation of bachelor’s degrees in colleges. The changing is obvious through the author’s comparison of the statistics in different years. What is special in this article is that vertical comparison is made so that people can clearly feel the trend with time passing by. Comparison is even made among different majors. In that way the analysis is deep and adequate. Readers can get an omni-directional understanding of learning situation in campus of different genders. The comparison is all-dimensioned in the passage. Compared with other resources, this article is the most detailed on in college analysis. However, this passage puts its central concern in introducing the phenomenon, but does not look into the reasons of it. Even though, there is still a lot that can be used for reference. Resource Two Khazai, Azita. “The Relation Between Gender Linked Factors and the Writing Ability of Pre—University Student”. US-China Foreign Language, 2009(7): 55. This article analyzes the influence of gender in language learning. It involves an experiment conducted among two hundred students chosen randomly form Iranian pre-university schools, texting their writing ability in second language learning. The experiment answers the question that whether or not different language features are used by male and female students separately in writing. The conclusion is different with most people’s guess that the difference actually is not salient. However, there are many other factors affecting the second language learning, such as society, class, culture, etc. which still need to be further explored and proved by profound evidence. Rhetorical Analysis: This article focuses on a main element that may effects the writing features during the process of learning a second language. Such element is gender, which many people think as an important factor that make great influence. In the article, the author described the experiment carried out among two hundred randomly chosen students in detail. Many powerful data achieved through the experiment are involved. What is more, the author also uses many authoritative quotations to illustrate the main point of the article. The experiment contained in the article has great significance in analyzing the influence of gender in language learning. Although the conclusion is that there is no obvious influence of gender in writing features of students, yet it helps to lead people out of misunderstanding and confusion. However, it makes me think that whether gender makes no difference at all in all parts of language learning, and if gender is not an influential factor, what on earth may affect the writing features of students. In the last part, the author puts forward some elements like culture and class. However, these factors still need to be found in other resources. Resource Three Li, Xiuli. “Analysis on Gender Difference in English Language”. English Forum, 2003(4): 23-24. This passage illustrates the fundamental difference of gender in English Language. It focuses on different speaking habits of males and females separately. Due to the various characteristics and styles caused by gender influence, attention must be paid to communications with other people and having proper understandings of others words, especially when talking to the opposite sex. The passage also summarizes the different features of speaking habits of men and women in detail. Female speakers usually tend to avoid the features and speaking patterns disliked by most of the people in the society consciously. Male speakers, on the contrary, do not care much about such concerns. Rhetorical Analysis: This paper uses many everyday words to present in front of us many pictures of daily phenomenon in communication. It is widely noticed that there are indeed a lot of differences in the speaking manners of males and females. To look into the reasons that course such phenomenon, gender is an obvious one. The structure of the passage is clear. In the later part of the paper, the author lists the speaking characteristics of men and women, which are really clear and easy to understand. Comparison is always used through the whole paper, which is useful to show the difference from time to time. In addition, the author quotes many cases and data from former researches. Based on former analysis and facts, this paper goes deeper under the surface. To study the relationship between gender and learning has a very practical destination, and that is to use the knowledge of such understandings to communicate with the people around in a more proper and suitable way. Through this passage, I can get a wide range of different features owned by male speakers and female speaker separately, since the author lists them out quite clearly. The biggest difference of this article from others is that this one is practical, and shows the purpose of this research, to better serve people in their daily communication. Resource Four Ramayah, Malarvily. “Preferred Learning Style: Gender Influence on Preferred Learning Style Among Business Students”. Journal of US-China Public Administration, 2009(6): 12. This article analyzes the gender influence on preferred learning style of students majored in business. Through a convenient sampling of more than 400 students from business schools, it comes out a conclusion. Difference in preferred learning style does exist between male students and female students, especially in visual learning style and aural learning style. Female students are more preferred to use their visual and aural ability while learning than male students. Rhetorical Analysis: This article has a clear structure, which is easy to help to understand the main idea of the author. The convenient sampling is described in detail and the conclusion is objective and trustworthy. In the passage, the author gives clear definition to learning style and gives four main styles. Based on the experiment analysis, there comes a model that presents the different preference in choosing the way of learning. This paper has great reference value in exploring the influence of gender on learning. Although the analysis is only based on business students, the results, however, have universal meaning. Visual and aural ability in learning can reflect many differences in male students and female students. The data and graphs contained in this article will be of great value and usefulness in further research on this topic. Resource Five Samuel, Salami. “Gender as A Moderator of Relation Between Emotional Intelligence and Career Development”. US-China Education Review, 2010(7): 11-14. This passage notices that nowadays, a growing number of people have problems in their career decision-making. This is not only due to career issues but personal issues, which means emotional things, are also important during the process of making a decision. The article analyses the influence of gender on the relation between emotional intelligence and career development. Gender acts as a moderator in dealing with the relationship. For males and females separately, emotion can be used to help to make right and suitable decisions for individuals. Rhetorical Analysis: This paper contains a great number of data and a variety of graphs, showing different states of mind of males and females and the trend of changing. The author makes a survey of 485 students randomly chosen from different secondary schools in the United States. Thus the conclusion achieved from the survey is rather believable. In the passage, the author uses many rhetoric skills to state the main idea, such as comparison, analogy and setting examples. The figures used are from various professional fields and the analysis is comprehensive instead of single-sided. This passage leads me to a brand new prospect of viewing this question. To consider gender as a moderator is a very creative metaphor, which vividly describes its role in dealing with emotion and career problems. Indeed, career decision has not been connected with gender in most people’s views. The moderation of gender in the relationship of emotion and career decision is of great significance to be further studied and explored. Career decision-making, to a certain extend, has something to do with personal learning. That is because different ways of study usually link with different ways of thinking, which of course will affect decision-making in personal career. What is more, the statistics contained in this passage will be of great help in my further analysis of the relationship of gender and learning. Resource Six Xin, Xiong. “On Gender Differences in Language Acquisition”. Sino-US English Teaching. 2008(5): 58. This article analyses a very common phenomenon in daily life that in most cases, girl students usually do better in English lessons than boy students. Apart from many external factors such as teaching skills, the internal ones are essential to language acquisition. Boys and girls, according to different gender characteristics, show different motivations and abilities in language learning. Therefore, gender makes a great difference in learning a foreign language. Rhetorical Analysis: This passage goes into a very deep analysis of gender influence in English learning for students. In the passage, the author presents the motivations and abilities of boys and girls with many statistics and tables. The figures are objective and trustful. Besides, there are many powerful quotations in the passage, adding to its persuasiveness. In the last part of the article, it naturally comes to the conclusion that gender indeed has some influence on learning, especially on language learning. This passage is complementary with other resources in many respects for it answers new questions raised in many research papers. This article deepens my understanding of gender influence on language learning. Following the author, it leads my thought to think how and why such difference and influence occur. Reading this passage makes me to think deeper and further. Furthermore, there are many valuable data that can be used in further research in the future. There are many factors affecting learning of students, among which gender is not to be neglected. Since male students and female students have great physical and mental differences that influence their way of thinking and judging, gender may cause great effect on learning methods and abilities of students. From daily phenomenon we notice that in some fields, male students do better than female students, while in other fields, things are just the opposite. Besides, the situations may also change with the changing of time, which again appears difference between males and females. Correspondingly, there needs to be separate ways to educate students of different genders, with the gender characteristics and influence taken into consideration. Understanding the gender difference, people not only can better communicate with others with proper skills and manners, also they can find a better way of study and even make more suitable career-decisions. In the field of education, there is no doubt that gender consideration will be of great help to improve the quality of education. Considering this point, proper teaching methods and principles should be established. In that way, the overall education level is to be improved, and both males and females and act to their best level in a certain field with a certain method. There should also be a systematic teaching theory that teachers can follow during their teaching process, and that is what needs further exploration in the future. 上一篇：Phillips curve 下一篇：Introduction to Social psychol
Scientific Name(s): Canis familiaris, Canis canis, Canis domesticus. The species name is the same as the scientific name and it always include BOTH the genus name and the specific name. The scientific name for dog is Canis familiaris. Please note that the specific name is NOT the same as the species name. The scientific name for the domestic dog is Canis lupus familiaris.Canis is the genus, lupus the species, and familiaris the subspecies.Dog - Canis Lupus familiaris This scientific name is of Latin origin, and the literal meaning is "friendly wolf dog." Despite their many shapes and sizes all domestic dogs, from Newfoundlands to pugs, are members of the same species—Canis familiaris. Domestic Dog Cognition and Behavior, The Scientific Study of Canis Familiaris This book highlights the state of the field in the new, provocative line of research into the cognition and behavior of the domestic dog. natural selection mutation overbreeding sexual reproduction. How can you tell they are similar organisms just by looking at their scientific names? Facts about Doberman Pinscher Dogs, "Scientific name for Doberman Pinscher Dog, or domestic canine, is Canis lupus familiaris". The taxonomic name Canis familiaris is an example of: binomial nomenclature a cladistic branch point a phylum a domain. Another example would be the scientific name for humans, Homo sapiens. The scientific name for dog has been Canis lupus familiaris since 1993. Canis domesticus is the name for a domestic dog. specific name: familiaris. The first word in the scientific name Canis is the genus (...which is sort of like the family, but less broad...), and Lupus is the species. Scientific name is composed of two parts: genus name: Canis. Kootenai. Which scientific concept did Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace independently discover? The scientific name for wolf is Canis lupus. In 1993, there was a reclassification of the scientific name for domestic dogs. Observed in County(s) Jefferson. Originally the Doberman Pinscher Dog was bread by Herr Louis Dobermann in the Apolda region of Germany. Common Name(s): Domestic Dog, Dog. Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) are domesticated mammals, not natural wild animals.They were originally bred from wolves.They have been bred by humans for a long time, and were the first animals ever to be domesticated. 2. Possible aliases, alternative names and misspellings for Canis familiaris. natural selection. The dog (Canis familiaris when considered a distinct species or Canis lupus familiaris when considered a subspecies of the wolf) is a domesticated carnivore of the family Canidae.It is part of the wolf-like canids, and is the most widely abundant terrestrial carnivore. Insects are very successful organisms. View Observations. Lupus is the Latin word for wolf and canis is the Latin word for dog. Show Aliases. The scientific name for the dog, or domestic canine, is Canis lupus familiaris. Scientific Name: Canis familiaris. For more than 200 years before that, the dog had been classified as Canis familiaris and Canis familiaris domesticus, both of which were assigned by naturalist Carolus Linnaeus in 1758.Linneaus classified living things in binomial nomenclature (the two-part scientific name assigned to all living things by genus and species). Eleven chapters from leading researchers describe innovative methods from comparative psychology, ethology and behavioral biology, which are combined to create a more… Which classification groups do dogs and wolves have in common? There are different studies that suggest that this happened between 15.000 and 100.000 years before our time. canis familiaris is the scientific name of National Quarters Corporate Housing, Instrumental Methods Of Analysis Book, L'oreal Curl Contour Shampoo, Blender Texture Paint Erase, Aws Modern Application Development Workshop, Dallas Federal Reserve Police, Black Lab Clipart, Cost Of Hospital Bed Per Day Uk, Panasonic Camcorder Models,
Edwards syndrome - causes and diagnosis Edwards syndrome is a disease of chromosomal character develops in utero and characterized by the slow development of the internal organs or the nervous system. The cause of the disease is the appearance of extra chromosomes, that is, instead of 23 chromosomes appears 24. Common disease rare 1:7000, the incidence is second only to down syndrome. Children who suffer from Edwards syndrome, are much shorter-lived than others. Life expectancy is approximately 1-2 months, at best 3 months. Although there are cases that babies with Edwards syndrome survive to 1 year, mostly women. Definition and diagnosis of Edwards syndrome To determine the presence of the disease requires almost no additional methods, fairly and external factors: 1. Children are born with low birth weight, up to a maximum of 2.5 kg. However, this does not affect the duration of pregnancy. The expectant mother may feel great, and pregnancy can proceed normally. 2. Most often, there is a slow development of the child. Define this ultrasound, although the diagnosis is not always reliable. Using ultrasound can detect only gross violations. 3. Physical and psychological development is not appropriate norm is Edwards syndrome. 4. Due to illness the child have difficulty gaining weight. This is due to the slow development of the digestive system. 5. To determine the presence of disease and external features: custom and squeezed the form of the skull, deformed organs and limbs, including the genitals, unusual shape of the nose, lips, eyes, etc. Read also: How to identify and prevent leukemia Babies with Edwards syndrome die due to malfunction of the heart during the first year of his life, and those units, which miraculously managed to survive all their lives, suffer with the slow growth of the physical and psychological systems. To cure Edwards syndrome impossible, yet they can't find a method of treatment of chromosomal abnormalities. Subscribe to new posts:
Quick Answer: What Is The Meaning Of Chambre? Is Chambre male or female? The gender of chambre is feminine.. Is car masculine or feminine in French? What does comparative mean in English? (Entry 1 of 2) 1 : of, relating to, or constituting the degree of comparison in a language that denotes increase in the quality, quantity, or relation expressed by an adjective or adverb The comparative form of happy is happier. The comparative form of clearly is more clearly. Is Université masculine or feminine? After the word université it includes the letters nf meaning « nom féminin » or feminine noun. Why are words masculine or feminine? As to rules, for “most” words the gender comes from the object of the word. Also, some words have a gender from their sense, for example, qualities are mostly feminine. Masculine is used for languages, substantives, most countries, city names in general, materials, “calendar” (months, days, seasons)… Is Appartement masculine or feminine? We have many nouns ending in “ment” in French, and they are masculine: le gouvernement (the government), un appartement (a flat), le commencement (the beginning), un abonnement (a subscription). The one exception is la jument (the mare). What is positive degree? What is the meaning of comparison? comparison (noun) The act of comparing or the state or process of being compared. To bring a thing into comparison with another; there is no comparison between them. comparison (noun) An evaluation of the similarities and differences of one or more things relative to some other or each-other. Is Paris feminine or masculine? It says that in literary writings, you should prefer the feminine since you are after all talking about “la ville de Paris”, and since “la ville” is feminine, the adjective is feminine. One vote for “Paris est belle”. However, L’Académie does note that the masculine is commonly used in spoken French to describe cities. What is the meaning of Chambre in English? British English: bedroom /ˈbɛdˌruːm; -ˌrʊm/ NOUN. A bedroom is a room which is used for sleeping in. How do you pronounce chambre? This sound is very similar to the English ‘sh’ sound as in “she”. In French, it is commonly written “ch”. Some English speakers tend to round their lips when pronouncing this sound. Is car feminine or masculine? Vehicles, including ships, cars, trains and even engines often take the feminine gender, especially in informal contexts and when spoken of by men (“My car, she’s a beauty.”). What is the meaning of Parative? adjective. serving to divide into parts. Grammar. noting part of a whole: the Latin partitive genitive. What is Auto in French? [ˈɔːtəʊ ] (US) auto f ⧫ voiture f. Is bread masculine or feminine in French? RTL Today – Bread is masculine, beer feminine. In French,… \| Facebook.
Themes in Literature in the 21st Century A man reading on the beach. ... Purestock/Purestock/Getty Images Contemporary writers often consciously draw inspiration and ideas from the writers who have come before them. As a result, many works of 21st literature grapple with the events, movements and literature of the past in order to make sense of the present. Additionally, the technological advancements of the 21st century have led other writers to hypothetically write about the future, usually to comment on the present and evoke introspection. 1 Identity With increasing globalization, intersections of cultures and more vocal discussions of women’s rights and LGBT rights, identity has become a common theme in 21st century literature. In a world that is now able to exchange ideas more quickly than ever before via the Internet and other technological advancements, people have relatively more freedom to draw from multiple cultures and philosophies and question the concept of the self and its relation to the body, brain and “soul.” For example, Sam Clay in "The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier and Clay" by Michael Chabon struggles to come to terms with his homosexuality. The novel, which is about young comic book collaborators during the World War II era, won the Pulitzer Prize for fiction in 2001. With her 2008 book "Infidel," Ayaan Hirsi Ali became a feminist voice for the rights of abused Muslim women and religious freedom. 2 History and Memory As contemporary readers are able to look back on history and see how history has been depicted differently for different audiences, history and memory have become themes in 21st century literature. Often contemporary literature explores the notion of multiplicities of truth and acknowledges that history is filtered through human perspective and experience. For example, "The March" by E.L. Doctorow fictionalizes yet still depicts the realities of General Sherman’s famous march during the U.S. Civil War, and how people of the South were slaughtered, giving a slightly different perspective of how the North is usually depicted. 3 Technology Today, technology is more integrated into people’s lives than ever before. Dreams of what technology could potentially help people become and anxieties regarding the demise of humanity as a result of technology can be seen in 21st century literature. On one hand, there are books about biotechnology helping people with disabilities, such as "Machine Man" by Max Barry. Additionally, many 21st century works of literature explore what it means when all of humanity’s experiences are filtered through technology. For example, "Ready Player One" by Ernest Cline depicts a futuristic world where everyone escapes reality by plugging into a virtual utopia. 4 Intertextuality In postmodern style, many contemporary writers recognize a piece of work as being one among many throughout history. As such, many writers purposely include acknowledgements, references or parallels to other works of fiction, recognizing their place in a larger, broader conversation, context and body of work. Some intertextual themes go as far as to poke fun at a work’s own lack of originality or the clichés that it seemingly cannot escape. For example, in "The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao" by Junot Diaz, the text references many comics, movies and other books in order to describe events.
Pekkala, Mauno Pekkala, Mauno Born Jan. 17, 1890, in Sysmä; died July 1, 1952, in Helsinki. Finnish politician and state figure. Pekkala, a lawyer by profession, was a member of the executive committee of the Social Democratic Party of Finland from 1936 to 1945. He was minister of agriculture in 1926 and 1927 and minister of finance from 1939 to 1942. During World War II (1939–45) he supported the peaceful opposition, which advocated Finland’s withdrawal from the war. He was expelled from the Social Democratic Party in 1945 and joined the Finnish People’s Democratic League. In 1944–45 and 1945–46 he worked in the governments led by J. K. Paasikivi. From 1946 to 1948, Pekkala headed the coalition government of democratic cooperation, comprising the Social Democratic Party, the Finnish People’s Democratic League, and the Agrarian Union. Under his leadership, the coalition implemented several democratic reforms and laid the foundations for friendly relations with the USSR. In 1948, Pekkala signed the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance Between the USSR and Finland. Mentioned in ?
What is pour over coffee? pour over coffee Pour over coffee is a popular manual coffee brewing method. What do we mean by manual brewing? It means there is very little equipment, if any, involved in the brewing process. It is all done by hand and every part of the method is controlled by the user. Pour over coffee is really just a cup, a filter, a cone shaped funnel, and you, the barista. There are no machines to make things complicated. The pour over method, when done right, will bring out subtle flavors compared to other brewing methods. If you are savoring coffees from a single origin, single place or producer, the pour over method allows the flavors and nuances to come out and really be experienced. How pour over coffee brewing started. Pour over coffee isn’t a new idea. It has been around since the late 1800s. In 1908, a woman named Amalie created a type of coffee brewing device after being very disappointed in the coffee from her percolator. She experimented until she found that by using a filter and a cone shape she could produce a great cup of coffee. Amalie Auguste Melitta Bentz began building Melitta Pour Overs which became a hit back in the 1930s. Melitta is a name known today for quality coffee making products. This brewing method design of Amalie’s evolved into what is known today as the pour over coffee brewing method. It always involves a funnel or cone shaped filter placed above the final coffee receptacle. The unique funnel and filter of pour over coffee brewing. What is pour over coffee? It is generally called pour over because the apparatus used to make pour over coffee sits over a mug or carafe. And hot water is poured into the funnel and filtered into the mug or carafe below using simple gravity. The apparatus or set for pour over coffee is almost always some type of funnel and filter combination. It is the funnel that really makes the difference with pour over coffee. pour over coffee funnel and filter The funnel or cone shaped filter of the pour over method means that the filter area is much larger than the typical drip method or other methods. This larger filtration area gives a very “clean” cup of coffee consistently, meaning that the hot water extracts the oils and fragrances but the filter then traps a lot of the bitter oils away from the final cup. The typical set for pour over coffee sits atop a mug or some systems have larger equipment for sitting above a carafe of some type. This method of making coffee is a very hand on, manual, method. It allows the coffee drinker to control many of the factors involved with making their coffee There are some commercial systems that utilize the same basic method but scale up to allow for multiple cups to brew through at the same time. An infusion method of coffee brewing is where the coffee is steeped in water before filtration. The pour over method in an infusion method which produces a milder brew with more acidity. Where pour over coffee has some downsides is related to human error. Bad pouring technique can produce a very poor cup of coffee. There is a definite recipe to making a good pour over cup of coffee. Doing it incorrectly or rushed can ruin the final result. Getting an even extraction is one of the biggest challenges with the pour over coffee method. If the poured water does not allow the grounds to be evenly distributed in the extraction, you won’t get the most out of the pour over brew. Yes, you have more control over the final result, but it also comes with more risk of ruining a good cup of coffee. Single serve pour over coffee. There is also a variation of the pour over coffee set used on a small scale. It is referred to as the single serve pour over coffee system. Single serve refers to the fact that is only used on a mug by mug basis – only for a single serving. pour over single serve filters This single serve method of pour over coffee allows the funnel and filter to sit down into the mug. This submerged coffee is allowed to steep for a little while before removing the filter and allowing the funnel to drain into the mug before drinking. Some of these systems – as we will look at in a moment, are just a paper filter funnel combo that can easily be pulled out and discarded. Pour over coffee brewing sets or systems. There are varied systems or sets for pour over coffee. Remember that pour over coffee, at its most basic, does not involve machines. Pour over systems or sets are just basic manual coffee brewing hardware The most seen and most used involves a screened funnel that has a platform where it allows the funnel to sit on top of a coffee mug. Some of these little units may require the user to use a paper filter along with the screened funnel. Some of the units combine the funnel and filter into one unit – the funnel also acting as the filter with a fine screen – usually as a stainless steel filter There are sets that have a platform or rack that hold the funnel and filter above a mug or carafe. This funnel and filter combination is the norm. It is usually just a matter of size as to whether the pour over set is used for just a single mug or for some type of carafe. Those for use with a carafe, usually provide the carafe in the system. All of these sets are very basic, always composed of a funnel and filter over a receptacle of some sort. As we hinted at earlier, there is a variation of the pour over set that allows the funnel to sit down into, or be slightly submerged into the coffee in the mug. These sets are only used for a single mug and is why they are called single serve pour over. This type of pour over allows the coffee in the funnel to brew in the mug for a period of time before removing. Once removed, the remaining liquid is allowed to drain into the mug as much as possible. This can produce a slightly bolder cup of coffee. There are single serve sets that are all paper. They are essentially filters shaped as a funnel that have wings which pull out and hold the funnel at the top of the mug. There are some coffee brewers that pre-package their coffee into these single serve pour overs. All you need to do is pour hot water into the filter. Then there are single serve filters with wings that you can buy that allow you to put your own coffee into the filter. This seems like a very eco friendly and easy way to make a cup of coffee The best pour over coffee grind size. So, what coffee grind size is the best for pour over coffee? The best way to know this is to experiment. But, generally, medium to medium-fine grind is considered the best for pour over coffee making. We prefer the medium-fine grind as it will help bring out more of the soul of the coffee. To make your pour over coffee a little bolder, grind the coffee finer. For a lighter cup with more flavor tones, try a coarser grind. The best water temperature for pour over coffee. The ideal temperature range for brewing pour over coffee is going to be the same temperature as with brewing using most other methods. That temperature is 195°F to 205°F (90.5°C to 96°C). Some experts will tell you that water right off the boil (212°F / 100°C) is the best temperature for pour over coffee. Of course, you can try cooler temperatures that may work for better taste at 176°F /80°C. With all of these temperatures, remember they are still hot! The heated water is what helps to extract the flavorful coffee oils. Pour over coffee to water ratio. There is supposed to be a golden ratio for making coffee that should work with most brewing methods. However, we have found this to be somewhat inaccurate and misleading. The golden ratio recommends a ratio of 55 grams of coffee per liter of water. That breaks down into about 24 grams of coffee per 15 fl oz of water. That works out to about 4.8 tbsp of coffee to 15 fl oz of water (based on our measurement of 5 grams per tbsp of medium-fine ground coffee). With other brewing methods we have tried, 3 tbsp of coffee or less usually works for a 15 fluid oz cup As a quick rule of thumb, the best pour over coffee ratio is 1:4 -or- 1 tbsp of coffee for every 4 ounces of water. So, for a 15 fl oz cup of coffee, a little less than 4 tbsp of coffee will do. How long to let pour over coffee brew. Brew time for pour over coffee varies with how much water is needed for the brew. Brew time consists of allowing the filter to drain and the coffee to settle. For a standard 15 oz cup of coffee, You will want about 3-4 minutes of brewing time. Of course, longer for larger brew sizes and slightly less time for smaller brews. The secret to great pour over coffee. What is the secret to great pour over coffee? The answer is simple… the filter. As stated, the large filtration of the cone shaped funnel and a paper filter allow for much of the bitter oils to be filtered out, allowing the nuances of the coffee to pass through. So don’t ignore the filter. Components of great pour over coffee: • Good, clean, filtered water • Proper water temperature • Cone shaped funnel • A good paper filter • Fresh ground coffee • Correct coffee grind size • Following the correct process and brew time How to make pour over coffee instructions (recipe) – step-by-step. Step-by-step (for a standard 15 oz mug brewing straight into the mug) 1] Add a fresh paper filter to the brewer funnel (or ready your stainless filter / funnel). 2] Place cup under the brewer. 3] Wet the paper filter (not needed for stainless filter) to reduce any paper taste. 4] Drain cup of initial water from wetting filter 5] Add fresh ground coffee – roughly 1 tbsp per 4 oz of water (roughly 4 tbsp for a 15oz cup) 6] Start with a “bloom” by pouring hot water (195 to 205 degrees ideally) evenly over the coffee grounds, about 10% of your brewing amount, just enough to cover the grounds in the center 7] Wait 30 to 45 seconds 8] Slowly pour the remaining hot water in your brew, starting in the middle and slowly spiraling outward to the outside edges. This should take 2-3 minutes. 9] Allow the filter to drain and about 3 minutes for the coffee to “brew” and settle. Pour over coffee vs french press. There are definitely some differences when comparing pour over coffee to coffee made with a french press. The primary comparison is taste. French press coffee is more bold and somewhat bitter due to the coffee being fully submerged while steeping in hot water and little of that is filtered out by the screen in a french press. Pour over coffee, by contrast, has non submerged coffee that is highly filtered, leaving a more flavorful cup of coffee with less bitterness and more of the nuances of the coffee. It is the filtration that really makes the difference. Another difference is that french press coffee also allows more of the coffee solids, the coffee grit to enter the final cup because of the typical screen of the french press. Still another difference is in clean up, pour over coffee is much easier to clean up due to the paper filter. Pour over coffee vs drip coffee. Again, the primary difference between pour over coffee and drip coffee is the filtration. It is the higher filtration that produces a less bitter and more flavorful cup of coffee when using the pour over method compared to the drip method. The high filtration comes from the cone shaped funnel and the paper filter. Another difference is that the pour over method is a more manual method, and that means that the user will have more control over the final cup of coffee. The takeaway If you are expecting a very strong, bold cup of coffee from pour over coffee – sorry, you will be disappointed. It is sometimes difficult to put into words how pour over coffee brings out the coffee flavor and nuances and a more vibrant taste, while taking out some of the bitterness – all due to filtration. Try this brewing method and discover for yourself what pour over coffee is all about. What do you think? About us We are just a small group of coffee enthusiasts focused on the best in single serve coffee and brewers. Recent Posts
Quick Answer: How Much Have The Oceans Risen In The Last 50 Years? What was the sea level 10000 years ago? Most of this had melted by about 10,000 years ago.. What will the ocean look like in 2050? Has temperature risen in 100 years? How much has the sea level risen since 2000? The rate of sea level rise has also increased over time. Between 1900 and 1990 studies show that sea level rose between 1.2 millimeters and 1.7 millimeters per year on average. By 2000, that rate had increased to about 3.2 millimeters per year and the rate in 2016 is estimated at 3.4 millimeters per year . How much has the ocean risen in the last 300 years? Relative sea-level rise over the last 300 years. Rates vary depending on local land subsidence or uplift. Global average sea-level rise has been approximately 1–2 cm per decade. How high will the sea level rise by 2050? In 2019, a study projected that in low emission scenario, sea level will rise 30 centimeters by 2050 and 69 centimetres by 2100, relatively to the level in 2000. In high emission scenario, it will be 34 cm by 2050 and 111 cm by 2100. Is Miami sinking into the ocean? Sure enough, the study concluded that parts of Miami Beach are sinking on the island’s west side at a rate of 2-3 millimeters per year, about the thickness of a nickel. Over the past 80 years, the study estimated, some houses might have sunk 6-9 inches. What percentage of heat from global warming has the ocean absorbed in the past 40 years? SOAK UP THE SUN What percentage of heat from global warming has the ocean absorbed in the past 40 years? 11% 35% 84% Water resists changes in temperature; it is slow to heat up and slow to cool. down. In scientific terms, water has high heat capacity. This means that, so far, Earth’s ocean has been. How high will sea levels rise if all ice melts? Which cities will be underwater by 2100? New Orleans, Louisiana Parts of New Orleans are sinking at a rate of 2 inches per year and could be underwater by 2100, according to a 2016 NASA study. Some parts of New Orleans are also 15 feet below sea level, and its location on a river delta increases its exposure to sea-level rise and flooding. What will be flooded by 2050? When was the Earth the hottest? Will Florida go underwater? How high will the sea rise by 2030? First, they looked at the sum total of all emissions since the preindustrial period through the end of the Paris Agreement targets in 2030 and found the total amount of sea level rise those emissions would cause in the future: about 17 inches by the end of the century, and over 41 inches by 2300, on average. Are sea levels actually rising? Are Florida Keys sinking? What is the warmest year ever recorded? Warmest yearsRankYearAnomaly °F120161.69220191.67320151.62420171.516 more rows How much has the sea level risen since 1880? How fast is Florida sinking? Measurements show that the rate of land subsidence in Florida varies from place to place but is generally less than 0.5 millimeters per year. At about 1.7 millimeters per year, the global average rate of sea-level rise over the course of the 20th century was more than three times that of land subsidence in Florida. What cities will be underwater in 2050?
Agricultural Application Engineering Laboratory Agricultural Application Engineering Laboratory Agricultural Application Engineering Laboratory University of California Agricultural Application Engineering Laboratory Introducing Image Processing Using Microsoft Excel Despite Microsoft Excel's large data handling and graphing capabilities, it was not considered as a regular software for digital image processing and analysis until recently. A project focused on exploring this potential led to the development of a maiden version software application called RGBExcel built using MATLAB. The simple graphical user interface application extracts RGB image data from image files of any file size and of multiple formats, and exports to Excel for processing. Efforts to further develop the software application resulted in an improved version called RGB2X. Examples of advantages of this new version over the initial version include multiple file handling, reduced number of clicks required to export the RGB data to Excel for each set of files selected. Other advantages include Excel files saved in the same location with the same base names as the original image files and additional worksheet expanding the data analysis capabilities.? Following data extraction into Excel, different procedures for accomplishing typical image processing operations can be done in Excel. Image processing operations performed using Excel fall into the categories of image preprocessing, image enhancement, image classification, and time series analysis. Benefits of Using Microsoft Excel 1. Its widespread usage and availability present a good opportunity for use as a teaching tool for image data processing. 2. It also lends itself well as a useful research tool that can benefit a wide range of potential users with little knowledge of computer programming. Webmaster Email:
Critical Thinking Critical Thinking Critical thinking is focused and intentional, striving for precision and effectiveness. It looks inward, seeking to truly understand a specific topic. Critical thinking helps you progress to ever deeper levels of thought, from remembering to understanding, applying, analyzing, and evaluating. Along the way, critical thinking has a partner: creative thinking. It is expansive and experimental, seeking an abundance of original ideas. Though creative and critical thinking are opposites, you'll use both to solve problems. This section provides you a toolkit of critical thinking strategies, and the next toolkit helps you with problem solving. In this toolkit Bloom's Revised Taxonomy of Thinking A researcher named Benjamin Bloom identified six levels of thinking. The video and chart that follow show his Revised Taxonomy of Thinking. As you go down the list, you reach deeper and deeper levels of thinking. Also, note how each deeper level relies on the levels above it. Deeper Thinking All other skills rely on remembering because you can't think about something that you don't remember. • Recall information. • List main points. • Repeat details. • Define key terms. When you understand information, you know why it is significant and how it fits in. • Explain ideas/processes. • Give examples. • Explain what something means. • Explain why something matters. To apply ideas, you put them to use within a given context, for a specific purpose. • Organize ideas. • Set a goal. • Demonstrate a process. • Put ideas to work. When you analyze something, you study each part and discover the relationships among parts. • Examine thoroughly. • Take something apart. • Compare and contrast. • Trace causes and effects. To evaluate is to ascribe value to something, judging it according to desirable traits or key benchmarks. • Judge the worth of something. • Point out pros and cons. • Rate different options. • Persuade others of value. When you create something, you combine disparate elements to make a new synthesis, using all the other levels. • Invent something new. • Hypothesize an idea. • Combine and develop. • Design and build. Caveat: Human cognition is complex and holistic. Each of the skills above is connected to all of the other skills in a web of interactions. Bloom's Revised Taxonomy helps you focus on specific skills for specific types of critical thinking, but you should understand that all are important. © 2021 Thoughtful Learning. Copying and distributing this content is prohibited without written permission.
Economy Finance & investing Renewable How The Sahara Could Power The Entire World How The Sahara Could Power The Entire World Solar and wind farms, stretched across North Africa’s Saharan desert and relying solely on existing technologies, could produce enough electricity to power the entire world. (That amount of electricity approximates over 21 terawatt hours.) As an added benefit these combined wind and solar arrays would also increase rain fail in the arid Sahel region thereby slowing the steady southern encroachment of the desert. This was the conclusion arrived at by academic researchers using supercomputers. Teams at the University of Maryland and University of Illinois modeled their results in a study financed in part by a Chinese government agency. Their results were published in the prestigious journal Science (September 7). Yes, we know it sounds farfetched. And even perhaps too ridiculous consider. But is it any crazier or more uneconomic than the two biggest nuclear construction projects currently underway in the U.S. and Europe? Spending $25 billion or more to erect bespoke nuclear power generating stations (when a comparable gas fired facility could be built at a relatively small fraction of the cost) shows that regardless of economics, for those that the politicians favor, funds can often be found. And it is not just new nuclear technologies that should be singled out for economic excesses. Southern Company’s recent attempt at building a truly clean coal electric power generating station resulted in the $4 billion Kemper County project in Mississippi. That facility now only burns natural gas rendering large parts of the investment economically irrelevant. But for sheer scale it is typically nuclear construction that provides the biggest numbers. In this regard consider the proposed $20-$30 billion ITER nuclear fusion project. The point? We already spend huge sums to experiment with and develop increasingly carbon free power sources. From a technological perspective the Sahara wind/solar project is practically “old school”. It relies exclusively on so called off the shelf, existing technologies. The challenge as we see it, apart from financing, would come from the actual construction. Giant construction projects in relatively inhospitable climates almost always pose a challenge. This would be akin to building the Alaska pipeline or putting huge oil rigs in the North Sea or in Arctic waters. A German consortium, DESERTEC, proposed a Saharan solar project in 2009 based on work that goes back to the 1980s. The organization made promising financial projections based on its research. Its shareholders included major Mediterranean infrastructure and electricity firms and State Grid of China. Wind and solar projects can also produce “unintended consequences” for the environment as the Illinois and Maryland researchers gently put it. In the Saharan case though, the consequences, more precipitation, might actually be beneficial. From the perspective of the earth’s surface, wind and solar farms change surface roughness and reflectance. This raises local temperatures–the last thing the Sahara needs. However, the temperature boost also increases the likelihood of precipitation, in fact doubling it in this particularly arid region. That would in turn lead to increases in vegetation growth. More vegetative ground cover increases evaporation which, in turn, increases precipitation. Solar farms by themselves could have a similar environmental impact. Admittedly, the university researchers did not address a whole host of concerns: social, political, business and technological. The challenge of constructing solar and wind farms across the Sahara Desert and then delivering the power to those who need it is a daunting task. But the researchers did interestingly address the impact of the project on climate and concluded it would be beneficial. That’s at least a start. Would relatively small European and American energy companies rise to a challenge of this magnitude? Or would the Sahara project developers, if there is one, propose this ambitious project to the Chinese as part of their One Belt, One Road Initiative? From a policy perspective China has made no secret of its interest in Africa. It would be ironic if they embarked on an ambitious undertaking like this while domestically the US plays “small ball” and focuses on subsidies for relatively uneconomic coal and nuclear power generating stations to extend their economic lives. By Leonard Hyman and William Tilles Related posts طاقات متجددة: السيد شيتور يعرض اهداف الجزائر خلال الجمعية العامة ال11 للطاقات المتجددة Meissa Cheikh La Chine est l’unique grande économie mondiale à enregistrer une croissance en 2020 Meissa Cheikh بورصة الجزائر: استكمال مشروع التسهيلات لفائدة المؤسسات الناشئة Meissa Cheikh
Archive for July, 2019 Battle of Monmouth Posted on: July 1st, 2019 by hauleymusic No Comments Old Monmouth Courthouse: Battle of Monmouth (New Jersey) on 28th June 1778 British and German troops against the American Continental Army and Colonial Militia. Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Clinton, Major-General Lord Cornwallis and Major-General Knyphausen commanding the British and German army against General George Washington and Major-General Charles Lee commanding the American army. With10,000 British troops against 11,000 Americans. The British infantry wore red coats, with bearskin caps for grenadiers, tricorn hats for battalion companies and caps for the light infantry. The Highland Scots troops wore the kilt and feather bonnet. The two regiments of British light dragoons serving in America, the 16th and 17th, arrived in America wearing red coats and crested leather helmets. As the war progressed the light dragoons abandoned their red coats for green. The Hessian and Brunswick infantry wore blue coats and retained the Prussian style grenadier mitre cap with brass front plate. The American troops dressed as best they could. Increasingly as the war progressed infantry regiments of the Continental Army mostly took to wearing blue or brown uniform coats. The American militia continued in rough clothing. Both sides were armed with muskets. The British and German infantry carried bayonets. The Highland Scots troops carried broadswords. Steuben insisted that the American Continental troops be issued with bayonets, whose use Steuben’s training dealt with, so that they could meet the British and German infantry on an equal footing in hand to hand fighting. This took time to implement in full. Many men in the Pennsylvania and Virginia militia regiments carried rifled weapons, as did other backwoodsmen. Both sides were supported by artillery. General George Washington and his American army spent the winter of 1777/8 at Valley Forge in miserable circumstances, but as the winter wore on, the supply situation was brought under control and something approaching a proper issue of equipment and rations was made to the American troops. During the 1777/8 winter in Valley Forge, the Prussian officer, General Steuben, established a system of military training for the American regiments, teaching them a form of Prussian battle drill, adapted to suit American troops. The British army spent the winter in Philadelphia. Lieutenant-General Howe returned to England, relieved of his appointment in command in America at his own request, to be replaced by Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Clinton. Clinton was under orders to evacuate Philadelphia and concentrate the British forces in New York. On 18th June 1778, Clinton’s British army, with artillery, supplies and the loyalist populace of the city, left Philadelphia and began the laborious march cross country to the North-East. Hearing that the British were on the move, General Washington marched his army east from Valley Forge, seeking to intercept the slow-moving British column. He did so at Monmouth Courthouse. Clinton’s intention, in accordance with his orders, was to march to New York. The first week of the march convinced him that his army with its train was too cumbersome to make the journey by land. In addition, it was reported that General Gates was moving from the Hudson River valley with his American army to block the British retreat. Clinton decided to divert to the coast and take ship. At Allentown, his British and German army branched off the main route towards Monmouth to head north-east. General Washington hurried his army forward to intercept the British withdrawal. An advanced force of some 4,000 American troops was allocated to attack the marching British Army and cut it in half. Washington offered the command of this assault to Major-General Charles Lee. Initially Lee refused the appointment, lacking confidence in the success of the plan. When the force was increased to 5,000 men and given to the Marquis de Lafayette, Lee changed his mind and insisted on having the command. Lee’s task was to attack the British column in flank and delay it, so the main American army could come up and give battle. The weather was unsettled, high day-time temperatures giving way to heavy rainstorms. On 28th June 1778, suspecting that Washington intended to attack his army in strength, General Clinton ordered General Knyphausen to begin his march up the Middletown road to the North that day at 4am. Warned by Dickinson and his New Jersey militia that Clinton’s army was on the move, Washington ordered Lee to attack and delay the British march, until he could bring up the main strength of the American army along the Monmouth Road. Lee lay to the west of the Middletown road and was expected to deliver an attack on the slow-moving British column. Properly executed, such an attack would have halted the British march to the north-east and enabled the main American army under Washington to attack Clinton’s army in the rear. Lee gave no proper orders to his commanders and permitted them to act as they saw fit. Skirmishes with parties of British troops took place, as Lee’s force moved tentatively forward towards the Middletown Road. Confused fighting broke out with Clinton’s rear-guard, largely composed of British regiments. Finally, Lee ordered his troops to retreat on the main American army. As Lee withdrew down the road, Clinton launched his troops in pursuit. General Washington, bringing the main American army along the Monmouth road, encountered, not the rear of the British column, but Lee’s regiments, retreating in considerable disorder, with the British advancing behind them. This is said to be the one occasion that Washington swore. He unleashed a volley of oaths at Lee, to the admiration of those listening, before ordering Lee to the rear. Washington then galloped forward and began the task of rallying Lee’s disordered troops. Washington ordered General Wayne, with the last of Lee’s regiments, Stewart’s 13th Pennsylvania and Ramsay’s 3rd Maryland, to form to the north of the road and hold the British advance. These regiments resisted strongly but were driven back by the British 16th Light Dragoons. Their stand gave Washington the time to form the rest of the American army, with artillery on Comb’s Hill to the south of the road, enfilading the attacking British foot. Fierce fighting took place as the British attempted to drive back the American line. This was the first test for Steuben’s newly trained American Continental regiments of foot, and they withstood the trial well. As the evening wore on, the British troops fell back and returned to their journey north, leaving the Americans on the field. The British suffered some 300 casualties, many went to Craig House, Monmouth, used by the British as a field hospital. The Americans had at least 350, most of the injured were treated in the field by wives and teenagers. Up to 100 men are thought to have died of heatstroke during the battle. Other estimates increase the losses to over 1,100 British and 500 American casualties. During the march from Philadelphia, Clinton’s army lost around 550 deserters, of whom 450 were from the Hessian regiments. This is a striking figure. In the course of a few days, Clinton lost the equivalent of a battalion. Some of these men joined American regiments. Many, particularly German soldiers, are believed to have returned to Philadelphia to resume domestic relationships. Clinton continued the march to Sandy Hook, where his army embarked and was carried by the Royal Navy to New York. The British operation to retake Pennsylvania and New Jersey ended, leaving British fortunes at a low ebb. At best there were no winners in this battle. Faced with considerable criticism for his conduct at the Battle of Monmouth, Major-General Charles Lee received trial by court martial, and was convicted and sentenced to one year’s suspension from duty. Lee was a strange and interesting character. He first arrived in America as a British captain in Halkett’s 44th Regiment, taking part in Braddock’s disastrous march to the Ohio River in 1755. Lee continued to serve during the French and Indian War. He was given the nickname of “Boiling Water” by the Iroquois, due to his temper. He was also the subject of an assassination attempt by members of his regiment. After the French and Indian War, Lee left the British Army and joined the Polish Army, apparently rising to the rank of General. After unsuccessfully attempting to re-join the British Army in a senior rank, Lee returned to America and joined the American Army, achieving his ambition of appointment as a general. It may be that Lee’s flawed character caused his command failings, rather than deliberate treachery, although, during the retreat through New Jersey from New York, on 12th December 1776, Lee was captured in a tavern by Lieutenant-Colonel Banastre Tarleton and a party of British light dragoons. Lee was exchanged and resumed his erratic career in the American Continental Army. This episode might have been an opportunity for Lee to agree to change sides. During the Battle of Monmouth, ‘Molly Pitcher’, the wife of an American artilleryman, is reputed to have taken over the firing of her husband’s cannon, when the crew became casualties. ‘Molly Pitcher’ is said to have been a common nickname for the women who brought water for use in sponging out the guns between shots. The ‘Molly Pitcher’ at the Battle of Monmouth is believed to have been Mary Ludwig Hays from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Margaret Corbyn, who took over the duties of a gunner at the Battle of Fort Washington, is said to have been another ‘Molly Pitcher’. Additional reading:
Definitions for "Wants" unfulfilled desires (p. 170) consumer needs that a formed by one's personality, culture, and the surrounding environment in which he or she lives; the specific way in which a consumer satisfies needs. See need. The wishes, needs, cravings, demands or desires of human beings. Keywords: glorious, pakistan, iran, china, india a great and glorious partnership between Iran, Pakistan, India and China Keywords: threw, concessions, king, grab, few a few more concessions and then it will grab the bone the King just threw at them Keywords: ncc, ripe, healthy, future, good a good, powerful RIPE NCC, they want to have a healthy future Keywords: peaceful, resolution a peaceful resolution Keywords: challenge, significant a significant challenge Keywords: cease, negotiated, solution, fire a cease-fire and a negotiated solution Keywords: roads, meeting, four, three A meeting of three or four roads.
Img: pymnts Before the origin of the banking system in India, people borrowed money from friends, relatives or those who had extra cash to spare. After the inception of banks and financial institutions, one can avail a variety of loans from these organisations. But many times, financing a loan from a bank becomes a tedious and time taking process. These financial institutions not only follow strict RBI rules but also a long procedure before approving an individual’s loan. The situation worsens when a loan borrower fails to present required credit score that meets the demands of the banks, and hence end up helpless. However, with the advent of digital media and global financial landscape, many portals have started online lending and borrowing which is gaining a lot of popularity among loan borrowers in India. This procedure is known as Peer- to- Peer lending. Now let’s understand the whole procedure of P2P lending in detail: What is Peer- to- Peer Lending? Also known as P2P lending, it is the practice of lending money to individuals or businesses through online services that match lenders with borrowers. P2P lending is also known as social lending or crowdlending. It enables individuals to borrow and lend money without any financial institution as an intermediary and also extends credit to borrowers who are unable to get it through traditional financial institutions. In recent times, this process has gained a lot of momentum among individuals and hence it is building a strong foothold in the financing sector of India. All P2P platforms are considered as non-banking financial companies and are regulated by the RBI. Origin in India Few years ago, anyone who wants to start a small business or need a loan for personal use usually applies through a bank. Once they submit the application, banks undergo a financial check of the particular individual by checking their credit score. In many cases, borrowers face rejection at the first stage due to which the loan process stuck in the starting only. On the other hand, many a time’s individuals avoid being charged high interest on loans. All this led to the origin of peer-to-peer lending where one can opt for an alternative way of borrowing funds. As P2P lending means online lending or loans through the internet, many people are going online in order to get easy and fast loans, even with limited credentials. Here a person with low credit score too has a better chance of loan approval. In India, RBI has regulated that all the registered NBFC-P2P must have a net owned fund of not less than 2 crores. This is necessary for the encouragement of the credibility of the industry. In 2016, there were over 30 peer-to-peer-lending platforms in India. How it works? P2P platforms connect borrowers to investors with attractive interest rates. Here, borrowers take loans from individual investors who are willing to lend their own money for an agreed interest rate. The profile of a borrower is usually displayed on an online platform where investors can assess these profiles to determine whether they would risk lending money to a borrower or not. A borrower might receive the full loan amount or only a portion of what he asked for from an investor. In case of the latter, the remaining portion of the loan may be funded by one or more investors in the peer lending marketplace. In P2P lending, a loan may have multiple sources and monthly repayment has to be made to each of the individual sources. Furthermore, a borrower gets a favorable rate of interest on the loan than they may have gotten from any other bank. However, the interest rate is based on multiple factors and not only based on credit score, so everyone gets a chance to get fair interest rate. Current scenario The online financing sector in India experienced a high flow between 2013 and 2015. With transaction more than $50 million, around $2 million is distributed in the peer-to-peer lending loans. This number increased to $5.5 million in the year 2017. With this, P2P lending in India is projected an estimated worth of $4-5 billion by the end of 2023. Also, with government initiative, India’s startup culture has seen growth recently. So there are many who need loan and that too at attractive rate of interest. These portals provide easy and fast loans to SMEs and MSMEs. Another important factor which has increased the focus of people is the movement of cashless transactions. With common man going the online way, the reach of this industry will increase too much extent. Therefore, it can be said that P2P lending has all the features to become the face of the financing sector on India in coming future.
Global vaccine solidarity is needed Global cooperation has made it possible to start Covid-19 vaccination programmes merely a year after the pandemic broke out. ‘The second wave of infection in Africa makes it a matter of urgency to ensure that this historic breakthrough also benefits poor countries,’ said Minister of International Development Dag-Inge Ulstein. This week marks exactly a year since the first death in China from Covid-19 was reported. Over the past twelve months, more than 87 million people around the world have tested positive for the virus and the pandemic has claimed the lives of almost two million people so far. The real figures are probably much higher, due to a lack of testing and subsequent underreporting. Alongside the rising death toll, intense vaccine research has led to the development of multiple promising Covid-19 vaccines. Forty-two countries have launched Covid-19 vaccination programmes. According to the World Health Organization, 36 of these are wealthy countries while six are defined as middle-income countries. ‘The vaccine development process has been accelerated this time, largely because the pandemic has affected all countries, rich and poor alike. If everything goes according to plan, all Norwegian adults who want the vaccine will receive it before summer. While this is very positive, it is just as important to ensure the same protection for the poor populations in countries such as Ethiopia, Malawi and Tanzania,’ said Mr Ulstein. The spread of the pandemic on the African continent is of particular concern. Even though the death toll remains far lower than in many Western countries, the infection rates are increasing steadily. On Sunday, Africa passed a grim milestone: The continent now has three million confirmed Covid-19 cases, and over 72 000 people have died. ‘Each week we get reports of increases in the number of confirmed cases in countries such as Malawi and Zambia. This is happening at the same time that South Africa has been affected by a new strain of the virus which is spreading more rapidly, to neighbouring countries as well. This is a reminder that the situation in Africa can quickly change. There is little help in vaccinating our own population if the virus continues to spread and mutate in other parts of the world,’ said Mr Ulstein. The minister is also very concerned about the impacts that the pandemic and the accompanying restrictions are having on the poorest population groups. A new wave of infection could be disastrous for those who are most vulnerable. South Africa now has over one million confirmed cases of Covid-19, and is the most severely afflicted country on the African continent. ‘The global solutions will ensure that vaccines are a common good and are not reserved exclusively for the wealthy parts of the world. A number of countries are now trying to use their purchasing power to move ahead in the queue by offering a higher price for the vaccine, at the expense of the global procurement scheme. This is not a wise approach. We know that the virus is mutating and that we must fight it at a global level,’ said Mr Ulstein. Under the COVAX Facility, two billion vaccine doses are to be distributed to the 92 poorest countries in the world. This will be enough to reach the initial goal of vaccinating 20 % of the population, especially those most at risk and health personnel. But it is not enough to achieve herd immunity, and African leaders have therefore set a target of 60 % vaccine coverage, which is approximately the same as the Norwegian target. ‘A situation in which all countries are trying to outbid each other in the competition for vaccines leaves us teetering on the edge of the moral abyss. We have a unique opportunity now to ensure that enough people in all countries can be vaccinated, but to achieve this we must adhere firmly to a global approach and not fall prey to the “vaccine nationalism” we have long warned against,’ said Mr Ulstein. He believes it is essential to focus on producing as many vaccine doses as possible, in order to better balance supply with demand. In addition, poor countries must be guaranteed as low a price as possible. ‘We need to increase production capacity globally to ensure equitable distribution of Covid-19 medicines and vaccines. We must also ensure that the cost of producing vaccines and medicines is as low as possible for the poorest countries. This is not the time to be thinking about profiting from the pandemic,’ said Mr Ulstein.
How to Use a Wet Tile Saw Tiles need a special skill to cut. Just like other materials, they require special tools and equipment to cut them into size. Ordinary tile cutters can be used but the wet tile saw is more effective. Especially for beginners, it is the most ideal to avoid unnecessary cuttings and chipping which makes the work look ugly. Wet tile saws simply deliver faster and better results. Why are they called wet? And why would you want them to be wet? Like all other saws such as brick, masonry and road saws, the wet tile saws need to deliver nothing but the best. What is a wet saw to cut a tile? The wet tile saw, as the name suggests, is a unique saw that cuts while sprinkling water on the tile in order to make it softer. It uses a blade made of diamond to cut the tiles. It is safe especially if you want your files unchipped. To avoid dusting or burning your tiles, use a wet tile saw. Normally, water is manually sprinkled on the blade to keep it wet throughout the cutting. What is a wet saw to cut a tile This operation can get messy sometimes because water is splashed all-over. It is wise to work outside to avoid your house getting muddy. If this is going to happen, cover your floor before starting. The place of work should have GFCI support and it should be sturdy to make it firm. Consider using a portable workbench or a picnic table to work on. Most of the experts put the blade on the ground or a slab, you can do so too. Obtain a spigot hose for a continuous supply of water. Tools and equipment • Indelible marker • Hearing protectors • Eye protectors • Plastic bucket or pail • Wet tile saw • GFCI extension • Plastic drop cloth • Water 1. Have a ready working area • It should be lit and not prone to obstructions. • It should have a water outlet. • The floor should be covered. • The surface should be steady and firm. Have a ready working area 2. Prepare the saw The saw should be filled with water to a level where the circulating pump is. Connect fresh water using a hose spigot to the saw. The bucket should be under the outlet. The GFCI protection is required especially when water and electricity are both connected Connect a drip loop to the electrical cord which comes from the saw itself. The saw and the outlet should be a bit higher than the drip so that water won’t fall on the cord 3. Prepare to cut Use the indelible marker or pencil with grease to mark the cutting. Adjust the guide fence to determine the width. Align the miter to the cutting angle. Put the tile on the bed of the saw and make a flush against the miter gauge. Align the position of the tile with the mark and make a steady pull of the tile to face the blade. 4. Cut the tile With one eye protector and both ear protectors on, switch the saw on. Look at how water is dropping on the blade. You can adjust the stream of water at this point. Push the tile slowly into the blade which is now spinning. Slow it down as it cuts to avoid cracking while holding it with both hands side by side. If you are cutting hard items such as porcelain, add some speed. When you are almost cutting to the end slow down to avoid destroying it at the tip. Many saws are automated and therefore wait until the saw stops then remove the tile. 5. Refresh the water as needed Since the water reservoir may get muddy due to a repetition in cutting, it is recommended that you refresh the water. At this point, rinsing and refilling it should be done. How does a wet tile saw work? It uses water and blade to cut. It contains a pump from which water is sprinkled on the blade to prevent destruction of the blade. It is teeth free hence no frequent breakages are expected How does a wet tile saw work How do cut the tile with a wet saw? Make a mark using an indelible marker. Have the fence of the sliding saw well set, align the blade well for cutting. Then, switch on the saw and check whether the water is flowing over and hold the tile while gently pushing it. Can a wet saw cut a porcelain tile? Other types of saws may destroy your tile and if someone is using them, he or she should be skilful though expecting issues. Adjustable saws can give better results and this credits standard depth saws for this job. These adjustments help reduce chipping. For all types of ceramics and porcelain made items, I recommend wet tile saw. For smooth results compared to snap tile cutters, I still recommend the wet tile saws. However, keenness is needed because dealing with water and electricity and a diamond blade could scare you know! However, if properly used, injuries are minimal. Wet tile saws can also be used to cut angles that are odd and to cut bevels too. How to Use a Wet Tile Saw was last modified: by Do White Vegetables Have Health Benefits? White vegetables are an integral part of every colorful diet. 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Skip to content Dead and absent mothers - a transhistorical study Research project Contemporary literature, film and television is full of references to dead or absent mothers. They may be dead before the story starts, or they die during it. This project asks the question why mother has to die in order for a story to be complete. This projectet traces the motif of the dead or absent mother from contemporary novels, films and television programmes back through earlier novels, plays, folktales, myths and legends. In these texts the dead/absent mother is always presented in one of two ways: either as dangerous to her child in one way or another, or as irrelevant and easily replaced, by the father or a father substitute. Regardless of which version is used, the mother is removed and the father is privileged. Head of project Berit Åström Associate professor Project overview Project period: 2011-08-01 2013-07-31 Finansår , 2011, 2012 huvudman: Berit Åström, finansiar: Marie Curie Actions, y2011: 623, y2012: 623, Participating departments and units at Umeå University Department of Language Studies Research subject Gender studies, General literary studies Project description This project analyses the ubiquitous trope of the dead or absent mother in present-day fiction and traces its roots in narratives from earlier periods. Through gender and transhistorical analysis, the trope, which is often viewed as an expression of genre conventions and socio-historical factors, is revealed as transcending both genre and period, supporting long-standing patriarchal structures, privileging fathers. The child becomes the site of a power struggle. The struggle is carried out using access and influence as weapons. By removing the mother from the narrative, the father’s undisturbed access to, and influence over, the child is guaranteed. The reason this particular trope has been selected is that it contains the socialising message that mothers cannot be trusted as parents. This message is re-circulated in narratives throughout literary history. Since a society defines itself largely through the stories it tells about itself, there is an interchange between the individuals who consume the stories and the society the produces them, each influencing the other. It is thus of vital importance that the trope of the dead/absent mother, and its potential effects, is highlighted and discussed.
IP Address Management Relating to IPs What Is IP Address Management or IPAM? IP Address Management, or IPAM, is breaking down and assigning your internal IP block into segments. As a result, this allows faster troubleshooting when monitoring the network and seeing an erratic IP. Moreover, because you’ve segmented the IPs out. You’ll know exactly which segment it’s coming from and can narrow down finding it faster. Why Manage IPs? Easily track when network monitor software shows errors. If logged on locally and the mapping file didn't run on a User's computer. You need to get a file from one of your servers. To clarify, you don’t have to know the server name. You can simply type \192.168.1.x to get access to the server you’re needing the file from. In the scenario I explain below, we’ll have 1 External IP, 5 servers ((Static) 1 handles DHCP (2k3)), 10 printers (Static), 200 wired PCs/users (DHCP). There are several different ways to set up exact scenarios. This scenario will explain IP Address Management (IPAM) for a small network using my experience and knowledge. For ease of use, we’re going to say that this is in a brand new facility. Basically, where no IPs have been assigned. Therefore, as you being the LAN Admin have just been told your internet connection is in place. Also, your internet connection is ready to use. This is where the single external IP comes from. Laying Out An IP Address Management Plan You already know how many devices will be connected to your network in the beginning. Therefore, it’s now time to lay out a plan. Since most everyone is familiar with the 192.168.1.x IPs, I’ll stick with those. Technically, your first IP is and your last is which gives you 256 IPs. I don’t know of anyone that uses Since we’re human, the first number to us is 1. To a computer, the first number is 0. I don’t think .255 is usable so really, you have 254 IPs available. Your 5 servers should get your first 5 IP addresses and assign them statically. Even though you can control static assignment in DHCP. You don’t want there to be any chance of these servers losing their IP addresses. So you don’t want them to depend on DHCP for IP assignment. Server_1 also happens to be your DHCP server: You have to account for growth so leave .6 through .9 open for future servers. This is to say, whether they’re physical or virtual, you’ll need an IP. Using IPAM For Growth You have 10 printers that will be used by multiple users. IPs in the next segment of the block can be statically assigned at the printer or via the DHCP server. This would be your choice. Every office has a "main" printer/copier/fax. Give it If you think far enough in advance and know that Group 1 will use printer_1 then assign printer_1 Assign printer_2 for Group 2 would get, etc. all the way through .19. In my experience, if there’s any one piece of equipment you’ll add more than any other, it’ll be a printer. Somebody in one of those groups will get tired of walking 15 feet to the printer. They will suck up to the boss to get their own printer. Then, people within 5 feet of that person will want to share with them. That is to say, so they don’t have to walk 15 feet to get their stuff either. IP Address Management With Numerous IPs So that printer will need to be on the network vs. just connected directly to the complainers PC and shared. Lucky you. By the way, remember at the beginning I said this was a brand new facility? Hopefully, the people that ran the network drops put in 2 cables at each requested location. Otherwise, you’ll either need to run a cable or take the easy way out and install a 5 port switch. Trust me when I say leave plenty of IPs open for future printers. I would assign .10 through .29 for printers. This gives you 20 IPs for printers so you’ll have 10 IPs free after installing the initial 10 printers. Finally, we have 200 PCs that will all be hardwired to the LAN and will each need an IP. Starting at .30 going through and including .254 gives you 225 IPs. I’d start my scope in DHCP at .40 through .254. That gives you 215 IPs for users (15 extra). That also leaves 10 IPs open at the lower range (.30 through .39) for device growth. One thing I didn’t mention yet was managed switches. They’re going to need IP addresses. You can do those at the high end of the spectrum so they’re “out of the way”. Maybe assign them .254, .253, .252, etc. depending on how many you have. IPAM For Many Devices IPAM can get pretty deep especially if you’re dealing with 100’s of PCs and devices. This is where sub netting comes in. I’ll go into further detail in another article. However, just for gee whiz this is the tip of the iceberg on sub netting: For example, with a sub net of is not on the same network as This is to say, even though they both might be in the same building. However, if you change the third octet in the sub net to 0 like this Now and are on the same network. The 255 is sort of a true/false in simple terms. It can get pretty complex if you’re trying to keep networks separate. I’m not a sub net guru by any means. However, if you Google sub net calculator you can get a pretty good appreciation for its complexity. Feel free to ask questions in the IP Questions Section. Related Articles WhatIsMyIP.com API – IP Address API - The WhatIsMyIP.com IP API gives you access to most of our tools programmatically. In order to access API, only for Gold members. Gold accounts get 10 keys. Tracking IP Address With IP Tracker - Tracking IP Address for my IP Address showing the wrong location. Have you ever put your IP address into an IP Lookup Tool? What is a Web Proxy Relating To IP? - A Web Proxy provides a quick and easy way to change your IP address while surfing the Internet to provide annonymity while visiting a website. What Is DHCP Relating to ISP or Router? Wireless Security With Router
Hawthorne Canal The Hawthorne Canal, a southern tributary of the Parramatta River, is a heritagelisted[1][2] artificial waterway located in the western reaches of Sydney Harbour, in the innerwestern Sydney suburbs of Lewisham, Summer Hill, Haberfield, and Leichhardt in New South Wales, Australia. Long Cove Creek Hawthorne Canal looking downstream near Lord St, Haberfield. StateNew South Wales RegionInner West Local government areaInner West Council Physical characteristics locationLewisham / Summer Hill MouthIron Cove Dobroyd Point, Lilyfield 33°52′19″S 151°9′2″E Basin features River systemParramatta River DesignationNew South Wales State Heritage Register Hawthorne Canal and Iron Cove Creek are two significant tributaries that flow into Iron Cove, where it flows into Parramatta River, before connecting with Port Jackson. The canal was originally a natural waterway known as Long Cove Creek, that has been straightened and given artificial banks. In January 1890 a team of thirty men, employed by the Harbours and Rivers Department, began clearing the mangroves that lined the banks of Long Cove Creek. It was the beginning of the construction of the first stage of the canal. Within twelve months a navigable stretch of water would exist between Iron Cove and Marion Street. Some housing development had already occurred close to the banks of the creek when parts of the Dobroyd Estate were subdivided in the 1880s, and there was a good deal of local pressure for the extension of the canal to Battle Bridge on Parramatta Road so that the new waterway could be brought within reach of centres of denser population. However, the extension of the canal was never realised.[3] The canal had a ferry service operating from 1903 through 1904. The service was operated by the Drummoyne - Leichhardt Ferry Company, and there were nine ferries operated each weekday and twelve on Sundays. The ferry wharf was on the eastern side of the canal aligned with Barton St, and a footbridge was built from the western side. The ferry service became impractical due to sedimentation in the canal, and competition from the tramway.[4]:72 The canal at the time of its construction was variously known as the Long Cove Canal, the Leichhardt Canal and the Hawthorne Canal. The canal was named in honour of John Hawthorne, who agitated in the NSW Parliament during 1890 for the construction of the canal; and the name was officially gazetted in 1974.[4]:70 The Hawthorne name has also been used for several features around the canal. Hawthorne Canal Reserve is a park on the banks of the canal; Hawthorne Parade is a street running parallel to the canal in Haberfield; and Hawthorne is the name of a light rail stop on the Dulwich Hill Line. The light rail line runs parallel to the canal for most of the canal's length. 1. "Hawthorne Canal Stormwater Channel No. 62 (& Leichhardt Branch)". Sydney Water. 1 January 2000. Retrieved 17 July 2017. 2. "Hawthorne Canal Stormwater Channel (& Leichhardt Branch)". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Office of Environment and Heritage. 3. Coupe, Sheena & Robert (1988). Speed the Plough - Ashfield 1788-1988. Ashfield Municipal Council. pp. 123–8. ISBN 0-9595234-1-3. 4. Sabolch, Mark (2006). Hawthorne Canal : the history of Long Cove Creek. Ashfield & District Historical Society.
On the astrogeography of Carnac On the astrogeography of Carnac. Astrology & Magical Places: an introduction to the analysis of the astrogeographical positions of the Carnac allignments Compare: Menhir du Champ Dolent in Aquarius-Sagittarius, The sanctuary of LocmariaquerSaint Michaels Mount and Mont Saint Michel in SagittariusLe Chêne Chapelle – The Chapel Oak in astrogeography, The Valley of the Saints of Britanny (Vallée des Saints) at Carnoët in Pisces with ScorpioThe Penis Park in Capricorn, Carnac is a commune beside the Gulf of Morbihan on the south coast of Brittany. Carnac is famous as the site of more than 10,000 Neolithic standing stones, also known as menhirs. The stones were hewn from local rock by the pre-Celtic people of Brittany. The Carnac stones were erected during the Neolithic period which covers the time between 4500 BC and 2000 BC with its supposed main phase of activity around 3300 BC. Carnac Kermario alignments photo: Gerhard Haubold, GNU/FDL One interpretation of the purpose of the stones is that successive generations visited the site to erect a stone in honour of their ancestors. The function as graveyards or places dedicated to the memory of ancestors was a frequent topic of megalithic standing stones. Compare my article: Dolmen and Portal Tombs in astrogeography. The astrological meaning of the two astrogeographical coordinates of Carnac for morphogenetic field level 1 which describe the supraregonal resonance of all Carnac sites together support the theory of a collection of memory stones set up to mark single people or ancestor lines. But I don`t think this is all that they were built for. My personal experience from travels to the Atlantic coast of France is that there is a certain instability of the energetical situation near the coast. In meditations and dreaming we found thatthere is a strong influence of endless chains of marching spirits that seem to enter the land coming from the sea and moving eastwards into the land. This phenomenon occurs at many places on our planet and of course not onlay at coastlines. At some areas it can resemble a march of armies of spirits or rather a part of the memory of individual spirits that seems to be pushed forward with the incoming winds from the sea or else be dragged inland by some fascination. In the terminology of german lanuage of geomancy it has been called the “Erlebnishüllen” (see: Marco Pogacnik) refering to something like the “sleeves of the memories of past human experiences” which is understood as a phenomenon that is to ebe distingusished from the actual souls. This concept would explain the bands of standing stones at Carnac to represent something like a landing strip not for the spirits of the land itself but for those that move through it. The single standing stones provide the image of stable bodies that serve as signposts for the individual spirits to give up their restlessness My impression is that the Carnac stones could have been built to settle this flow of energies, canalize it and help stabilize the energetical situation for the dead and the living. There are three major alignements of standings stones near Carnac covering a band of 3,3 km : Ménec,Kermario,Kerlescan starting from a south-west position and directed north-east. Landscape near Carnac. View of Quiberon Bay to the south of the town. photo: Myrabella, ccbysa3.0 The western end of the first and most western allignments of Le Ménec is located only 5 km to the east from the beaches of the Atlantic Sea, 2,5 km north of the beach of Quiberon Bay and 9 km west of the Gulf of Morbihan. Carnac and the 3 main alignements are located at about 20 m above sea-level while the land here is surrounded by bays and inlets under the permanent influence from the tides. Map with the fields of standing stones at Carnac. The three fields from west to east are: Le Ménec, Kermario, Kerlescan. The band of alignments appears to start on the west end of the Ménec alignments and end at the eastern end of . photo: Kamel15, GNU/FDL Astrogeographic positions for field levels 1 and 3 The astrogeographical position for morphogenetic field level 1 explains the function of the Carnac stones as punctuations of the morphogenetic field of the wole of western Europe. Of course all things that happen in any land are effective as information for the global morphogenetic field. In the case of the Carnac alignments this global relevance is emphasized by the fact they represent the largest number of any such standing stone structure worldwide. Astrogeographic position of Carnac for morphogenetic field level 1 which describes the supraregional, worldwide resonance of the topics of the Carnac installations: one coordinate is located on 23° in fire sign Sagittarius the sign that follows Scorpio the sign of death and graveyards making it the next stage after the death of a person. As a movable sign Sagittarius stands for a transitional stage and has several function here: it relates to the search for the aim as well as for the way that leads there. As the sign of thinking and understanding it indicates the topic of a process of the mental understanding of the souls that they are actually not alive anymore. In this sense Sagittarius relates to the cleansing fires and hell as part of the process of overcoming the pains acculimated in the past incarnation. The Pluto-Uranus quality (Doebereiner) of the 23rd degree of Sagittarius is known for its intense confrontation of negativity, blocks of development, dependance, castration, infertility, abortion, disappointment and all topics related to the suppression of identity through patterns of gender role conduct. The second coordinate of Carnac falls on 28° in earth sign Capricorn and into the 12th subdivision or 12th house of the sign indicating the topics of an intermediate stage between the sign of bones (Capricorn) indicator for the attachment to the material plane and the sign of spiritual liberation and reconnection with the spiritual plane (Aquarius). The Ménec allignments The Ménec allignments are the starting are a 1000 m long east-west installation with the astrogeographical longitude coordinate in Gemini and the astrogeographical longitude in Taurus photo: Marek.69, ccbysa3.0 The band of alignments appears to start on the west end of the Ménec alignments the most western of the 3 fields. According to my theory the Ménec alignments represents the inital and oldest part of the installations. Therefore the astrogeographical position of the Ménec alignments is the key to understanding the original purpose of the structures. The western end of Le Ménec starts only 5 km from the coast of the Atlantic Sea. Astrogeographic position of the Ménec alignments for morphogenetic field level 3 which describes the atmosphere and energetical situation of the field where it lies: the astrogeographical longitude coordinate lies in air sign Gemini the sign of bridges, roads, links, communication, signposts, symbols, language, learning and practical magic. The second coordinate is in earth sign Taurus the sign of the earth. grounding, roots, farmers, agriculture, food, local energetical centers, center of society, possession of land, control of territory. These two astrogeographical coordinates do not resonate with the function of the installation as a temple site (Pisces) or place of shamantic initiation, sacrifice or worship (Sagittarius). Both signs refer to practical topics of the material plane: Gemini to the topic of a road and to the setting up of signposts and Taurus to the topic of coming down and grounding on the material plane. The Kermario alignments are about 1000 m long and located in Cancer and Aries photo: Marek.69, ccbysa3.0 Model of the Kerlescan alignments near Carnac that stretch ca. 330 m from the rectangular field in the west to the east. The astrogeographical longitude coordinate lies in Leo – the latitude coordinate between Pisces and Aries photo: Marek.69, GNUFDL The tumulus Saint-Michel The Tumulus of St. Michel is a man built megalithic grave mound built in the fifth millennium BC. it is is 120 meters long, 70 m wide and 10 m tall. Tumulus Saint-Michel For the astrogeographical longitude its midpoint position is located on the cardinal divide between Pisces and Aries and the astrogeographical latitude coordinate in Aquarius photo: Ji-Elle, ccbysa3.0 Interior plan of Tumulus Saint-Michel by archaeologist Zacharie Le Rouzic image: Moreau.henri, ccbysa4.0 Astrogeographical position of Tumulus Saint-Michel for morphogenetic field level 4 which describes the atmosphere, function and energetical topics of the grave mound itself: the astrogeographical longitude of the midpoint of the grave mound is located right on the cardinal divide between mystic spiritual water sign Pisces the sign of the sea, spirituality, imagination, dreaming and the most important indicator for temples and dynamic male fire sign Aries the sign of warfare, action, strength, fighting, sports and an indicator for the warrior castes. Aries resonates with the purpose of the grave mound as a site of worship of the tribal warrior caste, heroes and kings. The second coordinate lies in creative, innovative air sign Aquarius the sign of the sky, heaven, paradise, flying, inspiration, inventions and indicator for the artificial mount here. Aquarius stands for the hill as an elevated site and the intention to built a place for the reconnection with the heavens, higher aspects and a holistic poinz of view. Silbury Hill: Another artificial mound located in the combination of Aquarius with Aries The midpoint of the artificial Silbury Hill near the famous Avebury Circle lhas one coordinate in between Aquarius and Pisces. The 2nd coordinate is located in Aries. The midpoint of the artificial Silbury Hill near the famous Avebury Circle lhas one coordinate in between Aquarius and Pisces. The 2nd coordinate is located in Aries.Compare my article: Avebury Stone Circle in astrogeography
Only things I could find about this subject always tell that Ledger has a secure element like SIM cards and credit cards have. Also something about another OS running near the main application. But simply when you cut the power isn't it just a storage device? SIM cards and credit cards are encrypted with a pin. I also think the secure element in Ledger is. So can an advanced adversary pull the secure element off and brute force a 6 digit PIN? No. Secure elements are designed to be resistant to physical attacks. So you shouldn't be able to do anything physical to the chip that allows you to get data off of it. They are designed to prevent unauthorized access to their data so they also are more than just storage devices. While you can desolder the chip and attach wires to its pins in order to interact with it physically, the chip specifications are not public and require signing an NDA. The manufacturers make it difficult for the general public to be able to know the functionality and ways to interact with the secure element. They are doing security through obscurity. Furthermore, secure elements are generally complete systems with their own CPU, RAM, storage, etc. So it isn't just a storage device where you can get the contents. Rather they are tiny computers where you can only interact with them in a very specific way. • So by structure of it, it's a compound machine that only gives certain outputs on certain conditions? For example let's say it has a data partition, but even though you try to read from it, it doesn't give any output, and maybe even it can record it as an attempt. I can just imagine how impossible hard would it be to reverse engineer something like this. Maybe checking out everything with a microscope and trying to figure out patterns and etc. I am happy to learn that i am pretty much safe with a random 8 digit pin even though some guy just steals the device. – Anonymous Dec 27 '19 at 4:03 • Yes, they are complex machines that only respond to certain inputs, with specific outputs. You could use a scanning electron microscope in order to actually try to read the data from the chip itself, but even then, they have protections in place to make this difficult. In general, secure elements are supposed to ensure that their data is safe even when the device is physically stolen. – Andrew Chow Dec 27 '19 at 4:13 Your Answer
Full Electric Combustion Chamber for Turbojet Engines Votes: 7 Views: 16251 Plasma propulsion engines which are currently used in space missions use the kinetic energy of the plasma itself to generate the thrust required by the spacecraft. My idea, instead, is of using the plasma and its great heat to replace the heat generated by the combustion of fuel in today's jet engines. The idea of a full electric combustion chamber for turbojet engines comes from the observation of plasmas generated using a common microwave oven. By concentrating the microwaves, you can create jets of plasma from common air. What began as a scientific hobby has matured me the idea of using this phenomenon for the propulsion of atmospheric aircraft, still enjoying the turbojet engines that are a proven technology. My proposal then is to develop some "reaction chambers" to replace the current combustion chambers used in turbojet engines (Pic.1). These reaction chambers, with some measures (like antenna, etc.), concentrating the microwaves would lead to the state of plasma part of the air sucked in by the compressor and, putting into contact with the rest of the air, temperature and then volume would increase thus going to perform the same task of a current combustion chamber, however without the use of a drop of fuel (Pic.2). I did some tests, although very primitive, and I also tried to build a kind of reaction chamber (Picture 3) to prove my theory, but given the scarcity of my equipment and my limited knowledge of the subject have not been able to make it work. It is also necessary to conduct tests on the effective thrust generated, the efficiency of heat transfer between plasma and compressed air, and above all power and type of microwaves best to use and then the type of generator to be used: all research that I have neither resources nor theoretical knowledge enough thorough to do. If it were demonstrated effectively functional, I believe it would be a very interesting technology economically because you can think to use the turbojet engines currently produced simply by replacing the combustion chambers and also in the case where you use an electric generator to produce the energy required to such a type of engine, however, the consumption of fossil fuel would be less than the current one. With the appropriate structure in a few months I think it is possible to understand the real potential of this idea, but for the moment I can only suppose and continue studying. Sorry for my bad English. Voting is closed! • Name: Luca Amati • Type of entry: • Profession: • Luca's hobbies and activities: Motorsports, mechanics, sciences, music and books. • Luca belongs to these online communities: Find me on Facebook • Luca is inspired by: The strangest things, unexpected or trivial are the ones that inspire me.
What are cut flowers? What is cut flower and loose flower? cut flower refer to the prcess of any planter cut the stem of flowers. for reproduce to another part of plant.. e.g rose flower..and loose flower refer to the naturally flower maintained a their natural phenomenon.. like a flora and fauna.. taffy927x2 and 22 more users found this answer helpful. How do you cut fresh flowers? Custom-cutting the flower stem in open air and immediately placing it in the vase of water is usually fine. Cut all flowers and foliage about one inch from the bottom of a main stem. Make the slice at an angle of about 45 degrees. Cutting at an angle provides a larger exposed area for the uptake of water. What do florists use to cut flowers? Are cut flowers alive? Your Flowers Are Zombies Well, sort of dying. Whether or not your cut flowers are living or dead is a matter of debate. Since it is not clear which one they are, you can sort of see them as zombies, not really alive, but not dead either. … Flowers wilt for a simple reason: there is not enough water getting to the plant.30 мая 2017 г. Why do flowers die after being cut? Plants need energy from the sun, carbon dioxide from the air, and water to live. … When flowers are cut from a plant they no longer benefit from the photosynthesis process and it is another reason why flowers die. They are no longer a part of the complex system that keeps them alive. You might be interested: What is the theme of the flowers by alice walker? What is vase life of cut flowers? Why is bleach good for flowers? Do cut flowers last in warm or cold water? Does putting an aspirin in flowers help? How do you prolong the life of cut flowers? You might be interested: What is a spray of flowers? What flowers last longest in a vase? What is the best day to buy flowers? Most flower shops restock on Monday mornings Do plants feel pain? If something hurts humans, we react instinctually to it—“fight or flight”—as do other animals. But plants don’t have that ability—nor do they have nervous systems or brains—so they may have no biological need to feel pain. How do you keep flowers from dying in a vase? Leave a Comment
Which Region In A Transistor Is The Largest? What is the principle of transistor? For an NPN transistor, it consists of a layer of P-doped semiconductor between two layers of N-doped material, where electrons are passed from the emitter to the collector instead. The emitter then “emits” electrons into the base, with the base controlling the no. of electrons the emitter emits.. Why are collectors bigger? The collector region is the largest of all regions because it must dissipate more heat than the emitter or base regions. It is designed to be large because in order to dissipate all the heater, the extra surface area allows it to do so. What are three regions in transistor? Why is emitter always forward biased? As the emitter-base is forward biased the input resistance i.e the resistance of the emitter -base junction becomes very small. Again as the collector base junction is reverse biased the output resistance i.e the resistance of the emitter -collector becomes very high. Which is the largest of the three transistor currents? emitter currentWhich is the largest of the three transistor currents? The emitter current is the largest. Why Collector is moderately doped? Base is lightly doped because we want that the base current should be small. Now the collector is moderately doped may be because we dont want a crowd of electrons in the collector otherwise the electrons coming from the Emitter-Base path may repelled and collector current may decrease. What is the difference between PNP and NPN transistor connections? The main difference between the two types of transistors is that holes are the more important carriers for PNP transistors, whereas electrons are the important carriers for NPN transistors. Then, PNP transistors use a small base current and a negative base voltage to control a much larger emitter-collector current. What is leakage current in a transistor? The current in the blocking direction in a diode is called the leakage current. There are no leakage currents in the transistor with its two diodes if one. electrode is open at a time. Which transistor current is always the largest? emitter currentThe emitter current is the largest, the collector current is the smallest, and the base and emitter currents are close. Why most transistors are NPN type and not PNP type? A NPN transistor has electrons as majority charge carriers whereas the PNP transistor has holes as majority charge carrier. The mobility of electrons is better than mobility of holes. … mobility of electrons is more than hole,so as a result npn transistor are faster than pnp that’s why they are preferred.. Which region in a transistor is the most heavily doped? emitter regionThe emitter region is the most heavily doped area of the transistor. The emitter contains the largest amount of charge carriers out of all regions in the transistor. Which region in a transistor is very thin and lightly doped? The base region of a BJT transistor is very thin and is lightly doped with current carriers. It is the region of a transistor which has opposite polarity charge carriers from the emitter and the collector regions.
Modality in the heavens The heavenly bodies have a mode of operating above and with this mode they have a mode for transmitting the influence of their likenesses to things below. And bodies below, in accordance with their natural properties, have a mode for receiving the likenesses of the mode above, and this is why astronomers should diligently strive to learn about the upper mode, which we now want to investigate, namely to find out what the celestial mode is, what it consists of, and why, in what quantity, what quality, when, where, how and with what means it exists. And it greatly helps in this investigation to consider and remember the mode that we followed as we investigated the truth in the previous chapters with the principles and questions of the General Table. A mode is an orderly disposition of natural properties or customs all directed to a single purpose, like Aries and Mars that operate through heat and dryness, and Taurus with Saturn through dryness and cold, and Aries with Jupiter have a mode for increasing heat; and Aries has a mode for destroying the moisture of Jupiter and Jupiter, conversely has a mode for destroying the dryness of Aries; and this is why Aries and Jupiter are concordant in one mode and contrary in another mode. The upper mode consists in the natural properties of the signs and planets together with their principles, namely their goodness, greatness etc. and this mode operates through their conjunctions and combinations. And A B C D are their instruments with which they have a mode for transmitting the influence of their likenesses to things here below, i.e. the likenesses of their goodness, greatness and other principles. The upper mode exists so that bodies here below can have a natural mode of motion with instinct, appetite, and so forth; because without the upper mode bodies below cannot have any mode of generation, nourishment or motion; and the same applies to all other such operations that proceed here below, such as fire that cannot have any mode for increasing heat in order to ripen fruit, if there is no summer; nor can tidal waters rise and fall without the waxing and waning of the Moon. The quantity and number of modes above cause the quantities of modes below; like Taurus, Aries and Gemini that have a mode for causing spring with A B C; and like Cancer, Leo and Virgo that have a mode for causing summer with D B C; and likewise with the other signs and planets that have their own modes as stated above. And thus, in accordance with the multiple modes of that occur in time below, people multiply the modes of their customs: namely in their life style, eating habits, fashions of dress and housing and other things like these. Signs and planets have modes that are in accordance with their proper and appropriated qualities, like Aries and Saturn, as Aries has a mode of concordance with Saturn through dryness, and a mode for opposing Saturn with heat while Saturn opposes it with cold. And thus, in things below, fire opposes water with heat and water opposes fire with cold; and they have this mode of opposition through the influence and stimulation that they receive from the mode of opposition above. And fire is in concordance with water through the concordance of Aries with Saturn, as they agree in dryness; likewise, fire and water are in concordance through a medium, considering that fire and air are concordant; and air is concordant with water, and water with earth and earth with fire. And likewise with humans, who have a mode of being in concordance or contrariety on account of their own qualities and the influence they receive from above. Different modes exist in time, as there is a time to speak out and a time for silence, a time to buy and a time to sell, and so forth. And astronomers say that these modes naturally occur on account of the modes of combination among the heavenly bodies; because in accordance with natal combinations of signs and planets, people have different modes of speaking and placing their requests, and different ways of walking or standing and eating some kinds of food and not others, and likewise with other things like this. Modes here below proceed in accordance with the modes above, as for instance in spring, as the season expands in its moisture, warmth and fragrance while consuming cold and dryness; on account of which astronomers say that people prune trees and bathe, take medicine and perform blood letting, in order to expel the corrupted dryness and cold from their bodies with an abundance of warmth and moisture; and the natural mode, instinct and appetite above moves the instincts and appetites of physicians and astronomers to consider the said modes of cleansing and evacuation. A blacksmith has a mode for making iron expand by using fire to consume cold in the iron; and with fire, he draws out the moisture and the heat from within the iron, so that from its hardness that was due to cold, it becomes softened in the heat of the furnace; and thus a blacksmith has a mode for using fire and a hammer to pound out iron and to pound the iron into the shape of a nail; and because he cannot hold the iron in his hands, nor pound it into a nail with his fist without using a hammer, the mode of natural instinct above inclines him to consider instinctively a way to first make a hmmer and tongs; and appetite above inclines him to consider instinctively how to produce iron from ore, so that the upper purpose can transmit the influence of its likeness to the purpose below; and thus astronomers say that the instruments above are what causes people to discover the instruments below, with which mechanical operations are performed by those who work in the mechanical arts. 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Huge gas firms have been wreaking havoc upon Midwestern Us. These companies’ practices of hydraulic breaking have been extremely detrimental to the local populace. Hydraulic fracturing has been known to destruction the environment through earthquakes and gas leaks. In addition , it has been said that these companies have particular law faveur that only they will enjoy. These types of unsafe techniques have contaminated local’s normal water supplies. There have also been instances where people have been able to light this particular from their sinks on fire. We will write a custom essay sample on A Fever You Can't Sweat Out by Panic! At the Disco or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not Waste Your Time Only $13.90 / page Stricter government regulation should be unplaned on these gas firms. Hydraulic Fracturing, or hydraulic fracing, has recently (in the last five years) recently been used extensively by gas companies (“The Facts About Fracking”). Fracking entails drilling down under shale composition (over 1000 feet) in the ground and pumping drinking water, sand, and chemicals before the rock cracks. When the mountain fractures this releases gas that can be collected at extremely inexpensive expense. The problem is this can ruin local water supplies, including lakes, ponds, streams, rivers, and floor water. The documentary Gasland stirred up interest in the American inhabitants to the effects of fracking. Following being offered one hundred thousand dollars for his land from a gas company, the director Josh Fox moved around America investigating the consequences of fracking for the local country populace. Josh Fox do an excellent task at subjecting the gas industry for what it really is. The film received an Oscar nomination and has been lauded by eco warriors nation-wide. One of the environmentally harming effects of hydraulic fracturing is that it has been seen to cause earthquakes. Reports of minor tremors of simply no greater than 2 . 8 around the Richter level were reported on June 2, 2009 in Cleburne, Texas, the first inside the town’s 140-year history” (Fox). On the other side of the argument, they claim “Given the ubiquity of hydraulic fracing without seismic impact, the hazards would seem to become remote” (“The Facts About Fracking”). This is irrelevant considering that earthquakes are going on where they will otherwise will not have occurred. Additionally to earthquakes, they also destruction the environment simply by causing eco damaging essential oil spills. During the past two years by itself, a series of surface spills, which include two blowouts at bore holes operated by simply Chesapeake Strength and EOG Resources and a leak of 8000 gallons of fracking smooth at a website in Dimock, Pa., possess contaminated groundwater in the Marcellus Shale area. The amount of normal water required to drill all 2916 of the Marcellus wells permitted in Pennsylvania in the 1st 11 a few months of 2010 would equivalent the amount of moving water used by only one city, Pittsburgh, during the same period, says environmental executive professor Jeanne VanBriesen (qtd. n McGraw). Spills such as cause normal water contamination pertaining to the people. In this case, a huge portion of the spilled fracking fluid ran into a close by stream (McGraw). The level of contaminants is still becoming investigated. These irresponsible and selfish procedures must be governed before irreversible collateral and environmental damage occurs. Gas companies possess even had the capacity to exploit specific loopholes in the law. A worker from the Environmental Protection Agency stated that the fracking sector enjoy specific legal faveur from the Clean Water Action – thanks to Dick Cheney (qtd. in Fox). The federal Energy Policy Take action of 2006 contained a provision that has come to be referred to as “Halliburton Loophole, ” an exemption for gas going and extraction from requirements in the subway injection control (UIC) program of the A safe drinking water supply Act (SDWA). Other exemptions are also within the Climate Act and Clean Drinking water Act (Fox). This is a great injustice towards the local people in whose water has been contaminated by these companies. If the government will not likely regulate these kinds of large corporations, what will quit these huge companies? Furthermore, chemicals contaminating the locals’ water supply have been completely shown to be an important health risk. It is reported that “Last year the EPA identified that a lot of chemicals known to be used in breaking were among the list of contaminants recognized in 14 residential moving water wells…” (Lustgarten). These chemicals have possibly been known to be carcinogenic (Lustgarten). Contaminated groundwater becomes a issue for locals when their particular cattle have to drink the contaminated drinking water. There are even cases of sick animals where almost all their hair is catagorized out (Fox). Many maqui berry farmers worry about the welfare with their cattle’s health which is occasionally their just source of income (Fox). Landowners in shale gas drilling areas have reported foul scents in faucet water, and toxic compounds, such as benzene, have been diagnosed in water from bore holes near drilling sites (Fox). In addition , you will find cases of air pollution from your machinery through the drill sites (Fox). Many claim that the air pollution may be the cause of a lot of cancer in the locals (Fox). In Dish, Tx, Mayor Calvin Tillman claimed that the hydraulic fracking industry created carcinogenic air pollution in his area (“The Facts About Fracking”). That’s exactly what quit his job and left his hometown to safeguard his daughters from this pollution (“The Info about Fracking”). These kinds of unsafe procedures can be very damaging to the local countryside populace, and must be controlled. Scientific studies have demostrated that the drilling has caused local drinking water to be contaminated with methane. In fact , it has been shown that locals may light their very own water on fire. “”Our effects show data for methane contamination of shallow moving water systems in at least three aspects of the region and suggest essential environmental dangers accompanying shale gas pursuit worldwide. A scientific study features linked natural gas drilling and hydraulic breaking with a style of water to drink contamination therefore severe that some faucets can be lighted on fire. While most of the water wells had a lot of methane, water samples used closest towards the gas wells had normally 17 occasions the levels diagnosed in bore holes further from effective drilling” (Lustgarten). This demonstrates that their gas drilling in reality causes this kind of contamination. The contamination will get so bad which it directly impacts the local’s safety. There exists a case that is certainly being researched where a significant portion of a river is highly contaminated by seeping methane gas; it is highly infected that all animals has passed away along a large portion of the river (Fox). Along the banking institutions of the riv are deceased bodies of birds, squirrels, and other animals (Fox). A single local possibly claims that her father died from drinking the many years previous (Fox). In Josh Fox’s documentary, it shows a clip of someone lighting seeping gas taken from the ground burning down (Fox). “In several instances, homes blew up following gas seeped into their cellars and garages . or normal water supplies. In Pennsylvania, a 2004 accident killed three people, including a baby” (Lustgarten). This irresponsible, disregard pertaining to basic individual rights should be stopped. Huge corporations that run free and unregulated will do whatever it takes because of their own gain. The local country populace has been very badly affected by the practices of hydraulic breaking. It is obviously shown the particular locals are certainly not being noticed and little is being done for payment for the locals (Fox). These gas companies include too much liberty to operate and must be put to stricter authorities regulation. The question is not whether we should frack or not really, but rather how do we regulate these practices to minimize the guarantee and environmental damage. Prev post Next post Get your ESSAY template and tips for writing right now
January 22nd, 2016: The Strange and Fearsome Geology of Phobos Phobos, the inner, asteroid-like satellite of Mars, is only 20 km diameter yet exhibits a perplexing geology. Orbiting well inside the corotation radius, and also inside the Roche limit, it will spiral into Mars in a few ten million years, and experiences increasing tidal deformation. Several features stand out: the crater Stickney, almost 10 km diameter, and complex networks of striations and pitted grooves. This talk will emphasize our recent work, that shows that the patterned striations are formed by the distortion of a weak elastic shell overlying an even weaker deformable interior (Hurford et al., in review) and that the pitted grooves are sesquinary catenae formed by the eventual re-impact of ejected material (Nayak and Asphaug, in review). Long considered a possible outpost for human exploration, Phobos has a continually active geology that would be hazardous. Deimos, farther from Mars and not experiencing increasing tides, is a safer venue. Follow Iplex
kidzsearch.com > wiki Explore:web images videos games KidzSearch Safe Wikipedia for Kids. Jump to: navigation, search An intermission or interval is a break in a performance. An intermission may be twenty minutes or longer: time for people to have a drink and time for the performers to relax. Plays and operas are usually divided into acts. The intermission will come where there is a suitable break between the acts. There are a few operas (e.g. those by Richard Wagner) which are so long that there may be two intermissions.
What is a Naturopathic Doctor? Naturopaths are primary care doctors who specialize in the practice of natural family health care. We are trained to identify root causes of disease and treat patients using natural therapies. My primary goal is not only to support your health from a whole person perspective but also to provide health education and inspire you in your journey of wellness. What is the education of an ND? Naturopathic doctors have training that has some similarities to other types of doctors. Naturopathic medical colleges offer rigourous training with stringent admissions criteria. Prerequisite studies include 3-4 years of pre-medical University studies, with prerequisite courses of biology, biochemistry, chemistry, organic chemistry, psychology and humanities. Naturopathic studies are a 4-year-full time program in an accredited school that includes more than 4,500 hours of classroom training and 1,500 hours of supervised clinical experience. In addition, both North American and Ontario practical and written board exams must be successfully competed. Areas of Naturopathic Training Naturopathic Disciplines - There are six major disciplines that define the areas of Naturopathic practice. Each discipline is a distinct area of practice and includes both diagnostic principles and practices as well as therapeutic skills and techniques. They include: clinical nutrition, botanical medicine, traditional Chinese medicine and acupuncture, homeopathic medicine, physical medicine, Naturopathic physical manipulation and lifestyle counselling. How is Naturopathic Medicine different? Naturopathic Medicine is a unique and comprehensive approach that blends modern scientific knowledge with traditional and natural forms of medicine. NDs support and stimulate the body’s ability to heal itself, focusing on prevention and using natural substances and treatments. The primary goal of Naturopathic treatment is to address the cause of illnesses, rather than simply treating or suppressing symptoms. Symptoms of disease are seen as warning signals of improper functioning of the body, and unfavourable lifestyle habits. Naturopathic Medicine emphasizes disease as a process rather than as an entity. Treating both acute and chronic conditions, Naturopathic treatments are chosen based on the individual patient – their physiological, structural, psychological, social, spiritual, environment and lifestyle factors. In addition to diet and lifestyle changes, natural therapies including botanical medicine, clinical nutrition, homeopathy, and traditional Chinese medicine/acupuncture, may also be used during treatments. NDs practice a comprehensive approach to treating illness and promoting health: • NDs use natural methods to promote healing and receive detailed training on interactions between conventional drugs and traditional naturopathic remedies to ensure patient safety. • NDs also help prevent and treat illnesses through lifestyle and nutritional counselling. • NDs can provide early assessment and treatment of many chronic diseases.
Loan Interest Formula will Help You Calculate Your EMI With Ease by Garima Sharma Published: Last Updated on Loan Calculator The loan is an amount of money that is borrowed from a lender that is expected to be paid back with interest. The one who borrows the loan is the borrower and the lender can be an individual, bank or any financial institution. The lender pays the entire amount on behalf of the borrower. The borrower, on the other hand, pays monthly installments to the lender towards the principal amount and interest too over the amount. Interest is the cost of using someone else’s money. It is seen as a compensation to the lender who takes the risk to lend you the money in simple terms. There is a way to determine the loan interest formula for your EMI. The amount of interest on your loan depends on three things -The amount of loan -The interest rate -A time duration of the loan A long term loan or a higher interest means that the borrower has to pay more to repay the loan. Most banks and financial institution use compound interest to determine your loan interest. In the day of computers and laptops, an excel spreadsheet is the easiest way to calculate the loan interest formula. The loan interest formula is calculated by PMT which includes three variables, these are a rate of interest (rate), number of periods (per) and, lastly, the value of the loan or present value (PV). EMI = PMT (rate,per,PV) The rate of interest used in the formula should be the monthly rate The number of EMI’s is represented by the number of periods. The result is usually in the red or in negative which is indicative of the cash outflow of the borrower. When using a calculator or just plain mathematics the formula for calculating EMI is as follows EMI = [P x R x (1+R)^N]/[(1+R)^N-1], where P stands for the loan amount or principal, R is the interest rate per month [if the interest rate per annum is 11%, then the rate of interest will be 11/(12 x 100)], and N is the number of monthly installments. When you use the above formula, you will get the same result that you will get in the Excel spreadsheet. Each EMI repays a part of the due amount i.e. the principal and the interest due on the loan amount. With the help of a loan interest formula, you can plan wisely and meet your financial needs. It’s easier to plan in advance and pay off the loan amount in due time to avoid getting into a debt trap. Related Articles Leave a Comment
26-Nov-2020 - Universität Konstanz Shining a light on nanoscale dynamics Watching metamaterials at work in real time using ultrafast electron diffraction Nanophotonic materials and metamaterials Many materials found in nature can influence electromagnetic waves such as light in all different kinds of ways. However, generating novel optical effects for the purpose of developing particularly efficient solar cells, cloaking devices or catalysts often requires artificial structures, so-called metamaterials. These materials achieve their extraordinary properties through sophisticated structuring at the nanoscale, i.e. through a grid-like arrangement of smallest building blocks on length scales well below the wavelength of the excitation. The characterization and development of such metamaterials requires a deep understanding of how the incident light waves behave when they hit these tiny structures and how they interact with them. Consequently, the optically-excited nanostructures and their electromagnetic near fields must be measured at spatial resolutions in the range of nanometres (~10-9 m) and, at the same time, at temporal resolutions below the duration of the excitation cycle (~10-15 s). However, this cannot be achieved with conventional light microscopy alone. Ultrafast electron diffraction of optically-excited nanostructures In contrast to light, electrons have a rest mass and therefore offer 100,000 times better spatial resolution than photons. In addition, electrons can be used to probe electromagnetic fields and potentials due to their charges. A team led by Professor Peter Baum (University of Konstanz) has now succeeded in applying extremely short electron pulses to achieve such a measurement. To that end, the duration of the electron pulses was compressed in time by means of terahertz radiation to such an extent that the researchers were able to resolve the optical oscillations of the electromagnetic near fields at the nanostructures in detail. High spatial and temporal resolutions "The challenge involved with this experiment lies in making sure that the resolution is sufficiently high both in space and in time. To avoid space charge effects, we only use single electrons per pulse and accelerate these electrons to energies of 75 kiloelectron volts", explains Professor Peter Baum, last author on the study and head of the working group for light and matter at the University of Konstanz's Department of Physics. When being scattered by the nanostructures, these extremely short electron pulses interfere with themselves due to their quantum mechanical properties and generate a diffraction image of the sample. Interaction with the electromagnetic fields and potentials The investigation of the optical-excited nanostructures is based on the known principle of pump-probe experiments. After the optical excitation of the near fields, the ultrashort electron pulse arrives at a defined point in time and measures the time-frozen fields in space and time. "According to the predictions of Aharonov and Bohm, the electrons experience a quantum mechanical phase shift of their wave function when travelling through electromagnetic potentials", explains Kathrin Mohler, a doctoral researcher at LMU Munich and first author on the study. These optically-induced phase shifts provide information about the ultrafast dynamics of light at the nanostructures, ultimately delivering a movie-like sequence of images that reveals the interaction of light with the nanostructures. A new application regime for electron holography and diffraction These experiments illustrate how electron holography and diffraction can be harnessed in the future to improve our understanding of fundamental light-matter interactions underlying nanophotonic materials and metamaterials. In the long term, this may even lead to the development and optimization of compact optics, novel solar cells or efficient catalysts. Facts, background information, dossiers More about Uni Konstanz • News Neither liquid nor solid An interdisciplinary team of researchers from the University of Konstanz has uncovered a new state of matter, liquid glass, with previously unknown structural elements – new insights into the nature of glass and its transitions. While glass is a truly ubiquitous material that we use on a da ... more Attosecond boost for electron microscopy Directly coupling two closely located nanoscale sensors They look like toothpicks, but much, much smaller: 10,000 times shorter and 1,000 times thinner. The research team around physicist Professor Eva Weig succeeded in constructing nanopillars so closely together that they can be coupled via the strain field and succinctly oscillate together. T ... more More about LMU • News Prebiotic chemistry - In the beginning, there was sugar Organic molecules formed the basis for the evolution of life. But how could inorganic precursors have given rise to them? Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet (LMU) in Munich chemist Oliver Trapp now reports a reaction pathway in which minerals catalyze the formation of sugars in the absence of ... more Chemical evolution in a tiny Gulf Stream Chemical reactions driven by the geological conditions on the early Earth might have led to the prebiotic evolution of self-replicating molecules. LMU scientists now report on a hydrothermal mechanism that could have promoted the process. Life is a product of evolution by natural selection. ... more Battery research: Finding the right blend! In the battery of the future, solids will replace the currently used electrolyte solutions. A team of scientists at LMU has now developed a series of new sodium ion conductors. The secret of the best material in the series lies in the exact mixing of the ingredients. The days of conventiona ... more More about Uni Regensburg • News Mapping quantum structures with light to unlock their capabilities A single molecular switch reveals atomic-scale light dynamics Researchers at the the University of Regensburg and the MPSD in Hamburg have developed a groundbreaking method to detect the dynamics of light on such a small scale with high temporal resolution. Since the 17th century, researchers have explored tiny objects in their most fundamental detail ... more Lightning-fast atomic hand
Bad Breath: How to Prevent It man gargling I’m sure that most of us have struggled with the occasional bad breath, especially after eating smelly food. But if bad breath becomes a regular issue you have to deal with, then it becomes a severe problem. Approximately 1 out of 4 people struggle with halitosis, a medical term for chronic bad breath. It could lead to anxiety and loss of confidence. Thankfully, halitosis is easily treatable. Poor dental hygiene is the primary cause of bad breath, but it could also be a sign of a more severe health issue. If your family dental care provider has ruled out disease, you might want to look at your dental habits. Even if you avoid food with strong odors, if you don’t brush and floss your teeth daily, stuck food particles will help promote bacterial growth, which in turn causes bad breath. Reduce alcohol consumption One easy way to prevent bad breath is to reduce your alcohol consumption. High alcohol content adversely affects your mouth’s microbiome or the naturally occurring microorganisms in your oral cavity. Not all bacteria are harmful to you, and some help keep your mouth healthy. All that alcohol kills both good and bad bacteria, which can upset your mouth’s ecological balance and cause issues such as a dry mouth. Try drinking diet soda or water instead of wine to help your microbiome return to its normal levels. Clean your tongue Another common cause of halitosis is a dirty tongue. If you have an unbalanced oral microbiome, it could lead to the proliferation of anaerobic bacteria or bacteria that thrive in the absence of oxygen. Since anaerobic bacteria don’t like oxygen, they tend to hide in places that aren’t exposed to air, such as the gums. If left unchecked, all that bacteria produce a sulfur compound that causes bad breath. One way to prevent this is to scrub your tongue of bacteria with a tongue scraper. You can also use a metal spoon if you don’t have a tongue scraper. Gargle often Regular gargling can help control the bacterial population in your mouth. You don’t have to use alcohol-based mouthwash as it could upset your mouth’s microbiome. Instead, look for oxygenated mouthwash to introduce more oxygen into your mouth and prevent the growth of anaerobic bacteria. Drink lots of water Pouring water from bottle into glass on blue background It might sound cliche, but water does solve many of your body’s problems. If you don’t drink enough water, your mouth produces less saliva, which then leads to dry mouth. Saliva helps keep the bacterial and fungal population in check, so you need to keep your mouth lubricated if you want to avoid bad breath. Liquids also prevent food particles from getting stuck, removing food sources for bacteria. These things will help you keep your breath fresh and minty. If you’re still having trouble with halitosis, you might want to see a dentist as soon as possible. Don’t forget to mention that you’ve tried everything if you want them to prescribe you something stronger. Scroll to Top
What is a Dowel Joint? A close look at furniture being assembled with wooden dowel joints. Learn more about the helpful dowel joint, its history, how it works, where best to use it and how they are made so you can maximize their usefulness. So we’ve heard of the miter joint, the tongue and groove joint, the mortise and tenon joints, and the butt joint (if not, go read up on those guys!). Up there with the mortise and tenon joints, the dowel joint has been around for just as long. Reinforcing our doorways and chair legs for centuries, the dowel joint is the backbone of almost any wood joinery method you’ll find. Related: Tongue and Groove Joint \| Mortise and Tenon Joint \| Rabbet Joint \| Dowel Joint \| Dovetail Joint \| Miter Joint \| Dado Joint \| Butt Joint \| Lap Joints It’s Origination The very first documentation of the existence of the dowel joint comes from AD 690. In ancient Japanese culture, shrines were held up using interlocking joints reinforced by wooden dowels and pegs. An explorer named Leif Erikson commanded a ship across the North Atlantic around AD 1000. This ship itself was primarily constructed of overlapping planks joined by dowels and nails. The word dowel is documented in the Wycliffe Bible translation (written around 1385) where it lists the components of a wheel in this rather funny quotation: “and the spokis, dowlis of thou wheelis”. (Don’t you wish people still spoke in this manner?) A close look at an old cart with wooden wheels. How the Dowel Joint Works Dowels are round wooden pegs of a small but varying diameter used to reinforce mainly butt joints (they can also be made from plastic and metal). They also come in great use if you possess an aging piece of furniture that needs a little extra support. They’re capable of reinforcing end to end joints, edge to face joints, mitered joints… You name it, the dowel can do it. The dowel pins correspond with a similarly sized hole on the member you want to join together. The dowel itself can be bare or can be planed or turned. The extra texture of scoring the peg will further reinforce the strength of the joint. The concept is very simple, and the dowels themselves are very easy to make, but perfect accuracy is required when measuring the hole in which the dowel will be placed. The slightest offset can result in an inability to join the members together perfectly, therefore wasting precious materials. Something to be mindful of when using dowel joints is that when inserting them into blind holes, they are without a pathway for glue or air to escape. Hydraulic pressure can sometimes split the wood if there is no path to relieve this pressure. This is why scored dowel pegs are ideal. Where Dowel Joints are Used A close look at a man assembling furniture with steel dowel joints. They are mostly dedicated to reinforcing butt joints. Dowels are sturdy, but they are not designed to withstand substantial weight like the mortise and tenon joint. They are first and foremost reinforcers, and so they are best equipped for shelf supports in cabinets and other furniture. Dowel joints are excellent in creating wheel axles for toy fabrication, moveable game pieces, and hangers for keys and jackets. They’re also used to help support wedding cakes with impressive tiers! How They’re Made The traditional manufacturing of dowel joints was made using a tool called the dowel plate. This is an iron plate equipped with holes of various sizes and sharpened circumferences. The woodworker would split a piece of wood down to an appropriate size (slightly bigger than the desired hole diameter) and drive the piece of wood through the hole in the dowel plate. The sharp edge of the circle would shave down all of the exterior wood and leave them with a perfectly sized dowel rod. A close look at a piece of wood with dowel pin. The dowel rod is a lengthy piece of wood, which is then chopped down to size and made into dowel pegs. There is then the option to score the dowel pegs. This is useful when the dowel pegs are dipped in glue and inserted into their corresponding holes — the score lines allow for more room and absorption of the glue and reinforces the joint even further. They are commonly called expandable fluted dowels. Nowadays, high volume manufacturing processes are done with industrial machines that are based on the exact same concept. The machine is open-ended on both the entry and exit ways, and so materials guided through can be shaved down to size at impressive continuous lengths. Is the dowel joint strong? Absolutely! It is what woodworkers turn to reinforce other types of wood joints. They aren’t the prominent choice for pieces that require substantial weight-bearing, but they will certainly hold up the books on your bookshelf. What are the disadvantages of a dowel joint? They are easy to make but require very exact measurements, otherwise, the dowel peg would not fit properly into its hole. They aren’t excellent for materials that require flexing as the peg itself is not flexible, and if not inserted properly they can potentially split the material you’re using. What are the advantages of a dowel joint? They’re a super easy and cheap manner of wood joinery, coupled with strength and resilience they make for a very reliable joint. What are dowel joints used for? They are primarily used as reinforcers for butt joints. They can be found in toy manufacturing, shelving, and other furniture supports, chairs, etc. How do you drill a dowel joint? There is a device called a dowel plane that will help create your dowel, and a bullet hole drill will create your dowel hole. ↓ Next Post Below HAUS Naturals Stainless Steel Cleaner
Malaysian Architectural Identity 3012 Words13 Pages Identity of the Malaysian Architecture ABSTRACT Having a national identity seems to be a must for many countries that have either recently become independent or to emphasize leadership or certain race as 'better ' than others. For most countries, this is an important event because it has strong political implications. Architecture as an art is the most conspicuous of all the arts and technology produced by humans since the early stages of mankind. In multicultural countries, seeking national identity is one of the most difficult tasks, the effort is even more so. To search for one 's identity is also something that is strange because it implies that one has either lost his identity or have no clue about who the person he is.…show more content… Without any doubt, the colonial masters in the past apparently imposed their influence on the architectural development of the nation. In addition, Malaysia is a multiracial nation with a population mostly made up of Malays, Chinese, Indians and other smaller communities. Therefore, its architectural development is largely influenced by different cultures. The migration of Chinese and Indians in colonial times was influenced by the determination to seek economic status and political role. Culture, customs and traditions of these immigrants have an impact on local architecture of the developing nation. Many foreign cultural legacy and heritage that exists in the colonial period has left a great influence on the development of national culture and heritage and are clearly visible on the buildings all across the country which remains to this day. (M Rasdi…show more content… These styles were altered according to the architecture influence of Malay, Classical Portuguese, Dutch, English and Chinese to suit the tropical climate of the geographical area. Since 15th Century, when Chinese merchants came to the Straits Settlement of Malacca, they had brought in Straits Eclectic styles. Besides, the British architecture was also altered to cope with the tropical climate and combined with the influence of Malay, European, Portuguese and Dutch. It has created a unique style in urban architecture, such as shophouses and terrace houses.(N Hidayahtuljamilah More about Malaysian Architectural Identity Open Document
Community Web Version Now Available What is the difference between yīngyǔ and yīngwén?? What is the difference between yīngyǔ and yīngwén?? thankyou 2016년 10월 12일 오후 9:02 Answers · 5 英语是指语言英文是指文章 2016년 11월 1일 英語 spoken English 英文 literary English 2016년 10월 13일 語 simply means language. However, 文 is a term that means "civilization" or "to be civilized". Thus in Chinese philosophy, a civilized person is one with culture and education. This in turn defines the person who can speak, read and write his thoughts in a transmittable way from generation to generation. A 文人 is a cultured gentleman. 2016년 10월 12일 "Yingyu" is more like the language itself, is about the listening and speaking. "Yingwen" is more about the reading and writing language. It also includes the culture. But nowadays we don't have the strict line between the two words. "Yingyu" is more like oral language and we use it more often. There is no right or wrong about using these two words. Just depends on which one do you like. 2016년 10월 12일 Wait for a Chinese speaker or someone who speaks Chinese well, but from I understand, 语 (yǔ) is more about the spoken language (see the mouth "speaking" in the character) and the way people speak, whereas 文 (wén) typically refers to the writing system and the culture from a more academic point of view. However, it's not always that simple! Subtitles predictably use 文, but dictionaries use 语 to refer to the way people communicate in general. Both symbols are often interchangeable, but not in all cases. 2016년 10월 12일 Language Skills Chinese (Mandarin), English, French, German, Italian Learning Language German, Italian
• MedPsych Integrated What Parents Say to Their Kids Truly Matters - Positive Communication Tips for Parents Raleigh psychiatrist cautions that what parents say to kids matters and can make a huge difference in how that child learns to see himself/herself for decades or a lifetime to come. What Message Are You Sending to Your Kids? Words can be powerful in either a positive or negative way. This is especially true when talking about words that a parent would say to their child during childhood and sometimes into adulthood. Many parents are unaware of how their vulnerable children are responding to the messages that their parents are sending them on a regular basis. How a Parent's Words Impact a Child's Sense of Self Children build their identities and self-esteem partially due to how their parents interact with and communicate with them throughout their early developmental years and throughout their teen years or longer. Parents need to take care when speaking to each other and with their children when they are angry, afraid or otherwise overemotional. It is important for parents to remember that their words meant to discipline something that the child did wrong can do more harm then good if not phrased in the proper manner. Parents that take the time to carefully consider their words before speaking will likely build and maintain a closer relationship with their kids that can last a lifetime. Positive Communication Tips for Parents It is so important for parents to separate what they say about a child's wrong behaviors from the message of how the parent feels about the inner spirit of each amazing child in the family. A Raleigh based psychiatric center offers some helpful and effective positive communication tips for parents. It is never too early to begin modeling respectful and non-judgmental communication with your younger children. Switching to a more positive form of communication can be as easy as rephrasing a negative statement, like "don't run in the house," to a more positive phrase such as "Could you please walk while in the house?" Never Make a Child Feel that He/She Is Bad or Not Lovable Kids are bound to test out any boundaries that parents put up to protect them from harm. This means that kids are prone to making mistakes and can get into trouble on occasion. When talking with your child about one of these wrong choices or behaviors, take care with how you frame the incident with words. A parent should not state that the child is bad, stupid, lazy or say other negative word phrases when catching the child in a forbidden act of some type. Rather, rephrase the comment to something less negative. Parents could say "I am worried that you will get hurt, and sliding down the banister is dangerous" or something similar. A Parents Words Can Build Up a Child's Sense of Worth The vast majority of parents try to have a closer relationship with their precious kids. Sometimes, parents just don't know how to talk with a child or teen and could use some expert advice or effective positive communication tips that a dedicated psychiatrist in Raleigh, NC, is happy to offer. Never miss a chance to praise and compliment your child. Parents who are feeling a bit tongue tied or nervous should remember that being there just to listen to your child can be even more important in the long range scheme of things. Make Time to Talk with Each Child on a Regular Basis Most kids are happy to tell their parents every detail about their exciting days, but parents today are often so busy that it is hard to find the time. It is essential to schedule regular fun appointments with each of your children to stay up-to-date on their happenings. Consider dropping by your child's school for a quick lunch date or schedule a shopping trip with your teen daughter. A lot can be said just by showing up, and wise parents utilize those chauffeured kid drives for catching up or jamming to some tunes. Consider Family Psychotherapy to Improve Communication Even the best of parents find themselves at a loss for how to talk with their younger children or teens from time to time. Having someone who is knowledgeable about strategies designed to open up a positive and supportive line of conversation between parents and kids can be a welcome relief for everyone involved. Finding a support group, undergoing family psychotherapy sessions or scheduling individual therapy appointments with a kind and experienced mental health counselor can help parents learn better communication strategies. Therapy can also offer valuable professional feedback on your family's overall communication methods in a safe and comfortable environment. Contact MedPsych Integrated by phone at 919-582-7272 or online at https://www.medpsychnc.com anytime. 21 views0 comments 7780 Brier Creek Parkway Suite 306 Raleigh, NC 27617 Phone: 919-582-7272 • White Facebook Icon • White LinkedIn Icon • Google Places - White Circle
• Mark Summers (law student) The Future of Privacy Rights: Warrior Genes, Sexual Orientation and Beyond Canadians enjoy a fundamental right to privacy, which is refllected in the jurisprudence pertaining to section 8 of the Charter1. This right to privacy originates in the right against unreasonable search and seizure, but the case law has developed that an individual must first establish a “reasonable expectation of privacy” before a court will assess the reasonableness of the search.2 The burden is effectively on the individual to prove that a right to privacy existed in the circumstances, that it was violated unreasonably (if a warrant was proffered), and that including the evidence would tarnish the administration of justice.3 However, this question of whether or not there is a reasonable expectation, and whether or not that expectation is violated, is often contentious. It can be hard to find the line where privacy ends; the distinction as shown by the courts can seem arbitrary, and leaves open a lot of question as to the future of privacy rights. For instance, the police are known to use FLIR technology, which detects heat signatures coming from houses. FLIR is used in an attempt to find illicit drug manufacturing, as these processes generate a lot of heat. This is permitted, because the heat is something that has left your house, and is no longer under your control, and there is no longer an “expectation” that this information will remain private. The courts have said that this information is also vague enough as to not infringe privacy rights, given that the heat could be generated for any number of reasons, and so there is no biographical information garnered. And yet new radar technologies (Range-R) will seemingly allow police to see through walls. This distinction seems an arbitrary one however, given that if a heat signature is generated, it is common practice for a warrant to be granted in order to conduct a search. So while courts seem to accept that FLIR does not reveal any personal information, it is in fact revealing information one may expect to remain private: your private conduct in your own home. The Range-R technology may engage other interests that have yet to be tested by Canada's courts - is 'e through the wall technology' still merely the gathering of mundane information, if a suspect cannot control the detection? FLIR technology is contrasted however with other ways in which privacy has been protected by courts, such as by drug-sniffing dogs at a bus depot. The courts ruled here that there is an expectation of privacy in these circumstances. This seems to be quite at odds with the FLIR analysis, given that in order for the dogs to smell drugs, they are only detecting particles of drugs, in the form of odour, that have physically left your person as well. Is the distinction therefore simply that we have an expectation of privacy when it pertains to physical particles (as with drug scent), but not with the properties of physical particles, for example heat waves detected by FLIR technology? This lack of clarity is a significant problem, because we as individuals can’t predict what the courts will decide is private when newer and more advanced technologies are invented. What kinds of information will be able to be admitted as evidence, or used to profile us. One such example is the warrior gene. This gene has been studied, and has been shown to give individuals a predisposition to impulsiveness, and to be much quicker to anger. If someone is accused of a crime, will the police be able to request a DNA profile to see if an individual possesses this gene? Could having this gene be evidence to indicate that you are in fact, more likely to react violently when presented with adversity? There have already been attempts to use the warrior gene as a partial explanation for behavior, such as in a recent Santa Fe murder case. The police are able to demand a DNA sample from an accused if they attain a warrant, but this is often to compare to evidence at the scene. Will DNA testing for genetic markers become the norm for every accused, in order to facilitate convictions in some? What if technology could be invented to sense the likelihood of the presence of the gene during interactions with and interrogations of suspects? Another future question that arises has to do with facial recognition software. In the last few decades, facial recognition software has developed, and can now detect differences and patterns in facial structure beyond the capabilities of the human eye. In one recent study, one in fact designed to highlight the privacy implications of this kind of technology, facial recognition software was able to determine an individual’s sexual orientation based on their facial structure with an 81% accuracy based off of only a single photograph.4 This sort of information could be gathered just from someone walking around in public. Surely, we don’t have an expectation of privacy about our facial appearance when we are outside in public? Do we have a reasonable expectation of privacy about our personal details, as determinable by technology that surpasses human ability? It seems that given the highly personal nature of sexual orientation, the courts would probably find a broad government or police analysis based on facial recognition software to be a bit too “brave new world”. But what if an accused’s sexual orientation is material or relevant, such as might arise in a case of sexual assault? Can the police use this technology to gather this information, even if the information may not even be known by the accused themselves? This may be particularly relevant in countries where homosexual acts are still illegal, though that is not the case in Canada. Just a critically, what if other identifying social behaviours can be revealed by the technology? Is our inability to control these facial correlations akin to an abandonment of the data to the state? There is strong doubt as to how this accuracy translates to real world applications, but technology like this is still developing rapidly. While sexual orientation may not often be relevant to criminal investigations, who is to say what future biographical information can be determined based on facial recognition technologies or other forms of surveillance. There exist similar technologies, such as gait analyses, that could also reveal highly personal biographical information such as illnesses and injuries that might not otherwise be detectable by others. Though the courts have done their best to highlight what is or isn’t permitted when the state wishes to investigate, there are still many questions left unanswered. As technologies continue to advance, the issue of biological privacy is only going to become more relevant. Whether this information is easily detectable by the state, it is clear that a jurisprudential reassessment of the dignity interest inherent in the reasonable expectation of privacy analysis is indicated. 1 Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, s 8, Part I of the Constitution Act, 1982, 2 Jochelson, Kramar, & Doerkson, The Disappearance of criminal law: Police powers and the Supreme Court (2014), page 23. 3 Ibid. 4 Deep Neural Networks Can Detect Sexual Orientation from Faces, Wang & Kosinky (2017). https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/09/science/stanford-sexual-orientation-study.html Recent Posts See All Check out the Robson Crim MLJ • Facebook Basic Black • Twitter Basic Black
Study Guide Kinetics Themes • Reactions Diamonds are forever, or at least so says Ian Fleming. While they are the hardest material known and seem like they should last for a zillion years, they are actually not the most thermodynamically stable form of carbon. In fact, that one-carat diamond you've been eyeing might possibly turn into graphite. It would be uncool if your gem suddenly became a pencil tip, no? What exactly is the difference between diamonds and graphite? First things first: Diamonds are very hard whereas graphite is very soft. Why is that? Well in a diamond there is a three dimensional network of strong covalent bonds. All of these crazy strong covalent bonds make the diamond very hard. So hard diamonds are used in cutting and grinding tools. An Uncut Diamond Ooh, purdy diamond. Graphite, on the other hand, is made up of flat layers of carbon atoms. These layers are held together by very weak forces called van der Waal's forces. These weak forces allow the layers to slip over one another. Can we guess what a consequence of these weak forces are? You guessed it! Graphite is extremely soft and slippery. A Chunk of Graphite Graphite, so soft you almost want to snuggle with it. If diamonds are not the most thermodynamically stable form of carbon, then why do they seem so stable? It's not like you see diamonds turn into black graphite over a period of days, weeks, months, or even years. The answer is that diamonds are kinetically stable. Basically, the activation energy for the conversion between diamonds to pencil tips is ginormous. Basically, all of the carbon-carbon bonds in a diamond have to break to form the carbon bonds in graphite. This can be a constant source of frustration for students. Thermodynamics and equilibrium do not necessarily happen in an eight-hour work day. Equilibrium may not occur except over the life of the universe. Kinetics can help tell us how long we have to wait for a reaction to reach equilibrium. It may be so fast that diffusion limits it from happening faster. It may happen over seconds, hours, or billions of years. • Thermodynamics and Bonding Sometimes what is important is not what atoms are bonded covalently, but how molecules are held together loosely. Intermolecular forces are often unappreciated, however, they are the glue that holds our molecular machinery together. Not to get too biology on us, but proteins, DNA, and cell membranes are all held together by intermolecular forces. Intermolecular forces work well for biological things. They are not overly strong, so cell processes can yank them apart and put them back together with relative ease. For example, DNA double helices must be pulled apart for cells to reproduce. If the DNA double helix was held together strongly with covalent bonds, then cells would have to work extra hard to reproduce. Instead, DNA is held together with hydrogen bonds, which are much weaker than covalent bonds. This makes it easier to unzip DNA, and then rezip it. DNA double helix. That's a funny looking zipper.
1、Some people think the best way to solve traffic congestions in cities is to provide free public transport 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 　　2、Nowadays many young people in work force change their jobs or careers every few years. What do you think are the reasons for this? Do the advantages outweigh disadvantages? 　　3、Many children find it is difficult to concentrate or pay attention at school. What are the causes? The possible solutions to this problems? 　　4、The international community should immedicately reduce the consumption of fossil fuels of all countries. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 　　5、Some people believe the best way to produce a better society is to ensure there is only a small difference between the earnings of the richest and the poorest. To what extend do you agree or disagree? 　　6、Many people think the painting and music do not directly improve the quality of people, therefore the government should not spend the money in arts, and they should spend more money on construction of public facilities. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 　　7、Some people think success of life is based on hard work and determination but others think there are more important factors like money and appearance. Discuss both sides and give your own opinion? 　　8、Children’s education is expensive. In some countries, the government pay some of or all of the costs. Do the advantages outweigh its disadvantages? 　　9、Some people think living in big cities is bad for people's health. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 　　10、Some people think young peoople should be required to have full time education until they are at least 18 years old. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 　　11、Many people believe that printed books are not good in this digital era, because computer can store more information, while others thinks printed books are still playing a significant role. Discuss both views and give your own ideas. 　　13、An increasing number of people change their career and places of residence several times during their life. Is this a positive or negative development?
Learn a new word every day. Crane Symbolism and Meaning in Feng Shui and Traditions. He describes as untruthful an account that the crane carries a touchstone inside it that can be used to test for gold when vomited up. They are absent from Antarctica and, mysteriously, South America. (This second story is not altogether implausible, as cranes might ingest appropriate gizzard stones in one locality and regurgitate them in a region where such stone is otherwise scarce. In 2008, for the first time in over a hundred years, a red-crowned crane was spotted in Honshu in a rice field in Akita Prefecture. Both parents help to rear the young, which remain with them until the next breeding season.[1]. In contrast, red-crowned crane territories may require 500 hectares, and pairs may defend even larger territories than that, up to several thousand hectares. Why is the Elephant a Symbol of the Republican Party? East Asia is the centre of crane diversity, with eight species, followed by Africa, which holds five resident species and wintering populations of a sixth. Brooklyn Museum, Tortoise Has New Year's Dream of Crane and Pine, around 1850, Brooklyn Museum, Brass Crane Perched on a Tortoise, c. 1800–1894, from the Oxford College Archive of Emory University, List of all world Gruidae species according to the Catalogue of Life:[15], This article is about the bird family. Some species of crane animal totems are known to be the world’s largest flying species of bird. In Chinese culture, the crane is venerated as the prince of all feathered creatures and thus has a legendary status. The sentry would hold a stone in its claw, so that if it fell asleep, it would drop the stone and waken. Can you spell these 10 commonly misspelled words? 179, Austrian National Library. The nests are mainly made up of dead reeds and are found in the water and surrounded by dense vegetation. The 15 species of cranes are placed in three genera, Antigone, Balearica, and Grus. Most species of cranes have some areas of bare skin on their faces; the only two exceptions are the blue and demoiselle cranes. Other calls used as chicks include alarm calls and "flight intention" calls, both of which are maintained into adulthood. Fossil genera are tentatively assigned to the present-day subfamilies: Sometimes considered Gruidae incertae sedis, The cranes have a cosmopolitan distribution, occurring across most of the world continents. [5] A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2010 found that the genus Grus, as then defined, was polyphyletic. If you feel that you have a connection with the crane, it is time that you know the possible meanings and implications. Better read on. Some of the areas inhabited by Japanese cranes are found on or near oil fields. For example, a significant proportion of cranes that winter in Hokkaido have begun moving to the Russian-controlled Kuril Islands that are claimed by Japan, which lost them during World War II. Any changes in farming practices can, therefore, have significant effects on the crane population. Artificial feeding stations in Hokkaido are high-risk areas where diseases can be easily spread. The bird gets its name from the distinct red patch that is found on its crown. The Japanese crane, also known as the red-crowned crane is one of the rarest cranes in the world. Today the Japanese crane population in Japan is about 1,200. Such a negative feedback loop referred to as an “extinction vortex,” and its genetic influences are often more severe in smaller populations. Twenty birds were rediscovered in the 1920s in the Kushiro Wetland roosting and feeding near small rivers in the marsh. Deficiency of genetic diversity in small populations can lead to inbreeding depression, increased disease susceptibility, and reduction in the long term survival of wild populations when faced by changing environmental conditions. They are long-legged and long-necked birds with streamlined bodies and large, rounded wings. [2][5], Most species of cranes are dependent on wetlands and require large areas of open space. [10][11], In Mecca, in pre-Islamic South Arabia, Allāt, Uzza, and Manāt were believed to be the three chief goddesses of Mecca, they were called the "three exalted cranes" (gharaniq, an obscure word on which 'crane' is the usual gloss). Notably, however, the crest of Clan Cranstoun depicts a sleeping crane still in vigilance and holding the rock in its raised claw. Crane Meaning: Power and Strength Cranes are sister taxa to Eogruidae, a lineage of flightless birds; as predicted by the fossil record of true cranes, eogruids were native to the Old World. [2], Cranes are perennially monogamous breeders, establishing long-term pair bonds that may last the lifetime of the birds. By 1952 the population had risen to 33 birds. Initial breeding attempts often fail, and in many cases, newer pair bonds dissolve (divorce) after unsuccessful breeding attempts. In some species, the entire sternum is fused to the bony plates of the trachea, and this helps amplify the crane's calls, allowing them to carry for several kilometres.[2][3]. The cranes are even regarded as pests. It has one meter high while standing straight. Species inhabiting vast, open wetlands tend to have more white in their plumage than do species that inhabit smaller wetlands or forested habitats, which tend to be more grey. By Benjamin Elisha Sawe on December 30 2019 in Environment. [citation needed], The Greek for crane is Γερανος (geranos), which gives us the cranesbill, or hardy geranium. Having them in a crowded area can significantly increase the risks of chicks not surviving. Some of the threats include loss and degradation of habitat, pollution, poaching and capture, and low genetic variation. [2], Where more than one species of cranes exists in a locality, each species adopts separate niches to minimise competition and niche overlap. Cranes are solitary during the breeding season, occurring in pairs, but during the nonbreeding season, they are gregarious, forming large flocks where their numbers are sufficient. On the other hand, it is peculiar that numerous fossils of Ciconiiformes are documented from there; these birds presumably shared much of their habitat with cranes back then already. The reduction in water levels in such areas not only affects the availability of food but also makes nesting sites vulnerable to predator attacks. In contrast both to this and the stationary wait and watch hunting methods employed by many herons, they forage for insects and animal prey by slowly moving forwards with their heads lowered and probing with their bills. Until the mid-1800s, Japanese cranes were found in abundance throughout Hokkaido and Honshu and other parts of Asia such as China, Korea, and Siberia. Tense relations between the countries over the islands have often affected in-depth research and cooperation between scientists and environmental conservationists. Within the wide range of items consumed, some patterns emerge; the shorter-billed species usually feed in drier uplands, while the longer-billed species feed in wetlands. Apparently, the subfamilies were well distinct by the Late Eocene (around 35 mya). Today folding 1,000 cranes (in Japanese, called “senbazuru”) has become extremely popular. Pair bonds begin to form in the second or third years of life, but several years pass before the first successful breeding season. The present genera are apparently some 20 mya old. In the winters that followed, farmers continued feeding the birds, which led to a dramatic rise in their numbers. Such behavior is annoying some of the people living near the bird habitats. [2] In a study of sandhill cranes in Florida, seven of the 22 pairs studied remained together for an 11-year period. Of the four crane genera, Balearica (two species) is restricted to Africa, and Leucogeranus (one species) is restricted to Asia; the other two genera, Grus (including Anthropoides and Bugeranus) and Antigone, are both widespread. 2015 Honda Civic Battery Problems, Clayton Anderson Singer Wife, Scd Medical Abbreviation, Zoom 退出再入場ホスト, Morphed Axolotl For Sale, Pepsico Transnational Strategy, Madi Edwards Measurements, Solar City Essay, Jesse And Lestat, Firebreather 2 Movie, Nielsen Holdings Fortune 500, 4 Missing Hikers Arizona 1997, Famous Mute People, Telus Agriculture Solutions, Kevin Robinson Wife, The Haught Mansion In Brush Park, Michigan, Ktm Rc 390 Passenger Seat, Hattie Bell Fishburne, Philip Webster Smith Iii, Needed Crossword Clue, Happy Chandler Park, Best Huntress Build 2020, Fishy On Me Meaning, Mystery Manor Walkthrough, Deric Mccabe Gender, Mexican Dwarf Boa, Flight 912 Hawaii Crash 1983, Fantasia 2000 Full Movie, Katherine Mary Alice Baring, Red Foley Cause Of Death, Ch3nh2 Lewis Structure, Is Getting Married In St Lucia Legal In The Us, You Dirty Dog Meme, Jo Silvagni Sale Of The Century, Snowflake And Safespace Marvel Wiki, Shorty Bull For Sale In Texas, Syllable Counter Spanish, Dichos De Colombia, Tee John Salvage Hunters Wife, Bakugou Original Design, Maryse Instagram Pics, Wicked Lasers Laser Cube Uk, Seven Deadly Sins Hawk Death,
Skip to main content The diversification of the basic leucine zipper family in eukaryotes correlates with the evolution of multicellularity Multicellularity evolved multiple times in eukaryotes. In all cases, this required an elaboration of the regulatory mechanisms controlling gene expression. Amongst the conserved eukaryotic transcription factor families, the basic leucine zipper (bZIP) superfamily is one of the most ancient and best characterised. This gene family plays a diversity of roles in the specification, differentiation and maintenance of cell types in plants and animals. bZIPs are also involved in stress responses and the regulation of cell proliferation in fungi, amoebozoans and heterokonts. Using 49 sequenced genomes from across the Eukaryota, we demonstrate that the bZIP superfamily has evolved from a single ancestral eukaryotic gene and undergone multiple independent expansions. bZIP family diversification is largely restricted to multicellular lineages, consistent with bZIPs contributing to the complex regulatory networks underlying differential and cell type-specific gene expression in these lineages. Analyses focused on the Metazoa suggest an elaborate bZIP network was in place in the most recent shared ancestor of all extant animals that was comprised of 11 of the 12 previously recognized families present in modern taxa. In addition this analysis identifies three bZIP families that appear to have been lost in mammals. Thus the ancestral metazoan and eumetazoan bZIP repertoire consists of 12 and 16 bZIPs, respectively. These diversified from 7 founder genes present in the holozoan ancestor. Our results reveal the ancestral opisthokont, holozoan and metazoan bZIP repertoire and provide insights into the progressive expansion and divergence of bZIPs in the five main eukaryotic kingdoms, suggesting that the early diversification of bZIPs in multiple eukaryotic lineages was a prerequisite for the evolution of complex multicellular organisms. Increasing evidence suggests that the evolution of complex multicellular organisms arose from the expansion and diversification of gene regulatory networks (reviewed in [1]). In eukaryotes, the precise control of gene expression, often in response to physiological and environmental stimuli, largely depends on the binding of specific transcription factor proteins to specific DNA sequences [2]. This ancient mode of gene regulation has been co-opted into and is instrumental in the ontogeny of multicellular eukaryotes, sitting at nodes in developmental gene regulatory networks (GRNs) that underlie spatiotemporal and cell type-specific gene transcription [3]. Analysis of GRNs, largely in bilaterian animals, reveals they are populated by transcription factors of differing evolutionary age, with most being either unique to metazoans (e.g. nuclear receptors) or of an older evolutionary origin (e.g. basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors) [4]. The basic leucine zipper (bZIP) superfamily of transcription factors appears to have originated early in eukaryotic evolution [2]. bZIPs sit at the heart of key pathways regulating cellular decisions across this domain of life [5]. They have been consistently implicated in a wide range of core eukaryotic cellular processes, including cell proliferation and differentiation, stress response and homeostasis [6]. However, the ancestral role of bZIPs in eukaryotes has been difficult to infer because a single conserved function has not been identified amongst living eukaryotes. bZIP transcription factors take their name from a highly conserved 60–80 amino acid bZIP domain, which has a bipartite organisation consisting of an N-terminal basic region, responsible for DNA binding, and a leucine zipper, which mediates homo- and hetero-dimerization between bZIPs. As dimers, they regulate transcription by binding short DNA target sites, often in the form of 8 base pair palindromes. In recent years, the bZIP network of several eukaryotes has been described, and their evolution has been, to some extent, investigated in animals [7, 8], fungi [9] and plants [10]. The recent sequencing of disparate eukaryotic genomes now allows the search for the primordial bZIP and the reconstruction of the evolutionary trajectories this family has taken in different higher eukaryotic lineages, including phyla, kingdoms and superkingdoms. Here, we analysed the bZIP gene repertoires from a wide range of eukaryote genomes, focusing on the lineage with the widest coverage of draft genomes, the holozoans. We traced back metazoan bZIP families to their origin in the holozoan last common ancestor, opisthokont last common ancestor and beyond. By comparing bZIPs diversification in the main eukaryotic clades, we demonstrate that bZIPs originated from a single protein and then evolved independently in each major eukaryotic lineage. bZIP family complexity appears to increase incrementally over long evolutionary periods, prior to evolutionary transitions into a complex multicellular condition. Early in eukaryotic evolution, a first expansion phase occurred independently in each of the four main eukaryotic lineages - Opistokonta, Amoebozoa, Planta and Heterokonta- yielding to 3 or 4 bZIP families. These families constitute the core of the bZIP complement in extant fungi, heterokonts and amoebozoans. A second expansion phase occurred in holozoans and early plants, prior to the emergence of complex multicellularity in either lineage. In holozoans, it occurred in two main steps: one before the divergence of unicellular holozoans, which display numerous examples of colonial forms with life cycles comprised of more than one cell type (e.g. in Salpingoeca rosetta [11] and Capsaspora owczarzaki [12]), and one during the early evolution of metazoans, prior to the emergence of the crown group. Accrual of the animal bZIP repertoire over the course of holozoan evolution 446 bZIP genes were identified from 18 metazoan (nine bilaterian, three cnidarian, one placozoan, two ctenophore, three sponge) and two unicellular holozoan (a choanoflagellate and a filasterean) genomes, using an iterative process that included (i) screening predicted proteomes using PFAM, (ii) interrogating the coding sequences in the genome by blastP and (iii) then using hidden Markov models (HMMs) constructed using the bZIP sequences identified in each clade to re-interrogate each of the proteomes (Additional file 1: Table S1). By comparing and undertaking phylogenetic analyses of the bZIPs from each holozoan against three reference sets of bZIPs (bZIPs identified in Homo, Branchiostoma and poriferans, which is a composite of the bZIPs found in the genomes of a representative demosponge, calcisponge and homoscleromorph), we identified 12 bZIP families that were comprised of at least one human orthologue, and one family (REPTOR) and two sub-families (PAR-Like and OASIS-Like) that appear to have been lost in humans (Fig. 1, Additional files 2, 3 and 4 and Additional file 1: Table S2). Fig. 1 Phylogenetic analysis of the metazoan bZIP superfamily. Mid-point rooted maximum likelihood tree of unambiguously identified bZIPs. Branches are collapsed into families. Statistical support was obtained with 1000 bootstrap replicates and Bayesian posterior probabilities; both values are shown on key branches. Coloured circles to the right indicate the presence of members of that family in taxa listed to the right Phylogenetic analyses suggest that PAR-L and OASIS-L are related to PAR and OASIS (Additional file 2 and 3). PAR-L bZIPs possess the two Asn residues at positions 13 and 14, characteristic of the PAR and CEPB families (Additional file 2). OASIS-L bZIPs include the OASIS-specific Tyr at position 27 but exhibit a unique combination of amino acids at positions 13 to 21: NAIxAxxNR (x represents variable residues), instead of the typical NKxSAxxSR OASIS combination (Additional file 2). REPTOR however does not appear to be related to any other bZIP family and is characterised by an astonishingly conserved basic domain, with 33 consecutive residues (positions 7–35, 37–39 and 41) identical in nearly all species, and a very short coiled-coil region (Fig. 1 and Additional file 2). We named this family after its Drosophila orthologue, which has been recently identified as a downstream factor of the TORC1 signalling pathway [13]. The origin of the PAR-L and OASIS-L sub-families, and REPTOR family can be traced back to being present in the last common metazoan and eumetazoan ancestor, respectively. Nearly all bZIP families and subfamilies have been maintained in metazoan taxa included in this survey, although there are few cases of gene loss. Notably, ctenophores, which are deemed to be the earliest branching metazoan phyletic lineage [14], exhibit a higher level of bZIP gene loss than any other metazoan lineage (Fig. 2 and Additional file 1: Table S2). As a number of bZIP genes missing in the ctenophores surveyed are present in non-metazoan holozoans – PAR, CREB and CEBP in Pleurobrachia and PAR in Mnemioposis - the ctenophore bZIP repertoire is not likely to reflect the ancestral metazoan condition. We conclude that at least eleven of bilaterian orthology groups were present in the last common ancestor to extant metazoans, and seven in the holozoan LCA. Fig. 2 Evolution of recognized bilaterian bZIP families. Listed in the first column are bZIP families (left) and subfamilies (right). Along the top are the species included in this survey and their phylogenetic relationship based on [14, 57]. The number of genes per bZIP family and subfamily are listed below each species. Colours reflect the level of evidence behind this tally (decreasing from red to orange). For each species the total number of bZIPs identified and the number of bZIPs retrieved are reported at the bottom of the table Notably, this approach identified a putative member of the JUN family in the holozoan Capsaspora, a bZIP gene family previously regarded as metazoan-specific [7]. This finding is consistent with our observation that members of the fungal GCN4 family and the metazoan JUN family appear to be distant orthologues (Fig. 4 and Additional file 1: Table S2). Thus, our approach identified (i) the foundational bZIP family present prior to the evolution of metazoan multicellularity, (ii) the origin of metazoan bZIP families (OASIS A-B, MAF-NFE2) and bilaterian subfamilies (sMAF, NFIL3, CEBPg, ATF3), (iii) the expansion and loss of specific family members in particular lineages, and (iv) uncovered three uncharacterised bZIP families (Figs. 2 and 3 and Additional files 2 and 3). Fig. 3 Conservation and evolution of bZIPs in eukaryotes. The consensus bZIP domain for each of the six main eukaryotic lineages is depicted with a logo [58]. The number of sequences/species used in this analysis is indicated in parentheses. Black circles indicate five highly conserved residues of the basic domain throughout eukaryote, which have been shown to be involved in DNA-binding site recognition in animals and yeast [17] Emergence of novel domain combinations in holozoan bZIP families bZIPs appear to have increased their connectivity throughout metazoan evolution through the linking to other protein domains [6]. The kinase inducible activation domain (KID) is associated with CREB in several metazoans and mediates the interaction of CREB and p300/CBP. Although the Capsaspora genome encodes p300 [8], its CREB gene does not encode a KID. In contrast both sponge and ctenophore CREBs include a KID domain, consistent with a domain-shuffling event early in metazoan evolution to bring together these domains. A detailed analysis of domains associated with bZIP domains in other families identified a number of conserved domain combinations, including an ATF2-specific and a JUN-specific transactivation domain, previously described in human ATF2 [15] and JUN [16], and an ATF6-specific domain, which is present in unicellular holozoan orthologues (Additional file 5). We also recovered highly conserved regions located N-terminally of the PAR, MAF and OASIS basic domain, the latter being present in unicellular holozoan OASISes (Additional file 5). Interestingly, these regions were not conserved in the PAR-L and OASIS-L bZIPs. None of these domains were detected in fungal orthologues or related bZIPs. Conservation of eukaryotic bZIP DNA-binding motif Based on our observation that many bilaterian and indeed metazoan bZIPs originated early in holozoan evolution, well prior to the diversification of the Metazoa, we attempted to retrace bZIP evolution beyond the opisthokont last common ancestor. A total of 896 bZIPs were identified from 49 eukaryotic genomes, including opisthokont (metazoans, choanoflagellates, and fungi), amoebozoan, plant (Viridiplantae - land plants and green algae, and red algae), heterokont (oomycetes, diatoms and brown algae) and excavate representatives. bZIP genes were recovered in all species surveyed (Additional file 1: Table S1), except two amoebozoans (Hartmannella vermiformis and Physarum polycephalum) and a microsporidial fungus (Antonospora locustae), consistent with bZIPs being present in the most recent shared ancestor of extant eukaryotes. Amongst the eukaryotic bZIPs, the leucine residues in the leucine zipper region (residues 31, 38, 45, 52 and 59 in Fig. 3) and a nine amino acid region in the N-terminal of the basic DNA-binding domain (residues 13–21 in Fig. 3) are the most conserved. Five very highly conserved amino acids within the basic region - Asn13, Ala16, Ala17, Ser/Cys20 and Arg21 - have been shown to be instrumental in determining sequence-specific DNA binding in bilaterians and fungi [17, 18]. The first and last of these amino acids are the most conserved amongst eukaryotes, with only three differences at these positions found across all eukaryotes surveyed: the excavate Giardia has a solitary bZIP factor with a Gly at position 13; a few plants have Lys at position 21; and in oomycete heterokonts have a Cys at position 13 in several proteins that appear to be functional [18]. The level of conservation of the other three residues varies between eukaryotic lineages (Fig. 3). For instance, nonpolar Ala is the most common residue in position 16 in opisthokonts and ameobozoans, while in plants, heterokonts and excavates this site is most often populated by Ser, which has an uncharged polar side chain (Fig. 3). Amongst the most conserved residues, position 20 is the most variable in terms of residue diversity and disparity, with Cys only observed in this position in opisthokonts. Independent expansion of bZIPs in different eukaryotic lineages As eukaryotic bZIPs appear to have originated from a single ancestral protein [2], we sought to identify any orthologues present in extant representatives of the six main lineages (Fig. 3). Given the large number of sequences, each analysis included only one or two representative species from each of these lineages, although we ran multiple permutations, changing the lineage representatives each time. In general, the topology of the resulting trees remained constant regardless of the representative used. As with previous studies that included bZIPs from different eukaryotic groups [7, 8, 19], the alignments do not contain enough informative positions for meaningful bootstrap analysis, which impedes the inference of phylogenetic relationships. Nonetheless, we consistently recovered one cluster, which includes bZIPs from metazoans (OASIS-ATF6 family), fungi (HAC1 family), plants (proto-B group) and heterokonts (Fig. 4), suggesting an ancestral bZIP existed prior to the divergence of these eukaryotic lineages. Interestingly, those families are among the founder bZIP families of each kingdom. This grouping is further supported by the high conservation of five unique residues (Fig. 4). Fig. 4 Phylogenetic analysis of eukaryotic bZIPs. Unrooted Maximum Likelihood tree of bZIPs from two species representing each of the five main eukaryotic lineages: metazoans (blue); fungi (green); amoebozoans (red); plants (brown); and heterokonts (black). To avoid crowding the tree, the Arabidopsis bZIP set was restricted to two genes from each bZIP family (as described in [10]). Branches are collapsed into kingdom-specific clades and the name is indicated when possible. Statistical support was obtained with 1000 bootstrap replicates and an asterisk indicates well-supported branches (>50 %). A unique cluster containing orthologues from the metazoan OASIS-ATF6 family, the fungal HAC1 family and the plant group proto-B group is highlighted in yellow. bZIPs from this clade share five additional conserved positions, indicated by white circles (top logo, yellow background), compared to the whole eukaryotic set (bottom logo). Black circles indicate five highly conserved positions of the bZIP domain discussed earlier In most cases, bZIP family expansions are restricted to individual organismal lineages (Fig. 4), with orthologues only identifiable within a given eukaryotic lineage (Fig. 5). The bZIP superfamily has been divided into orthology groups in both metazoans [5] and plants [10]. These usually coincide with DNA-binding and dimerization preferences [17, 20]. Consistent with previous studies [5, 9], we identified 13 bZIP families in metazoans and five in fungi. We also recovered 13 clusters in plants, which correspond to the 13 families described in [10], and five in the green alga Chlamydomonas. In heterokonts, both maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses support four ancestral orthologue groups. The limited number of genomes available in Amoebozoa and the debatable phylogenetic relationship between amoebozoan species greatly limit our analysis. We tentatively identified 3 groups of orthologues in this kingdom. Fig. 5 A model for the eukaryotic bZIP evolution. A simplified phylogenetic tree of the eukaryotes is depicted. Phylogenetic relationships are based on the most commonly accepted view of the phylogeny of the Eukaryotes [59]. A white square indicates multicellular lineages; a black square indicates unicellular lineages; a black and white square indicate lineages comprising both multicellular and unicellular species. In parentheses, we reported the range of bZIPs we identified in the species sampled in this study. The estimated number of bZIPs in each last common ancestor (LCA) is indicated in a yellow box next to its name. When possible, we indicate the inferred bZIP families by a circle. Two circles have the same colour when they are thought to have originated from the same protein Using 49 sequenced genomes representing disparate eukaryotic lineages, including 18 representative metazoan genomes, we have reconstructed the evolution of one of the most ancient transcription factor families employed in animal development and disease, the bZIPs. We demonstrate that the evolution of multicellularity is correlated with the expansion and diversification of bZIPs in different families. However, an apparent increase in morphological and behavioural complexity (e.g. along the bilaterian or eumetazoan stem) is not always accompanied with an increase in gene family number. Indeed, bZIP family complexity appears to increase incrementally over long evolutionary periods, probably being one of a number of prerequisites for the evolution of networks underlying complex gene regulation. The metazoan bZIP network is comprised of members of differing age The phylogenetic analysis of metazoan bZIPs highlights three major periods in the evolution of bZIPs (Fig. 6). The first diversification of the metazoan bZIP complement occurred prior to the divergence of holozoan lineages. There were at least three identifiable ancestral opisthokont bZIPs families, ATF6, ATF2-sko1 and Jun-CGN4, that expanded into 7 holozoan families. A second round of expansion and diversification occurred prior to the divergence of extant metazoan lineages, with all of the 13 metazoan bZIP families evolving prior the divergence of eumetazoan and sponge lineages. Based on the bZIPs present in early branching metazoans, we infer that the last common ancestor to all animals possessed minimally 12 bZIPs (Fig. 6). This complement has remained remarkably stable over the course of metazoan evolution, with very little evidence of gene loss. Four bZIP families (MAF, PAR, CEBP and FOS) duplicated and underwent further diversification prior to bilaterian cladogenesis; three families underwent another round of duplication in stem chordates (NFE2) and vertebrates (ATF4 and FOS) (Fig. 6). Fig. 6 Origin and diversification of holozoan bZIPs. Each row represents the putative bZIP complement present in the corresponding LCA (last common ancestor). An hexagon represents a bZIP protein, and the family it belongs to is indicated underneath. Main families are indicated by different colours while subfamilies are indicated with different shades. bZIP subfamilies that had not been reported prior to this study are marked with stripes. Vertical lines represent families or subfamilies that have been conserved throughout metazoan evolution. A double line indicates a duplication event; a fork indicates the divergence of one of the copies. A dotted line reflects an uncertain relationship. In the case of CEBP-PAR and MAF-NFE2, we ascertained that the two subfamilies originated from a single protein but could not identify this ancestor (depicted as an hexagon bearing a question mark). At the bottom, subfamilies are gathered into the traditional bilaterian main families The OASIS family of bZIPs form three orthology groups (Additional file 3) that emerged either prior to metazoan cladogenesis or before the divergence of sponge and eumetazoan lineages. The OASIS-L group is distinct from the other OASIS family members and lacks the OASIS-specific extended basic domain. PAR, CEBP and FOS duplicated and diverged along the bilaterian stem to give rise to three new pairs of families, PAR-NFIL3, CEBP-CEBPg and FOS-ATF3. Cnidarians also possess pairs of CEBP and FOS genes that clade with one of the bilaterian orthologues, suggesting that these duplicated prior to the divergence of cnidarians and bilaterians; one of the duplicates subsequently diverged to form a new subfamily in bilaterians. The sponge-eumetazoan common ancestor possessed two PAR orthologues: PAR and PAR-L; PAR further duplicated and diversified in stem bilaterians to give rise to PAR and NFIL3 orthology groups. Independent expansion of this family in bilaterians, cnidarians and poriferans has yielded PAR-members that are unique to these taxa (Additional file 3). Similarly, although all eumetazoans possess at least two MAF-bZIPs, the emergence of large MAF and small MAF orthology groups did not occur until after the divergence of cnidarians and bilaterians (Additional file 3). This study also identified a new bZIP family, called REPTOR after its Drosophila member [13], which emerged from an unidentified bZIP ancestor along the poriferan-eumetazoan stem. All REPTORs display an almost identical basic region and a very short leucine zipper, which may nonetheless be functional for dimerization [13, 21]. ATF2-Sko1, ATF6-HAC1 and JUN-CGN4 families are common between metazoans and fungi, and most likely reflect the bZIP network that was in place in the common ancestor of extant opisthokonts. Members of those families preferentially recognise a palindromic sequence that is conserved in extant animals and fungi [6]. We found that the transactivation of ATF2, CREB and JUN are conserved throughout metazoans, and that of ATF6 throughout holozoans (Additional file 5). The conservation of both co-factors and binding sites potentially reflects the primordial role of these factors in the opisthokont ancestor and points towards a conserved function across animal and fungal orthologues. Consistent with this idea, metazoan ATF6 and yeast HAC1 hold a similar role in the activation of the seemingly conserved unfolded protein response [22]. Similarly, ATF2 plays a key role in the control of homeostasis in animals (reviewed in [23]) while SKO1 is central in the yeast response to different stress stimuli [24]. This reasoning may explain the general housekeeping role of CREB/ATF factors in animals, in contrast to the specific roles of metazoan-specific families (e.g. PAR and the control of circadian rhythm [25]). The diversification of bZIPs in eukaryotes support a role in the evolution of multicellularity Multicellularity evolved several times in eukaryotes [26] and arose from a diversification of gene regulatory networks [1]. Given the bZIPs are part of the ancestral eukaryotic transcription factor repertoire, a relationship between bZIP expansion, and diversification and evolution of complex multicellularity appears plausible. Our analysis supports the inference that the eukaryotic LCA possessed a solitary bZIP, which underwent an early expansion and diversification in the lineages leading to crown animals and fungi (stem opisthokont lineage), and Viridiplantae (land plants and green algae) (Fig. 5). This is consistent with an early increase in bZIP membership being a prerequisite for the evolution of the complex multicellularity displayed in animals, plants and fungi. The bZIP superfamily underwent a further duplication and divergence in each of these lineages, as detailed above for animals, with some of the expansions occurring prior to the emergence of the stem metazoan lineage (Figs. 5 and 6). The differential expansion of the bZIP superfamily in opisthokont and plant lineages is consistent with the hypothesis that the independent diversification of bZIP families contributed to evolution of complex multicellularity on more than one occasion. Specifically a marked difference in ancestral metazoan and fungal, and land plant and algal bZIP repertoires, with morphologically more complex metazoans and land plants having more bZIP families (12 and 13, respectively) than simpler fungi and unicellular algae (4 and 5, respectively; Fig. 5). The bZIP superfamily has also diversified in other eukaryotic lineages that display colonial or simple multicellularity. For instance, with a more limited dataset we identified 3 and 4 families in amoebozoans and heterokonts, respectively. In these cases again it appears that the expansion and diversification of bZIPs into different families occurs in lineages that include organisms with complex life cycles and more than one cell type (Fig. 5). The establishment of the core of the bZIP network early in evolution is consistent with bZIPs central role in basic cellular processes [5]. Reconstruction of the ancestral bZIP The giardial bZIP has been proposed as a model for the precursor of all bZIPs [7]. However, it is consistently recovered in a clade that lacks most eukaryotic lineages; only metazoan and fungal bZIPs clade with this bZIP. Although in this study we could not confidently identify the ancestral bZIP of each kingdom, the similarity between sequences from ancient families of plant (proto-B), metazoan (ATF6-OASIS), fungal (HAC1), amoebozoan and heterokont bZIPs suggests they share features of the ancestral eukaryotic bZIP (Fig. 3), including the deeply conserved NxxSAxxSR (residues 13–21) signature motif. This five-residue motif is involved in sequence-specific DNA binding and has not varied greatly over the entire course of the bZIP superfamily evolution. Indeed this may explain the restricted number bZIP families and the similarity of bZIP DNA-binding sequences throughout Eukaryota. Although each monomer possesses its own transactivation activity (reviewed in [27]), bZIPs can nonetheless regulate a wide range of cellular processes because they bind DNA as dimers, where each basic domain contributes individually to the recognition of one half binding site [17]. Pairing of bZIPs generates an extensive array of dimeric regulators, which in combination determines the transcriptional activity. Thus the independent diversification of bZIPs in multiple eukaryotic lineages allows for a marked and lineage-specific expansion in potential combinations. As dimerization is key to the functional diversification of bZIP transcription factors, offering the potential for flexible and complex transcriptional programs, the expansion of this gene family potentially contributed to the foundations underlying the evolution of complex multicellular organisms. We compiled a dataset of 896 bZIPs from 49 sequenced genomes from across the Eukaryota. The depth of this dataset permits an assessment of the evolution of this family of transcription factors in relation to the timing of the major evolutionary transitions in eukaryotes, including the evolution of multicellularity. We demonstrated that bZIPs underwent an early expansion and diversification, independently in each of the five main eukaryotic lineages, and was likely a contributing prerequisite for the evolution of organisms with complex life cycles and multiple cell types. Focusing on metazoans, we reconstructed the duplication events that shaped bZIP sub-families and identified three previously uncharacterised bZIP sub-families that appear to have been lost in mammals. Our analysis identified the ancestral metazoan and holozan bZIP repertoire, which comprise 7 and 12 founder genes, respectively. Taxonomic sampling and retrieval of bZIPs The sequences of the full complement of bZIP genes were retrieved from the fully sequenced genomes of 31 non-metazoan eukaryotes and 18 metazoan representatives. Metazoan opisthokonts include: Homo sapiens, Branchiostoma floridae and Ciona intestinalis (Chordata); Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Echinodermata); Drosophila melanogaster, Tribolium castaneum and Daphnia pulex (Arthropoda): Lottia gigantea (Mollusca), Capitella telata (Polychaeta); Nematostella vectensis, Acropora digitifera and Hydra magnipapillata (Cnidaria); Trichoplax adherans (Placozoa); Mnemiopsis leydi and Pleurobrachia bachei (Ctenophora); and Amphimedon queenslandica, Oscarella carmela and Sycon ciliatum (Porifera). Non-metazoan opisthokonts include: Monosiga brevicollis (Choanoflagellata); Capsaspora owczarzaki (Filasterea); and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Candida albicans, Aspergillus nidulans, Magnaporthe grisea, Ustilago maydis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Mucor circinelloides, Rhizophagus irregularis, Antonospora locustae and Encephalitozoon cuniculi (Fungi). Plants include: Arabidopsis thaliana (Planta); Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (green alga); and Galdieria sulphuraria and Chondrus Crispus (red alga). Amoebozoans include: Entamoeba histolica, Dictyostelium discoideum, Acanthamoeba castellanii, Hartmannella vermiformis and Physarum polycephalum. Heterokonts include: Thalassiosira pseudonana, Phytophthora sojae, Pythium ultimum, Phytophthora infectans, Ectocarpus sliculosus (brown alga), Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis, and Phaeodactylum tricornutum; Excavates include: Giardia lamblia and Naeglaria gruberi. As there are few published analyses of heterokont bZIPs, we sampled several species in this lineage. Subsequent phylogenetic analyses in this study were restricted to Phytophthora infectans (oocmycete), Thalassiosira pseudonana (diatom) and Ectocarpus siliculosus (brown alga). Species and data sources information can be found in Additional file 1: Table S1. All databases were publically available and no animal work requiring ethics approval was conducted. The complete bZIP set for each species was obtained through an iterative process including (i) building an initial set of bZIP proteins using PFAM, (ii) interrogating the proteome by BlastP in several databases (NCBI, JGI, Ensemble and species specific genome browsers [2842]) and then (iii) re-interrogating each of the proteomes with a HMMER genome-wide scanning using custom Hidden Markov Models generated for each phylogenetic clade. When searching early branching holozoans, additional models were generated for each phylum. A general cutoff value of 10-4 was used but proteins with higher e-value were also manually selected against the identification criteria listed below. When possible, we interrogated our dataset with previously published data to assess completeness (see Additional file 1: Table S1 for details, [7, 9, 10, 18, 20, 21, 4345]). Putative bZIPs were then manually inspected for the following features: (1) a basic domain BR, as defined by [20], and (2) a leucine zipper, within the two heptads located C-terminally of the BR and presenting a coil-coiled structure of two heptads minimum. Phylogenetic analyses We defined the N-terminal domain boundary of the bZIP domain as the N-terminal end of the crystal structure of GCN4 in complex with DNA [46] and to avoid artefacts in the tree building algorithm, we set the length of the basic domain (basic region and leucine zipper) at 60 amino acids. Protein sequences were trimmed to their bZIP domain and aligned using the MAFFT v7 algorithm [47] in Geneious and then manually inspected. Maximum likelihood (ML) analyses were carried out by RaxML [48]. The LG + G substitution model was scored as the best-fit model for each alignment, using ProtTest [49]. Branch support was estimated by performing 1000 bootstrap replicates. Bayesian analyses were carried out with MrBayes 3.2 [50], using the LGG substitution matrix, with 2 parallel runs, four chains and a resampling frequency of 100. Different temperatures were used when convergence was not achieved. We considered that we had reached convergence when the average standard deviation of split frequencies fell below 0.05. The analysis was terminated if convergence was not reached after 12,000,000 generations. To determine orthologue assignments, we looked at each species independently. For holozoan bZIPs, we constructed three bZIP reference sets including the sequences from Homo, Branchiostoma and poriferans (bZIPs from a representative demosponge, calcisponge and homoscleromorph), respectively. We made multiple alignments comprising the putative bZIPs of each species and one of the reference set; the bZIPs identified in each phylum; and the bZIPs identified in each clade. Phylogenetic trees were inferred by maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses. We considered two sequences as orthologues if their grouping was supported by bootstrap values and posterior marginal probabilities superior to 80 % and 90 %, respectively. We then manually inspected each protein for conserved amino acids peculiar to each bZIP family (described in [51] (CEBP); [52] (MAF); [17] (JUN and FOS); [53] (PAR); [54] (CREB) and [55] (all) and Additional file 4). Protein sequences, names and family assignment can be found in Additional file 1: Table S1. Using a similar method, we sought to identify groups of orthologues within and between six eukaryotic kingdoms: animals, fungi, plants, amoebozans, heterokonts and excavates. Our classification was compared with previous studies that have focused on a specific clade (in fungi [9] and plants [10]), to confirm our orthologue assignments and limited to taxa for which there is an available draft genome. Thus the eukaryotic lineages with wider and deeper coverage are likely to be more accurate. To reduce the effect of potentially unstable sequences, we ran multiple permutations of the same analysis, with only one or two species representative of each kingdom or lineage, changing the lineage representatives each time. Search for other motifs and domains in bZIP-containing proteins The complete set of full-length bZIP sequences from the following representative holozoan species was searched for the presence of conserved motifs using the MEME suite [56]: Homo sapiens; Drosophila melanogaster; Hydra magnipapillata; Amphimedon queenslandica; Mnemiopsis leydii; Monosiga brevicollis; and Capsaspora owczarzaki. The minimal and maximal width for a motif was set to 6 and 50 residues, respectively. The motifs found to be conserved between orthologues were investigated further by building HMM for these motifs/domains and searching the entire derived bZIP proteome of all holozoan species. 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Additional files Additional file 1: Table S1. bZIP dataset. First tab contains databases information, method of protein retrieval and references. Following tabs include the full list of the protein sequences used in this study, accession information and, when relevant, family assignment. Table S2. Statistical support for family assignment. We reported the boostrap values (NJ: neighbor-joining and ML: maximum likelihood) and posterior probabilities (BI: Bayesian inference) that supported the assignment of each protein to a bZIP family, listed on the left. Taxa are listed at the top. (ZIP 151 kb) Additional file 2: Phylogenetic analysis of the bZIP complement in Metazoa. (A) Mid-point rooted maximum likelihood tree of unambiguously identified bZIPs from 6 representative species (3 bilaterians (H. sapiens, B. floridae and D. pulex), 1 sponge (A. queenslandica), 1 filasterean (C. owczarzaki) and 1 fungus (S. cerevisiae). Poriferan branches are shown in orange, filasterean branches in pink and fungal branches in green. bZIP families are shaded in grey. (B) Alignments of PAR-L, OASIS-L and REPTOR subfamilies. Shading indicates residue conservation at a given position, decreasing from black (100 %) to light grey (60 %). Typical PAR- and OASIS- bZIPs are included at the top of the alignment for reference; triangles indicate the positions discussed in the text. (PDF 1491 kb) Additional file 3: Diversification of bZIP subfamilies. Mid-point rooted Bayesian inference trees of the bZIP members of five families: OASIS, PAR, FOS-ATF3, CEBP and MAF. Posterior probabilities are displayed on the branches. Hsap: Homo Sapiens; Brfl: Branchiostoma floridae; Spur: Strongylocentrotus purpuratus; Dmeg: Drosophila melanogaster; Tcas: Tribolium castaneum; Dapu: Daphnia pulex; Lotg: Lottia gigantean; Ctel: Capitella telata; Nmev: Nematostella vectensis; Hmag: Hydra magnipapillata; Adi: Acropora digitifera;Tadh: Trichoplax adherans; Amq: Amphimedon queenslandica; Mnle: Mnemiopsis leidyi. (PDF 81 kb) Additional file 4: Family-specific amino acid analysis. Based on sequence similarity, we built a consensus sequence for each family. The number of sequences used to build this consensus is indicated in parentheses. As a reference, the canonical bZIP sequence is shown in the box above the alignment and black circles indicate five highly conserved residues of the basic domain discussed in the text. We only display residues that are specific to a bZIP family; residues that are conserved in all bZIPs appear as a dot in the alignment. Yellow highlighted residues are positions that are most specific to each family and that were used to confirm family assignment in this study. (PDF 932 kb) Additional file 5: Emergence of new domain combinations in metazoan bZIP families. A bar represents a typical bZIP family member, on which we indicated the positions of the bZIP domain (BRLZ, in yellow) and a conserved motif (in grey). Three of these motifs – KID in CREB, TAD in ATF2 and HOB 1-2 in JUN- have been previously described in bilaterian bZIPs. Each motif is displayed as a logo. Coloured circles to the right indicate the presence of this motif in the taxa listed on the top right. Hs: Homo sapiens; Dm: Drosophila melanogaster; Hm: Hydra magnipapillata; Aq: Amphimedon queenslandica; Mb: Monosiga brevicollis; Co: Capsaspora owczarzaki; Sc: Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (PDF 1097 kb) Rights and permissions Reprints and Permissions About this article Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark Cite this article Jindrich, K., Degnan, B.M. The diversification of the basic leucine zipper family in eukaryotes correlates with the evolution of multicellularity. BMC Evol Biol 16, 28 (2016). Download citation • bZIP transcription factor • Gene regulatory networks • Evolution • Complexity
A Light to My Path by Lois Tverberg What does it mean that God’s Word is a light to ones’ path? Imagine what this metaphor would mean if you were traveling in Israel’s rocky, mountainous terrain. Its narrow, rocky paths are tricky even in the day time. At night they become absolutely treacherous. It is an utter necessity to have an lamp to light the way, to avoid twisting an ankle or losing one’s footing and crashing down a hill. A poignant Hasidic story expands on this metaphor: A man walking through a forest one night without a light, alone and afraid. He stumbling along slowly, straining to find the winding path ahead, tripping over branches and rocks all the while. Then he encountered another man with a bright lantern on the path and together they walked easily and quickly together until they came to a crossroads. They bade each other well and went their separate ways. Then the man without the light went back to groping and stumbling down the path, while the man with the lamp receded into the distance, moving forward smoothly, with no trouble. Light in a tunnelThe point of the story is to teach us that everyone must have his or her own knowledge of God’s word to guide them – achieved through personal study and effort to know the Scriptures. We can’t be lazy and let our pastor, wife, husband or friends be the ones who learn while we can’t be bothered. The difference is between worrying and stumbling through each situation, or walking sure-footedly by God’s word, as a compass that always points towards his will. (1) A Hasidic story relayed in Old Testament Words: Reflections for Preaching, by Mary Donovan Turner, Chalice Press, 2003, p. 8. The Jewish Hasidism (hah-SEED-ism) movement arose in Poland in the 18th century. See this article for more. Photos: Roman Poberezhnik on Unsplash*sax
Quick Answer: How Do We Write Five Senses? Do humans have 20 senses? Most of those familiar with the matter say there are between 14 and 20, depending on how you define a sense. Perhaps the simplest definition is: a sense is a channel through which your body can observe itself or the outside world.. What are some examples of the five senses? What are Your Five Senses?Ears (hearing)Skin and hair (touch)Eyes (sight)Tongue (taste)Nose (smell) What is sixth sense? : a power of perception like but not one of the five senses : a keen intuitive power. Synonyms Example Sentences Learn More about sixth sense. What are our 21 senses? 5, 9, 21, 53 … how many senses do we have?Sight or vision.Hearing or audition.Smell or olfaction.Taste or gustation.Touch or tactition. What are the 33 human senses? 3: the number of physical types of stimulus: light (photons), chemicals (smell, taste, and internal sensors), mechanical (touch and hearing). 9: vision, hearing, touch, taste, smell, pain, mechanoreception (balance etc.), temperature, interoreceptors (e.g. blood pressure, bladder stretch). 21 (see table below) 33. What is your strongest sense? What activity uses all 5 senses? Originally Answered: What is an activity or action that we as humans use all of our five senses (touch, smell, taste, hear, see)? Eating. You see and smell the food, then you touch it (at least with your mouth) and taste it, while hearing everything from “crunch” to “slosh”. What are the 22 senses? A woman who I met sitting next to me at my Visionary Business Mastery conference last week blew my mind. She casually mentions that humans have up to 22 different senses. Besides the main five senses; vision, hearing, touch, taste, smell and then thanks to the movie, we discovered the sixth sense. How are five senses used in an essay? If your target audience agrees on the fact that they obtained a complete reflection of certain things while reading your piece, you’ve got it right. People have five sense as you know: taste, touch, smell, hearing, and sight. The writer has to appeal to each of these senses as you never know what your reader prefers. How do you describe your senses? Sensory words are descriptive—they describe how we experience the world: how we smell, see, hear, feel or taste something.Words related to sight indicate colors, shape, or appearance. … Words related to touch describe textures. … Words related to hearing describe sounds. … Taste and smell are closely related.More items… Why are the five senses important? What are the 14 senses? Human external sensation is based on the sensory organs of the eyes, ears, skin, vestibular system, nose, and mouth, which contribute, respectively, to the sensory perceptions of vision, hearing, touch, spatial orientation, smell, and taste. How do you describe your five senses? Humans have five basic senses: touch, sight, hearing, smell and taste. The sensing organs associated with each sense send information to the brain to help us understand and perceive the world around us. People also have other senses in addition to the basic five. Here’s how they work. How do we use our senses? There are five senses – sight, smell, touch, taste and hearing. Our senses help us to understand what’s happening around us. Our senses send messages through receptor cells to our brain, using our nervous system to deliver that message. Why is learning the 5 senses important? The five senses of hearing, touch, sight, taste and smell are the primary means we use to gain new knowledge. … Using many senses to gain information helps learning to be more meaningful and useful. Children naturally learn with all the senses. Is there a 7th sense? We often forget that there is the Vestibular System and Proprioception…the 6th and 7th senses. Just as our ability to smell helps us navigate new experiences or the ability to hear helps us communicate, the Vestibular System and Proprioception help us navigate the world around us. Who has sixth sense? It’s in Your Genes. Taste, smell, vision, hearing, touch and… awareness of one’s body in space? Yes, humans have at least six senses, and a new study suggests that the last one, called proprioception, may have a genetic basis. How can I unlock my sixth sense?
Johannes Vermeer The Renaissance painters have done a great deal for the promotion of the Oriental carpet trade with their portraits of the wealthy and mighty surrounded by their valuables, of which of course Oriental carpets were also part. Most of these painters always chose a single design of carpet to complement their painting. The classification and identification of Oriental carpets only became an obsession of carpet connoisseurs during the 19th century and since no “actual” carpets of these painters were known to have survived at that stage, it was thought out of production and was given the name of the painter, eg. Holbein,Lotto, etc. Great was the joy, however, when real examples of these carpets were found at the end of the 1800’s in the Ottoman Empire, etc. Together with the Renaissance art a history of said carpets could finally be determent. I recently watched a documentary on valuable paintings and Johannes Vermeer was also discussed. It struck me how many of his paintings had Oriental carpets in them too but because Johannes used different Oriental carpets in each one (albeit many of his paintings appear to be done in the same room), naturally no particular design of Oriental carpet was ever called a Vermeer carpet. This could also be attributed to the fact that Johannes Vermeer, although being well known in his home town of Delft, practically disappeared from history after his sudden death at the age of 43 in 1675. Local patron, Pieter van Ruijven, purchased a large quantity of his total of 34 paintings shortly after and this further attributed to his art disappearing from the public eye. It would only be rediscovered by French art critic, Theophile Thore-Burger, in 1842 when he saw the “View of Delft” in the Mauritshuis in The Hague. He spent many years after searching for other works of Vermeer and eventually published a catalogue of his works. Johannes Vermeer grew up during the Dutch Golden Age at a time when the home was regarded as a safe-haven from the lack of Christian virtue and immorality of the outside world. It was also a time when the Dutch expanded their influence in the Trade World and even though Dutch nobility/ landowners still held a high position in society, it was the wealthy merchants that held the greatest esteem. It was also these merchants that set the standards for displays of wealth and the middle class followed suit. Vermeer’s paintings consisted mostly of middle class men and women inside the home busy with daily life in Delft. Copying the high class members of society they are also placed in settings reflecting items that show some form of wealth including Oriental carpets. Interestingly all the Oriental rugs are placed on top of a table with none under foot possibly indicating the high value and esteem these items carried. Johannes Vermeer deserves a nod of gratitude for showcasing these exquisite pieces of art in his paintings! Known for his love of using expensive colors (lapis lazuli comes to mind), not only are his paintings almost the most sought after in the world today, but I am certain so too would be the carpets that he so lovingly painted with expensive paints! Imagine owning an original Vermeer and the actual Oriental carpet appearing in the painting...Priceless!
Cry Wolf – Meaning, Origin \| Phrases The meaning of the phrase “cry wolf” is to lie. This phrase refers to a person who lies or complains about something even though no real problems are present. Example: One of my employees called in sick today and said he needed a few days off. While that might be true, I think he’s crying wolf and really just wants a little vacation. Synonyms / Related Phrases: Cry wolf, an animal howling. The Origin of ‘Cry Wolf’ The origin of the saying ‘cry wolf’ is believed to be from Aesop, a Greek fabulist who is said to have lived around the time of 620 to 560 BCE. He wrote a number of different fables known collectively as Aesop’s Fables. One of the stories credited to his name is called The Boy Who Cried Wolf. This story tells of a young boy who was given the responsibility of watching over some sheep for the night. The boy eventually grew bored with his assignment and thought it would be rather humorous if he pretended to be in danger, so he started to cry “wolf, wolf!” His plan worked, as the people nearby heard his cries for help and came rushing to lend their support. But they soon learned it was all a silly ruse. After this repeated a few more times, the people stopped listening to the boy. They no longer responded to him when they heard him yelling. Later, a real wolf showed up! Now the boy and the sheep were in actual danger, so he started to cry for help. But it was too late, because nobody would listen to him any longer. The moral of the The Boy Who Cried Wolf story is that when someone constantly lies, they lose the trust of others. Thus, the phrase ‘crying wolf’ is thought to have originated from this story; it references the lying boy. Example Sentences For ‘Cry Wolf’ • Someone spilled coffee on another person’s laptop while they were away using the restroom. The person responsible wanted me to cry wolf, saying I saw nothing, but I refused. • I thought my wife was crying wolf when she kept yammering on about a mouse in the kitchen, but when I checked myself, I realized she was telling the truth. Tip: Hey, you, over here! You just read about an animal related idiom. On this site, we actually have a list of animal phrases that you can check out if you want to see more. You’ll find phrases for dogs, cats, horses, birds, and more! Sharing is caring!
Skip to main content Essay writing: Planning & drafting “Why should you make a plan for your essays? Why 'waste time' ...? Because it will pay off in the long run in terms of the relevance, organisation and clarity of your essay.” Don Shiach, How to Write Essays An academic essay is a very specific form of writing. Its purpose is to answer the question in an organised and comprehensive manner. In order to do this, care should be taken at the planning stage so that you can be confident that you have included the most relevant material and that your reader can follow your line of argument as you make the points that lead to your conclusion. 1. Initial thoughts and reading bookshelfAfter you have analysed your essay question(see the Analysing questions page in this guide), it is worth making a note of your initial thoughts. You will probably have had some lectures that were relevant to the essay so you may already have an idea what your overall position will be. If you have not reached a considered opinion yet, then it is time to do some initial reading—probably just around your recommended texts to begin with—so that you can decide where you stand on the issue at hand. 2. Rough planning You should now be able to draft either a simple conclusion or a rough plan of your introduction. This is the point where you need to be deciding the key points for each of your paragraphs. How many key points (paragraphs)? The number of key points that you need to make to reach your conclusion will, to some extent, be dictated by the length of your essay. Academic paragraphs are usually between 200 and 300 words long (they vary more than this but it is a useful guide). With that in mind, you should be able to work out roughly how many points you need to make given the length of your essay. If we look at 3 examples: The paragraphs in the longer essays will probably be grouped into themes to give your argument a bit more organisation. Plan your key points Now you know how many points you need, spend time deciding what they are. You can do this as a list of bullet points, a mind map, a diagram; whatever works for you. 3. Gather the information you need for your essay Laptop and books iconsUsing your rough plan to maintain your focus, gather the information you need for your essay - find the journal articles and books etc that will form the evidence for your arguments. We have workshops on finding quality information if you need any help and advice with this. 4. Read and take notes from the information you have gathered notetaking iconCarefully read the books and other sources of information you have gathered, making notes on them as you go along. You may find you need to adjust your points a little at this stage as your reading may (should) influence your argument. Our Managing your Reading page has information about how to make effective notes. Make sure you keep all the information you need for referencing the source. A quick way to do this is to take a photograph on your phone of the copyright page of any books and the top of the first page of any article. You could also check out our pages on Referencing software. 5. Create a detailed plan of the middle section of your essay Using the reading you have done, revisit your draft introduction/conclusion to see if you want to amend it due to your reading. Once this is done, create a plan of the middle section of your essay which is much more detailed than your original rough plan and which takes into account any changes you made to the conclusion. Include in your plan, your main sections and arguments, in the order in which you will present them. It may be a good idea to write out in full the topic sentence of each paragraph - the sentence that makes the point that the paragraph is about. You can see from this if your essay has a natural flow, with the general narrative (logical story leading to your conclusion) making sense. 6. Write a full draft of your essay This is not your final essay - just the first draft and should be considered part of the planning stage. Don't worry about it being written in perfect English or even if the order seems a little wrong once you start writing—nobody else is going to see it so just get it written. Many students write the middle section of the essay first. If this is your preferred method, use the detailed plan you have just created to help you do so. When you are satisfied with your middle section, tidy up the draft introduction or fill out your conclusion to add more detail. This forms the basis of your essay. From now on you are revising and editing it, not writing it.
Idiom hang work on nail Idiom nail hang Add: etozyto64 - Date: 2020-12-29 09:14:32 - Views: 374 - Clicks: 2081 As an idiom, it means to meet expectations or reach the required standard. Tooth and nail definition is - with every available means : all out. Example: “James’s report didn’t have quite enough data to cut the mustard. This may be hard to do if the hangnail is on your dominant hand. Native English speakers, or of any language for that matter, naturally inherit the knowledge to know what idioms mean because they have the benefit of hearing them every day as they grow up. (Really mature I know. FOTYRIG Adhesive Wall Hooks Heavy Duty Wall Hangers Without Nails 15 pounds (Max) 180 Degree Rotating Seamless Scratch Hooks for Hanging Bathroom Kitchen Office-10 Packs 4. Mikhail says, which means cutting along the sides, rather than the top, of the nail. English idioms, proverbs, and expressions are an important part of everyday English. Learn English Idioms. List of useful business expressions, business sayings illustrated with ESL printable worksheets to improve your business communication skills. Figurative phrases or popular expressions that children and English Language Learners (ELL) come across can be confusing because their meaning is different from each of their individual words. Mikhail also adds that "pushing back or cutting cuticles too aggressively," can also be irritating. How to use tooth and nail in a sentence. The stranded hiker was hanging on by her fingernails until idiom hang work on nail the rescue crew arrived. The meanings of idioms;. hang·nail (hăng′nāl′) n. That idiom hang work on nail may seem like a lot of work, but learning idioms is fun, especially when you compare English idioms to the idioms in your own language. They come up all the time in both written and spoken English. Definition of fight tooth and nail in the Idioms Dictionary. Despite the name, a hangnail isn’t part of the fingernail itself. Change your default dictionary to American English. We offer a collection of useful idioms, explanations of their meaning, and links to relevant stories that provide context. Hangnails are extremly painful, and very addicting. This is the British English definition of hang on by your fingernails. Definitions by the largest Idiom Dictionary. Jamie is known for his short fuse; just a few days ago he screamed at his coach for not letting him play. View American English definition of hang on by your fingernails. Literally, Germans are "making nails with heads" — which means idiom hang work on nail do a proper job and follow through with something you&39;ve started, and dot your i&39;s and cross your t&39;s. Literally, to grasp something, such as a cliff, with one&39;s fingernails to avoid falling. Common English Idioms. It’s relatively easier to remember words than to remember idioms (and proverbs), because idioms typically contain 3-4 or more words. ” Off the cuff. A hang nail is caused by dry skin and peeling of the skin around the nail bed. The reference to “arms” in “up in arms” is a reference to weaponry. Because idioms don&39;t always make sense literally, you&39;ll need to familiarize yourself with the meaning and usage of each idiom. He&39;d better not squeal on us! What is your favorite nail polish color and nail shape to wear to work? nail definition: 1. Less Common Idioms to Spice Up Your Speech Cut idiom hang work on nail the mustard. Ninian Winget refers to &39;tuith and nail&39; as a proverb in his work Certain Tractates. Example: Your thesis statement really hit the nail on the head. Soak your fingers. By extension, to narrowly avoid problems or failure. Whether a screw or a nail is the best fastener to use depends primarily on the weight of the object that you are hanging. A hangnail is a small piece of skin that’s hanging off near the side or base of the fingernail. 15 Last straw (part of a sentence) The last time one will allow this. A hangnail is a piece of skin near the root of the nail that appears jagged and torn. 13 Hit the nail on the head (part of a sentence) Completely accurate. Hangnails generally appear on the fingers and not on the toes, though it’s possible to have one around a. Remembering a string of words in the correct sequence and recalling them in a flash while speaking isn’t easy. Knowing a few common idioms can really help you to make sense of what you’re reading or watching. That may seem like a lot of work, but learning idioms is fun, especially when you compare English idioms. , as used in building, in fastening, or in holding separate pieces together. Proverbs and idioms are an integral part of all languages and cultures, and they play a significant role in Japan. I can&39;t seem to get things done right. Nail definition, a slender, typically rod-shaped rigid piece of metal, usually in any of numerous standard lengths from a fraction of an inch to several inches and having one end pointed and the other enlarged and flattened, for hammering into or through wood, other building materials, etc. fight tooth and nail phrase. The idiom goes back to a time. Soak your fingers in warm water for about 10 minutes. See also: nail, on, polish. 12 Hang in there (by itself) To wish someone to persevere through hardship. the part of the body at the end of the arm that is used for holding, moving, touching, and. and for all sorts of people. Number 48 in the list “50 Idioms About Arms, Hands, and Fingers” isn’t really a good candidate for the list, is it? 24/7: Twenty-four hours a day; seven days a week; all the time; constantly. 14 It takes two to tango (by itself) Two people are at fault. These are some of the most common types of nails: Common nails: The first choice for many framing, construction and carpentry uses. The earliest recorded use of this expression in print was in the 1560s. It&39;s a habbit for some to pick at hangnails until the strip of skin has come off, and start a new one after they&39;re finished bleeding. Idioms bring color to any language, and knowing how to use them (and when) will make every conversation you have moving forward much easier. Tell tale, pick a nail, / Hang to the vull&39;s tail. slang To catch, apprehend, or arrest someone. To help you out, we’ve curated 23 of the most common English idioms, what they mean, and how you can use it in your future conversations. Picture 1 – Hangnail infection on big toe. Alteration of agnail. Definition and synonyms of hang on by your fingernails from idiom hang work on nail the online English dictionary from Macmillan Education. This phrase, which is most often heard in “You can put nail polish on a hangnail, but it&39;s still a hangnail,” can be used in all sorts of situations. But first of all, a hangnail must have been present. Use a sanitized nail clipper or cuticle scissor to cut off the hangnail. The warm water will help soften your skin and nails, which will make it easier to cut away the hangnail. What is an idiom? One thing that has helped me remember. After nearly three months on the run, police in Arkansas finally nailed the two fugitives. You can add in some drops of vitamin E oil or olive oil for extra moisture during your soak. As you might guess, cutting the mustard is a bit more work than slicing through a yellow condiment. Jane: Hang in there, Bob. 4 out of 5 stars 2,081 . What does fight tooth and nail expression mean? Because pop culture is usually produced with a native Japanese audience in mind, idioms can be used in a wide range of contexts. Biting of nails also predisposes one to peeling of the skin around the nail bed. Reader L has a great question: I have read a good deal of advice online about work appropriate nail colors, but I cannot find much on length and shape. "Nail clipping can lead to hangnails if the nail is trimmed idiom hang work on nail along the lateral aspect of the nail," Dr. Things will work out. hang in there phrase. When someone says they’ve broken a nail, they mean that part of their fingernail has broken off. Before you get into the idioms, I would give you a tip if you want to use them (versus just know the meaning). If you are unable to cut it yourself, ask someone else to. When you hang pictures and art on your walls, you want to get it right the first time to reduce the number of holes that you leave in your walls. A small piece of dead skin at the side or the base of a fingernail that is partly detached from the rest of the skin. A strip of skin at on either side of a fingernail people pick at. This is work-related and I want to get it right. My little sister irritates me 24/7! Dry hands and nails naturally lead to hangnails, says Stern. a small, thin piece of metal with one pointed end and one flat end that you hit into something. A short fuse: A quick temper. Learn idiom definition, common idioms list in English with meaning, idiom examples and ESL pictures. If you have small piece of torn skin hanging loose next your nail, you have a hangnail. I heard Jimmy was nailed in Chicago last night. This idiom appears to stem from the ancient Latin phrase toto corpore atque omnibus ungulis (all the body and every nail). Definition of hang in there in the Idioms Dictionary. 15 Responses to “50 Idioms About Arms, Hands, and Fingers” Randy idiom hang work on nail Parrish on J 9:25 am. Several microorganisms are responsible for causing hanging nail infection. nail polish on a hangnail Ugly or useless despite an attractive appearance. Learn common business idioms and phrases with meaning and examples. The heavy shank provides sturdy support for framing and other rough work where strength and function are more important than appearance, because the round head is visible on the surface. And, readers — as busy women, do you prefer gel or acrylic over regular nail polish? Literally, to grasp something, such as a cliff, with one&39;s fingernails to avoid falling. More Idiom Hang Work On Nail images. Although it would be logical to think it is a condition that affects the nail — since hangnail has the word. “Picture a split end on your hair—when the cuticle tissue is super-dry, it will literally separate or split,” says Stern. Idiom hang work on nail email: [email protected] - phone:(654) 943-1348 x 9330 Icc stock quote - Work best -> Self directed investing -> Bitcoin stock name robinhood Idiom hang work on nail - Gift card used Sitemap 14 Online classes allow you to do school work from home - Вложить немало иначе майнинга
Causal Argument – ShaquilleOatmeal School Lunches Result In Better Students School lunches unlike homemade lunches give access to a nutritionally balanced meal everyday to students and teachers. Homemade lunches can have such a variety that students could have one of the healthiest meals one day, but the next day they bring it a donut with some chips and a fruit punch. Clearly it’s known how different homemade lunches can be and a parent and student could both believe that saying homemade lunches not being nutritional enough is obnoxious and just judging off what’s wanting to be seen for the argument. It should also be known that the goal of the argument is to present the idea that school lunches, given the variety and health benefits, are a better choice for students and teachers since their being provided a well-balanced meal everyday whereas the homemade lunch is uncontrollable. Also, school lunches being improved each year really just provides a strong backbone to the argument. School lunches have multiple goals in their paths. Their goals are to satisfy students’ hunger, provide proper nutrients and to do it all with a great variety. Homemade on the other hand has one known goal and that being to satisfy hunger for students. Most students and parents don’t go through lunch prep at home and think they need food from each of the food categories, but they think about what’s going to make them not hungry anymore. Overall, school lunches are given known thought to what is being put out for students and homemade lunches are not. There might be underlying reasons hidden behind these school lunches, but what are they for exactly? There for the students/ teachers and their health/ academics, but lots aren’t aware of that goal. The nutrients being provided are there to satisfy most daily health needs throughout a day given the unknown circumstances of students personal lives. In the “School Nutrition and Meal Cost Findings summary, the USDA says, “Virtually all daily lunch menus met the daily quantity requirement for milk. Nearly all daily lunch menus met the daily quantity requirements for fruits (95 percent) and meats/meat alternates (91 percent). Roughly 8 in 10 daily lunch menus met the daily quantity requirements for vegetables and grains (81 and 80 percent, respectively).” Being able to provide these percentages of foods weekly for students and staff is unbelievable. These stats are the proof of a true well-balanced lunch meal. Now that it’s known that these school lunches have the nutrition in them, it’s easy to see how the ones consuming them are receiving the daily vitamins/ minerals/ nutrients/ etc. for a positive healthy lifestyle. Having the great daily health needs from the school lunches ends up causing the students to do better in school and with their health. One can easily connect the retrieval of the nutrients to the health of the student. If a student was to eat these lunches multiple times per week, given the consistent nutrition, they will be on track to living a healthy lifestyle. It won’t be one’s clear path to a healthy lifestyle since it’s only one meal of the day and it’s always going to be uncontrollable what students eat outside from school, but it helps students out tremendously. Having that healthy lifestyle, while still being in school, can also positively affect your mood and mindset. If someone is getting their daily health needs and has the energy and drive in life then that would mean these school lunches are indirectly causing a person’s life to be a little bit better and happier. The second causal component school lunches connect with is student performance in the classroom. The article, “The Impact of Nutrition on Learning and Behavior: A No Brainer” the National Institute for Student-Centered Education says, “The brain needs a variety of nutrients to be able to function optimally. To focus, remember and regulate our emotions we need protein, unsaturated fats, complex carbohydrates and sugars (in grains, fruits and vegetables), as well as a host of trace elements such as iron, potassium, and selenium.” These nutritious lunches provided by the school helps with student performance tremendously. Students continuing to grow and develop need a good lunch plan for success. Without the proper consumption of essentials like amino acids, vitamins (A,B,C,E), iron, proteins, complex carbohydrates, etc. humans wouldn’t be able to function to their max potential. That’s the idea around these school lunches. They are giving the students and teachers the chance to reach their maximum potential. One example of direct effect these nutrients have on the brain is with complex carbs. Not getting enough complex carbs can result in low blood sugar which then results in the hippocampus (part of the brain) being affected and given that the hippocampus plays a central role in learning that would mean the lunches packed with these nutrients play huge roles in how students do academically. Once again, it’s not this one meal that will control the success of one’s self, but it’s one that can play a huge role. It’s known that lots of students don’t eat breakfast before school or class because of how early school is, so in lots of cases these lunches are students’ first meals. School lunch programs understand not all kids eat breakfast so they make sure to fill up these lunch meals with nutrients as if they were the first meal of the day, while still maintaining a good portion so students are not over eating. Stating that school lunches are more nutritional and more well-balanced often brings up occasional questions like what’s in the foods, what’s so healthy about these lunches, how many calories contained, what are the effects, etc. The one spot not detailed on was the caloric measurements of these lunches. These lunches could most definitely acquire lots of nutrients while having an insane amount of calories, but that’s what makes these lunches twice as special. They keep the calories intake to a fair level so that students get the calories needed while not over doing it. School programs also keep track of the calories being put out so that it’s different by grade. On Action For Healthy Kids, the article, “How Does School Lunch Work?” says, ”Kindergarten through fifth-grade students get 550-650 calories. Sixth through eighth-grade students get 600-700 calories. Ninth through 12-grade students get 750-850 calories.” These lunches are approximately ¼ – ⅓ of the calories generally consumed daily. School lunches put out a perfect amount of calories, with the nutrients inside, to the students and staff so that they can stay focused and energized for the whole day. These school lunches have multiple hidden objectives that aren’t thought of by parents and students when making lunches. Given these hidden objectives of school lunch programs a reaction follows. Like every action there is a reaction and the reaction is the students maintaining a healthier lifestyle and overall better academic life. School Nutrition and Meal Cost Study . (n.d.). Retrieved April 3, 2020, from Cuninggim, P. (2014, May 6). The Impact of Nutrition on Learning and Behavior. Retrieved from How Does School Lunch Work? (2019, June 7). Retrieved from This entry was posted in Causal Draft, Portfolio ShaquilleOatmeal, ShaquilleOatmeal. Bookmark the permalink. 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Quick Answer: Does Soap And Water Kill Listeria? What will kill listeria? COOKED MEAT – Listeria is killed by cooking. Thoroughly cooking product to 165ºF/74ºC will kill the bacteria. Consumers at high risk for contracting listeriosis (e.g. pregnant women and the elderly) should reheat deli meats immediately before consumption. FREEZING – Listeria is not killed by freezing.. Can Listeria be in water? Listeria bacteria can be found in soil, water and animal feces. People can get infected by eating the following: Raw vegetables that have been contaminated from the soil or from contaminated manure used as fertilizer. Does lemon juice kill listeria? … Therefore, lemon juice is considered effective for disinfection of drinking water [6]. In addition, since lemon juice inactivates Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enteritidis, and Listeria monocytogenes, which can cause food poisoning, the rationality of cooking methods using lemon juice, has been proven [7] . What foods carry listeria? ListeriaUnpasteurized (raw) milk and dairy products.Soft cheese made with unpasteurized milk, such as queso fresco, feta, Brie, Camembert.Raw fruits and vegetables (such as sprouts).Ready-to-eat deli meats and hot dogs.Refrigerated pâtés or meat spreads.Refrigerated smoked seafood.More items…• How do you kill listeria on vegetables? Blanching and water disinfection applied to maintain the microbiological quality of process water can reduce contamination by Listeria. However, blanching of vegetables may result in a product in which Listeria can grow faster during subsequent storage after thawing. Freezing does not kill Listeria. Does Soap really kill 99.9 of germs? Can you wash your hands with dishwashing liquid? After consulting medical professionals, we have good news: Yes, dish soap is an effective way to clean your hands. … If you’re out of hand soap, Davis actually recommends body wash over dish soap, because body wash tends to include the same cleansing ingredients as hand soap, and it’s actually designed for the skin. Does soap have to be antibacterial? Antibacterial soaps are no more effective than regular soap and water for killing disease-causing germs. Regular soap tends to be less expensive than antibacterial soap and hand sanitizers. Regular soap won’t kill healthy bacteria on the skin’s surface. Can Listeria live in vinegar? Two other household products that can be effective against Listeria on food contact surfaces are hydrogen peroxide (available in 3% concentration) and distilled white vinegar (available in 5% concentration). Cooking foods thoroughly will destroy any Listeria that may be present on the food. Can you wash off Listeria? Listeria can spread from one surface to another. Thoroughly wash food preparation surfaces with warm, soapy water. As an added precaution you should sanitize clean surfaces by using any of the kitchen surface sanitizer products available from grocery stores, being careful to follow label directions. Is soap and water enough to kill salmonella? How can you tell if you have listeria? Symptoms of listeriosis range from showing no symptoms to having diarrhea, fever, muscle pain, joint pain, headache, stiff neck, backache, chills, sensitivity to bright light, and/or sore throat with fever and swollen glands. These symptoms can begin days to weeks after eating contaminated food. Does vinegar kill E coli? It contains 5 percent acetic acid, a compound that can dissolve dirt, debris, and grime. However, as a disinfectant, vinegar has limited uses. It can only kill or reduce certain types of pathogens, such as: Escherichia coli (E. What is the best homemade vegetable wash? Here are five ways to do it.2 cups of cold tap water, 1/4 cup of white vinegar, and 2 tablespoons lemon juice. … 1 cup of cold fresh water, 1/2 cup of white vinegar, 1 tablespoon lemon juice, and 1/8 teaspoon grapefruit seed extract. … This video recommends mixing water and white vinegar together for a powerful veggie soak. Does apple cider vinegar kill listeria? Studies show acetic acid can kill Salmonella bacteria. It may also kill Listeria and E. coli as well as Campylobacter. According to this research, certain harmful pathogens that develop may not be as dangerous in apple cider vinegar as in other unpasteurized foods. Which soap brand kills the most bacteria? Does dish soap kill bacteria? How do you kill E coli naturally?
Orange Alert Skip to main content Syracuse University, College of Arts and Sciences Syracuse Chemists Turn Bacterial Molecules into Potential Drug Molecules Yan-Yeung Luk's Research Group develops therapeutic agents from synthetic molecules, which mimic, dominate ones made from bacteria Nov. 10, 2015, by Rob Enslin Yan-Yeung Luk Yan-Yeung Luk Chemists in Syracuse University’s College of Arts and Sciences have figured out how to turn bacterial molecules into potential drug molecules. “Using toxic molecules to develop therapeutic agents, such as a vaccine, is not easy.” says Luk, who works at the interface of organic chemistry and the life sciences. “We’re just beginning to understand how some molecules—synthetic or naturally occurring—control the activities of bacteria. This will help us develop, among other things, drugs with many different applications.” Digital rendering of "Pseudomonas aeruginosa" Digital rendering of "Pseudomonas aeruginosa" Nischal Singh G'15 Nischal Singh G'15 "Biologists know how rhamnopilids are made by bacteria, and can knock out their production, but they don't fully understand how rhamnolipids work—specifically, how they control different types of bacterial activities," Luk says. In addition to being non-toxic and biodegradable, rhamnolipids can withstand extreme temperatures, salinity, and acidity. As a result, they have many useful chemical and biological properties. Luk says that developing rhamnolipids into therapeutic agents has been speculated for years, but without successful results. He hopes his group's synthetic approach is the exception. After designing and synthesizing two chemical libraries, or collections, of molecules, Luk's third one contained two DSDs whose structures dominated the functions of rhamnolipids, offering the potential for many applications. It is from these two molecules that Luk's team are making new ones. “By determining the important structural features of DSDs, we've figured out how to control the behavior of P. aeruginosa,” Luk adds. “At the same time, DSDs have enabled a series of novel biological phenomena that are starting to reveal how rhamnolipids work In addition to Luk and Singh, the article is co-written by Gaurie Shetye G’14, Jiayue Sun G’17, and Hewen Zheng G’15.
Book Summaries Literature Animal Farm Summary (7/10) Animal Farm Summary (7/10) 1Animal Farm Summary (7/10) 2 Animal farm by George Orwell is a story about communism. The animals represented the workers who toiled all day, with the humans their capitalistic overlords, living from the fruits of the animals’ labor without giving them fair compensation. To make things worse, Mr. Jones was a neglectful farmer who made life miserable for his animals. His recklessness prompted Old Major, a boar, to make a speech. In the speech, he pointed out how humans got them to do all the hard labor and get none of the rewards. He encouraged the animals to rebel against their masters, and so they did. The animals were now autonomous, free to govern themselves as they pleased. But the idealistic vision didn’t take very long to collapse. Animals differed in their natural abilities. Some animals were work horses, some were unintelligent, others were wily and deceptive, while some were inspirational. Each animal had its own peculiarities, but what emerged on top of this hierarchy were the pigs. The pigs were the cleverest and most corrupt animals, they naturally emerged as the politicians of the farm. Three of them (Snowball, Napoleon, and Squealer) took control over the organization of animal society. Each had their own unique style, strategy, and strengths. But they argued about everything. They mostly spent their time indoctrinating the rest of the animals, bickering over policies, and enjoying the privileges of human pleasures, such as a warm bed and alcohol. And seven commandments were constructed for the animals to obey. 1. Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy. 3. No animal shall wear clothes. 4. No animal shall sleep in a bed. 5. No animal shall drink alcohol. 6. No animal shall kill any other animal. 7. All animals are equal. The pigs regularly violated these commandments, but with some verbal acrobatics, were easily able to evade the scrutiny of the other animals. They justified their hypocrisy by reminding everyone how critical they were to the well-being of the farm. Without them, animal farm would erupt into to total chaos. This kept the animals in line. Snowball simplified the commandments of animism which were summarized as “Four legs good, two legs bad”. This eventually became a meaningless propagandist phrase that the sheep recited to curb dissent. Snowball and Napoleon argued about whether they should fix the windmill. Snowball’s point was that the electricity generated form the windmill would make the lives of the animals easier, and would reduce their workload, but Napoleon thought that getting them to work on the windmill instead of the farm would result in starvation. The conflict between the two pigs never ended. Snowball finally succeeded in chasing Napoleon off the farm and rules the farm autonomously. Snowball took control of the farm. After many years passed, some animals got old while others died. Most of them don’t remember the days before the revolution. Despite their difficult lives, the animals took pride in their labor. But they were surprised to see that the pigs had learned how to walk on two feet. The rules were erased, forgotten and rewritten. The only commandment that was visible was “all animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others.” One day, humans were invited to the farm by Napoleon, including Mr.Pilkington, who was impressed at how Napoleon managed to exploit the animals for such little pay. The underlying insinuation of this story is that political systems, even if they are aimed at reducing equality, will have in unequal outcomes in the realm of power. Those who thirst for power are a universal breed, they transcend all socially constructed systems. Orwell’s use of animals suggests that there is an unchanging biological nature that cannot be subverted. It is not that a pig wants to manipulate, or that sheep unthinkingly recite propaganda, they are built to do so. The message of Animal Farm is pessimistic, but true. There will always be people who are manipulative and clever, and these will climb any political hierarchy that exists. They will change the rules to suit their purposes, or they will ignore the rules altogether. It is human nature, after-all, to deceive – the attempt to construct a utopian society where those at the top of the hierarchy do not exploit and where everyone is equal will always be futile.

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