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black silicon carbide lumps grain In industrial production,silicon carbide lumps usually use quartz,petroleum coke etc as raw materials,auxiliary recovery materials,waste materials and are prepared through grinding and other processes to form a charge with a resonable ratio and a suitable particle size(in other to adjust the permeability of the charge, and an appropriate amount of wood chips must be added,if produce the green silicon carbide lumps need to add appropriate amount of salt). The thermal equipment for production silicon carbide lumps is at a high temperature in the special silicon carbide electric furnace, the structure is composed of the furnace bottom,the end wall with electrodes on the inside,the detachable side and the furnace core (full name:the energized heating body in the centerof the furnace, generally use graphite powder or petroleum coke to install in the center of the charge according to a certain shape and size, generally round or rectangular, the two ends are connected with electrodes), and the silicon carbide lumps smelted through crushed, acid-alkali washed, magnetic separation and sieving or water separation to make products of various particle sizes. According to the content of SiC, it can be divided into the Level 1,Level 2, Level 3, the content of silicon carbide for Level 2 is 90%~95%, it can not be used for the abrasive, always be used for foundry, the content of silicon carbide Level 1 is not less than 96%, it always be used as abrasive, the silicon carbide lumps after classification, coarse crushing, fine crushing, chemical treatment, drying and sieving, magnetic separation, it becomes green or black silicon carbide grain of various sizes, if want get the silicon carbide micro-powder need the water separation, if want to form a silicon carbide product, it also needs to go through the process of forming and sintering. The Level 3 silicon carbide is mainly used in the steel-making as deoxidizer, also can add the silicon and carbon, it always use the black silicon carbide grain for the steelmaking, and the size various for different requirement, generally from 5-50mm can all be produced, the content is from 40% to 90%, generally the 70% and 88%, 90% content in the particle size 1-10mm silicon carbide is for the steelmaking. Anyang Huatuo can supply the black silicon carbide lumps and grain for the casting and steelmaking with the content of SiC 65%,70%,88%,90% etc. In the steelmaking, compared with traditional deoxidizer silicon powder and carbon powder, silicon carbide is one new type of compound deoxidizer , it can shorten the deoxidation time, save energy, reduce environmental pollution etc.
Quick Answer: Which Are The Three Categories Of Social Support? How can I improve my social support? Assess Your Social SupportQuantity of Relationships. Quality of Relationships. Work on Your Social Skills. Get Involved in Groups, Clubs, and Classes. Get to Know Your Neighbors and Your Local Community. Take Some Risks. Join or Start a Support Group. Volunteer.More items…. What are social support groups? What is a social support network? A social support network is made up of friends, family and peers. Social support is different from a support group, which is generally a structured meeting run by a lay leader or mental health professional. What is social support in the workplace? Workplace social support refers to the availability or actual receipt of assistance provided to an employee by one or more individuals. It is generally examined as a means of coping with occupational stress. … Furthermore, individuals may receive adequate support even if they have relatively small social networks. Do you agree that social support and effective relations always go together? In short, social support and effective employee relations must always go together like “a horse and a carriage,” where one could be useless without the other. … When these negative feelings are overcome it is expected that employees will be able to work better toward the achievement of their organization’s goal. How important is effective employee relations in achieving the goals of the company? Employee productivity Companies with well structured employee relations enjoy higher productivity, revenues and profits. … If your employees know exactly what their goals are and if you give them constant feedback on their work, they will work harder towards achieving their goals. What are some good strategies for finding social support? Make a plan and figure out what supports you need and how you might find them.Don’t be afraid to take social risks. … Get more from the support you have. … Reach out. … Be a joiner. … Be patient. … Avoid negative relationships. … Take care of your relationships. What is positive social support? Social support means having friends and other people, including family, to turn to in times of need or crisis to give you a broader focus and positive self-image. Social support enhances quality of life and provides a buffer against adverse life events. Why Being social is important? As humans, social interaction is essential to every aspect of our health. Research shows that having a strong network of support or strong community bonds fosters both emotional and physical health and is an important component of adult life. What happens in a support group? What is a support structure called? framework. a structure supporting or containing something. frame, skeletal frame, skeleton, underframe. How do you physically support someone? Offer physical affection Depending on your relationship with the person you want to support, hugs, kisses, and other intimate touches and caresses can often have a powerful impact. After a difficult conversation, giving someone a hug can provide physical support that reinforces the emotional support you just offered. How many types of social support are there? fiveCutrona and Suhr define a social support category system, which involves five general categories of social support: (a) informational, (b) emotional, (c) esteem, (d) social network support, and (e) tangible support. What are different types of support? Different types of external supports are as follows:Fixed support.Pinned support or hinged support.Roller support.Rocker support.Link support.Simple support. How does social support affect mental health? Research has also demonstrated the link between social relationships and many different aspects of health and wellness. 1 Poor social support has been linked to depression and loneliness and has been shown to alter brain function and increase the risk of the following: Alcohol use. Cardiovascular disease. What does lack of social support mean? It is likely that lack of social support and feelings of loneliness can make us more vulnerable to the onset of mental health or substance use problems like depression. However many of us will pull back from other people when we are experiencing mental health or substance use problems. What are the 4 types of relationships? What are the main types of social support? Types of Social SupportEmotionalExpressions of empathy, love, trust and caringInstrumentalTangible aid and serviceInformationalAdvice, suggestions, and informationAppraisalInformation that is useful for self-evaluation1 more row Does organizational support moderate the relationships between work family family work conflict and well being? Overall, our findings suggest that organizational work–family support plays a critical mediating role in the relationships between supervisor support and work-to-family conflict and supervisor support for family and work-to-family conflict.
Dummy Data – How to use the Random Functions Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on linkedin Dummy Data – How to use the Random Functions Using collected or known data is the best when developing Excel models, but from time to time this may not be available when you are developing your model. This post will look at some options for setting up Dummy Data using Excels Random functions. Real data displays a range of variability, but this variability is generally within ranges or distributions of ranges of results. All fields type can contain variability ie: Country, State Names and Zip/Postal Codes, Maybe large lists but are fixed Peoples Names, Maybe a large lists but are fixed by local rules Ages, generally less than 80, never less than 0 Dates: Rarely before 1990 or 1900 in rare cases Lists: are fixed Numbers: generally random or conforming to a fixed distribution or known trend Numbers: may include integers, decimals, negatives, extremely large numbers or all combinations In generating random lists you will need to choose if you want random data, random data within constraints or random with a distribution. The choice is really yours and should in part be based on what the data is being used for and how accurately it needs to reflect reality. The techniques described below are all shown with a worked example in the attached Examples File or the Excel 2003 Example Each example is annotated below like (Example 4.). ie: Refer to Example 4 in the above example files. Setting up Random Dates is a simple process using the Date function. Dates in a Range of Years Will give a list of Random dates between 1 Jan 2000 and 31 Dec 2011 (Example 1.) (Thanx Mike W) Dates in a Month =Date(2010, 6, Randbetween(1,30) Will give a list of Random dates between 1 June 2010 and 30 June 2010 (Example 2.) Don’t worry that the above formula (Example 1) can actually produce a 31 Feb 2005, the Date function will happily convert that to 3 March 2005 (Example 3.) Dates within a Date Distribution =DATE(2011,7,NORMINV(RAND(), 0,60)) Will give a list of Random dates between approximately 1 Jan 2010 and 31 Dec 2010, with a mean of July 1 and standard deviation of 2 Months (60days) (Example 4.) Where NORMINV(RAND(), 0,60) will return values between -180 and +180, 99.7% of the time Text Fields Dependant on how many items in the list you require there are 3 techniques available For small lists of less than 6 to 10 items you can use a simple Choose function (Example 5.) =Choose(Randbetween(1,6),”Item 1″, “Item 2”, “Item 3”, “Item 4”, “Item 5”, “Item 6”) Using VLookup (Example 6.) =Vlookup(Randbetween(1,List Length), List, 2) Using Index (Example 7.) =Index(List, Randbetween(1, Counta(List) )) Small Random List of Numbers Random from a small list of numbers (Example 8.) =Choose(Randbetween(1,6), Numb 1, Numb 2, Numb 3, Numb 4, Numb 5, Numb 6 ) Note that the numbers: • Don’t have to be in any order, • Can be integers, negatives or contain decimals • Can be repeated eg: =Choose(Randbetween(1,6), 18, 21, -19, 36.4, 18, 24) Random Integers Return Integers between Start and Finish (Example 9.) =Randbetween(Start, Finish) =Randbetween(50, 100) Will return an Integer between 50 and 100 Random Numbers Will return a random number between 0 and 1 =Round(Rand()100, 2) Will Return Numbers between 0 and 100 with 2 Decimal places (Example 10.) Random Numbers Based on a Distribution =Norminv(Rand(), Mean, SD) Will return a random number between 0 and 1 based on a distribution of Average = Mean and Standard Deviation = SD =Norminv(Rand(), 50, 17) Will return a random number between 0 and 100 based on a distribution of Average = 50 and Standard Deviation = 17, (Example 11.) Random Numbers Fitting a Trend If your distribution has to match a trend add a Random component to the Trends equation (Example 12.) = rand() X + rand()5 = rand() A2 + rand()5 Use Choose and Randbetween (Example 13.) =Choose(Randbetween(1,2), True, False) Use If and Rand (Example 14.) =If(Rand()<0.5, True, False) Combination Text and Numbers The above techniques can be combined to make lists of Alpha Numeric Data Say your business has a fleet of vehicles (TR=Truck, VN=Van, CAR=Car) =Choose(Randbetween(1,3),”TR”,”VN”,”CAR”) & Text(Randbetween(1,15),”0#”) Will randomly choose 1 of “TR”,”VN”,”CAR” and add a random number between 1 and 15 to it format with a leading 0, eg: TR05, (Example 15.) Other Sources of Data Random Data There are a number of web sites where Random Data is available. Open Source Data There are a number of web sites where Open Source Data is available. Function Used: Rand: Returns a random number between 0 and 1. Randbetween: Returns a random Integer between lower and upper limits. Pre Excel 2007 Randbetween was only available through installation of the Analysis Toolpak (Thanx Luke). Norminv: Returns the inverse of the normal cumulative distribution. That is it returns the X value from a Normal Distribution that has a know Mean and Standard Deviation where the a known cumulative percentage is supplied. Choose: Choose an item from a list of up to 254 items. Vlookup: Lookup the matching value from a list and return a data item from another column from the same location. Index: Retrieve an items from a defined location within a range. Text: Displays a number as Text with a defined format. Other Uses of Random Functions Of course the techniques shown here don’t have to be used for setting up Dummy Data. One area where Random numbers is used is in Monte Carlo Simulation. This has been discussed at Chandoo.org at Data Tables and Monte-Carlo Simulations in Excel a Comprehensive Guide The techniques described above are all shown with a worked example in the attached Examples File or the Examples File 2003 ver Limitations in Pre Excel 2007 versions The Excel function, Randbetween, was only introduced in Excel 2007. As such the exaples above will only work in 2007/10. However a simple alternative is available Randbetween(Low, High) = Low + Int(Rand()(High-Low))+1 Randbetween(90, 100) = 90 + Int(Rand()10)+1 Examples using this approach are shown in the 2003 Version of the Examples files above. How have you made Dummy Data or used the Random Functions? How have you made Dummy Data or How have you used it ? How have you used Random Numbers in your workbooks ? Let us know in the comments below: Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on linkedin Share this tip with your colleagues Excel and Power BI tips - Chandoo.org Newsletter Get FREE Excel + Power BI Tips Simple, fun and useful emails, once per week. Learn & be awesome. Welcome to Chandoo.org Read my storyFREE Excel tips book Excel School made me great at work. – Brenda Excel formula list - 100+ examples and howto guide for you Advanced Pivot Table tricks Merry Christmas & Happy New Year 2021 53 Responses to “Dummy Data – How to use the Random Functions” 1. Great post, Chandoo - I often need to create weighted/distributed data and always seem to spend ages doing it. I never knew you could do the normal distribution stuff with random numbers. Cool! 2. Finnur says: Excellent post! Thank you. Especially for Random Numbers Based on a Distribution. Beautiful. 3. I really like this, with one glaring exception: "Dates in a Range of Years" will double-count days at the start of months following months with fewer than 31 days. So March 1st to 3rd will be counted twice: once correctly, once for February "29/30/31". It's easily fixed - and actually it's more flexible - since Excel stores dates as numbers, just call RANDBETWEEN on the date range you want, so the example given becomes: 4. Luke M says: Thanks for all the different methods Chandoo! One caveat, RANDBETWEEN is available in 2003, if you install the Analysis ToolPak add-in. 5. mikev says: I use random for Monte Carlo simulations for performance metrics I track at work. For example we want our energy consumption metric to decrease by 1,000 BTU this year. If, so far, the month over month changes have been between -150 and +50 then I use a =randbetween(-150,50) for thousands of iterations for the remaining months of the year. I then sum the random values for the remaining months and use the frequency function to find what percent of the time (probability) that we get to the 1,000 BTU decrease. Very useful. 6. SteveT says: Great post. I also like force some data values as Random ones may not produce that desired result with the random fuctions. For example, I like to force a set of the minimums and the maximums especially if I am randomizing 2 variables per category. Otherwise you may get the minimum on one of the random variables but never get another minimum inconjunction with that category.. 7. Hui... says: Thank you for the kind comments, They are appreciated @MikeV, SteveT I have discussed Monte Carlo simulations in: http://chandoo.org/wp/2010/05/06/data-tables-monte-carlo-simulations-in-excel-a-comprehensive-guide/ When forcing values you may be better off to use a Data Table, and setup the values you want in that. It no longer becomes random , but the data Table gives you a lot more control over which values get used and how often. Data Tables for this purpose are also discussed in the same link above. @LukeM, I will update the post accordingly 8. Kurt Proegler says: Wonderful information. Perfect timing, too - as I just started developing some report mockups for which no real data exists, but for which real-looking vs arbitrary data is needed. This can be quite cumbersome, some of these techniques will help. 9. PSG says: Awesome Sir!! These tricks will surely help all of us to create data to play with.... Learning new things everyday... Thank a lot!! 10. Fred says: Thanks! Neat tricks. Just one question. How do I get a random number from various ranges of data? Say, an employer want to do a gift lottery for eligible employee whose ID number is between 4 and 40, 110 and 125, 700 and 1000 due to the department they belong to. How should I set up a truly random for these people?? 11. Hui... says: =CHOOSE(IF(RANDBETWEEN(0,1000)<=103,1, IF(RANDBETWEEN(103,1000)<=145,2,3)),RANDBETWEEN(4,40), RANDBETWEEN(110,125),RANDBETWEEN(700,1000)) That should all be 1 line 12. Jon says: To echo Mike Woodhouse, the Date method in the post is somewhat limited, as it breaks if either the month or the day of the 2nd date is less than those of the first date. So, for instance, it would be impossible to produce a random set of dates for the two weeks between Dec 25 and January 7. Mike's method would allow that. 13. Hui... says: @Mike, Jon Thanx for your input I have updated the post and example files accordingly 14. Prem Beejan says: Thanks a lot Had never thought of the power of Rand. The links are very useful for dummy data 15. juanito says: Thanks for this post, Hui: very useful in itself, and also as an example of lateral thinking with excel functions. @Fred: another way (easier to understand and slightly more accurate, though less elegant that Hui's) round your problem would be to place all the available IDs in one column, then do an INDEX on it, using RANDBETWEEN 1 and the total number of available IDs (which you can automate with the COUNTA function) as the selection argument 16. vg-excel-gest says: Uau!!, good post I really needed to generate random information for the demonstration of my projects will be very useful. 17. fred says: @ Hui Thank you very much! But I don't understand the part where the random () <103, <145? What do they do? 18. Hui... says: There are 36 Values, between 4 & 40, 15 between 110 & 125 and 300 between 700 and 1000. Thats a total of 351 values 36/351 = 10.3% 15/351 = 4.2% 300/351 = 85.5% as Randbetween only returns integers To reduce errors I multiplied those values by 10 36/351 = 10.3% x 10 = 103 15/351 = 4.2% x 10 = 42 300/351 = 85.5% = 855 and cummulatively is 36/351 = 103 15/351 = 42 + 103 = 145 300/351 = 145+ 855 = 1000 So now I can do a Random Between 1 and 1000 and every values has an equal chance of being picked =CHOOSE(IF(RANDBETWEEN(0,1000)< =103,1, IF(RANDBETWEEN(103,1000)<=145,2,3)),RANDBETWEEN(4,40), RANDBETWEEN(110,125),RANDBETWEEN(700,1000)) . If it is less than 103 Choose Option 1 which is RANDBETWEEN(4,40) If its > 103 choose another random number between 103 and 1000 If its < =145 Choose Option 2 which is a random RANDBETWEEN(110,125) otherwise Choose Option 3 which is a value RANDBETWEEN(700,1000) . To check I made up a small spreadsheet which compares the above technique to doing a simple =CHOOSE(RANDBETWEEN(1,3), RANDBETWEEN(4,40), RANDBETWEEN(110,125), RANDBETWEEN(700,1000)) and plotted the results over 10,000 iterations You can see the results here: https://rapidshare.com/files/460825479/Freds_Question.xlsx 19. DQKennard says: I needed to scramble some data to de-identify the individuals, but keep records that were plausible and "real looking". For names, I grabbed a big list of first and last names from the Census website somewhere, and used a random index to grab random lines from the names lists. (I made no attempt to avoid weird ethnic combinations, but that was OK.) Then I set up a column in the source data with RAND() and a column that did a RANK on the random numbers. In my destination spreadsheet, I used lookups to grab the data on the line with the rank equal to my current line, e.g. on line 4 of the destination sheet, I grabbed the line of source data that was randomly ranked as 4. A few additional columns used random choices among a set of possible assignments, similar to the choose examples above. Finally, I cut the data set approximately in half by randomly assigning a 1 or 2 to each line and tossing all the 2s. I really like the examples of using randoms with the statistical functions. 20. Karthik says: good post... 21. Pedro Wave says: I have made Dummy Data calculations with my own Excel Touch Calculator. If you want to try, follow my blog. Random values are generated by pressing A key on the physical keyboard or Rnd virtual key button calling a macro: miCalc.Value = Round(Fix(tuCalc) Rnd(), 0) I did it because the Windows calculator doesn't have random key. 22. fred says: @ Hui WOW!!! Thank you very much! It's really eye opening. O.O 23. Brian says: These tools can be very helpful -- nicely described. I appreciate the clear layout. I try to create these on the fly from time to time and always get bogged down. Just two cautions to offer: 1) I suspect your random dates are not randomly distributed if Feb. 31 converts to March 3. That makes March 3 too likely.... 2) People should always be careful how they use this stuff -- they are PSEUDO-random (computers are rarely actually random) and can produce unintended results. More importantly, people pick distributions based on what they think should apply, but distribution selections easily can be really wrong. Nobel laureates (otherwise smart people) famously helped LTCM misjudge the tail probabilities for unlikely economic outcomes and lost billions. 24. Barb says: How do I create a random date formula that tosses out the date once it has been selected? Great site very informative. 25. Kern says: Thank you for this! Very useful. 26. [...] thru Using Excel’s Random Functions for a detailed overview these [...] 27. Rana says: Hi Hui, I have a deadline to meet and struggling with the code below. All I want is to pasteformat&formula in the worksheet that is generated from this code. At the moment it only copies the format.:( Have been trying to crake it all weekend. I tried a lot but cant get around 'Activesheet.paste' Please help. Sub Macro1() ' This macro takes values in the range myList ' and breaks it in to multiple lists ' and saves them to separate files. Dim cell As Range Dim curPath As String curPath = ActiveWorkbook.Path & "\" Application.ScreenUpdating = False Application.DisplayAlerts = False For Each cell In Range("bizu") [BU] = cell.Value Range("myList1").AdvancedFilter Action:=xlFilterCopy, _ Criteriarange:=Range("Criteria"), copyToRange:=Range("bizextract"), unique:=False Range(Range("bizExtract"), Range("bizExtract").End(xlDown)).Copy ActiveWorkbook.SaveAs Filename:=curPath & cell.Value & Format(Now, "dmmmyyyy-hhmmss") & ".xlsx", _ FileFormat:=xlOpenXMLWorkbook, CreateBackup:=False Next cell Application.ScreenUpdating = True Application.DisplayAlerts = True End Sub 28. ron says: hi I need to create a dummy data with two sets of data. each has 400 sets of 9 random numbers each (1-5) . first mean is calculated for each set and then the two sets of means are correlated. I want the correlation, overall mean (of all 800 values) and over std dev to be a praticular value..can this be achieved in excel? 29. ron says: something like A t1 3 3 4 3 5 3 5 4 2 t2 5 5 4 4 4 5 3 4 1 B t1 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 3 2 t2 5 4 5 5 3 5 5 4 3 C t1 5 5 4 3 4 4 5 5 4 t2 3 4 4 4 3 4 5 2 4 and so on so this makes 400 sets of data(A :t1,t2; B:t1,t2...) where each row average is calculated and then a correlation is found between all t1 averages and and all t2 averages which should be a particular value and the overall average (of all 800 means) should be a particular value with a specific std dev. Possible? 30. ron says: have mailed a sample xls to you.. 31. ron says: any luck? sorry to pester....am in quite a soup and need to work this out asap...elsewill have to manually fill it up....egack! 32. Xolani says: I need help...I want to create 1000 random numbers between 0 and 1 but the sum must not exceed 400.......please help me. • Hui... says: I would put =Rand() into say A1:A1000 then in B1 =Sum(A1:A1000) then simply press F9 repeatedly once the cell B1 shows less than 400 Copy A1:A100 Paste as values somewhere else I ran this for 1 million iterations and didn't get a value under 400 I used the following code Sub h() Dim x As Long x = 1 Do While ["B1"] > 400 x = x + 1 Debug.Print x End Sub 33. Xolani says: Thank you, but I am saying I need to generate random numbers (only 0 and 1) 1000 times, but the sum of the 1's must not exceed 400. 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0.......etc. but the sum of the 1's must not exceed 400 34. ahmed says: Hi please help me, how to generate 2500 random numbers from (0,1000) and the random numbers must have mean of 83 and standard deviation of 93? I did it but im getting negative numbers also...please advice me! thanks alot • Hui... says: If you have a mean of 83 and SD of 93 You would expect +/- 3SD to be between -196 and 362 • ahmed says: thanks alot for replying....i got - and + positive random numbers, is that ok? because it is saying from (0,1000) ? shouldnt it be only positive? i am drowning with projects so thanks for helping me...may God bless u 🙂 😀 • Hui... says: If you have a mean of 83 and SD of 93 Excel will return a normal distribution +/- 6SD to be between -475 and 641 If you want you can truncate the negative values to 0, but the chances of then getting an average of 83 is very remote Are you sure your SD is 93 and not 9.3 ? If you choose random numbers between 0 and 1000 the average should be ~500 So I not really sure you understand what you are asking Can you please clarify? • Hui... says: =Randbetween(0,1000) will only return Integers between 0 and 1000 If you want decimals between 0 and 1000 I'd use =Round(Randbetween(0,1000100)/100,2) which will return decimals with 2 digits between 0 and 100 35. ahmed says: and also i did it using a software which is called datarun...can u please help me by telling me how to write that in Excel using randbetween function? 36. ahmed says: i got a maximum positive number of 450 and negative number of - 263.5 37. YM says: I'm a beginner in excel and would like to ask how do I generate 365 Random numbers (0 to 5) in Cell A1 to A365 that will sum to a specific value (1477)? And to be able to re-generate another set of random number when i hit F9? Appreciate the help! Randbetween doesnt seems to solve this problem. • Hui... says: The average of the numbers 0 to 5 is 2.5 (15/6) so 3652.5= 912 To get a total of 1477 your average needs to be 4.05 (1477/365) so the numbers won't be random if you force that I assume you only want to use Integers In that case try something like: =RANDBETWEEN(3,5) copy down 365 times Then add a subtotal somewhere then press F9 until the total is 1477 38. Dan says: Hi! I'm a newbie. Trying to randomly pick 3 names a percentage of the times. 1st name 66% of the time, 2nd name 17% of the time, and 3rd name 17% of the time. There are 30 cells I am doing this in. 39. Sarbjeet Singh says: I want to data set of 1000 random numbers with 2 variable with 0 correlation 40. Omowunmi A Tee says: This is an extremely helpful post - thanks for sharing! 41. Milos V. says: Hello Chandoo, Great overview. However, I have a specific case I haven't been able to find an answer online. Hope you can help me out on it. The problem: Is it possible to make a 'conditional dynamically reducing randbetween function' in VBA? For example, lets say I want to populate a list of 9 numbers in a range and I start off with the first cell of that range with randbetween(1,9). If the output is 5, then the second cell in a range should be a number from a set of random numbers from 1 to 9 excluding 5. And this itterativelly proceedes, thorough other cells, such that the last number in the range is actually the only left number from the list of 1 to 9 that was not used in previous 8 cells. I hope it is clear enough. Leave a Reply
Quick Answer: Why Do Higher Interest Rates Usually Lead To Currency Values Increasing Quizlet? Why would a country devalue its currency? Because exports increase and imports decrease, it favors a better balance of payments by shrinking trade deficits. What happens if interest rates go down? As interest rates move up, the cost of borrowing becomes more expensive. This means demand for lower-yield bonds will drop (causing their price to drop). As interest rates fall, it becomes easier to borrow money, causing many companies to issue new bonds to finance new ventures. Did China devalue its currency? The exchange rate has gone from 6 yuan per dollar to 7 yuan per dollar in August 2019, a devaluation of 16.3 percent. … This is what the People’s Bank of China has done since it allowed its currency to float in 2005, which caused huge dollar reserves to accumulate. What happens when a currency is revalued? After a revaluation, the exchange rate between the affected currency and another currency increases, equating to an increase in value of the revalued currency. Conversely, after a devaluation, the exchange rate between the affected currency and another decreases, equating to a loss in value for the devalued currency. Will rupee get stronger in 2020? New Delhi: Fitch Solutions on Tuesday revised down its forecast for the Indian rupee, saying the currency will average 77 per US dollar in 2020 and 80 in 2021 amid ongoing global risk-off sentiment and likely steep monetary easing. What happens when interest rates rise quizlet? -A rise in interest rate will decrease the business’ activity because it will be expensive to borrow money. -Interest rates can also affect the customers spending because, high interest rates means customers have less money to spend. What are the five major factors that influence foreign exchange rates? Let’s now look at 5 common factors and explain how each has an influence on currency exchange rates:Inflation. The rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising is known as the inflation rate. … Interest rates. … Speculation. … Balance of payments/current account deficit. … Public debt. Why is the US dollar rising against INR? According to the currency experts, this rise in the Indian currency is due to the weakness in the US currency and rising news of success in the Coronavirus vaccine testing globally. Apart from this, RBI curtailing its dollar buying strategy also helped INR to recover and come below 75 levels. Why do low interest rates increase demand for housing quizlet? When interest rates are low, the supply of housing increases. … The lower the interest rate, the less expensive it is for households to borrow money. Why would China devalue their currency? A weaker yuan makes Chinese exports more competitive, or cheaper to buy with foreign currencies. From the US perspective, it is seen as an attempt to offset the impact of higher tariffs on Chinese imports coming into America. Will the USD go up in 2020? Bank forecasts for the US Dollar in 2020 Uncertainty from the coronavirus pandemic, a tumbling US economy and an increase in USD money supply saw the US dollar fall nearly 10% from over 3-year highs reached in March. Most banks expect the US dollar to end the year weak relative to other currencies. What causes dollar to weaken? Do lower interest rates weaken the dollar? In order to purchase dollar-denominated assets, investors need dollars. … Conversely, when the Fed cuts interest rates, investors sell dollar-denominated assets and buy foreign assets, which tends to weaken the dollar’s exchange rate. Thus, U.S. interest rates and exchange rates tend to rise and fall in tandem. How does increase in interest rates affect currency? Higher interest rates offer lenders in an economy a higher return relative to other countries. Therefore, higher interest rates attract foreign capital and cause the exchange rate to rise. … The opposite relationship exists for decreasing interest rates – that is, lower interest rates tend to decrease exchange rates. What is the reason for dollar rate increase? Investors around the world looking for a piece of that growth have to use dollars to buy into it. And that demand for dollar-based investments drives up the price. In the second half of last year, the dollar rose more than 16 percent against a collection of world currencies. What effects do low interest rates have on the economy quizlet? Higher interest rates encourage people to save their money as it cost more to borrow, and encourages people to invest. Generally slows down economic activity. Lower interest rates increases economic activity and causes people to spend their money on loans and things. Less investment occurs. Why is USD so weak? The dollar retreated as the Federal Reserve and other central banks flooded the international financial system with liquidity, reducing risk. … A weaker dollar — and a continued downtrend — is generally seen as a positive for U.S. and global equities. Who benefits from a weak dollar? What happens to exports when interest rates rise? Readers Question: Interest Rates are increased by the governments to bring down inflation rates, this makes exports price competitive as well, as a result, exports increase. However, an increase in interest rates can lead to an appreciation of the currency as demand for the currency increases. Why do higher interest rates usually lead to currency values increasing? Key Takeaways. Higher interest rates in a country increase the value of that country’s currency relative to nations offering lower interest rates. Political and economic stability and the demand for a country’s goods and services are also prime factors in currency valuation.
Daily Tech Digest - September 07, 2020 Brain-Inspired Electronic System Could Make AI 1,000 Times More Energy Efficient In the new study, published in Nature Communications, engineers at UCL found that accuracy could be greatly improved by getting memristors to work together in several sub-groups of neural networks and averaging their calculations, meaning that flaws in each of the networks could be canceled out. Memristors, described as “resistors with memory,” as they remember the amount of electric charge that flowed through them even after being turned off, were considered revolutionary when they were first built over a decade ago, a “missing link” in electronics to supplement the resistor, capacitor, and inductor. They have since been manufactured commercially in memory devices, but the research team say they could be used to develop AI systems within the next three years. Memristors offer vastly improved efficiency because they operate not just in a binary code of ones and zeros, but at multiple levels between zero and one at the same time, meaning more information can be packed into each bit. Moreover, memristors are often described as a neuromorphic (brain-inspired) form of computing because, like in the brain, processing and memory are implemented in the same adaptive building blocks, in contrast to current computer systems that waste a lot of energy in data movement. Management skills: Five ways building your network will help you get ahead Mark Gannon, director of business change and information solutions at Sheffield City Council, says smart digital leaders make sure they carry on learning – even once they get to the very top. Gannon says developing experiences outside the day job has always been important to him, both as full-time CIO and in his stint as a consultant before joining the council. "There's the basic stuff about just getting out there and understanding your customers and spending time to speak with them. Consulting was interesting because it gave me the opportunity to look outside my own experience and see what other organisations were doing. I think it's really important to be constantly learning," he says. Gannon suggests his determination to develop new skills might be something to do with having completed a doctorate prior to joining the IT profession. His interest in education continues to this day – Gannon is a school parent governor. "Being a governor is interesting and getting out and engaging with other networks in the city is something I do a lot. We've developed a cross-community network, called dotSHF, which is about how we bring together the work that's being done by sole traders, and private and public sector organisations around digital," says Gannon. Telling tales: using behavioural AI to reconstruct attack storylines Behavioral AI can be used to mitigate automatically—a seriously powerful gamechanger. The technology is capable of making a decision on the device, without relying on the cloud, or on humans, to tell it what to do. Monitoring behaviour is a tricky, complex problem, and you want to feed your algorithm robust, informative, context-rich data which really captures the essence of a program’s execution. To do this, you need to monitor the operating system at a very low level and, most importantly, link individual behaviours together to create full “storylines”. For example, if a program executes another program, or uses the operating system to schedule itself to execute on boot up, you don’t want to consider these different, isolated executions, but a single story. Training AI models on behavioural data is similar to training static models, but with the added complexity of the time dimension. In other words, instead of evaluating all features at once, you need to consider cumulative behaviours up to various points in time. Interestingly, if you have good enough data, you don’t really need an AI model to convict an execution as malicious. For example, if the program starts executing but has no user interaction, then it tries to register itself to start when the machine is booted, then it starts listening to keystrokes, you could say it’s very likely a keylogger and should be stopped. Microsoft Updates Edge With Exciting New Features To Beat Chrome Microsoft’s Edge browser is growing in popularity, reaching the number two position in the desktop browser market, even beating privacy-focused option Firefox. Now Microsoft has just unveiled a bunch of new features that make it a valid alternative to Google Chrome as an increasing number of people work from home. One very useful update which would be great if it comes to fruition was spotted by Windows Latest in the Edge Canary developer build is a new feature called “Web Capture” which allows you to take a screenshot of a webpage—in full or cropped—and copy it to the clipboard or preview it. ... Meanwhile, more new features to boost your security are expected in Edge 86, which is due to drop in the next few weeks, Microsoft has confirmed. This includes new alerts for the Edge password monitor if a compromised password is detected. At the same time, Edge will add the option to show or hide the favorites bar from the favorites management page. Edge will also add policy improvements for enterprises using the browser for various users and applications. Just last week, Microsoft started to roll out Edge 85 with multiple features aiming to help those working from home during the coronavirus pandemic. How AI will automate cybersecurity in the post-COVID world At a basic level, AI uses data to make predictions and then automates actions. This automation can be used for good or evil. Cybercriminals take AI designed for legitimate purposes and use it for illegal schemes. Consider one of the most common defenses attempted against credential stuffing – CAPTCHA. Invented a couple of decades ago, CAPTCHA tries to protect against unwanted bots by presenting a challenge (e.g., reading distorted text) that humans should find easy and bots should find difficult. Unfortunately, cybercriminal use of AI has inverted this. Google did a study a few years ago and found that machine-learning based optical character recognition (OCR) technology could solve 99.8% of CAPTCHA challenges. This OCR, as well as other CAPTCHA-solving technology, is weaponized by cybercriminals who include it in their credential stuffing tools. Cybercriminals can use AI in other ways too. AI technology has already been created to make cracking passwords faster, and machine learning can be used to identify good targets for attack, as well as to optimize cybercriminal supply chains and infrastructure. We see incredibly fast response times from cybercriminals, who can shut off and restart attacks with millions of transactions in a matter of minutes. The Principles of Planning and Implementing Microservices Each service should have a version, which updates regularly in every release. Versioning allows to identify a service and deploy a specific version of it. It also enables the consumers of the service to be aware when the service has changed, and by that avoid breaking the existing contract and the communication between the services. Different versions of the same service can coexist. With that, the migration from the old version of the new version can be gradual without having too much impact on the whole application. ... In a microservices environment, there are many small services that communicate constantly with each other, so it is easier to get lost in what the service does or how to use its API. Documentation can facilitate that. Keeping valid up-to-date documentation is a tedious and time-consuming task. Naturally, this can be prioritised low in the tasks list of the developer. Therefore, automation is required instead of documenting manually (readme files, notes, procedures). There are various tools to codify and automate tasks to keep the documentation updated while the code continues to change. Tools like Swagger UI or API Blueprint can do the job. They can generate a web UI for your microservices API, which alleviates the orientation efforts. once again, standardization is an advantage; for example, Swagger implements the OpenAPI specification, which is an industry-standard. How Cybercriminals Take the Fun Out of Gaming The underground market is also active. In a recent blog, Singer broke down the world of cybercrime in games. "The first thing to understand about the criminals who attack the games industry is that they participate in a working, fluid, day-to-day economy that they manage completely themselves," he wrote. "Cybercriminals have built informal structures that mirror the efficiencies of standard enterprise operations. They have developers, QA folks, middle managers, project managers, salespeople, and even marketing and PR people who hype vendors and products." Austin Francisco, security analyst at Key Cyber Solutions (KCS) – who has "been gaming since the '90s" – says hackers advertise stolen goods and cheats as "a product and not like a hack," offering player values such as the ability to "have 100% accuracy aim" or "see people through walls," for example. Singer doesn't understand the appeal, but "there are enough people who enjoy it that there's a thriving industry," he says. One popular attack is account takeovers (ATO), which is used to steal other players' goods. It's a large market due to the sheer amount of value tied to a player account: from in-game currencies to achievements unlocked to player status and "skins" “Enterprise-Class Open-Source Data Tools” Is Not an Oxymoron Open source may bring up pictures of dark alleys and bug-ridden software, but in today’s data-driven world, there’s a new class of solutions. These open-source tools are the basis for inquiries into the deepest complexities of artificial intelligence and big data, designed around the massive data load we create each day. The open-source community works fast, addressing bugs, security loopholes, and the simple need to make streamlined tools for real-time insight. Today’s open-source tools result from years of research and a generation of developers who don’t remember a time when data wasn’t the new oil. Data itself is coming unlocked from previous silos and repositories, existing in a continuous state—data in motion. Leveraging open-source tools allows companies to dream of a reality in which company decisions are data-driven by the second. Every person in the organization has access to the data they need. Enterprises must find open-source tools with layers of capability explicitly designed for their unique data picture. These tools facilitate complex governance without creating pipeline bottlenecks. They provide automated documentation of changes, usage, and authorship. Threat identification is IT ops' role in SecOps Identifying important assets helps focus SecOps efforts. Additionally, IT operations teams should base threat identification practices on workflows. The goal is to understand workflows and their properties, as well as the statistical results of valid workflow patterns. IT ops teams can thus recognize the ways in which a workflow deviates from the norm, and potential threats because of this deviation. There are generally two pieces to this process: threat incident logging and tracking, and workflow monitoring for abnormal patterns. Many security threats to IT systems require multiple attempts by the attacker. At least some of these attempts get recognized, reported and logged as violations. However, logging tools often ignore a low volume of incidents. These tools use pattern analysis to indicate an active threat. To help the tools find these patterns, classify threat incidents. For example, a series of incidents from a single location or individual that has rarely generated an incident -- imagine someone entering the wrong password -- is a potential threat indicator. While multiple incidents stemming from one source is suspect, so is a series of incidents generated by different sources. Intruders might try several different IP addresses in an attack, for example. In this example, a pattern of events in the threat incident log will be obvious. Demystifying Behavior Driven Development with Cucumber-JVM Keeping aside the fancy terms for end-to-end test writing such as reusability, maintainability, and scalability, I always prefer to have a simple definition for writing them. That is, test cases should be written and arranged in a way that they can run any number of times, in any sequence, and with a variety of different datasets. However, it is not as simple as it sounds. This kind of test writing approach demands different teams to collaborate to discuss product behavior from the very first day. Therefore, Behavior Driven Development is based on a fair collaboration among three amigos (Business Analysts, Developer, and Tester) to its entirety. Intriguingly, the primary reason for the popularity of BDD testing is its non-technical, clear, and concise, plain English [or any other international language of your choice ] language. This way, a business owner can play a significant yet prompt role by specifying the requirement in a language which is understood not just by different teams (developers and testers) but also by the testing framework as well. In our case of Cucumber-JVM, the commonly understandable language is Gherkin, which shapes the overall concept. Gherkin is a language with no technical barriers; Quote for the day: "Hold yourself responsible for a higher standard than anybody expects of you. Never excuse yourself." -- Henry Ward Beecher No comments: Post a Comment
In modern hypothesis-driven science, researchers increasingly rely on effective research data management services and infrastructures that facilitate the acquisition, processing, exchange and archival of research data sets, to enable the linking of interdisciplinary expertise and the combination of different analytical results. The immense additional insight obtained through comparative and integrative analyses provides additional value in the examination of research questions that goes far beyond individual experiments. Specifically, in the research area of fundamental plant research that this consortium focuses on, modern approaches need to integrate analyses across different system levels (such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, phenomics). This is necessary to understand system-wide molecular physiological responses as a complex dynamic adjustment of the interplay between genes, proteins and metabolites. As a consequence, a wide range of different technologies as well as experimental and computational methods are employed to pursue state-of-the-art research questions, rendering the research objective a team effort across disciplines. The overall goal of DataPLANT is to provide the research data management practices, tools, and infrastructure to enable such collaborative research in plant biology. In this context, common standards, software, and infrastructure can ensure availability, quality, and interoperability of data, metadata, and data-centric workflows and are thus a key success factor and crucial precondition in barrier-free, high-impact collaborative plant biology research. Toward this, the key objectives pursued by this consortium are: 1. A specific community standard for fundamental plant research (meta)data and workflow annotation, based on generic, existing and emerging standards and ontologies in plant science and beyond. 2. A robust, federated research environment for data computation and management covering the complete data lifecycle. 3. Assistive mechanisms ranging from data stewards to intelligent software services to build, link and maintain the complete research context during data acquisition, curation, analysis, and publication. 4. Mechanisms for collaborative research based on enrichment and automatized crosslinking of plant-research specific (meta)data to facilitate research context management. 5. A platform for data provenance and research sharing including a motivation and credit system to foster the incentive to democratize research data. 6. Comprehensive training to ensure data legacy through lectures, courses, workshops and summer schools and providing open training material. 7. A central plant data HUB for aggregating services and knowledge, generating a searchable compendium for research in plant biology. DataPLANT provides an additional layer of services to provide facilities to complement existing generalist infrastructures and focuses on supporting and easing the processes of complete and meaningful research metadata context management which is often lacking or inadequate in fundamental plant sciences. In this manner, we augment and complement existing services in ways that go far beyond best practices currently used. DataPLANT ensures resulting well-annotated research data objects, ongoing qualification of data literacy for plant researchers, and an integration of the plant research domain into the NFDI landscape. DataPlant becoming FAIR Becoming FAIR will drive science - Increasing the level of annotation at the source and tracking provenance using community standards will maximize data discoverability and reuse. The approaches to data management in the Bioinformatics community will be transferred into professional structures with clear-cut responsibilities. While researchers are still in charge of the actual research, the structures will cover the complete data lifecycle from planning to sustainable referencing and (re)use of data after the original research project has been completed. In this context, the project DataPLANT (Bioinformatics DATa ENvironment) was funded by the Ministry of Science, Research and the Arts of the State of Baden-Württemberg for four years as part of digital@bw. The aim of the project is to provide the foundation of a Science Data Centre in close cooperation with the life science communities such as research groups and infrastructure providers such as libraries and computing centres. DataPLANT uses already existing infrastructure such as bwSFS (Storage for Science), BinAC (Bioinformatics and Astrophysics Cluster) and the de.NBI cloud (German Network for Bioinformatics Infrastructure) as well as repositories operated by the university libraries Konstanz and Tübingen. DataPLANT will also coordinate with other players in research data management. During the project, rules for the preservation of and access to research data will be established and developed. Infrastructure and scientific methods for data analysis will be advanced. A central question during the project is: How can we annotate, curate and mark-up subject-specific and organisational metadata in a unified way that also considers legal and technical aspects such as sensitive data. Data repositories will provide research infrastructure that is geared to provide unified standards and workflows. In turn, this will provide easy access to infrastructure and data alike which will contribute to equal opportunities in research, especially for young academics. Simultaneously, access to national and international networks, which is necessary for processing huge amounts of data, will be facilitated for research groups. A central piece of the project is the education of young researches in terms of teaching them methods of digitised research, stat-of-the-art procedures in information technologies and research data management. DataPLANT aims to provide a generic access to infrastructure and wants to develop methods for long-term accessibility to data. In principle, DataPLANT is open to additional communities. DataPlant workflow
Teaching LGBTQ History Since its passage in 2011, California's FAIR Education Act ensures that schools integrate factual information about social movements, current events and history of people with disabilities and LGBTQ+ people into existing social studies lessons. It also prevents schools from using inaccurate or discriminatory instructional materials. Our Family Coalition's Education Team actively works with schools and districts statewide to develop comprehensive and inclusive curriculum for students. Visit the Teaching LGBTQ History website to access a trove of instructional resources that include LGBTQ+ families and individuals. Lesson plans, resources, and further trainings for educators, students, and families.
Subini Ancy Annamma. Credit: Trina Baker Photography As support for the Black Lives Matter movement has surged in recent weeks and anti-Black racism reading lists have flooded the internet, education scholar Subini Ancy Annamma noticed a particular issue missing from many of them: the role school systems play in making criminals of Black youth. So Annamma, an associate professor at Stanford Graduate School of Education (GSE), put together and shared a list of her own. "Education has a reckoning to do," she wrote, linking to dozens of books and articles about ways in which schools systematically perpetuate the criminalization of young students of color, especially Black boys and girls. A former special teacher in both and youth prisons, Annamma is the author of the recent book The Pedagogy of Pathologization, which explores the construction of criminal identities in schools through the experiences of disabled girls of color. Her research focuses on making education more equitable for historically marginalized students. Here, she talks about how everyday occurrences in create a culture of punishment against Black students and what kind of interventions could support a change. Why do you think the role of schools in perpetuating anti-Black racism has been left out of these discussions? I think there are a couple of reasons. First, in some ways we're very protective of education—we offer it as the solution to everything. And if we're putting it forward as the solution to our problems, we tend to be really careful about critiquing it in the moment. We're afraid to say that it has to be examined and improved. Another reason is that schools and teachers are under constant attack, or what Ruth Wilson Gilmore calls "organized abandonment." We don't want to blame teachers—they're not the most powerful actors in schools, and the disinvestment in education is very real. So I understand that people don't want to place blame on individuals who are working for the community. But many of us who are studying education are looking deeply at how this system actually reproduces criminality, how it constructs criminals out of young people of color and Black children in particular. Can you give some examples of what that kind of criminalization looks like? Beth Richie uses the term "prison nation" to describe America's commitment to overpolicing of Black and Brown communities. That constant surveillance and punishment is also evident in schools, and it wears Black and Brown students down. Some of the most well documented examples are suspensions and expulsions, a very clear, exclusionary discipline in which we say, "You are no longer welcome here." Multiple studies link disciplinary exclusion to dropping out—or what others have better described as being pushed out—and future incarceration. Some of my own research looks at enabling and debilitating practices in the classroom—ignoring when they act out, while punishing Black children for the same behavior. We just published a study focused on girls of color who talked about how, when they raise their hands, they get ignored or told to try harder. Girls of color who are trying to participate are getting debilitating responses, while white kids who are not raising their hands are getting more attention and rewards. I'm not saying that not calling on a kid causes criminal behavior, but we are doing what Crystal Laura describes as isolating Black youth from participating in the life of the classroom. When you're repeatedly raising your hand and told, "You're not trying hard enough" or "You're not listening," you're being met with a punishment mindset. Black youth are pushed away from classroom life, and their learning experiences become diminished over time. In addition to this foreclosing of academic life and hyperpunishment through exclusionary discipline, youth of color are more likely to be hypersurveilled in schools, overrepresented in special education and referred to and arrested by police. These are all ways in which schools criminalize Black youth. Day after day, these things start to sediment. How can teachers approach these situations differently? Even as school systems are unjust, teachers can take back some of their autonomy in their own classrooms. They can refuse to criminalize kids in particular ways, refuse to institute certain punishments. But it's also important to think about why kids do what they do. Behavior that we've often translated as a one-off, individual characteristic is actually about responding to systems of injustice. If your students are marginalized in multiple ways—because of racism, classism, sexism, cis-heteropatriarchy, ableism, xenophobia, linguicism—they understand the world in a way that you never can. Educators who bring humility, who learn about the ways schools and society criminalize children, who refuse to partake in labeling and surveillance, who use ethnic studies and other critical curriculum in culturally sustaining ways—those educators can teach and act in solidarity with their students. Of course, there are behaviors that aren't allowed in the classroom, but we need to understand where they're coming from. A lot of the responsibility for this current failure and shifting that understanding lies with teacher preparation programs. We need to support teachers in developing a critical consciousness, as Joyce King names it: one that understands the historical and cultural context in which their students are living. What policies at the school or district level can support that? One important example is getting police and policing out of schools. We need to stop pretending that security measures like metal detectors and K-9 dogs and strip searches—all of which happen in schools, whether or not they're legal—are actually making kids safer. Research has shown that when police are present, teachers and school officials will contact them for increasingly minor behavior, and security measures do not make schools safer. Do you think we've reached a point where change is possible? Racism is endemic—it's always going to reinvent itself in creative ways. Some people find that depressing, but I believe it relieves us from the pressure of having to eliminate racism in our lifetime. The goal is to intervene with an eye toward justice and abolition—always tearing down current iterations of anti-Blackness, white supremacy and racism, and believing there is a different way forward. We all have places we can intervene. There are multiple ways that schools criminalize children and foreclose opportunities. We also need to address the ways schools reproduce inequities through standardized testing, tracking—like Advanced Placement, gifted and special education—and problematic curriculum. There are many places to intervene, in education and beyond. We can intervene consistently where our expertise lies.
Texas Climate Home » Texas » Texas Climate Characteristics by region Northern area San Angelo58/2963/3471/4279/5086/5991/6695/7094/6888/6379/5167/3959/31 Wichita Falls52/2958/3467/4176/4984/5992/6897/7296/7188/6477/5264/4054/31 The Northern Plains’ climate is semi-arid and is prone to drought, annually receiving between 16 and 32 inches (810 mm) of precipitation, and average annual snowfall ranging between 15 and 30 inches, with the greatest snowfall amounts occurring in the Texas panhandle and areas near the border with New Mexico. During the summer, this area of state sees the most clear days. Winter nights commonly see temperatures fall below the freezing mark, or 32 °F (0 °C). The wettest months of the year are April and May. Tornadoes, caused by the convergence of westerly and southerly prevailing winds during the late spring, are common, making the region part of Tornado Alley. Poor land management, drought, and high wind speeds can cause large dust storms, minimized in modern times by improved land-management practices, but most troublesome in the 1930s during the Dust Bowl period. The panhandle region, farthest from the Gulf of Mexico, experiences colder winters than the other regions of Texas, where occasional wintertime Arctic blasts can cause temperatures to plunge to well below freezing and bring snowy conditions. Trans Pecos Region Hill Country San Antonio62/3967/4374/5080/5786/6691/7295/7495/7490/6982/5971/4964/41 The Texas Hill Country, or central Texas is shaped by its many rivers and hills. The climate is semi-arid west of Brady through Junction to Rocksprings, but it is sub-humid east and south of that area; both areas have hot summers and mild winters with occasional cold spells. Humidity is high during the warm season, though afternoons especially further northwest can see a wind shift and drier air before Gulf air returns after sunset. The vegetation is both deciduous in the river valleys, and coniferous where there is greater elevation. Dry savannas, open woodlands, and shorter grasses dominate the northwest, while closed woodlands and moist savannas mix with taller grasses in the east and south. In a single year the region can receive up to 48 inches (1,200 mm) of precipitation, and flooding is common near rivers and in low-lying areas, while drier years might receive only 12 inches (300 mm) of precipitation; average annual precipitation ranges from 21 inches (530 mm) in western sections up to 35 inches (890 mm) in southeast. The wettest months of the year are April and May. Piney Woods Fort Worth55/3161/3668/4476/5283/6191/6997/7296/7289/6579/5567/4458/35 Port Arthur61/4365/4672/5278/5984/6689/7292/7492/7388/6980/6071/5164/45 The Piney Woods is the eastern region of Texas and is within the humid subtropical climate zone. It receives the most rainfall; more than 60 inches (1,500 mm) annually in the far east. This is due to the gulf currents that carry humid air to the region, where it condenses and precipitates out in the vicinity of sea breeze fronts as well as when extratropical cyclones move by. While coastal sections see the most cloudy days statewide and year-round, northern sections see the most clear days during the summer. The wettest months of the year are April and May. The area is prone to severe thunderstorms and tornadoes when the proper conditions exist, generally in the springtime. Hurricanes also strike the region, the most disastrous of which was the Galveston Hurricane of 1900. More recently Hurricane Rita pummeled the Golden Triangle of southeast Texas. The higher humidity of the region amplifies the feeling of heat during the summer. During winter and spring along the immediate coast, temperatures are kept cool by relatively cool gulf waters. Dense advection fog can form when warm air moves over the cool shelf waters during February and March, stopping ship traffic for days. Corpus Christi66/4670/4976/5681/6286/6990/7493/7493/7590/7284/6475/5568/48 Del Rio63/4068/4476/5283/5989/6794/7296/7496/7491/6982/6171/4963/41 Cold and snow 2004 Christmas Eve Snowstorm in South Texas Northern and western sections of the state average snowfall annually due to their colder average readings each winter. For one week in February 1956, a snow storm of historic proportions struck northern Texas. The maximum amount measured was 61 inches (150 cm) at Vega with Plainview receiving 24 inches (61 cm) in one day. El Paso, in Far West Texas, received 22.4 in (57 cm) of snow during a 24-hour period December 13–14, 1987. For central and southern sections, snowfall is considerably more unusual. In February 1895, a large area of southeastern Texas received over 12 inches (30 cm) of snow, with peak amounts near 30 inches (76 cm) at Port Arthur. More recently around Christmas of 2004, up to 13 inches (33 cm) of snow fell along the middle coast, with the maximum occurring at Victoria. Severe weather Thunderstorms are very common in Texas, especially the eastern and northern portion. Texas is part of the Tornado Alley section of the country. The state experiences the most tornadoes in the Union, an average of 139 a year. These strike most frequently in North Texas and the Panhandle.Tornadoes in Texas generally occur in April, May, and June. Annual average precipitation across Texas The most serious threat from tropical cyclones for Texans is from flooding. The worst aspect about tropical cyclones is that the weaker they are, the more efficient they can be at producing heavy rains and catastrophic flooding. Systems with sprawling circulations, such as Hurricane Beulah, also tend to make good rainmakers. Slow moving systems, such as Tropical Storm Amelia (1978) and Hurricane Harvey (2017) can produce significant rainfall. Tropical cyclones from the eastern Pacific and Atlantic Basins can impact the Lone Star State. In general, flooding across Texas is more common during the spring and early autumn months, and it can also be due to nearby stationary fronts interacting with strong upper level cyclones. The most likely location for floods statewide is the Balcones Escarpment, an area of steep elevation gradient in central Texas at the boundary between the Edwards Plateau and the coastal plain. Extreme temperatures Climate data for Texas Record high °F (°C)98 Record low °F (°C)−22 El Niño–Southern Oscillation Climate change Texas emits the most greenhouse gases in the US. The state’s annual carbon dioxide emissions are nearly 1.5 trillion pounds (680 billion kg). Texas would be the world’s seventh-largest producer of greenhouse gases if it were an independent nation. The primary factors in Texas’ greenhouse gas emissions are the state’s large number of coal power plants and the state’s refining and manufacturing industries which provides the bulk of the United States’ petroleum products.
Quick Answer: Can You Get Cancer From Not Covering Your Food In The Microwave? Is it bad to not cover your food in the microwave? The moist heat created when food is steamed or vented with a lid that’s not too tight also helps destroy harmful bacteria. Though it’s always a good idea to cover food when reheating it in the microwave (otherwise that cleaning schedule will be on overdrive), microwaving food in an airtight container is a no-no.. Can you get cancer from standing in front of a microwave? Heating and serving food in plastic containers causes harmful chemicals to leak in it and enhance risk of cancer. As such, if the microwave oven is leaking or door is kept open, radiation can leak and affect a person standing very close to the oven. Why you should never microwave water? Will microwave kill bacteria? Do real cooks use microwave? Professional chefs may use microwaves for warming up something and other unconventional uses, but they would not usually use them to cook. It is not compulsory that all chefs should use microwaves. Every chef has its own mind to make diffrent delicious foods. They make better hand made food than the microwaved food. Can you get cancer from microwaving food? When microwave ovens are used according to instructions, there is no evidence that they pose a health risk to people. In the US, federal standards limit the amount of RF radiation that can leak from a microwave oven to a level far below what would harm people. What are the negative effects of microwaves? Is microwaved water bad for you? Is it OK to microwave water for tea? Slate says that the microwave will result in unevenly hot water: … Overheating your water can make your tea taste bitter and weird, says Slate. But those without a kettle shouldn’t despair just yet: as long as you’re willing to drink only green tea, the microwave is the way to go. Should you leave microwave door open after? Yes – open – if you have just cooked something, as the steam created is best dissipated by leaving the door open for a short time. Wipe it down inside. Then close it, for convenience’ sake. No real reason to do so. Why you shouldn’t use a microwave? It generates harmful compounds. Microwaves deplete the nutrients found in food. In addition, it replaces the healthy compounds of the dish with radioactive ones. This happens because microwave ovens use microwave ionization to heat up food. Ionization in controlled areas is found to be cancer causing in humans. Is it OK to microwave tea bags? Do and don’ts using microwave? Microwaves: Do’s and Don’tsDON’T put metal in the microwave. … DO check on your food. … DO follow the instructions of your microwave meal. … DON’T be afraid to let your food bubble up/steam. … DO allow for different cooking times. … DON’T let it get too dirty. … DO take extra caution when thawing meat. … DON’T use containers that aren’t microwave-ready.More items… Is it bad to stand in front of a microwave when pregnant? Is it safe to microwave eggs? Yes, it is safe to cook eggs in the microwave, whether you wish to poach, scramble, or “fry” your eggs. Sometimes, microwaved eggs taste even better than stovetop eggs. … It’s also a good idea to pierce the yolk and white a few times or whisk the egg completely to help prevent splattering.
What are the benefits of an Apple tree? There are many reasons to grow Apple trees in our gardens, they provide a fantastic show of blossom in spring (Although short-lived), they are great for birds and insects but best of all they supply us with delicious fruit. Apple trees are also very versatile, they grow well in a variety of conditions and can be trained to form a shape you want. When & why do they require pruning? Fruit trees generally need regular pruning, especially with an Apple tree. Apple trees can be very fast growing and can with ease become too large for the area, this can cast shade on surrounding shrubs and trees. It is also important to annually prune Apple trees to achieve great fruit yields, ideally this should be undertaken in the trees dormancy months (November-March). In addition to shaping and shortening branches, it is also important to prune dead/diseased limbs to prevent failure. Once confident all of the dead branches are gone, we can then start to thin out the canopy allowing younger inner framework branches to flower/fruit. My tree is too large! If your tree is too large and needs severely reducing in size it is important to employ a professional tree surgeon, as when cutting the tree back hard it is important that the position of the cuts are correctly placed and are undertaken at the right time of the year. The process is called “regulatory pruning”, it allows us to reduce the trees size by a considerable amount, BUT it must be done in stages over several years. By pruning over several years it reduces the stress and sunburn on the tree, resulting in less chance of death of the tree. Following severe pruning to an Apple, and many other deciduous trees, you are almost guaranteed to see “epicormic growth” or “Sucker growth”, this is a normal reaction from the tree as it tries to re-coup the crown it has lost. This growth can be fast growing and unsightly, however we can use some of these shoots as main stems in the future. What can we do for you! We can advise you or manage your fruit trees for you, to help achieve what you want from the tree. If you require a tree surgeon in Leicester or Leicestershire who you can trust give us a call on 0116 2600419 and we will be happy to help! For a more in-depth guide visit the Royal Horticultural Society website, full of wonderful advise!
Argumentative Essay: Ancient Greek Thethology And The Religious Mythuals 1660 Words7 Pages My topic for this historical argumentative essay is Ancient Greek mythology and the religious rituals the Ancient Greek’s participated in and why. During their 2000-year survival in history, many religious rituals were performed, and many deities worshiped. Ancient Greek’s believed that by conducting these rituals, they would improve their relationships with the gods (Schultz 1), making their lives better; when they didn’t praise them as they should, the punishment was severe. I personally do not believe in Greek gods or the theory that they existed. The main reason for my belief is in the title itself, mythology. The definition of mythology is the study of myths, myths meaning traditional or legendary stories, usually having to do with a…show more content… Looking at non-poetic sources throughout history, the Greeks really foresaw no meaningful existence after death. (Mikalson 178) The Greek gods and heroes in Ancient Greece only showed their favor to humans who were living, or to their families after their deaths. (Mikalson 178) They decided that if the punishment was not delivered during their lifetime, it would fall to their family and their descendants, but not their dead being. (Mikalson 178) A bit of confusion around their afterlife beliefs is the offerings made annually at the tombs of the dead. Food and drink offerings would be left, which would presume that their dead family members have consciousness and appetite. (Mikalson…show more content… After something they prayed for happened, they would go the extra mile to prove their loyalty to their gods, by continuing sacrifices. Even when something didn’t work out the way they planned, they still continued to pray for what they needed. The detail given during sacrifices is a perfect example of how much they truly believed in their gods works for them. The gods and what they stood for, as well as what the Ancient Greek’s did for them, is documented in poems, tragedies, and more with most of the information we know about the gods of Ancient Greek Mythology coming specifically from Homer and other poets. Researching this topic has opened up my eyes to what people will do for something they truly believe in. Much of the Ancient Greek’s entire existence revolved around their gods and what they could do for them, to give themselves a better life. For people to go this extent on something, proves in itself that they truly believed the gods were providing for them in ways they couldn’t on their More about Argumentative Essay: Ancient Greek Thethology And The Religious Mythuals Open Document
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Essay 1115 Words 4 Pages Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus For this assignment I have been asked to choose a pathogen, describe it and explain how the chain of infection can be broken. I have chosen Meticillen Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus. As a support worker in theatres MRSA can cause significant problems for us and for patients, therefore we have to have each patient screened before we operate and we have certain standard precautions we need to follow before, during and after surgery. Staphylococcus Aureus is a very common bacteria. Meticillen resistant staphylococcus aureus is a strain of this bacteria that is resistant to some antibiotics that are commonly used to treat staphylococcal infections. Bacteria are single celled microbes that are found everywhere, every habitat has them and they are carried on every human and animal, some bacteria are good and some are bad. Good bacteria can help us digest food whereas bad bacteria are pathogens that make people unwell and can create unwanted symptoms ‎(Microbiology Online, 2016). Staph bacteria can live harmlessly on the skin, 20-30% …show more content… Before operating, when intubating, catheterising or positioning a patient, gloves should be worn if there is a chance in coming into contact with bodily fluids. If catheterising, an aseptic technique should be followed closely. Hands can be carriers of Meticillen resistant Staph bacteria and introducing them to an invasive device, such as a urinary catheter, can give the bacteria the opportunity it needs to infect the patient (Mangnall & Watterson, 2006). Hands must be decontaminated with soap and water and an apron should be adorned before carrying out such a procedure. During the procedure a sterile field should be maintained and afterwards the apron should be disposed of correctly into a yellow bin bag and hands must be decontaminated Related Documents
Wearing a Facemask is a Good Start Here’s an article Wearing a face mask can reduce coronavirus transmission by up to 75 percent, study says (as close to a source as I could find) It is super seeing research like that! The next question to our society is: how do we couple mask usage with another “multiplier” so that people can coexist inside a room and not transmit the virus at all? The case studies that I have seen demonstrate one person spreading the virus to up to 80% of the other people in a room in 3 hours. Reducing that transmission rate by 75% isn’t actually helpful on its own; in simplest terms, now that same 80% gets infected in 12 hours 🙁. One Comment 1. Free says: I have several questions about this. First, they don’t specify what mask material was used. We’ve got a wide variety of thinks in use for masks, from bandanas to vacuum cleaner bags, and it seems unlikely that they are all equally effective. Second, it seems to me that putting a mask (of unknown materials) over a cage is not the same as putting one on a human face. When a person wears a mask, there is a strong possibility of air blowing out the sides as the person exhales. That risk wouldn’t be the same for an entire cage being covered by mask material. On the other hand, I don’t know that it’s true that if 80% would be infected within three hours without masks, 80% would be infected within 12 hours with masks. It is possible, for example, that the viral load is reduced to such a point that all but 20% of people will never get it. After all, in the experiment, only two-thirds of the hamsters became infected after a whole week, not three hours. And also, if it takes 12 hours to become infected, you would eliminate the vast majority of cases. Outside of a family situation, it is highly unlikely for two people to spend 12 hours in a row within 6 feet of each other. Even a normal work day is less than 12 hours. A restaurant meal is way less than 12 hours. And even if we assume that two workers in an open office spend 12 hours within six feet of each other over the course of a couple of days, the time spent out of the office in between may give the uninfected one a better chance of fighting off the virus. So, I’d suggest that the hamster experiment at least suggests that the right kind of mask may help. But the amount it helps might be anything from almost not at all to nearly 100%. Given that it would be unethical to do controlled experiments on humans, that may be as good as we can get. It’s certainly enough to keep me wearing a mask. But I would also hate to see broad public policy decisions being made on the basis that masks would reduce the transmission by a particular number. Leave a Comment You can edit your comment after submitting it.
Drugs from the ocean:The next medical research Drugs from the ocean:The next medical research As medicinal scientists proceed with their endeavors to improve human wellbeing, some are directing their concentration toward the sea since they trust that the Earth’s oceans may harbor novel malady battling science. The seas spread more than 66% of Earth. As the maxim goes, we find out about the outside of the moon than we do about the base of the sea. The ocean’s capacity to progress from dull, dangerous fierceness to quiet, completely clear quiet has scared and boggled mankind since we previously visited the shoreline. Given the huge, undiscovered nature of Earth’s seas, it bodes well to plumb their profundities in the chase for new and creative medicines. Marine creatures, plants, and organisms have advanced a special arrangement of synthetic substances to shield themselves and help correspondence. Researchers are quick to find out about these novel mixes. Why look to the ocean? There are various reasons why life in the ocean has built up an unmistakable determination of particles. For example, creatures that are moored to the floor and don’t have protection plating, for example, wipes and corals, need to discover different approaches to guard themselves. Much of the time, synthetic concoctions are their weapon of decision. Moreover, marine animals will in general have moderately crude resistant frameworks, and some live in packed natural surroundings, for example, coral reefs, where shielding themselves is an all day work. In the meantime, life forms in the sea need to draw in certain life forms and repulse others. They likewise need to facilitate propagation by synchronizing the arrival of eggs and sperm into nature. These things require dynamic organic particles. Creatures and plants that abide in the sea sit and swim in a shower of microscopic organisms, growths, and different life forms goal on transforming them into a feast or a home. This decent variety of dangers has constrained development to mount progressively complex synthetic fights. A portion of the subsequent mixes may be helpful for our own war against malady. Related Post Leave a Reply
Woman looking at bugs through a magnifying glass A minibeast is a creature without either a backbone or an internal skeleton (scientifically called an invertebrate). Minibeasts include, beetles, butterflies, spiders, worms, praying mantis, centipedes and bees! Minibeasts highlights the spectacular realm of insects and celebrates all things that creep, crawl, wriggle, squirm, buzz and flutter! Minibeasts video Enjoy a myriad of fun interactive activities including, examining and classifying specimens using magnifying glasses, creating patterns with natural materials, decorating three dimensional bug templates, contributing to a collaborative bee hive, posing in front of a butterfly wing mural and observing a live insect display. Redcliffe Museum has implemented Covid-19 safe measures to ensure the safety of staff and patrons. Image credit: Photographed by Katie Bennett. • Saturday, 13 June 2020 - Sunday, 29 November 2020 Redcliffe Museum, 75 Anzac Avenue, Redcliffe 4020 View map Google Map
Facebook Youtube The Bhagavad Gita The message of the Bhagavad Gita is to fight, to act, to play our part in life. If we work well then we discipline our mind and body and the strength that results stays with us and leaves the body with us. The Bhagavad Gita also urges us to seek enlightenment to go beyond the wheel of birth, death and rebirth. The Bhagavad Gita is talk 19 of 27 in the Tantric Buddhism series. More Detailed Explanation: In this talk, Rama focuses on the underlying theme of The Bhagavad Gita [Note: A 700-verse Sanskrit scripture that is part of the Hindu epic Mahabharata] and how it can lead us to a happier, more meaningful life. In the Gita, we witness a conversation between Sri Krishna, an Avatar, and Arjuna, a great warrior. This narrative is really a discussion between Enlightenment and that which unconsciously seeks Enlightenment. Sri Krishna represents Enlightenment. Krishna's mind is different - he lives in, and radiates, light. Arjuna is that which seeks Enlightenment. Arjuna is a worldly individual, engaged in a civil war - the battle of Kurukshetra. The conversation between Krishna and Arjuna takes place on the battlefield, representing the battlefield of life. In this war of Kurukshetra, Arjuna is pitted against his loved ones - he has to kill them. Arjuna says he will not fight. This moment where Arjuna refuses to fight, represents a place inside our minds where we are facing certain attachments and illusions particularly dear to us, that we have to dispel. Arjuna won't fight because he is attached to his illusions. Krishna tells Arjuna to kill these people - it is his job to kill them - and to look at the big picture. Krishna says Arjuna can't really kill anybody and that he can't really be killed because we are all eternal. Life is a game, or lila - where light takes on different shapes and we play certain roles. Maya means we identify with our forms or shapes, and forget who we really are. Krishna says it is a mistake to believe we are the different shapes. In this life - the world, the things of life - emotions, careers, us - are shapes made from the light. Yoga is the study of the essence of the shapes - the light out of which the shapes emerge. Yoga teaches us to see the bigger picture in terms of the light - so we are not so concerned about the shapes. This world, and everything we love in this world, is transient. To be upset when we don't get what we want is to attach ourselves to phantoms. If we could see further into the process, we would see that the transient forms that go back into the light, remain unharmed. If you live in the world of the senses this is hard to understand. If the senses are all you know, of course it will make you unhappy. Krishna tells Arjuna he can go beyond the world of the senses with meditation. When you make the mind still in meditation, you go through a doorway into a world of perfection. When you do that more and more, you get to the point where your outer form will experience the world, while your mind will be absorbed in perfect light. Krishna advises Arjuna to get a teacher and follow their instructions - they will teach you how to free yourself from the wheel of dharma - the world of transient form. Enlightenment is when you've gone into the light so much - there is no difference between you and light. Krishna tells Arjuna he has to face his greatest fears and attachments - and let them go. He tells Arjuna that he can't kill anybody - don't take it so seriously. If you choose not to play your role, it is a mistake - you must assume responsibility for your role. Whatever persuades us to turn away from our responsibilities is the enemy. You must play the game to win. Winning is better than losing - and it's better to lose, and play the game well, than not to play at all. To become Enlightened, to become free, we have to face life and slay our illusions. Life is a game of winning and losing - like a war. Rama explains, "A war is an incarnation - a battle is a day of your life. And if we win more than we lose, we say we've won the battle...So we do one day at a time in self-discovery...and we win - because our method is sound..." Meditating and staying in the light as long as you can - using your will - allows the light to mould you into what you need to be to face and slay your illusions. We must always respect our opponents. With a talented opponent - you are forced to draw more power from your being, accelerating your growth and development. When you decide to fight - you gain power. When you retreat from the fight - you die inside. Krishna says to fight and use your fear to make you a better fighter. You alone direct your attention, and anything that distracts you, leave behind. It is important also to make your physical body very strong to deal with the world and to deal with the experiences we have when we go into the light. Meditating in an ashram doesn't create Enlightenment. What creates Enlightenment is a person with purpose, someone who meditates several hours a day and follows their teacher's recommendations - someone who does their tasks perfectly, even while knowing everything will be washed away. Yoga means we accept responsibility for the tasks in our lives. It doesn't matter what the task is, it's about how we handle what comes to us. We should take on a task that is equal to or a little greater than our strength - so we can get stronger. We gain strength in every lifetime - and we take that strength with us. If you meditate for 16 hours a day with no thought - it is the same thing as living in the world - but it is not better than living in the world. Living in the world and having a teacher can be better than being in a monastery. While a monastery provides a certain support structure, there is a danger that a person there will not progress because they are just going through the motions. It can be better to be in difficult situations so you are inspired to go beyond the transient. To remove yourself from life isn't the answer - "...you must walk among the things you desire, and your aversions - the things that you fear - and be unaffected. That's Buddhism...to be in a monastery and ashram is not always the answer because we don't fight, we kick back - we don't listen to Sri Krishna."
Mining in Manitoba Shrinkage Mining Engineering Considerations Return to Underground Mining Menu A mining method in which ore is mined from a vein from the bottom up. First, a drift is dug at one level of the vein. Progressively higher levels are blasted and allowed to fill in much of the void (except for a working space). Since broken up rock has air spaces between the pieces, the overall volume is larger than the original vein, so broken ore must be removed from the vein with each cut. The miners are always working on a surface of broken up ore. Eventually, the entire vein has been blasted and is filled with broken ore. The miners then pull out and extract the broken up ore by a process similar to block caving. Shrink stoping is used for high-grade vein orebodies.
Beyond The Worst Case Scenerio: Anxiety Relief Anxiety is a leading cause of misery for individuals all across the globe. Taking control of anxiety can be hard and many people do not know how. Luckily, there is great advice in this article, and these ideas are proven winners in combating anxiety. Keep daily stress managed. As stress levels increase, anxiety increases. Learn to delegate tasks and relieve some of the pressures or responsibilities at work or home. Take some time to relax and do things you enjoy everyday. You can effectively take back control of the disruption of your breathing by using a pattern to the intake and release of your breath. Count to yourself gently as you breathe, and let the feelings of relaxation flow into your body. If you really want to enhance the efforts of deep breathing, find a quite spot and sit there while you breathe. Discuss your largest fear with a trusted friend, and make it sound worse than it is. Once you tell them about it, you may see the whole issue in a less fearful light and find that you can face the problem more easily. Find someone you know you can trust. Turn to this person when you want to talk about your anxiety. Being able to talk with someone about your anxiety can be a huge comfort and actually lessen your anxiety. Avoiding your feelings can eventually make matters worse. Think about the positive things in your life. Make a habit out of listing some of these things every night as you go to sleep, as well as in morning hours when you awake. Positivity can keep negativity at bay, reducing your overall anxiety. A diary is a great way to help manage your anxiety. Some people have a build-up of stressful thoughts in their mind and no way to release them. When you have a place to put all of the extra stuff from your mind–like in a journal–it allows your mind to live in the present instead of thinking about anxiety provoking events that are in the past or future. When you are stressed out, notice what happens to your breathing. Your breathing gets shorter, varied at times, and erratic. It can be simple to forget how to breathe properly when you’re feeling anxious. However, if you are mindful of it, you can regulate your breathing so that you can calm yourself and regain control. During an attack, keep refocusing your breathing as much as you are able to. Find someone trustworthy to discuss your anxiety with. Talking about bad thoughts could help in minimizing them. See to it that you’re rational and that you have the desire to get rid of your anxiety. The best thing that you could do is to look for someone you can trust that has already gone though this particular situation in which you can ask for advice. If you have a lot of anxiety, you life can be unbearable. The tips featured here can help you to reduce anxiety and live a more productive life. You just need to implement a few. Therefore, you might want to save a copy of this article, so that you can refer to it in the future.
How Many Carbs/Calories In Meat, minced beef, salt, water or milk, spices and starch added Possibly related metadata for 'beef' Beef is the culinary name for meat from bovines, especially cattle. Beef can be harvested from cows, bulls, heifers or steers. Acceptability as a food source varies in different parts of the world. Beef muscle meat can be cut into roasts, short ribs or steak. Some cuts are processed, and trimmings, usually mixed with meat from older, leaner cattle, are ground, minced or used in sausages. The blood is used in some varieties of blood sausage. Other parts that are eaten include the oxtail, liver, tongue, tripe from the reticulum or rumen, glands, the heart, the brain, the liver, the kidneys, and the tender testicles of the bull. Some intestines are cooked and eaten as-is, but are more often cleaned and used as natural sausage casings. The bones are used for making beef stock. Beef from steers and heifers is very similar, except steers have slightly less fat and more muscle. Depending on economics, the number of heifers kept for breeding varies. Source: Wikipedia. Source link. Food Item Meat, minced beef, salt, water or milk, spices and starch added SubCat Other meat products Carbo (g) 5 Sub2Cat Other meats, minced, offal, raw Kilojoules (kJ) 687 Kilocalories (kcal) 165 Fat (g) 11.2 Protein (g) 11 Salt (g) 1.4 Water (g) 71 Sugar (g) 0.2 Alcohol (g) 0 Beta-carotene (µg) 8 Calcium (mg) 70 Cholesterol (mg) 36 Copper (mg) 0.01 Dietary fibre (g) 0.1 Edible part (%) 100 Folate (µg) 4 FoodID 03.129 Iodine (µg) M Iron (mg) 1.3 Magnesium (mg) 17 Mono+Di (g) 0.4 MuFa (g) 5.1 Niacin (mg) 2.8 Omega-3 (g) M Omega-6 (g) M Phosphorus (mg) 41 Potassium (mg) 75 PuFa (g) 0.5 Retinol (µg) 8 Riboflavin (mg) 0.14 SatFa (g) 4.8 Selenium (µg) 1 Sodium (mg) 570 Starch (g) 2.9 Thiamin (mg) 0.06 TransFa (g) 0.1 Vitamin A (RAE) 7 Vitamin B12 (µg) 0.2 Vitamin B6 (mg) 0.02 Vitamin C (mg) 0 Vitamin D (µg) 0 Vitamin E (alfa-TE) 0.3 Zinc (mg) 2.5
Thursday, June 16, 2005 SpaceCrack: Verbs This part 5 of an ongoing game design document written as a blog. Be sure to catch up on previous posts. In the last installment, we made a quick inventory of all the pieces in the game. This time we'll dig into the part of the game that matters most to first time players, the things they can do. Expressive Verbs: A theoretical underpinning The immediate question that comes to mind is "what can the player do!?" If I'm remembering my game design history correctly, Chris Crawford came up with the concept of measuring the interactivity of a game by the number of "verbs" that a player can choose from. These verbs represent meaningful choices that affect the playerÂ’s traversal of the simulation/interactive story/system of psychological rewards (Feel free to insert your current favorite theoretical foundation for games) SpaceCrack is a simple game that relies on design method I call "expressive verbs". These are simple verbs with complex environmental connotations. The result is the player can only perform a few actions, but the impact of these actions vary dramatically in effect depending on when and where you perform them. The classic example of an expressive verb is found in Go. The player can place a single piece on the board. However, the environment within which the piece is placed provides a rich set of contextual meaning for the move. With one simple action you could win the game, lose the game or do anything in-between. In fact, the shades of meaning associated with placing a piece in Go are infinite and can take on hues of rivalry, respect, submission, deceit and more. When designing game verbs, it is better to go with a small number of expressive verbs than to overwhelm the player with a truckload of shallow verbs. This is a fundamental requirement for creating a game that is easy to learn but difficult to master. SpaceCrack Commands I'm calling the verbs in SpaceCrack 'Commands' since they use up Command Points as a primary resource. Below is the complete list of Commands that can be given in the game: • Build a ship. • Move a ship to a planet. • Build an upgrade on a specific planet • Send a message to another user. • End the turn All players will need to learn the required verbs in order to play a basic game. If they want to become experts, the optional verbs will help them play better. Having a hierarchy of verbs helps new users pick up the game quickly. This is streamlined vocabulary that lets the player can place a new token, modify a token, move an existing token or do nothing. Messages add a strong social context to all these actions. Novices can learn this list quickly, but the scope of the verbs also enough room for expert player to explore a universe of game play. Resources required to perform a Command There are two key resources required to perform an action. • Crack: The first is the name sake of SpaceCrack, a miraculous nanotechnological substance known as "Crack". With this currency you buy ships and upgrades. The economics of the crack trade in the game will be discussed in a future entry. • Command Points: The second resource is Command Points, which I mentioned in the previous post. Most Commands takes a set number of Command Points to enact. When you perform a Command, the appropriate number of Command Points are removed from your supply. We will be adjusting the number of Command points required for each action in order to balance the game. Time required to perform a Command Some commands also take an integer number of turns to complete. Items that take 1 turn are enacted immediately. Once you have used all of your Command Points, you can click the "end turn" button. Let's say you are moving a ship to another planet. This going to take you three turns. The ship will travel 1/3 of the way there and stop. That is as far as the ship can move in that turn. If it is firing its weapons, it will fire for 1/3rd of it's path and then stop. Think of the ship as being on a personal timeline that is played 1/3rd of the way through and paused. Command and massively multiplayer games Because turns are executed in a simultaneous fashion using a single game world clock you can have lots and lots of players and no slow down of game play. This excites me. • You can have a game with 2 players. • You can have a game with 50 players. Cool technology that needs to be built Commands are calculated on a central server and the results are sent back to the client for rendering. • Players does a command which submits the command to the central server. • The central server contains a copy of the game world. It simulates the results of the various orders. The server contains basic error checking to ensure that no one submits impossible commands with a hacked client. • A new game world state is generated. • The set of changes necessary to generate this new game world state is sent to each player. • The player sees the result of their command and may perform a new command if they have points remaining. So far you have an idea of what the player can do, but to really make this meaningful, we need to start talking about tokens. What the heck are these planets and ships I keep talking about? Be assured that they are more exciting than your wildest dreams. And I'm pretty sure that your dreams are wild. (I have inside information) The next post is up! Read it now. take care 1. Loving the blogs man... very well written. 2. Not to read too much into what is possibly a pseudo-random selection, but why "crack" as your label for currency? If you have commercial intentions for this game -- no matter how small -- you're likely to get some political backlash using a term like that. 3. Since SpaceCrack is more of design exercise, I'm not overly worried about the name. Also, names typically are changed from the design name once they become published. SpaceCrack is a play on typical naming of multiplayer games. World of Warcraft turns into World of Warcrack. Everquest turns into Evercrack. The idea is that these titles are addictive like crack. It is a simple pop culture reference, not a endorsement of hardcore drug use. For a more indepth look at games as a mildly addictive pasttime, check out my essay "" 4. amathar: Essentially it comes down to Danc being obnoxious. He likes to bug people with moral values (for example)--those folks who might find drug-references objectionable. But that's okay, we (the moral values crowd) still love him (and not just because we have to, due to our moral values...) :-) . 5. wink A difference in cultures perhaps. To call someone a 'crackhead' is really no different than say 'I'd kill for a burger right now.' Culture is interesting in how it adopts traditionally negative terms and makes them part of the everyday vocabulary. We have a wonderful push by the media to sensitize the culture to words like 'terrorist' and 'box cutter'. I'm waiting with great anticipation for variants of these terms to transition fully into the popular culture. Though today we might think of it as being in poor taste, it is almost some variation will end up being a common, publically acceptable phrase used by sinners and saints alike. I'm sure someone has done some wonderful work on how words pass through a cycle where a sub-culture is: - sensitized - desensitized - reform the word with a more general meaning - adopt the word into our every day language. take care PS: Ray: And I haven't even started my series on games and religion...;-) And you know I look forward to it with bated breath... PS> Nice little lecture on cultural sensitivities, though I note you didn't deny my allegation that you're just a bit "obnoxious"... (Though I'm sure you'd relable the word to be something more sensitive... like the word "provocative"...)
I'm trying to develop a device to burn a glass slide surface with a special pattern of UV light (between 300 nm and 360 nm) in a 5 cm square surface. I've read several threads asking questions about LCD printers and their way of functioning but I am not entirely sure how they work. So far I have found two methods that explain LCD printers: 1. The LCD screen emits light in UV spectrum that causes the resin to cure. I don't believe there are any LCD screens that can emit at 360 nm. 2. Initially there's a UV light bulb 'behind' the LCD screen which is translucent when off. The pattern is drawn in the LCD screen interfering with UV light's path drawing the image in the plate. If option two is the right one, do you know any devices (uv light and lcd screen) to develop what I want within the 360 nm wavelength? Alternatively, can a DLP projector to emit UV light (by adding a UV light bulb)? Would it still need to be cured? • $\begingroup$ LCDs can't emit light full stop. There is always a light source behind the LCD which is blocked by the LCD. $\endgroup$ – user253751 Aug 17 '20 at 17:01 It's almost always what you call system 2: The LCD screen is acting as a "mask" for the UV backlight, which is a strong bulb under it. This also is the reason that the screen degrades over time and that the machines need replacement bulbs: the heat from the UV source burns out the screen and itself over time. Both parts are consumable, just like the screen. You could technically swap out the light source for any one that fits the machine. However, a 360 nm light source won't help you for printing resins at all: most resins you can buy cure between 395 and 410 nm. Yes, even by curing with an UV light source, you need to post-cure the print. The reason for that is to get rid of any uncured, not washed away resin that still sticks to the surface and that a 3D print right of the platform actually isn't cured fully - especially the inter-layer-bonds are not formed fully and curing in the lightbox increases the stability to the print a lot. • $\begingroup$ This would imply a transparent LCD screen then... I'm trying to find one (or an OLED one) that I could use for my project but without luck. $\endgroup$ – Shupper Aug 15 '20 at 22:36 • $\begingroup$ @Shupper you need to take apart a full LCD screen and remove the backlight. $\endgroup$ – Trish Aug 15 '20 at 22:39 Your Answer
What Are The Types Of Pattern And Their Description? What are the 5 patterns in nature? Early Greek philosophers studied pattern, with Plato, Pythagoras and Empedocles attempting to explain order in nature.. What is the pattern rule? A numerical pattern is a sequence of numbers that has been created based on a formula or rule called a pattern rule. Pattern rules can use one or more mathematical operations to describe the relationship between consecutive numbers in the pattern. What are the counting patterns? Number pattern is a pattern or sequence in a series of numbers. This pattern generally establishes a common relationship between all numbers. For example: 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, … Here, we get the numbers in the pattern by skip counting by 5. What are the three patterns? Design patterns are divided into three fundamental groups:Behavioral,Creational, and.Structural. What is pattern and define its types? A pattern may be defined as a model of desired casting which when moulded in sand forms an impression called mould. The mould when filled with the molten metal forms casting after solidification of the poured metal. The quality and accuracy of casting depends upon the pattern making. What are the 2 types of pattern? Types of pattern:Single Piece Pattern: It is simplest type of pattern which is made in single piece. … Split Pattern or Multi Piece Pattern: These patterns are made into two or more pieces. … Cope and Drag Pattern: … Match Plate Pattern: … Loose Piece Pattern: … Gated Pattern: … Sweep Pattern: … Skeleton Pattern:More items…• How do you identify patterns? The process of pattern recognition involves matching the information received with the information already stored in the brain. Making the connection between memories and information perceived is a step of pattern recognition called identification. Pattern recognition requires repetition of experience. What is Followboard pattern? Follow Board Pattern Points : Follow Board Pattern, Metal Casting, Foundry, Moulding This pattern is adopted for those castings where there are a few portions which are structurally weak and if not supported correctly are possible to break under force of ramming. What are the classes or types of pattern? These design patterns are about organizing different classes and objects to form larger structures and provide new functionality. Structural design patterns are Adapter, Bridge, Composite, Decorator, Facade, Flyweight, Private Class Data, and Proxy. What are the 10 types of pattern? The 10-types of patterns are:Single Piece Pattern.Two-Piece or Split Pattern.Multipiece Pattern.Match Plate Pattern.Gated Pattern.Sweep Pattern.Loose Piece Pattern.Skeleton Pattern.More items… What are the different types of patterns in art? There are two basic types of pattern in art: Natural Pattern and Man-Made Pattern. Both natural and man-made patterns can be regular or irregular, organic or geometric, structural or decorative, positive or negative and repeating or random. What are the different types of patterns? Types of Patterns Single piece pattern. Two piece pattern. Gated pattern. Multi piece pattern. Match plate pattern. Skeleton pattern. Sweep pattern. Lose piece pattern.More items…• What does a pattern mean? English Language Learners Definition of pattern (Entry 1 of 2) : a repeated form or design especially that is used to decorate something. : the regular and repeated way in which something happens or is done. : something that happens in a regular and repeated way. What is pattern list different types of patterns and explain any four with neat sketch? The design patterns material such as wood, metal or plastic and more. The main pattern types such as solid pattern,split pattern,cope and drag,sweep pattern sand casting in process. The sand casting pattern making with same shape of part, not exactly in same size.
What Is Meant By Custom Duty? How are custom charges calculated? Customs fees are normally calculated based on the type of goods and their declared value, (which the sender will have noted on the customs documentation CN23 attached to the parcel). High value goods over the threshold provided by HMRC and the UK Government (currently €1000 / £873), the customs charge is £25.00.. What means custom duty? Customs duty is a tax that people pay for importing and exporting goods. Foreign investors can now import and export goods without paying customs duties. … Customs duty is a tax that people pay for importing and exporting goods. What is custom duty and its types? Custom duty is a type of indirect tax that is levied on all the goods that are imported to the country as well as some goods exported from the country. … While value-based duties are called valorem duties, quantity-based duties are called specific duties. Who will pay custom duty? The customs duty is imposed by the Government of India under the Indian Customs Act formulated in 1962 under the Constitution of India under Article 265. Where do you pay import duties? In practice, import duty is levied when imported goods first enter the country. For example, in the United States, when a shipment of goods reaches the border, the owner, purchaser or a Customs broker (the importer of record) must file entry documents at the port of entry and pay the estimated duties to Customs. How much is US import duty? How does the UK charge import duty on USA goods?Type and value of goodsImport duty rateAny goods under £135No chargeGifts worth £135-£6302.5% (lower for some goods)Gifts above £630 and any other goods above £135Depends on the type of goods and country of export. Check the HS code of goods to get the exact rate. What are the duties of custom service? The principal roles of the Customs Service include:exercising customs control on the commercial international exchange.assessing and collecting customs duties and taxes in the part calculated at the State’s border (VAT, excise)fighting against smuggling activity and counteracting customs fraud. What is customs duty with examples? Customs Duty refers to the tax that is imposed on the transportation of goods across international borders. It is a kind of indirect tax that is levied by the government on the imports and exports of goods. Why is custom duty important? “Customs Duty is a tariff or tax imposed on goods when transported across international borders. The purpose of Customs Duty is to protect each country’s economy, residents, jobs, environment, etc., by controlling the flow of goods, especially restrictive and prohibited goods, into and out of the country. How is duty calculated? You can usually search for duty rates using an HS code or product description. … To do this add up the value of the goods, freight costs, insurance and any additional costs, then multiply the total by the duty rate. The result is the amount of duty you’ll need to pay customs for your shipment. What is difference between excise duty and custom duty? Difference between Excise Duty and Custom Duty While excise duty is levied on goods produced or manufactured within the country, custom duty applies to the goods that are sold in India but were produced in a different country. Excise duty is to be paid by the manufacturer of the goods and not by the consumer. What are the types of customs? Types of Customs DutyBasic Customs Duty. Basic custom duty is the duty imposed on the value of the goods at a specific rate. … Countervailing Duty (CVD) … Additional Customs Duty or Special CVD. … Safeguard Duty. … Anti Dumping Duty. … National Calamity Contingent Duty. … Education Cess on Customs Duty. … Protective Duties.
Self understanding of the difference between input size and MaxLength attributes Recently, I used the size and MaxLength attributes of the input in the project. I only used to look at the difference between the two tags before. This weekend, baidu understood it. Record here! Copy code The code is as follows: <p>Name: <input type=”text” name=”fullname” maxlength=”5″ /></p> <p>Name2: <input type=”text” name=”fullname” size=”5″ /></p> MaxLength = 5 “, only 5 characters can be input in the input input box < br / > It means that the input box only displays five visible characters, but you can input ‘countless’ multi character content That is, the size attribute specifies the width of the input field (here, the Name2 text box only displays the width of 5 characters), Since the size property is a visual design property, we should replace it with width in CSS. CSS syntax: < input style=“ width:100px / >
'Let's take control of diabetes with fruits….. Learn about fruits that can help with diabetes and some of its symptoms as Supplementing fruits with medicine can help you to have better control over diabetes symptoms and prevent complications. The current epidemic of diabetes in UAE is the result of sedentary life style and changed food habits. The UAE has the second highest incidence of type II diabetes in the world that can be controlled by adopting simple lifestyle changes and food habits such as addition of certain fruit in routine diet. Consumption of specific fruits at regular bases can control symptoms and complications of diabetes.Fruits for DiabeticsJambul FruitThe jambul fruit or rose apple is known for its anti diabetic property. The ‘jamboline’ present in the seeds is believed to check the conversion of starch into sugar in case of increased production of glucose. It also reduces sugar in the urine. Grape fruit In Hindi it is known as chakotra. This citrus fruit is considered as good fruit for diabetes as it can naturally lower blood glucose level. It is also known for its appetizing properties and refreshing qualities. In many clinical studies it has been found that the chemical substance present in apple helps to control the diabetes. Scientists believe that fiber and vitamin c found in oranges controls blood sugar levels. Including oranges in diet will be beneficial to control weight gain and reduce obesity. Bilberries and blue berries Both of them are considered to be helpful in preventing the damage to the retina caused by diabetes. Dried plum or prunes is full of soluble fiber that helps to normalize blood sugar level by delaying the absorption of glucose following a meal and also increases insulin sensitivity which can help in the prevention and treatment of diabetes. The soluble fiber promotes a sense of fullness after meal which prevents over eating and weight gain. The other fruits that are rich in fibers and found beneficial in controlling blood sugar level are pears, apricots, kiwi fruit etc. Fruit and its fiber content. Fruit Fiber content Apple 2.5% Pears 2.1% Apricots 2.1% Blueberries 2.7% Kiwifruit 2.1% Pomegranates 3.4% Avocados 6.7% Bad fruit- myth There is a common myth among people that diabetic patient can’t eat certain fruits as they are “too sweet” or contains lots of carbohydrates. As a matter of fact the total consumption of carbohydrate or sugar levels affects blood sugar level more than the source of carbohydrates or sugar. According to mayo clinic, one serving of fruit should contain 15grams of carbohydrates and the size of the serving depends on the carbohydrate content of the fruit. That means you can eat low carbohydrate fruit in larger portion compare to high carb fruits. The following fruit servings contain about 15 grams of carbohydrates • 1/2 medium banana • 1/2 cup (83 grams) cubed mango • 1 1/4 cup (190 grams) cubed watermelon • 1 1/4 cup (180 grams) whole strawberries • 1/3 cup (80 grams) sapodilla (chikoo) • 3/4 cup (124 grams) cubed pineapple Today's Top Articles: Remember fruits are just supplements and can not substitute medicine. Supplementing these fruits with medicine can help you to have better control over diabetes symptoms and prevent complications. Related Articles Back to top button
Home > Website Building Tips > Build One Color UI Responsive Website Tutorial (HTML5 & CSS3) Build One Color UI Responsive Website Tutorial (HTML5 & CSS3) Today most of the websites use content management systems such as WordPress, Joomla, and OpenCart to be built and people tend to skip the essentials of the website creation process – the HTML and the CSS. In the following article, we will guide you through the process of creating a responsive HTML5 and CSS3 website from scratch. Building Website From Scratch HTML5 And CSS3 For the purpose of our tutorial, we will create 2 files – index.html and style.css and a folder that is going to store our images and we are going to name “img“. index style and images image The index.html file is where our HTML code is going to be. It is used for the “skeleton” of the website and it holds the main information about the website, the meta descriptions, the links to other files, and pretty much everything without stylings. The style.css is the file that holds the styling of our page. It is going to be used for defining our styles, positioning, layouts, and the overall outlook of our website. For a better understanding of the structure of the code, we will break it down to pieces and explain every piece or line of code that you are going to use. Every HTML5 document starts with the following lines of code: <html lang=”en”> <meta charset=”UTF-8″ /> <meta http-equiv=”X-UA-Compatible” content=”ie=edge” /> <link rel=”stylesheet” href=”./style.css” /> <title>Landing Page </title> The <!DOCTYPE html> tells the browsers that this document is going to be using HTML5, the metacharset specifies the encoding of the document and we highly recommend keeping it to UTF-8. On some rare occasions if you are creating a website on a different language you might need to change that if you experience problems with displaying your language characters. The meta name = “viewport” property tells the browser that the website is going to have a responsive behavior. The link to google fonts lets your HTML document use google fonts for its texts and the link rel=” stylesheet” line of code links the style.css document to your HTML document, enabling you to apply the styles from your .css file straight to your HTML. Body Of The HTML Website The “body” of every HTML website, or <body> is where all of your content stays. The HTML <body> tag defines the main content of the HTML document or the section of the HTML document that will be visible on your web page when its opened. We will start our website by creating a body and including a header in it. <div class=”logo-container”> <img src=”./img/logo.svg” alt=”logo” /> < <h4 class=”logo”>Three Dots </h4> <ul class=”nav-links”> <li> <a class=”nav-link” href=”#”>Specs</a></li> <li> <a class=”nav-link” href=”#”>Products</a></li> <li> <a class=”nav-link” href=”#”>Contact</a></li> <div class=”cart”> <img src=”./img/cart.svg” alt=”cart” /> </header < This is the skeleton for our header and it includes an <header< which is the tag that is used for the header of every website. It holds the top of the website with its navigation. Before proceeding, let’s take a minute to explain what a CSS class means. What is a CSS Class? A CSS class is a group of elements that share the same attributes, such as color or font-size. These attributes are specified to the class and can be applied to different elements. For example, we have a class “nav-link” that we use for every element in our menu and thus every navigation link in our menu will look and behave like every other navigation link that has that class on it. We’ve included our logo within a div, that has a class “logo-container“. An <h4> (meaning Heading 4) with a class of “logo” and a div with a class of “cart” that will be used for displaying the cart image. Building The Main <section class=”presentation”> <div class=”introduction”> <div class=”intro-text”> <h1>Laptop for the future</h1> The new 14 inch bezeless display oferring a 4k display with touch screen. <div class=”cta”> <button class=”cta-select”>14 Inch</button> <button class=”cta-add”>Add To Cart</button> <div class=”cover”> <img src=”./img/matebook.png” alt=”matebook” /> <div class=”laptop-select”> <img src=”./img/arrow-left.svg” alt=”” /> <img src=”./img/dot.svg” alt=”” /> <img src=”./img/dot-full.svg” alt=”” /> <img src=”./img/arrow-right.svg” alt=”” /> <img class=”big-circle” src=”./img/big-eclipse.svg” alt=”” /> <img class=”medium-circle” src=”./img/mid-eclipse.svg” alt=”” /> <img class=”small-circle” src=”./img/small-eclipse.svg” alt=”” /> The <main></main> tag specifies the main content of our document. This element should be unique to the element and it should not contain any repeated content such as sidebars, navigation, logos, and search forms. In our <main> </main> we have a <section> with a class named presentation“, a div with a class “introduction“, a div with another class <“intro-text”> and Heading 1 <h1> and a paragraph <p>. The classes are going to apply different styles for our elements. (more about that in the CSS part of the article). The <img> tags are used for linking and displaying images, and we also added them some CSS class styling. Once we are done with that, we are ready with the skeleton of our website. However, our website will now look very bad because it does not have its stylings done. creating the skeleton image Styling Our Website All of the stylings of our website are being written and saved in the style.css file. This file is a .css file that stores only CSS code and defines the visual part of our HTML layout, elements, classes, and ids. The first thing that we wanna do in our styles.css file is to write down: * { margin: 0px; padding: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; These lines of code are used to fix any margin or padding problems, and border-box as well. Once you’ve done that step, you can proceed with the styling of our <header>. To select the <headergt; element, simply use the } ; For our tutorial we will use header { display: flex; width: 90%; height: 10vh; margin: auto; align-items: center; The display: flex property will move everything in one line. The width:90% will make our header element to take 90% of the total width of our body. The margin: auto will figure out the proper space between the element and its parent container and adjust its position perfectly. The align-items: the center will position all of the child items that are in our <headergt; in its center. CSS is a very flexible and powerful language and it allows us to apply stylings to more than 1 class of elements. For example, we can apply the display: flex property to our logo-container, nav-links, and cart classes with a single line of code: .cart { display: flex; The display:flex property will take all of the available space of that 90% width. .logo-container { flex: 1; .logo { font-weight: 400; margin: 5px; nav { flex: 2; .nav-links { justify-content: space-around; list-style: none; .nav-link { color: #teal; font-size: 18px; text-decoration: none; .cart { flex: 1; justify-content: flex-end; creating flexed header image These lines of CSS will grant some stylings to the .nav-link class, making the navigation color to teal, with larger font-size, remove the underline, increase the logo font-size to 400. The justify-content: flex and will move the cart image to the end of its container and you are done with your header. Proceeding with the styling of our presentation and introduction classes. .presentation { display: flex; width: 90%; margin: auto; min-height: 80vh; align-items: center; .introduction { flex: 1; adjusting layout with css image That will allow us to display the items flexed and position them side by side. We can then proceed with styling the intro-text h1, settings its font-size, font-weight, and giving it a background of a gradient as well. .intro-text h1 { font-size: 44px; font-weight: 500; background: linear-gradient(to right, #494964, #6f6f89); -webkit-background-clip: text; -webkit-text-fill-color: transparent; .intro-text p { margin-top: 5px; font-size: 22px; color: #585772; This will apply stylings to the text h1 and text paragraphs as well, giving them some margin and a font-size of 22px as well as a #585772 color. Styling the Call To Actions .cta { padding: 50px 0px 0px 0px; .cta-select { border: 2px solid #c36cbb; background: transparent; color: #c36cbb; width: 150px; height: 50px; cursor: pointer; font-size: 16px; .cta-add { background: #c36cbb; width: 150px; height: 50px; cursor: pointer; font-size: 16px; border: none; color: white; margin: 30px 0px 0px 30px; styling ctas image These lines of code will select the .cta elements and will give them proper stylings as well, changing the width, height, border, cursor, color, etc. The margin option will give some spacing away from the button from its top, right, bottom, left. Once we get to this point our website already starts to look good. Styling The Cover Image .cover { flex: 1; display: flex; justify-content: center; height: 60vh; .cover img { height: 100%; filter: drop-shadow(0px 5px 3px black); animation: drop 1.5s ease; These lines of CSS will make our laptop fit in the center of its container and also give it some shadow and a popup animation. Positioning Background Circles Styling the background image We want to put our circle images in the background of our page, so we can use the following CSS code: .big-circle { position: absolute; top: 0px; right: 0px; z-index: -1; opacity: 0.5; height: 80%; .medium-circle { position: absolute; top: 30%; right: 30%; z-index: -1; height: 60%; opacity: 0.4; .small-circle { position: absolute; bottom: 0%; left: 20%; z-index: -1; This will let us put the circles in the background with different positions and reduced opacity, so our page will look much better and much more professional. Styling the Arrows For the styling of our arrows, we will use .laptop-select { width: 15%; display: flex; justify-content: space-around; position: absolute; right: 20%; Giving them a width of 15% of their container, display: flex, position absolute so we can position them where ever we want and right of 20%, sending them to the right side of our page. Creating Animations We will create a simple animation with the help of @keyframes. @keyframes drop { 0% { opacity: 0; transform: translateY(-80px); 100% { opacity: 1; transform: translateY(0px); Our code starts with an opacity of 0, or not being visible and start from a bit up, let’s say -80px, and when the animation finishes we want our animation to go to 0px. This will create a very nice and beautiful effect on our laptop when our page loads. Making Our Website Mobile Friendly making the site responsible image What we’ve created for now is a decent looking page that fits a laptop or a desktop user, but this will not look good on mobile devices. To do that, we should use the media queries provided by the CSS and write down some rules, that will be applied depending on the screen size of our device. Starting with a @media screen and (max-width: 1024px) { .presentation { flex-direction: column; the max-width:1024 property defines where the following rules should be applied. In other words, when the screen size becomes smaller than 1024px, the new set of rules will be applied and the website will change its look. The flex-direction: the column will apply to the class .presentation and thus it will be position its elements 1 under another. Then, we can proceed with applying some more rules under our @media screen and (max-width: 1024px) { .introduction { margin-top: 5vh; text-align: center; .intro-text h1 { font-size: 30px; .intro-text p { font-size: 18px; .cta { padding: 10px 0px 0px 0px; .laptop-select { bottom: 5%; right: 50%; width: 50%; transform: translate(50%, 5%); .cover img { height: 80%; .big-circle { opacity: 0.2; These stylings will transform your website’s layout to fully responsive and give it its completed look. Our Conclusion Building a website from scratch is not that hard as long as you understand the way HTML and CSS work together. Creating HTML elements and styling them with CSS selectors is a crucial knowledge that you should possess if you are about to start building websites. Also Check: 16 Steps How to Create Small WordPress Website for Free Also Read: How to Create a Blog on WordPress – Demo/Steps Tour (Update 2020) Start Your Website NOW! Get SiteGround Managed WordPress Web Hosting. Only for 5.99 €/mo! Follow the steps below to create a website: 1.Domain Name and Web Hosting. 2.Install WordPress and Theme. What do you need before starting a website. Before starting site setup process, we strongly advise that you complete the following preparation steps: • Have a clear idea for the site's domain name. For example, good tip is to make it short and with focused keywords. • Make sure to have an active credit or debit card so that you can make online purchases with it. • Make sure you prepare a computer that has stable internet connection. Step 1: Purchase a domain name and web hosting type. 1. Open your web browser and type "siteground.com" as shown below. Then click "Web Hosting": 2. Choose the hosting plan you prefer and click "GET PLAN". 3. Type in the website name you wish and click "Proceed". 4. Type in your account information and client information in the appropriate fields. 5. Enter your purchase information and payment details. 6. Review your total, tick the "I confirm" box and then click on "Pay Now" button. If you have done it successfully, this is what you should see: Step 2: Install WordPress and an appropriate visual theme for your website. 1. Log in to your account and click the "Websites" tab. Then click the "COMPLETE" button as shown below. 2. Select "Start a New Website" and then select "Wordpress". For an online store, select "WooCommerce" 3. Type your new separate WordPress login e-mail and password and click "CONTINUE" 4. Click on "FINISH" if you don't want to add any offered features. 5. Type "yoursitename.com/wp-admin/" in your browser and log-in using the WordPress e-mail and password you created earlier. 6. On the welcome screen, click on "START NOW". 7. Choose a theme that suits your site type and your preferences and requirements and click "SELECT" as shown. 8. To install the theme, click "CONFIRM" as shown. 9. Add any free optional extras to your WordPress and click "COMPLETE" as shown. 10. When you see the "Your site is ready" screen, click on "GO TO DASHBOARD". 11. Congratulations on your new site! This is your WordPress dashboard! You can use it to customize your site and change media in it. If you want to change the theme again, click "Appearance->Themes" and click the "Add New" button, as shown. You can preview and switch to another theme by clickig "Preview" and "Install" buttons respectively. In this FAQ’s we are going to introduce you to the most common and frequently asked questions about websites and their creation. Let’s get started! FAQ’s How to Create a Website What is a Website? A website is mainly made from web pages that contain related content all classified by a unique domain name (A domain name is your website name. It is the address where Internet users can access your website). On a website, you can post contrasting content connected with the sphere of your website. There are different types of websites, which you can find on the networking space like: Interesting Fact: The first website uploaded on the internet went live on August 6, 1991. How Much Does It Cost to Create a Website? To find out how much it will cost to create a website, firstly you need to have a clear idea about the type of your website. What it is going to be: e-commerce, blog, educational, etc. After that, you need to choose: The Best Hosting Provider. The Most Suitable Wordpress Theme. WordPress Website Builders/Plugins After choosing the best hosting provider, it's time for the right theme for your site, and the plugins, then you can estimate how much it will cost to start your website. Have in mind that if there are FREE web hosting and free WordPress themes available out there. Do I Need Any Programing Knowledge for Creating a Website? Probably yes. Creating a website is not an easy task, and it is good to have some programming knowledge if you are considering creating one, BUT there are also alternatives that you can use for creating your website without having any programming knowledge. One very popular alternative that you can use is to install a responsive multi-purpose WordPress theme like Avada and set drag & drop page buider, which will help you to customize your website at ease. Can I Create a Website for FREE? Once upon a time, it was said that everything is possible, so creating a website for free is possible, although it's hard to achieve without any expense. To start your free website creation you need to find a free WordPress theme like Astra and to install it on free hosting service like OOOWebHost. After you have already hosted your website on the internet you need to install free plugins, which is the most difficult part. It is problematic to find reliable free plugins. There are some free available like Yoast SEO that can do pretty nice work, but most reliable plugins like WPRocket, which are required for the success of your website are not free. How Long Does It Take to Create a Website? This is a question that concerns everyone who is considering making a website. The truth is that there is no specific answer to this question and everything depends on the height of your goal. If you are thinking off creating a small blog you can make your website in a day. But if you are considering making a big online shop or something similar you will need to spend a lot more time. Which Are the Best Platforms for Creating a Website? The easiest way to create a website is to use a CMS(Content Management System) website builder platforms like WordPress or Joomla. The CMS platforms can help you create and customize your website without having much coding knowledge. The Most Popular CMS Platforms: Jimbo, etc. What Is HTML? - Quick Tutorial. HTML is the standard markup language used in the web pages, with which you can create your own website. Using the base of the HTML and CSS(Cascading Style Sheets - another web language with which you can put style over the HTML fundamental) languages can be very helpful for making little customization changes to your website. HTML Code Examle The <!DOCTYPE html> declaration defines that this document is an HTML5 document The <html> element is the root element of an HTML page The <head> element contains meta information about the HTML page The <title> element specifies a title for the HTML page (which is shown in the browser's title bar or in the page's tab) The <body> element defines the document's body, and is a container for all the visible contents, such as headings, paragraphs, images, hyperlinks, tables, lists, etc. The <h1> element defines a large heading The <p> element defines a paragraph The <br> element means a line passing. HTML Element Example <h1> This is Heading </h1> </br> - Line Passing <p> This is Paragraph </p> What Is Web Hosting A web hosting service is a type of Internet hosting service that allows individuals and organizations to upload their websites on the internet. There are different types of hosting services like: • Shared Hosting (Server shared between many users) • Dedicated Hosting (A dedicated server only for you) • VPS Hosting (Virtual Private Server) • Cloud Hosting (Hosting services that are provided to customers via multiple connected servers that comprise a cloud) Leave a Comment Time limit is exhausted. Please reload CAPTCHA.
[Gdal-dev] Get a pixel from a lat/lon. Frank Warmerdam warmerdam at pobox.com Thu Sep 30 12:20:00 EDT 2004 Stephane Routelous wrote: > hi, > funny, I'm just facing the same question ! > what to you mean by 2) ? 2) Apply the hTransform (with OCTTransform) before using the geotransform. In the code Ken provided he was using the geotransform to convert from pixel/line to projected coordinates, and then calling OCTTransform() to reproject to lat/long. When going from lat/long to pixel/line you need to apply the OCTTransform() call to the input values and then do the part with geotransform. > And I'm also interessed by the 3) but with adfGeoTransform[2] and > adfGeoTransform[4] != 0 . I tried to solve the equation by myself, my math > courses are quite old :-( The "properly" solution is to invert the geotransform and apply it the old way. In a relatively recent GDAL the GDALInvGeoTransform() was made a public function. So we would use instead: double adfInvGeoTransform[6]; GDALInvGeoTransform( adfGeoTransform, adfInvGeoTransform ); x = adfInvGeoTransform[0] + adfInvGeoTransform[1] * dfGeoX + adfInvGeoTransform[2] * y; y = adfInvGeoTransform[3] + adfInvGeoTransform[4] * dfGeoY + adfInvGeoTransform[5] * y; The code for GDALInvGeoTransform() is in gdal/alg/gdaltransformer.cpp if you want to inspect it. It is a simple matrix inversion, but I have to admit my math is also pretty rusty and I had to find the equations on the web. You can also use GDALApplyGeoTransform() if you don't like the explicit use of the geotransform equations by the way (make sure x and y are doubles!): GDALApplyGeoTransform( adfInvGeoTransform, dfGeoX, dfGeoY, &x, &y ); Best regards, More information about the Gdal-dev mailing list
adaptation model adaptation model a conceptual model of nursing, formulated by Sister Callista roy, concerned with problems of adaptation to the changing environment. The person is an adaptive system that includes regulator and cognator coping mechanisms. The individual or group that has actual or potential adaptation problems is the recipient of care. The environment is all the internal and external stimuli that affect an individual or group. Environmental stimuli include the conditions, circumstances, and influences that surround and affect the development and behavior of an individual or group. Health is a state of being and a process of becoming an integrated and whole person. Adaptive behavior in four modes (physiological, self-concept, role function, and interdependence) is termed wellness; illness is ineffective adaptation in one or more of these modes. Nursing is a theoretical system of knowledge that prescribes a systematic process related to the care of the ill or potentially ill person. The goal of nursing is to promote patient adaptation in all four adaptive modes during wellness and illness. The nursing process component of the adaptation model involves six steps. In step one, assessment of behaviors, data regarding the client's physiological, self-concept, role function, and interdependence behaviors are collected. Once the data have been collected, the nurse must judge whether the behaviors are adaptive or ineffective. Thus the primary question is: To what extent is the person adapting to environmental stimuli? In step two, assessment of influencing factors, priorities are set for further assessment and identification of the environmental stimuli that influence the client's behavior and so contribute to the adaptive or ineffective responses. Step three, nursing diagnosis, involves a behavioral description of the client's adaptive or ineffective responses and identification of the most relevant influencing factors, as well as establishment of a hierarchy of importance for the nursing diagnoses. In step four, goal setting, the goals for nursing care are formulated. These goals are stated as behaviors expected as the outcome of nursing intervention. Step five, intervention, involves management of environmental stimuli, which takes the form of an increase, decrease, modification, maintenance, or removal of internal or external stimuli. The intervention with the highest probability of reaching the desired goal is selected. In step six, evaluation, the effectiveness of the nursing intervention is judged. The criterion for effectiveness is whether the desired behavioral goal was attained. The outcome of this step is updating of the nursing care plan. Adaptation Model A conceptual model of nursing developed by nursing theorist Sister Callista Roy that is based on the individual's adaptation to environmental stimuli. In this model, the goal of nursing is to promote adaptive physiological/physical, self-concept/group identity, role function, and interdependence responses. Medical Dictionary, © 2009 Farlex and Partners References in periodicals archive ? (2006) in their team adaptation model, which is further explained in Zajac, Gregory, Bedwell, Kramer, and Salas's (2014) conceptual work on the cognitive underpinning of team adaptation. MP Asylbek Kadyraliyev said: "Without studying other countries, proposing an adaptation model for improving ecology is wrong. Specifically, this study outlines three principles of Yin-Yang paradigm illustrated with the adaptation model developed on the basis of the classical Chinese rhetorical texts on interpersonal persuasion. Florio, "Development of a widely applicable gradientless shape optimization based bone adaptation model for comparative parametric studies," Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization, vol. The authors use the Soldier Adaptation Model as a framework to posit a soldier's resilience is determined by related processes of appraisal and coping responses to potentially demanding events that influence the outcomes experienced by soldiers. Specifically, there was an emphasis on Orem, as concept of self-care was appealing not only to educators but to clinicians as did Roy and the Roy Adaptation Model. Rogers and Parse were also popular as they focused on nursing, environment, relationships, and true presence. Determination of functional criteria and development of adaptation model Like the Mental Health Advisory Team reports that informed the creation of the UBHNA, (5,6) this study uses a conceptual framework that is based on the Soldier Adaptation Model (SAM). Full browser ?
• An RFID system is made up of two parts: a tag or label and a reader. RFID tags or labels are embedded with a transmitter and a receiver. The RFID component on the tags have two parts: a microchip that stores and processes information, and an antenna to receive and transmit a signal. The tag contains the specific serial number for one specific object. • To read the information encoded on a tag, a two-way radio transmitter-receiver called an interrogator or reader emits a signal to the tag using an antenna. The tag responds with the information written in its memory bank. The interrogator will then transmit the read results to an RFID computer program.. LPR, Port Automation, Gate Automation, Terminal planning, SMART ports, Port machinery, Container management systems, TOS (Terminal Operating System), OCR images (4)
Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 158 with English in Use I ntroduction Aims of the book This book has two objectives: 1 to prepare you for the CAE exam Paper 2 (Writing) and Paper 3 {English in Use). 2 to develop your practical writing skills to an advanced There is no conflict between these two objectives, because CAE writing tasks are as close to real-life situations as possible, and the examiners use real-life criteria in assessing candidates work. If a piece of writing would 'do the jo b effectively in real life, it should also satisfy the examiners. Why com bine Papers 2 and 3? For those unfamiliar with the CAE exam, it may seem surprising that this book combines Paper 3 (the grammar paper) as well as Paper 2 (the writing paper). In fact, this combination is inevitable, given the many areas the tw o papers have in common. A characteristic of the CAE exam is that grammar is tested in context. Paper 3 tests the ability to use grammar in order to communicate, and focuses on many of the key areas of written communication - including register, cohesion, and even punctuation. The Paper 3 exercises: provide exam practice for Paper 3. are integrated with the Paper 2 work, as controlled practice in writing skills. are models {well written, well organized, and usually about 250 words long), which may be referred to when doing the writing tasks that follow them. demonstrate different registers and explore different aspects of the theme of the Unit. are usually based on authentic texts. How the book is organized Part 1: the first part of the book contains an introduction to CAE Papers 2 and 3, followed by preliminary work on three key areas of writing skills at this fevel: style and register, cohesion, and punctuation. It is intended that this part of the book should be used for preparatory work, remedial work, and reference. Part 2\ Units 1 -5 divide writing into types (descriptions, instructions, narrative and argument), to develop the skills specific to each type. At the same time, each Unit looks at a variety of registers, to focus on the importance of the context and the purpose of a piece of writing. Part 3\ Units 6 -1 0 cover all the writing task types in the CAE Paper 2 syllabus. Task bank: a further selection of writing tasks, indexed to the appropriate units. Key: answers to all exercises and Paper 3 questions. Model answers to Paper 2 Part 1 tasks. Working through the book It is suggested that you work through Units 1-5 before going on to Units 6-10, as each writing task in Units 6-10 practises skills that have been developed in one or more of the first five units. Nevertheless, as there is no progression through the book in terms of difficulty, and as Units 1-5 also contain writing tasks in the style of the exam, the Units may be taken in any order. Classroom w ork and self study This book can be used in class, for self study, or for a combination of the two. In class Each Unit is divided into modules which can be taught in class in about 90 minutes (plus homework). Explanations, presentations and activities are followed by Paper 3 exercises and either mini writing tasks or fullscale Paper 2 tasks. Suggestions for pairwork are sometimes included when an exercise would be more enjoyably done with a partner; many other exercises can also be done in pairs and groups. For self-study Many features of the book make it especially useful for self study: the introductory units, with their thorough treatment of register, style, cohesion and punctuation. the use of Paper 3 writing tasks as controlled writing practice, easily corrected with the key when working without a teacher. the inclusion of model texts in the form of Paper 3 tasks, and the inclusion of model answers in the key. the fact that it is self-contained: it is the students book, the teachers book and the key all in one. Non-exam use Because of the real-life nature of the CAE writing syllabus and assessment criteria, this book can be used just as successfully as a general writing course at advanced level focusing on practical writing tasks. Part 1 Writing sub-skills P ap ers 2 and 3 S ty le an d R e g is te r Part 3 U n it Task types F o rm al le tte r s letters of complaint: tact applying for jobs, courses and scholarships other formal letters C o h e s io n linking words U n it technical matters diplomacy and tact P u n c t u a t io n full stops, sentences, paragraphs U n it information reports: people recommendation reports eye-witness and narrative reports U n it 7 . In fo rm a l L e tt e r s R e p o rts A r t i c l e s a n d r e v ie w s openings and closings Part 2 U n it U n it D e s c r ip tio n A c tio n instructions and directions processes and systems U n it N a r r a tiv e U n it 4 P e o p le a n d p la c e s leaflets, brochures and information sheets T ask bank K ey 13 2 personal advice describing people describing places P u b lic in fo r m a t io n G i v i n g y o u r o p in io n narratives and connecting words biographical narratives newspaper stories U n it Types of writing making descriptions interesting describing pictures and objects describing products U n it The writing paper is a two-hour paper in two parts, Part 1 and Part 2. In each part, you are given a writing task of about 250 words, which can be of the following types. Articles and reviews for a newspaper or magazine Leaflets, information sheets, notices, announcements Formal letters Informal letters, personal notes, messages Instructions and directions 9 (also 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) 10 (also 1, 2, .3, 5) 6 (also 2,3, 4, 5) 7 (also 2,3, 4, 5) 8 (also 1,2, 5) 2 (also 6,7) Part 1 (e.g. page 64-65) 1 In Part 1, you have no choice of task. There is just one question that ail candidates must answer. 2 In Part 1, you need to read a lot before you can plan your writing. The instructions for the task include information in the form of a number of texts from different sources, such as an advertisement or an extract from a letter. In order to complete the writing task in a satisfactory way, you must process this information by selecting from it, summarizing it, or adapting it to suit the reader(s) you are writing for. 3 In Part 1, you are sometimes asked to produce more than one piece of writing, for example a report (200 words) which you must send to a friend accompanied by a note (50 words); the total number of words is still 250 words in all. This kind of question enables the examiners to see the difference between, for example, your forma! and your informal writing. Part 2 (e.g. page 53) offers a choice of four different tasks from which you must choose one. As in Part 1, the instructions for the task give a clear idea of who you are writing for, and why. Because of the amount of reading in Part 1, and the time needed to process the information, you will probably need to spend longer on this section than on Part 2, even though the two tasks are worth an equal number of marks. Marking criteria - what the examiners are looking fo r CAE Paper 2 uses a marking system in which: every piece of writing is marked by at least two examiners. a piece of writing does not have to be perfect in order to obtain full marks. The examiners are not only interested in how many mistakes you make. In fact, they give credit for successful task achievement and for accuracy and range. The seven criteria by which writing is assessed in Paper 2, described in the following exercise, all relate to one or both of these perspectives. A guide to how the examiners allocate marks is given in the mark scheme after the exercise. Paper 2 Understanding the criteria The following criteria are used in the assessment of writing in Paper 2. target reader Which of the criteria match each of the explanations beiow? Write them in the spaces provided. (The examiners reduce this list to six by combining 4 and 5.) Have you written in the appropriate style - should this task be written in a cold, precise style, or should your writing be entertaining? Does your writing have the right degree of formality or informality? Are you too personal, or not personal enough? Are the following all appropriate? the beginning of your piece o f writing the ending the layout (e.g. letter, note, leaflet) the order and use of paragraphs the use of titles, subtitles, headings How many things did the task description ask you to do? Have you done all of them, and covered all the points raised? Is your writing interesting, informative or convincing, as appropriate? Have you included anything else that is appropriate, e.g. a friendly greeting in a personal letter? Would your writing be successful and effective in a real-life situation? Would the company receiving this tetter of complaint refund your money? Would you be forgiven by the person receiving this letter of apology? Would the magazine editor publish this article, and would anyone read it? 7 ________________ Have you made a lot of mistakes in grammar, spelling or punctuation? Have you used vocabulary in a precise way? Do your mistakes make your writing difficult to You can make a number of mistakes and still pass the writing paper, provided that your errors do not interfere with communication. Do you have enough mastery of both vocabulary and grammar to accomplish the task? Or is your vocabulary too elementary, and your choice of grammar and sentence structure too simple and Have you clearly indicated the connections between your ideas? between your sentences? between your paragraphs? Do you use linking words and phrases as ! j\|:: Use this list of questions when checking your writing! CAE P ap er 2 m ark schem e Totally positive effect on target reader. Minima! errors: resourceful, controlled and natural use of language, showing good range of vocabulary and structure. Completion of task: well organized, good use of cohesive devices, appropriate register, no relevant omissions. Sufficiently natural. Errors only when more complex language attempted, Some evidence of range of vocabulary and structure. Good attempt at task, only minor omissions. Attention paid to organization and cohesion; register not always natural but positive effect on target reader achieved. Accuracy of language satisfactory; adequate range of vocabulary and structures. Reasonable task achievement. Or, an ambitious attempt at task, with good range of vocabulary and structures, causing a number of non-impeding errors. There may be minor omissions, but content clearly organized. Would have a positive effect on target reader. Errors sometimes obscure communication and/or language too elementary. Some attempt at task but notable omissions and/or lack of organization and cohesion Would have negative effect on target reader. Serious lack of control and/or frequent basic errors. Narrow range of language. Totally inadequate attempt at task. Very negative effect on target reader. Not sufficient comprehensible language for assessment. If the task instructions ask you to produce two different pieces of writing, or answer two questions in one piece of writing, you cant get a 'pass mark unless you do both. 1 If you want to use American spelling instead of British spelling, you must spell everything the American way. 2 You can lose a mark for bad spelling if it makes your writing hard to read and You can lose one or even two marks if your writing is difficult to read. For a 250-word task, nobody is going to count the words BUT: - in practice, it is very difficult to write a completely satisfactory answer in fewer - if you write much too much, your writing is very likely to 'have a negative effect on the target reader and to include irrelevant material, for both of which you would be penalized. You are expected to lay out your writing (letters, reports, instructions, leaflets, etc.) in the appropriate way. If in doubt, read the instructions. Paper 3 Paper 3 The English in Use paper tests your ability 'to apply knowledge of the language system, including control of the grammar, register, spelling, punctuation, cohesion, coherence and formulaic language.' In other words, it is a practical grammar test: it tests not so much what you know about grammar as how well you can use it. The paper comprises six questions, and you have one hour and 30 minutes. Part 1 Vocabulary cloze (e.g. page 98) Part 1 consists of an authentic text of about 250 words. There are 15 gaps in the text. For each gap you have a choice of four words. Typically, the four words will fit the gap grammatically, but one of the words will be much more appropriate in the context. Advice on answering P art 1 1 Cover up all the suggested answers. 2 Read through the whole text. 3 Read through the text again, stopping at each gap. Try to think of a suitable word before looking at the four words suggested. I f the word you have thought of is one of the four you are offered, then choose it. Do not allow yourself to be distracted by the others. 4 If the word you thought of is not there, it may help if you start by eliminating those that are definitely wrong. 5 Make sure the word you choose is possible grammatically: does it fit with the prepositions in the text? if it is a noun, is it singular / plural to match the verb and the article? 6 If you don t know the answer, guess! Never leave a blank on your answer sheet. 7 When you're doing practice exercises, dont use the key to correct your answers. You won t learn much that way. Use a good EnglishEnglish dictionary and look at the ways each of the four suggested words are used. The examples given in the dictionary will explain till tfie most common collocations. Only when youve worked out answers should you check in the key. A more enjoyable way of studying collocations is to read a lot of English for pleasure: magazines, fiction, or whatever interests you most Part 2 Grammar cloze (e.g. page 57) This focuses on grammar (e.g. prepositions) and cohesion (linking words, articles and pronouns). Like Part 1, it takes the form of an authentic text of about 250 words. Again there are 15 gaps, but this time the choice is open. Advice on answering P art 2 1 Read through the whole text first. 2 Make sure that the word you choose fits grammatically with the words before it. grammatically with the words after it. the punctuation. the meaning of the text. 3 Remember, most of the answers in this question are little words - pronouns, articles, prepositions, conjunctions, etc. Dont imagine that the answer is going to be difficult: often its a simple word such as the or a. Part 3 Error correction (e.g. page 42) This question requires you to correct mistakes in a text. You are given a text in which there is one mistake in most of the lines. One mark is awarded per line, whether for successfully correcting a mistake or for recognizing a correct line and marking it with a tick (/). The mistakes are all of a similar type: the instructions tell you what kind of mistakes to be looking out for. The possible types are one unnecessary word. punctuation and spelling. This is one of the questions in Paper 3 that can contribute most towards developing your writing skills. Apart from the opportunity it affords for work on grammar, punctuation and spelling, it gives practice which will help you in correcting your own writing. Advice on answ ering P art 3 1 Read the question carefully. Make sure you know what kind of mistake youre looking for, and how you must write it on your answer sheet. 2 Read the whole text through first. .3 Dont make unnecessary corrections while ignoring obvious and serious mistakes: look for the big mistakes first. 4 About 20% of the lines are correct. Dont forget to mark any lines where you cannot find any mistakes with a tick (/). One unnecessary w ord 1 For a word to be an error in this question it is either grammatically incorrect or it does not fit in with the meaning of the text. 2 The grammar mistakes can include word order and prepositions or articles where there shouldnt be any. 3 The mistakes in meaning can include connecting words or even negatives that seem to work grammatically, but in fact dont make sense. 4 In everyr case, make sure that the sentence as a whole is correct and reads well once the unnecessary word has been deleted. Punctuation and spelling 1 Do the punctuation work in this book (pages 29-37). Not only will it help you with this question, but it will also improve your writing. 2 The punctuation errors in this question are basic mistakes. Look out for: missing capital letters. brackets or speech marks that open but do not close. questions that are not marked with a question mark. ,3 I f a comma is optional (see page 33) you will usually find that there is a real mistake elsewhere in the line, often a spelling mistake. If you have serious problems with spelling, read more and study the rules for English spelling (see 'Spelling' in Michael Swan: Practical English Usage, OUP). Part 4 Word formation (e.g. page 50) Part 4 consists of tw o different texts, each with eight gaps. For each gap you are given a 'prompt w ord. You fill the gap by changing the prompt word so that it fits into the text. Paper 3 Advice on answering P art 4 1 Read through the whole text first, for meaning. 2 Tiy marking each gap noun, adjective, Verb, adverb', etc, This will help you focus on the grammar of the word you are looking for. 3 Make sure your answer fits the meaning of the text, as well as the grammar, For example, you might need a negative prefix (unbelievable) or suffix (hopeless). If you write believable or hopeful, your answer will fit the grammar, but it will be completely wrong in terms o f the meaning of the text. 4 When doing practice exercises, use an English-English dictionary to correct them. 5 For further practice, make an effort to notice word formation when you are reading English, and note down anything interesting you find. You will also find word formation exercises in published vocabulary materials. Part 5 Register transfer (e.g. page 17) This question tests your command of register - in other words, your ability to choose the appropriate styie and vocabulary for a specific situation. This is a key area of advanced writing skills and is tested throughout Papers 2 and 3, but it is relatively unfamiliar and problematic to many candidates. For this reason a unit on style and register is included in this book (pages 12-18), while every unit explores a variety of registers through contrasting text types. In Part 5 there are tw o texts, containing the same information but written in different registers (one of them may be an informal letter, the other a formal notice). The first text appears in full, while the second contains gaps. You have to fill the gaps in the second text with information borrowed from the first, but because of the change of register you cannot use the same words. The instructions tell you how many words you can use for each gap. Part 6 Phrase gap (e.g. page 46) This question again consists of a gapped text. This time, the gaps correspond to phrases or whole sentences which have been removed and which are printed below the text, together with a few other phrases or sentences which do not fit. This question focuses particularly on discourse - the way ideas are organized into phrases, sentences and paragraphs. It is therefore a very useful exercise in the development of writing skills. Advice on answ ering Part 6 1 Read through the whole text to get an idea of the subject matter, the overall meaning and the register. Where does the text come from? Who wrote it? Why? 2 Read through all the suggested phrases, 3 Don't make your choices too quickly. Even when a phrase looks good for a gap, it may be wrong. 4 Work through the text slowly, making sure that the phrase you choose for each gap matches for: meaning - does your choice fit with the phrase before it and the phrase after it? Does it fit with the meaning of the whole paragraph? grammar - many of the suggested phrases may not fit grammatically. 5 Dont get stuck on a difficult gap. Leave it and come back to it later, 6 Start by crossing out the phrase you are given as an example, then gradually cross out the other phrases as soon as you are certain you have found their place. This process of elimination simplifies the task. S t y le and r eg ist er In matters o f grave im portance , style, not sincerity, is the vital thing. Oscar Wilde A Introduction At the Advanced level, you should of course aim to write grammatically correct English. But is that enough? For example, it is grammatically correct to write 'Give me a job!', but that is not the way to write a successful job application. In fact, the employer is more likely to forgive a number of grammar or spelling mistakes than to employ an applicant whose letter was too rude or too informal. In the CAE exam, writing is assessed with this in mind: what effect would the piece of writing have on the person who is going to read it? The ability to use the right style, whether you are writing a business letter or a holiday postcard, is one of the skills assessed in Paper 2; it is also examined throughout Paper 3. But perhaps style is not the best word: you do not necessarily have to write stylishly. We could instead speak of register, the style appropriate to a particular kind of writing. 1.0 Story M ain cou rses a t M axim ilien s ran ge from d uck in raspberry vin egar sau ce to a really excellent hare, still shedding its sh ot g u n pellets, an d p resen ted as a G audiesque tower: slices of m arvellou sly tender saddle o n top of the b raised leg ( a little o verd on e), itself resting o n buttery noodles. A nother speciality of the h ou se is the A n d alu cian rabbit w ith w ild m u sh ro o m s Tell me, Miss Lee, do you have any previous expeiience as a waitress? Well, I did silver service at the Royal Hotel in Bognor for five years. That was before coming to Leicester. But since Ive been here Ive been assistant chef in the canteen at International Defence Systems. And why have you given in your notice at I.D .S.. Well to tell you the truth, it was some pictures I saw on the television. And I realized that if it wasnt for the weapons we were selling them, This murder mystery in ten short texts is an exercise in recognizing register. 1 First, identify the origin of each text by writing the letter A-J by the descriptions of the texts. (Some of the descriptions do not correspond to any texts given.) What aspects of each text helped you to Business letter _____ Tourist brochure ____ Newspaper review of restaurant _____ Spoken: job interview _____ Short newspaper report ____ Spoken: polite conversation _____ Back cover of a novel _____ Informal telephone conversation ____ Advertisement _____ Love letter _____ Police officers report _____ Recipe _____ Writing sub-skills 4 R eturn the rabbit to the pan. Cover with the w ine. Season. Add the fresh thym e and sim m er for 3 0 -4 0 m inutes with the lid on. Add the m ushroom s and stir well. Dear M r Ball We were most impressed by your plans, which we received last week. Our representative in Europe, Colonel Lamont, will be contacting you upon his arrival in London. How much, did you say? This must be a bad line, I thought you said 5 ,0 0 0 !... Sounds like an awful lot of money for a tummy ache! Foreigners, were they? Wouldn't trust 'em if I were you. Just you make sure you get the money up front, in cash . . . Here, you don't think they're trying to do him in, do you? . .. That'd be worth 50, not five . . . Tell you what, try some on Henry Hungerford first and see what happens. Wonderful restaurant, Stefan. Do you know, I think this is possibly the best hare Ive ever eaten. And as for the St Emilion: I doubt youd find as good a bottle as this any where in Paris. How are you getting on with the rabbit? A rm s b o ss poison ed M r S tefa n B a ll, m anaging director of the L eicester com pany, In te rn a tio n a l D efence Sy stem s, died in h osp ital a t m idday yesterd ay. H e had com plained of stom ach p ain s a fte r e a tin g in a re s ta u ra n t on Monday evening, and was ru shed to hosp ital after being found unconscious in the m orning. M r K evin T ru ckle, a w aiter a t th e re sta u ra n t w here M r B a ll had ea ten , w as also ad m itted to h osp ital w ith su sp ected food poisoning, b u t h a s now been Words cannot describe how I feel when I think back to Friday night. And I do think of it, all the time, and of the look in your eyes when we said goodnight. O h Stefan, say we can meet again soon! But we must be very careful, darling. My husband must never find out. Max has such a fiery temper, and so many sharp knives in his kitchen! Having ascertained that the deceased had been seated at table 13, a window seat equidistant between the kitchen door and the ladies toilets, I proceeded to question the manager about the waiting staff. He replied that Mr Ball s table had been attended by Mr Truckle, and that in the normal course of events neither of the two waitresses, Miss Lee and Miss Fairfax, would have had cause to serve at that table. He suggested that I question the waitresses themselves, but regretted that Mr Truckle was unavailable, having phoned in to say lie had to take his dog to the vet. It's a recipe fo r m urder w hen the sinister Colonel Lamont dines w ith brilliant young scientist Stefan Bali. But w hich of his many enem ies puts paid to Stefan's career on his own expense account? And w ho is the m ysterious Henry Hungerford? Stefan w o n 't be eating at M axim ilien's again, but Holmes finds this menu very much to his taste, and presents the solution on a plate. 2 Identify the murderer by filling in the grid and making your own deductions. Name and jo b M otive On the oth er hand Miss Lee His wife was having an affair with Stefan (text H) Colonel Lamont Kevin Truckle Could easily have poisoned Stefans food while dining With him (text J) Was himself poisoned (text G) Henry Hungerford 1.1 Spot the mistake Making a mistake with register can have unintentionally comic results. With a partner, write a dialogue containing register errors. Some suggested situations: a politician speaking to a close personal friend or family as if (s)he was addressing a political meeting or giving a press conference. a TV game show host conducting a job inten/iew. a primary school teacher or a football coach advising the President of the USA on foreign policy. When you have finished, swap your dialogue with another pair. Underline the register errors in their dialogue. Can you suggest a more appropriate word or phrase? Or is the whole phrase so out of place and irrelevant that it should be Writing sub-skills Style and register Formal and informal One of the most important areas to master in terms of register is the difference between formal and informal English. Of course, there are many degrees of formality, and most written English (including newspapers, magazines and novels) is situated somewhere between the two extremes. Here is a list of some of the most characteristic features that differentiate formal and informai English, followed by some preliminary exercises. Many further exercises to practise the use of different registers, and particularly to distinguish between formal and informal usage, occur throughout the rest of the book. Form al Inform al Words of Latin / F rench Single-word verbs Formal connecting words Words of Anglo-Saxon Phrasal verbs, idioms with Informal connecting words Impersonal constructions it is said that the price has been increased one never knows Active constructions they say that th ey ve put the p iice up you never know Abstract nouns Modal verbs, adjectives, clauses, etc. Can people be happy when they havent got a j o b ? W hen the bits everyone was getting wrong h a d been ex p lain ed . . . Is happiness possible during unem ploym ent? A fter cla rification o f the problem areas . . . Not ending with preposition; use of whom To whom w ere you speaking? 1.0 Vocabulary A Origin Why are some English words considered to be more polite or refined, whereas others which mean the same thing are thought rude or vulgar? English vocabulary comprises words taken from many languages, particularly Anglo-Saxon, French and Latin, In 1066 the Anglo-Saxon inhabitants of Britain were conquered by the French-speaking Normans. As French was the language of the ruling classes (and Latin the language of education), words derived from French or Latin have been considered more formal than those derived from the ianguage of the Anglo-Saxons. The table below compares relatively formal words of Latin / French origin with their less formal alternatives, many of Anglo-Saxon origin. It is an illustration of a general tendency, not a conversion table: the choice of vocabulary always depends on the context. Supply the missing words. Form al to depart to retain to cease to function to masticate* to demonstrate to reside W ho were you .speaking to? Simple sentences Use of inversion for conditionals and emphasis Should you require fu rth er information, please co n ta c t. . . No contractions in writing I will, we would Inversion sometimes used for emphasis Only then d id I realize . , . Contractions in writing I ll, w ed to go to seem to shorten to end to help to begin to want to get to free to eat Ending with preposition Complex sentences Inform al A dverbials next / later at first in the end Form al Inform al Bodily functions are an area where the difference of formality is particularly marked. Writing sub-skills and informal B Phrasal verbs and single-word verbs Killing a parrot (a true story) a Mr Lamprey and Mr Pear are neighbours. Mr Pear and his wife keep parrots. The noise made by the parrots has finally made Mr Lamprey so angry that he has broken down the fence between their tw o gardens and strangled one of the parrots. You are the lawyer defending Mr Lamprey, who is being sued by Mr Pear for the damage done to his property. The following is how your client describes the events to you. This has been going on for three years, ever since the Pears cam e alon g and brought their infernal parrots into the neighbourhood. The noise of the birds g ot on my nerves from the very start so F did use to complain a bit. I finally g a v e up h o p e of getting used to it when in the middle of the night, I heard someone calling out my name. It was a trick hed put one of his parrots up to, just to wind me up\ In the morning I had it out with him, but he had the cheek to say that the bird wasnt saying my name at all, and it wasn't his fault if the birds love call sounded a bit like Herbert. I didnt know what to do. I talked it ov er with my mates at work, who suggested I g et in touch with the City Council and maybe put in a formal complaint. So I rang them up and they put me through to the Social Services. The woman there said shed come and check out the parrots the next week, but she never turned up. So we fix e d up another time, and she stood me up again. They kept on putting it o f f till one day, out of the blue, a bloke show ed up. He left after five minutes, saying hed p a ss the m atter on to the Environmental Health Department, Now you are speaking in court, before a judge and jury. Note that your account appears more concise and less emotive than your clients. Fill the blanks by replacing the phrasal verbs and phrases with get in the original (in italics) with a single-word verb selected from the list below. Put the verb into the appropriate tense. Ever since the Pears (1) in the neighbourhood three years ago my client, Mr Lamprey, has been . by the birds. He finally (3)___________ of (4)__________ accustomed to the noise the night that one of the birds started to call out his name. Mr Pear would appear to have taught the bird to say the name Herbert with the sole intention of (5)____________my client. Having (6)____________the problem with his colleagues, my client (7) the City Council with a view to (8 ) (9 ) him to the Social Services Department, where a woman promised to (10)____________the matter the following week. The woman never (11)__________ . Another time was (12)_________ but again the woman failed to appear. In fact, this initial visit was continually until six months later, when a council offi cer finally (14)___________ . After a brief inspection, the offi cer said he would (15) the case to the Environmental Health Department. b Now, reverse the process. The rest of the story is in your words. Read it, then complete Mr Lamprey's more informal version by filling each gap with a phrasal verb selected from the list below, or with the verb get. The prospect of another six months waiting an gered my client. He told the council officer he was no longer prepared to tolerate the situation; moreover, he felt it was the Councils job to restore peace and quiet to the neighbourhood. Nevertheless, in the twelve months that have elap sed since the officer came, the Council has taken no fu rther action. Matters d eterio ra ted recently when Mr Pears wife Dolores en tered the quarrel. My client had previously en joyed g o o d relations with Mrs Pear, but a ll g o o d will ended when it transpired that Mrs Pear had been phoning the police, claim ing that the Lampreys had threatened to kill the birds. make out get on with turn out bring back put up with fall out join in Well I dont mind telling you that I (1)_ pretty angry. I told him that if he thought I was going to (2 )__________ another six months of being messed about by the City Council and taunted by screaming parrots he had another think coming. I told him it was his job to (3 )__________ peace and quiet to the neighbourhood. Well, 12 months have (4)__________ now and the council hasnt (5)__________ anythihg clone about it. Recently, things (6)___________ worse when Mrs Pear (7)__________ . We used to (8) her OK, but then we (9)__________ when it (10)___________ she was the one that kept phoning the police about us, ( 1 1 )______ had threatened to kill the birds . . c Look back at the connecting words in bold in the boxed parts of the story {beginning with 'so 1did use to complain). What is the difference between the connecting words in the forma! speech and those in the informal spoken English? Writing sub-skiils Style and register 1.1 Grammar Impersonal constructions One of the most common register mistakes made by inexperienced writers involves using too personal a manner in a piece of formal writing. A chatty style, characterized by the use of the words I and you, could be inappropriate and even offensive in a formal letter or a magazine article. 1 Me, myself, I Everybody likes to talk about themselves, but when (for example) youre reviewing a film, you should be talking about the film and not about yourself, Rewrite these three passages so that the writers are no longer talking about themselves. In my opinion, this is a highly amusing film. This is a highly am unngfihn. a I would say that the best place to spend an autumn afternoon in Paris is probably the Jardins de b The actress playing his lover is Juliette Binoche, and although I personally dont like her very much 1 must admit that her performance is veiy good, c From my point of view, this guidebook is very helpful. It tells me about many little-known places and, as Im not the kind of person who likes to be part of a crowd of tourists, I think this is the right guidebook for me. 2 The informal you The way the word you is used in informal speech (You should have seen it! if you know what 1mean) is not appropriate in formal writing. At best it sounds chatty and informal; at worst, disrespectful or even offensive. The word you points a finger at the reader. But the readers are not friends of yours, and you have no right to make assumptions about them. Consider the following sentence from a film review written by a student. The film is about what happens when you become middleaged: you comb your hair over the bald patch; . . . A man reading this will be offended because you accuse him personally. A woman might say you are talking nonsense. What the student meant was: The film is about what happens to a m an when h e becom es m iddle aged: h e com bs . . . W ho exactly are you referring to? To yourself? This book convince you of the advantages oi vegetarianism, and after reading it you never want to eat a dead animal again. This b ook convinced m e o f the advantages o f vegetarianism, and a fter reading it 1 never wanted to eat a d ead anim al again. Writing sub-skills To a specific person or group of people? If your house is burgled, you can feel violated. V ictim s o f a bu rg lary can often fe e l violated. Or to people in general? This film makes you meditate on the meaning of life and reconsider your attitude to religion. This film makes o n e meditate on the meaning o f life and reconsider o n e s attitude to religion. (Use one only in formal written English, and dont use it to refer just to yourself.) Rewrite the following sentences without using the word you, as if you were writing a fairly formal article or review in a newspaper or magazine, a If you marry now, in the 90s, you only stand half chance of staying married for a lifetime, b You easily forget how different life was 50 years ago. c Its incredible when you hear about how much they spend on the army, especially when you think of all the poor and homeless people, d The Happy Kitten Beginners Picture Dictionary is a good way of improving your vocabulary, e As you read this book, you gradually become less ignorant about what it is like to belong to an ethnic minority that suffers from racial discrimination and f The open fire and the dogs roaming around the restaurant will remind you of home, g This book tells you everything you need to know about h Focusing on the problems faced by working class people in the States today, this is a film that really makes you i In my home town, youre always seeing violence in the streets, but you soon learn to turn a blind eye. j In my country there are few jobs for school leavers, but when youre desperate youll do anything to get ahead. 3 The aggressive you When the word you would sound unnecessarily direct and even aggressive, it can often be avoided by use of the passive. You didnt send us the cassettes we ordered, and weve paid you for them. We have not yet received the cassettes, which w ere ord ered and paid f o r. Rewrite the following sentences, replacing the personal construction with a passive. a What I dont like about your club is that you don't offer enough activities for young people, b You must do something about these problems, c If you want to keep your customers happy, you shouldnt break the promises you make in your brochure. and informal 1.2 Register transfer Read the following piece of informal, spoken English in which someone describes a job advertisement to a friend, then use the information in it to complete the numbered gaps in the job advertisement itself. Use not more than two words for each gap. The exercise begins with an example (0). The words you need do not occur in the informal, spoken English. See page 11 for information and advice about this exam task type. Informal spoken English Theres an advert here in the paper for a jo b that might interest you, Maria. A young airline executive wants a Personal Assistant. The moneys not bad - 1 ,3 0 0 a month - but the jo b s only temporary. The person who normally does the jo b is o ff for six months, having a Actually, the jo b sounds right up your street. Youve only got to know how to use a word processor and be a bit o f a linguist: theyre asking for good English and at least one other European language. And you mustnt mind working overtime. The other thing they say is that they want to give the jo b to somebody whos got good interpersonal skills . I m afraid that means being charming, sociable and articulate. (Never mind, I m sure theyll accept a rude, sulky delinquent if shes good enough at bluffing her way through interviews!) Oh yes, and youve got to be Job advertisem ent in a newspaper Personal assistant (based in M anchester) Fixed term contract Salary 1 ,3 0 0 p e r month plus p a id overtime. A young airline executive (0) r e q u ir e s a Persona! Assistant for six months while the present postholder is on (1)_______________. The successful (2)_______________ should have word processing (3)______________ , a good (4)_______________of the English language anti a keen interest in air travel. Fluency in one or more European languages is highly (5)______________, as is a willingness to work overtime. The person (6)_______________ would also be expected to (7)_______________ good interpersonal skills and an excellent telephone (8 ) Application forms and (9)_______________ information concerning the post arc (10)_______________ from Sue Murphy (phone good on the telephone. 0171 606 9999). If youre interested in the jo b , youve got to phone to get an application form. The woman you speak to will (11)_______________ application forms must be returned by February' 28th. No applications will be (12)_______________ after that date. also be able to tell you more about it. Then youve got to fill out the form and send it o ff by the end of February, otherwise you ll be too late. D oesnt give us much time to work on your interpersonal skills", does Writing sub-skills * Style and register 1.3 W riting practice Nicole Renault works in Public Relations in Lille, where she shares a fiat with Jane, an English secretary. Unfortunately, Nicole doesn't seem to understand the difference between a formal letter and a personal note: the result of her confusion may amuse her flatmate, but is likely to offend the important Japanese client. Rewrite the letter as a note and the note as a letter. When rewriting each, borrow useful phrases from the 37 Rue du Vieux Faubourg April 4th Dear Jane, I write with reference to your phone call of April 1st. I sincerely regret that I shall be unable to be present at our shared residence at the moment of your return from your vacation: unfortunately, I have previous commit ments, namely a luncheon engagement and a dental Nevertheless, please allow me to assure you that not only myself but also a number of my colleagues are very much looking forward to obtaining more information con cerning your recent travels and, in particular, concerning Adonis. In view of this, might I suggest a meeting at your earliest convenience? We could perhaps meet at 6pm for an aperitif in the Cafe des Sports, followed by dinner at one of the more inexpensive restaurants in town? I should be very grateful if you would phone to confirm. I look forward to hearing from you. Yours sincerely, Writing sub-skills Mon. iOam Miss Akiko Kurosawa Thanks for the letter. Actually, I ve already got some thing on tor Thursday - theres a business lunch, and then I ve got to go to the dentists - so I wont be able to meet you at the airport. But me and the others are dying to get to know you, so perhaps we could get together as soon as possible after you get here? Why dont we come over to your hotel at eight, and take yon out for a bite to eat^ Give us a nng and say if thats OK. Nicole Renault p.p. Jean Emar, Export Manager. o h esio n A Introduction What is the difference between a pile of stones and a stone wall? between lines of words and a good piece of written The answer to both these questions is organization and cohesion: the way things are ordered and joined together. Like a stone wall, a good piece of writing is carefully constructed and all the parts are properly linked, not just put next to each other. Phrases are connected to form sentences; sentences are joined to make paragraphs; paragraphs are linked together to build a Mastery of cohesion is extensively tested in the CAE so this module, as well as developing writing skills, could also be the key to a greatly improved exam performance. B A bed with a view This is the first part of a story - but the narrative lacks cohesion. Each idea is written in a short, isolated sentence which does not connect to the sentence before or after it. Rewrite each one as a single sentence; sometimes it will be necessary to add a connecting word. Divide those six sentences into four paragraphs, M ick and Keith were two bed-ridden old men. M ick and Keith were sharing a room in an old peoples home, A Here are two versions of a fable from Aesop, one well written and the other badly written. In terms of organization and cohesion, what four things does the good writer do that the other doesnt? M ick had the bed next to the window. M ick used to describe in loving detail to his friend the children playing in the sunshine, the dogs running in the park and A vixen* who had four young cubs was walking down a road one day when she met a lioness with her cub. The vixen started to boast about her family, saying that she had four cubs, whereas the poor lioness only had one. Only one, replied the lioness, but hes a lion! any really nasty street fights. Keith loved the descriptions. Keith soon becam e sick with jealousy. This went on for years. One night M ick was very ill. M ick called out, Please, vixen - fem ale fox Keith, ring for the nurse. I dont think I ll last the night. His friend reached for the alarm. His friend thought, If he dies, I ll get the bed next to the window. A vixen was walking down a road one day and had four young cubs and a vixen met a lioness with a cub and a vixen started to boast about a vixens family and said a vixen had four cubs and a lioness only had one cub and a lioness said a lioness only had one cub but one cub was a lion. He ignored the calls. He pretended to be Your narrative will start like this: Mick and Keith were two bed-ridden old men sharing a room in an old peoples home. Writing sub-skills C Here is the final paragraph of the story. Some of the words that contribute to the cohesion have been left blank. What are they? Write one word in each blank. Sadly, (1)___________ the morning, the nurse found M ick dead, (2 )____________ she reassured Keith that he would soon have some more company. (3 )____________ hearing this, Keith was quick to insist that it was his turn to have the bed by the win dow. (4) ____________ first, the nurses tried to tell him why it would be easier if he stayed where he was, but he became (5)____________ angry that they finally carried him across to the other bed. He lay still for a w hile, waiting to be alone. Then, as (6 )____________ as the nurses had gone, he lifted h im self up expectantly (7 )____________ through the window - to see a solid brick wall. B Linking words 1.0 C onjunctions and sentence A conjunction connects two clauses in the same sentence. {A clause is a phrase with a verb in it.) I have been watching television sin ce I got hom e at six o clock. A sentence adverb (or adverbial phrase) can connect a sentence with another sentence. I got hom e at six o clock. Since then, I have been watching television. can connect a sentence with the whole text. . . . and then I went to bed. A ll in all, I h ad a very boring evening, can signal the writers attitude to what they are F ra n k ly , 7 wish I didn t have a television. The lists on pages 21 and 23 group these words according to their function (for example, to indicate a relationship of time). Note that a few conjunctions can also be used as sentence adverbials. But note also that the practice of beginning a sentence with and, but or or, though common today - even among good writers - is often thought incorrect. Writing sub-skills A These sentences focus on the distinction between conjunctions, in the a sentences, and sentence adverbials. Using the lists on page 23, fill the gaps in the b sentences with a sentence adverbial, so that the two sentences have the same meaning. The first has been done as an example. Tim e la (conj) Silvia went for a swim after she had done her lb (adv) Silvia did her homework. Afterwards, she went for a swim. 2a She was dying for a swim by the time she had finished 2b She studied till midday. , she was thdng for a swim. 3a W hile she was swimming, I continued to study. 3b I continued to study.___________, she was swimming. Reason and result 4a The Addams live in a strange house, so they dont get many visitors. 4b The Addams live in a strange house,___________ , they dont get many visitors. 5a Since she had promised to visit him, she went there the next day. 5b She had promised to visit him .___________, she went there the next day. C ontrast and concession 6a A lot of men are uncomfortable with Morticia, even though she has a sweet nature. 6b Morticia has a sweet nature. , a lot of men are uncomfortable with he)-. 7a The English eat potatoes, w hereas the Chinese eat rice. 7b The English eat potatoes. The Chinese,___________ , eat rice. 8a Not only does Marcel play the trumpet, but he can also juggle8b Marcel plays the trumpet.___________, he can juggle. Linking words B Conjunctions (and prepositions) Most of the words in this table are conjunctions and join two clauses. The words marked (P), however, are prepositions, and are followed by either a noun or a gerund (-ing form). Tim e after w hich as long as as soon as at which (point) b efo re+ by the tim e h ardly no sooner* now (that) the moment w henever R esult and so or else otherw ise so tha t C ontrast, C oncession, A lternatives apart fr o m (P) despite (P) even if even though except that in spite o f (P) much as not that w hereas as a result o f (P) because o f (P) due to fo r in case in v iew o f the fa c t ju st in case on account o f (P) seeing as / that in case in ord er that in o rde r to so (76' to so that C onditional as long as even i f on condition that provided (that) providing (that) so long as w h e th e r . . . or M anner as i f as though in a way in the way ju st as much as the icaij as well as (P) besides (P) besides which in addition to (P) not only* Giving examples fo r instance (P) fo r example (P) in particular (P) * Inversion - note the word order after these words when they begin the sentence. W e h a d hardly left the ground when the storm broke. Hardly h a d w e lelt the ground when the storm broke. T h e p la n e h a d no soon er taken off than I regretted not taking the No soon er h a d th e p la n e taken off than I regretted not taking the + These words can act as either prepositions or conjunctions. He went to b ed a ft e r midnight, (preposition) He went to b ed a ft e r he h a d fin ished his book, (conjunction) The sentences below illustrate many of the linking words in the table. Note that many conjunctions can be used either in the middle of a sentence I wouldnt have told the police ev en i f I had known, (sentences 1-9) or at the beginning. E v en i f 1 had known, I wouldn't have told the police. (sentences 10-12) Complete the sentences by adding any appropriate word or phrase: note which conjunctions are used with commas in the examples. 1 We are advised to do this exercise very a carefully, otherw ise we wall make a lot o f ___________ . b earefu]ly(,) w hile our teacher___________ . o carefully, even though it looks___________ . 2 My weeks in captivity werent too a unpleasant(,) considering the terrible reputation of my b unpleasant once 1 got used t o ___________ . c unpleasant, even i f th e was terrible. 3 The tigers ran away from the a Englishwoman as i f sh e___________ . b Englishwoman the w a y ___________ ran away from a c Englishwoman the moment they saw___________ . 4 Her Olympic gold medal was a remarkable, though many people___________ . b remarkable, not that she didnt deserve___________ . c remarkable in view o f the fa c t that she had just Writing sub-skills * 5 His clothes smelled of a Chanel Number 5, ju s t a s ___________ had expected. b Chanel Number 5, besides which he had lipstick on h is___________ . e Chanel Number 5 notv that he was going out with Sentence adverbials frequently appear at the beginning of a sentence, and are followed by a comma. Many of them can, however, be used in other positions. 6 I ll looli after your crocodiles while youre on a holiday prov id ed that you look ifter___________ . b holiday as though they were m y___________ , c holiday(,) as well as watering th e ___________ . The numbers (2, 3, 4) in the table opposite indicate some of the other positions where the adverbial frequently appears. If no number is written, the adverbial normally appears in position (1). These are suggestions for guidance only and by no means a set of rules. 7 I told him T had decided to break off our a engagement, much an I regretted losing___________ . b engagement, w hereupon he started t o ___________ . c engagement, so he made m e ___________ . 8 The F B I took the a photographs .so that they could put pressure on b photographs in case evidence against___________ was c photographs in spite o f ___________ asking them not 9 Ive decided to do two hours of aerobics every a day in o rd er to lose weight and ___________. b day as soon as I can afford___________ . c day as long a s ___________ comes with me. 10 a By the time we arrived in Barbados, I was sony I had___________. b No sootier had we got to Barbados than I discovered c W henever I return to Barbados, \ am filled with 11 a Hardly had Ana entered the room when everyone started t o ___________ . b As a result o f Anas recen t___________ , everyone wanted to meet her. c Despite her reputation, Ana didnt seem to 12 a Not only was their relationship happy, but it also produced___________ , b Since she lias been with Bruno, she has forgotten c So as to celebrate their anniversary, they returned to C Choose nine of the linking words that you want to learn. Use a dictionary to find another example of how each is used, then write a new sentence of your own. Writing sub-skills 1.1 Sentence adverbials The following sentence will illustrate the 4 positions. (1 )The snake (2)(3) ate the mouse(4). 1 Capita! letter followed by a comma. In th e m ean tim e, the snake was eating the mouse. 2 Mid position (before the verb), no comma. The snake ev en tu a lly ate the mouse. 3 Mid position, in parenthesis (between two commas}. The snake, in th e m ean tim e, was eating the mouse. 4 End position. The snake has eaten 12 m ice so fa r . Other notes: F = formal IN F = informal * = when these adverbials are used in position 1, they are not followed by a comma. Linking words S enten ce adverbials Tim e After a while After that Afterwards (1, 2, 4) As yet (1, 4) At first (1, 2, 4) At last (1, 2, 4) At once At present (1, 3, 4) (F) At the moment At the sam e time Before that /then, etc. B eforehan d Bij then / that time (1, 3, 4) E arlier (1, 4) Eventually* (1, 2, 4) E ver since (then) (1, 3, 4) Finally* (1, 2) From then on (1 ,4 ) Hitherto (1, 4) (F) Im m ediately (1, 2, 4) Initially (1, 2, 4) In no time Instantly (1, 2, 4) In the end (1, 3, 4) In the m eantim e (1, 3, 4) L a ter on (1, 4) M eanwhile No iv* Previously (1, 2, 4) Since then (1, 3, 4) So f a r (1, 2, 4) Soon (1, 2, 4) Subsequently (1, 2, 4) Suddenly (1, 2) Until then {1, 3, 4) Within minutes / days C om paring & All the sam e (1, 3\| And yet* At the sam e time Be that as it may B etter still By com parison (1,3) By contrast (1, 3) (F) By the sam e token Conversely (F) D espite this Equally (1, 2) Even so H ow ever (1, 3) In com parison (1, 3) In spite o f this In the sam e way Instead {1, 4) Likew ise (1, 2) M ind you (INF) N evertheless (F) Nonetheless (F) O f course {1, 3) On the contrary On the one hand On the oth er hand (1 ,3 ) O r* Similarly (1, 2) Then again Though {3, 4) O rdering points; adding inform ation Above all A nd* (INF) And then* (INF) As w e shall see later As well (4) As well as that First(ly) / S eco n d ly ) etc. First o f all F or one /another thing Furtherm ore (F) In addition In the first place (F) More /m ost importantly M oreover (F) On top o f that W hat is more In fact (1, 2, 3) In other w ords (1, 4) Rather / Or rather That is (to say) To put it another way All in all As a rule Basically (1, 2) Broadly speaking (1 ,3 ) Bij and large Essentially (1 ,2 ) Generally (1, 2) In b r ie f (1. 3) In conclusion (1, 3) In general (1, 3) In o th er w ords (1, 3) In short (1, .3) Mostly (1, 2} On average (1, 3) On balance (1, 3) On the w hole (1, 3) So* (INF) Then (3) To som e extent (1, 3) To sum up Ultimately (1, 2) C hanging subject; referrin g to su bject Anyhow (INF) Anyway (INF) As f a r as . . . is conce rned As f o r . . . / As to .. . As regards . . . Af any rate (1, 3) (INF) By the waij (1, 3) (INF) Incidentally (1. 3) Now f o r . , , R eg ard in g . . . Speaking o f . . . Talking a b o u t , . . (INF) That brings me on t o . . . (F) That reminds me (INF) To turn to . . . With reference to . . . (F) Giving exam ples; Among others (1, 3) F or example (1, 3, 4) F or instance (1, 3, 4) In particular (1, 2, 3) Mainly (1, 2) Particularly (1, 2) Primarily (1, 2) Principally (1, 2) Specifically (1, 2) Cause & effect; reason & result; in feren ce Accordingly (F) As a result Because o f this Consequently (F) F or this / that reason H ence* (F) I f not I f so In that case So* (INF) Thats w hy* Then* (1, 3) Thus* (F) T herefore* (F) Reform ulating; Actually (1, 4) At least I mean (INF) Writing sub-skills The exercises below will help you to explore the meaning and usage of sentence adverbials. For each of the eight lists there is an exercise A which focuses on the meaning of the items. (With linking words, a good monolingual dictionary can be very useful; on no account, however, should you use a small bilingual Exercise B then puts the words into context. It consists of pairs of sentences: in each case the second sentence requires a sentence adverbial in order to show how it is connected to the first. Think carefully about the meaning, the word order, the degree of formality, the punctuation, then choose an appropriate word from the list indicated (e.g. Time) to fit the gap. 1 Time A Under the heading Time, find three items similar inmeaning to immediately. three items similar inmeaning to at the same time. three items similar inmeaning to finally. Which of these implies a feeling of relief? B 1 f 've been waiting an eternity for this moment. I can hold you in my arms, 2 Ordering points, adding information A When giving a number of reasons for something, adverbials can be used to mark each reason, and sometimes to indicate which is most important: There are three reasons why I crossed the Atlantic in a pedal boat. First, it h ad never been done before. Second, I was generously sponsored by a soft drinks company. And lastly, I w anted to prom ote green technology. Find three items that could be used in the place of First in this text, Find three items that could be used in the place of Second in this text. Find three items that could be used in the place of lastly in this text. B There are ten adverbials in the list similar in meaning to also. Two are rather informal, and another two are particularly formal. Concentrating on the formality of the context, choose appropriate words for the gaps in each of these three sentences. 1 Its luxurious, it's not too expensive, and the foods out o f this world.______________theres the Italian barman: my friends think hes the real reason I always go there. 2 I dont want to have a drink with you, because its too early in the day and also I dont like you very much. _____________ , Im not thirsty. 2 A friend of mine got a job on a ranch near Buenos Aires._____________he found the life very hard, but it didnt take him long to find his feet. 3 We are not wholly satisfied with your work to date, particularly in terms of productivity. , on more than one occasion your poor timekeeping record has been brought to our attention. 3 The foods in the oven and dinner will be ready in an hour._____________ lets go and do some gardening. 3 Reformulating, clarifying A Find three items similar in meaning to in other words. 4 We are always looking for blight young men to join our staff. However, there are no vacancies 5 The police received the bomb threat at 6.15 p.m. and arrived at the scene six minutes later,_____________ , the cinema had already been evacuated and the adjoining streets cordoned off. 6 On my twelfth birthday, I was finally told where babies come from . , I had imagined they came from the supermarket like everything else. Writing sub-skills B 1 It came as a surprise to hear that Clea was married. _____________ , it came as a shock. 2 The only thing Chantal wants for her birthday is a new English grammar book. , I think thats all she wants. 3 Our hotel was what the travel agents describe as lively and colourful. _____________ , it was in the red light district. 4 I dont know how you can listen to that music. _____________ , it sounds like Rambos foreign policy: no harmony ln.it lots of explosions. Linking words 4 Comparing and contrasting A 1 Find four items similar in meaning to similarly. 2 Find five items similar in meaning to by 3 Find 12 items similar in meaning to but. (Note the degrees of formality.) B I All three films give an extremely fine grained result. D elta,_____________ , cannot quite match T -M ai 100 for the fineness oi its grain structure. 2 The Delco freezer is cheap and efficient. Sometimes, _________________ , it can be difficult to open. 3 Batman Returns is surely Hollywood at its most original._____________ , the film has its faults. 4 lie s not much to look at, and hes certainly no hero. _________________ I love him. 2 Yes, T am studying English at the moment. Its _____________ for my job, but it also means that Ill find it a lot easier to travel. 3 His parents said I was a bad influence on him. _____________ they accused me of taking him drinking last Sunday morning; they didnt mention any other ways in which I was supposed to have corrupted him. 7 Changing subject, referring to subject A Find two items similar in meaning to anyway. Find the item closest in meaning to b y the way. B 1 I spent the rest of the day watching the cycling on bikes, have you got yours mended yet? 5 Managers are advised to avoid confrontation. _____________ they should encourage staff to discuss their problems. 2 Darlene is as miserable as ever, and Jackie never comes to visit u s ._____________ , Im Sure you dont want to hear about my problems, so lots get back to those holiday plans. 6 Professional cyclists do not get stomach pains, even though they eat and drink while competing. __________________, swimmers rarely suffer. 3 I had a letter from Patrick Eggli the other day. , I don't suppose you remember Cartne 7 You say I was driving fast and dangerously. _________________ _ I was observing the speed limit and driving with great care. 4 Education is still way behind the rest of Europe, and the Health Service is in crisis._____________ the economy, theres no immediate sign of an end to the 5 Concluding, summarizing, generalizing A Find three items similar in meaning to in brief. Find four items similar in meaning to in general. B 1 The earnings gap between men and women in Europe is at its highest in Britain._____________ , women in British industry receive 69 per cent of mens earnings. 2 The Personnel Manager interviews all job applicants h e re ._____________ , she looks for potential rather than experience or qualifications. 3 And what was worse, it was raining all the time. _____________ , it was a disastrous weekend. 4 (430 students voted in favour of the motion to ban smoking on the college premises, while 462 voted against.)_____________ , students at the college are against a smoking ban. 5 At the back of the bookshelf, I found the cassettes of the telephone calls. It was Barbara,_____________ who had been tapping the Palace phone lines. 6 Giving examples, focusing A Find two items that can mean for example. Find two more items that can mean mainly. B 1 My cat seems to think shes a dog. Yesterday, _____________ , she bit the postman, and this morning she jumped up and started licking my face. 8 Cause and effect, reason and result, inference A Find one informal and four formal items that can mean a s a result. Find two words that can mean in that c a s e . B 1 It is not advisable to drink beer after vigorous exercise because alcohol is a diuretic - it makes you urinate._____________ rather than replacing what you have lost in sweat, it promotes dehydration. 2 Finally, I found the pricing to be as attractive as the other features detailed above.______________I recommend purchase o f the A/EUAV4CAE Mark 1. 3 With The Last o f the M ohicans, Day-Lewis has found that vital element - star quality._____________ , he is a strong candidate for an Oscar. 4 Sorry I didnt come out last night, but I was feeling a bit under the weather,_____________ I stayed at home and watched telly. 5 Dont forget to pack insect repellent.. you may find yourself eaten alive by the local 6 She's only inviting you because youve got a car. '______________I wont go. Writing sub-skills 1.2 Attitude p a s s erence A Some sentence adverbiais describe your attitude to what you are saying. For example, in Luckily, it was raining, the word luckily describes not the rain but the way the writer feels about it. if you are expressing your own opinion, you could say frankly or personally. If you are expressing an idea that goes against your argument, you can signal this by saying A d m itte d ly it s raining, but I do think we ought to go to the beach. The use of Mastery of Paper 2; it words to refer back to things already or to refer forwards is a key area of cohesion. reference is essential as a writing skill for is also tested in Paper 3. 1.0 Various devices Here are some of the devices that contribute towards D eterm in ers a, an, the (articles) * my, your, his, her, their, ones, its, our (possessive adjectives) this, that, these, those (demonstrative adjectives) * I, you, one, etc.; me, her, it, etc. (personal) mine, yours, his, hers, its, theirs, ours (possessive) * this, that, these, those (demonstrative) * who, which, w here, w hen, that (relative) Use the following attitude words to complete the table below: for each word in the first column there are two words that can mean almost exactly the same. o f course to my mind it seems This but not that can be used to refer to something that has not yet been mentioned. Youre never going to believe this - Helens got a new jo b ! A admittedly B astonishingly C fortunately D strangely enough This anti th a t Both this and that can be used to refer to something that has been mentioned before. This is preferred when talking about something you are close to (in time as well as space), while that refers to something more distant. Helen says sh es f e d up with her job. This doesnt surprise Helen s a id .s he was f e d up with h er job . T hat was the last time 1 saw her. E naturally F apparently G in my opinion Note that it is very common to say strangely enough rather than just strangely. Words that can b e used as pronouns My brothers are very .successful, but b o th have a girlfriend problem , Kev hasnt got on e, and Julian has to o m any. W ords that can rep lace adverbs I thought the atlas was on the bookshelf, but I can t fin d it I used it on Saturday, but I haven t seen it sin ce then. S o I m not very tidy; I ll have to b e more so in future. I don t believe my brother is especially clever, but he certainly thinks so. They want me to join the army, but I m not going to. (i.e. to join the army.) / don t think I ll be sent to prison, but I might, (i.e. be sent to prison) Writing sub-skills R epetition Use Halo washing pow der. H a lo washes whitest. Synonyms and near-synonyms I started reading a novel last night; at dawn, th e b o o k was still in my hands. G eneral words I first visited San Sebastian in 89, and I ve loved th e city ever since. The boys w ere being unnaturally helpful an d polite. I w ondered w hether they were planning to trick me, but I kept m y su sp icion s to myself. A man bu m ped into me in the m arket this morning. I thought nothing o f th e in cid en t till lunchtime, when I fo u n d that m y wallet h ad been stolen. The form er and the la tter The form er refers to the first of two things or people mentioned while the latter refers to the second. N either Reagan nor Bush could deny knowing abou t this plan: th e f o r m e r h a d thought it up, while th e la tte r had nctivelt/ supported it. H e / sh e / th ey Compare the following sentences: a If you find, a good teacher, could you give me his address? b I f you fin d a good teacher, could you give me h is/h er c If you fin d a good teach er, could you give m e th e ir address P 1.1 It These sentences, written by CAE candidates, all include reference mistakes: they all use the word it inappropriately. In each sentence, replace it with an appropriate word or words. They may not be pronouns: it might be appropriate to use repetition, a synonym or a general word. a Male employees in Japanese companies are usually willing to be sent to another branch, but Japanese women often refuse it. b When democracy fails, the peoples last weapon is civil disobedience. It means actions that disobey the authority of the state, for instance illegal demonstrations and refusing to pay taxes, c There are one or two details I m not entirely happy about. It concerns the office furniture and the heating, cl She spent years researching the causes of cancer. I think it is very necessary, e Im very satisfied with the atmosphere in the office, my workload and the salary, but I feel, however, that there are some ways in which it could be improved, f Every beach in my country lias lifeguards in case you need it. g Increasingly, a university degree is essential. For those who have it, there is plenty of work. All the above sentences are grammatically correct, but: sentence a assumes that the teacher wall be a man. As the systematic use of male pronouns to refer to either a man or a woman has negative consequences for women, this practice is now widely avoided. Sentence b is a non-sexist alternative, but this style - and the usage s/he or (s)he - can be rather clumsy. Sentence c is another non-sexist alternative, less clumsy than b, and now in common usage. They can be used to refer to one person. Someone kn ocked at the door, but when I open ed it th ey had gone. The next time I see a doctor, I ll ask th em about your problem . I f ami student wishes not to have th e ir exam results sent to th e ir hom e, could th e y please have a w ord with the school Alternatively, the problem can be avoided by using a plural noun. I f any stu d en ts wish not to have th e ir exam results sent to th eir hom es, could th ey please have a w ord with the school Please send me information about Family Incom e Supplement. I have a six-month-olcl baby and I didn t knotv about it until yesterday. Writing sub-skills 1.2 Practice A This text illustrates many features of reference. It is also one that would be very suitable for the Paper 3 grammar cloze' question (see page 9). Read through the text and find at least one example of each of the devices marked with an asterisk () in Various devices' on pages 26-27. P r in c e P e t e r K r o p o t k in of the gate into a waiting carriage and galloping started to read it I recognized a hero. Being myself a coward and a pessimist, and having been so as long as I can remember (and I can remember falling out of my pram, which confirmed me in my views), the people I most Mutual Aid he uses his own observations of nature to support his view that altruism has an of course, they are very stupid as well. Kropotkin, however, was as clever as he was kind, and he had a sincere faith in the absolute wrote to him when they were separated by the exigencies of their harsh education, Read poetry; poetry makes men better. B Write your own test 1 Imagine that you are a CAE examiner, looking for words to leave as gaps to test the CAE candidates. In the first two paragraphs of the Kropotkin passage, underline all the words that you feel you could reasonably expect a CAE candidate to be able to Look especially at: the prepositions (across, in, for, out of, etc.). the conjunctions (including and, especially in lines 6, 13 and 30). the sentence adverbials. the determiners and pronouns. Writing sub-skills through the streets waving to his friends who were waiting at every com er to see that the way was clear; then he shaved off his beard and spent the evening at a smart restaurant, where no one thought of looking for him. He was a pioneer of 3o the ecological movement, and in his book admire are the bold and the optimistic - unless, importance of reading books. In this he was encouraged by his beloved elder brother, who of the wildest and most majestic rivers in the world. He was an anarchist who, when he was imprisoned in the dreaded fortress of S t Peter and S t Paul in Moscow, escaped by dashing out ome years ago I came across a copy of the 1906 edition of Prince Peter Kropotkins Memoirs o f a Revolutionist in a second' hand bookshop. I bought it for 3. As soon as I Kropotkin was an explorer who mapped some important role in evolution; he was also fond of quoting Darwins description of the blind pelican which was fed by its fellows. Memoirs o f a Revolutionist is a wonderful adventure story, redolent of the generous spirit and vigorous mind of its author; if it has not already been reprinted, it should be. 2 Choose six of your gaps - a good gap is one where only one or two answers are possible - and test a 3 Now find another English text of between 100 and 200 words. Study the way reference is used in your text, and look closely at the prepositions and linking words. Then turn the text into a CAE grammar cloze for your friends (and enemies), by copying it out with 15 one-word gaps. W hat is this thing called love? W hat is this tiling called, love? W hat? Is this thing called love? W hat is this thing called? Love1? W hat is this thing called? Love. A Full stops, sentences, paragraphs A sentence begins with a capital letter and ends with a full stop (US period'), question mark or exclamation mark. Sentences are joined together to form paragraphs. The sentences in a paragraph are related to each other and have the same theme or subject. When the theme changes, a new paragraph is used. Sentences can be as short as two words, but one or two lines is an average length. If you frequently write more than three or four lines without a full stop, ask yourself: could anyone find my sentences difficult to read? have I joined together two sentences that should be separate? {1.0 below) did I write and when I should have used a full stop? If your sentences are very short (one line or less on average), ask yourself: could I combine tw o sentences to make a complex, but equally clear, sentence? (1.1 opposite) 4 1 seem to have lost Naomis address, I wonder if you could have a look to see if youve got it. 5 Cinderella was in her room, she couldnt help thinking about the boy who had bought her the Coke, her father came in and asked her how the disco had been, she told him about the boy, and bow she didnt even know his name, finally she told her father the worst fit, that she had forgotten her bicycle when she left the disco some time around midnight, suddenly there was a ring at the doorbell, it was the boy who had bought her the Coke, and he had her bicycle with him, this bikes much too small for you', he said, shall I adjust the saddle? Or better still, if youll lie my girlfriend, I ll buy you a new mountain bike. B In the following text, some commas are used correctly, while other commas are used incorrectly in the place of ful! stops. Use full stops and capital letters, then divide the text into three paragraphs. The first paragraph is an introduction to the theme, the second tells the story, and the third is the writers (rather curious) concluding comment. 1.0 Practice A It is possible to combine two sentences in many ways, but a comma alone cannot join tw o sentences. Which of these sentences are correct? Which of them need full stops to divide them into two or more sentences? Insert full stops in the place of commas where necessary. I w atched went back I w atched the soldiers m arch past, when they h ad gone I to my writing. The correct punctuation is: the sqldiers march past. When they h ad gone . . . 1 One day he married a cabaret dancer, this woman already had two daughters. 2 She was surprised to see her father, who had come home earlier than usual. 3 F think that a teachers method is very important, would I have learned as much with another teacher? The Fakirs of India are distinguished by their attempts to demonstrate their resistance to pain and privation, some have been frauds, and some have shown remarkable powers of mind over matter, demonstrating that all pleasure and pain is iMaya, or illusion, at the end of the 19th century Fakir Agastiya of Bengal proved the mental control he possessed over his body by raising his left arm above his head ancl leaving it in that position until he died in 1 9 1 2 , gradually, the blood circulation diminished to almost nothing and rendered the arm completely numb and rigid, even the joint locked, and Agastiya was laid to rest with his arm in the same position, the only poetic touch to an otherwise pointless exercise was the decision by a bird to nest in the palm of his hand, whether the accumulating bird-lime set solid over the years anti helped to support his arm is unknown and open to after-dinner speculation, Writing sub-skills 1.1 Joining sentences Writing very short sentences - like writing very long sentences - can give a bad impression. Long sentences are difficult to read, and only the best writers can structure them well. Short sentences can iook like a childs writing, or can suggest that the writer is not capable of using more complex grammatical structures. A Rewrite the following pairs of sentences as single sentences in three different ways: a using a present participle (-ing) b using a conjunction c using a relative clause 1 Lucy saw an advertisement in Time Out. She was immediately interested. a Seeing an advertisem ent in Time Out, Lucy was imm ediately interested. b A? soon as Lucy saw the advertisem ent in Time Out, she was interested, c Lucy was im m ediately interested in the advertisem ent that she saw in Time Out. 2 Lucy was looking for an adventure. She answered the a Lookin g . , , b Since . . . c Lucy, w ho . , . 3 She approached the desert island. She was impressed by its beauty. 4 They Found a good place to camp. They pitched the tent 5 Lucy needed to find food in order to survive. She learned to fish. B Another way of linking two short sentences is with a past participle. Rewrite the following pairs of sentences as single sentences using a past participle. 1 I was excited about the job interview. I woke up many times in the night. Excited about the job interview, I w oke up many times in the night, 2 He was frightened by the anonymous phone calls. He went to the police. 3 The stamps were collected by my father. They are worth a fortune. 4 Children must be accompanied by an adult. If they are not, they will be refused admission. in order to ink tw o sentences in this way, the past participle must have a passive meaning. In the sentences below, it might be necessary to transform a clause into the passive in order to achieve the link. Greece fascinates me. I go there every summer. I am fa scin a ted by G reece. I go there every summer. Fascinated by G reece, I go there every summer. Writing sub-skills 5 I found the film boring. I left the cinema and went to a 6 A dog attacked a woman. She received no compensation for her injuries. 7 Diana is wearing an expensive coat. Lauren Bacall wore the same coat in The Big Sleep. 8 I won the gaxne of chess by using a clever gambit. I had learnt the gambit from Nigel Short. B Commas 1.0 Parenthesis and relative clauses A Parenthesis in the middle of a sentence When part of a sentence appears in brackets, you can read the sentence without the words in brackets and it will still make sense. Senna (m ore than any other sportsman) was loved by the Brazilian people. The main idea of this sentence is: Senna was loved by the Brazilian people. Commas can be used for parenthesis in the same way as brackets. Senna, m ore than any other sportsman, was loved by the Brazilian people. In the following sentences, the material between the commas is not the main idea of the sentence. Although the words in parenthesis give extra information, the sentence would still make sense without it. Catherine, having set out before dawn, was the first to reach the peak. Main idea Catherine teas the first to reach the peak. More than one parenthesis can occur in a sentence. Fabiana decided, on hearing about the deer, that she would, after all, clim b the mountain. Main idea Fabiana decided that she would climb the mountain. 1 Write the main idea in these sentences. a We all agreed that, in view of the condition of our feet, we would spend the next day touring the villages, b The deer, which stood, silently gazing at vis, about 30 metres away, were not disturbed by our presence, c After many years of study, years which I believe I have the right to describe as both long and painful, my brother Matthew, about whom you will hear more later, finally became a good enough trumpet player to join the army. 2 Remember to use a pair of commas for parenthesis. If you forget one of the two commas, the sentence can become difficult to read. In each of the following pairs of sentences, one is badly punctuated. Supply the missing ]a She was, however tired after her expedition, lb She was, however tired after her expedition, still 2a Politicians have to be fair, lied the Prime Minister. 2b Politicians have to be fair, lied less this year. 3a lie told me when his company was going to be taken over by a multinational, so I quickly bought shares. 3b He told me when liis company was going to be taken over by a multinational, that he was drinking too much. 4a Jenny told the story o f her husbands accident, was angiy with him. 4b Jenny told the story o her husbands accident, laughing till the tears ran down her face. B Parenthesis at the beginning or end of a sentence You only need one comma if the parenthesis comes at the beginning or end of a sentence: the full stop, colon, semicolon, question mark or exclamation mark takes the place of the other comma. Catherine tcas the first to reach the p ea k , having set out before dawn. The concept of parenthesis and the punctuation appropriate to it can be applied to many different grammatical structures, participle phrase My brothers being very jealou s, I never invite boi/s home. sentence adverb Nevertheless, he was a pleasure to live with. prepositional phrase beginning a sentence In the M iddle Ages, Amanda would have been burnt as a Supply the necessary commas in each of the following 1 However I decided to spend the day in the mountain 2 We found deer near the top of the mountain the highest in Catalonia. 3 On hearing about the deer Fabiana decided that she would climb the mountain. 4 High in the sky an eagle soared effortlessly enjoying the C Defining and non-defining relative clauses Bearing in mind that a phrase in parenthesis can be omitted without changing the main idea of a sentence, note the difference in meaning between the following 1 The girls, who went to aerobics classes, found the climb 2 The girls who went to aerobics classes found the climb The main idea of 1 is The girls found the climb easy. The main idea of 2 is The girls who went to aerobics classes found the climb easy. In other words, in 1 all the girls found the climb easy, whereas in 2 it is only the girls who went to aerobics classes who found it easy and the other girls didnt. In sentence 1, the phrase who went to aerobics classes' is written between commas because it is a non-defining relative clause: like any phrase in parenthesis, it adds information but it can be taken away without changing the main idea of the sentence. In sentence 2, the phrase who went to aerobics classes is written without commas because it is a defining relative clause. It tells us which of the girls found the climb easy. D Summary This exercise revises the use of commas for parenthesis. Insert any necessary commas in the following sentences. At least one of the sentences does not need a comma. 1 My birthday which had begun with sunshine ended with 2 Cleopatra Henrys dog or rather bitch was a nuisance the whole cLiy. 3 Norway being a bit cold in January- I ve decided to go to 4 Marion who was frightened of spiders begged us ciying to turn back. 5 What's happened to the car you used to drive when you were in California? 6 Henrys brother the doctor was unable to accompany us but his brother the guitarist did come. 7 However old as she is she has entered the .London Marathon again. 8 He told me and I know youre not going to like this after all the drinks youve bought him and ill the energy youve put into your attempt to sell him a Jaguar that hes bought a Fiat. Writing sub-skills 1.1 Commas: verb and object Dont put a comma between the verb and its object, even when the object is a noun clause. Verb + object Verb + noun clause Verb + two objects I have forgotten my childhood. I have forgotten iv h a t. .. I w onder i f . .. I cannot accept t h a t . .. I wish som eone w o u ld . . . / told the captain what I thought, I told the captain t h a t . . . A Taking care not to separate the verb from its object, add any com m as that may be necessary in the following 1 I asked her what time her mother expected her home. 2 I couldnt persuade him to tell me when he had started to indulge in this Habit. 3 I told her to simplify matters that I was the boss. 4 There was no way we could have guessed who was going to be at the party. B The role of punctuation is to make written English easy to read, and to make the meaning absolutely clear, In the foilowing exercise we see how poor punctuation can lead to ambiguity and misunderstandings. In each of the following pairs of sentences, one of the sentences is well punctuated, while the other needs one or two commas: add those commas. la She promised to leave the ball before midnight, lb She promised to keep her mother happy to leave the ball before midnight. 2a I f only youd told Helen she would be welcome! 2b I f only youd told Helen she wouldnt have been shocked when she saw it. 3a She asked me to cut a long story short to mend her car. 3b She asked me to devote my whole weekend to working on the engine o f her Seat 127. 4a I cant remember whether we drank five bottles or six. 4b 1 can remember whether you can or not. 5a It was she who chose which was unusual for her, 5b it was she who chose which film we went to see. Writing sub-skills 1.2 Commas: verb and subject Dont put a comma between the subject and the verb, whether the subject is a single word or a long noun phrase. In the following examples, the subject is in bold. Dancing excites me. The only thing 1 have forgotten is how it ends. The way some o f h er best st udents spoiled the ir writ ing and confused the ir readers by failing to punctuate properly was a terrible w orry to Miss Brodie. A In each of the following pairs of sentences, one of the sentences is correctly punctuated, for the reason given above. The other sentence is incorrectly punctuated, and requires one comma. Decide which sentence is incorrectly punctuated, and add the missing comma. la When he started to play polo was when Kate stopped loving him. lb When he started to play polo Kate stopped loving him. 2a Whether or not youre going doesnt interest me at all. 2b Whether or not youre going I certainly am. 3a Where there used to lie a factoiy now there were fields of wild flowers. 3b Where large sums of money change hands is where lawyers are to be found. B Revision Add any commas that may be necessary. 1 Wasnt it Churchill who said that power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely? 2 Many of the students and their friends and supporters were shot at by the police who later claimed that they were only obeying orders. 3 My youngest sister who was a baby during the time I spent in the House of the Rising Sun was strongly advised not to do what I had done. 4 A large number of fairly successful trials had already been completed with laboratory animals before any change in the behaviour of the professor who was responsible for the project was noted. 1.3 Optional com m as As a rule, you should use a comma only if it will make the sentence easier to read, or make the meaning more clear by preventing an ambiguity. For example, why is the comma useful in the following sentence? H eres a box to carry the cat, and the dog can sit on my lap. A With conjunctions Commas are often unnecessary with co-ordinating conjunctions. As a general rule, when sentences are joined together with and, or or but, commas are not needed provided ihat both verbs have the same subject. She saw the ban k robbery and p h on ed fo r the police. The m other o f the brid e loses a daughter but gains a son. When the verbs have a different subject, a comma is more usual. She saw the ban k robbery, but the robbers d id not see her. in the following sentences, add any commas that may be 1 Australian footballers can kick the ball or throw it. 2 The burglars ate all our food and the baby never woke 3 She thought Miss Verner was going to be furious and she waited all morning to be summoned to the 5th floor but the call never came, 4 She squashed a grapefruit in Cagneys face and walked out of his life. Insert commas as appropriate in the following sentences. 1 Before he took off Lindberg made himself some 2 Much as I admire liis paintings I wouldnt trust him with my daughters. 3 I bought this bicycle so I could go to the beach ever)' 4 Footballers dream of scoring goals and philosophy students dream of finding the meaning of life. 1.4 Lists and sequences Commas are used to separate items in a list. At the school there are facilities f o r football, tennis, volleyball and croquet. Charles never drinks beer: he prefers gin and tonic, whisky and sod a, brandy and ginger, and wine. The usual practice is not to put a comma between the last two items of a fist: they are joined instead by and. But sometimes, when each item on the list is more than one or two words long, a comma can make the sentence easier to read and avoid ambiguity. In the first sentence above, there is no need for a comma after volleyball; in the second sentence the comma after ginger is strongly recommended, in order to avoid an unpleasant cocktail. Commas are used to separate a list of nouns (as above) but also adjectives, adverbs, etc. 8 Subordinate clauses Commas are generally used when a subordinate clause begins the sentence, For example, Although I had never seen one before is a subordinate clause. The sentence is not finished, but must continue with a main clause. The month o f March was cold, wet, windy and thoroughly She got to h er fe e t slowly, reluctantly ancl painfully. I ve looked here, there and everywhere. Although I h a d never seen one before, I knew he was a They are also used to separate items in a sequence or list of clauses (but note the conjunction between the final two items in the following examples). When the subordinate clause follows the main clause, commas are optional. As a rule, only use a comma when you need one to make the meaning of the sentence I knew h e w as a zom bie(,) although I h a d never seen one I get a h ead ach e w henever I think o f you. Frank p acked his bags, put them in his car, closed his fro n t door, threw a petrol bom b through the window then drove to the airport. They com e hom e late, they never clean the stairs, I m often woken up in the night by their noisy parties, and worst o f all they don t go to church. See also page 34 for the use of semicolons in lists. Writing sub-skills 1,5 Revision of commas The commas have been removed from the following text, a true story told and illustrated by Ralph Steadman. Put the commas back in the text. Charles Charlesworth Who D ied o f O ld Age at the A ge o f Seven. The ageing process affects us all at different rates. Some people of 53 like the esteemed author look a mere 35 with sparkling brown eyes and a handsome gait. Others like the authors friend Colin look like little middle-aged men at 21 with middle-aged outlooks set ways and planned futures. In women the former condition is common but women rarely suffer from the latter being fired with the insatiable drive of ambition for either an independent and distin guished career in a still male-dominated world or a home and seven children by the lime they are 30. No such luck for Charles Charlesworth who was bora on the 14th of March 1829 in Stafford. At the age of four Charles had a beard and was sexually mature. In the final three years of his life his skin wrinkled and he developed varicose veins shortness of breath grey hair senile dementia and incontinence. Some time in his seventh year he Tainted and never regained consciousness. The coroner returned a verdict of natural causes due to old age. C Semicolons To lose one parent, Mr Worthing, may b e regarded as a misfortune; to lose both looks like carelessness. Oscar Wilde Do not be afraid o f the semicolon; it can b e nio.it useful. Sir Ernest Gowers 1.0 Joining sentences When two sentences are very closely connected in meaning, a semicolon can be used in the place of a full In which three of the examples below might a semicolon be preferred to the full stop? 1 Neurotic men, from Lord Byron to Cary Grant, have been admired for dominating their condition. Neurotic women, notably Marilyn Monroe, have been admired for surrendering to it. 2 Sir John was found guilty of driving with double the legal limit of alcohol in his bloodstream. You are a veiy foolish man, said the judge, but on this occasion I shall turn a blind eye to your folly. 3 At about two in the morning, the last customers left the bar. The next day, T was awakened early by the sound of laughter outside my window. 4 In winter, 1 bring the geraniums into the house. All the other plants I leave outside. 5 The strong kept oil walking until they reached the safety of the woods. The weak stopped to rest by the side of the road. 6 It was good to be in Italy at last. My grandmother had travelled a lot in Europe, but the rest of the family had little or no curiosity about the Old World. 1.1 Lists Semicolons are also used to separate items in a list on occasions where commas would make the list ambiguous or difficult to read. The Christine Nielsen is the most successful boat fishing fr o m North Shields. The w heelhouse is like a video arcade: there is screen after screen o f coloured lights; sonar equipm ent bleeps and pings; radar fingers circle endlessly the print-out inform ation m achine chatters away to itself. Peter Mortimer, The Last o f the Hunters Could you get me a kilo o f potatoes, two salmonsteaks, 500g o f pasta (spaghetti o r farfalle) and something fresh to m ake a big salad? Note the use of the colon in the first example to introduce a list, also used in 1 and 3 below. Writing sub-skills The following sentences all contain fists. Supply the commas or semicolons, as appropriate. Make sure that the meaning is absolutely clear and unambiguous. 1 Almost half the club will be playing in the doubles tournament: six women including myself Peter Bates and John Wade the twins and of course the team captain with his partner. 2 While working at the hospital she was overworked exploited and constantly criticized at the same time as being underpaid undervalued and taken for granted. 3 When you come to one of our theatre workshops you can expect a whole rainbow of activities: music and singing circus skills including juggling vegetarian cooking mime and acrobatics improvisation and above all a warm group experience. D Colons 1.0 Joining sentences A colon can be used between two ideas that are very closeiy connected. It does not separate tw o sentences like a semicolon does; in fact, it acts like a linking word in the way it connects them, so is not followed by a capital letter. A colon can have the same meaning as a number of inking words, as illustrated in the following exercise. Write a phrase after the colon to complete the unfinished sentences (numbered 1-8}. In your finished sentence, the colon should have the meaning of the linking word given so you do not need to use the inking word. The river is polluted: there is a p a p er factory upstream. He must have been very angry; h e didn t even say 1 I think Mary is in love: 2 Im sure I will pass my exams: Indeed / in fa ct He com es fr o m an athletic fam ily : both his parents are Olympic gymnasts. The river is m ore than polluted: it is an open newer. 3 Silvia is interested in animals: 4 The dress was elegant, sensual and provocative: So / as a result But I was in disguise when I met them ; o f course they didn't recognize me. The river is polluted: why are they swimming in it? The river is polluted: there are no fish, and the ducks no longer swim there. 5 He was bitten by a cobra: 6 I had a terrible hangover this morning: Namely / and that is / in other words / fo r example Empress W u s eldest son cam e to a fa st W u-type end: she had him murdered. The liv er is polluted: d o n t drink the water. 7 Suddenly I remembered my grandmother s advice: 8 She thinks shes a model: 1.1 Proverbs Write your own proverbs. Punctuation is like a referees whistle: too much an d it interrupts the flow; too little and the result is chaos. Full stops (ire like release fro m prison: they com e at the end o f a sentence. Studying English is like_________ :___________________ Life is like_____________________ :___________________ Truth is like___________________ :___________________ Fashion is like__________________:___________________ Money is like___________________:___________________ Food is like____________________ :__________________ ______________________________ :___________________ 1.2 Other uses A It is possible to follow a colon with something less than a sentence; in this case, the colon means and that is . . . or namely. Theres one thing that nobody understands: death. Often, the colon is used in this way to introduce a list. Some astronom ers are particularly interested in the bodies that m ake up our solar system: the Sim, M oon, planets, comets and oth er sm aller objects. Sebastian contributes three things to the class: energy, hard work a rid a sem e o f hu mou r. What goes before the colon should be able to stand atone, like a complete sentence. A colon must not separate a verb or a preposition from its object. Unfortunately, Sebastian understands nothing about: grammar, punctuation o r pronunciation. X / Unfortunately, Sebastian understands nothing about grammar, punctuation o r pronunciation. </ B A colon can also introduce direct speech (1) or a quotation (2). In both cases, a comma is normally used rather than a colon when the speech or quotation is only one line long, or shorter (3, 4). 1 The painter who re-did the sign outside the Dog and Duck pub was berated by the landlord who told him: 'There should b e equal spaces between D og and an d and "and an d Duck".' Writing sub-skills 2 Another g ood point m ade by Joh n M cDermott is the following: American usage requires a colon in the salutation o f a letter (D ear Joh n :) w here British English prefers a com m a or nothing. 3 Greta Ga rbo was fam ou s f o r the line, 7 want to be alon e. 4 When asked why she was wearing grass seeds in h er hair, G arbo replied, '1 loant to b e a lawn. 1.3 Practice Add colons and commas where appropriate to these sentences. (Look back at 1.1 Lists on page 34 first.) 1 Rosewall no longer had the strength and energy of his youth and so his game became more economical nothing was wasted. 2 The string quartet I play with comprises two violins a viola and a cello but my jazz quartet has rather an unusual line-up double bass violin piano and tenor 3 But now after a bath a change of clothes and a drink the thought returned to me how was Foxton going to react when he found that I had escaped? 4 Ive just decided to emigrate to Canada it sounds like the perfect solution. 5 There are four things we would need to know more about before we could offer you a job we would need to question you further about your education your family background your experience and your plans for the E Dashes Dashes may be used in three different ways, all of them characteristic of informal writing. They should be avoided in formal writing. 1 A single dash can be used in the place of a colon. The river is polluted - th eres a p a p er fa cto ry upstream. 2 A single dash can also be used to add an afterthought (something you had forgotten to say). He used to be very g ood at tennis - and g o lf too, of It can also mark a deliberate pause in order to emphasize a final phrase which is very important to the meaning of what went before. He used to be very g ood at tennis - o r so h e says. 3 A pair of dashes - ike this - can be used in informal writing to do the same job as a pair of brackets. W hen I m ready my driver - usually a m em ber o f the ban d - picks me up. Writing sub-skills Punctuate the following sentences, using dashes wherever appropriate and any other punctuation mark 1 Now at last here in my hands was a book whose entire subject was railway trains in India in the 1940s 2 The people here are always happy and smiling which is more than can be said for Edward 3 Binoculars must he held steadily which means resting them or your elbows on a solid support 4 The writer of this novel is trying to tell us how important it is for us to keep in touch with our own violence and aggression at least I think that's what shes trying to say 5 On the brink of a total breakdown he met Laurie his fourth and greatest love who was to inspire some of his most moving compositions F Hyphens 1 Hyphens can join tw o or more words together. g reen-etjed nineteen eighty-four out-of-date information state-of-the-art technology a Rolls-Royce the Mason-Dixon line the north-south divide Hyphens can also be used to add a prefix to a word, when the word starts with a capital letter when the word begins with the letter the prefix ends with the prefixes ex-, anti-, and p ro 2 When an adjective is made up of two or more words (as in the examples above) a hyphen is used, but not when the same combination of words is not an She is a three-year-old girl. My daughter is three years old. H es got a part-tim e job . H es working part time, A twentieth-century problem. I live in the twentieth century. 3 Some words often written with a hyphen can also be written as two words: dining-room or dining room. Others can be written either with a hyphen or as one word: hard-hearted or hardhearted. 4 Hyphens become important when they make your meaning clear: perhaps a violent butterfly collector collects violent butterflies, whereas when violent butterfly-collector is written we know it is the collector who is violent.' Look, 1 to see the num-eating tiger! Give me 50p, Dad, and I ll show you a boy eating ice cream .' 5 In handwritten English, dont use a hyphen at the end of a line to split a word that is too long to fit onto that line: write it on the next. Add hyphens where appropriate in this newspaper P o rs c h e d riv in g a rm y c h ie f in a n ti n u c le a r p ro te s t LOCAL ANGER was revealed is already suspected of having yesterday when a cross section of the committed a number of acts of low population was questioned about level sabotage. Lady Fox Talbot, the plans for a new gas cooled nuclear Lieutenant Colonels university reactor ju s t twenty three miles north educated wife and cocoordinator of west of the city centre. The opinion the group, has described these poll revealed strong anti nuclear accusations as far fetched. feelings among three fifths of the We are simply reminding the population. Indeed, the coexistence democratically elected government c of two pressure groups in the valley its democratic responsibilities, the came to light: one a small time affair Fox Talbots said in a join t statement led by a dog loving cat food factory issued yesterday. A s parents with a owner cohabiting with a used car three year old son, we are deeply saleswoman in a twenty storey high worried about the governments rise block, the other a more happy go lucky attitude to radiation. threatening operation with left wing We urge all our fellow valley M arxist Leninist sympathies. This dwellers to join us and take latter group, coordinated by advantage of this once in a lifetime Lieutenant Colonel Jam es Fox opportunity to prevent the mistakes Talbot, the red haired Porsche of twentieth century technology driving managing director of an being carried over into the twenty ultra modern high explosive factory, first century. Writing sub-skiils esc r ipt io n A Making descriptions interesting page 39 B Describing pictures and objects page 41 C Describing products page 44 Warm up: register exercise The way you describe and write about an object depands on who you are writing for and why. 1 Where were these descriptions taken from, and why were they written? 2 What helped you to decide? a bag in which you carry things on your back, for example when you are walking or climbing. It has straps that go over your shoulders. Also knap sack, haversack, backpack. R ucksack: all three having a capacity of over 75 litres and describing themselves as ergonomic. Both the Tramonte and the Cougar have adjustable back systems, whereas the Rockman comes in a choice of three back lengths. The Rockman is also the only one to be made of cotton (with synthetic shoulder straps), the other two using proprietary nylon fabrics. Although possibly more agreeable against the back on a hot day, the cotton adds to the weight of the bag; our tests also found this fabric to have 30% less resistance to abrasion than the nylon fabrics The S is y p h u s R o ckm a n is th e classic hardw earing ergonom ic rucksack. Crafted o u t of 100% colour-fast w a te rp ro o f cotton in a choice o f attractive colours around a su p e rlig h tw e ig h t alum inium fram e, it is as ideal fo r w alking and clim bing as it is practical fo r tourism . W ith its capacity o f 80 litres, th e Rockman w ill always be able to cope, w hether you're in Harrods or th e Himalayas. And among the many original design features, th e locking lid pocket and th e adjustable, detachable w aist belt are unique to th e Rockman. The S is y p h u s R o ckm a n : a head and shoulders above the rest. I'm having problems with one of your rucksacks, a Rockman, which I bought at the Wild Rover camping shop, Bradford, in March 2000. I am writing to you directly, confident that you will be able to repair the damage under the terms of your 'Lifetime Guarantee'. There are two problems: firstly, one of the aluminium tubes has broken through the fabric at the base of the bag, and the other is threatening to do the same. Secondly, the stitching of the zip of the lid pocket has failed, rendering the pocket useless It is a 12-year-old faded-blue 80-litre Sisyphus rucksack made of thick cotton. The only external pocket, on top of the bag, is ripped, and one of the two aluminium tubes that make up the internal frame has broken through the canvas at the bottom. The arm straps and the two small straps with buckles on either side are gold-coloured; there is no waist strap. There is an embroidered badge on the top pocket, a souvenir of the Lake District. Types of writing An experienced travelling companion for only 15. Sisyphus Rockman rucksack, tried, tested and well-travelled. Good work ing order. Blue cotton, lightweight, huge capacity. Phone Eric, 773524. The walker walker's rucksack, a bold, angular mass of vivid reds and greens painted in short, fine strokes, dominates the lower left-hand quarter of the canvas, while the walker's pale, naked right arm, a strikingly human element, stretches diagonally upwards to the riaht descriptions interesting Module 1A 1A Making descriptions interesting Descriptive detail If youre describing a piece of lost property, you don't need to worry about whether the reader will find your writing interesting. But if youre describing something when writing a magazine article or a story, the most important thing is to catch and hold the readers interest. Here is a checklist of ways to do this. a large vegetable an old ship Being specific a three-quarter-pound sweet potato the Marie Celeste / the Titanic facts, observations, quotations No p ictu re a glass of wine Descriptive details a long-stemmed glass of aromatic, golden Muscatel D ull, unobservant vocabulary Precise words gaze, glance, stare, glare, peep beg, implore, request, demand, invite car . . . car . . . car . . . c a r . . . as w ell. . . as w ell. . . as w ell. . . car . . . Ford . . . vehicle . . . car . . . as well . . . also . . . What is m ore,. . . B eing predictable There are five reasons why I like . . stating the obvious; received opinions T h e fifth reason I like it is . . Surprising the reader starting with something striking original thinking and observation saving something for the end* Always talking about yourself Always thinking about your readers, and how to interest them * the openings and closings of magazine articles are practised on pages 124-127. The five senses In order to include specific, concrete details in your description, you must first observe in detail. Don't forget there are five senses; you dont have to limit yourself to visual description. If, for example, you wanted to describe sculptures in an African village, would you have thought of observing them in the dark, by touch and smell? Standing in the darkness, breathing in the smell ofwoodsmoke and menlie porridge and earth and unfamiliar vegetation, my hands roved over bulges and incized cuts, jutting-out shapes like tranks or horns or beaks and rounded ones that might be eyes; smooth, pointed heads and bulbous lips and noses, fat fingers and protruding bellv-buttons and other shapes I couldnt interpret. Some were sticky with oil which impeded the flow of my fingers; the poiished ones were sensuous and let me feel them freely. Write just four or five lines describing one of your favourite possessions using at least three of the senses. Types of writing Adjectives and adverbs: too much of a good thing? As in the example of the glass of wine in 1.0, you can paint a picture' by adding one or more adjectives to a noun. Similarly, you can describe a verb by adding an adverb or adverbial phrase. He drank the wine delicately / greedily /with abandon / in a careless manner. However, writing becomes tiresome and predictable unless there is a variety of structures, and often a more concrete image can be achieved with a precise noun or verb. la a tallish man o f powerful, athletic build, with short dark h air an d green lb a Mel Gibson look-alike 2a She entered my room intrusively and aggressively. 2b She invaded my room. Both of the examples are comparisons. In 1b, the man is compared to Mel Gibson; in 2b, her entry is compared to a m ilitar/ operation. Comparisons are frequently introduced by the word like or as. He sipped the wine like a debutante. She gulped the wine as i f she was tn/ing to drown herself. He drinks as studiously as a camel. W riting practice This short description was written for a magazine series in which readers recommend a local caf or restaurant. It was not published, because it is not at al! interesting. Nor is it informative: it raises a lot of questions (what colour are the uniforms? what night does the pianist play?) but doesn't answer any. Rewrite it, keeping the same structure, but informing the reader and making the restaurant, and your description, sound interesting. The B a z a a r R estau ran t * i thp hav area where one of the When you go in, you are a en are very nice and wear waiters or waitresses will oo a er ^ ^ take ^,our orc\|cr from T JX S p ir * recommend, and m e o f the salads Before long, you aru take dining room. This room is chairs are made^of woo w e M e c o ia K d ;mt\| the ich adds to the atmosphere, and once a w ... t d ink coffee, etc., in At .he end of f te meal many p e^ U U k e t t d n n the lounge tor, where there are lots of plants a expensive for such W hen the bill comes you 11 find it isn t very good food, and I'm sun; youll warn to go again. pictures and objects Module 1B 1B Describing pictures and objects 1 .0 The order of adjectives When a number of adjectives (and other qualifiers) go before a noun, they are generally written in the foilowing order. 1 N um ber / d eterm in er a ! one /a dozen /365 /her /mij teach ers /too mam/ / C leopatras / Genghis K hans /innum erable 2 Opinion favou rite / adorable / stylish / priceless / charm ing / romantic / useful /com fortable /.sophisticated decadent / scandalous /dangerous /old-fashioned / cheap /firtsij/ /g/y /useless /disgusting /boring 3 Size .sftort/little /m icroscopic /gigantic ! d w a rf 4 Age antique / brand-new /tWt-year-old /second-hand 5 Shape ouai / square / round / spiral / stream lined / baggy / pointed ! tapered /heart-shaped /pear-shaped 6 C olour j'ei black /tartan /canary yellow /shocking pink 7 Origin C herokee /Chinese /Alpine /Rentmsance /Roman /Aboriginal 8 M aterial goM / leather / cop p er / diam ond / w ooden / ??rarble / g/ass 9 Compound 10 Noun e a r / k e y / w eddin g / electric / su m m er / dinner / disco smoking /dining /religious /m otor /toy /bird /iree /iazz ring /trumpet /ja c k et /s/ioes /shirt / skirt. /table /painting I car / b oat /bath /house /teddy bea r /record /hat /room A The com pound describes the noun's use, type or purpose. This word is often itself a noun; it joins with the noun to form a compound noun (earring, key ring, wedding ring). The compound noun may be hyphenated or written as one or tw o words: check in a dictionary. How many other compound nouns can you make from the compound and noun lists (9 and 10) above? B It is possible to use more than three or four adjectives to describe something, but it sounds a bit unnatural if you have as many as nine adjectives in front of a Mij tea ch ers charm ing little antique tapered black Chinese wooden ea r trumpet. Choose five of the nouns above, and describe them using five adjectives (or other qualifiers) for each. You may use the adjectives in the lists, or any others. a stylish short Italian leather skirt a cheap second-hand shocking pink disco shirt som e ugly antique diam ond wedding rings C The three strange items illustrated to the left were invented from words in the table. Describe them. Be creative! D Writing practice You have just arrived by plane in an English-speaking country and the airline seems to have lost your luggage. Write a brief but detailed description of the luggage (either one or two items}. Do not mention or describe the contents. Write about 100 words. Task bank: Task 1 Types of writing Unit 1 Description Au Bon Coin In most lines of this description of a famous French photograph, there is one unnecessary word - it is either grammatically incorrect or does not fit in with the sense of the text. Write the unnecessary word in the margin. Some lines are correct. Indicate these lines with a tick (/). The exercise begins with two examples (0). See page 10 for information and advice about this exam task type. One of Doisneaus street scenes is taken after the War shows a thin house at the angle of an intersection like the point of a wedge or the prow of a ship. The house is been surrounded b y ______ the pav, which is glinting in the rain, there is a canal to the______ _________ one side, and a man in a beret he is walking on the narrow pavement carrying slowly a small bucket. It is a bleak, grimy, misshapen scene but, to anyone who can it_________ _________ remember, it says immediately 'France - after the War. The street is poor and foreign and pungent and too full of____________ _________ adventurous possibilities. There is one also cheerful point in the picture. In the front room of the narrow house at the_________ _________ comer of the two streets lias a faded sign, Au Bon Coin, and the both net half-curtains of the caf are gleaming white. You know that such as you open those rickety doors you will after be assailed by the noise of laughter, and by __ ______ blue cigarette smoke and the smell of fresh coffee and fresh and bread and cheese and wine and the plat dn jour. pav - road made of cobble stones plat du jour - the cooked meal on ihe menu tlmt day How many of the five senses does the writer refer to in his description of Doisneaus photo? Describing a photograph Work with a partner and choose one of these photos each. Dont describe what you can see, but tell your partner something about what the photo shows, or how it makes you feeS. Types of writing Describing pictures and objects Module 1B Now read these tw o descriptions of the photos. The first is someone talking about the family photo, and is written in an informal style. The photograph is being exhibited in an art gallery, and the description is taken from the exhibition catalogue. The phrases printed in italics are some that you might find useful in your own writing. Note also the tenses of the verbs. * The present continuous is used to describe what is happening in a picture (Im having a donkey ride; sh es wearing), The present perfect can be used to describe what has just happened (the coat she has ju st been given). Fill the gaps in the two descriptions. Al! the missing words are adjectives. Use your imagination! This is a 'creative writing exercise, not a grammar test. Take risks with vocabulary! Skegness Donkey Ride My favourite family photo is this one, taken when I was a little girl back in the 30s. I m having a donkey ride on the beach at Skegness. Thats my cousin Sylvia on the left o f the photo, holding the reins. We have always got on very well together, even though she is five years older than me. And she has never lost that (1)________ gap-toothed grin. In the photo, shes wearing a (2)_________ woollen coat she has ju st been given. I remember how proud she was o f it, with its (3)_________collar and cuffs. Here, the coat is almost brand new; two years later she was still wearing it, though the sleeves stopped just below her elbows and the black had faded to something like the colour o f that donkey. She was very fond o f the hat, too, a dark (4)________ red with a broad satin ribbon. It was meant to be a summer hat, blit she seemed to wear it almost all year round she said it was good at keeping the rain off. S ao P a o lo , 1 9 6 0 __________________________ At first we are struck by an atmosphere of stress and oppression. The photographer gives us a glimpse of the tension between the individual and the faceless city, represented as much by the uniform business suits as by the impersonal buildings. For a m om ent we believe that these four men are the only people to be seen. But (9)----------figures can be discerned in the street below. And we know that every car has a driver, and that behind every window in those Over my right shoulder, also on a donkey, you can see my cousin David, just one year older than me, and Auntie Jessie, Sylvias mother. Auntie Jessie seems to be pulling at a donkeys ears, in the same (5)________ way she would always be pulling at my clothes or straightening my hair. And if you look very closely, you can just make out the edge o f a hat directly behind my head. Thats Uncle Harry. I dont know what hes doing there - probably just waiting for the pubs to open! If you asked me why I like this photo so much, I couldnt really say. More than anything else, I think the picture sums up what a (6)________ , adventurous and (7)_________summer I had that year. That week with Auntie Jessie was the first I had spent away from my parents, but I was never (8)________ , and never homesick. Look at my style and cowboy confidence on that donkey! John Wayne, eat your heart out! (10)_______buildings someone is sitting. The camera itself must have been placed high in one of the very buildings that appear to be so empty of life and humanity. The contrast between the (11)_______ sunshine and the surrounding greyness makes the picture work. The four businessmen, perhaps taking a short break from their work, are walking out of the picture with the afternoon sun on their backs, and we ourselves are led into the ( 1 2 )_______distance along a line of dazzling Types of writing Unit 1 Description W riting practice Whichever of these tasks you choose to do, share your writing with other students. Perhaps you could put your writing, with the picture, on the classroom wall or in a class magazine. A Find, in a magazine, on a postcard or in a book, a photograph you like very much. Describe it, and say why you like it (100-200 words). B Describe your favourite family photo, and say why you like it (100-200 words). C A Game Everyone brings a family photo to class; you swap photographs with a partner and write about the photograph as if it was your own. Invent names for the people in the photo, pretend you know them well, and tell stories about them. (In fact, the author of Skegness Donkey Ride was playing this game!) If your partner writes about the same photograph, the rest of the class can try to guess who is telling the truth, you or your partner. Task bank: Task 2 1C Describing products The language of advertising m jf Are you tom between another f MM executive saloon and something with more freedom of spirit? With the new Toyota 4Runner, you can now have the civilisation of the former with the liberation of the lat When you slip inside, youll see that the cabins as slick as anything in the city. A buttons press opens the Sunroof, adjusts the mirrors and operates the windows. Including the window on the tailgate. The sound system is something youve got to hear with your own ears. With six speakers surrounding you, be prepared to be transported even before you fire the The 4Runners three-litre turbo-diesel delivers more power and torque than anything else in its class. (Talking power theres also the option of a 3-litre, petrol V6.) For life in the fast lane, youve got a 5-speed gear box. Yet, with the flick of a lever, you can be over the hills and far away. Even on the move, that's all it takes to switch from two-wheel drive to four, with both high and low ratios. Types of writing Steal a days sailboarding and the 4Runner will go like the wind to the surf. And if the quick way means scaling the rocks, it will relish the climb. On the road, the tilt-adjustable power steering gains firmness as the car gathers speed. Better still, it grows lighter as those alloy wheels con front the furrows in the landscape. (That should keep the furrows off your brow.) In the city or in the wild, the 4Runner is a very tough act to follow. And its no different when youre towing. You can hitch up over one and a half Eons and this car will never make heavy weather of it. Otherwise, its as free of hitches as every car we build. Which is why it comes with our com prehensive 3-year / 60,000 miie manufacturers warranty. Dial A Trial: to arrange a test drive or for further information on the 4Runner, call 0800 777555. Its the car in front for getting away to the back of The new 4Runner The car in front is a Toyota Describing products Module 1C The Toyota advert illustrates many of the stylistic devices used when something is described in an advertisement. The advanced student needs to be familiar with these devices in order to be able to use them when appropriate, (e.g. when trying to sell, persuade, convince or impress} and to be able to avoid them when they are inappropriate. A Organization around a theme, an image or a key idea This advertisement is typical in that it has a central theme, suggested in the title, which is used to structure the writing. What is that theme, and what words in paragraphs 1, 2, 6, 10 and 14 contribute to it? B Playing with words: alliteration and rhyme As in a poem, every word is carefully chosen, often for its sound as well as its Duil A Trial (paragraph 13) - rhyme as slick as anything in the city (paragraph 3) - alliteration. Slick and city sound good together as botli begin with an s Sound and have the same vowel. Find the other instance in the text where a word is chosen solely because of the letter it begins with (this time also, the letter s). C Playing with words: words with doubie meanings Just as words can be chosen for their sound, they can also be used because of their second meanings or their associations. 4Runner (paragraph 2) The word foreru n n er suggests that tiie car is innovative and ahead of its time, and perhaps likely to be imitated and followed; this meaning also corresponds to the slogan The car in fro n t is a Toyota. 1 Why is the word spelled differently here, and what is the second meaning? 2 What are the double meanings for the following words? getaw ay ca r (t itle) transported (paragraph 4) life in the fa st lane (paragraph 6) hitches (paragraph 12) D Interesting or poetic vocabulary Words that paint pictures and bring the description to life are used instead of dull, everyday words. Supply the everyday words for these: slip inside {paragraph 3) fir e (paragraph 4) scaling (paragraph 7) E Idioms, quotations, references to songs, proverbs, etc. Over the hills and far away (paragraph 6) is an idiom that originated in a traditional song. Here it is chosen because it fits well with the getaway theme at the same time as describing the advantages of four-wheel drive. go like the wind (paragraph 7), a tough act to follo w (paragraph 10), m ake heavy w eath er o f it (paragraph 11), and the back o f beyond (paragraph 14) are also idiomatic phrases, chosen to give the writing a friendly, informal tone and to suggest images which fit the theme. F Comparatives, superlatives and limit adjectives (unique, incredible) Find the one sentence where the car is described as better than other cars. G Appealing to the emotions Many advertisements use children, animals or sexuality to appeal to the readers emotions. Another common device is to write about the thing you are selling as if it were a person, attributing to it feelings, emotions, intentions and character. Find the tw o examples of this device. Types of writing U n it 1 KHAC H Freedom with layout The text is arranged in a visual layout; titles, subtitles and slogans may be printed extra large and in typefaces that will catch the readers eye; paragraphs may be very short. Why are long sentences and long paragraphs unusual in advertisements? I Freedom with grammar Sentences are usually short, and may not contain a main verb. Find the tw o examples here of a sentence with no main verb. Note also the number of sentences beginning with A nd or But, a practice that is sometimes considered incorrect in formal writing, Other common features of the language of advertising, not illustrated in this advert, are: J Use of statistics, scientific words or foreign languages K References to how natural or pure the product is References to traditions and the past, or to progress and the future, are also very L Repetition (either of key words or of the name of the product) Read through the following advertisement and then choose from the list A -K the best sentence to fill each of the blanks. Some of the suggested answers do not fit at all. The exercise begins with an example (0). See page 11 for information and advice about this exercise type. Like them sporty? (3) And stops when you w ant it to, (Thanks to servo-assisted brakes.) At 42,8 mpg in the urban cycle, you w o n 't have to spend a fortune every time you take it into No wonder the Cinquecento gets on so well w ith the city. (O') F A non-smoker. Fiat fit a catalytic converter as standard. It's attractive. W ho could resist its good looks? It w o n 't even embarrass you in company. Despite being so compact, it seats four adults comfortably. Reliable, too. (1) (Or into one, come to think of it.) (2)___ Side impact beams protect your body, whilst 100% galvanization o f all external steel panels keeps its own body looking good for years. (5)_____ Now. To make a date with the new Fiat Cinquecento call 0800 717000 or visit your local Fiat dealer. Types of writing You never know, it could be !ove at first sight. To sum up, you should buy one. You can always rely on a Cinquecento to get you out of a tight spot. Its good with money. The car in front is a Toyota. It has everything anyone could wish for in a partner. It will get you where you want to go. And, best of all, its available. The Cinquecento may be small, but it performs brilliantly; Like any good mate, its protective. It is a small Italian car. Describing products * Module 1C This exercise practises two skilis: recognizing the language of advertising and avoiding it when inappropriate. summarizing a text (also known as precis). A Here is a summary of the Toyota advertisement. It expresses, in a third of the length, all the factual information given there. Compare the summary with the advertisement, and find the one place where the summary has omitted important factual information. The Toyota 4Runner has the advantages of an executive saloon car, but it is also good (iff the road. Like an executive car, its sunroof, mirrors and windows (including the back window) are electronically operated. The sound system has six speakers. The three-litre engine (a choice of either turbo-diesel or petrol V6) is very powerful. Theres a five-speed gearbox, and you can change easily to four-wheel drive even when moving. Off the road, its good for going uphill. It lias power steering and alloy wheels. Its fully guaranteed for three years or 60,000 miles. For a test drive or more information, call 0800 777555. B In a simple, factual manner, summarize the following advertisement in about 75 words. Britain does make Europe's finest ovens. The proof is in the pudding. Merseyside. Once it gave rise to the best music and football. Now its giving rise to the best lemon souffle. How come? Because its the home of Stoves, who have been producing ovens there since the 1920s. And at Stoves we invest millions to make sure they are always the right ones. You see. we believe in delvins deeply to find out precisely what people want from a cooker. We then combine this research with the latest technology cooked up by our boffins. Add the process of continuous improvement which is a way of life at Stoves - and quality is built, in. In the Stoves range, youll find single and double cavity ovens, gas and electric ovens, fanned and non-fanned ovens. All have Powercool, which keeps doors safe to touch, even during roasting. While gas models have the unique Maxigrill, which gives a totally even heat. And naturally, weve taken care of the worst part of cooking any meal: the cleaningup. All our ovens are stay-clean. In addition, theyre designed so that there are no nooks and crannies where grime can gather. But, of course, all of this really adds up to one thing. While France may be able to claim they have Europes finest cooks, Britain can definitely claim to have Europes finest cookers. Types of writing A c t io n A Instructions and directions page 49 B Advice page 51 C Processes and systems page 54 Warm up: register exercise What is the origin of each text? Who is it addressed to and what is it trying to accelerates rapidly until it is travelling as fast as the wave. The surfer then pushes himself up, first kneeling and then standing on his board. Mix one teaspoon of Dutch d e S c anAd toeariCanS' cocoa with one teaspoon o? sugar, add a little cold milk and mix a smooth _j,cte Pour on boiling stirring all the tim e. vague in business he V'am I to straight talking. yre used t o Help young children with language by spending time talking to them, reading to them and encouraging them to use language. And remember, parents should still be parents and not behave like * Expect children their best, otter re extra attention su i l k telephone to Types of writing head 3nd use the Coffee is delivered to the manufacturer ready roasted, blended and ground. It is then percolated in batches o f up to 900 kilos at a time. Som e o f the w ater is evaporated from the coffee to leave Parachute Jumping for 1 Put a book on the floor. 2 Climb on a chair and raise your 3 Aiming at the target, jump shouting Banzai!' Your friends will be impressed. cooked chick peas, oil, lem on ju ice, garlic and tahini (sesam e paste) -nto ^ j-,jenc[cr Wxth enough w ater to m ix tu re pu ree satisfactorily. Add salt to taste and m ore lem on ju ic e or tah in i as necessary. g. Finally, the muscles will relax although the casualty will remain unconscious for a few minutes or more <>After the fi, is over, the casualty will regain consciousness but m ay feel dazed and confused, i ms feeling can 48 * w a n t specific f a T * * British chink in f n reS w hereas the the hard fig u r* F ax 'Sit down, shut up and get on with your work. And do try to act your age: this isn't a kindergarten.' Wet the hair and appiy a small amount of the shampoo. Gently h a r d . B e s u re work to a lather. Rinse. Repeat as Instructions and directions Module 2A 2A Instructions and directions Neither too many words nor too few A These two sets of instructions refer to the same keep-fit exercise. Neither is perfect, but which fesatures make the first set better? 1 You start this exercise by standing upright. Now make sure th a t your bottom is tucked in and that your knees are slightly bent. Also, your hips should be slightly forward. 2 Bend sideways at the waist, to your left. Let your left arm slide slowly down your leg. At the same time, bring your right arm up above your head. All this time, you should be breathing out. 3 Hold th a t position for a moment, then start going upright again as you breathe in. 4 Repeat this process a total of five tim es on the left. Afterwards, do the same exercise another five tim es on the other side. 1 Stand up straight. 2 Bend /eft five times, breathing out, with one arm going down your leg and the other in the air. 3 Bend right five times, etc. B A good set of instructions avoids any misunderstanding, without being too long. The first set could have been written using fewer words without losing any of the details. Rewrite each step in a single sentence, using fewer words. W riting practice When giving instructions, you should explain anything that the other person might not understand, and adapt your instructions to suit your reader. It is better to give too much information than not enough. Write a set of instructions, numbering them step by step (four or five steps), for one of these activities. Imagine you are talking to a friend from a country (or planet} where they d ont do these things. Buying bread Turning on a television Shaking hands Instructions on shampoo bottles, in recipes and so on, are often given like commands, in the imperative: Rinse and repeat; A dd 200g o f chocolate. Useful language Do it. Rem em ber to ... D ont fo rg et to ... Do rem em ber to ... (for em phasis) Be sure to ... / Be sure you . .. M ake sure that / M ake sure you . .. See t h a t ... I See that you ... Try to ... Don't do it. Take care not to ... Be sure not to ... Be careful not to Never, ever do it. Try not to ... Avoid doing it. Punctuate your writing. Do punctuate your writing. R em em ber to use paragraphs. Never, ev er use obscene language in an exam paper. M ake sure your writing is legible. Related structures used for giving advice can be found on page 51. Types of writing Unit 2 KHAC Word form ation Use the words in the box to the right of the text to form one word that fits in the same numbered space in the text. Write the new word in the correct box below the text. The exercise begins with an example (0). W arning To reduce the risk of fire or (0) ... shock, do not expose this (1) ... to rain or ( 2 ) . . . . To maintain good (3) ... - Do not keep the unit in places which are (4) ... hot, cold, dusty or humid. In particular, do not keep the unit in an area of high (5) ... such as a bathroom. Note on listening with the headphones Listen at a (6) ... volume to avoid damage to (7) ... . To ensure (8) do not wear the headphones while (9) ... . Usable power sources This unit can he (10) ... by two R6 (size AA) batteries or AC house current using an (11) ... AC (12) ... . M aintenance Clean the? playback/recording head (13) ... (eveiy 10 hours of use) for optimum sound quality. Use a cotton swab (14) ... moisturized with (15) ... fluid. W riting practice A For a magazine, write your favourite recipe (about 100 words). B A Scottish friend is staying with you. She promised to phone her family in Scotland tonight, but your phones not working. You won't see her until very late, so you leave a note telling her where to find the nearest public call-box and how to use it to phone Scotland. Write the note (about 100 words). C Translate the fire notice on the wall of your classroom into English. If you are in an English-speaking country, translate it into your first language. Task bank: Tasks 5, 29 and 47 Types of writing Module 2B 2B Advice Advice fo r travellers In most lines of the following text, there is one .unnecessai^word. It is either grammatically incorrect or does not fit in with the sense of the text. Find the unnecessary words and write them in the margin. Some lines are correct. Indicate these with a tick {/). The exercise begins with three examples (0 ). W hat to do if you get a stom ach upset its possible that at some stage in your holidays you will have be struck down with diarrhoea, maybe just as a result of a change of food or water. but more often also because o f a bug of some sort. a lso Don't go and pumping yourself full of antibiotics at the first sign of trouble. This is not a good way to treat your stomach and you can often do more of harm than good by destroying ail the useful intestinal flora in your gut as well as the nasties that are giving all von the problems, The best course of action is to try starve the little devils out. Rest, eat nothing and drink only unsweetened tea, citrus juice and clean water. Make sure you drink plenty o f fluids, as though diarrhoea can dehydrate you veiy quickly. It is also important to take after salt to help your body retain water. I f you must eat, stick to simple foods such as boiled vegetables, plain bread or toast, and yoghurt. Keep them away from dairy products (other than yoghurt), anything to sweet and non-citrus fruits. If its not practical to stick to this diet, you may have to take something or to block you up for a while yourself. Lomotil is effective; codeine phosphate tablets are another alternative. If at the end of all this happens you are still suffering, you may have dysentery and should see a doctor. Avoiding the imperative Imperatives may be used when giving advice, but in many circumstances they can be impolite. Often it is more appropriate to use one of these 'softer structures. Try to find examples of them in the stomach upset text. You put y o u in front of the verb. You go to the end o f the street and turn left. You could use a modal verb. You must try to write legibly. You don't have to write perfectly. You may want to w ork on your handwriting. You could try changing pens. You might like to look again at the unit on punctuation. An impersonal construction can be used. The best / worst thing to do is to . . . It w ould b e easier /advisable /preferable /useful / a good idea to . . . It helps to . . . I It pays to . . . Its worth buying a good . . . Its no good / no use using a cheap substitute. (Doing) this will be appreciated / useful /a good start. G ood writing is / should he ! must be punctuated with care. Working with a partner, write seven sentences using these structures to give advice on one of the following subjects. How to avoid catching a cold. How to learn to swim. How to overcome shyness. How to succeed in class without doing any work. Types of writing Unit 2 Action If, to, by A Punctuate the following text and divide it into two or three paragraphs. There are somewhat different methods o f picking up a baby or half grown rabbit as opposed to an adult a young rabbit can be easily picked up by sliding a hand under the belly and lifting bodily before it has a chance of jumping away the trick is to have the animais body nicely balanced in the palm o f the hand a very young rabbit being picked up fo r the first time may struggle a little so transfer it to your chest and soothe it by gentle stroking alternatively bring up the other hand and cuddle it gently hold the animal firm ly but not tightly otherwise it may struggle all the more vigorously most young rabbits quickly adapt to being picked up in this manner and correctly he!d rarely struggle however they must have the o p p o rtu n ity to become accustomed to the human hand and it is advisable to handle youngsters of about five to six weeks onwards on a regular basis spare a few moments at feeding tim e to fondle the youngsters while they are eager fo r food. B This exercise practises three structures that are common in giving instructions. I f you want to pick up a rabbit, slide a hand under its belly. To To pick up a rabbit, slide a hand under its belly. By You can pick up rabbit by sliding a hand under its belly. I f the rabbit struggles, hold it against your chest. This will soothe it. To To soothe a rabbit that struggles, hold it against your chest. By Soothe a rabbit that struggles by holding it against your chest. Rewrite these sentences using structures with to and by. If you want to turn right, move the steering wheel clockwise. If you want it to work, kick it, If this is a problem, use cold milk, (use avoid) If you want to interrupt the speaker, raise your hand. If you blow harder, you will get a higher note. If you let go as soon as it gets hot, you wont be burnt, (use avoid) You may find that your handwriting improves if you write more slowly. C Practice Write six sentences giving instructions on how to behave with a new employer or teacher using if, to and by (two sentences using each structure). An advice article The text below is a model answer to this CAE writing task: Write, for publication in an English-language magazine, a set o f tips (pieces o f advice) for students who are preparing to take the CAE exam. Your article should be about 250 words. 1 Write subtitles (A-E) for those paragraphs that dont have them. 2 Write a suitable introduction (between 20 and 40 words recommended). 3 The article is a bit too long. Cut anything that you feel is irrelevant or Types of writing Module 2B (Introduction missing) ( 8)________________________ Its possible to get plenty of reading practice in English without having to buy books, but everyone needs to have a good dictionary. A small bilingual dictionary has its uses, but a medium-sized English-English dictionary is essential at CAE level because it tells you how and when the word is used. A good grammar book, a vocabulary book and a self-study writing skills book can also be very helpful. Know the exam As soon as you start working for the exam, make sure you have a clear idea what is tested in each o f the five papers. When you know what you are aiming for, you can plan your preparation more effectively and work on your weaknesses. Take responsibility for your work (C )____________________________ If youre lucky enough Eo have the chance of spending some time in an English-speaking country, this is a good way of making quick progress, particularly in listening and speaking. If youve got a lot of time and come from an EU country, its not hard to get a lowpaid job in Britain (e.g. hotel work). Alternatively, if you can afford it, come to Britain and follow a CAE exam course. Youre probably not in a class full of highly-motivated students whose English is exactly the same level as yours, with a teacher you like and whose methods suit you perfectly. But three-quarters of the work you need to do can be done outside the classroom, so the progress you make is your responsibility (and lack of it is not the fault o f others). If you have time for more homework than you are given, your teacher will probably be delighted to recommend books for self study and to correct any extra writing you do. Listen to as much English as possible (BBC World Service and other radio and TV broadcasts, films in English, songs, novels on cassette, etc.) and speak English whenever you can. Talking to your partner or friends in English is just as good speaking practice as talking to a native speaker. Babies spend a year listening to spoken language before they start to speak; yet some CAE students expect to be able to write English when they never read any! A lot of what you need to know for Papers 1, 2 and 3 can be learned simply by reading widely and extensively, from literature and magazines to song lyrics and food labels. (E )____________________________ In some exams, the questions are so predictable that you can learn to pass simply by spending a lot of time doing practice tests instead o f studying properly. Happily, this is not the case with CAE. Nevertheless, some exam practice is recommended (using practice tests) in order to familiarize yourself with the format of the questions and: above all, to get the timing right. (D)_ ___________________ W riting Part 2 writing task An English language magazine for young adults (aged 16-18) in your country runs a series of articles entitled How to get the best out o f .. . The articles are sometimes serious, and sometimes light-hearted. Write an article of about 250 words for the magazine on the subject of your choice. (Some ideas: how to get the best out o f being a student / your family / your creativity / your television.) Task bank: Tasks, 6, 7, 41a and 41b Types of writing Unit 2 Action 2C Processes and systems The passive voice A Here are two explanations of the workings of a fire extinguisher. The first is from a talk given by a fireman, The second is from a school text book. The main stylistic difference is that the second is impersonal - the words T and you are not used - and the verbs are often in the passive. Put the verbs in the second text into the appropriate form. More than one word may be required. Some of the verbs may be participles (stopping or stopped) rather than full tenses (were stopping, had been stopped). The first one has been done for you as an example. T h is on e, painted red, is a w a ter-filled fire xtinguisher. A s you can see, it s a ste e l cy lin d e M i T h o s e com in g out o f the top. T h is lev er h ere, w here the hose jo in s the c y lin d e r is w h a. you use 1 0 m ake it w ork. T h e cy lin d e r s alm ost fu ll of w ater, and inside the w ater th e re s a cartridge* f carb on d io xid e gas at high pressu re. To m ake it w ork, you ju s t pull out this safety pm here and sq u eeze the lever. W hen you pu ll down the lever, it pushes a pin down w hich m akes a ho c in the carb o n d io xid e ca rtrid g e. And that le ts out the gas in to the sp ace above the w ater in the cy lin d e r T h e gas, w h ich is still o f co u rse unde high p ressu re, pushes down on the w ater ancI mato=s it 2 0 up the tube in the m id d le, through the h ose and out through the n o z z le at the end. T h e n o zzle is sm aller than the tube, to m ake the w ater co m e ou faster. T h is m eans it s going to send the w ater tar enough so you can stand b a ck from the fire . The C 0 2-propellec w a te r-fille d fire extin g u ish er A w ater-filled fire extinguisher com prises a red-painted steel cylinder (connect) connected to a hose and (control) by an operating lever. The cylinder ( fill) _____________ alm ost to the top w ith water. Inside the cylinder is a cartridge (c o n ta in )_____________ C 0 2 gas at high When the safety pin (rem ove)_____________ the operating lever can (squeeze) pushing a pin dow n to (pierce)_____________ the CO2 cartridge. The high-pressure gas {release}_____________ into the space above the w ater in the cylinder. The gas (p u s h ) down on the w ater, w hich (fo rc e )_____________ up the discharge tube to a hose (connect) _____________ to a nozzle. The nozzle is narrow er than the discharge O p e ra tin g iev& r j tube, so the speed at which the w ater (leave) S a fe ty pin ______________is increased. The w ater P re v e n ts th e o p e ra tin g le v e r b e in g a c c id e n tly s queezed. (th ro w ) far enough so th a t the operator can (s ta n d )_____________ back from the fire. B Apart from the verbs, there are other differences between the tw o texts. 1 Are there any words or phrases in the first text which would be out of place in the second? 2 In the second text, what words and structures replace the phrases with the word you? Types of writing Processes and systems Module 2C The organization of a process description This model is taken from a travel book describing a journey down the Mississippi. The author has visited a button factory. The organization of the passage is exemplary; what is more, although the process is described in the past (the factory visit is seen as an event in the writer's journey), the writer uses the passive voice in the characteristic manner. A Read through the text and choose the best phrase (A-K) to fill each of the gaps. Write one letter in each gap. Four.o.f the suggested answers do not fit at all. The exercise begins with an example (0). Making buttons The whole process of button making was nicely contained and comprehensible. It started (0) of the factory and rose, m achine by m achine, to the top. On (1)_________, the liquid plastic was poured into an oil drum, mixed with dye and hardener, and slopped into a centrifuge like a big spin-drier, where (2)________ formed an even, translucent sheet of soft rubbery stuff. The sheet was passed into the m achine that punched it into a thousand or so round button blanks; (3)________ were fed on a conveyor belt into an oven where they were baked hard; then they were cooled and sent on up (4)_________ . Here more m achines drilled needle holes in them and carved patterns on (5)_________ . They were polished in a tumbling vat of wooden shoe pegs, and (6)________ they were sorted into cardboard boxes. to the next floor upstairs again the first floor the top floor up the path their fronts and backs at the bottom the blanks it was whirled around until it the sheet pieces of soft stuff B Can you find three words in the text that the writer would not have used if he had been writing this for a scientific study of manufacturing industries? W riting practice Write a short description of one of these processes. Write in a fairly formal style, using the previous two texts as models. The production of miik, from grass to table How the human body works The greenhouse effect A Star is Born - the process of stardom from birth to death, in one field of your choice (rock music, sport, film, etc.) Types of writing * Unit 2 Action Organization and cohesion How are soft centres put into chocolates? Can you or your partner answer that question before reading the text below? Putting the soft centre in a chocolate The secret o f putting creamy centres into chocolates is that the centres are made into solid shapes chocolate, th e n made creamy inside the chocolate coating. the liquid fondant. As it cools and Soft-centred chocolates contain fondant, which is made by mixing hardens, the fondant centres puli sugar with a quarter of its own away from the cornflour slightly, 10 weight o f water. The solution is 35 and are then turned out onto heated slowly until the sugar another conveyor. dissolves, and th en the syrup is This carries the fondants through boiled until it reaches 115C. The a bath of melted chocolate, which covers the base, w hile a curtain of hot, sticky, clear solution is then 15 poured out and left to cool to 38C, 40 melted chocolate covers the rest of the shape. W hen the chocolate has w hen it becomes a mass of tiny hardened, the covered sweets :ire sugar crystals. heated to 30 C, which is not hot The fondant is re-heated to 43C, w h en it is soft enough for enough to melt the chocolate but 20 natural or artificial colours or 45 activates the invertase. Invertase flavours to be kneaded* in. At the breaks down the sugar in the sam e tim e, another ingredient is fondant into its two components glucose and added - an enzyme called invertase. The n e x t step is to mould the fructose. These are both more sugar, and they 25 kneaded fondant into fancy shapes, so soluble than by re-heating it until it is just liquid combine with the water in the and pouring it into cornflour fondant to liquefy the centres and make them creamy. The process moulds. A shallow flat bed of cornflour passes under a machine takes several days. 30 which stamps indentations for the shapes, which are then filled with "to knead = to mix A The words in bold in the text heip to signal the chronological order of the process (note that the word after is not needed). Apart from these words, what else contributes to the chronological ordering of the description? B The underlined words all refer back to a word or idea that has been mentioned before. In each case, say exactly what the underlined word is referring to. which (line 8) refers to fondant (line 8). the kneaded fondant (line 25) refers to the fondant which now contains colours, flavours and invertase (lines 20-23). C What is the function of the first paragraph in relation to the rest of the text? D How are the following ideas expressed in the text? The hot, sticky, clear solution is then poured out. When it lias been poured out, it is then left to cool until it reaches 38C. When it reaches that temperature, it becomes a mass of tinv sugar crystals. The next step is to mould the kneaded fondant into fancy shapes. In order to achieve this, the kneaded fondant is re-heated until it is just liquid, then immediately poured into cornflour moulds. Which are better, the sentences here or those in the text? Why? Types of writing Processes and systems Module 2C More on cohesion This text was written for school science students. The exercise focuses on cohesion, including the features studied in 2.0. Complete the text by writing the missing word in each gap. The exercise begins with an example (0). See page 9 for information and advice about this exercise type. How a Electronic metal detectors use the principle o f electromagnetic induction. CO') T h is_____ means that, if an object is placed in a changing magnetic field, an electrical voltage is created in . .________ object. In a metal detector, an electrical current is passed through a coil o f wire, called the search coil, ,_________ create a magnetic field. (3)__ ___________ alternating current (AC) generator converts the direct current (DC) from the battery into the AC needed to drive the coil. ( 4 ) ^ __ v AC regularly reverses direction, it produces the necessary ever-changing magnetic Currents are generated, in a metal object (5)___ ________ comes within the magnetic field by a process known as induction. When a current is induced in a metal object (for example, a buriecl coin), (6)_ in turn produces its own magnetic fields. (T) t arc capable of inducing a small amount of electricity in the detectors search coil itself. The simplest kind of metal detector is the pulse induction type. A powerful current is passed from the battery through the search coil and (8 )_____ , switched off. The pulse of magnetism causes currents to flow in any target objects below tlie ground. ( 9 \ __________ ___ unlike the current in the search coil, the current in the object cannot be switched off; it Q tn to die away naturally. As it fades, the current in the object reactivates the search coil. This voltage is (11)_______________amplified to indicate with a sound or a flashing light that an object has been found. W riting practice The following advertisement appeared in the newsletter of The Green Cross, an organization dedicated to promoting more efficient use of the worlds natural resources and to reducing pollution. A thousand and one ways to save the planet !s everything in yo u r to w n 100% efficient? T hm k o f rubbish collection, tra n sp o rt, office hours, recycling, etc. W hatever system you choose, get to g e th e r w ith some friends and find ways in w hich it could be made more efficient, e ithe r saving energy o r reducing pollution. Remember, sm all is b e a u tifu l - even if your idea o nly saves a few calories, it's stili part o f a g ia nt step fo r m ankind! Then w rite to us, d escribing the present system in detail, and o u tlin in g yo u r plans fo r im provem ent. The best ideas we receive w ill be included in o u r new p ublication, 1,001 Ways To Save The Planet, and should be about 250 w ords long. Work in a group to choose an appropriate system and make it more efficient, then write your ideas so they can be included in the book. Task bank: Tasks 8, 9, 35 and 40 Types of writing A Narratives and connecting words page 59 B Biographical narratives page 62 C Newspaper stories page 66 Warm up: register exercise Read the following descriptions (A-H) then match them with the contexts from which they were taken ( 1- 8 ). Accident report Letter of complaint Job application Film review Joke (spoken) Local history section of a guide book Newspaper stoiy (from popular press) After graduating from Newcastle University in 1987, I spent two years travelling around the world (Europe India, Malaysia, Australia, South America). In the course of the second year, I became fluent in Poituguese and worked as an aerobics instructor and tennis coach for six months in Sao Paulo. As you will see from my CV (enclosed) I returned to Newcastle in June 89 and worked as Community Liaison Officer on the Byker Community Arts Programme The oncoming car had taken the corner too fast and was on the wrong side of the road. The car in front of me, a Ford Escort, tried to pull in to the side of the road to avoid being hit. The Ford managed to avoid a head-on collision, but nevertheless the driver's door was ripped off by the glancing impact. The speeding car was also damaged, and lost a wheel; it rebounded towards me, sideways on. I swerved to the left in an attempt to avoid it Theres this new man working at Cape Canaveral. Its his first day at work. He sits down at the microphone. Fifty-four thousand, three hundred and twenty-one . . . Sorry, Ill read th at again . . . Five, four, three, two, one. '1 cannot understand why a lioness should step over some of my mates to have a go at me, he said. Snoring was one of the reasons put forward by his colleagues. But London Zoo expert Doug Richardson said: Lions are not terribly brave and would more likely have gone for someone quiet. Types of writing Born F red eric Bulsara in Zanzibar, he m oved to London with his fam ily in 1959, and took his first exploratory step into m u sic with a group called W reckage. He join ed Q ueen in 1970 w h ile studying Art and Design and ru nn ing a stall at K ensington M arket. He also m et M ary Austin, manageress o f flib a s boutique. They lived together foi seven years, and she rem ain ed a close friend. Narratives and connecting words Module 3A In addition to this, on one gloomy morning the landlady asked me to switch off the light in the room where I was having breakfast, claiming that electricity in England was too expensive. On two other occasions, she came into my room in the morning and turned the light off before even saying Good morning. During the English Civil War, Lyme Regis remained a staunch supporter of Cromwell, and was besieged by royalist forces. Heavily outnumbered, the men of Lyme held back the 5 000' strong force of Prince Rupert until, after two months of skirmishes, the royalist forces gave up and Charlie, a young New York tax consultant on th e verge o f p rom otion, walks o u t o f a din e r w ith o u t paying fo r his lunch. He is challenged on the street by a strange girl in a black w ig, reminiscent o f th e silent mov'e siar Louise Brooks. She offers him a lif t back to his office, b u t once he is in her car she throw s his p ortable telephone o u t o f the w in d o w , puts her fo o t down and heads in to th e Holland Tunnel and th e distant reaches o f New Jersey. He is so startled he does n o t even notice th a t she robs a Irquor store on th e ir jo u rn e y 3A Narratives and connecting words Telling the story of a town In most lines of this text, there is one unnecessary word. It is either grammatically incorrect or does not fit in with the sense of the text. Find the unnecessary words and write them in the margin. Some lines are correct. Indicate them with a tic k (/). The exercise begins with three examples (0). Cam bridge Cambridge was important long before the University has existed. In the first century BC an Iron Age tribe built a settlement on what is now known Castle Hill. This site was taken over by the Romans around 40 AD; 1 the Saxons had followed, then the Normans under William the Conqueror, 2 who he raised a castle on a steep mound as a base for fighting the Saxon 3 rebels at Ely. The earthworks of Williams castle are still stand, and 4 Ely Cathedral is visible from the top on a clear day. 5 The first scholars didnt there arrive until 1209, and another 75 years 6 passed before Hugh de Balsham founded Peterhouse, the first college. Five 7 more colleges were being established in the first half of the 14th century, 8 then another ten during the 15th and 16th centuries were. h as kn ow n ____/ __ 9 Henry VI took off nearly a quarter of the medieval city for Kings 10 College; after Henry V III united two existing colleges to make Trinity 11 grand enough to rival Christ Church in Oxford. But these women didnt have 12 a proper college building until Girton was first founded in 1869. Types of writing Connecting words This exercise looks at words that are useful for connecting sentences in a narrative, and aims to develop your range of linking words and practise the tenses that accompany them. Box A E a r lie r 1 B efore that /then B eforehand By that time ! by then Until that time /until then M ean w h ile At the sam e t ime In the meantime A fter a while A fter that At once B efore long L ater on Im m ediately At that moment Within seconds ! days /etc. 1 The six words and phrases in this column are often followed by the past perfect tense. She started ivork in Geneva yesterday. Previously she had w orked in Rome. I first met him in 91. By then, he had already m astered the flu te an d piano. 2 After should not be used to mean next, then or afterwards. After can be used in the following structures: A fter + gerund (A fter meeting them, , . A fter + clause (After he had introduced himself, . . .) A fter + noun (After h er birthday, . . .) A Practice Starting with one of the sentences given below, work with a partner to continue the narrative for as long as possible. Take it in turns to add one or more sentences to the story. Each time, use one of the linking words given in Box A before adding your sentences. Soon after midnight, the sound o f gunfire echoed across the desert. A Then we heard scream s coming fro m the prison ers tent. It sounded as i f he ivas in terrible pain,. B Until that moment, he had been so quiet we h a d been afraid he was dying. He hadn't even told us his name o r what he h a d done with the steering w heel o f ou r A At once we ran ov er to investigate. B Within seconds, we realized it was a trap. Everything went well for the first 20 minutes, and even the tiger seemed friendly. Amy managed to escape, leaving her mechanic a prisoner on the island. After 13 days their rations were exhausted and they were dying of hunger. Ablaze with fiery emotions, Jane walked self-consciously away. The spacecraft was immediately surrounded by small green creatures. Marvelling at her beaut)', the prince kissed her sleeping face. I was in the Tupinamba, having a bizcocho and coffee, when this girl came in. and connecting words M od u le 3A Box B To start with Atfir s t1 /First In the beginning At present At the moment F o r the tim e being Right now These days In the end At last3 In time In the end 1 Firstly / First emphasizes the sequence of' events. F ir s t. . . then . . . finally . . . At fir s t implies a contrast with what happens later. At f i rst I was incompetent, but in the end I becam e reasonably proficient. 2 Actually means in fa ct; it never means now. 3 At last implies a feeling of relief, so it is not the usual partner to at first (use in the end or eventually). B Practice Now, using one of the new opening sentences below, start your continuation with a word or phrase from Box B column 1 (e.g. at first). Continue, using any words from either box, especially Box B column 2 (taking your narrative into the present) or Box B column 3 (which brings your narrative to a conclusion). This time, be especially careful with the tenses of your verbs. I dreamed I was flying in a hot air balloon. Did I ever tell you about the time I was kidnapped by aliens? It has been a fantastic holiday. Harrison was beginning to wish he had never entered the jungle. When 1 lost my job, I decided to become a criminal. I havent enjoyed this party at all. W riting practice Write a brief history of your town or region {150-200 words) for the Englishlanguage edition of a tourist guide. Use the text about Cambridge on page 59 as a model. Types of writing * Unit 3 KHAC 3B Biographical narratives The story of a life Six phrases have been removed from this text. Match the gaps (1-6) with the phrases (A-H) given below. Two of the suggested phrases do not fit at all. Francis James H a d th e re b e e n O ly m p ic s to s e le c t a c h a m p io n e c c e n tr ic , th e g o ld w o u ld h a v e b ee n w o n fo r A u s tra lia b y th e jo u rn a lis t a n d fo r m e r fig h te r p ilo t F ra n c is Ja m e s , 5 w h o h a s d ied in S y d n e y at the a g e o f 7 4 , W e w e re a t th e s a m e N e w S o u th W a le s c o u n tr y s c h o o l in th e la te tw e n tie s . H is b rillia n c e s h o n e f l l T h e n , w ith o u t th e k n o w le d g e o f th e staff, 10 h e fo u n d e d a s c h o o l n e w s p a p e r w ith h elp fro m lo c a l a d v e rtis e rs , b u t th a t a d m ira b le in itia tiv e w a s m a rre d b y th e fa c t th at his e d ito ria ls a c c u s e d th e s ta ff o f p ra c tic a lly e v e r y c r im in a ! a c t . H e k n e w it w a s 15 u n tru e b u t fe lt th a t s o c ie ty n ee d e d an e x te rn a ] s tim u lu s . H is e x p u ls io n w a s d ra m a tic . H is fa th e r, ( 2 ) _ _ _ _ _ , c a m e to th e s c h o o l to th ra sh F ra n c is in p u b lic . T h e fa m ily m o v e d to C a n b e rra to a 20 n e w life a n d a n ew s c h o o l. T h e re h e e x p lo d e d a n o th e r la b o ra to ry in a fa ile d e x p e r im e n t an d d a re d G o u g h W h itla m , ( 3 ) _ _ _ _ _ , to c lim b a h ig h tre e w ith th e h elp o f a la d d e r. F ra n c is re m o v e d the la d d e r a n d le ft G o u g h in th e stra to s p h e re f o r th e b e s t p art o f a d a y b e f o re a s e a rch p a rty fo u n d h im . F ra n c is b e c a m e (4)____ . H e th o u g h t o ffic e rs sh o u ld fra te rn iz e w ith th e lo w e r 30 ra n k s and e m p h a s iz e d th e p o in t by fly in g o u r m o s t p o w e rfu l fig h te r a irc r a ft a fo n g th e m a in s tre e ts o f M e lb o u rn e a lm o s t b e lo w r o o f le v e l. E x p e lle d a g a in , he to o k sh ip to E n g la n d a n d jo in e d the R A F a s an 35 a irc ra fts m a n in 1 9 3 9 . B y 1 9 4 2 he h ad b e c o m e a S p itfire p ilo t a n d I w a s at the B B C in L o n d o n . I a sk e d h im h o w h e h ad m a n a g e d to g e t in to th e firin g lin e. E a s y , d e a r b o y . F o r g e d m y 40 lo g b o o k s to p ro v e I h ad b een flyin g fig h te rs in C h in a . W e e k s la te r h e w a s s h o t d o w n o v e r F ra n c e an d b ad ly b u rn ed . T a k e n p riso n e r, h e w a s a sk e d h is n a m e an d ra n k an d re p lie d G ro u p C a p ta in 45 T u rtle d o v e . H e tried to e s c a p e fro m a S ta la g fiv e tim e s , o n c e in a h o t a ir b a llo o n h e h ad m a d e . It c ra s h e d b a ck in to th e c o m p o u n d , s e ttin g it a lig h t. In 1 9 4 4 I h a d , ( 5 ) _ _ _ _ _ , a te le p h o n e ca ll fr o m F r a n c is . D e a r b o y , 1 a m in L o n d o n . I sh all be w ith y o u in h a lf an h o u r. H e w a s. In the b ig g e s t s ta ff c a r I h ad e v e r se e n . H o w , I a sk e d . E a s y , d ea r b o y . I w a s at R A F H Q , ju s t re p a tria te d 5 5 fro m G e rm a n y as w o u n d e d , a n d I sa id to th e d e sk A c a r p le a s e f o r A ir V ic e M a rsh a l Ja m e s o f A u s tra lia , a n d a s y o u see it c a m e . H e w a s g iv e n a s c h o la rs h ip to B a llio l, 60 O x fo rd . I u sed to v isit b u t o n c e fo u n d h im ab se n t. T h e p o rte r e x p la in e d , M r Ja m e s h as left. A fe llo w stu d e n t h ad n ot p aid h is g a m b lin g d eb ts a n d M r Ja m e s to o k h im to th e riv e r to e x p la in th a t he 65 m u st d o so , but u n fo rtu n a te ly to o k a lo ad e d p isto l to e x p la in . M a n y y e a rs later he b e c a m e th e o w n e r / e d ito r o f S y d n e y s Anglican Times, h a d a p ro fo u n d e ffe c t on C h u r c h le a d e rs w ith 70 b lis te rin g e d ito ria ls , jo in e d A u s tra lia s Sydney Morning Herald a s R e lig io u s E d ito r, w ritin g m a n y o f h is p ie c e s o n a ty p e w rite r ( 6 ) _ . p ark e d in S y d n e y s m ain s tre e ts . to my astonishment a fellow student and future prime minister in the back of a 1936 Rolls Royce but he was a very good rugby player the youngest cadet in the Australian Air Force although lie once wrecked a laboratory in an explosion G a six-foot-two amateur boxer and Anglican priest H while riding a police horse Narrative technique The obituary of Francis James manages to tel! his life story clearly yet retain a sense of drama. The writer is able to give so much information without his writing becoming heavy and slow by using short sentences and participle clauses. A Short se n te n c e s Look back to see how these two ideas were actually written in the text. 1 And indeed lie did arrive just half an hour later. What is more, he came in the biggest staff car I had ever seen. I asked him how he had obtained such a car. (line 52-3) 2 From time to time I used to visit him there, but on one occasion when I went to see him I found that he wasnt there, (line 60-1) Types of writing Biographical narratives Module 3B B Participle clauses Can you remember how these ideas were expressed - in single sentences and fewer words - in the text? Do your best to express the ideas more economically, then compare your ideas with the original. 1 As a result of this exploit he was expelled, as he had been from his school. Then he took ship to England, (line 33-4) 2 He was taken prisoner. When he was asked his name and rank, he replied Group Captain Turtledove, (line 43-5) 3 It crashed back into the compound. The crash set the compound alight, (line 47-8) 4 I was at RAF HQ. I had just been repatriated from Germany as I had been wounded. I said to the desk . . . 1 (line 54-6) 1 An alternative to linking words. Participle clauses are often used to imply reason or result, so they can have the same function as linking words such as consequently, because, which is why, and so. N ever having learned to swim, I rarely go to the seaside, implies I have never learned to swim, w h ich is w h y I rarely go to the seaside. D efeated in the debate, the Prime Minister resigned. implies She was defeated in the debate, and as a resu lt she resigned. 2 Structure Three different structures may be used, depending on the tense. Present participle - relates to present tenses, past continuous, and past simple when two events are more or less simultaneous. In the first scene Travis is crossing the M ojave desert. He looks like a tramp. In the first scene Travis is crossing the Mojave desert, looking like a tramp. I was dying o f thirst. I drank w ater fro m the river. Dying o f thirst, I drank w ater fro m the river. H e turned his back on his problem s and took a long holiday in the sun. Turning his back on his problem s, he took a long holiday in the sun. OR H e turned his back on his problem s, taking a long holiday in the sun. Past participle - relates to past simple passive. He was shot down over France, l i e was interned in a camp. Shot down ov er France, he ivas interned in a camp. Having + past participle - relates to present perfect, past simple, and past perfect. I ve w orked very hard f o r this exam. I'm confident that I ll do well. Having w orked very hard f o r this exam, I m confident that I'll do well. I h a d n ever eaten rate fish. I had mixed feelings about the invitation. N ever having eaten raw fish, I h a d mixed feelin gs about the invitation. As a child, he h a d been attacked by a dog. He was terrified o f them all his life. Having been attacked by a dog as a child, he was terrified o f them all his life. Types of writing 3 Practice Rewrite the following in single sentences using a participle clause. Mitiiy people hope the government will do something. They are writing to their MPs. Many people, hoping the government will do something, are writing to their MPs. 1 He heard what his daughter had done. He was proud. 2 The soldiers were singing 'Flower of Scotland7. They marched through the 3 I visited the Sudan last year, I was shocked by what I saw. 4 She was born in 1975 and educated at Hirst. Susan Gallon became a star in 5 I pulled a muscle yesterday. As a result, I cant do any tmming today. 6 I havent been to the States, Consequently, I dont know what youre talking 7 He insisted that we should all be punctual. Then he himself was half an hour 8 I hadnt opened the letter. As a result, I hadnt realized I had won first prize. 9 When they look around old houses, some people get a sense of history. 10 I wasnt fluent in their language. I had to use a lot oi mime. .11 Her son was inspired by the concert. He started to learn the piano. 12 I only brought T-shirts and beach clothes. I had assumed that August would be 13 I wasnt frightened of the cobra. I had been bitten by snakes many times before. 14 If you told me that Francis James spent three years in prison in China, I wouldnt be surprised. I have just read an article about bis life. 15 I was delighted about winning the prize, so I took all my friends out to celebrate. A letter to the editor Part 1 writing task The texts below are taken from a review, in a British newspaper, of a collection of short stories. Cindy Vitale once stayed with you during her travels and since you have a very good memory of her and her friendship, you are shocked by the inaccuracy of the information printed in the newspaper. With the help of a rock music encyclopedia, you decide to write to the newspaper and set the record Study the extracts from the book review together with the biographical information from the encyclopedia, then write your letter to the newspaper (about 250 words). Surprisingly, the rem ark ab le la st short story in the book w as S n punk ro ck e r Cindy Vitale, w ho died m 1994 in a nlane crash Given the quality of the w riting, it seem s a real pit> ^ w a s te d of Her on the m f i c scen e h - If only Miss Vitale had devoted more of her energy to writing, where she seems to have had enormous talent, instead of music, where she obviously had none Biographical narratives Module 3B 1952 Born Sao Paulo, Brazil. Irish mother, Brazilian father. Mother singer in nightclub, father jazz 1957 Starts classical piano. 1968 Appears on Brazilian TV (piano: Chopin, Liszt). 1 9 6 9 -7 0 Leaves home, travels (USA, Caribbean, Africa). Studies drums and percussion. 1 9 7 1 -7 4 LAMDA Drama School, London. Continues drums and percussion with leading African, Brazilian and jazz musicians. 1 9 7 4 -7 5 Theatre: 18 months with Royal Shakespeare Company. 1976 Travels in Africa and Asia, studying percussion, folklore, 1977 London. Beginning o f punk rock. Forms band, DGeneration. In TV interview, describes classical music and theatre as the dead culture of the middle classes while punk is the living folk music of the 1979 Dissolves DGeneration after two and a half years touring Britain, Europe and USA, five Top 40 singles and two albums. 1980 Refuses leading role in punk rock film Broken English because film doesnt understand punk - our ideals, our lifestyle or our art; were not cinema, we're for real. Major role as punk rocker in Derek Agioss independent film Street Party. Critical success. 1 9 8 1 -8 2 Travels around world, studying music and theatre. 1987 Marri a ge to Di ego Aguirre, Cuban writer. Moves to Cuba. 1 9 8 1 -9 4 Successful career as performer and music teacher in Music (dance orchestras, jazz quartet), theatre and TV work. Starts to write in 86: many short stories published, one novel. 1994 Death (car accident). 1 First, read the question very carefully and think: Who am I going to write this letter for? (target reader) Why am I going to write it? (task achievement) When you write to a newspaper you write to the editor, but your letter is in fact intended for publication in the newspaper. Your 'target reader is therefore the reader of the newspaper. Dont expect a reply or an apology from the editor. Your main task is calmly to correct the false information and thus clear Cindys name. 2 Study the information in detail, underlining all the inaccuracies in the review. Some of these errors may be harmless mistakes and perhaps not worth mentioning, while others may be extremely offensive. 3 Plan your letter. It should include: Useful words and phrases I was shocked ! horrified / deeply offen ded / angered / surprised to read . . . defam atory / ill-inform ed i contrary to Mr B acon s allegations / despite Mr B acon s not, as your review er suggests, . . . / f a r f r o m being unsuccessful . . . a scandalous misrepresentation o f the rem arkable career o f . . . First paragraph clear reference to newspaper article (title of article and date); in tasks when these are not given, you may invent explanation of your connection to this story (brief details of your personal acquaintance with Cindy), expression of your reaction to the article, Middle section paragraphs dealing with the most important errors. Give a clear account of the facts, perhaps in the form of a biographical narrative. Point out where the reviewer gives false information, and correct the false overall impression of Cindys career and qualities, Last paragraph a conclusion which summarizes your whole letter. 4 Dont accuse the writer of the article of lying. If somebody doesnt have a good grasp of the facts, they are mistaken or misinformed1. 5 This kind of writing task is in fact a role-play. You can use your imagination but you mustn't change any of the facts you are given. Task bank: Tasks 26 and 28 Types of writing Unit 3 KHAC 3C Newspaper stories Newspaper stories are good examples of economical narrative writing. The writer tells the story clearly in as few words as possible. Divide the following report from the Guardian into five short paragraphs and punctuate it, taking particular care to mark any direct speech. a doctor who came across a mock rail disaster exercise thought it was the real thing and joined in the rescue effort robert iambourn realized his mistake when he gave one of the injured a painkilling injection and the suiprised actor looked up to ask do we really have to go that far the volunteer patient explained to the doctor that the 40 casualties lying around the crash scene were aU acting then he was stretchered away to sleep off the effects of the injection in hospital doctor lambourn had inadvertently joined in an exercise with police fire and ambulance services at choppington northumberland he was thought to be part of the medical team and was allowed through the police cordon doctor lambourn was not available for comment yesterday but his colleague in ashington northumberland dr john Campbell said my colleague acted with the very best intentions Organizing a story News reports are usually written in short paragraphs: the first generally summarizes the whole story, while the last often includes a quotation. Narrative tenses and linking words for time are key features. A Putting events in order 1 Rearrange the following sentences to make a newspaper story. 2 Comment on the tenses of the two verbs in italics. 3 Write a title, or headline, for the story by summarizing it in 12 words or fewer. Types of writing He pulled onto the hard shoulder and hobbled off for help with the aid of his two walking sticks, I was very suiprised when the police phoned. But he never returned. Absent-minded husband Tom Brown sparked off a police search after he left his wife in their broken-down Skoda on the M5, and forgot to collect her. Soon afterwards, Mrs Brown was picked up by a police patrol and a manhunt was launched, with a helicopter and sniffer dogs. '1 suppose I must have got confused, Mr Brown said, He was discovered five hours later having tea at home, Police found that Mr Brown, a retired British Rail worker, h ad taken a bus to Bristol and a train home to Tewkesbury, Gloucester, Mr Brown, aged 7.3, and his wife Catherine, aged 84, w ere heading for Totnes, Devon, on Saturday when the car stuttered to a halt at Clevedon, near Bristol. Newspaper stories Module 3C B Write a suitable first paragraph for this newspaper report by summarizing the whole story in one sentence. (First p a r a g r a p h m issin g) Iain and Sue Baughan, who have 4 children, said 19-year-old Joh an Egelstedt was perfect for the He was detained at Heathrow airport when he arrived on Monday, and immigration officials were to fly him back to Sweden until the Baughans intervened. Mr Egelstedt was then allowed to stay for seven days with the couple at their home in Leicester. We are all outraged that the authorities have to deport him, said Mrs Baughan, aged 38. The only reason he cannot stay is because he is a man. Mr Egelstedt said: Ive a friend who went to France as a male au pair without any trouble. I dont see why I cannot do the same here. The immigration service states th a t an au pair m ust be an unm arried inclusive without dependants. C Here you have the first and last paragraphs of a newspaper story, but the middle section is missing. Taking the three preceding stories as your models, use your imagination to complete the story by writing a few paragraphs giving all the T h e G olden Hoard T h a t L o st Its G litter The retired Suffolk gardener who will become a millionaire after finding a hoard of Roman gold and silver now wishes it had never happened. (Middle paragraphs missing) We expect the next thing will be begging letters, and what are we supposed to do about them? There are times we wish this had never Types of writing iving your opinion A Argument page 69 B Reviews page 72 C Personal advice page 76 Warm up: reg ister exercise Read the following extracts (A-G), then match them with the contexts from which they were taken (1-7). I wasnt at all surprised to hear that Mum and Dad are against the m arriage. The thing is.Jutta, both of you are really much too young to get married. What's the harm in watting, at least until Mike has finished college? And how do you two plan to set up home together, when neither o f you has a job? W hat a shame all this technology couldn t make the music even slightly interesting. Although recent pieces like No Son Of Mine at least have a tune, a trip down Genesis s interm inable m em ory lane is like being locked in a musical-aversion chamber, w here synthesizers plonk aimlessly, and guitars huif and bluster until they're blue in the face, but bear no relation to anything going on around them. And they called this progressive rock? don't blame your father if, knowing your mother is there for him, he uses her. Remember that she too must take responsibility for the position in which she finds herself. In other words, be very careful not to take sides. I think the best thing you can do is to urge themboth to help themselves and possibly find help outside 68 * Types of writing No m atter where in the world you go, youll find some deranged B rit setting up a donkey sanctuary. Isnt it time we tuned the dial to a better reception, started caring a bit more about humanity, a bit less about We ought, as a nation, to grow up and stop trying to pretend that Peter Rabbit is still our best friend. In the greater scheme of things, the worst of humanity is worth considerably more than the best of bunnies. There are three different ways of buying a second-hand car: privately, from a dealer, and at an auction. Each has its advantagGS snd Buying Privately This is usually cheaper than buying from a dealer, but your legal protection is weaker. It's a good idea to take someone along with you when you go to look at a car, as a witness to what the seller tells you about it. I was both surprised and saddened to read your recent publication of a letter from V. Meldrew regarding what was described as the appalling conditions that exist at Jericho Hospital . Direct reference was made to Ward C9. I feel very strongly that I should reply to the criticisms. 1 was recently a patient on Ward C9, where I received a liver transplant. 1 have the utmost admiration and appreciation for the professionalism, dedication and patient care I received. m self-importance. Longing to be accepted by these people, but ashamed at his lack of skills, lie appears to be the ultimate innocent in paradise. A concert review A magazine article Consumer advice in a consumer magazine A book review An informal letter The advice page of a magazine A letter to a newspaper Argument * Module 4A 4A Argument Argum ents fo r and against Here we look at the type of writing where the writer argues a case, or expresses an opinion, by looking at a problem from two sides, In this type of writing, the way ideas are connected is very important; this is achieved by the use of connecting words, by the way the ideas are grouped together into paragraphs, and by the way the paragraphs themselves are ordered. The following mini composition is an example of the basic structure. Telling the truth may be a virtue, but is it not more important to know how to tell lies? Obviously, modem civilized society couldnt exist if everybody lied all the time. But at the same time, would it not be equally disastrous if everybody always told the truth? So it seems to me that lying is an essential skill, and that schools are quite right to teach children how to do it. This expresses the whole argument in four sentences, A longer piece of writing would develop the ideas in each of these sentences into four (or more) paragraphs, but the same basic structure would be retained. Use your imagination and creativity to complete the sentences in the mini compositions below. Note that A -E look at both sides of the argument, whereas F and G are one-sided and simply list reasons. A Students often wonder whether its worth going to Britain to study English. I would say it depends on Some students Others, however, All in all, B This is only the third time Iv e really enjoy it. and I still dont know if I In some ways,_____________________________________________ But at the same time, By and large, I think _ I m often told Im lucky to be a man / woman, but in fact its a mixed blessing. While it is true to say th at______________ , I nevertheless On balance, I suppos Types of writing Unit 4 Giving your opinion D Many young actors and actresses dream of becoming stars, but in reality stardom has its drawbacks as well as its attractions. On the one h a n d ,_________________________________________________________ On the other hand, Not only that, b u t_____________________ also E As an Olympic Gold Medallist, I am often asked what is the best way to spend the night before a big race. On the one hand, On the other hand, Personally, though, F There are many reasons why I love One reason is ________________ What is more, Above all, G Of all the soap powders in the world, I would recommend that you use In the first p lace,_________________________________________________ More importantly,________________________________________________ On top of th a t,___________________________________________________ In short,_________________________________________________________ Types of writing Argument * Module 4A 1 -1 Expanding your argument Below is the mini-composition on page 69 developed into a magazine article. A The connecting words that signal the structure of the argument have been removed. For each of the numbers (1, 2, 3) which four of the following adverbials would be appropriate? O f course To sum up By and large All in all On the other hand Then again But in the same way 3 __________________, _________________ 3 __________________ B What is the function of each paragraph? The importance of not being earnest elling the truth may be a virtue, but is it not more important to know how to tell lies? Any idiot can tell the truth, but lying is a skill, a science, an art. Fortunately schools, with the unrealistic expectations that they have of young people, provide early training in the art of lying. For example, is it realistic to expect a 15-year-old to write a 250-word composition and spend six hours watching television in the same evening? So we watch television but tell the teacher we did our homework, but that the dog / cat / baby got hold of it . . . Then, later in life, when the really uncomfortable questions come, like 'I know you're 18 years old now, but wouldn't it be nice if we all went on a family holiday together, with grandma and grandpa?', we know better than to say that frankly it would be our idea of hell. Instead, we're really sorry we can't come but we've got that project to finish for school, plus fitness training, piano practice, or even English grammar exercises. modern civilized society couldn't exist if everybody lied all the time. Before a business deal could be concluded, lawyers would have to be brought in to make sure there was no trickery; but the lawyers themselves would be lying, and leave both companies bankrupt. And how could democracy operate unless politicians occasionally kept at least some of their electoral (2) ___ would it not be equally disastrous if everybody always told the truth? How many families depend for their stability on the little white lie? How much unhappiness, how many wars are avoided simply because people have the good taste to hide the hatred and contem pt they feel for other people? And as for love and desire, could these emotions not be ultimately more destructive to society than any negative it seems to me that lying is an essential skill, and that schools are quite right to teach children how to do it. And if the editor of this magazine wonders why this article reached her so late this week, please note that I did in fact write it on time, but unfortunately the dog, the cat and the baby ganged up together, mugged me and buried the article in the garden. Note that in this article the key sentences (topic sentences') are the first sentences in each paragraph; this is often, but not always, the case. Similarly, many adverbial connecting words are not necessarily written at the beginning of a sentence. Types of writing W riting Opinions are like belly buttons: everybody has got one, but do oth er p eop le want to h ea r you talk about yours? This writing of opinions only becomes interesting when the writer has something to say. Your opinion will not be interesting or worth expressing until you have thought about the subject. So the first stage in writing your opinion happens in your head, while you get your ideas straight. Many of the best writers find it useful to make notes of all their ideas before they start writing. Part 2 writing task Choose one of the mini-compositions A -E on pages 69-70, and develop it into a full-length magazine article {about 250 words) using The Importance o f Not Being Earnest as a model. Task bank: Tasks 13, 14 and 15 4B Reviews Consumer reviews A When reviewing a consumer product, whether for publication in a magazine or in a letter to a friend, it is necessary to look at the product's bad points as well as its good points. What does this product do, and what does it not do? What are the advantages of one particular dictionary? Are there any ways in which other dictionaries are preferable? In this review of a new car: what is the function of the first sentence? what does the rest of the first paragraph do? what does the second paragraph do? T here are two schools of thought about -multi purpose vehicles (MPVs) such as the M itsubishi Space Wagon. Critics dismiss them as m arketing ploys w ith no sound technical m erit W hy w aste energy pushing a tall, van-like body through the air w hen a lighter, low er m ore penetrating one is so m uch m o re efficient and stable? W hy create space above your head w here it is not w anted? Advocates point to the lofty MPVs d o w n -to-earth advantages. You get a better (and safer) view - over hedges and blind brows, for instance. Sitting upright, the need for leg-stretching space is reduced. Versatility com es into the reckoning, too, especially w hen you can squeeze a third row of seats into a vehicle th at is no longer than a fam ily car. Reviews Module 4B B Modelling your writing very closely on the Space Wagon review, use these notes to write two paragraphs looking at the advantages and disadvantages of a new mountain bike called the Lamia Anboto. Start your review, There are two schools of thought about mountain bikes such as . . Against the Lam ia Anboto expensive {400) 21 gears: unnecessary in cities of mountain bikes used oniy in cities) attractive to thieves, so seldom used F o r the Lam ia Anboto useful in city shock absorbers, thick tyres: good (95% for rough surfaces and potholes of city roads can climb onto pavement ecology: car owners tempted into cycling by fashionable machine Film review A Complete the review by writing the missing word in each gap. Use only one word for each space. The exercise begins with an example (0). B This film review is mainly the writers opinion, but he never says 1 or in my opinion'. How does he convey such a strong opinion without using the first H ig h H e e ls Pedro Almodovar, almost a national institution in Spain and certainly the only Spanish director everybody knows, comes up with a nasty surprise in High Heels. (0) s that he's no longer capable of surprising us. There are, (1). moments in his Hefilm, (2 has made a m ountaioof pesetas in Spain, when things happen (3) , are, to say the least, odd. (4)______________ as when Victoria Abril, as a television newscaster, announces the murder of her husband on the box, calmly adding that it is she who is the culprit. Almodovar's film is stylish, garishly decorated, and dressed with great and fashion-conscious aplomb. It is (5)___ ^________ equipped with a real capacity to allow its two splendid stars to display (6 ) acting and other assets. But it doesn't exactly roll along in the (7) _____________fluent way as Women On The Verge O f A Nervous Breakdown, _________ does it contain the frissons of Tie Me Up, Tie Me Down. (9) _________ fact, it is not above a certain flatness in places and is distinctly (10)______________ long. (11) ,____________some funny jibes at the media and some suitably eccentric minor characters, this is a melodrama that not only lacks real emotion but, dare one say it, (12 )__ , ..... ., hasn't a lot of real flair. It is ______worth seeing; Almodovar would have to qrow a different skin actually to be dull. (14) the inspiration isn't any means consistently there, and it shows in the film's slightly disorganized and spray-gun approach. Types of writing Unit 4 Giving your opinion Concert review A Six sentences have been removed from this extract from a review of a concert. Match the gaps (1-6) with the sentences (A-H) given below. Note that tw o of the suggested sentences do not fit at all. B How many words can you find which show how the writer feels without him needing to say In my opinion'? In a fickle world, one certainty rem ains. Every year al this time E ric Clapton returns to the Albert Hall For a dozen shows sold out months in advance. (1 ) ________ It could easily becom e a cosy ritual, an annual report from that everreliable trading company, Clapton PLC. (2) It began as expected, then developed into an extraordinary, em otional blend of Ihe tragic and trium phant lie and his band strolled on in im m acu late bultoned-up shirts, with only the My Fath ers Eyes had speed, dark granny glasses of percussionist attack and melody that was almost Ray Cooper providing a clue thaL w elcom e as defence againsl the this wasnt a m eeting of sm art city executives. (5) (5 )_____ fingergreat songs, any o f them, but Ihe picking was rolling and slick, now playing was tight and the guitar with a Spanish edge, but the lyrics of solos as effortless and perfectly The Circus Lefl T o w n were at crafted as ever. Clapton hastim es alm ost unbearably painful. This wasnt a blues but a lament had m ore publicity for his painful with the personal heartfelt intensity private life Lhan his m usic since of a great blues, and it quite literally he last played h ere, as he reduced some of the audience lo acknow ledged with three songs tears. (6 )_____________ about the death of his four-year-old (T he review continues) But then he sat down and switched to acoustic guitar. They kicked off with a trio of bluesy pieces from the 89 album. Journeym an. Tears In Heaven' had much the same effect. Ticket touts line the entrances, and Crossroads is the encore. What a change from those wild days of the sixties. But the first night this year was unforgettable. In fact, its one of my favourite songs. Suddenly, the noisily soporific, easy-going mood changed. W riting a book review A This review of the novel Heat and Dust is spoiled by a number of weaknesses. Underline examples of where the writer fails to follow each of the numbered pieces of advice given below. 1 Write for the reader. Always bear in mind who you are writing for. If you're writing for a magazine, think of the kind of people who read that particular magazine. A book review is intended for people who have not read the book, so don't assume that your readers already know the story. 2 D on't talk about yourself. When giving your opinion, whether in a review or elsewhere, be careful not to fall into the trap of talking about yourself. Try to be objective. One way of testing for objectivity is to check your writing for the words I, me, my, myself. Similarly, phrases such as in m y opinion, to my mind, I think should be used as little as possible; any more than once in the first paragraph and once in the last, and your review seems to focus on yourself, not your subject. 3 Write in an impersonal style. Many students spoil their articles and reviews by writing in a chatty, informal style as if they were talking to a friend. On the contrary, essays, articles and Types of writing Module 4B reviews should be relatively impersonal. Your readers are not particularly interested in you: they need information, description and narrative more than they need your opinion. Finally, you dont know your reader, so be careful about using the word you. 4 Use precise, descriptive vocabulary. Generalizations such as This book is boring communicate very little to the reader. Specific observations and concrete facts, on the other hand, help the reader to share your experience, if you have strong feelings about your subject, this should make your writing more interesting - but be careful! Strong feelings must be given form and coldly translated into precise words. Heat and Dust, by Ruth Prawer Jhabvala A writer of genius . . . a writer of world class - a master storyteller . . it says on the dustjacket. Can they really be talking about the same writer, the same book? Personally, I cant see what distinguishes Heat And Dust from any of those cheap romantic novels that you get at railway stations. What on earth is so remarkable about the story of a bored expatriate who leaves a dull husband for someone richer, more intelligent and totally exotic? In my opinion, if Jhabvala was really a good writer she would have written instead about a much more interesting phenomenon, the typical colonial who clings absurdly to the behaviour, traditions and even dress of his mother country. Alternatively, Olivia could have really gone native, instead o f just being seduced by a Nawab with a Rolls-Royce, an Alfa Romeo and an intimate knowledge of the best hotels of Paris and London. The plot too is corny: the idea of someone retracing someone else's life, and then (surprise, surprise!) finding parallel events happening in their own iives. Thousands of writers have used this device, and to much better effect. So what makes Jhabvala such a great writer? It cant be her prose, surely, which is quite boring. The words heat and dust appear frequently, but 1 for one certainly never get any impression of heat or dust. 1 dont know about you, but the impression I get is of a very literary, upper-class woman sitting at her typewriter drinking tea. Finally, what really annoys me personally about this book is the writers morality. You can see shes a romantic and a moralist: she looks down on her narrator with a patronizing attitude, and paints a degrading picture of modern love by giving her narrator a kind of abject promiscuity in the place of a love life. And incredibly, the message of the book seems to be that the best thing that can happen to a woman even an unmarried woman, without a boyfriend, travelling abroad - is to get pregnant, f'm sorry, but if you think That, youre living in another B Rewrite the last 26 lines from It cant be her prose . . four paragraphs of advice. bearing in mind the W riting Part 2 writing tasks A A friend of yours is thinking of buying a consumer item {e.g. a personal stereo, a bicycle, a tennis racket, a pair of shoes, a musical instrument, an English dictionary). Your friend knows that you have one, and writes to you asking if the one you have is a good model to buy, or whether you would advise them to choose a different model. Write your reply in about 125 words. B A British friend of yours is studying your language. Using a satellite dish, they are capable of receiving TV programmes from your country. Write a letter of about 250 words recommending two programmes your friend should watch to help improve their language, bearing in mind that your friends level in your language is about the same as your level in English. Task bank: Tasks 16, 42, 43 and 44 Types of writing Unit 4 Giving your opinion 4C Personal advice Writing advice - to friends, or in a magazine - is another opportunity to express an opinion. But what distinguishes this from most of the other writing in this unit is that you are often writing on a person-to-person basis. Unlike in the argument and the review, the writer addresses the reader as you - and the reader is often just one individual. Problem page The following advice was printed on the Problem page' of a w om ens magazine, in response to a readers letter. Study the advice, and decide what the readers problem is. In a partnership where both of you expect to do well, success almost never comes for two people at the same time. You are at the crucial breakthrough stage of your career, so its only natural to feel unsure. Your boyfriend must also be feeling vulnerable as lie is building his career, too. No matter how much men may accept intellectually that women are entitled to succeed, it can still be hard for them when we push ahead. Talk this over honestly and establish precisely what is bothering him. Reassure him of your confidence in him and remind him, too, that its much better to be with a successful woman than with a dissatisfied one. Make sure he reaps the benefit of your new prosperity in the form of fun and treats, so that he sees a tangible reward for his loyal support. Then give him time to adjust. But don't let his problem of confidence undermine you. If he cant cope with a woman who makes money, you may have to look for someone who can. Advice structures When giving advice, a range of structures may be used. Some of them are stronger than others - Do this! - whereas others are more tentative suggestions - / wonder if youve ever considered doing this. Your choice of structure should suit the situation rather than just your strength of character. Two of the following are particularly strong and should only be addressed, in moments of anger and frustration, to a close friend or relative. Grade the advice structures on a scale of 1-5: 1 for very weak or tentative; 5 for aggressive or authoritarian. a I d recommend that you join the army. b its not for me to say, of course, but I dont suppose youve ever considered looking into the possibility o f a military career? c I wonder if youve ever thought about joining thearmy? d You must join the army, e Perhaps you could join the army, f My advice is to join the army, g Well, what do you think you should do? h You pathetic worm! If you had any pride, youd join the army, i I think youd be wise to join the army, j I strongly recommend that you join the army, k Join the army. ] I really think that you should join the army. m Its high time you stopped feeling sorry for yourself, got off your backside and joined the army. Types of writing Personal advice Module 4C 1 -2 Giving advice Someone has a problem, and asks us for advice. But note that this gives us neither a licence to run that persons life nor an opportunity to talk about ourseives and how we solve our own problems. The best advice comes not from someone who has all the answers, but from someone who has listened with care and empathy to the other persons problem. A Work in a group of four and read the letters below. 1 Discuss each problem. Do you fully understand it? What do you know, and what can you guess about the writer? 2 Discuss the possible solutions. 3 Decide what advice structures you would use. B Each write an answer to a different one of the letters. Task bank: Tasks 17, 18 and 32 This may not seem to be a problem, but my flatmate is too tidy. She arranges cans so the l a b all face the sam e way and straightens the bathroom m at every morning. Her mother is the sam e - she spends hours cleaning and ironing when \|she visits. Im not untidy, but this is hard to live with. How can I make my daughter see I how unacceptable her boyfriend is? Everyone comments on his appearance and asks vvhal my daughter sees in him. He looks dreadful, unshaven and with long hair. lie s unemployed and has a crim inal record. My daughter, w hos 18, has had everything shes ever wanted and lacks for nothing. After excellent results at college, she now has a good job with prospects. in the two years shes been going steady with this boy, shes dropped her own friends and only sees his, who are m uch older. W eve pointed out to her their 7- js i different lifestyles, but Lo no avail. ' vV Wc live in an exclusive part of town and my husband is a company director. I dont want to tell my daughter not to see this boy again as Im afraid she m ay leave home. Please advise me. I have just started my first job and do nol object to working overtime because I am prepared to put in the effort to get on. But from Ihe beginning I have found that I regularly work till 6.30 at night or later. This is because my boss is completely disorganized and leaves the most important items until very late afternoon. As (he most junior person in the department, I feel powerless lo change things. I am halfway through a course at college and Pm sick to death of it. My parents bulldozed me inlo taking this place and Ive been . :v unhappy since Ihe beginning. I realize that a degree will stand me -.r--%in good stead, b ul I want lo give it up. I know that this means I will have wasted the last year, and could also jeopardize any future chances of higher education. But why should I struggle on to please my parents? All I wan I to do is start work. Types of writing eo ple Describing people page 79 Describing places page 83 Warm up: register exercise Read the descriptions (A-G), then match them with the contexts (1-7) from which they were taken. H er featu res, d ark -ey ed and p ale, have a nervy m obility; h e r v o ice, like that of m any d a n c e rs, gives the false im p ression of b reath lessn ess. She sits with h er long legs d isp osed ben eath h e r an d tu rn s h e r hands as sh e sp eak s Ihe taller boy was aged about 13 and 5 ft 1 in tall, slim with short, dark, straight hair. He was clean-Jooking and very pale with brown eyes, black eyebrows, a long nose and a long face. He was wearing a light-coloured three-quarter-length jacket with dark colour. His companion looked younger, and was about 4 ft 9 in. He was chubby but not overweight, with a rounded, cherub-like, flat face and a small nose. His hair was very short and dirty. He was wearing . . . My English teacher, Miss P. Wynne, terrified all of us. But she had great presence. She never smiled and hadnt the slightest interest in popularity or even in getting to know us. There was total silence for every lesson. These lessons were inspired. She could ta ke a poem and have us, a class of grubby fourteen-year-olds, completely entranced. I am very pleased with the way Jane's character has been developing. There has been no recurrence of the antisocial behaviour of her first year; she is now integrating well and showing a lot more consideration for her peers. She has been very much involved in the Music Department and we believe that, even her tastes in music remain At the end of the room, a bouncer about my age was countag her interest in music Ins knuckles. He didnt wear a clip-on bow-tie like Jack at be encouraged and supported. Modestos, just grey slacks and a green polo shirt that made his biceps squeeze out from the sleeves like^ apples la boa constrictor. On the edge of his jaw was an old ribbed scar the colour of bad hamburger. I can commend Andreas motivation and participation in her English studies. She is a bright, pleasant, hard working student whose attendance, punctuality and For one thing, she hadnt expected him to be so tall - at least s l x feet and the impressive breadth of chest and shoulders suggested a muscular solidity. Yet his face had a lean and hungry look - all sharp angles and hollow cheeks as if he never had enough food. His hair was very dark, almost black, its straight wiry thickness tamed by a stylish cut. But he wasnt tamed. The photograph had made him look like a suave sophisticate, but Tiffany had only to look into those black fathomless eyes to sense the savage in him. Types of writing homework are excellent. She would undoubtedly have a lot to contribute on a university course. 1 A detective story 2 A crime report in a newspaper 3 A reference (written by a teacher, to support a college application) 4 A school report 5 A magazine article 6 A newspaper profile (an article about a person, usually based on an interview) 7 A romantic novel Describing people Module 5A 5A Describing people A checklist of details to mention She was in h er late teens-, he was in his early twenties-, she was about thirty years old; his twelve-year-old son-, a m iddle-aged woman; a man in his m id sixties Estimating someones height is more useful than describing them as tall, short or average height. Use either metres or feet and inches (12 in = 1 ft). 1 m SO = 4 ft 11 in 1 m 60 = 5 ft 3 in 1 m 70 = 5 ft 7 in 1 m 80 = 5 ft 11 in Plump, corpulent, overweight, muscular, athletic, powerful, stocky, chunky, skinny, slim, long-legged, loose-lim bed a well-built man a woman o f medium , average, normal build length, style and colour (normally in that order) H es got long a irly black hair. Shes got copper-coloured hen n aed hair that coins down to h er waist, and which she often w ears tied with a scarf, hanging loosely down h er back. size, shape and colour; eyebrows and eyelashes My attacker h ad small round grey eyes. H es got astonishing bright blue eyes an d long dark You could describe the light in someones eyes: sparkling, twinkling, flashin g, brilliant You can also describe eyes in a way that may be a comment on the person behind them: cold grey eyes; calm, dream y eyes; inquisitive, shifty, w orried eyes a long thin fa c e with narrow lips a nd high cheekbones a round fa c e with a little tum ed-up nose and chubby pink a bald mant with a huge fo reh ea d an d no chin a pretty fa c e with small regular features and a pointed chin colour: white, pale, tanned, sunim m ed, olive, Oriental, dark, black a sm ooth complexion, a pale complexion, a dark complexion clear skin, greasy skin, a spotty face, a fresh -faced youth age: wrinkled, lined, laugh-lines, crow s fe e t Distinguishing features glasses, scar, b ea rd , birthm ark, m ole, w ooden leg, tattoo speech : stutter, stam m er, lisp, deep voice, a squeaky voice C haracter Some aspects of peoples character are also part of their physical appearance, betrayed in their expressions or the way they move. jum py, highly-strung, anxious self-assured, confident, determ ined smug, self-satisfied, arrogant cheerfu l, relaxed, sociable, aggressive, sensual He looked like a fo o tb a ll hooligan; Keanu Reeves. He looked as i f he was waiting f o r someone. She might have been a student. She seem ed very confused. I got the impression that the child was his accomplice. Describing someone's clothes is sometimes easier but just as effective as describing the rest of their appearance. Using adjectives (see page 41) you could mention your opinion of the garment, its age, shape, colour, origin, material and make (usually in that order). a romantic low-cut crimson satin Laura Ashley evening dress sexy skin-tight Italian leather trousers Mention also jewellery' and make-up. Types of writing Unit 5 KHAC People and THUC This description of laundrymen in Mali, West Africa, doesn't describe any individual person, but gives a lot of specific detail. A Complete the description by writing the missing words in the gaps. The exercise begins with an example (0). B How many of the categories in the checklist on page 79 can you recognize? The Laundrymen of Bamako One thing that had struck many of the travelers throughout the Bambara area was the muscular symmetry of the men's bodies. T (0)_______h a d _______read over and (1) som ething like 'As the oarsmen drove their canons through the surging current one could not help admiring the strength of biceps and shoulders, (2)___ ^ _____ gave the dark bodies a kind of rude poetry (3) ._____________they leaned into their task . . ^_________ the incongruity of the work they were doing, the men's bodies had this kind of wiry strength. Most of them (5)_______ __________ tall and wide-shouldered, their upper bodies tapering (6)__________________ thin waists. Their skin was very dark, almost black in tone. The exercise they got swinging wet shirts (7) ._________ the stones gave (8)_______ ________ the same supple muscularity they had had a hundred years ago ( 9 ) . _________________ warriors. Beyond them 1 (10)__________________ see the same lean, wide-shouldered bodies (11)_________ boatm en as they stood in their log canoes pulling at brushwood tangled in the grass of a small island dose (12) bank. Except (13) ._____________all that laundry spread out (14) the grass, the scene resembled the exaggerated romance of (15)_________ 19th century engraving from a travel book. W riting practice You were involved in a shipwreck, and your life was saved by another survivor who kept you alive in the water. When you come out of hospital, you want to find your rescuer and thank them, but you realize that you dont even know the person's name. A journalist offers to help you find them: write the description you give to the journalist (about 75 words). Types of writing Describing people Module 5A Describing someone in a picture You can make a description more interesting by going beyond the surface of the picture. You might speculate about some of these ideas. Where was the photo taken (or picture painted)? When? Why? By whom? Who is this person? (Character, job, social situation, family, past, future) Whal are they doing? What have they just been doing? What are they just about to do? What are they thinking about? What is your personal reaction to this picture / to this person? Do you find them attractive, interesting, depressing? Why? How do you feel about what they are doing in the picture? Why? Here is a description of one of the pictures on this page, a Underline the phrases where the writer is speculating about the picture: the phrases where the writer is looking for the story behind the tw o dimensional image. b Find the paragraphs that describe the writer's personal reaction to the picture. Why do these paragraphs come at this stage of the description? c Now write your own description of one of the other two photographs. Its a black and white photograph of a man holding a trumpet. Hes holding it as if hes just waiting for the moment to raise it to his lips. Both the man and the trumpet look like theyre old, worn and used: the mans face is veiy lined and wrinkled, while the enamel is flaking off the trumpet. Its very hard to guess the mans exact age, but I would say he was in his late fifties, early Judging by his clothes, hes probably a jazz musician: he's wearing an open shirt and a smart but casual sports jacket The open shirt reveals a strong neck which appears weather-beaten, as if the man had spent all his life in the sun. We cant see the lower half of his body: apart from his head and shoulders, we can only see his hands. The fingers are surprisingly thick and strong, in contrast to the bony, rather haggard face. The photo seems to have been taken during a concert: to judge by his tight lips and open mouth he is either just about to play or he could be singing, though we cant see a microphone. The sweat-soaked strands of hair across his forehead and Left ear imply that he is on stage and hasnt posed for this photo. There is a lot of atmosphere, thanks to the way the light has caught the lines on the musicians face. This face and this expression - is he suffering, or is he enraptured? - is, for me, the face of an old man retelling the finest and most tragic moments of his life. I wish we could hear the music. Types of writing Unit 5 People and places Formative years This extract is from a magazine article taken from a series where people write about someone who has been influential in their life. Notice the writers use of physical description: how does this contribute to the description of the new headmasters personality? Notice, too, that the writer tells stories, which are much more interesting than generalizations. Does the story remind you of anything in your life? If not, how lias your experience of teachers been different? Apart from teachers (and parents), who lias had the most influence on your life? The New I can rem em ber my LIJ1. aflm nrfnn fitirswas hail stage. He swept in with his big black gown behind him.This guy meant business. He looked at us all, stared at us silently for quite a few minutes. I remember it clearly, that tight crinkly hair, how it was com bed straight back with Brylcreem. He had vicious eyebrows, a cruel, tight mouth, a sharp nose, as though it had been specially formed to make a sting at the end of it, and he was so dark that he always looked ill-shaven. I was intimidated by his very appearance. One event in his first week put the fear of God into us. There was a dirty poem that had been circulating, as they do in schools, and he caught a girl with it. Her name was Amanda Evans.The whole school was assembled, and he brought her up on stage by her ear, with the poem in his other hand, and he held it out as if it was covered in filth. He humiliated the girl in front of us, turned her round, showed us this creature. It was such a humiliating form of punishment; and we were all guilty, that was the worst thing. If w ed all said w ed read it, would we all have been punished? I wish I had dared stand up in that hall. The girl was expelled and her life was totally crushed by that. He ran the school with iron authority of a calibre that was much more than the average child could take. We lived in fear of this man. W riting Part 2 writing tasks A A British magazine runs a regular feature called Heroes and Villains'. Each week, someone writes about either a person they very much admire or, on the contrary, a person they detest or despise. The people written about may be either dead or alive, famous people or personal friends of the writer, so long as the writer can show why they are either a hero or a villain. Your local English-ianguage magazine {or school magazine) has decided to adopt the same feature, and has invited readers to submit their articles of about 250 words. Write your article. B Youre on holiday, and in the past few days you've met tw o people, both of whom have made a strong impression on you - one positive, the other negative. Write a letter to a friend of yours, telling about these two people (about 250 Task bank: Tasks 11, 12, 19, 20, 21 and 22 82 * Types of writing Describing places Module 5B Varying your sentences A Prepositions of position (behind, in front of, next to) can be very useful when describing a scene, but they are not the only way to describe spatial relationships. You can improve your writing by using a variety of structures. Compare these tw o descriptions. There is a church next to the river, and below the church there lire the last houses in the village. After the houses there are fields, and in the distance there is a kike. There are trees all round the lake. The river flows down past a church, then snakes around the last house in the village before cutting across the fields towards a Like surrounded by trees. is there any difference between the two scenes described? What structures are repeated in the first text? Which feature of the landscape is the organizing principle of the second text? What replaces prepositions of place in the second text? B In this description, the writer describes Officer B's cabin and the other facilities on a transatlantic cargo ship. His cabin was a roomy studio apartment furnished with book cases, a refrigerator, a kingsized bed, a comfortable sofa, a long desk of varnished pine, a cabinet for drinks and glasses, a coffee table and his own lavatory and shower. Just down the hall, Officer B could swim in the heated pool, put in a sweaty half an hour on the squash court, work out in the gym and open his pores in the sauna, before showing up in the officers' Bar and Lounge, where Scotch was 1Op a glass, and where a new film was shown on the video at 8 .15 each night. This excellent and economical description is written in two sentences. 1 Are the two sentences structured in the same way? 2 Why are there no prepositions of place in the first sentence? 3 What does the second sentence have in common with the sentence beginning The river flows down past a church . . .? 4 Is the writer trying to tell us that Officer B is an athletic film-lover with a taste for strong drink? How do we know the second sentence is not a narrative? W riting practice A Using as your model the example above beginning The river flows down past a church . . . write a description, in two sentences, of a landscape organized around something (an animal, a vehicle, the rain, etc.) moving across the B Using as your model the Officer B' text, write a two-sentence description of a place where you once stayed on holiday. In the first sentence you could, for example, describe your room, and in the second other facilities. Make sure your description does not sound like a narrative. Types of writing Unit 5 * People and places This description of a room comes from a detective story set in ancient China. As so often in murder mysteries, the description of the scene of the crime needs to be clear and precise: it holds a clue which will eventually solve the crime. (This is a locked room mystery. There is no apparent way the murderer could have entered the room, or left. Nevertheless, the victim was murdered, with poison.) A Read the description and draw a plan of the room. At the same time, try to guess how the murder was committed. Judge Dee opened the door. Holding his lantern high, he surveyed the small square room, simply but elegantly furnished. On the left was a high narrow window; directly in front of it stood a heavy ebony cupboard, bearing a large copper tea stove. On the stove stood a round pewter pan for boiling the tea water. Next to the stove he saw a small teapot of exquisite blue and white porcelain. The rest of the wall was entirely taken up by bookshelves, as was the wall opposite. The back wall had a low broad window; its paper panes were scrupulously clean. In front of the window stood an antique desk of rosewood with three drawers in either end, and a comfortable armchair, also of rosewood and covered with a red satin cushion. The desk was empty but for two copper candlesticks. B How is the description organized? In what order are the features of the room mentioned? From left to right? Clockwise? By reference to a key feature? C The detailed description begins, On the left was . . . directly in front o f i t . . . Underline the other prepositional phrases and the other occasions where was and there was are used. D Where the writer doesnt use prepositions, what alternative structures are used? Underline them. {For example, rather than on top o f the cupboard there was a tea stove he uses the word bearing.) Similarly, the writer doesnt reiy on there was to list the contents of the room. Underline the alternative structures used, such as stood. W riting practice As an exercise to develop your ability to write an interesting, lively description, use what you have learned in this module to write a description (about 150 words) of Vincent Van Goghs bedroom in Arles (illustrated here). To make the exercise more challenging, don't use the same viewpoint as the painter. Instead, imagine youre looking in through the window. Write your description as if, like the Judge Dee description, it came from a piece of fiction - either literature, detective fiction or romantic fiction. Types of writing Describing places Module 5B Guide books A In this text, from a travel guide to Morocco, the writer describes some of the places in Meknes that a tourist might like to visit. The function of the text is to recommend (on the basis of the writers opinions) and to inform. Read through the text and choose the best phrase or sentence, given below, to fill each of the gaps. Write one letter (A-K) in each gap. Some of the suggested answers do not fit at all. The exercise begins with an example (0). The focus o f the old city is the massive gate of Bab el Mansour, the main entrance to Moulay Ism ails 17th century Imperial City. The gate is exceptionally well preserved and is highly decorated, with (faded) zellij tiles and inscriptions which run right across the top. The gate faces onto the Place el Bedim . this square is the Dar Jam ai, a (0 )____B palace built in the late 19th century which has recently been turned into a very good museum. (1 ) museums housed in historic buildings, the building itself is as interesting as the exhibits. The domed reception room upstairs is fully furnished in the style o f the time, complete with plush rugs and cushions. It is open daily, except Tuesday, from 9am to 12 noon and 3pm to 6pm. Entry costs Dr 3. The medina proper stretches away to the north behind the Dar Jam ai. The most convenient access is through the arch to the left o f the Dar Jam ai. (2) as extensive or as interesting as the medina at Fes it is, nevertheless, worth a visit and you wont be hassled by guides. (3)__________ are the carpet souks, which are ju st o ff to the left of the main medina streets, about five minutes walk from Dar Jam ai. (4)___ ____M eknes is not a bad place, as the shopkeepers are a little bit more relaxed than elsewhere. Bargains are still as rare as hens teeth, but at least the bargaining starts at a reasonable level. Further along the covered main street is the Bou Inarria Medressa. (5)__________ it was built in the mid I4th century. It is not all that conspicuous apart from the dome over the street, which is easy to spot. It has the same layout,and features as the Fes medressas. you are allowed up onto the roof, as it has all been restored at one time or another. The Bou Inania Medressa is open daily from 9am to 12 noon and 3pm to 6pm. Entry costs Dr 3. One of the most original On the far north side of Most interesting, perhaps, Somewhere in that direction As is often the case in Like the one of the same name in Fes, If you are looking for rugs to buy, Though nowhere near In some ways, I suppose Its about the only one where B Look again at the content of the Meknes text. Which of the following does the writer mention? Why only these? a) personal adventures and b) architecture, mosques, museums c) layout, geography, distances d) founding and origins of the city e) population (size, races, languages) f) society (industry, jobs, politics) g) theatre, cinemas, live music h) restaurants, hotels, discos,bars i) opening times and admission j) public transport k) places to watch or play sports 1) sounds, smells, temperatures m)shopping advice n) what not to do, where not to go C If you were to write a very brief tourist guide to your town, what would you include? Use the headings in B to help you choose the most important Types of writing This dramatic description of New York harbour, taken from a travel book by Jonathan Raban entitled Hunting M r Heartbreak, evokes an atmosphere - a very different style from the dry description in a guide book. A In most lines of the text there is either a spelling or a punctuation error. Write the correctly spelled words or show the correct punctuation in the spaces in the margin. Some lines are correct: indicate these lines with a tick { /) . The exercise begins with two examples (0). See pages 9-10 for information and advice about this exercise type. Manhattan was a dozen glittering sticks, of light, stick s o f through which livid storm clouds were rolling. There was Brooklyn Bridge, a sweeping curve of white lights too the north; there, on her rock, was Liberty, weirdly floodlit in leprechaun green, Manhattan^ frealdsh heigth and narrowness, rising in front of the low dark industral sprawl of the Jersey shore, defied gravity, proportion, nature. It was brazen in its disdain for the ordinary limits of human enterprise I watched the storm and the city battling it out, high in the sky. For a few moments, the sailing clouds, exposed a large, low moon. It was drifting over the Boroughs like a huge____________________ corroded gilt medallion. Given, the air of high melodrama in the surounding landscape, I would have been only_________ _________ mildy surprised to see the moon come crashing out___________ _________ of heaven and set the hole of Queens on fire._________________ _________ Note: Manhattan, Brooklyn Bridge, (the Statue of) Liberty, the Jersey shore, the Boroughs, and Queens are all features of New Yorks geography. B When you have corrected your answers, look at the style of the description. What details contribute to the sense of drama and atmosphere? W riting Part 2 writing task Your local Tourist Information Centre is planning a brochure which will introduce the town or region where you live to Engiish-speaking visitors. Other people will be writing articles on tourist facilities such as hotels and restaurants, transport, 'things to do etc. so you should avoid those areas. You have been asked to write the physical description, including the location, layout, geographical and architectural features. Some reference to history may be appropriate. Your description should make your area sound interesting and attractive at the same time as delivering a maximum of precise information in about 250 words. Task achievement: which o f the points you listed in 2.0C (page 85) must you not mention? Task bank: Tasks 23, 24, 25, 31, 36 and 46 A Letters of complaint: tact page 87 B Applying for jobs, courses and scholarships page 95 C Other formal letters page 98 Layout of a formal letter Writing a formal letter is like going to a wedding: there are certain conventions that you should respect. The 'formal dress of a letter is the layout; you may also be expected to use certain fixed politeness phrases. If you do not respect these conventions, your letter will certainly be taken less seriously and will possibly offend, upset or confuse your correspondent. The letter below illustrates the standard layout. There are notes about the layout on the next page. 1 Open Door School of English 2 Rua BoaMorte 2 1 8 1 13400-140 Piracicaba Est. de So Paulo 3 tl.(0194)22-3487 The Manager Boatrace International Bookshop 37 Morse Avenue 24 August 1999 Dear Sir or Madam On 23 June I ordered 16 copies of In at the Deep End by Vicki Hollett, to be sent to me at the above address. Two months later, these books have not yet been received. I would be grateful if you could look into this matter and ensure that the books reach me as soon as possible. Yours faithfully Celia SHveira Coelho 14 Director Task types Notes on the layout of a formal letter 1 Your address, but not your name. 2 When wilting by hand, make sure your address is legible. To someone who doesnt know your countiy or language, your address will appear to be a meaningless jumble of letters and numbers. 3 Your telephone number may be important - remember, youre trying to com m unicate with these people. 4 The name of the person youre writing to (if you know it) followed by their position. The M anager is a good all-purpose option. 5 The address of the people youre writing to. 6 The date. 7 If you dont know the name of the person youre writing to, you can use D ear Sir, D ear M adam, D ear Sir o r M adam , D ear Sir / Madam. Ii you do know the name, use it. But make sure you spell it correctly. Then use D ear Mr B lair (never M ister); D ear Mrs P eacock (a married woman); D ear Miss Ball (an unmarried woman); D ear Ms M etcalfe (a woman who chooses not to advertise her marital status, or whose marital status you dont know); D ear Mr and Mrs Bessin. I f your correspondent has a title other than these, use it. D ear D r Jekyll D ear Professor H eger 8 Reference. This sentence should tell your correspondent exactly what you are writing about. If you are replying to a letter, mention the date of that letter. 9 The substance of your letter. 10 How you want your correspondent to respond to your letter. 11 Yours sincerely if you started with name: D ear Mr Smith Yours faithfully if you didnt know the name: D ear Sir o r M adam 12 Your signature, always written by hand. 13 Your name, in capitals when writing by hand. It must be legible because this is the only place your name is written: it appears neither at the top of the letter nor on the back of the envelope. 14 Position. Only used when writing from a business. 15 On this line you may writ: Enc or Encs (followed by a list of enclosures - documents which you are sending together with the letter.) P. S. (followed by information that you forgot to include in the main body o f the letter - not a sign of a well-organized piece of writing!) Letters of complaint: tact Module 6A Communication task This exercise involves writing a letter of complaint, then replying to one. It is best done with a partner, so you can write to each other then repiy. If youre working alone, you can reply to your own letter. Copy the first letter below, laying it out correctiy, with add resses. Fill the gaps with any details that your imagination (or your real grievances) might supply. (Note that this is a very formal letter, appropriate for an employer on the verge of sacking an employee, or a business person about to break off a business relationship. The use of the word you is particularly direct, and indicates the writers anger.) D e a r________ As you will be aware, there have been many occasions during the p a st________ (period of time ) when I have had cause to complain about y o u r________ . Unfortunately despite your repeated assurances tiiat the situation would be resolved, y o u ________ . Clearly, this situation cannot be allowed to continue and, unless you can ensure th a t________ , I shall be obliged t o _______ . It is my hope that such a drastic step will not be necessary. Yours sincerely Now, having changed letters with your partner if you have one, write a reply. You may use this 'skeleton if it is appropriate. D e a r________ Thank you for your letter o f ________(date), drawing my attention t o _________ . Your dissatisfaction with my apparent________ is quite understandable. Nevertheless, I can assure you that if m y ________ has continued to appear unsatisfactory it is only b ecause________ . Please accept my assurance that I have now ________ , and am confident that m y ________ will give you no further cause for concern. Yours sincerely A Fill the gaps in this letter with words from the list. carry out Dear Sir/Madam R epair to washing macTrinp On December 2nd your maintenance man c a l l e d a t my home to (1) ~_____ the washing machine, a Wytaswyt Aquaslosh which I ( 2 ) __________ from you on Jan u ary 7th of t h i s y e a r and whicli i s s t i l l under (3 )_________ . wh^n your man finished, he ( 4 ) __________ me th a t th e machine was now working. The follow in g day I t r i e d to uae the machine but (5 ) _________ t h a t i t was s t i l l n ot working p ro p e rly . Again, i t flooded th e k itch e n . I know l i t t l e about th e se machines, but Che problem ( 6 ) _________ to be th a t the rubber s e a l around the door needs to be ( 7 )_________ . I should be ( 8 ) i f you would (9 ) __________ fo r a competent p erson to c a l l and ( 1 0) -------------- the n e ce ssa ry r e p a i r s . A convenient time f o r me would be Thursday o r F rid ay morning, Dec 11 o r 12, any time between 8 and 1 2 . P lease telephone me immediately i f th e se tim es a r s n ot ( 1 1) __________. Yours ( 1 2 ) _________ Task types Unit 6 Formal letters B Fill the gaps in these two letters with words from the list. ord ered D ear Sir, Dear Sir or Madam, I received to d a y th e H e n d rix J u n io r g u ita r On August 2nd I bought a tin of Miracle Oven Cleaner in (1)_________ to your television advertisement, which ( 2 ) _ --------- that this product will clean "all the stains that ordinaiy oven cleaners leave behind and leave even the dirtiest oven as clean as new . In the light of the (3)--------------ot the Mirac e Oven Cleaner to clean my oven in anything resembling the manner you describe, I am (4 ) it to you, and ask you to _________ the full cost price of 2.12 plus the postage of 64p. I look forward to (6)------------- a cheque for 2.76 from you at your earliest (7)-------------- Yours faithfully, t h a t I ( 6>)__________ fro m y o u on F e b ru a ry 2 3 th . I a m ( 9 ) __________ t o have t o t e ll y o u t h a t when I o p e n e d th e p a rc e l I fo u n d th e g u it a r broken. The neck ivas d e ta c h e d fr o m th e body, a n d th e b o d y i t s e l f wae s h a tte r e d . 1 (10)__________ a s k you, th e re fo re , e ith e r t o (11)__________ th e d a m a g e d g u ita r (12 )__________, o n t h is o cca sio n , it e s a fe d e liv e ry - o r t o re fu n d th e p ric e I p a id f o r it, 5 9 .9 9 . S h o u ld y o u w ish t o (13)_________ th e broken g u ita r, I w ill h o ld it a t y o u r d is p o s a l u n til th e e n d o f n e x t m o n th . I lo o k fo rw a rd t o (14)__________fro m yo u . Y ours fa ith fu lly , C Many of the phrases needed for a wide range of letters of complaint appear in the letters you have read so far in this unit. Here are a few more. I am writing to com plain a b o u t . . . Further to my letter o f May 13th in connection with . . . I am writing to express my dissatisfaction with . . . I w ould be grateful to receive a cheque f o r the outstanding sum without fu rth er 1 must insist that you deliver the piano with no fu rth er delay and at no additional expense to myself. . . . w ould be appropriate com pensation f o r the inconvenience caused to my fam ily. In view o f the many ways in which it d id not match the claims m ade fo r it in your publicity, 1 expect a substantial refund. Under the circumstances, I fe e l that an apology should be offered. T hreat (optional) I shall have no alternative but to put the m atter in the hands o f my solicitors should your cheque not be received by May 1st. Unless I h ea r fro m you within ten days, I shall have to take legal advice on the I f I do not h ea r fr o m you before 3 May, I shall b e obliged to take matters a step fu rther. Task types Letters of complaint: tact Module 6A Tact: how to influence people You are a student, and have very little money. You were fortunate enough to find a very cheap and convenient flat to rent. Naturally, the flat has its disadvantages: if it didn't, it would be much too expensive for you. Now, with winter conning on, it is time to try to persuade the landlord to improve the flat (without, of course, increasing the rent). Read the tw o letters overleaf (the second one is unfinished) and decide how you would react to each of them if you were the landlord. 1 Are there any differences of fact between the two letters, or is the difference only one of tone? 2 (a) How is the first sentence of the first letter expressed in the second letter? (b) In view of all the facts you are given, would you say the opening of the second letter was: W hichever of the above you decide the fact is that this is an aspect of language, culture and communication, and not a question of morality. This kind of politeness is much the same in ail English-speaking countries, and breaking these rules is a much bigger language mistake than breaking grammar rules. 3 In the first letter, Oliver describes the problems as if he was telling a friend about the flat: he uses dramatic and strong words to express his emotions, and perhaps exaggerates a little. In a formal, written complaint, emotive language is inappropriate. Exaggeration must also be avoided because if the landlord can show that something you have said is not factually true, this destroys the credibility of your other claims as well. Find examples of emotive language and exaggeration in the first letter, and see how it is avoided in the second. 4 A letter iike this should not become a personal attack on someone. Find instances in the first letter where Oliver becomes offensive when he addresses his landlord in too personal a way. 5 Write the last paragraph of the second letter. Try, as in the first three paragraphs, to make the landlord: think what a polite, reasonable, articulate {and therefore dangerous) person you are. believe that your complaints are truthful and accurate. believe that your requests are reasonable. really want to spend money on the flat. act with some urgency. Task types Unit 6 Formal letters 37 Acorn Street November 7th Dear Mr Scrooge, I've been your tenant here for seven months now, and I've got lots of things to complain about. First, the gas cooker, which is an absolute death trap. It is an antique model - some would say a museum piece - that leaks gas constantly. Quite apart from the fact that the gas is liable to poison me, there is a good chance the cooker will one day explode and burn your house down. What's more, its ^ meagre two rings are slow and inadequate, while the oven (which doesn't close properly because of the huge dent in the door) is so thick with dirt that it is beyond cleaning. So, as you can see, a new cooker is urgently needed, and it's you who should pay for it since I'm renting the flat as 'furnished'. Secondly, the heating: two one-kilowatt electric fires in the whole flat. This has been incredibly expensive and totally insufficient throughout the autumn. Now, with winter coming on, I'm in danger of freezing to death while you take a holiday in the Bahamas paid for with my rent money. I shall expect an adequate heating system to be installed before the end of Finally, the windows. They don't shut properly (for that matter, neither do the doors) so there's always a howling draught blowing through the house. Actually, so many of the panes are broken that it wouldn't make much difference if the windows did shut. Please do something about this, preferably by replacing the whole lot with double glazing. If you don't do this before winter sets in, I'll be obliged to spend my rent money on making the house fit for human habitation instead of giving the money directly to you. Yours sincerely, Oliver Twist Task types Letters of complaint: tact Module 6A 37 Acorn St November 7th Dear Mr Scrooge, I've been your tenant here for seven months now, and in many ways I'm very happy with the flat. Nevertheless, there are one or two details that I think we should look at. First, the cooker, which appears to be a significant safety risk. I l is a very old model, which seems to leak gas constantly. This represents a real danger, on the one hand of asphyxiation and on the other of fire. The cooker is, in fact, not very satisfactory m other respects as well - the two rings are inadequate when cooking for guests, and the oven is no longer operational as the interior is beyond cleaning, and the door doesn't shut. For these reasons, I would suggest that the cooker needs to be replaced at your earliest convenience. Secondly, the heating, which at present consists of two onekilowatt fires. I seriously doubt whether these heaters - them selves a fire risk as well as being both inefficient and uneconom ical - will provide adequate heating through the winter for a flat of 35 square metres. I do trust you will be able to provide the flat with adequate means of heating before winter sets in. ( l a s t p a r a g r a p h m is s in g ) W riting Part 2 writing task You start a new job as a secretary in your local branch of a large but not very modern company whose headquarters are in Britain. Everything at your new workplace is oid-fashioned, and much of it is either broken or seriously inefficient. You complain about this to your immediate superior, who tells you that if you dont think w e re good enough for you here1you should write to the (British) manager. This answer angers you, and you decide that you will write the letter. Choose either two or three things about the premises that you would like replaced with more modern equipment or facilities. Describe the deficiencies and inadequacies of the present equipment / facilities, suggest replacements and explain why the expense would be justified. Write about 250 words. * Remember, yo u re new and yo u re only a secretary in this big company. Unless youre tactful, you could make a very bad impression on your new boss. Conversely, if you can demonstrate the inadequacy o f the present equipment without giving offence, and show that the improvements would benefit the company, this could be the start o f an im portant career Suggestions for equipment / facilities you would like replaced: furniture, lighting, computers, typewriters, photocopiers, heating, air-conditioning, toilets, canteen. Task types Unit 6 KHAC A holiday com plaint Part 1 writing task You've just come back from a very disappointing adventure holiday. The holiday did not correspond to the advertisement (below) - the handwritten notes are your own comments on what the holiday was really like. Study the annotated advertisement and the note from your friend Chris, then write: (a) a letter to the holiday company complaining about the holiday and asking for some sort of refund, (about 200 words) (b) a note in reply to Chriss note, (about 50 words) A fortnights holiday with us will be an experience youll never forget. Every day youll be able to choose from a wide range of thrilling activities: r o c k - c l i m b i n g V Of Uy /wo a d w d u tS o ffe n d e.acJ^ a y . i on ^ ca n o e in > hang-gHdin\|\| \ n ju ik a r to u id s u rfis ij n<rr and, to introduce you to the joys of group-work, there will be: one three-day camping expedition 3 doujs cs\ ifaL- rcur\ two problem-solving activities b& sy shovchedi <. b'<j th tL r e s t o f 'B u t t h i s is m y h o lid a y ! A r e n 't I a llo w e d t o r e l a x ? ' u a y off u i i and a im e c ii\| u y some s o n ie of o r the Whenever you lIEeNyou can choose to take aa day remarkable facilities at the residential centre,(Wildside H a - . "FULL. " /rsieotcf t tM y p u us games rooinTbUliards, darts, table tennis) ---- ^ h o s i e r t s< zuji rvwLs, sc u o tusd p/(> (n o huSJZy n o c a r .y Or^Uj fkcchj-tc5 o f y<nU&\ h o s le j i&bCQ'fcui/tts o f 1 a x sz is 'W o n 't it b e j u s t lik e t h e a r m y : d o r m it o r ie s a n d c a n t e e n f o o d ? ' r Y'&S/ ^ Accommodation consists of comfortable double rooms, and our talented kitchen staff prepare memorable and mountainous meals using the very best of local produce. _ p&rh<kf?s true, ofr LO'dAs id si H JJL, b u t All t h i s f o r o n ly 3 8 0 in c lu s iv e p e r p e r s o n f o r 1 3 d a y s W indermere Wildside Adventure Holidays, Wildside Hall. Ambleside, Cumbria Havent you ju s t been on an adventure holiday in England? Were thinking o f doing th e eame next summer, W hat was * like where y went? How much d id i t co e t? Which organization did you go w,th Were try in g t o decide between Windermere Wilde,de and Outward Bound. The agency is p u ttin g pressure on us t o book now. so cou you j u s t drop me a note as soon as poss? A ll th e best, Chris Task types Applying for jobs, courses and scholarships Module 6B 6B Applying for jobs, courses and scholarships A job application Read the advertisement and the job application. What is the function of each of the three main paragraphs in Carine's letter? 79 Rue Daguerre YOUNG COOK required to join a Paris 7 5 0 14 small team in a highly commended Brighton hotel specializing in Tel (0 0 .3 3 ) 4 7 .07.83.85 modern European cooking to the highest standard. Would suit someone with enthusiasm, wishing to develop skills and responsibility. Mrs B H Albion 5-day week, salary in accordance with qualifications and experience. Accommodation available. The Roy til Parade Restaurant Anglique Brighton BN 1 5 JS January 15th 2000 Apply with CV to Mrs B H Albion, Restaurant Anglique, The Royal Parade, Brighton BN1 5JS. Dear Madam I would like to apply for the position o f cook advertised in this months issue o f The Lady. As you will see from my C V (enclosed), I served a three-year apprenticeship at the Hotel Meurice in Paris. On completion o f my apprenticeship, I left the Meurice to work at La Rotonde, where I stayed for 15 months. I was feeling that my career plans were likely to be hampered by my lack o f English, so I left La Rotonde to spend six months studying English in Brighton. M y English is now fluent, and adequate to meet any social or professional situation, as my examination results attest. Having very much enjoyed my time in Brighton, I have decided to look for a jo b in Britain rather than return to La Rotonde. I am particularly keen to work in Brighton, where I have many good friends. I am available for interview at any time. I look forward to hearing from you. Yours faithfully, C s trin e C o lb e rtEnc: CV Task types Unit 6 Forma! letters Looking fo r a job You are looking for a job where you will have an opportunity to use your English. A friend sends you a cutting from a British newspaper, giving details of two au pair jobs and two in restaurant work; you also find one advertisement in the local paper in your own country. Read through the advertisements. If you had to choose one of these jobs, which would it be? Jobs for English speakers Our town has been chosen for our International Sum m er Camp this year. We require 12 SU M M ER h e l p e r s aged 1 7 -2 9 who should have a good command of English as well as m asses of energy and enthusiasm for working with children aged 12-15 from all over the world. The job is residential, with round-the-clock responsibility for the success of the camp. We also require 4 COM M UNITY COORDIN ATO RS (min. 24 yrs, w i t h a good knowledge of the region and proven organizational ability) to coordinate the sports, social and cultural programmes. W ritten applications to: W orld Study Tours, 37 F la n a g a n s Way, C ork, Irelan d . (your local paper, May 7th) S itu atio n s vacan t S e n s ib le a u p a ir re q u ire d a .s .a .p . f o r s in g le w o rk in g m o th e r a n d tw o g ir ls ( 9 & 1 2 ) . L o n d o n S E I 9 . N o n -s m o k e r , d riv e r. R e f e r e n c e s . A n n a L e e , 1 2 H e r m ita g e R d , London S E 19. T e m p o r a r y au p a ir w a n te d J u n e - S e p t. P r o f e s s io n a l c o u p le , C a m b rid g e , 2 b o y s ( 6 & 8 ). S o m e e x p e r ie n c e w ith c h ild re n d e s ira b le . S te v e a n d D o m in iq u e , 9 9 H a rv e y S m ith A v e n u e , C a m b rid g e C B 3 5 S J . Hotel And Catering H ig h c la s s re s ta u r a n t re q u ire s f u ll-tim e g e n e ra l a s s is ta n ts . O n -th e -jo b tra in in g p ro v id e d a s w e ll a s th e o p p o rtu n ity to a tte n d c o lle g e f o r fu rth e r e d u c a tio n . I f y o u a re in te re s te d a n d n o t a fra id o f h a rd w o rk , p le a s e c o n ta c t: M r N . S tile s , T h e T u rk e y , H ig h S t, N o r w ic h N 0 4 (The L ad y , May 1st) G e n e ra l a s s is ta n t re q u ire d f o r s m a ll 2 - s t a r fa m ily -ru n h o te l. P o s itio n o ff e r s e x p e r ie n c e o f w a itin g , b a r a n d re c e p tio n w o rk . G o o d p a y , a g r e e a b le a c c o m m o d a tio n . E x p e r ie n c e n o t n e c e s s a r y , b u t s m a rt a p p e a r a n c e a n d p le a s a n t m a n n e r e s s e n tia l. W r ite : J e a n K e rr , R iv e r s id e H o te l, K e s w ic k C A 1 2 8D E . A Reading comprehension 1 How many different jobs are advertised altogether? 2 What are the abbreviations for 'as soon as possible, per annum (a year) and 3 You could send a CV with your application to any of these jobs, but for which two job applications is a CV m ost necessary? 4 In a business letter, you put the name and address of the people you are writing to on the left, above the salutation. In a personal letter, you dont do this. Which of the job applications require a personal rather than a business 96 * Task types Applying for jobs, courses and scholarships Module 6B B Writing Imagine that you are interested in one of the jobs advertised, and that you have suitable qualities and / or experience. Write a letter applying for the job. You should mention: what job you are applying for (get the job title exactly right). where you saw the advertisement or where you heard that a job might be your relevant qualifications and experience. why you are interested in the job. Be positive, confident and enthusiastic. that your English is good enough. Do ask questions about any aspects of the job that aren't clear to you - but be careful not to sound completely ignorant of the work the job involves. It may be appropriate to refer to your enclosed CV. In an Gxam situation, however, you w on't need to produce a CV to support a job application. Use the letter on page 95 as a model, and adapt phrases from the box below as Useful phrases Paragraph 1 I wish to apply f o r the post o f. . . which was advertised in todays 'Daily T elegraph. W ith reference to your advertisem ent in the G uardian o f January 5th, 1 should like to apply fo r the position o f . . . Paragraph 2 As you will see fr o m my enclosed CV, I have fo u r years experience in hotels and catering At present I am em ployed as a . . . by the local Tourist Office, a position I have held f o r three years. In the course o f my present jo b , I have been responsible f o r the planning an d organization o f. . . My duties have included secretarial w ork as well as . . . I graduated in Business Administration fro m Dundee University in 1990. 1 was em ployed as a cashier with Barclays Bank from 1988 to 1992, I attended the L ycee Paul Bert, w here I obtained the baccalaureat in 19S9. Du ring my apprenticeship I obta ined practical training in all aspects o f the catering trade. I am used to working under pressure / working to a deadline I working as part o f a team. I am fa m ilia r with W ord f o r W indows / recent developm ents in the industry . . . I also have som e know ledge o f accountancy, ha ving kept the books fo r my fa t h e r s business . . . Paragraph 3 I believe the post you offer will give m e the opportunity to . . . I am especially keen to work in an organization such as yours which has a reputation fo r . . . I fe e l that my present position offers little prospect o f prom otion I will be glad to supply you with any fu rth er information you may need. . . . have agreed to act as my referees. Task bank: Task 26 Task types Unit 6 Formal letters Other formal letters Letters to the editor Sometimes people who are not journalists wish to express their opinions in a newspaper or magazine, and they do this by writing a letter to the editor. Although their letters speak to the readers of the paper, the convention is that the letter is actually addressed to the ed ito r. This means that the word you must be used with care {and courtesy), as it addresses the editor in person. A 1 Decide which word (A, B, C or D) best fits each space in the model below. Write the tetter in the gap. The exercise begins with an example (0). See page 9 for information and advice about this exercise type. 2 The writer of this letter has at least two purposes in mind. What are they? Recent letters in your columns about insurance companies prompt me to (0) this example. Some months ago a car (1)____ to my daughter was (2)---- from outside her house in Birmingham. As a doctor in daily ( 3 ) ____ of her car, she was surprised when her (4)____ said she would have to wait six weeks for (5)____ . To her annoyance they managed, by all kinds of (6) , to drag this out to three months; and then only after a ( 7 ) of lengthy, rather unpleasant phone calls would they pay a penny. My daughter was then ( 8 ) to find that there would be no refund, or no extension of the period of insurance, to ( 9 ) ____ the three months lost. A full premium (no (10)___ sum for (11)____ cover in Birmingham), had to be paid for a quarter of a year, when no cover was (12) at all. Surely this is another example of the way insurance companies (13)---- money, perhaps legally but to my mind immorally, which gives them such a bad image. If any of your readers know of a way (14)____ this difficulty, I would (15)---their advice. Yours faithfully, R.R.E. Potter 0 A instance B cite Task bank: Tasks 13 and 28 Task types D say C resurrect Other formal letters Module 6C Word form ation B 1 Use the words in the box to the right of the text to form one word that fits in the same numbered space in the text. Write the new word in the correct box below the text. The exercise begins with an example (0). Dear Dr Wallace, Thank you very much for your letter of November 5th, (0) ... my (1) ... tosend the (2) ... fee for the (3) ... talk you gave to our English Society. I would like to apologize most (4) ... for this (5) which I must confess was the result of (6) ... on my part. I trust this has not been too much of an (7) ... foryou. I should also like to take this opportunity to apologize for any (8) ... that I may have given in the course of my (9) ... speech by my joking remarks about the Scottish. I now realize that my words may have been ill-chosen and (10) ... but I can assure you that no (11) ... was Thank you again for your (12) ... talk. I know I am speaking on behalf of all our members when I say it was as profound and (13) ... as it was (14) ... . Please find (15) ... the cheque for 200, together with a copy of the new issue of our English magazine, which I hope you will find of interest. Yours sincerely, Task bank: Task 27 Task types Unit 6 Formal letters Reservations and bookings A Model Dear Sir or Madam, As agreed, I enclose a che^e for 50 as a deposit. Could you please acknowledge receipt? Yours faithfully B Part 1 writing task You are working in the London office of an international organization called The Happy Planet. You have to make arrangements for a conference at a hotel. Read the note from Julia, the letter from Claus and the message from Paulo, and use the information they contain to write your letter to the Royal Hotel (about 250 M onday Feb & th, 11 a.m . I p h o n ed th e hotel th e t o u r is t b o a rd re c o m m e n d e d , t o c h e c k t h e prices and see if th e y cou ld ta k e us. They sounded ideal, so I m a d e a provisional booking fo r th e th re e n ig h ts (S a t S e p t 3 r d Mon S e p t 5 th ). I t s The Royal H otel, S ev ern S t, Card iff, and th e C o n feren c e M anager is ca lled M rs Lumiey. When you g e t th e re s t o f th e d e ta ils from Claus, could you wrrte t o them and te ll them e xa ctly w h a t we need? Save me th e room w ith th e biggest bath! Ij u s t a p h o n e c a ll fr o m C h a n ta l w h o e th e French c o -o rd in a to r. F ir s t o f a ll, one o f h er d e le g a te s ( M a rc e l d ia in v ille ) is d ia a b ie d , s o c o u ld yo u m e n tio n t o th e h o te l t h a t he II be c o m in g in his w heelcha ir? S e condly, six o f th e French d e le g a te s are very keen t o see th e in te r n a tio n a l ru g b y fo o tb a ll m a tc h a t C a rd iff A rm s Park t h a t S a tu rd a y a fte r n o o n - s o c o u ld yo u a s k th e h o te l t o t r y t o g e t th e m e om e tic k e ts ? Task types Other formal letters Module 6C 7 February 1999 The planning committee has asked me to pass on all the details to you so you can make the booking as soon as you find a suitable hotel in Cardiff. First, weve finally decided not to start till the Saturday afternoon (thats September 3rd) with a session at 4 .3 0 where all the delegates come together. So w ell need the conference room then. That will finish some time before 7.00, then w ell all have dinner together then maybe go out to explore Cardiff. After breakfast on Sunday morning we ll have seminars from 10.00 till 1.00, then lunch at one o clock, then seminars again from 2 .3 0 to 4.00, then tea. W ell need four different seminar rooms, so people can choose which talks they go to. Then on Sunday evening weve decided to set o ff in groups to try out some o f the restaurants around the town. After all, we dont want to be stuck in the hotel every evening, especially if their foods not much Mondays programme will be ju st the same as Sundays, except w ell eat out again for lunch on Monday. Then in the evening well have another big meeting in the conference room with everyone together (same time as Saturday) and then a big dinner together in the hotel in the evening. Actually, I m a bit worried about the hotel food We had enough problems at the East European conference, when all the vegetarian dishes came with either ham or tuna. Youd better tell them that a third o f us prefer to eat vegetarian. Then at least we won t all be eating sausages and chips! I forgot to mention that in the conference room we 11 need a video recorder and a T V screen for Dr Schum achers talk. In the seminar rooms, w ell probably be O K with ju st whiteboards. The other thing 1 haven't told you about is numbers At the moment, it stands at 36 delegates, six o f whom are also bringing husbands or wives who won t be involved in the talks but will take part in eveiy other respect. So that makes a totai o f 42 in slnSle rooms and 8 double rooms. I hope this isn t too muddled - I m glad its you who s doing the organizing! All the best, 1 Part 1 tasks like this often involve a careful selection of information. The following are details from the letters. After careful consideration of the purpose of the letter and the 'target reader^ mark whether the details should be mentioned in your letter: are they absolutely essentia! (A), not essential (B), or completely irrelevant (C). the Conference M anager is called Mrs Lumley Save m e the room with the biggest bath! then m aybe go out to explore C a rd iff W ell n eed fo u r different sem inar rooms a third o f us p refer to eat vegetarian at least we w on t all be eating sausages an d chips! a video recorder and a TV screen f o r D r S chu m achers talk h e ll be coming in his w heelchair 2 Write the letter to The Royal Hotel (about 250 words). You will probably need to start by re-reading the information and underlining everything you need to include, then making notes. You may lay out your requirements in any suitable Task bank: Task 26 Task types * I nfo rm al letter s A Technical matters page 102 B Diplomacy and tact page 109 7A Technical matters Layout of informal letters The layout of this model is appropriate for any informal letter. It is also appropriate for any personal letter, even one that is formal in tone, such as a letter of apology to your boss. 3 6 Shaeton Drive S haftesbury D orset SH2 3 A 5 If Id arrived on the 3 th as planned / dont suppose te l (07 47 ) 5 2 & 6 th is tragedy would have happened, b ut th e thing is, 1 0 o t caught up in the strike and had to spend a Mon S e p t 4 th couple o f days a t Heathrow. Thats life, I suppose, Dear Arantxa, Thanks very much fo r ending me yo ur fia t while b u t I s till feel ra th e r bad about it, both fo r myself (43 h a t Heathrow is no joke) and fo r th e fish. Perhaps ! should sell my s to ry to the newspaper - you were away. I hope you enjoyed yo u r holiday in Innocents Suffer In H eartless S trike!, Holiday Morocco a s much a s I enjoyed my s ta y in Vitoria. Chaos H its Heathrow: Two Pie! (I'll te ll you all a bo ut i t when ! see you a t my p a rty on Nov 5 th I do hope you havent changed 8 Anyway, th an ks aqam fo r th e loan o f th e fat, I hope I le ft everything in th e rig h t place, and yo u r mind a b o u t coming!) enough money t y the phone to cover the few local Now youve probably been wondering w hat has any problems. Im really looking forward to seeing leave a note a b o u t this, b u t I fo rg ot.) You will have you again, so I do hope you can make i t to the noticed t h a t th e y are a b it sm aller and, I think, party. If not, see you in Bilbao a t Christm as. redder th a n th e y used to be. This m ay have come as a b it o f a eurpriee to you, but I expect you have guessed w hat happened. I t s bad news, Im afraid. The fish youve 0o t now are a p a ir I bought to replace yours which, Im so rry to say, were both dead when I arrived in yo ur fla t on Aug 10th. calls I made - I m sure youll te ll me i f there are happened to your goldfish. (Im sorty, ! m eant to Task types Technical matters Module 7A 1 Why did Rachel write this letter? What are the three different subjects she 2 The letter says three different things, or contains three different elements. What are they? 3 What features of informal style can you find in the letter? Consider the following: vocabulary, grammar, punctuation and sentence structure, cohesion / linking words, tone (what aspects of the writing show that Arantxa is a friend?). 1 Don't write your name here. 2 The house number o f a British or American address is written before the name o f the street, but write your own address in the way you normally do. 3 Include your postcode and, if you like, your telephone number (not to do so can be a real and unnecessary way of losing a friend). 4 Dont write the name or address of the person youre writing to on the left. This is only done in letters that are formal and impersonal. 5 Date. These abbreviations are commonly used for the days and months: Mon, T u b s , W eds, Thurs, Fri, Sat, Sun; Jan, Feb, Aug, Sept, Oct, Nov, Dec. 6 D ear is always appropriate - for family, intimate friends and even enemies. My d ea r and D earest are also possible, but very affectionate. 7 Most letters start with a reference to the most recent contact you have had with the other person: Thanks very much fo r your letter, w hich cam e this morning. It w as great to see you again last w eekend - and looking so fit and slim! Some peoples letters always begin: Sorry its been so long since I last wrote, b u t . . . followed by the excuses for not having written. 8 Most letters end with a reference to the next contact with the other person: I m looking fo rw a rd to seeing you / hearing fr o m you. Do write again soon, I hope to see you again in June, if not before. 9 L ov e is a suitable ending for an intimate friend of either sex. More affectionate: All my love, Love and kisses, Lots o f love For a friend or colleague (not intimate): All the best, Best wishes For a personal letter, but not to a personal friend: Yours, Regards 10 Remember that this is the only place either on the letter or the envelope that your name appears. Does your correspondent know who you are? Make sure your signature is legible. You may even need to write your surname. Task bank: Task 27 Task types Unit 7 KHAC Layout of a note In the letter above, Rachel says I meant to leave a note, but I forgot. This is the note she might have left. Friday morning, Sept le t Arantxa J u s t a quick note to eay thank you. Staying in your fla t has been fa n ta stic. Im afraid I g o t here 2 daye \ate (strike a t Heathrow) & both your goldfish had died. Very eorry, but hope th a t you like the new fish. Dont forget my p a rty on Nov 5 th - Im so looking forward to seeing you & hearing al! about Morocco. Im o ff now to the airport. S e e you soon. FE> Ill leave the keys with Joaune. 1 Where did Rachel leave this note? 2 Why is the note shorter than the letter? 3 How did Rachel manage to include all the important points of the letter in a short note? What did she leave out in terms of {a) information (b) grammar? It is often appropriate to put the time rather than the date, especially when you expect the person to read the note the same day. It is acceptable, but not necessary, to write Dear. It is acceptable, but not necessary, to write L o v e, Best wishes, Yours, etc. Task types Technical matters Module 7A Technical devices A How to sound informal Your writing will sound much more informal if you: 1 remember youre writing to a friend. Imagine a real person. Be friendly and jokey. H ow s your diet going? Refer to common friends. Have you h eard fr o m Sybilla? Saij hello to E dw ard fo r vie. Give my love to the baby. Refer to things your friend already knows. I m sure you ll rem em ber . . . As you know . . . Just like you said . . . 2 write in spoken English. Use personal constructions (phrases with I and you). I know this sounds silly, b u t . . . 1 hope you d o n t mind my saying this, b u t . . . Youll never guess . . . . . . i f you know w hat I mea n. 3 use informal vocabulary, including phrasal verbs and informal linking words such as those below. Expressing your opinion To b e quite honest To my mind To tell you the truth From my point o f view As I see it In my experience Id say Expressing surprise Believe it or not 1o my surprise This may surprise you, but Funnily enough Youll never believe this, but Guess what! Changing the subject Any way, . . . Incidentally, , . . Listing reasons To start with And an other thing Talking o f which, . , . By the way, . . . First o f all And besides That reminds me, . . . B efore I forget, . . . W hats m ore B Find examples of these technical devices in Rachels tetter and note. Can you find any other techniques which Rachel uses to sound informal? Task types Unit 7 Informa! letters C Practice Read the formal letter, written by a job applicant to the head teacher of a school, and use the information to fill the gaps in the informal letter to a friend who works in that school. Use no more than two words for each gap. The exercise begins with an example (0). The words you need do not occur in the informal letter. See page 11 for information and advice about this exercise type. Form al letter Dear Dr Cox, I very much regret that, as the result of an injury, 1 shall not be able to attend the interview on August 15th for the post of Sports Teacher. Having suffered an injury on July 1st while playing tennis in the Wimbledon tournament, I am at present undergoing hospital treatment to my knee. Consequently, I fear that I shall not be sufficiently mobile to make the journey to Sevenoaks until late August. Doubtless this will be most inconvenient for you, and I will of course understand if you are unable to await my recovery before appointing someone to the post. Nevertheless, should you remain interested in my application, I fully expect to be available for interview by September 1st at the latest. I look forward to hearing from you. Yours sincerely, Inform al letter but it looks ae if I wont be ab\e to really s o r r y to th e jo b interview a t y o u r school in A u g u st. 111 see i f ! can p&rsuade th e m t o interview me in S e ptem ber my c t o t . H * rm * ,wuU'1" b ie Z T n / ^ h u r t playing te n n is a t Wimbledon, th you. The th in g is, I (3 )------_ nu V * 3 !m in h o s p ita l (? ) --------------------------------- ; my knee, d (4 ). lm ( 7 )______________ Im n o t going r te d o u t - ( 6) t o come down t o Sevenoaks til! th e end o f A u g u s t. be fit (& } As fa r as th e interview goes, th is is obviously going to be 5 them . I e xpect th e y ll (1 0 )-------- ------------without- w aiting to eee me. j Ill t r y m d persuade y o u r D r Cox to interview me in fo r imeone d e e th e ( l i j e p t - a t w o rst, shell say no. See you a t C h ris tm a s i f n o t before. 106 Task types Technical matters Module 7A Informal punctuation A Exclamation marks Formal English is written in sentences, not in a series of exclamations. Thus exclamation marks are used almost exclusively when presenting direct speech. 'Get lost! she shouted. In informal writing, exclamation marks are much more widely used and are characteristic of a very chatty, conversational style: No w onder she left him! How awful! B Dashes Dashes are highly characteristic of informal writing; they are used in two different a A pair of dashes ~ as in this sentence - is used for parenthesis. in formal writing, a pair of brackets (like this) or a pair of commas, like this, are usually preferred. b A single dash can have the same function as the (more formal) colon, and can mean because, so, namely, etc. (see page 35}. Look at the examples below which show how a single dash is used. In the first sentence of each pair, the dash is followed by an exclamation or a surprising statement (hence the exclamation mark). In the second sentence no exclamation mark is required. D ont b oth er to bring an overcoat - its 40 in the shade out here! D ont b oth er to bring an overcoat - I ve got a spare one you can use. H er teeth are like stars - they com e out at night! H er teeth are like stars they are white an d shiny. After studying the examples above, punctuate the sentences below, using dashes and exclamation marks as and where appropriate. I m fed up with this stupid job my new boss is even worse than the last one I m fed up with this stupid job I want to live I was amazed to see John at the party I thought he was in prison I was amazed to see John at the party hes normally very unsociable The wild pig didnt attack Emily it was Emily who attacked the wild pig The wild pig didnt attack Emily it was just trying to escape Complete the following sentences, using the examples above as models. 7a Hes always badly dressed - _________________________________________________ 7b He's always badly dressed - 8a Shes had too much to drink 8b Shes had too much to drink 9a It's too cold to go camping - ________________________________________________ 9b Its too cold to go camping - ________________________________________________ Task types C Practice Punctuate this informal letter. dear mum guess what you 11 never believe this but im going to be famous at last my new life starts tomorrow in poland on tour with. U21 it all happened so suddenly we were just doing a gig2 in a small town in the north when bono walked in you should have seen the look on kemals face anyway to cut a long story short bono loved our music and it just happened that he needed a support band for U2s east european tour so were all off to poland next week by the way hows your polish can you still speak, the language if so why dont you come with us im sure youd really enjoy it its not till sex drugs and rock 11 roll you know must dash weve got a rehearsal in half an hour and iny bagpipes are out of time your loving son edmund. >U2 - a ro ck b an d , led b y B o n o 2 c o n c e rt Abbreviations, contractions and ellipsis Ellipsis, abbreviations and contractions are three features o f informal writing. They all involve writing less. A Abbreviations . . . the Vatican, etc. . . . the Vatican and all the other important sights. Mon a. m. - Tues p. m. From Monday morning until Tuesday afternoon Many people abbreviate their names in informal contexts : Michael Mike. B Contractions I will; she will not; we did not C Ellipsis It was nice to hear from you I ve just read your note I was glad you could come. Do you remember me? I ll: she w ont ; we didn t Nice to h ea r from you Ju st read your note. G lad you could come. R em em ber me? D Examples Find examples of abbreviations, contractions and ellipsis in the letter from Rachei to Arantxa on page 102. E Practice: a covering note This covering note was included with a report describing what happened at an anti-racist demonstration. Punctuate it, and introduce abbreviations and contractions where appropriate. There is also one occasion where you should use ellipsis. michael here is my account of what happened at the demonstration i have described everything i saw from when we set off from oxford street to the moment we arrived in trafalgar square i know you will not agree with me about everything especially tSie order of events i am pretty sure i saw people throwing stones before the first baton charge but the important thing is to clear Jennifer of the charges against her and i think my evidence here will help a lot i hope to see you again at next months meeting of fight racism penelope Write a letter (about 250 words) to an English-speaking friend, telling them of your recent problems and successes in your work / studies and in your private life and inviting them to go on holiday with you. Task bank: Tasks 4, 9, 10, 18, 25, 29 and 47 Diplomacy and tact Module 7B 7B Diplomacy and tact Whether you're asking for money or declaring your love, you never write without a purpose. Sometimes the purpose is simple, but often it is complex: refusing an invitation without offending someone. cancelling something youve arranged with a friend without damaging your expressing your anger with a friend without losing them. The following writing task also calls for a certain degree of tact. Read it, then work through the exercises that follow before writing the letter. You looked after a friend's pet animal, Attila, while she was away on holiday last summer, but the two weeks were one disaster after the other, so you are not at all keen to look after the creature again this year. You have told your friend this, so she has asked someone else (someone you dont know, called Agatha) to take care of it while she is away this summer. Unfortunately Agatha has heard something about the problems you had with the animal, and has written to you: . . . Im sure i t wasnt really as aw ful a s I heard, I wonder i f you could p u t my m ind a t re s t by te llin g me e x a c tly w h a t happened when you were looking a fte r A t t ila la s t sum m er? A n d please do te ll me i f you th in k Im le ttin g m yse lf in fo r to o much tro u b le . . . Write a letter to Agatha (about 250 words), giving an objectively true account of the disastrous two weeks, but describing your experience in a sufficiently positive way so that she doesnt change her mind about taking the animal. 1 -1 Planning the effect of your letter on the reader You are an honest person, and you know that you must not tell lies. Nevertheless, you do want Agatha to look after Attila, otherwise you might be asked to do so again. What effect would letters giving each of these impressions have on Agatha? The animal is very easy to look after and a pleasure at all times. The animal is a dangerous monster that should be kept in a zoo. The animal wasnt always easy, but any trouble was well worth while. You did have problems with Attila, but they were all your own fault - the animal is certain to behave better for someone who understands him. Which would persuade her to take the animal? Which would be completely dishonest (and therefore unacceptable, both in society and within the terms of this writing task)? Task types Being econom ical with the truth It is obvious that Agatha has heard some true stories about what happened last summer. You don't know what she has heard, and you cannot deny the stories (because they are true) but you can present them in a much more positive light. A Understatement - the opposite of exaggeration 1 He is incredibly noisy. (True, but tactless.) 2 He is not the quietest o f animals. (An understatement, but true.) 1 He ate three pairs o f my most expensive shoes. 2 He show ed an interest in my footw ear. B Look on the bright side 1 Looking a fter Attila was a full-tim e jo b and caused m e a nu m ber o f problem s. 2 D espite som e .small inconveniences, I can truly say that I never had a dull moment while Attila was around. 1 He kept jum ping up on me with his dirty paws and knocking me over. 2 H es so affectionate - sometimes it takes ijour breath away! There is no factual difference between sentences 1 and 2. The only difference is that sentence 2 describes the same facts in a more positive light. C Think positive! Stress all the animal's qualities (big brown eyes, good temper, good appetite, courage) or, if the animal has no qualities, think of the vices it doesn't have (doesnt bite, doesnt smell bad). D Practice Rewrite the following problems, using the ideas in A-C, to make them more appropriate for your letter. He destroyed the garden. He was always getting into fights with other animals. He was very noisy at nights. He insisted on sleeping on my bed. He was very tiring, and always doing stupid things. I f he wasnt taken for two long runs every day he became unmanageable. I f I didnt let him out as soon as he wanted, he made a mess on the Planning the content Either on your own or with a partner, invent a list of the problems you had with Attila, and which Agatha may have heard about. You can use ideas from the preceding exercises or invent your own. Then decide how you are going to describe them to Agatha. Diplomacy and tact Module 7B Starting the letter The following are the first paragraphs of four CAE students' attempts at this writing task. Which one is best? What is wrong with each of the others? I am an honest person, and I know th a t I m u st n o t te ll lies. Nevertheless, I do w a n t you to look a fte r the animal. So here is an objectively true account o f the two weeks A ttila stayed w ith me la st summer. I'm sure th a t yo u'll see you have n oth in g to w orry about, and so you w o n 't change your m ind about taking the animal. , , ,. Thanks for your letter. I dont know what you ve heard about my experience with Attila last summer, which certainly wasn t awful - I cant imagine who youve been talking to! Admittedly, those two weeks were eventful, but all in all I think it would be fair to say that Attila and I spent a memorable and at times enjoyable fortnight together. So let me tell you exactly what happened - I'm sure you will realize that Attila could not possibly be held to blame either for my fathers heart attack or for the damage to the police car. Thanks very much fo r y o u r le t te r asking fo r advice a b o u t how to look a fte r A t m . I th in k y o u ll find hes no problem a t a il once you g e t used to him, even though th is m ay ta k e tw o o r th re e days. J u s t so t h a t you d on t have any surprises, id b e tte r te ll you everything you need to know a b o u t a ll his h a b its : eating, sleeping exercise and, above all, hie sense o f humour. Thank you very much for your letter, which I received this morning. In reply to your question concerning the fortnight during which I looked after Attila last summer, I hasten to reassure you that the experience was by no means as awful as it would appear to have been painted by some; please allow me to clarify the situation by describing in full the events of those two weeks. W riting Write your reply to Agatha (about 250 words). Task bank: Tasks 17 and 32 Task types epo rts Information reports: people page 112 Recommendation reports page 117 Eye witness and narrative reports page 119 Appraisal report A Read the following conversation, in which a hospital administrator, Gary, gives an informal, spoken report on a clerical worker. Use the information in the conversation to fill the numbered gaps in the more formal report written by his colleague Annette. Use no more than two words for each gap. The words you need do not occur in the spoken version. The exercise begins with an example (0). Annette I wonder if you can help me, Gary, Ive been asked to write a report on one of our new clerical workers, but Ive been away for three months and I hardly know where to start. Shes called Chan Kit Yu. i think she came in January. G ary Well, first of all Id say Kits been fantastic, especially in the circumstances. I mean, T think youll remember that, what with the epidemic, then the nurses strike, there have been a lot of problems; so everyone in the hospitals been getting pretty tired and fed up, and theres been a lot of lateness and absenteeism. Anyway, Kits been one of the few who hasn't let the pressures affect her. Shes always on time, and shes never been off sick. Ive even managed to get her to work overtime once or twice, on the rare occasion when she didnt have any rehearsals to go Annette I remember now. Isnt she some kind of pop singer? G ary Something like that. She used to talk about it all the time, but I had to put a stop to it. In her first few weeks shed spend the whole morning telling everyone about her music and her adventures - everybody loved it, of course, and nobody got any work done, so I had a word with her and now she toes the line. Annette And her work? G ary As I say, shes serious and hardworking. Oh yes, we did have one teething problem. At first she was pretty hopeless on the computer and she didnt seem to know any of the software. But we sent her on a course, and now shes fine. Information reports: people M o d u le 8A Appraisal Report: Chan K it Yu I am pleased to report that K it has performed (0)___ e x c e p tio n a lly well in her duties as Administrative Assistant since (1) us on 5 January. The hospital has been beset with a (2)________________ of difficulties during this time and I have been particularly impressed by the manner in which K it has not (3 )_______________________ these to affect the quality of her K it was quick to develop a good working relationship with (4 )_____________________ and i f at first her (5 )_______________________ life threatened to intrude into the workplace, she soon learned where to draw the line. So far as her administrative skills are concerned, the only question mark has been over (6)________________________of familiarity with some of our computer software. This has, (7)_______________________ , been remedied by a recent training Her (8)_______________________ and attendance have been excellent, and she has been (9) to work overtime when the situation has required it. In sum, a most satisfactory start. B Language study To understand the difference In style between the two versions, you must bear in mind that the written report is a permanent record which will have an important influence on the employees career. It will be referred to when promotion or dismissal are being considered, or as the basis for a reference. 1 What aspects of Garys assessment wouid be inappropriate in a written 2 What changes has Annette made? Consider (a) the choice of details to be included / omitted (b) the vocabulary (c) the organization (d) the length (e) the tone: what impression do we get of the writer? what makes this report sound formal? Task types Character references When writing a character reference, whether as an employer, as a teacher or as a friend, the first thing to mention is how long you have known the person and in what capacity. After that, there are a number of areas that may be worth mentioning, depending on the job or course your employee, student or friend has applied for. This list suggests some of those areas, together with a few adjectives and phrases describing positive qualities. In a written reference these qualities will be illustrated with concrete examples and facts. punctual, h er tim ekeeping is good reliable, dependable, conscientious Attitude to people works well in a team a natural leader com petitive considerate, understanding friendly, helpful, generous tolerant, patient, considerate gets on well with those around her, sociable, integrates well Disposition / Personality easy-going, relaxed, laid-back self-confident, self-assured good-hum oured, good-natured self-reliant, independent shows initiative positive, enthusiastic, optimistic quiet, introverted, outgoing, extroverted The spoken word articulate, eloquent, persuasive w ell-spoken discreet, diplom atic, tactful Personal appearance tidy, neat, presentable Attitude to work meticulous, thorough, m ethodical diligent, industrious, assiduous ambitious, determ ined adaptable, flexible willing, keen, enthusiastic imaginative, creative, has a capacity f o r original ideas, innovative rational, logical intelligent, brilliant truthful, sincere trustworthy, honest a person o f great integrity Deciding and Doing confident, decisive, dynam ic energetic, adventurous, spontaneous com petent, practical well-organized, level-headed Other areas that may be worth considering include academ ic ability, practical skills, qualifications, interests. Information reports: people M o d u le 8A A Negative aspects of a persons character must also be mentioned, whether as a matter of honesty or in order to give more credibility to an otherwise implausibly glowing reference. In either case, negative points are usually expressed in as positive a way as possible. The following phrases, all taken from character references, describe negative qualities. For each phrase, find a word or words in the list above that expresses the opposite. The first has been done as an example. Attitude to people 1 can be a little impatient with other people's weaknesses 2 although her critics see her as a bit of a troublemaker, (OPPOSITE: tolerant) 3 as yet, she is lacking in self-confidence, but 4 he takes himself very seriously 5 while it is true that she is easily led, 6 he tends to keep himself to himself Attitude to work 7 though he doesn't always show a total commitment to his work. 8 can give the impression of carelessness when finishing a piece of work The spoken word 9 has a very frank way of expressing himself 10 though occasionally she has trouble expressing herself clearly. 11 her regional accent and occasional use of dialect may not be immediately comprehensible to some 12 his arguments are not always entirely coherent 13 though he has been accused of a lack of imagination. 14 rather slow at times / not especially quick-witted B Study the example below, as well as those in A, then write similar positive descriptions of five of the ten negative qualities given in the list below, impulsive, impetuous When it com es to taking decisions, no one could accuse h er o f being hesitant. dresses very casually His clothes, w hile unconventional, are always interesting. has a criminal record Although she may, in the past, have fo u n d h erself on the wrong side o f the law , . . . fussy / a perfectionist a workaholic unscrupulous / ruthless authoritarian / bossy a clock-watcher unsociable and disruptive Task types W riting Part 1 writing task You have just completed a three-year academic course at a college in Britain. A friend of yours, John Kino, has now applied for the same course, and he has asked you to write a character reference for him. You are willing to write the reference because you think the course would be a wonderful opportunity for him and you feel that, despite his faults, he has a reasonable chance of successfully completing it. Read the extracts from three letters: the first from John, the second from someone who took the course with you, and the third from the college, then (a) your reply to Dr Flode, a letter in which you write a (sufficiently positive) character reference for John (about 175 words), (b) a short le tte r in reply to John (about 75 words). Do you think you could write a reference for me? I'm not sure exactly what they'll want to know, so I suggest you just tell them the whole truth about my magnetic personality, intellectual genius, impeccable manners, magnificent physique, endearing modesty, etc.! Actually I'm counting on you, because I've already given them your name as a referee. The thing is, there was a deadline for the applications, and yours was the first name I thought of, since you've just finished the course and you've always been such a good friend to me. I would've asked you first but I'd lost your phone number. heard that John is hoping to get onto the course next year? He must be ,ean it was much too hard for me, and even you found it difficult. He doesnt wake up until the discos open . . . U C S l, U ia iJlJ, ability to always look on the bright side', his smile, his guitar-playing, and most of all f e daz.zl.ng displays on the dance floor! But for all this, I just see turn as a waster: arrogant, lazy, spoilt and vain! Recommendation reports Module 8B From the college . . . W e are c o n sid e rin g M r J o h n Kino fo r a place on the course w h ic h you have ju s t co m p le te d so successfully. He has given us y o u r nam e as a reference and I w o u ld be m ost g rateful fo r yo u r o p in io n o f his s u ita b ility fo r th e course. Every year, as you y o u rs e lf w ill be aware, a high percentage of students fro m abroad d ro p o u t of th is course fo r a num ber o f reasons: p roblem s o f adaptation to the B ritish e n viro n m e n t and cu lture; the d iffic u lty o f fin d in g new frie n d s and b u ild in g a social life in B ritain, and the consequent loneliness and hom esickness; the heavy w o rklo a d on the course and the fre q u e n t exam s; the d iffic u lty o f stu d yin g exclu sive ly in English. For th is reason - to m in im is e w astage and su ffe rin g on o u r courses - w e p a rticu la rly appreciate character references th a t are a fa ir assessm ent o f an in d iv id u a l's potential. Y ours sincerely, D r L. Flode Task bank: Task 33 Recom m endation reports A consum er report This recommendation report from a consumer magazine is based on tests of five cars. In most lines of the text there is one unnecessary word. It is either grammatically incorrect or does not fit in with the sense of the text. Write the unnecessary words in the space in the margin. Some lines are correct: indicate these lines with a tick (/). The exercise begins with two examples (0). The Peugeot struck the best balance between performance and being easy to live with. It was very rewarding to drive and practical for everyday use. It wasnt so good drive at low speeds, but this was easily outweighed by the car s too many virtues. The Ford Fiesta and Rover Metro rated botli well in our secondary safety assessments. The Metro is 1,000 pounds cheaper than the Fiesta and is the better buy ii always you dont often carry passengers in the back. If you need the extra space and can put up with the bumpy ride, the Fiesta is worth a look. We cant to recommend the Fiat: it didnt have the handling to complement the high performance. The Suzuki was noisy and uncomfortable and, though cheap, but cant be recommended either. We cannot recommend any of all these cars for those with little or limited in driving experience. They require a higher degree__________________ _____ of responsibility, skill and experience than you have need just to pass tile driving test. Task types U nit 8 Reports Organizing a recommendation report The first paragraph of this recommendation report is missing. Read the report, then choose the most appropriate first paragraph from the three given. (First paragraph missing: choose from a, b and c T h ere was general agreem ent that, despite their low price, none o f the tabloid newspapers (also known as the popular press) could be recom m ended, fo r the following reasons: 1 (ho inappropriacy o f the prose as a m odel of w ritten English. 2 the lim ited coverage o f international news, the arts, business, etc. 3 a tendency towards sexism, racism and insularity. Quality press It was unanim ously agreed that only the Independent and the Guardian m erited close scrutiny, the oth er quality papers holding too little appeal for a readership o f students and young professional people. T he Independent (M onday-Saturday, 9 3 .4 7 for 13 weeks) All agreed to com m end the quality o f the writing. the proportion o f international news. the broad spectrum o f arts coverage. the independence 1 the political stance. T h e air mail price appeared to be good value, but th ere was some disappointm ent that the Saturday colour supplem ent was not included. The Guardian (M onday-Saturday, 1 2 7 for 13 weeks) It was felt that the Guardian, although com parable to the Independent in m ost oth er respects, had a significant advantage in the strength o f its Tuesday supplem ent, Guardian Education. This supplem ent is written in tabloid form and includes excellent articles w ritten to b e o f interest to secondary school students; there are also articles addressing m atters o f interest to teachers. T h e Guardians other advantage was the inclusion on Saturday o f a supplem ent entitled Guardian Weekend, m ore than eighty pages long and illustrated in colour. R ecom m endation Both the Guardian and the Independent contain a wealth o f reading m atter that would b e a most valuable resource for teachers and students alike. T h e question was raised w hether they would in fact contain too m uch: would the students and teachers find tim e to read them ? Should this be seen to b e a problem , t lie cheaper and apparently thinner Independent may b e preferred. If, however, the students and teachers have a large appetite for quality journalism , and if the p rice o f the Guardian is within a schools budget, then a subscription to the Guardian is recom m ended. There are many newspapers in Britain, but not all of them would be usefui for foreign students. Some of them contain little other than scandal and football, while others are only read by stockbrokers or the landed gentry. W ere going to look at the different papers and see which would be best for your school. This report is the product of a working party of five members of the ELT Department of Wessex University whose brief was to identify which British daily newspaper would be most appropriate as a resource for CAE students at language schools in Alava. After a week of individual research, a meeting was held in order to share findings and reach a conclusion. A working party led by James Bigglesworth (myself) was requested, on 3 Februaiy 1993, to undertake a survey of the current daily press in Britain and to report their findings to the English Language Teaching Association of Alava. After a long and fascinating week's work during which we ploughed through an enormous quantity o f newsprint, here is what we decided. Task types and narrative reports Moduie 8C Part 2 writing task You are studying English in a school where there are a number of classes, ranging from beginners to advanced. The school has been given an exceptional grant of 2,500 to spend on new resources. The decision as to how the money should be spent will be taken by a committee of five, including one representative of the students - yourself. You have been asked to conduct a survey of the students wishes and to submit to the committee a report based on your findings. Write the report (about 250 You m ight like to conduct the survey in class before writing this report. Task bank: Tasks 34, 35 and 36 Eye-w itness and narrative reports Two styles of eye-witness report News stories in newspapers are also described as reports, but are written in a very different style from the other reports in this unit; the style of newspaper and magazine writing is examined in the next unit. A Newspaper report One of the objectives of an eye-witness account in a newspaper is to bring the events to life in the imagination of the reader. This is achieved by the tight organization of the narrative and the inclusion of concrete details that help the reader visualize the scene. What details in the following text contribute to the success of the writers description of the Los Angeles riots of 1992? e was about 15 years old, a good-looking boy in a blue woollen hat. He had jumped out of a yellow Cadillac next to my rental car at a traffic light. Now he was standing at my window pointing a shiny, new-looking revolver at my head. Open the door, he said. The car radio had ju st announced: Its a bright, breezy day in Los Angeles, apart from the smoke drifting over the Hollywood hills. I mumbled the first foolish thing that came into my mind. I cant open the door. This was M anchester Boulevard and Van Ness Avenue in the epicentre of the riots. On every second corner a building burned. B u t the ears were still stopping for red lights. We were hopelessly boxed in. All over town white motorists were being dragged from cars and beaten or shot. The boy, looking puzzled and scared, sm ashed the window with the gun b u tt covering me in glass splinters. My companions shouted, Get out of here, which is exactly what you should not do when a scared child points a gun at your head. I pressed the accelerator and rammed the car in front; turned the wheel and, bumping mto another car, jerked forward into the oncoming traffic. B Writing practice: a statement to the police If the writer of the piece of journalism above had to describe the incident in a statement to the police, the statement might begin like this. I stopped my car at a traffic light in the centre of the riot zone, While I was waiting at the lights, a boy got out of a yellow Cadillac next to my car and pointed a gun at Complete the statement, using the relevant information from the newspaper article but omitting any details that would not be of interest to the police. Task types Planning a formal eye-witness report Part 1 writing task Yesterday you and a friend set off for a stay in Britain. Your friend was due to begin an English course in Oxford, whereas you are on an ecological study visit to the remote Shetland Islands. You both travelled on the same plane, but had to separate on arrival in Britain: you were in a hurry to catch your connection, but your friend was held up in Customs. Jusi after you had checked in at the airport in your own country, a stranger, apparently an American student on the same flight, had started a conversation with your friend. This is part of the conversation you heard. Stranger Have you bought any duty-free goods yet? What do you mean? Stranger Well, alcohol and tobacco are very expensive in Britain, so you can save a lot o f money by taking some with you. Even if you yourself dont smoke or drink, its a good idea to take some as a I dont think I'll bother. I ve got enough to carry already. Stranger You're crazy! Dont you know that cigarettes are about $5 a packet in Britain? I m going to be staying four weeks, so thats more than $100. And I m only a student. Well if you smoke that much, youd better bring your own cigarettes with you. Stranger Thats just the problem. They only let you carry 200 duty-free cigarettes in. Ive taken a risk, IVe got 400. But if they catch me at Customs Ill have to pay a fne, and I couldnt afford that. Look, why dont you give me 200 of them and i ll take them through Customs for you . . . A British lawyer representing your friend has just phoned you at your hotel in the Shetlands to tell you that your friend is being held by the police in London: the package your friend offered to carry contained not cigarettes but drugs. The stranger has not been caught; indeed, the police have no reason to believe your friends story. The lawyer asks you to fax him a statement within the next hour in which you report what happened. Write the statem ent (about 250 words). A Planning As with every CAE writing task, 1 be certain not to change any of the facts you are given. 2 remember what you are trying to achieve - in this case, to get your friend out of a police cell. 3 dont include irrelevant details, and dont write too much. What should you include in your report and in what order? Consider the following list, and delete anything irrelevant, your opinion of drug dealers what you think happened description of your feelings about your friends arrest a plea to the British authorities sense of fair play and justice a heading or title direct quotation of the dialogue descriptive details that bring your narrative to life a sentence testifying to your friends good character Eye-witness and narrative reports Module 8C what you saw and what you heard a description of the stranger an explanation of who you are and why you are writing this a description of the airport Having deleted everything irrelevant, put the remaining elements in a suitable order and arrange them in paragraphs. Compare your paragraph plan with the one suggested in the key on page 159. B Vocabulary In this type of task, it is particularly important to distinguish between facts (which are known) and suspicions, accusations, etc. There are a number of words that can be used to achieve this, whether in the form of a verb, an adjective or an adverb. The stranger appeared to be an American. My friend's apparent involvement in drug-smuggling . . . Apparently, the stranger tricked my frien d . . . Supply the adjectival and adverbial forms in the table below. to appear to suspect to s e e m to p r e s u m e _________________ to suppose to allege to be certain_______ _________________ C Writing Write your statement (about 250 words). Task bank: Tasks 10, 28 and 37 Task types r t ic les and r ev iew s A Openings and closings page 122 B Reviews page 128 At least one of the tasks in Paper 2 can be expected to involve writing for publication. Such tasks include an article, a review and a piece of writing for a com petition, all for publication in an English-language magazine. The publication is sometimes described not as a magazine but as a newspaper, or sometimes as a newsletter (a thin , home-made magazine, sent to members of a club or society). Always read the instructions for the task carefully to get a clear idea of who you are writing for. Other writing tasks for publication include articles for guide books and tourist brochures, and leaflets and information sheets: these are all dealt with in Unit 10. 9A O penings and closings The following article appeared in the Radio Times magazine, to introduce a TV season of British films from the 1960s. The first and last paragraph have been removed. Read the article, then choose the best first paragraph and last paragraph from those printed opposite. Make sure that the opening, the text and the closing all fit together. (F irs t p a ra g ra p h m issin g ) 2 T h e re w a s a s u d d e n flo w e rin g o f n e w a c tin g ta le n t; th e re w e r e n e w w rite rs a n d d ir e c to rs ; th e re w a s a n o u tb r e a k o f m o v ie s Chat lo o k e d , s h a rp ly a n d w ittily , a t a s p e c ts o f B ritish w o r k in g -c la s s life th a t h a d ra re ly b e e n e x p lo r e d b e f o re . Filin s w e r e c h u r n e d o u t in re m a rk a b le n u m b e r s - 7 6 o f th e m in 1 9 6 8 , fo r e x a m p le , c o m p a r e d w ith th e a n n u a l 2 5 o r s o th a t w e c a n m a n a g e th e s e d ay s. 3 B e f o r e th e 1 9 6 0 s B ritish a c to rs w e r e , o r a n y w a y h a d to a p p e a r to b e , m id d ie c la s s u n le s s th e y w e re c o n te n t to p la y s e r v a n ts o r p ro v id e c o m ic relief. B u t n o w th is w a s n o lo n g e r tru e , a n d w e s a w th e b u r g e o n in g o f s ta rs fr o m o th e r s e c t o r s o f s o c ie ty , p e o p le lik e M ich a el C a in e a n d T e r e n c e S ta m p , A lo n g w ith th e m c a m e a n e n e r g e tic g e n e ra tio n o f d ir e c to rs a n d w rite rs to in tro d u c e s tro n g e le m e n ts o f s o c ia l c o n s c io u s n e s s in to B ritish film s. Task types 4 T h e g re a t flu rry o f a ctiv ity th a t s u c h p e o p le p ro v o k e d b ro u g h t its a rtistic re w a rd s . D a r lin g , fo r in s ta n c e , w o n O s c a r s fo r its sta r, J u lie C h ristie, a n d w r ite r , F r e d e r ic k R a p h a e l, n o m in a tio n f o r its d ir e c to r , J o h n S c h le s in g e r. O h , b e lie v e m e , o p tim ism , c o n f id e n c e a n d e u p h o ria ra n h ig h u n til th e v e ry e n d o f th e d e c a d e w h e n , all a t o n c e , th e w h o le h o u s e o f c a r d s c o lla p s e d . 5 W h a t w e h a d fa ile d to re a liz e w a s th a t th is a p p a r e n t re b irth o f th e B ritish film in d u stry w a s fu n d e d a lm o s t e n tire ly b y A m e r ic a n m o n e y . A n d t h o u g h th e m o v ie s d id p re tty w e ll in BriLain a n d w e r e g re a tly r e s p e c te d th r o u g h o u t th e w o r ld , th e y fa re d ra th e r b a d ly w h e r e it re a lly c o u n te d - at th e A m e ric a n b o x o ffice . 6 S o m e film s .s u c c e e d e d th e re , o f c o u r s e D a r lin g a n d Tom Jones a m o n g th e m , to sa y n o th in g o f th e J a m e s B o n d p ic tu re s , w h ic h p r e s e n te d S e a n C o n n e r y to a n a p p r e c ia ti v e in te r n a tio n a l a u d i e n c e . G e n e r a lly s p e a k in g , h o w e v e r , th e re tu rn s w e r e le s s th a n th e b e a n c o u n te rs h ad e x p e cte d , 7 All in a ll, th e n , b a c k in g B rita in h a d n o t b e e n a v e r y lu c ra tiv e v e n tu re fo r th e H o lly w o o d stu d io s] a n d in th e e n d th e y w i th d r e w th e ir fin a n c ia l s u p p o r t, le a v in g u s to re fle c t ru e fu lly th a t w h a t h a d o n c e s e e m e d a n e w a w a k e n in g w a s a fte r all n o m o r e th a n a fa ls e d a w n . 8 T h e c i n e m a h e r e h a s n e v e r re a lly r e c o v e r e d fr o m th a t s e tb a c k . T r u e , th e '6 0 s u n e a r th e d a ric h c r o p o f p e o p le , m a n y o f w h o m a re still a r o u n d , b u t n o B ritish m o n e y w a s fo r th c o m in g to m a k e u p fo r th e lo s s o f A m e ric a n b a c k in g , a n d s o th e in d ig e n o u s m o v ie in d u stry b e g a n its slid e to w a r d s th e s o rry s ta te w e s e e to d a y . (Last p a ra g ra p h m issin g ) Openings and closings Module 9A Openings (first paragraph) A It was at some time near the end of the 60s that the Americans stopped investing money in British films, and that was more or less the end of the British film industry. A pity, because the 60s had been a good time for British cinema. Today, we are only making about a third of the number of films we were making then. B The 1960s were, from the British film industrys point of view, the best of times and yet, in the end, close to being the worst of times as well. C The purpose of this article is to look briefly at the way in which British cinema in the 1960s enjoyed a renaissance which continued until the end of the decade, when the Americans ceased to invest in the industry. The article will go on to look tit the negative effect that the 60s collapse of the industiy lias had up to the present day. Don't talk about yourself Youre writing for the public, not for your friends. Your opinions are only interesting if you can explain them, justify them, or make them Be interesting People dont buy magazines in order to be bored. If your article isnt interesting, they wont read it - and the magazine wont publish your writing again. To be interesting, you should: give your article a good title. start with a good opening. use concrete images and facts, not concepts and generalizations. use precise and interesting surprise the reader - or at least say something new. know when to finish - and finish in style. Remember who youre writing for Who reads this magazine? How old are they? What nationality? What do they already know about the Closings (last paragraph) A To sum up, the 60s seemed to be good for the British cinema until the very end of the decade: many good films were made, acting became a more classless' profession, and morale was high. On the other hand, the decade ended with the collapse of the industry, from which it has never recovered. In conclusion, then, perhaps the 60s were not such a good time for the British film industry, B Throughout the 90s we have been making fewer and fewer movies in Britain. Fortunately, many British directors are very successful in the USA, and British television too is a success, both commercially and artistically, around the world. C A fascinating decade, certainly. Such a pity that for film-makers, as perhaps for many others, it all turned out to be a fools paradise. W riting fo r magazines: things to remember subject of the article, and what will you need to explain? What are you trying to Are you trying to persuade the reader to do something? To inform? To advise? To recommend? To entertain? Or a combination of Your article should normally have a title and be written in paragraphs. Some magazine articles include lists - lists of instructions, lists of tips' or advice ~ which require a graphic layout such as that used in Be interesting above. Note also the use of subtitles on this page and in certain magazine articles. Organization and planning Try to say just one thing in a 250-word article. Make notes, then summarize what you want to say in one sentence. You could write a plan based on that one sentence; the rest of the article would explain and illustrate what you want to say. Make sure that your article is relevant to the title, and that everything within the article is relevant to your main idea. If a magazine or an English exam asks for about 250 words, dont write 500. The magazine wouldnt print the article; the examiner may only read the first half of it, and you will certainly be penalised, perhaps severely. Accuracy and [ibel Don't present opinions, guesses and rumours as if they were facts. Such carelessness, apart from making your article inaccurate, untrustworthy and valueless, can also be illegal when printed in a magazine. Distinguish between fact and rumour by adding a simple word or phrase: the alleged murderer, the suspected mafioso, Ive heard it said t h a t . . there is a rumour th a t. . the minister is said to have / rumoured to have / supposed to have taken bribes. Task types U n it 9 Articles and reviews A Which of these eight openings would you choose to begin an article entitled Openings and Closings of Magazine Articles'? T h e opening is the- beginning of a piece o f writing (either the first senten ce or the first paragraph); the closing is the way the piece o f writing ends (the last senten ce, or the last paragraph). El Doo-be-doo-be-doo-wa, shawop Does it m a tte r how a m agazine article starts. Two students of mine used to be great rivals at tennis, but recently Laura has becom e too good for her rival. 'The only difference is my service', she confided in me. 'Helena's service is so predictable that 1 can always return it. But m ine is now stronger and more varied. She never knows what to expect.' The service in tennis has a similar role to the opening of a piece of writing - and m any writers could 'improve their game' by developing a range of different openings. To light a fire, take a few big logs and a box of m atch es. Strike a m atch and the logs w ill easily catch fire. L ater, w hen the fire is burn in g w ell, add so m e sm aller wood, w h ich m u st be very dry. Fin ally , for a big blaze that w ill last all evening, throw a sm all tw ist of paper on top of the fire. Is that how to light a fire? O f cou rse not. Yet how few w riters start th eir articles witli the twist of paper, the in flam m ab le opening that would bring it to life! This article is about how to begin and how to end a piece o f writing. There a re a t least 15 d iffe re n t ways o f b e g in n in g a m agazine article, and a good dozen ways o f e n d in g . N ot all o f th e m are possible in every style o f w ritin g , b u t th e a b ility to choose in te re stin g and a p p ro p ria te openings and closings is a very useful skill fo r a w rite r to have. Kane and Peters, in their authoritative work W riting P rose, include a five-page essay entitled Beginnings and Closings! I he essay begins T h e British essayist Hilaire Belloc - who knew, if anyone did, how to begin and how to end an essay - once w rote that To begin at the beginning is, next to ending at the end, the whole art o f writing.Kane and Peters close their essay with an epigram of their own: Anyone can stop writing. Only writers can finish. 'lu st tak e the h orn out of your m ou th. This w as M iles D av iss advice to a fellow jazz m u sician who didn't seem to know how to end h is len gth y solos. But w hen you w an t to end a piece of writing, is it en ou gh to ]ust non Hnwn'? B Purpose The opening of a magazine article has one or more purposes, in descending order of importance. to catch readers' attention and make them want to read the rest. to tell readers what the article is going to be about (the topic). to tel] readers what the article is going to say (the content). to tell readers how the article is going to be organized (the structure). 1 Which of the openings in A best achieves the first purpose? (In other words, which one would you most want to read?) 2 Do any of the openings leave you in doubt about the topic of the article? 3 Which of the openings gives you the clearest idea of what the writer is going to say and how the article is going to be organized? Task types Openings and closings Module 9A C Nine ways of opening an article 1 Match the openings 1-8 in A with the following categories a-i. Some of the categories may have more than one example; others may have none. a A surprising fa ct, perhaps including statistics. b A surprising, shocking or bizarre statement. The reader keeps reading out of curiosity: how are you going to continue? Do you really believe that? What on earth are you talking about? c A question. This helps to define the subject of a piece of writing. It also starts renders thinking about the subject, making them want to read what you have to say. d A quotation. e A story that illustrates what you are going to say. It may be a story about the subject itself; it may be a story about another topic that lias something in common with the subject of your article, f A statement o f the topic. The statement mentions what the topic is, and often summarizes what you are going to say. Tins opening is often the key to the organization and paragraphing of the article, g A definition o f the topic (sometimes a dictionary definition). This opening m aybe appropriate, but is one of the least interesting, h A description or image that evokes a suitable atmosphere or symbolizes the whole question. i A referen ce to a well-known phrase from literature, a song, a proverb, etc.; an allusion or rewritten quotation. Here are five more openings, all of them introducing an article on the same subject. What subject? , , As Mark Twain might have put it, reports o t e death of the family have been greatly exaggerates. Jane Smith is a junkie because both her parents are in the police force. She had problems at school, but when she got home she found no one to talk to. The day she broke up w ith her boyfriend, both her parents were working late. Jane's parents were never there when she wanted them. If they had been, would she have needed to turn to drugs? In theory women are free, yet everywhere they are still in domestic chains. j t>s g qq in tjie evenjng an[j j ason jias jusj cooked dinner for two. Hes sitting in the kitchen, waiting. Hes had a long day. He got up at 7.30, ate breakfast alone, did the washing-up and made his bed. He still hadnt seen or spoken to anybody when he left home at 8.30. Jason is 12 years old. Hes waiting for his dad to come home from work, factors have led to this change, and what effect has it had on society, in particular the upbringing of 3 Match these openings to the categories a-i above. 4 Which of the openings 1 -1 3 use quotations or direct speech? Would these openings be just as good without the quotations or direct speech? 5 Some of the openings (e.g. 8) only use words and ideas. Would you agree that it is more interesting to use images and pictures'? Which openings do this, and which of them is most successfui? Task types D Writing practice At a time when many people are taking exams, your college's English-language newsletter invites you to submit a 250-word article on the subject of exams. Are they useful? Are they necessary? Do exams help students to study, or do they obstruct a students wider education? Do Not Write the Article. Just write two openings for your article, of no more than tw o sentences each a) a very bad one, so that no one will read beyond the opening b) a very good one, so that everyone wiil want to read the rest of your article Task bank: Task 38 A piece of writing is like a film: a weak or unsatisfying ending spoils all the good things that went before. The ending of a good film gives you a feeling of satisfaction. The film feels whole, complete. How do we always recognize the end of the film before the words t h e e n d come up on the screen? What signals does the film give out to tell us it is finishing? What makes a film feel complete? Think of the plot, the musical score and the Referring to specific films you have seen, how many different kinds of ending can you think of? A Six ways of closing an article 1 Return to the beginning: a conclusion paraphrasing the opening, or a return to the imagery or words o f the opening. 2 A Summary or conclusion. 3 A Question. 4 A Q uotation. 5 An Image / p ictu re, symbolizing the end (sunset, death) or a new beginning (dawn, birth). 6 A short sentence to signal a break with what went before, or to indicate the intention to finish. The closing of a piece of writing is also often signalled by certain linking words: All in all; then; to sum up. There is a list on page 23. B Examples Here is the opening of an article attacking education. I dont believe in education. In m ost cases it does m ore harm than good. In the words o f O scar W ilde, Ign oran ce is like a delicate exotic fruit - touch it, and the bloom is g on e. Openings and closings * Module 9A Here are some possible closings for the same article. Match them with the six different types of closing referred to on page 126. Some of the closings (a-g) may illustrate more than one of the categories (1-6); some of the categories may be illustrated by more than one closing. They say that education promotes civilized values, tolerance and understanding. They say that education opens the doors to happiness and success. Education, as I have shown, does precious little of this. School education does even less. In short, it is high time we questioned the law requiring all children to be educated. This law is an abuse o f a fundamental human right, the right to innocence and To quote from the song by Pink Floyd, Teacher! Leave those kids alone! And in this brave new world that I envisage, education will be a minority interest, rather like the hobby of growing stunted bonsai trees. A new generation will spring up, a virgin rainforest bearing the exotic fruit of blissful ignorance. In the light of all this evidence, w ho could still beiieve in education? Who but an educated fool? No, I do not believe in education. As the poet so rightly says, 'Where ignorance is bliss, 'tis folly to be wise.' C Practice This is the opening of an article. Choosing from the six ways of closing an article, write two different closings. You will have to imagine the five short paragraphs that haven't been written. T h e best things in life are free, they used to say, but for m ost o f us having fun usually m eans spending money. And yet, even in a city, there are at least five ways you can enjoy yourself w ithout putting your hand in your pocket. W riting Using the opening given at the top of the page and one of the seven closings above, write an article attacking education. Your article should have four or five paragraphs, and be about 250 words long. Alternatively, write an article defending education, using your own opening and closing. The article is for publication in the magazine of your school, university or language school. Task bank: Tasks 14, 15, 39 and 40 Task types 9B Reviews Magazines and newspapers publish a wide range of reviews, covering ail the arts as well as other areas. Most reviews have tw o functions: description and information on the one hand, judgement, opinions and recommendations on the Reviews are generally based on the following structure. 1 The subject of the review is clearly identified, with all the essential information (What? Who? Where? When? IIow much?) This is clone either in the heading or the first lines of the review, or both. 2 A detailed description and analysis, including the reviewer's opinions. A review of a book or a film should summarize the plot, telling the story in the present tense, but should not reveal the ending. 3 A conclusion in which the reviewer makes either a judgement or a Reviews - punctuating and w riting conclusions Capital letters Capital letters are used for the first letter of every word in the title of a film, book, play, opera, record, etc. The only words that do not have to start with a capital are small words like a, the, of, to , when they come in the middle ot the title: you can write either The Discreet Charm O f The Bourgeoisie or The Discreet Charm o f the Bourgeoisie. Inverted Commas In handwriting, it is necessary to put inverted commas around the title. Have you eeen The Jungle dook? Brackets When telling the story of a film or play, are you going to use the names of the actors / actresses or the names of the characters they portray? When Jack Sommersby returns to his wife and son in rural Tennessee after fighting in the Civil War, he seems a changed man. The question is whether Sommersby {Richard Gere) is or is not the man that Laurel (Jodie Foster) married years ago. His transformation has been so great that many people wonder whether Sommersby* is an impostor. Laurel, too, is bewildered by her rediscovered husband, who seems too good to be true. In a film review, Gere and Foster could be written instead of the names of the characters. This is not done in theatre reviews. These are all conclusions of film reviews. Punctuate them, 1 this is a film for every age bracket and is highly recommended for all those who enjoyed julie andrews earlier film the sound oi music 2 if you like your thrillers moody atmospheric pessimistic and spine chillingly bloodthirsty then this is tiie film for you 3 the piano is essential viewing as diverse and tuneful is the instrument of its title 4 youll laugh youll cry youll love every second o f sleepless in Seattle sentim ental who cares 5 this is the most tedious of road movies and when the fugitive lovers finally come to the end of the road shot dead by cynical detective eddie mars dint eastwood the few people in the cinema still awake applauded recommended for insomniacs 6 overall however the films faults do not spoil an exciting and stylish piece of film making well served by an intense script and fine performances from its cast Reviews Module 9B Book review Some lines in this review have one unnecessary word. Delete it and write it in the margin. Some lines are correct. Indicate each of these lines with a tick (/). The exercise begins with two examples (0). K atharina H eclingers C h ristm as C o o k b o o k (Goose Press) Christmas is coming soon with all its secrets, festivities and 4=ke traditional dishes. Right on time, Goose Press have published Katharina Hedingers sumptuously illustrated book, which containing many a suggestions for the preparation of gifts, decorations and food. In each case, step-by-step instructions and detailed lists of ingredients are given, making Christmas preparations easy even for the beginner. 5 The first chapter, 'Early Preparations, starts with explain all the 6 things that can to be prepared about two months before Christmas, 7 such as homemade gifts, candles, wrapping paper and Christmas puddings. 8 In the second hand chapter, Countdown to Christmas, Hedinger 9 describes how to make decorations that need with fresh ingredients 10 such as leaves, twigs and flowers. Here you will also have find 11 suggestions on how to get decorate the tree. The last chapter - 'Last 12 Minute Preparations again concentrates on all sorts of gift 13 wrappings, special Christmas dishes and table of decorations.________________________ _____ __ 14 You will enjoy reading this marvellously illustrated book and as much as______________ ________ 15 you enjoy Christmas itself. Well worth at the price of 12.99, it turns 16 to preparation for Christmas into an art form. Book reviews N on-fietion biography, autobiography, history, reference book, manual novel, short story, play, b estseller, sequel setting, plot, climax, them e romantic novel, detective story, science fiction, spy story, thriller pap erback, hardback, cover, chapters, illustrations, preface novelist, playwright, biographer, author, writer, poet, editor, You may also need to write reviews about music. These foflow the same structure, Music reviews concert., recital, cham ber /sym phony orchestra, concert hall, opera house concert, live perform ance, gig jazz band, blues band, rock hund, folk group, pop group Bad music sharp, p i t , out o f tune, discordant, tuneless, inaudible, out o f time CD (com pact disc), video disc, cassette, single, album Task types Unit 9 Articles and reviews Film review Complete the review by writing the missing words in the gaps. Use only one Howard's End The partnership o f Jam es Ivory, director, and Ismail Merchant, producer, has been making films for almost 30 years. But (0 )________ft________ has seldom m anaged a more successful literary adaptation (1 )_________________ that o f E. M. Forsters H o w a r d s Encl. o f those elegant period It is (2 )_____________ t __________ w hich the pieces (3). M erchant-Ivory team is famous: (the book (4 )__________________ written in 1910) and is their third Forster adaptation, following R o o m With A View ( 5 ) M au rice. It is also their best - beautiful to look (6 )__________________ , subtly scripted by Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, the novelist (7 )__________________ is their regular collaborator, and acted with panache by a distinguished cast. Film reviews Types of film story o f two The book is ( 8)_ families: the Schlegels are cultured and liberal, the W ilcox family prosperous and conventional. Its them e concerns the breaking (9 )_________________ o f barriers betw een people w ho find it impossible to understand (1 0 )_______ other in normal circumstances. Emma Thom pson and Helena Bonham Carter play the two Schlegel sisters w hose fates b ecom e inextricably linked with (1 1 )___________ o f Mr and Mrs W ilcox (Anthony Hopkins and Vanessa Redgrave). H elen (Bonham Carter) falls in love (1 2 )_________________ their son; Margaret (Thom pson) is befriended by Mrs W ilcox and, (1 3 )_________________ she dies, marries Mr W ilcox. Each perform ance makes its mark. Jam es Wilby, Prunella Scales and Samuel West are also involved, ___________ the but it is Hopkins, ( 1 4 ) _ heart is puritanical W ilcox, (15)_ softened by Margaret, w ho is most notable. featu re film , documentary, box office success / failure, blockbuster, art movie, thriller, W estern, horror film , com edy (romantic, black), cartoon, love story director, produ cer, cam eram an, cast, actor I actress (the lead, star, co-star), cam eraw ork, cam era angles, on location, in the studio, subtitled, du bbed, screenplay, script, soundtrack, special effects, stunts storyline (plot), fin al scene, climax, flash back T h eatre reviews play, tragedy, com edy, fa rce, musical, cabaret, ballet, m odern dance director, set designer, costume designer, stage manager, audience, prim a ballerina, principal dancer, choreographer the title role, a leading part, a. walk-on part a speech, a m onologue /soliloquy, dialogue stage, scenery, backstage, box office The curtain lises on Act 1 Scene 1; it falls at the interval and at the end - the fin a l cu rtain. Television reviews current affairs, nature program m e, the news, a documentary, an educational program m e, a soap opera, situation com edy, drama, gam e show, chat show , variety show, childrens program m es Task types M odule 9B Restaurant review Restaurant reviews use the same structure. A Read the review and choose the best phrase given below to fill each of the blanks. Write one letter (A-J) in each gap (1-6). The exercise begins with an example ( 0 ). 31 Camden High St, London, T he Concise Oxford Dictionary defines slir-crazy as mentally deranged from long imprisonment. Dave, Lhe slightly balding manager of Stir Crazy, didnt look oft his head. The only clue that he might have been out of circulation for a w hile was ( 0 ) _ C _ . But perhaps lhe lacky cartoons on a duck them e, the incredibly bright lighting and Lhe gingham tablecloths were jusl irresistibly OR, so Daves not the enfanL terrible of Camden cuisine. But he has got a trick up his sleeve: a Mongolian barbecue. A flat, sem i circular hotplate the size of a small sofa adorns ( i ) _ ___ - Diners pick up a bowl and choose raw ingredients from the buffet: bamboo shoots, chick peas, m ushroom s, pineapple and peppers lie adjacent to (2)_____ . Herbs, spices and chopped nuts sil in tiny pots, w hile Lall vessels hold ladles and a selection of sauces. You pick and mix - a blackboard recom m ends what goes with what - and Dave slaps the selection onto the barbecue. In two minutes youve got a stir fry. One trip up and down costs 4.95, while 8.95 buys you ( 3 ) ^ ___ . The stir fry retains its flavour and crispness, is really tasty and for some reason feels healthy. The starters (all 1.75) are mediocre, but (4) , . Daves mum m akes the pancakes with hot cherries and ice cream . T he cherries are not too sweet, the vanilla ice cream is as good as Haagen-Dazs and (5)_____ . Theres something to be said for picking raw ingredients, seeing them cooked before you and . W hat Dave lacks in taste hes made up for in comm on sense. Hes given something back to lhe diners of Camden. Hes empowered the people. the back of the restaurant that sort of thing the restaurants glaringly tasteless decor cariying them back to your table more than half as much the desserts tire something else finely sliced raw beef and chicken, prawns and fish unlimited servings the pancakes are fresh they made me feel sleepy B Read the review again then answer these questions. 1 Why do you think the restaurant is called Stir Crazy if the phrase means mad from being in prison'? 2 What kind of opening and what kind of closing does the reviewer use? 3 How does she express her opinions without using the words I or me? Part 2 writing task For an English-language magazine for students in your country, write a review of one of the following (about 250 words). Make use of the three models you have just studied. a book (either fiction or non-fiction) that you have read recently a film, play, dance performance or other show that you have seen recently a restaurant where you have eaten recently a record or CD you have heard recently Task bank: Tasks 16, 42, 43 and 44 Task types u b lic inform ation Leaflets, brochures and information sheets page 132 page 135 10A Leaflets, brochures and inform a tio n sheets Leaflets and brochures are printed documents, usually illustrated, distributed free. Their functions can include commercial advertising, persuasion (political, religious, etc.) and information. Brochures tend to be thicker, highly illustrated booklets. Leaflets are often single sheets of paper, often folded in three, with a balance of text and illustrations. Information sheets are also usually single sheets of paper, not folded, with few or no illustrations. The word handout can refer to a leaflet or an information sheet. For the purposes of the exam, you are not required to illustrate your work. In real life, however, illustrations and diagrams can, of course, be very appropriate. A Read this model information sheet and choose the best phrase given below it to fill in each of the blanks. Write one letter (A-L) in the gaps. Some of the Homeopathy simply explained HOMEOPATHY is an effective and scientific system of healing which assists the natural tendency of the body to heal itself. It recognizes that all symptoms of ill health are expressions of disharmony (0) B , and that it is the patient who needs treatment not the disease. W h a t is h o m e o p a t h y ? In 1796 a German doctor, Samuel Hahnemann, discovered a different approach to the cure of the sick which he called homeopathy (from the Greek words meaning similar suffering'). Like Task types Hippocrates two thousand years earlier, he realized that there were two ways (1)_____ , the way of opposites and the way of similars. Take, for example, a case of insomnia. The way of opposites is to treat this by giving a drug (2 )_____ . This frequently involves the use of large or regular doses of drugs which can sometimes cause side-effects or addiction. The way of similars, the homeopathic way, is (3 ) a minute dose of a substance which in large doses causes sleeplessness in a healthy person. Surprisingly, this will enable the patient and information sheets Module 10A to sleep naturally. Because of the minute dosage, no side-effects or addiction will result. H o w d o e s it w o r k ? Homeopathic remedies work by stimulating the bodys own healing power. This power is very great (4)_____ , but when the healing process is faulty, blocked, or slow, the homeopathic remedy acts as a stimulus to the curative powers of the body. To provide this stimulus, your homeopath must prescribe (5) the right dosage for you. W h a t w ill m y h o m e o p a t h n e e d t o k n o w ? In order to find the right remedy, your homeopath will want to know all about you. You will be asked many questions about yourself as well as your illness (6)_____ , both present and past The initial consultation will probably last an hour or more. W h a t w ill t h e t r e a t m e n t b e lik e ? Your homeopath will give you a remedy, often in the form of pills which should be allowed to dissolve under the tongue. Nothing else should be put in the mouth for at least 20 minutes , not even toothpaste or cigarettes. W h a t can I e x p e c t to h app en ? After taking the remedy, you should notice some changes. For instance, (8) your symptoms appear worse for a short time. This is the remedy taking effect, and you should feel the beginnings of recovery when this period has passed. Alternatively, patients often experience a period of exceptional well-being and optimism. what you personally need within the whole person the right remedy and before or after taking the remedy some people complain to give tiie patient to bring on an artificial sleep of treating ill health it occasionally happens that to achieve the desired effect and also about the health of your family and many complaints heal themselves unaided B What was the purpose of the homeopathy information sheet? Who do you think the target reader is, and where would the information sheet be distributed? Task types How to write a leaflet A This advice is written and set out in the manner of a leaflet. H o w to w rite a lea flet W h a t m a k e s a g o o d le a fle t? _______________________________ A good leaflet is one that m akes people w ant to pick it up and read it. So it must look good. * TIT L E AND HEADINGS - give your leaflet an eye-catching title; break the text into short sections with appropriate headings. * T E X T - short and light; avoid very heavy, com plex sentences and long blocks of prose. * LETTERIN G - headings and litles should be BIG and attractive. * LAYOUT - should be visual. Lists can be presented in colum ns, with item s either num bered or m arked, as here, wilh an asterisk. B e fo r e y o u w r it e ____________________________________________ M ake sure you know wbo youre w riling the leaflet for, and why. Are you trying * to sell them something? * to persuade them to do something? * to w arn them about something? M a k in g n o te s a n d w r it in g _________________________________ W rite down everything you w ant to include. Group these ideas into sections. Give each section a heading; reject any ideas that dont fit. Decide on the order of the sections. Th in k o f a good title (or do Ihis at the end - but leave space!). Check and revise. If you have tim e, rewrite. B This is the text of an appeal by the British charity War on Want, which campaigns against world poverty. Copy the text, punctuating it and adopting the layout of a leaflet. human rights begin with breakfast at a time when the world community is considering how to promote universal human rights war on want is launching a new campaign called a human right to development war on want believes that it is time that equal attention should be given to social cultural and economic rights alongside civil and political rights universal human rights will never exist while one in three of the worlds children are malnourished one in four people worldwide are without adequate homes lack of decent healthcare means eveiy year 40 million children worldwide never see their first birthday 80% of all sickness and disease is due to unsafe water and sanitation globally 1.5 million is spent every minute of ever)' day on arms and armies for more information on war on wants work please contact us at War on Want, Fenner Brockway House, 37-39 Great Guildford St, London SE1 OYU Module 10B Part 2 writing task Next year, for the first time, a large group of English-speaking people will be joining your school / college / workplace for one year. On behalf of the students / workers, write an inform ation sheet (about 250 words) that welcomes them and tells them briefly something about the organization and the facilities it has to offer. Include some advice about how they can best fit in and enjoy their stay. Task bank: Task 45 10B Tourism W riting for a tourist brochure A A tourist brochure combines information with advertising. The brochure informs tourists about a town or region, but above ail it aims to persuade tourists to come and, when they have come, to enjoy themselves (and spend their money). Which of these two texts is the introduction to a tourist brochure? Welcome to Oxford Oxford has many old buildings (in one square mile, there are over 900) but no tall monuments from which you can see the whole city. The University consists of 35 colleges in different parts of the town. Many good bits of architecture, as well as the entrances to some of the colleges, may be hard to find. U /e /c o m e Vw V. to Oxford M an y periods period: o f English history are im pressively docum ented in O xford s streets, houses, colleges and chapels. W ith in one square m ile alo n e, the city h a s m ore th a n 9 0 0 buildings o f arch itectu ral or historical interest. For the visitor this presents a challenge - there is no single building th a t dom inates Oxford, no fam ous fortress or huge cathedral th a t will give you a short-cut view o f the city. Even Oxford's fam ous University is spread am idst a tcingls of 35 different colleges an d halls in various parts of the city centre, side by side with shops and offices. Nor does Oxford flaunt its treasures; behind departm ent stores lurk grand Palladian doorways or half-hidden crannies of m edieval architecture. The entrance to a college m ay be tucked down a narrow alleyw ay, an d even then is unlikely to be Persevere, an d you will be am ply rewarded . . - a What is the difference between the first and the second text? b Does the second text include any facts that are absent in the first text? c Why is the second text so much longer than the first? Task types Unit 10 Public information B Now read the following text, welcoming visitors to Rovaniemi (in Finland, on the Arctic Circle) and rewrite, it in a purely factual style - that is, in the style of the first Oxford text. The Warm Embrace of the North n a sheltered spot am ong hills and rivers nestles Rovaniemi. A place to relax in contentment; between the hills of O u n a s m ra and Korkalovaara, enclosed by the rivers Ounasjoki and Kemijoki. Close to the heart of Mother Nature. The countryside around Rovaniemi releases w arm th, or reddens the cheeks in the winter frost. At the height of sum m er the sun shines, sultry, for a whole m onth, and the never-ending light confuses night with day. Towards Christinas Eve the sun offers only the briefest glimpse of itself, but the Rovaniemi - a winter wonderland 136 * Task types light of the stars and the Northern lights glisten in the pure white snow. Even throughout the winter darkness, nature cares for its children, W hat is there to be found in the shelter of these hills, by the m urm uring stream s, right in the heart of nature? Electricity, traffic, the bustle of people, the laughter of children, the greetings of friends. An expressive, vital city and its inhabitants bid you welcome. Rovaniemi offers you a place in its heart. Module 10B Making the m ost of your region A In most lines of the text, there is either a spelling or a punctuation error. For each numbered line 1-15, write the correctly spelt words or show the correct punctuation in the margin. Some lines are correct. Indicate these lines with a A limitless coast seventy sun drenched miles of fine sand. Wide-open spaces of natural countryside and freedom. Peacefull freshwater lakes for the enjoyment of all the family. Recently-built resorts in perfect harmony with the surrounding landscape. The coast of the Landes, unique in Europe. All the emotions The festivals which give i-ytlim to the year in the Landes find new conoisseuif each year. From the flamenco art festival to the festival of the abbeys, emotions can be guarantee. Likewise, in the numerous inns, whether highly reputed or little, known, the visitor is offered all the genrosity of the Landes, the hospitality of a region which has maintained the ancient traditions. Space f o r action The open spaces, available here have everything for those who are looking for action. The ocean offers some of the best waves in Europe, where fans of the surfboard can surf along side the champions. Golfers wall find outstanding courses desinged by the best architects. And the________________ _____________ countless forest paths, invite the visitor to explore the forest on foot or by bicycle. A culture to savour In the Landes, culture can be found at every turning The marks of history are to be seen and felt at the heart of each town and village. And the unique charm of the culture is enhanced as the froce of the ocean, the calm off the Adour river and the tranquillity of the forest mingle together in a harmonious landscape. --------------B Who was this leaflet produced by? Who was it written for? What is its in what ways is it different from the homeopathy information sheet on page 132? (Think of the grammar the sentence structure, and the choice of vocabulary.) Task types Unit 10 Public information Word form ation Once part of the mainland, these islands decided they wanted their own identity and drifted north. Geologically, they remained as exotic as Brazil. (1) they became a law unto themselves! A mere 21 miles separates Trinidad and Tobago, daily spanned by plane and ferry. Trinidad is the larger of the twins - a riot of natures exuberance, from the mountains of the Northern Range, to the (2) ... plains, to the soft, green hills of the south. Tobago is a masterpiece in minature, with a spine of forested hills steepling down to \vincl-(3) ... shorelines. Visit a rainbow T & T is ethnic diversity. Name a people, and theyre probably here, (4) ... creating and re-creating their rich (5) ... stew. African and Indian descendants dominate the mix but throw in Chinese, Lebanese, (6) ... and Amerindian, and you have a very special blend. (7) ... and religious (8) ... comes (9) ... . All are proud citizens of a place known, since the earliest times, as T h e Land of the Hummingbird. 11 S LW E Two histories, one destiny The nation of Trinidad and Tobago nestles close by the coast of South America either the first among Caribbean islands, or the last word, (0) ... on your direction. Task types Amerindian spirits linger at Guayaguayare, Tunapuna, and Cocorite. Trinidad , itself, was Columbus name for the island with three hills that he espied in 1498. The (10) ... settled in Sangre Grande, San Fernando and Port of Spain. French planters, uprooted by the Revolution in 1789, gave us Sans Souci, Blanchisseuse, Matelot. With the evil of (11) ... abolished in 1833, indentured (12) ... were brought to Trinidad, predominantly from India. As the irrepressible African and Indian influences permeated, modem Trinidad was bora. Tobagos biography, too, is told by names. British rule gave us towns called Scarborough, Plymouth and Roxborough, while its (13) ... into the richest sugar island in the Caribbean led to a modern (14) ... of mostly African descent. It was the inspired (15) ... of ti British bureaucrat that created the magic (16) ... we are blessed with today. Thus, it was as one nation that Trinidad and Tobago gained (17) ... from Britain in 1962, and, in 1976, declared itself a republic. Tourism Module 10B W riting Your local tourist board produces an eight-page brochure which presents your town (or region} to English-speaking tourists. The brochure comprises eight sections, each of 250 words. 1 A general introduction to the town, mentioning one or two key features but above all describing the whole town in very positive terms. 2 A 1walking to u r - a guided tour following a route around the town and pointing out some of the monuments, churches and places of interest. This section may include architectural information. 3 Hotels, restaurants, pubs, discos and clubs - a brief guide to accommodation and entertainment. The Arts are not mentioned in this section. 4 The Perform ing Arts - a brief guide to music, theatre, dance and cinema. 5 The Visual Arts - a brief guide to museums, galleries, public sculpture. 6 Traditions and customs that the tourist can enjoy. 7 Famous local people, either historical or living - a brief article summarizing the persons life, achievements and contribution to the town. 8 Industry and employment - a brief article written for two purposes: to paint a picture of a modern town which is thriving economically and not just living in the past; to attract industry and investment to the town. Task 1 Write section 1 (a genera! introduction). Task 2 Write one other section. Class activity above plan. Produce the whole brochure. You may think of alternatives to the If you are studying in Britain, research and then write the brochure for the town / region / country you are studying in. Your target readers are foreign students coming to study there, like you, in the future. Task bank: Tasks 7 and 46 Task types ask bank Task 1 You saw a car leaving the scene of a crime at high speed. You got a good view of the car, but you saw neither the number plate nor the people inside. The police have asked you to write a description of the car. Write 100-150 words. Task 2 An English-language magazine is running a series entitled The Eye o f the Beholder, Each week an article is published in which a reader describes an object or a work of art that they find particularly beautiful. In the articles that have been published so far, the writers have usually included a physical description of the object before giving a personal commentary on why they find the object beautiful. Write about 250 words. have promised to write them a brief guided tour. They are only planning to be in your town from mid morning to early evening, so they just want to see a few of the most interesting sights, have lunch somewhere and maybe a coffee or a drink later. You have never met them before, their names are Walter and Phyllis and they are in their early thirties. In about 250 words, write the couple a letter in which you give them directions for a guided tour of your city / town / village. Task 6 For a young peoples English-language magazine in your country, write an article of about 250 words giving advice on the following subject: Healthy eating: some sensible advice for teenagers Task 7 Task 3 You have arranged a house (or flat) exchange with someone from New Zealand. This means that, for the month of July, you will be living in their home in New Zealand, and they will be living in your home, The New Zealanders have just written to you, telling you everything you need to know about the house you will be staying in (including the plumbing problems, and how to turn off the water supply in an emergency; the broken washing machine, and where to find the launderette; the cat, what it eats and where it hides; the local shops and Reply, in about 250 words, telling the New Zealanders what they need to know about your house. Task 4 You are on holiday and next week some friends are conning to join you, but you are not staying where you had expected to be, as you have found somewhere much better. Write a short letter to your friends, (about 250 words) telling them that you have moved and persuading them that you have made a good choice, Then explain where they will find you, giving them instructions how to get there by public transport. Task 5 An American couple, friends of friends of yours, will be passing through your town one day next July, You will be away on holiday when they come, but nevertheless you People in your country are frequently upset by the behaviour of some tourists. Tourists sometimes do things that are acceptable in their country, but shock, surprise or offend in your country; conversely, they sometimes fail to do things that in your society they are expected to do. Your local tourist office asks you to produce a sheet of advice addressed to English-speaking tourists giving them advice on how to behave in your country. Write the sheet of advice, suggesting what the tourists should and should not do if they wish to be well received in your country. Write about 250 words. Task 8 For an educational magazine aimed at 16-18 year olds in Britain, describe either the educational or the political system in your country (250 words). Task 9 An English-speaking friend living in your country, impressed by the amount of enjoyment you get out of your favourite sport (and possibly by your skill and success), has decided to take up the same sport. A complete beginner, your friend writes asking you to explain the rules / techniques of the sport, where to do it and who with, to detail all the necessary equipment and to give any other advice that may be appropriate. Write a letter answering your friends request (250 words). Task 10 As a result of a misunderstanding, you were arrested by the police (either in your own country or abroad) and kept prisoner for three days, You have a friend who is a lawyer. Write a letter to your friend (about 250 words}, describing exactly what happened - why you were arrested, and how you were treated by the police - and asking if you are entitled to any kind of apology or people who are dying of hunger? What should our governments be doing? Write an article of about 250 words for your school magazine. Task 16 For your school magazine, write a review (250 words) of the worst film, concert or TV programme you have seen Y o u h a v e a g o o d rep u tatio n a s a critic, a n d y o u will m aintain th is rep u tatio n b y offerin g a b a la n c e d ju d g e m e n t. M en tion th e Task 11 A local English-language magazine runs a regular feature entitled No One Is An Island in which readers are invited to describe a relationship that has been important in their life. Write an article (about 250 words) for publication in this series. p o sitiv e p o in ts a s weil a s th e n e g a tiv e a s p e c t s , a n d ju stify your o p in io n s. Task 17 You have just received the following letter from a 19year-oid friend who is working in New Zealand. Write a reply to her letter (about 250 words). Task 12 For the English-language edition of a tourist guide to your town / region, write the life story (about 250 words) of one of the famous people associated with your town / Task 13 An American national newspaper has invited people from around the world to write an 'open letter' to the President of the United States, for publication in the newspaper. Write your letter {about 250 words). T h e c o n te n t a n d sty le o f you r letter is left very o p e n h e re , giving you a lot o f s c o p e to d e m o n s tr a te you r skills a n d creativity . T o s u c c e e d in th is ta s k you sh o u ld w rite a le tte r th a t th e p e o p le w h o buy th e n e w s p a p e r w ou ld en jo y rea d in g . Y o u m igh t criticize th e P re sid e n t, o r you m igh t p ra is e him. M o re c o n stru ctiv e ly , you m igh t d raw his a tten tio n to o n e o r m o re o f th e m a n y w a y s in w h ich h e co u ld u s e his im m e n s e p o w e r to m a k e th e w orld a b e tte r p la c e . A re th e r e a n y in ju stic e s in th e w orld, o r th r e a ts to th e fu ture of th e w orld, th a t you w ou ld like him to d o so m e th in g a b o u t? Task 14 U nem ploym ent is in creasin g throu ghout the d eveloped w orld , a n d its effect o n individuals and fam ilies can be trag ic. D o you have a solution to the p rob lem of unem ploym ent? C on sid er the ca u se s of u n em p loym en t, and h ow w o rk co u ld be b etter sh ared . W rite an a rticle (ab o u t '250 w o rd s) entitled A Solution to the P ro b lem of U nem ploym ent. P.S. M agazine will publish the best a rticle received . Help! I need your advicei Thing5 with G ary ju s t g o t worse and worse, and Im n o t going o u t with him ny rtirs. I C3\ 1 1 k>ffhsv I came all th is way ju s t to be near himl The trouble is, Im s till working in his p arents' factory, so I s till ee him m o st days, and he always makes sarcastic, hu rtfu l comments, ive been offered tw o o the r jobs, one in 3 br snd tfifi o ther in s pharm aceutical factory. B u t as you know, I dont approve o f drinking or drugs, 50 I turned them froth down. Oh yes, one more job offer (much more interesting!) I m et a man who 5 looking fo r crsw to sSI around the pacific in his yacht. 3 u t I havent seen him again. Anyway, w ithout G ary and his friends I don t know anybody here. I never 00 out- sny more, f?ut spend my evenings a t home thinking o f the good tim es we all had to g e th e r la s t summer. I bad 50 wanted to explore these islands, the mountains, the beachS, t-he Maori culture. 3 u t th a t dream hae qone now, to g e th e r with my hopes o f improving my spoken English (I hope you dont- mind my practising my w ritte n English on you, by the way). There are only two reasons why I haven t come home iready. First, Im having trouble changing the d a te o f my flight. And second, I havent really g o t a lo t to 00 back to: when I came o u t here I had to give up my jo b and my fia t, and i t c o s t me a\\ my savings. F\eaee write and te ll me what I should do! Your advice would bring a ray o f sunshine into my confuted life! Task 15 The problem of famine in the Third World is ever present - but easily forgotten from the comfort of our homes. What should we be doing as individuals to help the A nita Task bank Task 18a Task 22 You are sharing a flat with tw o other people, and the arrangement isnt working very well, Write a letter to a friend (about 250 words) describing some of the problems you are having with your two flatmates and asking for advice on how to improve things. You are either a private detective, a secret agent, a political extremist or an outlaw. One of your contacts needs to get a false passport made, in a hurry. You know that there is only one person in town who can do it, This person can always be found at a certain time in a certain bar, and will be prepared to negotiate the job with a stranger so long as they can give the password. Write a note for your contact, telling them where to go, when, how to recognize the forger, and the password. (Having written the note, you will, of course, put the note inside a folded copy of the Herald Tribune, and throw the newspaper into the rubbish bin beside the park gates at midday precisely.) (About 150 words.) Task 18b Exchange Setters with another student. Reply to your friend's letter (about 250 words). Task 19 Just before setting off by train on a foreign holiday, you see someone leave a bag underneath a bench in the railway station. The following day, you learn that a bomb exploded in the station at about that time, You feel it is just possible, though very unlikely, that the bomb was in the bag you saw being left under the bench - in which case, you also saw the terrorist who planted the bomb, and would be able to describe them to the police. You write a letter to the police describing what you saw. Dont write the whole letter. Write only your description of the person who left the bag, the bag itself, and the location of the bench. (About 150 words.) Task 20 Your good friend Alex is flying to Britain, and will be picked up by another friend of yours (who lives there). The two have never met, but Alex has a photo of the one in Britain; unfortunately, you havent got a photo of Alex. So write the description of Aiex that you send to your friend in Britain in order to help them find each other at the airport. {About 100 words.) Task 21 P S . M agazin e W ritin g C o m p etitio n . A D inner P arty If you could invite any two famous people to dinner at your house one night, who would you choose? The people may be dead or alive, from history or from fiction. Say why you choose these people . You may also briefly discuss your plans tor the evening LENGTH about 250 words PRIZE $100 cash plus a dinner for four at the restaurant of your choice. Task 23 Write a magazine article that takes a critical look at your town as seen through the eyes of a dissatisfied tourist. Your article should be enjoyable to read, but make a number of valid criticisms. S u g g e s te d a p p ro a ch e s: W rite th e article in th e form o f a le tte r w ritten b y a d issa tisfie d tou rist. W rite th e a rticle in you r o w n v o ic e , a fte r h earin g fro m a d issa tisfie d tou rist. Task 24 P. S. M agazine C o m p e titio n : m e m o rie s th a t tak e y o u b ack ! Our memories and dreams often return to a beautiful place we once visited - childhood memories of visits to a farm or to the city, adolescent settings of first romances, adult memories of beauty spots, holidays in the mountains, beaches . . . In about 250 words, describe that place, and P.S. Magazine will take you back there, as well as giving you a cash prize, if your article is selected for publication in our April edition. Task 25 You are on holiday and the place you have come to is extremely disappointing. An English-speaking friend of yours is planning to come to the same place next month. Write a letter to your friend (about 250 words), describing the unsatisfactory accommodation, amenities and facilities, and suggesting that they change their holiday Task bank Task 26 E xtract You spent last summer working on a fruit farm in England. The farmer, John Ambridge, has written to you asking you to come and work for him again next summer, this time as a team leader . You would like to accept the job, but only if he makes some improvements to the conditions. You have also received a letter from James, an English boy you worked with last summer who feels the same way as you do. Read the job advertisement below, and the extract (right) from James letter. Then, using the information given, write the letter and the note listed below. J ob l o o k in g f o r a w o r k i n g h o l i d a y Then spend July and August at Archer Farm, Evesham FREE ACCOMMODATION in the bunk h o u se one dormitory for the boys, and one for the girls - with good washing and cooking facilities. MINIMUM AGE 16. Fruit pickers are organised in 3 teams of 6, each with a team leader. The team leader is responsible for the welfare of the from J amess letter . . ju s t g o t a le tte r from John Ambridge - I expect you have too. he says he wants u$ b o t\i back aqam next summer ... These are the notee I've been making about the things I want to mention - I think i t ll be really effective if you p u t the eame t hinge in your le tte r: Th/i bunk house: two cookers n o t enough fo r ]& people to cook on, IVe need 4 - & one more big fridge. One shower n o t enough s t \e sst 2 needed (preferably 5). Social: mini-bus n o t working all la s t summer m u st be repslred. More games and a ctivitie s needed: dieco in bunk house? table tennis fo r rainy days? voileybaii? Young people: to o many aged 14 & 15 la s t summer (you remember th e problems!) Minimum age 16 to be enforced if Im in charge o f the little Actually, Id be really grateful if you se n t me a copy o f your le tte r - to make sure were both asking fo r th e same things, and a\eo Vo help me write mine! younger members of the team. PAY is by piece work: you are paid according to the amount of fruit you pick, SOCIAL LIFE - meet and work with people your own age from all over the world. Your team leaders will help organize games and activities on rainy days, and there's a mini-bus for excursions and cinema trips, Write (a) your reply to the farmers letter mentioning the points suggested by James (about 200 words), (b) a note to James that you include when you send him a copy of your letter to the farmer (about 50 words). You must lay these out in an appropriate way but it is not necessary to include addresses. Task 27 Is there an English-speaker that you have offended at any time in the past, but you have never apologized to them? Did you ever do something wrong, and its still on your conscience today? Have you ever (accidentally or otherwise) caused problems for someone, and you would like to apologize to them? (With a partner) Explain to your partner exactly who you would like to apologize to, and for what. Your partner must write the letter for you; you will write the letter your partner asks for. Then read the letters together and decide whether they are good enough apologies - and whether to send them! (Working alone) Write that letter of apology in English. Kill two birds with one stone! Practise your writing at the same time as getting something off your chest! Task 28 You were on holiday with a friend in the USA three weeks ago when your friend had his wallet stolen by a pickpocket. The two of you, obstructed by an old man, chased after the thief, and finally your friend caught him in a side-street, bringing him down by diving and catching his legs. Unfortunately, the thief was carrying an open knife in his trouser pocket which cut him when he Task bank fell. You were joined by a young American woman who had seen the robbery and called the police. You recovered the wallet from the thiefs pocket and waited for the police. The thief was taken to hospital, while you all went with the police to make a statement. 250 words) that succeeds in both expressing your anger (and ensuring that your friend doesnt behave that way again) and renewing your friendship. This morning, you receive a letter from the American woman. Here is an extract from her letter. You are on holiday and you have discovered a wonderful place and a wonderful person. You want to stay in this place for the rest of your holiday, but you had promised to spend a week with an English-speaking friend of yours. Write a letter to your friend (about 250 words) describing the place you have discovered and the person you have met, and trying to persuade your friend to come and join you. Tell your friend what a difficult choice you will have if they dont come to join you. At the same time, be careful not to offend them. P oyou remember me? I'm Annie the one who called the fotice when your frien d had hit wallet stolen. Anyway I m writing to tell you that laft week I read a letter in our local paper from that old man who faw your frien d catch the pickpocket. He obnouily mUunderftood everything These are the thmfjii he claim f we did: attack an innocent victim (three a ja m it one) ftab him in the Leg Task 31 Task 32 Here is an extract from a letter written to you by Shane, an Australian friend who is at present living in Britain: Tob h im o f a l l h i} m on ey leave him. to dieHe even th in k I waf an accomplice, when we d never even met before. He ay were were fcru ffily ireffed and looked like p rofesion al thieve}. He reckonf that U uniti vifit fta c e to attack and steal before moving on. The trouble if, now loti o f people have been writing to the paper in tu p p r t o f h if letter complaining about tourifU. I'<> be really grateful i f you could write to the newfpaper faying what realty happened. In a m a l l way, your Utter would h elf f i j h t a ja m it ignorance and freju U ce. Write a letter to the newspaper setting the record straight (about 200 words) and an appropriate post-card to the American woman (about 50 words}. Task 29 You are alone at home, waiting for your two English speaking guests to come back with the shopping. When they arrive, you are going to show them how to prepare a special meal that is traditional in your country. Suddenly the phone rings, and you are unexpectedly called out for a couple of hours. Before you go out, write a note for your friends giving them instructions on how to cook the meal you were planning (including any necessary advice on where to find everything necessary in your kitchen, and how to use your kitchen equipment). Write the note (10 0 2 0 0 words}. Task 30 Last time you saw a friend, they did something that made you very angry. You havent spoken to them since. Now, two months later, youre still a bit angry but you want to renew your friendship. Write your friend a letter (about - Next month is try 19th birtMay, s c s s ~ I'm going r . in the position o having to choose between three things First w dream of beconing a professional footoller i C S L offered a contract ty Bristol Rovers! so they're only in the Four* Division, but everyone has to start soneAere. could go to university: I've got a place to study SSneSing at Leicester, and I would get a small scholarship to enable r, to c o t p l e t e " vears My third choice is to do what rry S S L uy * to do - to SP 1 * to toce and help hi * =~lY (He'd nrobably also like me to marry the Wil Sughter S o n next door - and give up all n* otter i Do write and tell ne hat you Lcause vMchever I chcx.se, I'm sure to lose the other two opportunities.' Write your reply (about 250 words). Task 33 You recently spent six months in an English-speaking country working as an au-pair. Now a friend of yours wants to go and work for the same family. The family have written to you asking if you think your friend would be suitable for the job. (The work involves child-minding for three children aged 3, 6 and 8; some housework, including vacuuming and washing-up; and the choice of either gardening, cooking or walking the dog.) Write a letter to the family, recommending your friend. Your letter should be sufficiently positive to ensure that your friend gets the job, but you should at least pretend to give a balanced judgement. Write about 150 words, of which about 100 words should be the reference. Task bank Task 34 The International Health Council is collecting information about eating habits around the world. They invite you to submit a report of about 250 words to cover: the availability and affordability of fresh vegetables, fruit, fish and meat in your area. the typical diet of people in your area and the factors (financial, seasonal, traditional, advertising, etc.) influencing that diet. If appropriate, this section should be subdivided to cover different social groups within your society. any observations you may have as to how people in your area could take better advantage of the available resources to improve their diets. disaster, either natural (fire, flood, earthquake, volcanic eruption), or man-made. You may write from experience or use your imagination, but the report is to be written as an eye-witness account. Task 38 You have been invited to write a 250-word article for an international English-language magazine in your country. The subject of the article is Television in my country today. The editor has asked you to: Task 35 give your article an interesting title. briefly summarize the TV channels available and the kind of programmes they show. comment on the positive and negative effects of TV, whether on society or on the individual or both. suggest ways in which TV programming could be improved in the future. The British Centre is researching English language teaching in schools around the world. They already have information supplied by the teachers and management of schools, but recognize that this information is only half the story. In order to obtain a more balanced picture of the schools, the British Centre invites all advanced students to write a 250-word report on their school. As an incentive, the Centre is offering study grants worth 2,000 each to the writers of the best three reports. 1 Write three different first paragraphs for the article, all of them good. Each first paragraph should use a different kind of opening from the nine listed on page 2 Write three different titles for the article, to match the three openings. The title, like the opening, should do two things: indicate the content of the article, and make people want to read it. Write your report. Your report should cover all the relevant aspects of your school/English Department, from classrooms and facilities to teachers, management and methodology. You should also mention what you perceive to be the strengths and weaknesses of your school. Task 36 You work for a multinational company whose head office is in an English-speaking country. Every year in the first week in July an international training week is held in a different country from among the twelve countries where the company operates. A total of 200 employees attend, from all 12 countries. Activities include lectures, seminars and workshops, but recreation {including nightlife, swimming, sightseeing, eating out, etc.) is in fact the most important aspect of the week, as selection to attend the week is seen as a reward for the com panys outstanding employees. Next year the training week is to be held in your country, but it remains to be decided in which city. You are asked to prepare a report on possible venues. Write the report (about 250 words) recommending two suitable locations and showing the advantages and disadvantages of each. Task 37 Write a magazine report of 250 words describing a major Task 39 Your local English-language magazine is running a series entitled Formative years, in which readers are invited to write about someone who had an important influence (for good or bad) on the way they grew up. Write your article (about 250 words). B e w a r e o f se lf-in d u lg e n c e . T h e re a d e r o f th e m a g a z in e d o e s n 't k n ow you, an d p ro b a b ly d o e s n t w an t to h e a r a b o u t you r te a c h e r o r you r fam ily u n l e s s y o u h a v e s o m e t h i n g i n t e r e s t i n g t o s a y a b o u t t h e m . In p articu lar, try to s ta rt you r a rticle in a w ay th a t will m a k e th e r e a d e r w a n t to re a d m ore, Task 40 In Britain, there is some debate about whether the political system is a good example of democracy. For instance, there is a democratic body (The House of Com m ons) elected to govern the country - but any decisions that the Commons make must be approved by an unelected body of aristocrats, bishops and former politicians (The House of Lords') and also by the Queen. Similarly, the electoral system is sometimes criticised, as is the reiuctance of the government to hold referendums. As a contribution to this debate, a British newspaper has invited you to submit, for its weekly supplement aimed at 17-18 year-olds, a 250-word article in which you describe your own countrys political system and Task bank comment on its strengths and weaknesses. Write the Task 41 a For a young peoples English-language magazine in your country, write an article giving advice on one of the following subjects: How to make the most of your time as a student. T he best things in life are free' - five ways of enjoying life for free. Task 41 b For a national English-Sanguage magazine targeting the 18 -3 6 age range, write an article giving advice on one of the following subjects: Things to remember when buying clothes: tips for successful shopping. How to succeed at work: tips for the office worker and the young executive. Task 42 An English-language magazine is running a series of articles in which famous people choose 3 records that they would take with them if they were going to spend the rest of their life living atone on a desert island. Some weeks, the article is written by someone who is not so famous. This week, its your turn (if your article is interesting enough). Write the article (250 words) explaining which three records you would take, and It will p ro b a b ly b e m o re a p p r o p ria te to tell in terestin g s to r ie s a b o u t yo u r p e r s o n a l r e a s o n s for c h o o s in g th e r e c o r d s th a n to w rite th e w h o ls article a s if y o u w e r e a m u sic critic. Task 43 P S. M agazine W ritin g C o m p e titio n : W in a F ree H oliday in th e U.S.A. Imagine that next summer you a r e going to spend a month touring the U.S.A. You will be travelling with a friend. You dont want to cany much luggage so you decide that, a p a , rom anv maps, dictionaries, grammars and rehgioi: books, you will take just t h r e e books with you. What books will you take, and why. Write a 250-word article for this magazine, answering that question. The writer of the article we publish will win a holiday travelling around the U.S.A. Task 44 An Australian media company is offering to donate 40 English-language videos to your school, for use in or out of class, and also a scholarship for one student to study for a month in the States. In order to decide whai videos to send, the Australian company has invited every student in the school to choose two videos that they think would be interesting and suitable, and to write an article of about 250 words explaining their choice. The videos should be of any feature film, documentary or TV programme that you have seen: preferably they should have been made in English. The articles will be read by the representative of the Australian company, who will send 40 of the videos chosen and award the scholarship to the writer of the best article. The article itself will be printed in the companys magazine, in Australia. Write your article. Task 45 You are working at an International Summer Camp for children aged 12-16. Every member of staff has been put in charge of one sport or activity and asked to write a short leaflet in English introducing the children to the sport/activity, describing the equipment, rules, techniques and safety procedures, and giving any appropriate advice to beginners. You are lucky enough to be able to choose a sport/activity that you know a lot about. Write the leaflet (about 250 words). Task 46 A small travel company specializing in holidays for British people over 65 years old is planning to expand its operation to include your country. You have been asked to help prepare the holiday brochure. Since many of the old people may still have an image of your country that they formed 20 or more years ago, you are asked to write a 250-word article for the brochure describing the ways your country has improved as a place for tourists. Y o u will probably aim to s h o w , a s far a s p o s s ib le , th a t you r c o u n try h a s re ta in e d ail th e p o sitiv e q u alities it u s e d to h a v e, lo st an y n e g a tiv e q u a lities, a n d c r e a te d w o n d erfu l n ew o p p o rtu n ities a n d facilities fo r to u rism . Task 47 You are going away on holiday for three weeks. You have a pet animal at home, and a friend of yours is going to look after it while youre away. You dont get a chance to see your friend personally before you go away, so you write a set of instructions in the form of a note for your friend, explaining how to feed and look after the animal. You will leave this note on the kitchen table: your friend has a key. Write the note (75-100 words). nsw er k ey Paper 2 N am e and job On (lie o th er hand Miss Lee Job: Waitress Grudge against Stefkn's company I.D.S. (TextC) Shouldnthave been serving Stefanstable (Text I) Could have slipped something into the food (TextI) His wife was having an a ffa ir with Stefan (Text H) Doesn't want u death from poisoning in liisown restaurant (TextA) Could have put something into the cooking rabbit (Texts A, B, F) Something todo with the arms trade (Text D.G) Cantriskdamaging his 'Career, which depends on appearing totally trustworthy (Text D) Could easily have poisoned Stefan's food while dining with him (Text J) Niie unlesshe was paid by someone else (Text E) Was poisoned him self (Text G) Served Stefansfood (Text I) (Text I) 4 cohesion 5 organiz; 7 range Job: Restaurateur (Texts A.J) Colonel Lamont Job; Arms Dealer A Introduction (Text D,G) p a g e 12 Business letter Newspaper reviewofrestaurant Spoken: job interview Short newspaper report Spoken; polite conversation Back coverofanovel Informal telephone conversation Love letter Police officer'sreport Kevin Truckle Job: Waiter (Text G) Henry Hunserford jo b : Kevin's dog Kevin Truckle isthe murderer. Itisnthard to imagine someone paying him topoison Stefan, consideringStefan'slineofbusiness, Kevin first tiled out the poison on his dog toassessthe strength, than atea small amount himselfto simulate foodpoisoningand clearhimselfof B Formal and Informal 1 .0 page 14 to retain to function to masticate to appear to obtain illthe end vivacious/auim ated B a 1 arrived 2 irritated 3 despaired 4 becoming 5 provoking 6 discussed 7 contacted 8 lodging 9 connected 10 investigate II came 12 arranged 13 postponed 14 visited 15 refer b Lgot 2 put up with3 bring back 4 gone by 5 got 6 got 7 joined in 8 geton with9 fellout 10 turned out 11 making out c Connecting words ininformal spoken English are usuallyone-syllablewords such asand, but, so, which are used repetitiously. In formal speech tlie connectingwords are more complex, page 16 1 a The best place tospend an autumn afternoon inParis isprobably dieJardins b The actress placinghisloverisJuliette Binoche, and her (or whose) performance isveiy good, c This guidebook isvery helpful, ittells about many liltle-laiQwn places,and isthe lightguidebook fortouristswho don'tlike tobe partofthe crowd. Answer key 2 a Those marrying now, inthe 90s, only stand halfu chance ... b One easilyforgets ...(or,Itiseasyto forget c It'sincredible how much they spend (better, isspent)011 the army, especially inview ofal!the poor and homeless d ...isa good way forbeginners toimprove e As one reads thisbook, one gradually becomes lessignorant about what itislike tobelong to an ethnic minoritythatsuffers from racialdiscrimination and abuse, f ...create a homely atmosphere, g This book tellsthe layman (the ordinary person) everythinglieneeds ... h ...made me think/makes one think, i In my home town, were always seeing violence in the streets,but we .../one is always ...but one leams ... j ...when people aredesperate, they .../ when one isdesperate, one ... 3 a ...not enough activities foryoung people are offered, b Something must be done about these c Greater customer satisfactioncould be achievedifthe promises made inthe brochure were respected. Dear Miss.Kurosawa, Iwrite with reference toyour letterofApri! Isincerely,regretthat Ishallbe unable to meet you atthe aiiporton Thursday: unfortunatelyIluiveprevious commitments, namely a luncheon engagement and a dental Nevertheless, please allow me toassureyou thatnot onlymyselfbut alsoa number ofmy colleagues arevery much lookingforward to meeting you. In view ofthis,might Isuggest a meeting atyour earliestconvenience? Could we perhaps meet atyour hotel atSpin and take you out todinnerin one ofthe finest restaurants in Lille? !should be very grateful ifyou would phone to confirm. Ilook forward to hearing from you. Yours sincerely, Nicole Kenault p.p.Jean Enwr, Export Manager B Linking words 1 .0 page 2 0 A 2b By thattime /By then 3b Meanwhile /In the meantime /At the same time 4b As a result/Because ofthis/ Consequently /For thisreason/On account ofthis/Therefore 5b Accordingly (thewords suggestedfor4b are aso possible) 6b Despite this/In spiteofthis/ Nevertheless /Nonetheless/Allthe same Even so/Be thatasitmay /However 7b oilthe otherhand ! fey comparison /by contrast/however /though 8b What ismore /Also/In addition/On top ofthat/As wellasthat (aho possible-. Furthermore and Moreover, but these words are a b it fo rm a l) (The punctuation suggested what this book recommends, hut is not always the only possibility. The commas in brackets (,) are 1 We are advised todo thisexercisevery a carefully,otherwisewe willmake a lot b carefulIyO while our teacher .in the ] maternityleave 2 candidate/applicant 3 skills 4 command 5 desirable 6 appointed 7 have S manner 9 further 10 available 11 Completed 12 considered/accepted page 18 Tues 9am Jane Thanks forphoning to saywhen youd be back. Sorry Iwontbe inwhen you arriveIm going out tolunch, and then Ive got togo tothe dentists.But me and the others arc dying tohear aboutyour holidays (especially about Adonis!), soperhaps we could get togetherassoon aspossible afteryou get back. Maybe we could allmeet up fora drink intheCafe tiesSports at6,then go oul fora biteto eat? Give us a ringand sayifthat's - Nicole carefully;even though itiodkseasy. My weeks incaptivityweren't too unpleasant,.) considering the terrible reputation ofIllykidnappers. b unpleasant once I got used tothe page 17 jo b advertisem ent in a new spaper 37 line du Vieux Faubourg April 4th A Introduction p age 19 A The good writer - writesinsentences and uses punctuation - writes inparagraphs - organises thewritingby puttingthe ideas in - connects the ideas by using: a conjunction (When) a reportingverb {replied) B Mick and Keitliwen: two bed-ridden old men sharing a room inan old peopleshome. Mick had the bed nextto thewindow, from which he used to describein lovingdetailto his friendthe childrenplayinginthe sunshine, the dogs running inthe park and any really nasty street fights. At first,Keitlilovedthe descriptions, but soon he became sickwithjealousy. Thiswent on foryears untilone night (when) Mick was very illand calledout, 'Please, Keith, ringfor thenurse. Idon'tthinkIM last the night. His friend reached forthe alarm, but then thought, 'Ifhe dies, I'llgetthebed next tothe window.So he ignored the calls,pretending tobe asleep. C 1 in 2 but 3 On 4 At 5 so 6 soon 7 and c unpleasant, even ifthefo o d was 3 The tigersran away from the a Englishwoman as ifshe Cits going to eat them. b Englishwoman theway mice run away from acat. c Englishwoman the moment theysaw Her Olympic gold medai was a remarkable, though many people criticized her f o r her arrogance. b remarkable, not thatshe didntdeserve c remarkable illview ofthe factthat she had justhad a bfibij. 5 His clothes smelled ofChanel a Number 5,justasshe had expected b Number 5,besideswhich he had lipstickon hiscollar, c Number 5 now thathe was going out with Vanessa. 6 111look afteryour crocodiles while youre a holidayprovidedthatvon look aftermy grandparents next August. b holidayasthough theywere my very own children. c holidayO aswell aswatering the pineapple plants. 7 Itoldhim I had decided tobreak offour a engagement, much as Iregretted losing the ppotiunity to live in a castle. Answer key b engagement, whereupon he startedto c engagement, soliemade me give him back the ring. 8 The FBI took the i photographs so that theycouldput pressure oilthe minister. b photographs incase evidence against the President was needed, c photographs inspiteofthe CIA asking them not to. 9 I'vedecided todo two hours ofaerobics a day inorder toloseweight and look good on the beach. li day assoon asIcan affordthe clothes, c day as longasmy boyfriend comes with 10 a By the timewe arrived inBarbados, I was sorry Ihad married him. b No soonerhad we gottoBarbados than Idiscovered his secret, c Whenever Ireturn to Barbados, Iam filledwith nostalgia. 11 ii Hardly had Ana entered the room when everyone startedtoapplaud. b As a resultofAnasrecent Hollywood success, everyone wanted to meet her. c Despite herreputation, Ami didn't seem tobe interested in the men. 12 a Not onlywas their relationshipiiappy, but italsoproduced two children. b Since she hasbeen with Bruno, she 1ms forgotten all her old friends, c So astocelebrate theiranniversary, theyreturned toBarbados. page 22 Suggested answers Immediately- At once, Instantly, Now At thesame time - Simultaneously, Meanwhile, In the meantime Finally- At last,Eventually, In theend A t Lust implies a feelingof relief B Suggested answers 1 Ive been waiting an eternityforthis moment. A t last Ican holdyou inmy arms, 2 A friend ofmine gota job on a ranch near Buenos Aives.A t firs t (,)he found the life veiyhard, but itdidnttake lmij long to find hisfeet. 3 The food's in the oven and dinnerwillbe readyinan hour, In the meantime let'sgo and c!osome gardening. 4 We are always looking forbrightyoung men tojoin our staff. However, thereare no vacanciesat present. 5 The police received thebomb threat at 6.15pm und arrived atthe scene six minutes later. By then, the cinema had been evacuated and the adjoiningstreets cordoned off. 6 On my twelfth birthday, Iwas finallytold where babiescome from. Until then, !had imagined they came from the supermarket likeeverything else. A Suggested answers First- Firstly,Firstofall,In the firstplace Second - Secondly, Next, In addition Lastly- Finally, Furthermore, On top ofthat B Suggested answers 1 Itsluxurious,it'snottoo expensive, and thefoodsout ofthisworld. On top o f that theresthe Italianbarman: my friends think liesthe realreason Ialways go there. 2 Idon'twant tohave a drinkwithyou, because itstoo earlyinthe day and alsoI dontlikeyou very much. Besides, Im not 3 We are notwhollysatisfiedwithyour work todate, particularlyintermsof productivity, Moreover, on more than one occasion your poor timekeeping recordhas been brought to our attention. A That is(tosay).To put itanotherway, 1mean li Itcame asa surprisetohearthat Cleawas married. In fa ct, itcame asa shock. The onlythingChantalwants forherbirthday isanew English grammar book. A t least,I Our hotelwas what the travel agentsdescribe as livelyand colourful.In other words, it w;isinthe red lightdistrict. 1dontknow how you can listentothatmusic. /mean, itsounds like Rambo's foreign policy: no harmony but lotsofexplosions. A 1 Similarly-Equally, In the same way, Likewise, By the same token 2 By contrast- By comparison, Conversely, Incomparison, On the contrary, On the 3 But - Allthe same, And yet, Be thatas it may, Despite this, Even so, However, Nevertheless, Nonetheless, Still,Then again, Though, Yc-t B Suggested answers 1 Al!three filmsgive an extremely fine grained result. Delta, however, cannot quite mutch T-Max 100 forthe fineness of itsgrain structure. 2 Tht' Delco freezer ischeap and efficient. Sometimes, though, itcan be difficultto 3 Batman Returns' issurelyHollywood atits most original.Nevertheless,the film has its 4 Hesnot much tolookat,and lie'scertainly no hero. But Ilove him. 5 M anugers are advised toavoid confrontation. Instead ,theyshould encourage staffto discusstheirproblems'. 6 Professional cyclistsdo not getstomach pains, even though theyent ant!drink while competing. Likewise, swimmers 7 You say Iwas driving fastand dangerously. On the contrary ,Iwas observing the speed limitand drivingwith great care. In brief- Inshort, In conclusion, To sum up 111general- As a rule.Generally, Broadly speaking, By and large B Suggested answers 1 The earnings gap between men and women in Europe isatitshighestin Britain. On average, women inBritish industry receive 69 per cent ofmens 2 The Personnel Manager interviews alljob applicantslitre.On the whole, she looks forpotential ratherthan experience ov 3 And what was worse, itwas raining allthe time. Al! in all, itwas a disastrous 4 (4 3 0 students voted in favour ofthe motion toban smoking on the collegepremises, while 462 voted against.)Overall, students atthe college are againsta smoking ban. 5 At theback ofthe bookshelf,!found the cassettes ofthe telephone calls. Itwas Barbara, then, who had been tapping the palace phone lines. A For example - For instance,Among others Mainly - Primarily, Principally J5 Suggested answers 1 My catseems tothinkshesa dog. Yesterday,f o r instance, she bitthe postman, and tliismorning shejumped up and startedlickingmy face. 2 Yes, 1am studying English atthemoment. It'sp rim a rily formy job, but italsomeans that Illfindita loteasiertotravel. 3 His parents said twas a bad influenceon him. In particular thevaccused me" of takinghim drinkinglastSunday morning; theydidntmention anyotherways in which Iwas supposed toliavecorrupted A Anyway -Anyhow, At any rate By theway -Incidentally B Suggested answers 1 Ispent the restofthe daywatching the cycling on television. Talking about bikes, have you gotyours mended yet? 2 Darlene isstillas miserableasever, and Jackie nevercomes tovisitus,Anyway, Im sure you dontwant tohearabout my problems, so letsget back tothoseholiday 3 Ihad a letterfrom Patrick EggSi the other day, By the way, Idontsuppose you remember Carine Imhof? 4 Education isstillway behind the restof Europe, and the Health Serviceisincrisis. As f o r the economy, there'sno immediate sign ofan end tothe recession. As aresult -informal: So -formal; Accordingly, Consequently, Hence, Thus In that case - For this/thatreason. Because ofthis Answer key 10 him when theywere separatedby the exigenciesoftheirharsh education, 11 Read poetry;poetry makes men better, 12 Kropotkin was an explore)'who mapped some pfthe wildest and most majestic 13 riversilltheworld. He was an anarchist who, when be was imprisoned in the 14 dreaded fortressofStPeter and StPaulin Moscow, escaped by dashing out of 15 the gateinto awaiting carriage and gallopingthrough the streetswaving tohis 16 friendswho were waiting ateverycorner toseethatthe way was clear;then lie 17 shaved offhis beard and spent the evening at1 smartrestaurant, where no-one 18 thought oflooking forhim. He was a pioneer ofthe ecological movement, and 19 hisbook 'Mutual Aidlieuses his own observations ofnature to support !iis 20 view thataltruismhas an important rolein evolution; he was also fond of 21 quoting Darwinsdescriptionofthe blind pelicanwhich was fed by itsfellows. 22 Memoirs ofa Revolutionistisa wonderful adventurestory, redolent ofthe 23 generous spiritand vigorous mind ofits author ;ifithas not alreadybeen 24 reprinted, it should be. Suggested answers 1 Itisnot advisable todrinkbeer after vigorous exercise because alcohol isa diuretic- itmakes you urinate. Thus rather than replacingwhat yon have lostinsweat, itpromotes dehydration. 2 Finally, Ifound thepricingto lieas attractive asthe other features detailed above.Accordingly Irecommend purchase oftheAW/EU/4CAE Mark 1. 3 With The Lastofthe Mohicans,DayLewis has found thatvitalelement star quality.As a result, he isa strongcandidate foran Oscar. 4 Sorry Ididntcome out lastnig]it,but I was feelinga bitunder theweather. That's why Istayed athome and watched telly. 5 Don't forget topack insect repellent. Othenvise, you may findyourselfeaten aliveby the locul mosquitoes. 6 Shesonly invitingyou because youve got a car.'In that case 1wontgo A admittedly B astonishingly C fortunately D strangely E naturally F apparently G inmy opinion tomv mind frankly A Full stops, sentences, C Reference 1 .1 page 27 Suggested answers a ...often refuseto;to go I to move, etc b This means . c These concern ... cl Ithinkthis research is... e ...my working conditions f ....need rescuing (from the sea)/to be g ...have one, there ... p age 28 A 1 Some years ago I came across a copy of the 1906 edition ofPrince Petei' 2 Kropotkin's Memoirs ofa Revolutionist ina second-hand bookshop. Ibought 3 itfor3. As soon as 1startedto read itI recognized a hero. 4 Being myselfa coward and apessimist, and havingbeen so aslong as Ican 5 remember (and Ican remember falling out ofmy pram, which confirmed me in 6 my views), thepeople Imost admire are the boid and the optimistic-unless of 7 course they are very stupidaswell. Kropotkin, however, was as clever ashe 8 was kind, and liehad a sincere faithinthe absolute importance ofreading 9 books. In this liewas encouraged by his beloved elder brother,who wrote to page 29 Sentence 2 iscorrectlypunctuated. The others should read: 1 One day he married a cabaret dancer. This woman already had two daughters. 3 Ithinkthatateachersmethod isvery important. Would Ihave learned as much with anotherteacher? 4 Iseem tohave lostNaomis address. I wonder ifyou could have a look tosee if youve got it. 5 Cinderellawas inher room. She couldnt help thinkingabout the boy who had bought her the Coke. Her fathercame in and asked her how the disco had been. She toldhim about the boy, and how she didn't even know hisname. Finallyshe toldher father theworst ofit,thatshe had forgotten her bicyclewhen she leftthe disco some time around midnight. Suddenly therewas a ringatthe doorbell. Itwas the boy who had bought her the Coke, and he had her bicyclewith him. This bike's much toosmall foryou/ lie said. Shall Iadjust the saddle? Or better still,ifyoullbe my girlfriend, IIIbuy you a new mountain bike. The Fakirs ofIndiaare distinguished by their attempts todemonstrate theirresistanceto pain and privation. Some have been frauds, and some have shown remarkable powers of mind over matter, demonstratingthatall pleasure and pain isMaya, or illusion. At the end ofthe 19th century, FakirAgastiya ofBengal proved the mental control he possessedover liisbody by raisinghisleftarm above hishead and leavingitinthatposition untilhe died in 1912. Gradually, the blood circulationdiminished toalmost nothingand rendered the arm completelynumb and rigid. Even thejointlocked, and Agastiyawas laid torestwith hisarm inthe same position. The onlypoetic touch toan otherwise pointless exercisewas the decision by a birdtonestin the palm ofliishand. Whether the accumulating bird-limesetsolid overthe years and helped tosupport hisarm isunknown and open toafter-dinner p a g e 30 Suggested answers 2a Looking foran adventure, Lucy answered the advertisement. 2b Since she was looking foran adventure, Lucy answered the advertisement. 2c Lucy, who was looking foran adventure, answered the advertisement. 3a Approaching the desert island,she was impressed by itsbeauty. 3b As she approached the desertisland,she was impressed by itsbeauty. 3c She approached the island,whose beauty impressed her. 4a Findinga good place tocamp, they pitched the tent. 4b When they found a good place tocamp, theypitched the tent. 4c They found a good place tocamp, where they pitched the tent. 5a Needing tofindfood inorder tosurvive, Lucy learned to fish. 5b Since she needed tofind food inorderto survive, Lucy learned to fish. 5c Lucy,who needed to findfood inorder to survive,learned to fish. B 2 Frightened by the anonymous phone calls, he went to the police. 3 The stamps collected by my fatherare worth a fortune. 4 Children not accompanied by an adultwill be refused admission. 5 Bored by the film, Ileftthe cinema and went toa caf. 6 A woman attackedby a dog received no compensation forher injuries. 7 Diana iswearing the expensive coatworn by Lauren BacallinThe Big Sleep'. 8 I won the game ofchess by usinga clever gambit learntfrom Nigel Short. B Commas p age 30 la We allagreed thatwe would spend the next day touring thevillages, lb The deer were not disturbedby our 1c My brother Matthew finallybecame a good enough trumpet playertojointhe Answer key la She was, however, tiredafterher 2b Politicians have, tnbe fair,liedlessthis 3b lie told me, when hiscompany was going to be taken overby a multinational,that he was drinkingtoo much. 4a Jenny, toldthe storyofherhusband's accident, was angrywith him, (The other sentences are correct.) B 1 However, Idecided tospend theday inthe mountain refuge. 2 We found deer near the topofthe mountain, the highest inCatalonia, 3 On hearing about thedeer, Fabiana decided thatshewould climb the 4 High inthe sky,an eagle soared effortlessly,enjoyingthe sunshine, D 1 My birthday,which had begun with sunshine, ended with rain. 2 Cleopatra, Henry's dog, or ratherbitch, was a nuisance thewhole day. 3 Norway being abitcold inJanuary, Ive decided togo to Morocco. 4 Marion, who was frightened ofspiders, begged us,crying,toturn back. 5 Whatshappened tothe caryou used to drivewhen you were inCalifornia? 6 Henrysbrother the doctorwas unable to accompany us(,)but hisbrotherthe guitaristdid come. 7 However, oldasshe is,she has entered the London Marathon again. 8 He told me, and Iknow youre notgoingto likethis(J afterallthe drinksyou've bought him and allthe energyyouve put intoyour attempt tosellhim aJaguar, that liesbought a Fiat. p age 3 2 A l l asked herwhat time hermother expected 2 Icouldntpersuade him to tellme when he had started toindulge inthishabit. 3 Itoldher, tosimplifymatters, that Iwas the boss. 4 There was no way we could have guessed who was going tobe atthe party. B lb She promised, tokeep her mother happy, toleave the ballbefore midnight. 2b Ifonlyyoud told Helen, she wouldn't have been shocked when she saw it. 3a She asked me, tocut a longstoryshort, to mend her car. 4b Ican remember, whether you can ornot, 5a Itwas she who chose,which was unusual p age 3 2 A lb When he started toplaypolo, Kate stopped lovinghim. 2b Whether or notyou're going, Icertainly 3a Where there used tobe a factory,now there were fieldsofwild flowers. B 1 WasntitChurchill who saidthatpower corrupts and absolutepower corrupts 2 Many ofdie students and theirfriends and supporterswere shotatby thepolice,who laterclaimedthat theywere onlyobeying 3 My youngest sister,who was a baby during thetime Ispent inthe House ofthe Rising Sun',was stronglyadvisednot toclo what Ihad done. 4 A largenumber offairlysuccessfultrials had already been completed with laboratoryanimals before any change in thebehaviourofthe professorwho was responsible forthe projectwas noted. page 33 To avoidgivingtheimpression, halfway through the sentence, thatboth the cat and the dog go in the box. A 1 Australian footballerscan kickthe bal!or throw it. 2 The burglars ateallour food, and the baby never woke up. 3 She thought Miss Vernerwas goingtobe furiousand she waited allmorning tobe summoned to the5th floor,butthe call never came. 4 She squashed a grapefruit inCagneysface and walked out ofhislife. B 1 Before he tookoff,Lindberg made himself some sandwiches. 2 Much as Iadmire hispaintings, Iwouldnt trusthim with my daughters. 3 Ibought thisbicycleso Icould go tothe beach eveiy morning. 4 Footballers dream ofscoringgoals, and philosophystudents dream offindingthe meaning oflife. page 34 O ld Age at the Age o f Seven. The ageingprocess affectsus allatdifferent rates. Some people of53, likethe esteemed author, look a mere 35,with sparklingbrown eyes and a handsome gait. Others, likethe authorsfriend Colin, look likelittlemiddleaged men at21(,)with middle-aged outlooks, setways and planned futures. In women the former conditioniscommon, butwomen rarelysufferfrom die latter,being firedwith the insatiabledrive ofambition foreitheran independent and distinguishedcareer ina still male-dominated world, ora home and seven children by the time theyare30. No such luck forCharles Charlesworth, who was born on the 14th ofMarch 1829 in Stafford. At the age offourQ Charles had a beard and was sexuallymature. In the finalthreeyears ofhislife(,)his skin wrinkled and he developed varicose veins, shortness ofbreath, grey hair,seniledementia and incontinence. Some time inhisseventh yearQ he faintedand never regained The coroner returned averdict ofnatural causes due toold age. C Semicolons page 34 page 34 1 ...tournament: sixwomen includingmyself; Peter Bates and John Wade; the twins; and, of courses the team captain with hispartner. 2 While working atthe hospitalshe was overworked, exploited and constantly criticizedatthe same time asbeing underpaid, undervalued and taken for 3 ...activities:music and singing; circus skills, includingjuggling;vegetarian cooking; mime and acrobatics; improvisation; and, above ail,a warm group experience. O Colons p a g e 35 Suggested answers 1 Ithink Mar)'isin love: she hasntbitten anybody today. 2 I m sure I'llpass my exams: Im goingout with the examiner. 3 Silviaisinterested inanimals: she has hundreds ofwildlifevideos. 4 The dresswas elegant, sensual and provocative: tonightshewould be irresistible. 5 He was bitten by a cobra: he diedatonce. 6 Ihad a terriblehangover this morning: I stayedinbed til!midday. 7 Suddenly 1remembered my grandmothers advice: never trusta man whose eyebrows meet in the middle, 8 She thinks shesa model: she spends alllicr time dressingup and posing in frontofthe 1 .0 page 36 1 Rosewail no longerhad the strengthand energy ofhisyouth and sohis game became more economical: nothingwas wasted. 2 The stringquartet Iplaywith comprises two violins,a violaand acello, but my jazzquartet has ratheran unusualline-up: double bass, violin,piano and tenor saxophone, 3 But now, afterabath, a change ofclothes and a drink, the thought returned tome: how wai Foxton going toreactwhen ho found that I had escaped? 4 I vejust decided toemigrateto Canada: it sounds likethe perfectsolution. 5 There are four tilingswe would need toknow more about before we couid offeryou ajob: we would need toquestion you furtherabout your education,your family background, your expcriencq(,) and your plans forthe future. E Dashes page 36 1 Now atlast here in my hands was a book whose entire subjectwas railwaytrainsill Indiainthe 1940s. (N.B. The commas in brackets are possible but not very useful.) Answer key 2 The people here are always happy ;uidsmiling - which ismore than can be saidfor Edward. 3 Binoculars must be held steadily,which means restingthem or your elbows - on a 4 The writerofthisnovel istrying totellushow important itisfor us tokeep intouchwith our own violence and aggression - atleast(,) I think that'swhat shestrying tosay. 5 On thebrinkofatotalbreakdown, he met Laurie - Insfourth and greatest love- who wsistoinspiresome ofhis most moving F Hyphens page 37 Local angerwas revealedyesterdaywhen a cross-sectionofthe'population was questioned about plans fora now gas-cooled nuclear reactorjusttwenty-three miles north-west oi the citycentre. The opinion poll reveided stronganti-nuclearfeelings among three-fifths oithe population. Indeed, the coexistence of two pressure groups inthe valleycame to light:one a small-time affairlodby n doglovingcatfoot!factoiy-owner cohabitingwith aused-car saleswoman in ;itwenty-storey high-riseblock, the othera more threatening operationwith left-wing Mandst-LemiliSt sympathies. This htter group, co-ordinated by Lieutenant-Colonel James Fox-Talbot, the red-haired Porsche-driving managing director ofan ultra-modern high explosivefactory, is alreadysuspected ofhaving committed a number ofacts oflow-level sabotage. Lady Fox-TalboL, the Lieutenant-Colonels university-educatedwife and co-coordinator ofthegroup, has described theseaccusations 'We aresimply-reminding the democraticallyelectedgovernment ofitsdemocratic responsibilities,'the Fox-TalbOtS saidin ajoint statement issued yesterday. 'Asparents with <i three-year-old son, we are deeplyworried about the governmentshappy-go-lucky attitudeto radiation. We urge illour tellnw vaUey-dweUers tojoin us and tfikeadvantage ofthisonce-in-a-lifetime opportunity to prevent the mistakes oftwentieth-century technologybeingearned over intothe twentyfirstcentury. Warm up: register exercise 1 and 2 p age 38 A A dictionary definition, (heading, e.g.,'also...') B An extract from a consumer advicearticlein a magazine, (details, figures,our tests) C An extractfrom iletterofcomplaint. (Im havingproblems,Im writing',firstly...) D A magazine advertisement, (adjectivesclassic,attractive',ideal,'practical' ...) E A description, taken from a letterto a lost property office, (factualdescription) F A personaladvertisement, eitherfrom the 'small adscolumn ofa newspaper or from a card pinned on a noticebourc! orin a shop window, (name and tel.no.) G An extractfrom iidescription ofa painting, (reds and greens', strokes', canvas...) Because no-one would readthem. 1 Paragraph 12 - Which iswhy itcomes with ...warranty.A relativeclause, not a Paragraph 3 - Including thewindow on the tailgate.A participleclause,not a 1B Describing pictures and p a g e 41 A Use a dictionarytocheck thatthe compounds you have writtenexist. p a g e 42 I been 2 the 3 he 4 slowly 5 it 6 </ 7 too 8 also 9 / 10 has II both 12 such 13 ;ifter 14 / 15 uni Three senses described - sight,sound and smell 1.2 Describing a photograph Just fo r ijo u ro w n interest, the fo llo w in g words are the original ones fro m both texts. I impish 2 black 3 fur 4 plummy 5 annoying 6 happy 7 independent 8 frightened 9 tiny ]0 forbidding II bright 12 polluted 1C Describing products 1.0 p a g e 44 A The theme offreedom and escape is introducedinthe title(Getaway c a r), continuedinparagraph 1 {freedom), paragraph 2 (liberation ),paragraph 6 (fa r away) and paragraph 10 (in the w ild), and in paragraph 14 (getting away to the back o f B paragraph 7 -'Steal a dayssailboarding C 1 The word forerunner isgiven the strange spelling4Rimner inorder toconvey a second meaning, thatitisa4-wheel-dnye vehicle (and presumably runs well, or fast). 2 A carwhich citypeople can drive toget away from the city;a carused forescape by criminals. mentallytaken toanother place/world; physicallytaken toanotherplace. an excitinglife,fullofadventure; stripof road marked out forfasttraffic. a caravanortrailerishitched(attached) toa car;a hitchisa disadvantage. D getin;turn on /switch on /start; F Paragraph 5 - more power and torque than anythingelse in itsclass' G * Paragraph 7 - 'Itwillrelish the climb' carsare not infactcapable ofenjoyment * Paragraph 11 - thiscarwillnever make heavy weather ofit'- carsare not capable ofmaking a taskmore difficultthan itis. page 46 1 C 2 J 3 G 4 I 5 H 6 A page 4 7 A The missinginformation is Itcan tow a load ofoverone and ahalftons. B Stoves have produced ovens in Merseyside since the 1920s. They spend a lotofmoney on market research aridproduct development. The ovens theymake can be singleordouble, gas orelectric,and with orwithout a fan;all have a system to keep the door cool. The gas ovens have a grillthat givesan even heat. All the ovens are designed to stayclean, (Stoves ovens are the bestin Europe.) Warm up register exercise p age 4 6 Suggested answers A Articleabout surfing- people interestedin B Packet ofcocoa - consumer C Business advice - businessman, administrator D Article,advice leaHet - parents E Articleabout coffee- student F Christmas cracker,cigarette packet - general G First Aid advice- people learningFirstAid H Recipe - peopie interestedin cooking I Direct speech from teacher students J Article about massage - people interestedin massage techniques K Shampoo bottle consumer Tellingyou to do something F, I Tellingyou bow todo something- B, H, J,K Giving advice on how todo something - C, 15 Describing a process- A, E, G 2A Instructions and directions 1 .0 page 49 A The firstsetismuch more detailed, and would be adequate toexplain the exercise even tosomeone who had never done the exercise before and who didnthave the Stand uprightwith your bottom tucked in, your knees slightlybent and your hips slightly forward. Bending sideways atthewaist to your left,bringyour rightarm up, lettingyour leftarm slideslowlydown your legasyou breathe out. Hold and startgoingupright as you breathe in. Repeat fivetimes and then on the otherside fivetimes. Hello magazine - Beaut)': Focus on Exercise', ed. Vickie Bramwell. Answer key 1 .3 page 5 0 I application '2 moisture 3 performance 4 extremely 5 humidity 6 moderate 7 hearing 8 safety 9 driving 10 powered II optional 12 adaptor 13 regularly 14 lightly 15 cleaning 2B Advice page 51 1 and 2 of 3 / 4 all 5 try 6 J 7 though 8 after 9 / 10 them 11 to 12 or 13 yourself 14 happens 15 / 7 To improve your handwriting, write more slowly./(You can) improve your handwriting by writingmore slowly. page 52 Suggested answers 1 A Read as much aspossible E Use a good dictionary C VisitinEnglish-speakingcountry D Use the language E Get used tothe exain 2 Introductionshould include acknowledgement ofthe difficultiesofthe exinn, but be positivethatstudentscan do a !otto improve theirchances ofpassing, 3 Suggested answers Paragraph 2:Youreprobably ...perfectly. Paragraph 3:Babies ... Paragraph4: Itspossible ...dictionary. Paragraph 7:In some ...CAE. page 57 1 the/that/this 2 to 3 Ail 4 As /Since/(Because) 5 which /that 6 this/it/that 7 These /Such /Those 8 then /(immediately) 9 But/However 10 has /needs ]1 then 2C Processes and systems page 52 A Tlierc iresdmewhat differentmethods of pickingup ababy orhalf-grown rabbit as opposed toan adult.A young rabbitcat)be easilypicked up by slidinga hand under the belly(,)iindliftingbodilybefore itfiasa chance ofjumping away. The trickisto Imve theanimal's body nicelybalanced inthe palm ofthe hand. A veryyoung vabbil beingpicked up forthe firsttime may struggle ilittle,so transferittoyour chest and soothe itby gentle stroking. Alternatively, Imng up the otherhand and cuddle itgently. Hold theanimal firmlybut not tightly,otherwise itmay struggle nilthe more vigorously, Most young rabbits quicklyadaptto being picked up inthismanner and,correctlyheld, rarelystruggle. However, they must have the opportunity tobecome accustomed totlie human hand(,) and itisadvisable tohandle youngstersofabout fiveto sixweeks onwards on a regularbusis, Spare a few moments at feedingtime to fondle theyoungsters while theyareeager forfood. The commas in brackets are possible, but notnecessary. Ifyou have used any commas apart from tlioseshown above, return tothe sectionon commas on pages 30 to34. B 1 To go right, move the steeringwheel clockwise. /(You can) go right by moving thesteeringwheel clockwise. 2 To make itwork (To getittowork), kick it./(You can) make itwork by kickingit. 3 To avoid thisproblem, use cold milk./ (You can) avoidthisproblem by usingcold 4 To interrupt thespeaker, raiseyour hand. / (You can) interruptthe speaker by raising 5 To get ahigher note, blow harder. /(You can)get ;ihigher note by blowing harder. 6 To avoid gettingburnt, letgo as soon as it gets hot. /(You can) avoid gettingburnt by lettinggo assoon as itgets hot. tliefondant centrescovered inchocolate; (1,43) 30C; These (1.49)- glucose and fructose. C In the firstparagraph, tliewritersummarizes theprocess inasimpleway. Tliismakes the more detailed process description much easierto follow,aswe alreadyliavea general idea ofwhat ishappening and why. The first sentence ofparagraph 4 has a similarfunction inrelationto the restofparagraph 4. D The version in the textisbetterbecause itis equallyclearand preciseeven though ituses fewer words. Here, asinmost writing, economy isa greatvirtue. page 54 A A water-filledre extinguishercomprises a red-painted steelcylinderconnected to ahose and controlledby an operatinglever.The cylinder isfilledalmost tothe topwith water. Insidethe cylinder isa (.'irtridgecontaining C02 gas athigh pressure. When the safetypin isremoved; the operating levercan be squeezed, pushing apin down to pierce the COS cartridge. The high-pressure gas isreleasedintothe space above the water inthe cylinder. The gas pushes down on the water,which isforced up the dischargetube toa hose connected toa nozzle. The nozzle isnarrower than the discharge tube, sothe speed atwhich the water leavesis increased. The water islluowjifarenough so thatthe operatorcanstand back from the fire. B I As you can see/This leverhere /this safetypin liere/And that/ofcourse 2 tilepassive voice/inthe lastsentence, 'the page 55 1C 21 311 4A 5F 6B B nicely,slopped, stuff page 56 The order oftheparagraphs: apart from the firstparagraph,which summarises the whole process, the paragraphs reflectthe orderof tlieprocess.Within each paragraph, a similar B its (1.9)- sugar:solution (1.10) - the mixed sugarand water; the syrup (1.12)- tlie heated solution; it (1.16)- the hot, sticky, clearsolution; it (1,19)- thereheated fondant; which (1.31)- the indentations in the cornflour (or, the shapes stamped into the cornflour );the liq u id fondant (1.32) - the fondantwhich liasnow been further reheated; it (1.32)- the liquidfondant; This (1.37)the conveyor; which (1.38) - the bath of melted chocolate; the covered sweets (1.42) Warm up: register exercise page 58 A4 B 2 C 6 D 1 ES H 7 F3 G 5 3A Narratives and connecting page 59 I had 2 he 3 are 4 / 5 there 6 </ 7 being 8 were 9 off 10 after 11 these 12 first 3B Biographical narratives 1.0 page 62 IF 2 G 3 B 4 E 5 A 1.1 page 62 3 1 Hayingheard/hearingwhat liisdaughter had done, liewas proud. 2 Singing Flower ofScotland', the soldiers marched through the blizzard. 3 Visitingthe Sudan lastyear, Iw;isshocked by what Isaw. 4 Born in 1975 and educated atHirst, Susan Gallon became a starin 1996. 5 Having pulled a muscleyesterday, Icant do any trainingtoday. 6 Not havingbeen tothe States, ]dont know what you'retalkingabout. 7 Haiing insistedthatwe should allbe punctual, he himselfwas halfan hour late. 8 Not having opened the letter, ]hadnt realised that Ihad won firstprize. 9 Looking around oldhouses, some people get a sense ofhistoiy. 10 Not being llucutin theirlanguage, Ihad touse silotofmime. 11 Inspired by the concert, her son startedto learn tliepiano. Answer key 12 Having assumed/Assuming thatAugust would be hot, Ihad only brought T-shirts and beach clothes. 13 Ilavingbeen bitten by snakes many times before, Iwasntfrightened ofthe cobra. 14 Havingjustread an articleabout the life ofFrancis James, Iwouldn't be surprised ifyou toldme thathe spent threeyears in prison inChina. 15 Delighted about winningthe prize, Itook alltny friends out to celebrate. 1 .2 page 64 Suggested answer 3C Newspaper stories 1 .0 page 6 6 A doctorwho came acrossa mock raildisaster exercisethought itwas the real thingandjoined inthe rescue effort. Robert Lamboum realisedhismistake-when lie gave one ofthe injuredapainkillinginjection and the surprised actorlonked up toask, Do we reallyhave to go thatfar?' The volunteer patientexplained tothe doctor that the40 casualties lyingaround thecrash scene were ill]acting,then he wus stretchered 31 Coleridge Road Cambridge CBX ITT The Editor The Daily Correspondent 77 Fleet Street London W C 1PF 12 F e b ru a ry 1 9 9 6 Dear Sir Iwas very surprised to read the ill-informed references to tlit?musician, actress and writer Cindy Vitale in the review of'Turn ofthe Century: 6 Stories forthe 90swhich appeared in your issue of February 12th. Writing as someone who knew Cindy in her post-punk days - we met in 1981 in Biiliwhere she was studying gamelan, and remained in touch tillher tragic death in a car accident in 1994 - Iwould liketo correct the very false impression ofCindy thatyour readers may have afterreading Eric Bacons review. Your reviewer, who for a literarycriticissurprisinglywillingto assess the artistic ability ofa musician, claims that Cindysmusical careerwas far from distinguished'. He also claims that- because Cindy showed great abilityas a writer, she was wasting her talents in the years before she startedto write. A more responsiblejournalistwould not have made such sweeping statements without firstascertaining the facts,which paint n very away tosleepoffthe effects ofthe injectionin Doctor Lamboum had inadvertentlyjoined inan exercisewith police, fireand ambulance services atChoppington, Northumberland. He was thought to be part ofthe medical team and was allowed through the police cordon. Doctor Lamboum was not availablefor comment yesterday, but Uis colleaguein Ashingtoil, Northumberland, Dr John Campbell, said, My colleagueactedwith theverybest Warm up: register exercise p a g e 6 8 A 5 B 3 Cl Not content with reducing Cindys entire artisticcareer to punk rocker,your reviewer describes even that period as unsuccessful' - if5 Top 40 singles and 2 albums injust two and a halfyears isunsuccessful, then who needs success! Mr Bacon further claims that she was disappointednot toland the leading role in the film 'Broken English:she was, in fact,offered the role, but refused toparticipate in the commercial exploitation of a culture she believed in;she chose to make 'StreetPartyinstead, By publishing this letter,you willrestore both tliereputation ofa remarkable woman and this readersfaithin the integrityofyour newspaper. Yours faithfully, Ju dit Sziibereky D 7 E 6 F2 G 4 4A Argument 1.0 page 69 Students often wonder whether itsworth going to Britaintostudy English. I would say it depends on how much money you have, and whether ornotyou have a tastefor adventure. Some students make very good progress when studyingiiiBritain, and enjoy themselves enormously. O th ers, however, acquire near-perfectEnglish without ever visitingan English-speaking country. All in all,itdepends very much on the individual. B This isonly thethirdtime I ve been toa footbfJ]match, and Istilldon'tknow ifI reallyenjoy it,In some ways, beingpartof such a big crowd israther a frightening experience. Also, I must admit that I dont understand allthe rules. But al the same time, itisan excitingand fairlyinexpensive way ofspending an afternoon. By and large, Ithink Ido find football matches enjoyable, and Iprobablywillgo again. m oftentold Im lucky tobe awoman, but in factitsa mixed blessing. W hile it is Irue to say that women are strongerthan men in many ways, I n evertheless feelthatsociety Cindy was a woman ofmany parts who, afteran early startas a classicalpianist (sliewas playing Chopin and Liszt on BrazilianTV atthe age of 16), developed a passion for drums and percussion which took her around the world during a distinguished career as a performer, teacher and student ofher chosen instruments. She was also an accomplished actress who trained at LAMDA, spent 18 months with die RSC, achieved critical success with her film role in Derek AgiossStreet Party,and found regular TV work throughout the 80s in Cuba. page 6 6 A 1 d,i,a,c,e,h,g,f,b (g,h alsopossible) 2 had takenmakes the order ofevents clear /were headinghelps set the scene. 3 Suggested answers Absent-minded runaway found safeat home having tea! 73-year-oldToni abandons wife, 84, fora B Suggested answer A Swedish au pairliasbeen sent back home forbeing a man. C Middle paragraphs should include: the name ofthe gardener when, where and how he discovered tlie how much itisworth detailsofthe problems ithas caused Answer key tends to be prejudicedin favourofmen. On thatalthough Iam both proud and happy tobe awoman, Ithinkthat itisthe men who are lucky. D Many young actors and actresses dream of becoming slurs,but inrealitystardom has its drawbacks uswell asitsattractions.On the one hand, starscun earn a lotofmoney. Also, theycan travela lotand have an excitingsociallife.On ihe o th e r hand, stars become public property, and lose alotof theirprivacy. Not only tlmi. bul they also lose much oftlieivfreedom: they can no longerwalk inthe streetswithout having to talktostrangers and sign autographs. Ultimately, theyoung actorwho dreams of stardom isindangerofbecoming a starwho dreams ofthewonderful freedom lieenjoyed when he was anonymous. E As an Olympic Gold Medallist, iam often askedwhat isthebest way tospend the night before a bigrace.On the one hand, itsa good idea tosticktoyour normal routine. On the oilier hand, some athletes find they cannot sleepproperlyunless theyuse some special relaxationtechniques. Personally, though, I liketogo out fora meal with my husband, then getan earlynight. F There are many reasonswhy I lov chocolate. One reason is that I have a sweet tooth. A nother isthatchocolategivesme energy when Im feelingtired.What ism ore, they say lhatchocolate containsa drug that fictson thebrain likemorphine: I dontknow ifI believe1this, but Iam certainlyaddicted. Above all, I lovechocolate because I know I could never be happy without it, G 01 allthe soap powders inthe world, Iwould recommend thatyou use Halo. In the first p lace, itisconcentrated, soyou only have to use very littleofit.M ore importantly, itis 100% biodegradable, and thereforedoes no harm tothe environment. On top o f that, as everyone knows, Halo washes whitest. In short. Halo isyour wisest washday choice. realjustification.Why buy a mountain bike with 21 gears ifyoure onlyever going touse itin the city?Why spend 400 on a bike that you willseldom use, knowing thatifeveryou parkitin thisstreet itisliabletobe stoicn? Advocates pointtothe Anboto mountain bikesurban advantages. The shock absorbers arid thicktyres are veryeffective atcoping with the rough surface and potholes between the carlane and thepavement, forinstance. Witli itbeing able toclimb rooks,you can always getout oftrouble by mountingthe pfpement. Ecology comes into the reckoning too, especiallywhen carowners can be tempted into cyclingby the stylingand technologyofthisfashionable and prestigious b alan ce, I suppose p a g e 71 A 1 a,d,g,i 2 c,f,h, k 3 b,e,j.I 8 Paragraph 1:Introduces the subjectwith Paragraph 2: Disadvantages oi'lying Paragraph 3; Disadvantages oftellingthe Paragraph 4:Conclusion 4B Reviews 1.0 page 72 A 1 The firstsentence informs the reader that two differentpoints ofview follow. 2 Itoffers the criticsview. 3 Itoffers the advocatesview, JB There are two schools ofthought about mountain hikes such as the Lamia Anboto. Criticsdismiss them as expensive toyswith io 1.1 page 73 A Suggested answers 1 however 2 which 3 which 4 Such 5 also 6 their 7 same S nor 9 In 10 too 11 Despite 12 it 13 hardly 14 But 15 by B Using understatement, and by contrastingthis film toprevious filmsby the same director. 1.2 page 74 A I D 2 F 3 B 4 H 5A 6E B Itbegan asexpected ...extraordinary ... triumphant; Not greatsongs ...asever, ... speed ...thoughtful lyrics;...rollingand slick; p age 74 A Personally, Icantseewhat distinguishes; in my opinion; but 1forone;what reallyannoys me; Idontknow about you; the impression I get;the plot too iscorny. B tcantbe her prose, surely: although the words heatand dustappear frequently, no impression ofheat or dust isgiven. Indeed, the careful,well-organized sentences convey instead the impression ofavery literaiy, upper-class woman sittingather typewriter drinking tea. Finally,what isparticularlyannoying about thisbook isthe weltersmorality. She's a romantic and a moralist: she looks down on her narratorwith a patronizing attitude,and paints a degradingpicture ofmodern love by givingher narrator;ikind ofabject promiscuity in theplace ofa love life.And incredibly, the message ofthe book seems to be that the best tilingthat can happen to a woman even an unmarriedwoman, without a boyfriend, travellingabroad - istoget pregnant. ItisnotjustthatJhabvalaiswriting about a differentcontinent: itwould appear thatshesalsolivingina differentworld. 1.0 page 76 The problem istSnatthe boyfriend isunhappy with thewomanssuccess. He's lostconfidence page 76 1 b,c:g 2 e,i,] 3 a,f,j 4 <1,k 5 h, m Warm up: register exercise p a g e 7 8 A 6 B C 5 D 4 El F3 G 7 5A Describing people 1 .0 page 8 0 The laundrymen ofBamako A 1 over 2 which 3 as 4 Despite 5 were 6 into 7 against/onto 8 them 9 as 10 could 11 of 12 to 13 for 14 on IS a B height, buikl, skin, character 2 .0 p a g e 81 a Suggested answers asifhesjustwaiting; look likethey'reold; Iwould say he was in;hesprobably; asif the man had spent;The photo seems to have been taken; he iseitherjustabout to playor he could be; sweat-soaked strands b Paragraphs 4 and 5 describe the writer's personal reaction. Personal reactions are often used asa method ofsumming up. 5B Describing places 1.0 p a g e 83 A l No 2 thereis/are 3 The river 4 then' / before1 B 1 Both are lists. 2 Itsa description ofaroom and its contents. Positionofthe contents isnot 3 Itfocuses on the 'organizing principle' of the descriptionand sets the scene. 4 No. The sentence Says Officer B could swimand at8.15 each night'. 1 .2 p a g e 84 B The lefthand side isdescribedin detailfirst then verybriefmention ofthe righthand wa!l ismade and finallya detaileddescription of theback wall. C Next to...In frontof... Tlie restofthewallwas ...The desk was ... D Taken up by ...but fortwo ... he saw ...The back wallhad ... page 85 A 1 E III 3 C 4 G 5 F 6 K B h,c,d,i,m The otherdetailsarenot appropriate here; they are not relevant, not factual etc. page 8 6 A 1 / '2 to 3 Manhattans 4 height 5 industrial 6 its 7 enterprise. 8 / 9 clouds exposed 10 / 11 Given the 12 surrounding 13 / 14 Whole Answer key B glitteringsticks;lividstorm clouds ...rolling; sweeping curve; weirdly; freakish; defied gravity brazen;battling;large,low moon; huge ...medallion; higlimelodrama; crashing; set...on fire. page 94 00200 Helsinki 6A Letters of complaint: tact The Manager Windermere WildsideAdventure Holidays 1.2 page 89 A 1 repair 2 bought 3 guarantee 4 assured 5 found 6 appears 7 replaced 8 grateful 9 arrange 10 carry out 11 convenient 12 faithfully B 1 response 2 claims 3 failure 4 returning 5 refund 6 receiving 7 convenience 8 ordered 9 sorry 10 must 11 replace 12 ensuring 13 recover 14 hearing Dear Siror Madam Iam writing toexpress my dissatisfactionwith the adventure holiday Ihave justhad with your organisation, from the 12th tothe 25tliofthismonth. The holiday, forwhich Ipaid 380, failedsignificantlytoliveup to thepromises made inyour advertisement. First,although the holidaywus advertised asbeing based atWildside Hall. Ifound myself insteadatayouth hostelseven mi]es away. This meant,that,with no carorbuses available, I had no accessto the Hallsfacilities(pool, sauna, etc);atthehostel, the only leisure facilities were atabletennis table and apack ofcards. page 91 A 1 There are no differencesoffactbetween the two letters. 2 (a) Positivelyand politely 3 Suggestedanswers an absolutedeath trap' 'A museum piece 'Liable topoison me Im indanger offreezing todeathwhile you take a holidayinthe Bahamas' 4 Suggested answers 'Itsyou who shouldp;iyforit While you takea liolickyin the Ifyou dontdo thisbeforewinter setsin, I'llbe obliged The heatingproblem is,infact,aggravatedby the third and, happily,lastsmall problem that I inn confidentyou willwish toresolve. Three of the windows do not closeproperly: two itthe frontofthe house, and one atthe back. Tliis, combined with lnumber ofbroken and cracked window paries,contributes toan enormous heat loss,not to mention the deterioration ofthe fiat causedby the coid and the rainwaterentering through the1cracks itiidbroken windows. Obviouslythe windows, likethe cookerand tlie heating, are a matter thatrequires immediate attention. Perhaps double glazing (the solution adoptedby the proprietors ofmost oftlieother houses intliestreet)would be aworthwhile investment: itwould certainlyprotect thevalue ofthe property. 26 June 1996 Furthermore, atthe hostel therewere neithercomfortable double roomsnor talented kitchen staff: therewere fourpeople ina room, and the foodwas very ordinaryindeed. Finally,thechoice of activitieswas not asadvertised.Whereas you claimed thatever)'daywe would be able tochoose from awide range' ofactivities,inrealitythere was only ever a choice oftwo. Ihad planned to spend thewhole fortnight sailingand windsurfing, bul for eight days ofthe holickyneitherothese was on offer. In view ofthe many ways inwhich theholidayfaiSed toliveup toyour advertisement, which can onlybe describedas extremely misleading, 1feelthat arefund ofatleast190 would be appropriate. Should thisrefund not be forthcoming, Ishallbe obligedtoreferthe matterto the British Tourist Board, Yours faithfully, Satra n ta Brunoni Chris Im gladyou asked me about adventure holidays because Ican tellyou, DONT GO were theones Iwent with lustsummer (3S0 perperson perfortnight), and itwas a nightmare. So ifyou do go, choose Outward Bound, ive heard theyre good, but Icant tellyou about theirprices. 6B Applying for jobs, courses and p age 95 Paragraph 1:Reason forwritingthe letter Paragraph 2: Relevant information from her CV Paragraph 3:Why she isapplying forthejob A 1 page 96 At least21. 2 jobs for English speakers The au pairjobs since an au pair ispart of the familymore than an employee. 6G Other formal letters 1.0 page 98 A ] ID 2A 3D 4B 5C 6D 7A 8A 9B 10D 11D 12C 13A 14B I5B 2 To complain aboutinsurance companies; tellthe stoiyofthewriter's daughter; to askforadvice on how todeal with insurance companies. Answer key B I failure 2 agreed 3 fascinating 4 sincerely 5 omission 6 forgetfulness 7 inconvenience 8 offence 9 ntroduetoiy 10 inappropriate 11 disrespect 12 wonderful 13 memorable 14 entertaining 15 enclosed 1 .1 page 100 1 IB 2C 3B 4A 5A 6C 7A 8A 7A Technical matters page 102 1 To thunkArantxa forlettingher stayinher Her stayinthe flat;die death oftwo goldfish The Happy PlanetAssociation 63 Crimscott St London SE1 The Conference Manager Mrs Lumley The Royal Hotel Severn St February 7th 1.996 Dear Mrs Lum!ey Further toour telephone conversationyesterday morning, Iwould like toconfirm our booking fora conference atyour hotelfrom Saturday September 3rdto Monday September 5th ofthisyear, leavingon the morning ofthe6th. The details(subjecttoamendment) are asfollows: Sat 3rd, Sun 4th, Mon 5tli : 26 single rooms 8 double rooms Pleasenote thatone ofthedelegatesisdisabledand requires accommodation with good ONE CONFERENCE ROOM on Sat3rd and Mon 5th (not on Sunday), 4.30- 7.00p.m., equipped with VCR and monitor, toaccommodate up to40 people inspace and comfort. 4 SEMINAR ROOMS on Sun 4tliand Mon 5th: 10a.m. 1.00p.m. and 2.30 4.00p.m., equipped witliwhiteboards, toaccommodate up to 12 people each. and theirreplacement; aplane strikeat Heathrow airport. 2 Thank-yOu; apologies forgoldfish and explanation; reminder about party. 3 This question isanswered by the restofthe 1.1 page 104 1 In Arantxa's fiat,possiblyoilthe kitchen (able, 2 She isinahurry. 3 By includingnothing else. She leavesoutall unnecessaryinformation. In terms of grammar she uses abbreviations, contractions and ellipsis. 2.0 page 105 B (letter)Thanks verymuch; I'lltellyou all about it;Now; Itsbad news; the thingis; Tlnits life;...isno joke; Anyway (note) Just a quicknote;Veiy sorry; Im off The use ofparentheses;no pronoun (Very sorry;seeyou soon); PS; contractions (I'm) page 106 C Suggested answers 1 make it/get 2 Anyway 3 got 4 now 5 having/getting 6 so 7 afraid 8 enough 9 problem 10 give LI job 12 Anyway /Still 13 Love /Bestwishes 2 .0 2.1 page 107 8 1 Im fed up with thisstupidjoh niynew boss iseven worse than the lastone. 2 Im fedup witli tliisstupid job - Iwant to 3 Iwas amazed toseeJolm atthe party- 1 thought he was inprison! 4 Iwas amazed toseeJohn atthepartyliesnormal veryunsociable. 5 The wild pig didntattack Emily - itwas Emily who attacked the wildpig! fi The mid pig didn'tattack Emily - itwas C Suggested answer Provisionally, our requirements (forup to42 guests) are asfollows: Sun 4th breakfast;lunch (1p,m.); tea(4p.m.) Mon 5th breakfast; tea(4p.m.); dinner (8p.m.) Tues 6th Approximately one thirdofthe delegates willprefer a vegetarian menu. One lastrequest: we understandthatthereisan international rugby match atCardiffArms Park on the Saturdayafternoon,andwould be grateful ifyou could obtain 6 tickets forus. Should thisbe inconvenient foryon, pieaseachise how we might obtain them. Ilookforward to hearingfrom youwith confirmationofour booking. Yours sincerely, C hristine U pton Christine Upton Association Secretary Dear Mum, Guess what! You'llneverbelieve this,but I'm going tobe famous atlast! My new lifestarts tomorrow, inPoland] On tourwith U2! Itallhappened so suddenly.We were just doing a gig in asmall town inthe north(,) when Bono walked in,You should have seen the lookon Kemalsface! Anyway, tocuta Song storyshort, Bquo loved buv music and it justhappened thathe needed a support hand forU2sEast European tour, So we re,alloff toPoland nextweek. By theway, howsyour Polish? Can you stillspeak the language? If so,why dontyou.come with us? Im sure you'd reallyenjoyit-itsnot allsex,drugs and rock nroll,you know! Must dash. Weve got a rehearsalinhalfan hour, and my bagpipes are out oftune. Your loving soil, 2 .2 page 108 D Sept, thanks, Nov, Aug, 48h; I'll,youve,Im, Id, (etc.);had to,see you. MikeHeresmy account ofwliathappened atthe demo. Ive described everything Isaw from when we setofffrom Oxford St tothe moment we arrivedinTrafalgar Sq. Iknow you wontagreewith me about everything, especiallytlieorder ofevents- Im pretty sure Isaw people throwing stonesbefore the firstbaton charge - but theimportant tilingis toclearJenny ofthe charges againsther, and Ithinkniyevidence here willhelp a lot. Hope tosee you again ntnext months meeting ofFight Racism! 7B Diplomacy and tact page 109 1 Would make Agatha think thatdie animalwas very easyto lookafter. 2 Would persuade Agatha not totake the 3 Would make Agatha aware thattherewere potentiajproblems but looking afteritisntall 4 Would make Agatha ffielthat she may not have any problems with the animal asitwill he ina differenthome and with different 1,3 & 4 may allpersuade her to take die animal, but 1iscompletely dishonest. p a g e 1 10 D 1 He enjoyedplaying inthe garden. 2 He can be ; 3 liesveiyvigilantatnights, so you wont need toworry about burglars. 4 liewas verycompanionable atnights. 5 He was always fullofenergy and high 6 IIckipt me very fit. I He always tellsyou when he needs to go page 1 1 1 B isbest A Terrible- This studenthas not understoodthat thisisa real-lifetask- a bitlikea role-pluy. Also, itisnever agood ideato copy phrases from the question atthe bestoftimes; here, it ismost inappropriate. B Fine (though tliisstudentwiJlhave to use all his/her charm inorder to explainawaythe two disasters mentioned). C Rather inappropriate.Agnes,d id n 't ask for advice about liow tolookafterAttila. D Too formal. 8A information reports: people 1 .0 p a g e 112 A Suggested answers 1 joining; 2 number; 3 allowed / permitted; 4 her colleagues/thestaff; 5 private; 6 her lack; 7 however; 8 punctuality; 9 willing B 1 Allthe things mentioned below, but especiallyhistendency toexaggerate by using superlativesand absolutes inacasual and inexact manner. 2 a No mention ofthe epidemic, the strike or Kit'smusic, allofwhich areirrelevant ina report thatisan appraisalofKits b The exaggerations have been replaced by more measured, moderate language; more formalvocabularythroughout, o Annettesreport,unlike Gary's speech, is strictlyorganized. The 5 paragraphs fulfil the followingfunctions: 1 An overallassessment; 2 Comment on Kit work (note the discreetnegative 3 Comment on Kitswork; 4 Punctuality, attendance, etc; 5 Conclusion (not strictlynecessaryina report, especiallywhere the conclusion appears inthe opening d Shorter, more economical, e (i) an anonymous manager (ii) allofthe above,but especiallythe impersonal tone and the impression ofbalance'asopposed to 1.1 A page 115 2 works well inateam /integrateswell 3 self-confident/self-assured 4 has a good sense ofhumour 5 has a strongcharacter 6 sociable/integrateswell 7 industrious/diligent/assiduous 8 meticulous/thorough 9 discreet/diplomatic/tactful 13imaginative/has a capacity fororiginal 1 .2 page 1 16 a See top ofnextpage Huntingdon House 20 North St Brighton BN1 JEB Oct. 9th Dear John, Ive justwrittenthe reference foryou, though I'm sureyou dontdeserve it.Iexpect you only asked me because you dontknow anybody elsestupidenough tothinkyoure worth,it,but intelligentenough tobe able to write a reference in English. Was Ireallythe firstpersonyou thought of?And whatsthis about losingmy phone number? You never were aveiyconvincing liar. Anyway, good luckwith the course. And dont forget,Ive told them what agood student youregoing to be. SO DON'T MAKE ME 1.1 p a g e 114 B Suggested answers 1 ... bisattention todetailsometimes verges on the excessive ... 2 ... she allows herwork tooccupy a disproportionate amount ofher time ... 3 ... her ambition issuch thatsometimes it isalmost asifshe isdetermined to succeed atany price ... 4 ... a naturalleaderwho hasyetto learn the value ofteamwork ... 5 ... a veiyconfident person who hasbeen known tounderestimate hiscolleagues ... 6 ...finds itdifficulttocontrolhis eagerness forimmediate results ... 7 ...she shows a certain reluctance towork more than the minimum ofhours ... 8 ... a free spiritwhose provocative contributions do not alwayspromote harmony ... 8B Recommendation reports page 117 1 drive 2 too 3 both 6 / 7 to S / 9 but 12 have pounds 5 always all 11 in page 118 Paragraphb isthe most appropriate. Answer key Huntingdon House 20 North St Brighton BN1 1EB Dr L. Flode Exeter University 9 October 1994 Dear Dr Flode, Iwrite inreplytoyour request fora reference forJohn Kino. Ihave known John loreightyears, havingbeen inthe same classashim throughout High School and having remained intouch with him during the three immensely profitableyears Ispent atExeter University. You mention the problem ofstudents who find ithard toadapt toa new environment and to make new friends. In Johnscase, there isabsolutely no cause forconcern. Johnsrecent voluntarywork inRwanda isevidence ofhisabilitytoadapt, and asformaking friends, there are few people as sociable asJohn. He liasabright, positivenaturewhich, togetherwithhis many socialskills,would quicklywin him a largenumber offriends inanynew environment. Ialsobelieve thatJohn has the intelligence tohandle the workload on the course. And ifat times lieseems tobe lessthanindustrious, Iam convinced that,given hiscompetitive spirit and high self-esteem, he will manage toexcel inthe examinations. The onlyquestion mark, inmy mind, would be over JohnslevelofEnglish,which was never liisstrongestpoint However, hisnaturaleloquence and communicative nature would soon remedy thisifhe were livingin England. Perhaps, indeed, thisweakness no longer exists:his recentlettertome was written infaultlessEnglish. Yours sincerely, Dominique Schwarzenbach 8C Eye-witness and narrative 1 .0 p a g e 1 19 Paragraph 1- tlieboy with thegun becomes realbecause oftlioconcrete details: 15, good-looking, bluewoollen hat;similarly, descriptivedetailsofthe two tars and the gun arcgiven (yellow; Cadillac; rental;shiny; newJooking) Paragraph '2 - the directquotation from the Paragraph 3 - shurtsentences comprising nothing but facts;uidconcrete details Paragraph 5 - four actionverbs inpastsimple -pressed, rammed, turned andjerked making forfast,dramatic narrative. B Tlieboy looked about 15 yearsold and was wearing abluewoollen hut, lietoldme to open tliecar door. Irefused, and he smashed the window. Fearing that my companions and Iwould be beaten orshot, Iacceleratedaway i'rom the scene oftheincident, collidingwith two other cars inmy escape. page 120 HEADINGS e- Startwith the heading, liieansthatyour statement isnot addressed to one person but written fortliebenefitofany interested part)-(lawyers, police, Customs, etc),then a subheading describingthe contents ofthe report, e.g.A STATEMENT PARA 1 k - who you are and why youre PARA 2 i - your eye-witness statement, objective and factual.Dont include opinions oremotive j - your descriptionofthe stranger, as detailedaspassible. PARA 3 b - your interpretation ofthe events. Include, forexample, how you thinkthe 'cigarette packagecame tocontain drugs, h - a sentence ofcharacter referencetojustifyand support your supposition ofyour B seeming presumable presumably supposed supposedly C Suggested answer The followingisa statement describingeventswitnessed by myself, Komclia Ties, on 7 October 1993, at5.00p.m. atFranz-JosefStrauss Airport. Munich, Germany. Iam writing thisstatement toconfirm the innocence ofmy friendMiss Doris Pescosta of Boizano, Italy, who Iunderstandisbeing held inLondon on suspicion ofinvolvement indrug smuggling. While Miss Pescosta and myselfwere waiting in the departure lounge ofthe airportin Munich, a boy struckup a conversation with her. Ipresumed he was American because ofhis accent. He was about 24 years old, Ira90 taliand well-built. liehad slinrt. dark, curlyhair and dark eyes. He was wearingWranglerjeans,brand-new Nike trainers,awhite T-shirtwith Endless Caverns, Virginiaprinted on it,and an old denim jacketwith green paintmarks on the right elbow. Iheardthe boy ask Doris ifshe was going tobuy any duty-free goods before take-off. She told him she wasntinterestedasshe alreadyhad enough tocarry. Then he startedtalkingabout the costofcigarettesin Britain. He claimedthat he was onlya student, thathe was planningtospend fourweeks inBritain, and thathe wouldntbe abie toafford tlie cigarettes. He saidthattosave money he had bought 400 duty-free cigarettes,but liewas worried liewould getcaught sitCustoms, where the allowanceisonly 200. Doris, believingshe was saving money forapoor student, offered totake 200 ofthe cigarettes through Customs tor him, and he gave her a curtnn ofMarlboro'inacarrierhug thatseemed tocome from the duty-free shop. Idid not see theother 200 cigaretteshe had supposedlybought. Inow believe thateverythingthe boy saidwas a tricktopersuade Doris tocam- thispacket, which presumably he Had prepared inadvance and filledwith drugs. Iam absolutely certain, however, that Doris would never have accepted ihepacket iishe had thought itmight contain drugs. Ihave known Doris Pescostasincewe were both children, and she has never inher life had anything todo with drugs orany othercriminal activity;her universitytutorwillconfirm thatshe is;imode] student ofimpeccable character. Komeli:iTies, Hamnavoe, Shetlands, 9 October 1993 (name and home address here) Answer key 9 A R T IC L E S A N D 9A Openings and closings 1 .0 page 122 Opening - B Closing- C A 1 A 2 G 3 II 4 F 5 1 6 D B 1 StirCrazyisapun on 'StirFry. 2 Opening: a quotation. Closing: an image / 3 impersonal constructions: The stirretains itsflavour.,,.The startersare mediocre... The vanillaice-cream is... page 126 B A- 1 B^, 6 C-5 D-2 E-3 F-1,6 G-1, 6 9B Reviews p a g e 128 1 This isa film forevery age bracket',) and is highly recommended forallthose who enjoyed JulieAndrewsearlierfilm,The Sound o\|Music, 2 Ifyou likeyour thrillers moody, atmospheric, pessimistic and spine-chillmglybloodthirsty, then thisisthe film foryou, 3 The Piano' isessentialviewing, asdiverse and tuneful asthe instrument ofitstitle. 4 You'lllaugh, youllcry,youlllove every second of"Sleepless in Seattle.Sentimental? Who cares? 5 This isthe most tedious ofroad movies and when the fugitivelovers finallycome tothe end ofthe road, shot dead by cynical detective Eddie Mars (ClintEastwood), the few people in the cinema stillawake applauded. Recommended forinsomniacs 6 Overall, however, the filmsfaultsdo not spoil an excitingand stylishpiece offilm-making, well served by an intense scriptand fine performances from itscast. 1 .0 p a g e 129 1 which 2 a 3 / 4 / 5 explain 6 to 7 / 8 hand 9 with 10 have 11 get 12 / 13 of 14 and 15 at 16 to 1.2 p a g e 130 1 than 2 one 3 for 4 was 5 and 6 at 7 wlio S the 9 down 10 each 11 those 12 with13 when 14 as 15 whose 10 P U B L IC 10A Leaflets, brochures and information sheets 1 .0 page 132 A 1 H 2 G 3 F 4 L 5 C 6K 7D B To provide information forpeople interested inhomeopathy. Distributedby homeopathic page 1 34 At atimewhen theworld community is consideringhow topromote universalhuman rights,War on Want islaunching a new campaign called'A Human Riglitto War on Want believes thatitistime that equal attention should be given tosocial, culturaland economic rights alongsidecivil and politicalrights. Universalhuman rightswillnever existwhile One inthree ofthe worldschildren are One infourpeopleworldwide arewithout adequate homes. Lack ofdecent healthcare means every year40 million children worldwide never see theirfirstbirthday. 80% ofallsickness and diseaseisdue to unsafewater and sanitation. Globally1.5 millionisspent everyminute: ofeveiy dayon arms and armies. For more information on Wav an Wantswork please contactus at: page 135 A The second text. a The firsttextispurely factual, b No c To make Oxford sound more interesting and mysterious andworth visiting. page 124 A 1,6 and 7 - because the othergood ones either referto openings o r closings anclthe articleisabout both. C 1a-6 b-3 c-8 d-7 6-2 f-5 g-1 h-4 i-3 2 Something todo with changes in the family 3 9-i 10h,e 11-e 12-a 13-b 4 2,7, 8. No, theywould not be asgood 5 2,4, 10, 11, 13. 10B Tourism page 137 A 1 / '2 rhythm 3 connoisseurs 4 guaranteed 5 littleknown /!ktle-lcmra-n 6 generosity 7 spaces available S / 9 alongside 10 designed 11 paths invite 12 turning. The 13 / 14 force 15 of B A touristorganisationproduced the IpiiHet for potentialvisitorslo the Landes. The purpose isto encourage touriststogo there. Itdiffers from the homeopathy leafletin thatituses shortsentences, lotsofadjectives, andisvery positive inthechoice ofvocabulary. 1.2 p a g e 13 8 1 Culturally 2 central 3 swept 4 continually 5 cultural 6 European 7 Racial 8 tolerance 9 naturally 10 Spanish 11 slavery 12 labourers 1.3 development 14 population 15 decision 16 combination 17 independence
Malthusian theory and New Zealand’s environment (2019 ed.) This article was first published on 06 August 2017. The second edition of this article acknowledges some of the changes in understanding the potential for the collapse of civilization. It includes such factors as the onset of the Anthropocene which is the geologic epoch in which the impact of humans on the planet has become such that it will leave an imprint in the geologic record; reassessments of the rates of resource consumption. — — — Malthusian theory relates to the idea that exponential population growth and consumption of resources whilst food production remains arithmetical at best eventually causes a Malthusian catastrophe – the decline of the worlds population to a somewhat more sustainable level. In 1983 with concern over the exploitation of natural resources around the world, and fears of a neo-Malthusian outcome for an accelerating human population, the Brundtland Commission was formed. It had the task of examining the problem on a global scale and how the world might address an increasingly intricate mish mash of environmental issues, economics, societal pressures and politics. It struck a chord with the then Labour opposition in the New Zealand House of Representatives, angered as it was by the antipathy of the National Government to environmental issues here. The 1991 Resource Management Act was written in partial response to the Brundtland Commission findings. It was also written in partial response to the fact that New Zealand had an obsolete environmental framework of laws that when put together were unwieldy. The Act replaced 69 other Acts and amended Acts, as well as 19 regulations and orders. In terms of neo-Malthusian theory, the Resource Management Act on its own is not able to change the rate of resource consumption. The ecological footprint of the average New Zealander 10 years ago was large enough that if the whole world had our rate of resource consumption, all of planet Earth and 94% of an equivalent planet would be needed to sustain it. In other words, quite simply our rate of consumption is not sustainable by a large population. In 2016 it was informally acknowledged by some geologists that the Holocene, the most recent geologic epoch had ended. It was superseded by the onset of the Anthropocene, thus tacitly acknowledging that the aforementioned consumption, in New Zealand and elsewhere had developed a strong global footprint. It is so strong that in the 1 minute of the geologic day, that humans have in existence, they have wiped out 50% or more of the total known species. In third world countries adults tend to have larger families for socio-economic reasons including that in their senior years older people have family members who are able to support them when they can no longer work. Every human being needs fresh water to drink, to cook, to clean themselves and their clothes. About 800 million have no access to clean drinking water worldwide. The causes of this are numerous, but as drinking water is the most basic and fundamental way of hydrating a human, it is very difficult if not impossible to overestimate the importance of clean drinking water. A collapse of this resource through overuse, pollution and wastage would have immediate consequences. This is perhaps the most important part of understanding how a Malthusian collapse could occur. No such problem exists in New Zealand with the growth of families. However clean water is becoming a bigger issue with each year due to the large amount used for dairy farming. It has degraded in many areas across the country and the rise of water bourne bugs has increased (see Hawkes Bay crisis in 2016). The advent of changes to hydrology and climatology caused by climate change (man made or otherwise)mean that these issues are going to become more acute with time as weather patterns change how we farm and how we use our fresh water resource. It will not be the cause of wars here, but in arid parts of the world, such as the Middle East water shortages might well cause confrontations involving individual nations military forces. Another major problem is the rapidly increasing carbon level in the atmosphere. Since 1700 the output of carbon based gases has gone in one direction: UP. Last week it sat at 410 particles per million in the atmosphere, which is the highest it has been in about 350,000 years. The sources of it range from the consumption of fossil fuels, the burning of forests causing stored carbon to be released and the large scale use of materials such as concrete which releases about 7% of the worlds total man made carbon emissions. Malthusian theory has been discredited by some theorists. Some say it is a theory that is too pessimistic. Others acknowledge the socio-economic causes of the theory, but say that there will be positive checks and balances that stop it from advancing, which I assume to mean further work on international treatises including the development of new ones and further advancing existing ones relating to the environment. However a trend away in the countries with the most economic, military and political influence from global co-operation against these challenges means even if all of the small and medium sized nations collaborated to share knowledge and technology, larger powers could undermine it. So how discredited is Malthusian theory after all? And should we be worried in New Zealand? Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Dear grammarians, On our new post, we would like to introduce a research poster on Chinese character teaching strategies. So keep reading for more information about research posters and Chinese characters (汉字 hanzi) teaching methods and strategies. What is a Research Poster? A poster session or poster presentation is the presentation of research by an individual or group for a class or academic/professional conference. At a conference, the work is usually peer reviewed. Posters are widely used in the academic community, and most conferences include poster presentations in their program. Research posters summarize information or research concisely and attractively to help publicize it and generate discussion. Choosing your content checklist Title: We have chosen Chinese Character Teaching Strategies as our title. Include name, contact information, course number (optional) and school name and logo. This poster was made by Catalina Mut and Berta Cano from the University of Granada. Research question or hypothesis: Do not copy your abstract if it is included in a conference program. Methodology: What is the research process? Explain how you did your research. Observations: What did you see? Why is this important? Findings: What did you learn? Summarize your conclusions. Images: Include images. *Recommendations and/or next steps for future research. Poster structure Although this research poster is written in Spanish language, we encourage you to go through the external references for information in English language. Below, you will find an outline of the poster contents: Scan to download the full research poster 1. Myths and facts about Chinese language 2. Is it worth learning Chinese characters? 3. How do native speakers learn the characters? 4. Chineasy: a visual method: Award-Winning Chinese Learning Methodology 5. Radical system 6. Conclusions Please feel free you leave any questions and comments on our comment section! Subscribe me
Product Search The first Black Forest Cuckoo Clock was designed and made by Franz Anton Ketterer in the small village of Schönwald near Triberg, Germany, in the area known as the Black Forest. Ketterer managed to reproduce the cuckoo's call by using a bellows and producing two different sounds. Over the following years, the clock industry developed rapidly in the Black Forest. With cleverness and dexterity, the clockmakers of the region spent the long winter months making cuckoo clocks with richly handcarved decorations from various woods. In 1808 there were already 688 clockmakers and 582 clock peddlars in the districts of Triberg and Neustadt. During those long winter months, the farms were snowed-in and the people had time to create finely handcrafted cuckoo clocks of many styles with rich and varied carvings. The cuckoo clocks that were made in winter months were sold by clock peddlars in the summer months throughout all of Europe. The clocks were secured on a frame and carried on the back. They were works of art, sought after luxuries that people all over Europe desired. This ancient craft continued to develop, becoming soon a flourishing industry. The poorly lit attic spaces where watchmakers worked have become light and well-equipped workshops where clock movements and cases are manufactured by modern methods. But the woodcarvings are still handmade by skilled masters as they were 200 years ago. Old clocks and original drawings of the first clocks are still used and modified as patterns for new models, but the cuckoo clock in its basic form is 200 years old. The cuckoo clock is a clock of the past, present and the future, still much loved by children and grandchildren. © Cuckoo Clocks Melbourne 2016 \| Website Design by Best Web Design Melbourne \| Admin
1. Agripedia Beekeeping in India: A Complete Guide to Beekeeping for Beginners Most of the people are afraid of honey bees, and why not? These tiny stingers make us cry when they sting but did you know these little four-winged creatures are a blessing of nature and produce the best of sweet things called 'honey'. The World Bee Day is celebrated every year on May 20 to raise awareness about the significance of honey bees. Beekeeping or Apiculture is not a new concept in India, it has been referenced in ancient Vedas and Buddhist sacred writings. Beekeeping is one of the oldest practices in India but it has gained vast popularity in recent few years and currently, India has about 35 lakh bee colonies and the number of beekeepers and beekeeping companies is increasing day by day in a very fast speed. In 1953 the All India Khadi and Village Industry began the work of organizing the honey industry in India which was therefore taken over by the Khadi and Village Industry Commission (KVIC) in 1957. The World Bee Day is celebrated every year on May 20 to raise awareness about the significance of honey bees and pollinators, problems faced by them, and their contribution to sustainable development and to recognize their role in the ecosystem. At the time when the entire World is celebrating The World Bee Day, let's know more and more about honey bees. Honey bees not only produce honey; they also pollinate the crops to get higher yield and a better quality of produce. A study has found that if the pollination is well-managed, crop yields increased by a significant median of about 24 percent and the efficient pollination of flowers also helps to protect the crops against pests. So beekeeping is the best Agri-Business in current situations, especially for the rural areas, where it can act as a secondary source of extra income. Beekeeping cannot be restricted to honey only, products such as royal jelly, bee wax, pollen, propolis and bee venom are also marketable at a good price and can help the farmers to enhance their revenue. According to Dr. B.L.Sarswat, Executive Director of National Bee Board India, there was a time when farmers were not allowing any beekeeper to start bee colonies close to their land, but now from last few years, farmers are personally contacting NBB or any other beekeeper to establish a bee colony near their crop. Farmers also provide land to the beekeeper to arrange their bee colony when flowers are about to blossom in the crops, he added. Beekeeping for Beginners Here we will get important pieces of information about Commercial Beekeeping in India which will surely help a beginner to start his apiary. A beekeeper should start his venture early in the season, which means he should begin Honey Bee Farming at the correct time when honey bees will get full nectar from the flowers. If you began it too early where the bees do not get flowers, you will get no honey. So, the beginning of beekeeping early in the season is the right thing. Apiculture can be started in any season but generally, honey bees are fond of warm weather and that's why spring season is considered to be the right season to begin Apiculture as the flowering of plants also starts in his period. A beekeeper will require Beekeeping Equipment and honey bees for starting his Apiary. Buy good honey bees and start with a Nucleus colony. In the beginning, you should start with the least colonies, two honey bee colonies will be sufficient. After gaining experience, you can go for commercial beekeeping. The beekeeper should inspect the Beehives once every 7-10 days. Do not make things complex in the beginning, keep it as simple as you can. In the end, watch the result and don't expect a high yield of honey in the first year. Continue practicing because till now you had acquired valuable pieces of information from your first attempt and apply them on the second one. Don't worry you will surely get a better result next time. Now, below you will get all the information about beekeeping in a detailed way. So, here is a complete guide of Beekeeping in India. Bee Family Bee Family Honeybees are social bees and lives in hives or colonies which consists of three types of adult bees. One colony normally includes thousands of worker bees, a single queen, and hundreds of drones. • The worker bees are female, but they do not breed. They are responsible for all other activities, such as taking care of the queen and her eggs, collecting nectar, building comb, guarding the hive and honey, keeping the hive clean, and producing honey. • The queen bee is the only sexually developed female and her primary function is to lay drones (unfertilized eggs) and workers (fertilized eggs) for the colony. • The drones are the male bees in the colony. Their main function is to fertilize the virgin queen by mating and die soon after successful mating. For the survival of a colony, all three types of bees are extremely needed. honey bee Where to get honey bees for beekeeping No one can be a beekeeper without bees! So, here a question arises, where to get these bees to establish a colony for commercial beekeeping. For a new or beginner beekeeper, purchasing bees is the simplest and most secure approach to begin an apiary. Here are some basic ways to get honey bees; Buying Package Bees To arrange a package of honey bees, one has to contact a local beekeeper or nearby beekeeping associations. The package will contain a queen, several worker bees, and a feeder loaded up with sugar syrup. The honey bee provider ought to give you information on installing the package honey bees into their new home and introducing the queen bee with the workers. Buying Nucleus Hive You can also go for a nucleus hive. Nucleus colonies or Nucs are small-sized colonies obtained from larger honeybee colonies. It is almost half-size of the larger colony and its normal size is a 5 frame nuc. The best alternative for the beginner is to search a local beekeeper who can sell his nucleus (nuc) colony of bees. Mostly a nuc contains four to five frames of combs with brood(baby bees) and bees and an actively laying queen. You have to only transfer the frames and bees from the nuc box into your own hive. Catching Wild Bees from the Tree branches Wild Bees can also be collected from those beehives which are on the tree branches by cutting the branch and gently shaking it inside a container. But it is very risky for beginners, it can only be performed under expert guidelines or by the expert himself. But free, not good every time, wild bees may have been infected with some diseases and can carry some genetic disorder with them, and it would be difficult to identify the queen bee among the crowd So, it is better to buy healthy and disease-free honey bees for better result. Species of Honey bees in India There are around 20,000 different species of bees in the world but only 7 of them are honeybees. And only five of them have commercial importance in India, they are as follows; The rock bee (Apis dorsata) These giant bees are larger Himalayan subspecies found all over India in sub-mountainous regions. Rock bees are brutal and hard to raise. They make a single comb (cells constructed from beeswax by bees) in an open area which is about 6 feet long and 3 feet deep. They produce about 36 Kg of honey per comb every year. The Indian hive bee (Apis cerana indica) They are the tamed species and do not build single comb, instead, they build different parallel combs with an average honey yield of 6-8 kg each colony per year. These honey bees are bigger than Apis florae (little bee) however littler than Apis mellifera (European or Italian bee). They are local in India and Asia. The little bee (Apis florea) These bees construct single vertical combs. They additionally build combs in open of the size of palm in branches of shrubberies, supports, structures, caverns, void cases, and so on. They produce about half a kg of honey each year per hive. The European or Italian bee (Apis mellifera) Same to Indian bees, European or Italian bees also construct parallel combs and are bigger than all other honeybees except the rock bees. The normal production of honey per colony is 25-40 kg every year. They have been imported from European nations (Italy). Dammer bee or stingless bee (Tetragonula iridipennis) The stingless bees are a lot littler than the real honey bees and have significance in the pollination of different food crops. They can be tamed but the honey yield per hive every year is just 100 gms. Beekeepers can domesticate any of these species in their artificial hives but in India most commonly used species for commercial purposes are Indian Bee and Italian bee. Indian bee farmers tamed these for getting the high yield of Honey Production as well as other cherished products such as royal jelly, beeswax, propolis or bee glue, bee venom, bee pollen, etc. Beekeeping Equipments Equipment Needed for Beekeeping The hive is the man-made structure used by beekeepers for keeping honey bees. It is usually made of wood, however, it can also be made of plastic, polystyrene, or any other material. The normal and regular size for a deep hive body is 19 7/8" long, 16 1/4" wide and 9 5/8" in height. A deep hive body turns heavy when loaded with bees, honey, and pollen. So most of the beekeepers use the medium size super for hive bodies. Frames are of rectangles shapes that hang within a hive-like a filing system. The honey bees will construct their comb within these frames. This is the place they will make honey, lay brood, and live their lives continually planning for winter. Protective clothing: Bee veil Bee veil is the most important equipment for beekeepers, He wears it over the head to protect his face and neck from the stings of bees while taking honey or inspecting the hive. A beekeeper should wear a bee veil consistently to shield his face and neck from stings. Three basic types of veils are available in the market. First are those that are open at the top to fit over a hat, second is totally hatless veils and third veils that form part of a honey bee suit. Bee Suit A wide variety of bee suits are available in the market for the beekeepers in a wide price range. White or tan clothing is most suitable when dealing with honey bees. Different colors are also worthy, but honey bees respond adversely to the dark hues, fluffy materials, and garments made from animal fiber Gloves are another essential and inexpensive tool for beekeeping. It protects your hands from bee stings. Without wearing gloves one can't even imagine touching the hive. So while purchasing gloves make sure that the gloves should be made of sturdy material. Shoes are also an important part of beekeeping. It is necessary to cover yourself properly from top to bottom before digging the hive. So the beekeeper needs to wear boots which should belong in the leg, easy to tuck in the bee suit, made of hard material with strong soles too. The bee smoker is an essential piece of a beekeeper's toolbox. Without the smoker, beekeepers would endure a lot more stings during a hive investigation. These simply designed smokers are used to calm bees when the beekeeper has to work in the hive. The smoke produced by the smoker persuades honey bees that their hive is on fire. The honey bee's normal reaction is to get ready for a possible migration. They start consuming honey so they will have food stores if their break venture is long. The high consumption of honey leaves the honey bees in fairly a food extreme lethargies which leaves them torpid. Hive tool A hive tool is also an essential, low priced, and multipurpose tool that is used in maintaining and investigating apiaries. It is available in different variations and styles. It is considered as the third most necessary tool for the beekeeper after the beekeeping veil and bee smoker. Queen Catcher A queen catcher is a handy and convenient tool used to separate the queen for a while from the bee crowd. A feeder is a vessel or apparatus used by beekeepers to feed pollen, honey, or substitutes like a mixture of sugar and water to the honey bees of a colony. In some of the seasons when things either have stopped sprouting or are standing by to blossom. At this time your honey bees will require you to assist them with enhancing their food supply. Bee Brush Bee brushes are used to separate the bees from the honey frames. After evacuating the frame, shake it to unstick the majority of the bees and afterward use the bee brush delicately, and brush over the rest of the honey bees from the frame. Anyone can buy all these above items easily in the local market or from an online store. Amazon.in is selling all beekeeping supplies on its website, for getting price details you can visit: https://www.amazon.in/b?ie=UTF8&node=3638788031 Honey beekeeping training centres Honey Beekeeping Training Centres in India IGNOU is offering "Certificate in Bee Keeping (CIB)" Minimum Duration: 6 Months, Maximum Duration: 2 Years, Fee: Rs 1,400, Eligibility: 8th pass. Arya Gramodyog Sansthan, Delhi It is a non-govt. organization and registered with National Bee Board. This Sansthan organizes 7 Days Training Programme on Bee-Keeping for the Farmers, beekeepers, and unemployed Youth. Bharat Honeybee Centre training Program (Avinissery, Thrissur, Kerala) This is the only institution in India that offers a free one-year certificate course in beekeeping with 45 practical classes. Most of the candidates who did the course from this institute are presently in the beekeeping industry. Sahara Gramudyog Sansthan, Saharanpur (U.P) This organization is registered with the National Bee Board and provide training for farmers and beekeepers. Khadi and Village Industries Commission This organization offers training programs for beginners, farmers, beekeepers, and wild honey collectors. This institute is one of the top-ranking centers for beekeeping in India and also recognized globally. Honey Bee Products with their Average Market Price However, most of us may even not know that honey is not the only thing that honey bees produce. Besides honey bee, farmers get various other products by honey bees such as Bee Wax, Royal Jelly, Propolis or bee glue, Bee Pollen and Bee venom. All these products are very beneficial for humans and highly-priced in the market. Let's take a short view on these products and their market value; India's most trusted brand Dabur sells honey at the price of Rs 395 per Kg, Baba Ramdev's Patanjali honey costs Rs 275 per kg, Apis Himalaya honey sells 2 kgs honey at just Rs 366 and so on. Only some organic honey costs high but mostly available under 1000 Rs in market or e-commerce sites. Bee Venom Being a natural product with a high medicinal value Bee venom's costs from Rs 10,000 to Rs 12,000 a gm in Indian markets. However, if the bee venom is of very high quality, its price can vary, depending upon the cost of production, packaging, manufacturers' expenses, analysis price, dealer's commission, etc. Bee Wax Beeswax is a real organic wax created by honey bees. Its average price in the market is Rs 300 to 350 per kg. It is eatable too. It is used as a lubricant and waterproofing agent, for making candles, shoe polish, cosmetics, crayons, metal casting, vehicle, and floor polish, varnish, gum, carbon paper, electrical appliances, fabric industry, and food processing and packaging. Royal Jelly Royal jelly is used in medication, beauty care products, and as a dietary enhancement. Its cost varies nation to nation from Rs 4,000 to 5,000 a kg, and Rs 1.5 lakh to 1.8 lakh if processed or frozen. Indiamart sells processed Royal jelly at Fresh Royal Jelly at Rs 1.5 Lakh per kg. Around half a kg royal jelly can be extracted from a box per year. Propolis is another significant honeybee product. Propolis is utilized in human and veterinary medications and its cost differs from Rs 500 to Rs 2,000 for each kg. Bee pollen average price in the Indian market is about Rs 1250 per kg which can vary upon its quality. A beekeeper can collect around 25 gm pollen every day from one colony. Undoubtedly, Honey is a primary product of Honey bee but all these produces also come to the beekeeper along with honey and increases their income. National Bee Board (NBB) The ministry of agriculture, now renamed as Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Government of India formed the National Bee Board in the year 2000 on July 19. The main aim of NBB is the complete development of Beekeeping by promoting Scientific Beekeeping in India to increase the productivity of crops through pollination and increase the honey production to increase the income of Beekeepers or honey farmers. The board also promotes beekeeping, honey, and other bee products industry in the country and regulate domestic and export market of honey and other allied products. The Board is authorized to establish or promote State Bee Boards in all major beekeeping States to coordinate the activities of the Board in respective States. Meanwhile, the government of India has approved a new central sector program over the years 2018-19 and 2019-20 entitled "National Beekeeping & Honey Mission (NBHM)" for 2 years for the overall promotion and development of scientific beekeeping as a mission to achieve the goal of "Sweet Revolution" in the nation by giving a boost to the capacity building and training, special focus on women, input support for the promotion and production, setting Integrated Beekeeping development Centers (IBDCs) other infrastructure, Digitization or online registration, processing of honey, value addition, market support, etc. Five Freedoms of Honey Bees To be a successful beekeeper one should follow some strict guidelines, and he must be considered to ensure that while giving attention to one part of beekeeping another part shouldn't be neglected. According to National Bee Board India, every beekeeper should take care of five freedom of Honey bees; • Freedom from Hunger and Thirst (Proper food and water arrangements for the bees) • Freedom for discomfort (Shelter for bees) • Freedom from pain, injury, and disease (bees should be given proper medical care) • Freedom to express normal behavior(bees should free for their usual behavior or exercises) • Freedom from fear and distress (bees should get love and understanding by the beekeepers) Loans and Subsidy for the beekeepers in India • If anyone desires to begin beekeeping in India, govt. is ready to assist. The government has formed several boards for providing help and guidance to the Bee farmers but among all of the National Bee Board(NBB) is the prominent one. Many of the beekeepers have been benefited by the schemes and loans of NBB. National Bee Board also provides training to people who have an interest in Beekeeping Business. • The Government is also providing 35% Subsidy to the Apiculture Business in India. The reserved category candidates will have to invest 5% from their own pockets. The government may offer Rs 10 lakh under the Prime Minister Employment Scheme, to start beekeeping as a full-time business for those individuals who don't fulfillthe educational qualification. • Among various banks, IDBI Bank is giving loan for Commercial Beekeeping in India. They named it as 'Bee Keeping Madhu Makshika' This Bank offers loans to farmers and non-farmers for too. Beekeeper has to utilize this loan amount just for setting up the units for honey production. Bee farmer can get the subsidy for this loan from the government bodies like DRDA, KVIC, and KVIB. The farmer needs to repay this loan within 5 to 7 years in quarterly or half-yearly installmentaccording to his convenience. SHGs and NGOs can also apply for this loan. IDBI Bank is offering 11 months gestation period for this loan. • Canara Bank is also offering loans for Beekeeping (Apiculture) according to the guidelines of the bank. You can approach the bank directly for the loan details. • Punjab National Bank (PNB) also offers a loan for Beekeeping for trained Small and marginal farmers and agricultural laborers. Repayment of the loan is a maximum of 5 years including the gestation period. • Punjab state co-operative agricultural developing bank also offers loans for beekeeping or apiculture. A person with beekeeping experience can get a loan. If required Punjab agricultural university will provide the training. Insurance is compulsory. The loan should be repaid within 5 years. The individual can begin with at least 10 boxes. Loans are provided as per the guidelines set by the bank. Insurance Policy for Beekeepers by NBB In order to provide social security to beekeepers, the General Committee of the National Bee Board also provides the group insurance policy for all beekeepers registered with NBB. NBB had arranged IFFCO-TOKIO General Insurance Co. Ltd. for providing Janata Personal Accident Policy to the Beekeepers affiliated with NBB. Marketing of Honey In the year 2019, the honey market in India was of Rs 17.3 Billion. Currently, India is one of the leading honey markets globally which has made a serious rivalry as far as advancement and cost. Moreover, the demand for honey in India is enlarging by developing customer's preference for natural and healthy alternatives of artificial sweeteners, rising mindfulness with respect to the advantages of honey, and expanding ubiquity of different flavored honey. India is one of the significant exporters of honey. Major destinations included the USA, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Morocco, Bangladesh, Canada, and so on. The government is also helping in the marketing of honey. Because this is the most important stage where the bee farmers are facing difficulty. The national bee board has launched various schemes to help the beekeepers for selling their honey products. Fresh and local honey is frequently more highly valued than imported honey, and numerous beekeepers sell their honey directly to the customers. Some sell honey in farmers' fairs and to local honey shops. Many of the beekeepers of rural areas sell their honey in villages and town markets in whatever containers are available. In poor places, this might be in drinking bottles. Containers for marketing honey is ideally transparent so clients can see the item. Honey is an item that sells depending on its looks, packaging, and the information provided on the label. This is usually all the information that the shopper needs to go on in concluding whether to purchase the item or not. So alluring, informative, and effective labeling is significant for attracting consumers. Season based market According to some reports, the autumn and spring seasons dominate the honey market. They are trailed by the winter, summer, and monsoon seasons. Flavors of Honey Based on flavors, multiflora honey is the most famous type of honey flavor in India. Other significant flavor types include eucalyptus honey, ajwain honey, sage Honey, litchi honey, Jamun honey, and many more. Litchis are an excellent source at the time of its flowering period, which is during the months of March to May. The litchi honey produced in Muzaffarpur, Bihar is loved all around the country for its better taste and color Farmer, Ajay Kumar Singh, Muzaffarpur, A farmer named Ajay Kumar Singh, of Muzaffarpur, Bihar started beekeeping in the year 2009 after completing 7 days of training from PUSA, Samastipur. He invested Rs one Lacs in the year 2009 and started a small bee farm with Italian bees. He branded his honey with the name 'Kudrati Honey.' Now it's about 10 years and he is owning a processing unit too. "We regularly move to different states for the production of honey, many of the farmers call us to establish bee colonies nearby their flowering crops," he said. However we sell varieties of flavored honey, but Litchi honey is most popular among all, he included. At his shop, he sells bee pollen and bee wax along with honey and almost all types of equipment needed for beekeeping at a very reasonable price. He sells Bee pollen at Rs 500 per kg, Bee wax at Rs 300 per kg, veils at Rs 120 per piece, Bee brush between Rs 50-200 depending on its quality and Gloves in Rs 45. Leading Honey-Producing State Punjab is the major state in beekeeping in the nation, with around 35,000 beekeepers delivering around 15,000 metric tonnes of honey. This record is more than 39% of the nation's total honey production. India's Leading Honey markets Maharashtra is in the top position for the market of honey because most of the manufacturing facilities are situated here. Some of the other major markets include Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Punjab, and Rajasthan. Like this article? Hey! I am Shweta. Did you liked this article and have suggestions to improve this article? Mail me your suggestions and feedback. Share your comments Subscribe Newsletters
How Plastic Affects the Earth plastic waste The world is drowning in a sea of plastic. Scientists predict that by 2050, there will be more plastic in our oceans than fish. Right now, there are five or six spots in our oceans, where rotating currents gather huge masses of plastic debris. This swirling spiral of floating junk has been dubbed The Great Pacific Garbage Patch. Are you curious why there’s that much plastic in the oceans when clearly, there are many plastic recycling companies all over the world? Scary Statistics and Facts Nearly 300 million tons of single-use plastic are produced annually all over the planet. Of these, more than 8 million tons make their way into our oceans, gathering uselessly in the so-called Great Pacific Garbage Patch. If you go there, you won’t see an island made of plastics, because even though plastic is tough, it gets broken down by the sunlight, the sea water, fish, and other marine animals. What’s bad is, it gets broken down into really small particles, which are eaten by fish. The toxins, since they cannot be broken down, are absorbed by the marine animals. These poor creatures, in turn, may die due to the damage caused by plastic to their system. They could also be what you’re having for dinner a few months later. That means you will eat toxin-infested fish and you will get the toxins as well. History of Plastic How did plastic come about? There was a demand for ivory billiard balls back in the 19th century. Elephant population declined rapidly, prompting scientist to come up with a viable solution to keep up with the demand. What they came up with was a synthetic material called ‘bakelite’, which is also known as polyoxybenzylmethylenglycolanhydride. It is strong, durable, and quite inexpensive to produce. Classifications of Plastic Polyethylene Plastic used in Drinking Bottles PETE. Polyethylene terephthalate – used in mineral water and soda bottles, fruit juices, and cooking oil container HDPE. High-density polyethylene – used as milk jug containers, shampoo bottles, bleaching agents, cleaning agents, and laundry detergents PVC. Polyvinyl chloride – used in trays for sweets and fruits, as well as food foils LDPE. Low-density polyethylene – used for shopping bags, crushed bottles, and sacks PP. Polypropylene – used in furniture, toys, luggage, bumpers, linings, and external borders for automobile PS. Polystyrene – used in toys, vending cups, refrigerator trays, hard packing, cosmetic bags, costume jewelry, and cases for CDs Other Plastics – include acrylic, polylactic fibers, polycarbonate, fiberglass, and nylon What Happens to Plastics Every day, approximately 750 tons of discarded plastic material find their way into recycling plants. These are then sorted, shredded, washed, melted, and pelletized. Each type of plastic requires additional processes. Typically, a recycling facility will adopt a 2-step recycling process. First, plastics are sorted automatically or manually to ensure that contaminants are destroyed. Second, segregated plastics are melted down into new materials or shredded and then melted to be processed again as granules. The importance of everyone doing something to aid in plastic recycling efforts cannot be undermined. By doing this, recycling plants will be able to process this waste faster. Share this on Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on linkedin Share on pinterest Share on tumblr You might also like Scroll to Top
Learn About Puppy Raising Assistance Dog is a broad term for working dogs who provide a service for their paired human. Some common types of assistance dogs, many of which puppy raisers often raise, include: • Guide Dogs • Hearing Dogs • PTSD / Psychiatric Service Dogs • Seizure Response Dogs • Diabetic Alert Dogs • Autism Support Dogs • Allergy Detection Dogs • Mobility Assistance Dogs • Facility Dogs Sadly no, but that would be a sweet deal! When you puppy raise you are responsible for the puppy as if it was your own, but it's not. The puppy is owned by the organization that you volunteer for, most likely a non-profit. The organization you raise for, what we often call the parent organization, provides the puppy and typically organizes your and the puppy's training. They are also the one that ensures the puppy is properly bred, trained, and healthy to one day be an assistance dog! Many parent organizations have local puppy raising groups or chapters through which volunteers gather and organize through. This is also how the volunteer puppy raisers are trained, the parent organization keeps tabs on the puppy's progress, and through which most puppy raising in the United States occurs. Puppy Raisers are volunteers who raise and train puppies to be assistance dogs. Puppy raising programs are organized by and operate through Assistance Dog Organizations who provide assistance dogs to individuals in need. Volunteer puppy raising varies between organizations, local groups, and even by person! But when it comes down to it, these are the key elements of puppy raising: One of the most defining qualities of puppy raising is being a volunteer. Puppy raisers pour their time, energy, and love into the puppies for the purpose of raising a future assistance dog who will go on to change someone's life! Puppy raisers work with dogs, but more specifically, puppies! Raisers are responsible for the care, livelihood, training, and raising of the puppy. This is a big task as you're caring for a furry child with a big future ahead of them, and they need you to prepare them for it! One of Puppy raising differs from many other volunteer opportunities in that it requires a long term commitment. Many programs have raisers caring for and training the puppy for over a year! Volunteers also have to be trained themselves and attend training classes throughout their time with the puppy. As you can imagine, a lot goes into puppy raising and raising a puppy yourself! It's a big commitment, but also a very rewarding one too. The puppy kisses make it very worth it! Puppies can be very different than adult dogs, especially fully trained assistance dogs! Puppies are Young Dogs don't reach maturity until they're 1-2 years old and before then they're not mature enough to handle the big responsibilities of being a working assistance dog. Training takes Time If you have had a pet before or tried to learn anything yourself, you might have noticed it can take a while to learn something. Assistance dogs often know dozens of commands, have behavioral expectations, and have to be smart enough to make the cut as a working dog! All that knowledge and understanding can take a while to learn, with many in training for 1.5-2.5 years before graduating their respective programs as an official assistance dog. Sometimes they Fail Not every cute, fluffy future-assistance dog will make the cut as a service dog. Training is tough and some programs have failure rates of up to 70% with guide dog programs usually being the toughest of them all. A lot goes into dogs that make the cut. Most are bred specifically for the program their in which can increase puppy-training success rates by selecting desirable traits and temperaments. Training programs are also rigorous and also help identify dogs that aren't suited for the working life. Not Every Dog Wants to Work Some dogs, even with the best breeding and training, just want to be couch potatoes or aren't interested in working. In the vast majority of puppy programs, if the dog isn't interested in working, they won't have to and will be transferred to the pet life. Someone Needs to Care for & Train the Puppy This is where puppy raisers come in! Many assistance dog nonprofits use volunteer puppy raisers to help raise, care for, and train the future assistance dog in basic commands and behaviors. Using volunteers for this saves the non-profit precious payroll money and gets people involved in their mission. Puppy raisers are a huge part in the making of assistance dogs and so many non-profits couldn't do it without them! What does it take to become a puppy raiser? Let's take a look at what you'll need to become a puppy raiser! To be a puppy raiser you're going to need time. A lot of effort into raising these future assistance dogs and it can be a time consuming adventure to take. A normal puppy takes time as well, but puppies-in-training require even more attention, love, care, and training than a typical pet dog. Having enough time is very important as your experience will be much more enjoyable and the puppy is more likely to be successful if you can dedicate the needed time to raising the puppy. If the time commitment is a concern for you, don't worry, there's different ways you can puppy raise and get involved in the community that require less time from you. What does a puppy raiser's schedule look like? Your life as a puppy raiser can vary wildly depending on your age, lifestyle, puppy's needs, and the program you're raising for! A potential Monday morning of a puppy raiser attending college and living on or near campus: 8:00 am - Wake up, take puppy out to do their 'business' 8:15 am - Puppy has breakfast, play to wake up 8:30 am - Human gets ready for the day and eats breakfast, while puppy quietly plays with toys in their crate 9:00 am - Human gets them and the puppy ready to get to class 9:10 am - They leave for class, post-breakfast potty break for puppy, and they get to class early to get a seat and settle before the lecture starts 9:30 am - Class begins, puppy naps or chews on toys quietly. If puppy is young, the raiser may need to provide active reinforcement for good behavior 11:00 am - Class ends and puppy gets another potty break. Human and puppy head off to another class! A potential Monday morning of a puppy raiser working full time: 7:00 am - Wake up, take puppy out to do their 'business' 7:15 am - Puppy has breakfast, play to wake up 8:00 am - Human gets them and the puppy ready to go to work 8:10 am - They leave for work, post-breakfast potty 9:00 am - They arrive at work, post car ride potty break, puppy settles in 11:00 am - Potty and stretch break, practice some training to keep puppy from becoming restless What factors into the time commitment of puppy raising: The Puppy Life Most puppy raisers will begin raising the puppy when they are around 8 weeks - 16 weeks of age. The younger the puppy, the crazier it can be (but also cuter) and for a couple months many raisers have their lives run by the little fur ball getting adjusted and learning about the world. As a puppy raiser you'll be responsible for potty training, teaching the puppy their name and an increasingly long list of commands, and you'll have to keep an eye on them at all times to protect them and teach them proper behaviors. We don't want little Fido jumping up on the counter to get a snack! Active Training Time Over the year+ that you have the puppy you will need to dedicate time every week, and likely every day, to making sure the puppy is learning and on track in their assistance dog program. The amount of time you will spend training each week or every day will depend on the program you raise for and the kind of assistance dog your puppy is training to be! And this is just at-home training time. The puppy needs to see the world and this means you will need to purposefully visit new places with the puppy especially if you typically only go to one or two different locations in a week. Due to this aspect, one of the best demographics of puppy raisers is college students due to them experiencing new locations and having a variety of experiences built into their lifestyle. If you spend most of your time at home or going between work and home, puppy raising is a great excuse to plan new outings and add some adventure in! Attending Training Classes Once you get your future assistance dog, you'll likely have attended at least a few introductory training classes with your local volunteer puppy raising group. During the time the puppy is with you, you'll likely be expected to attend regular training classes with the puppy at least once a month and as frequent as every week. At training class you'll practice behaviors and commands, and get a chance to chat with other puppy raisers and ask questions. Local groups have many variations between them and your experience and time commitment for attending training classes can vary between groups and parent organizations. Puppy Care & Health Just like pet dogs, your puppy-in-training also needs regular care, grooming, and to visit the vet once in a while. Care and grooming are on a regular to weekly basis, and you'll need to visit the vet a few times early in the puppy's life and again for checkups and if your program has the puppy spayed or neutered during your time with them. Like visiting the hooman doctor, you'll need to schedule vet appointments around your own schedule and make sure you can attend them with your pup. Puppy raisers, especially the ones that raise many dogs, build the puppy into their life. An added benefit is that in most states, service dogs in training have the same or similar access rights to fully trained assistance dogs and can go with you to most places. Usually the puppy will go to work and/or class with you. You'll also go to the grocery store, park, restaurants, and many other places together! Sometimes, if the place you're going isn't suitable for dogs or doesn't allow them, you might leave the puppy at home in their crate for a short period of time. Puppy raising is volunteer work and inherently requires not just love for puppies, but also for the mission of the organization you puppy raise for. Puppy raising is one large piece to truly making an impact in the life of someone in need. These puppies will grow up to be companions, serve their paired human, and will become an irreplaceable aspect of that person's life and family. These dogs improve the quality of life for those they help and can also save lives. When puppy raising, you pour a lot, and we mean A LOT, into the furry child but raisers also get that love right back. Many raisers develop a strong bond with the puppies, which can make it an emotional experience giving up the puppy when it's time for them to leave. Yet puppy raisers know that the puppy won't be with them forever and have to be prepared for the heartache that comes with sending the puppy off. Depending on the program, the puppy will head off to finish their formal training around 12 -20 months, with many programs having the dog leave around their 15th month birthday. The puppy completes their formal training with a certified trainer, likely at the headquarters of the parent organization you raise for. There the puppy, who is not really a puppy anymore, and many raisers aliken sending their puppy off to formal training as sending the puppy off to 'college'. But don't worry, the puppies don't leave without a goodbye! Their formal training with certified trainers can take anywhere from 2 months to a year depending on the program and after completion of the rigorous training they will be paired with the human they will assist, graduating the program and becoming a fully licensed working assistance dog! Many organizations host graduations to celebrate the paired humans and working dogs, often called teams, and to celebrate the contributions of the puppy raisers and other volunteers / employees of the organization. If the organization you raise for hosts graduations, you might get a chance to meet your former puppy-in-training as a working dog and see the team in action! This is a very common question of puppy raisers, and each raiser has a different answer to this. But the core of it is that as a puppy raiser, you've signed up for this experience, which does include giving up the puppy that you have trained and cared for. It's all in the name of a bigger purpose, to truly change the life of someone and give them a furry companion who can give them protection, freedom, and independence. Raisers pour a lot of love into the puppy, but give even more love when they give up the puppy so they can go on to do bigger things. Coming to the end of your time together is a heart wrenching experience that is also so very humbling. It may be hard but it is infinitely worth it, especially if you have the opportunity to see the puppy as a fully grown working dog. This is one of the less talked about aspects of puppy raising and can be a significant barrier to this amazing volunteer opportunity. Puppy raising isn't often free. As you might know, caring for and raising a pet puppy can be costly; future assistance dogs require additional expenses for training, breeding, and costs of running assistance dog programs. Some organizations estimate the cost that goes into each working dog that graduates their program. For example, the Guide Dog Foundation for the Blind says one of their guide dogs requires $50,000 worth of time, money, and resources to make it through their program. Assistance dogs are expensive! Many organizations, but not all, raise and train the assistance dogs at no cost to the human they are paired with. This model lowers the barrier of accessibility for these dogs and typically it is the non-profit assistance dog organizations that do this. Some organizations charge thousands, or even tens of thousands, for their assistance dogs. If you need an assistance dog and cannot afford the upfront cost of one, organizations that provide them for free can change a life without charging for the dog. This is where volunteer puppy raisers can make a huge impact in an organization's, usually a non-profit's, mission to provide the assistance dogs for free by limiting payroll and labor costs associated with training and caring for the dog. Depending on the organization, puppy raisers may be responsible for some or all costs of care, food, training, and/or vet bills during the time they have the dog. This can make puppy raising somewhat expensive depending on the organization you raise for and your means. Pawsible has put together a break down of potential puppy raising expenses listed below. Please note that these are estimations and prices and requirements can vary drastically between parent organization and/or local program. Basic Supplies $50 - $200 Basic Supplies the you may need to buy could include: • Large Dog Crate • Food & Water Bowl • Leash, collar, specific training leashes • Brush, shampoo, nail clippers Puppy Food A Bag of Puppy Food: $10-$80 depending on bag size and brand. Some programs require that you use a specific brand of food or one from an approved list. $20 - $50 A few toys: $5-10 each Toys are important for mental enrichment and to prevent the puppy from chewing or playing with household items Some organizations help with these beginning costs and may provide a loaned or gifted set of items like a crate, bowls, leashes, grooming supplies, a toy or two, and even a starter bag of puppy food. © 2020 by Pawsible Incorporated 501(c)3 tax-exempt non-profit • Facebook • Instagram • LinkedIn
The term "Arctic air" is often used casually to describe the very cold weather we sometimes get in winter. However, it really is a reference to air which picked up most of its characteristics near or north of 66.33 degrees north latitude, where there is very little sunlight during winter and it often gets extremely cold. This region includes the Arctic Ocean and a small part of northern Alaska, northern Canada, northern Scandinavia and northern Russia. This is very far north. It is not unusual in our climate to get a direct flow of air from the Arctic region, and this often results in brutally cold weather. However, our weather can get very cold even when the air hasn't come from the true Arctic. Sometimes, air that's been hovering over Saskatchewan or Manitoba can be well below zero and drop into the Dakotas and Minnesota. It's fine to call this Arctic air as a casual term, but it might not actually be from the Arctic. Newsletter signup for email alerts
Gratitude Beyond Thanksgiving- Here’s What It Can Do! by Surya It’s that time of year when gratitude comes into the spotlight. Thanksgiving is well known as a time to show your gratitude for your friends, family, and all that you have in life. But, science tells us that the benefits of having an attitude of gratitude can improve our health and happiness beyond the Thanksgiving season. It’s true-Having a grateful mindset can actually help you feel happier and healthier! Studies done with fMRI-guided technology show that gratitude has the ability to boost serotonin and can activate the production of dopamine-known as the feel-good neurotransmitter. The best news is that gratitude isn’t something that’s reserved for Thanksgiving. It’s a mindset you can incorporate into your daily life. And, even though people express gratitude in many different ways, the impact is always positive. You can express gratitude by volunteering your time or by simply taking the time to tell someone how much you appreciate them. However big or small your expression of gratitude may be, incorporating it into your daily life can help you build a healthier, happier life beyond Thanksgiving. Gratitude Can… Change The Way You See The World Creating an attitude of gratitude can be a life-changing thing! Gratitude helps let go of aggression and anger in difficult situations. It helps us overcome negativity by focusing on the good things in life. Someone who is grateful can develop better self-esteem allowing them to appreciate others and their accomplishments instead of being resentful or jealous. Lead To Positivity & Fulfillment Being grateful also helps develop a positive attitude. Once you start seeing the glass as half full instead of half empty, you can live a happier life. It’s been proven that gratitude can help you find a happiness that lasts. Start taking the time to express thankfulness every day and you’ll start seeing the results. Improve Your Overall Health Aside from all of the obvious mental health benefits, gratitude can also have tremendous benefits on your physical health. Studies have shown that being thankful can help decrease depression within weeks. Thankfulness can also help people sleep better. If you count your blessings before bed, you will have more positive thoughts and a better night’s sleep! Giving thanks can also help you improve your self-care routine. People who are generally more grateful in life appreciate and care for themselves more. TMS Therapy for Clarity Unfortunately, for someone battling major depression, developing an Attitude of Gratitude can be difficult. One of the common misunderstandings about depression is that it’s similar to feeling sad or down. Someone with depression might be accused of being ‘ungrateful’ or told that they just need to ‘snap out of it.’ In fact, many people believe that feeling depressed is a choice. That kind of thinking only adds to the stigma surrounding mental health. The truth is, depression is a complex medical condition that should be treated as such. Our compassion team at Surya Psychiatric Clinic is here to help you get well through innovative treatments like dTMS therapy. Our advanced therapies can help the people of Tucson lift the fog of depression and move forward in health, happiness, and enriched gratitude. As you gather with family and friends this holiday season, watch out for signs of depression in those you love. Provide support and connection by letting them know about life-changing treatments like dTMS because there is hope!
Liquid Feed: the positives, the challenges and how we can help 2 November 2020 Liquid feed has become a popular feeding system particularly for pigs, yet preserving and maintaining shelf life can be quite the challenge and requires nutritional and microbial knowledge. Managed well it can provide liquid feed to a large number of animals, and is also interesting from a labour perspective on larger farms. It is also a sustainable source of feed for your animals as it up-cycles food that is no longer suitable for human consumption but still contains high levels of energy, protein and fats. Liquid feeding requires computer-controlled feed production which mixes dry products with either ethanol, brewing or food industry liquid by-products (which is interesting from a sustainability perspective), or water. It then uses a pipe system to deliver the feed to the pigs. Reusing by-products enables farmers to produce high-quality protein in a sustainable and cost-effective manner. In a world of increasing scarcity of natural resources it positively utilises the principle of the circular economy. The challenge with liquid feed is that moulds, yeasts, lactic acid bacteria and enterobacteria all thrive in moisture-rich feed. When fermentation is uncontrolled it often results in increased populations of E.Coli, Salmonella, yeasts and other pathogens. They reduce the dry matter content of the feed and increase the breakdown of amino acids. All these themselves benefit from the key nutrients in the feed therefore making them unavailable for the animals and the result is a poorer performance. It is important to promote the right fermentation. High numbers of yeast can increase pH instead of it decreasing and this creates further microbial challenges. It is therefore crucial to control the feed hygiene especially in yeast. Yeasts can promote dry matter losses of up to 20%. High yeast levels also have a direct impact on the health of the animals. High yeast containing feed can pass the stomach and reach the intestine. At the intestinal level the yeast continues to ferment and the impact of that can be colonic moulting resulting in pig mortality. Trouw Nutrition carries out over 1200 samples per year on various by-products. There is variability in the microbial quality of the by-products as the data below shows. This is an average of the 1200 samples per year: By using the Selko Revalet range, which is made of a synergistic blend of organic acids and surfactants, you can control yeasts, moulds and enteros. This will both extend shelf life and maintain dry matter content and therefore nutritional values at low dosages.
Trini, Tṛṇī: 1 definition The Sanskrit term Tṛṇī can be transliterated into English as Trni or Trini, using the IAST transliteration scheme (?). In Hinduism Ayurveda (science of life) Source: Wisdom Library: Āyurveda and botany Tṛṇī (तृणी) is another name (synonym) for Śaṭī, which is a Sanskrit name for the plant Hedychium spicatum (spiked ginger lily). This synonym was identified by Narahari in his 13th-century Rājanighaṇṭu (verses 6.226-227), which is an Ayurvedic medicinal thesaurus. Ayurveda book cover context information Discover the meaning of trini or trni in the context of Ayurveda from relevant books on Exotic India See also (Relevant definitions) Relevant text Like what you read? Consider supporting this website:
Vayavi, Vāyavī, Vāyavi: 6 definitions In Hinduism Shaivism (Shaiva philosophy) Source: Wisdom Library: Kubjikāmata-tantra 1) Vāyavī (वायवी):—One of the nine Dūtī presided over by one of the nine bhaivaravas named Diṅmaheśvara (emanation of Ananta, who is the central presiding deity of Dūtīcakra), according to the Kubjikāmata-tantra and the Ṣaṭsāhasrasaṃhitā. 2) Vāyavī (वायवी):—Sixth of the eight Mātṛs born from the body of Khecarī, according to the Kubjikāmatatantra. These eight sub-manifestations (mātṛ), including Vāyavī, represent the eight directions of the compass (from east to north-east) and are presided over by the Bhairava Saṃvarta and his consort Rudrāṇī. Khecarī is the first of the Eight Mahāmātṛs, residing within the Mātṛcakra (third of the five cakras) and represents the element ether or space. Shaivism book cover context information Discover the meaning of vayavi in the context of Shaivism from relevant books on Exotic India Purana and Itihasa (epic history) Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: The Purana Index Vāyavī (वायवी).—A Varṇa Śakti.* • * Brahmāṇḍa-purāṇa IV. 44. 61. Purana book cover context information Discover the meaning of vayavi in the context of Purana from relevant books on Exotic India General definition (in Hinduism) Source: Wisdom Library: Hinduism Vāyavi (वायवी):—One of the thousand names of Yamunā, according to the Yamunā-sahasra (see Śrī Garga Saṃhitā 4.19) Languages of India and abroad Marathi-English dictionary Source: DDSA: The Molesworth Marathi and English Dictionary vāyavī (वायवी).—f S The north-west quarter. Source: DDSA: The Aryabhusan school dictionary, Marathi-English vāyavī (वायवी).—f The north-west quarter. context information Discover the meaning of vayavi in the context of Marathi from relevant books on Exotic India Sanskrit dictionary Vāyavī (वायवी):—[from vāyava > vāyu] f. (with or [scilicet] diś) the north-west (cf. under vāyu), [Āśvalāyana-gṛhya-sūtra] context information Discover the meaning of vayavi in the context of Sanskrit from relevant books on Exotic India See also (Relevant definitions) Relevant text Like what you read? Consider supporting this website:
Contents ... Study Note 6 Percy Bysshe Shelley 2008/01/02 22:16 Study Note for Percy Bysshe Shelley Percy Bysshe Shelley is a radical person, publishing a pamphlet named The Necessity of Atheism, and he also be a nonconformist. His multiple literature capability let him write poetry, prose, literary criticism, even play like close drama. Shelley’s works includes “Mutability”, “Ozymandias”, “England in 1819”, a long poem “Alastor:or, The Spirit of Solitude” and especially his famous poem “Ode to the West Wind”. Besides he writes a classic drama Prometheus Unbound, A Defence of Poetry. is a prose of literary criticism that he expound his own poetry idea. In “Mutability” Shelley talk about the idea which is “nobody can tell the future” because he point out it at the first sentence in the poem. Life is like clouds and they are restless, speed, gleam, and quiver, so we should seize the day and grasp every moment. Then there is the same theme in another poem “Ozymandias”, the Egypt king’s sculpture is stable and elegant, but it can’t escape from the time’s efflux. As the time pass, no one will remember the old king. Shelley’s most unstanding poem “Ode to the West Wind” is terza rima, and it confers the what the death entity and how human being should react. The whole poem divides in five stanzas, and repeat the imagery “death” through this work. The central imagery is the west wind which represents death and rebirth, Shelley thinks everything on the earth should destruct then resurrect. Filtering this process every creature will be full of energy and lively. He uses the change of weather to strengthen his idea: Thou on whose stream, mid the steep sky's commotion, Loose clouds like earth's decaying leaves are shed, Shook from the tangled boughs of Heaven and Ocean, At the final stanza of the poem, Shelley still doesn’t forget his ability of as a poet. He wants to use the word to change the world, so he left a really remarkable saying at the end of the poem: “If winter comes, can spring be far behind?” 全站分類：創作其他上一則： Study Note 7 John Keats 下一則： Study Note5 Samuel Taylor Coleridge
What Freud Can Teach Us About duckweed Timelapse Duckweed is considered a promising source of protein for human foodstuff due to its high protein content and eco-friendly production homes. In order to attain successful addition in the diet, duckweed needs to be presented to consumers in an appropriate method. This paper explores Western customers' perceptions towards duckweed as human food and investigates in what contexts duckweed could be acceptable to consumers who are not utilized to consuming it. In a first interview research study (N= 10), consumers usually reacted favorably towards duckweed as human food, although associations with turbid ponds also did turn up. According to the participants, duckweed came from the food category veggies. So, duckweed was thought about to fit finest in meals where vegetables and greens are anticipated. In a bigger online survey (N= 669), it was validated that customers had a more favorable deliberate examination of duckweed and were most likely to accept a meal with duckweed if duckweed was used in a fitting meal. It was likewise shown that providing information about nutritional and sustainability advantages increased deliberate evaluation and acceptability for fitting meals, but decreased it for non-fitting meals. Automatic evaluations favorably affected intentional examination and reputation, supporting the 'yuck' result, but they did not differ in between the meal applications. The present paper shows that if applied in a meal context that fits with customer expectations, under the presumption that sensory properties like taste are acceptable, there appear no significant objections from customers versus the intro of duckweed as human food at a larger scale.More evidence is required to rate the efficiency of duckweed for these usages. Duckweed work?There isn't adequate details offered to know how duckweed might work as a medication. Exist safety issues? There isn't enough details available to understand if duckweed is safe or what the possible negative effects might be. Safety measures & Warnings: Pregnancy and breast-feeding: Insufficient is known about making use of duckweed during pregnancy and breast-feeding. Stay on the safe side and prevent use. Dosing factors to consider for Duckweed. The suitable dosage of duckweed depends upon several elements such as the user's age, health, and several other conditions. At this time there is insufficient clinical info to determine an appropriate series of doses for duckweed. Keep in mind that natural items are not always necessarily safe and dosages can be important. Make certain to follow appropriate instructions on item labels and consult your pharmacist or physician or other healthcare professional before using. This list of over seventy uses for duckweed is by no means last, but is indicated to offer you an inkling of what read more is possible. I can't claim establishing all of them. A huge thank you heads out to all my fellow duckweed enthusiasts from all over the world who have actually been kind enough to share their experiences with me. Leave a Reply
Timing of maturity, feelings about ethnicity and race can positively affect black males’ self-concept, well-being Black males start puberty at younger ages than males of other racial or ethnic groups, and early puberty has been linked to risks for negative outcomes, yet we know little about how black males navigate the changes in their bodies or understand their social identities. A new study explored how young African-American and Caribbean black males understand these matters and how variations in their understanding affect their self-concept and well-being.
Wednesday, June 25, 2014 BP Statistical Review Shows Peak Oil Bumpy Plateau June is always an exciting month because each year BP releases their "statistical review of world energy" around this time. The BP Statistical Review is one of three important public sources of global oil production data. The other two are the IEA Oil Market Report and the EIA International Energy Statistics report. From a peak oil perspective, the big news out of BP's report is that we have not yet reached peak oil. Global oil production rose from 86.2 million barrels per day to 86.8 million barrels per day between 2012 and 2013. This gain, however, was a paltry 0.65% increase. If you chart the year-over-year change in global oil production for the past 50 years, you see it has been falling continuously since the 1960's. When you add a logarithmic trendline you see that it is approaching zero. Perhaps more interestingly, when you chart the world oil production against the world oil production excluding the United States, you see that world oil production has barely budged in nearly a decade if you don't count increasing US fracking production. Indeed, when you add up all of the production from every country on earth except for the United States, we have been on a "bumpy plateau" of production since 2005. Which leads us to the question: can the US continue to increase production and stave off global peak oil? The answer, at least according to the EIA, is no. The EIA recently released a forecast showing US shale oil production peaking in 2020. The forecast of US shale production (as you can see from the chart above) follows an s-curve, meaning the rate of increase of production will begin to decline. When you dig into the data, you see that the rate of production increase for US shale oil is expected to have peaked in 2012 and will fall every year in the future. If the rate of increase for the production rate of US shale oil falls in the future, it may not be able to continue "propping up" the global oil production rate. As a result, it is feasible that we could reach peak oil in the next few years. While the date of peak oil is important, the date of "peak oil exports" is perhaps more important. The economies of countries like the US and China are extremely dependent on the world oil export market. Likewise, the price of crude oil is set by the world oil export market. When we look at BP's data, we see that global net oil exports peaked in 2006 and have declined 3.5% since. This is mainly due to oil export cannibalization by oil producing countries. As oil exporting countries become wealthier, many begin to develop economies that demand more and more of their own oil production. When this increased internal demand is combined with declining production, we see declining net oil exports. For example, since 2006 Norway's net oil exports fell 37%, Mexico's fell 49% and Denmark's fell 88%. Production increases in countries like Russia and Iraq were not sufficient to increase total world net oil exports. If this trend continues, we could see oil prices continue to rise. We may not be at peak oil yet, but the alarm bells are certainly ringing.
Question: What Are The Effects Of Domestic Waste? What causes domestic waste? This waste is generated as consequences of household activities such as the cleaning, cooking, repairing empty containers, packaging, huge use of plastic carry bags. Many times these waste gets mixed with biomedical waste from hospitals and clinics.. What is the source of domestic waste? What are examples of domestic waste? Why waste is a problem? Air pollution, climate change, soil and water contamination… Poor waste management contributes to climate change and air pollution, and directly affects many ecosystems and species. Landfills, considered the last resort in the waste hierarchy, release methane, a very powerful greenhouse gas linked to climate change. What are the causes and effects of waste disposal? Lung diseases, heart problems, skin irritation, problem or abnormality in breathing, and more are examples of diseases due to pollution caused by improper waste disposal. Dangerous wastes if dumped into the environment leeches the ground and the ground water where some communities get their drinking water. What are the harmful effects of waste? How do we control domestic waste? Reduce the amount of waste you createRepair the usable items instead of throwing them away.Don’t throw away the things you don’t want anymore. … Buy products that are durable and have long life and reduce turnover of clothes and other products.Avoid unnecessary purchases of products, clothes and other appliances. What are the causes of poor waste management? The major causes of improper management of solid waste are related to the lack of financial management and logistics, deficient municipal infrastructures, lopsided planning pastures, disregard for basic aesthetics, and industrial and commercial growths as well as the perceptions and sociocultural practices [7, 8]. What are the 4 types of waste? What is meant by domestic waste? Domestic waste is waste that is generated as a result of the ordinary day-to-day use of a domestic premise and is either: … collected by or on behalf of a local government as part of a waste collection and disposal system. What causes waste? Agricultural wastes arise from waste materials generated from animal manure, crop, and farm remains. The solid wastes like the animal manure and other agricultural by products are collected and dumped in the landfills. These agricultural remnants are highly toxic and can contaminate the land and water resources. What are 3 types of waste? What are the main causes of solid waste? Causes of solid waste pollution are many. Every day, tons of solid wastes are disposed of at various landfills….Major Causes of Solid Waste PollutionCommercial establishments.Residential houses.Debris from construction and demolition.Debris from roads (such as asphalt and scrap metal)Scrap from vehicles.Agriculture. How does domestic waste harm the environment? What are the effects of garbage in our environment? Trash can travel throughout the world’s rivers and oceans, accumulating on beaches and within gyres. This debris harms physical habitats, transports chemical pollutants, threatens aquatic life, and interferes with human uses of river, marine and coastal environments.
Causes of the black death There are distinct deduces as to why the Romans chose London as a residuum these apprehend plant, the Romans were laudpowerful constructors consequently they needed a enlightened quantity of plant to build their Empire. Another deduce was that they noticed a large stream (now unreserved as the Large stream Thames). The Romans realised that this large stream could be exceedingly accelerationful in sundry ways such as insinuate for enlargement and exercise, ecstasy to get from one residuum to another and for exchange, after a while the large stream ships from all aggravate the cosmos-tribe would be powerful to appropinquation this object to exchange a abnormity of things for case silver to effect jewellery and coins, wool to effect vestments, they besides qualitative silk from China to propriety dress and sundry past. By importing commodities from other countries the Romans were powerful to establish their standards of food and enjoy sundry luxuries. In closely 50AD the Romans designated London 'Londinium'. Londinium was crowned principal of Engplant there were two main deduces for this gone the Large stream Thames was in London for exchanges stationary hereafter in, and owing they had a hale guiltlessness in Londinium as they fixed in the north bank of the Large stream Thames where two hills protected them which gave them ameliorate possibilities in war. It was vital for the Romans to enjoy a radiant guiltlessness owing there were stationary Celtics roving environing who were frequently intricate to win tail plant after a while unfeeling validity such as the assault of Queen Boudicca in 61 AD who burnt Londinium to the reason she was pictorial as: "Very towering, the glance of her eye most fierce; her expression gruff. A noble magnitude of the reddest hair prostrate down to her hips. Her manifestatlon was terrible." By the 1300s London's population had aged to 80,000 sundry things had progressive London was a progressing city. In the 1300s there were a abnormity deduces tribe firm to adregular in London. London was an endly city after a while sundry agreeable buildings, there were lots of pursuit availpowerful for all such as farming, tannery instituted, fishing and past, for nourishment there were hundreds of theatres to scrutinize, there were unnumbered calculate of Cathedrals to scrutinize and London had unconstrained ecstasy owing of the Large stream Thames along after a while the London Bridge. Medieval London was made up of straightened and crooked streets, and the superiority of buildings were made from very flammpowerful materials such as cope and straw, which made person a firm intimidation. Hygiene in London was awfully bald tribe weren't cognizant environing their soundness they got rid of refuse anyhow they threw out their attenuate after a whileout caring where it prostrate. The issues would enjoy had none of the things we confirm as recognized today - no floating insinuate, no toilets, no baths and washing basins. Soap was unheard of and as was shampoo. People would enjoy been dressed after a while uncleanness, fleas and lice. Beds were merely straw stuffed mattresses and these would enjoy attracted lice, fleas and all characters of bugs. Bathing would be honorable plain for the affluent, affluent tribe authority enjoy had a bath a few times a year! Your toilet would enjoy been a copeen bucket which would enjoy been emptied into the direct large stream at the set-on-foot of the day your insinuate furnish would besides end from the similar large stream. Families would enjoy adept and slept in the similar extent. Children would enjoy slept in a loft if the cruck issue was big plenty. At death, any carnal you owned would be brought internally for ease. There were a calculate of deduces for this. First, undomesticated carnals roamed the countryside. Engplant stationary had wolves and bears in the forests and these could easily enjoy enslaved a pig, cow or chickens. The mislaying of any carnal could be a difficulty but the mislaying of valupowerful carnals such as an ox would be a reverse. If left delayout at death they could besides enjoy been stolen or merely enjoy wandered off. If they were internally your issue, none of these would occur and they were secured. However, they must enjoy made the issue plain past uncleannessy than it usually would enjoy been as none of these carnals would enjoy been issue-trained. They would enjoy besides brought in fleas and flies etc. increasing the unhygienic constitution of the issue. Some of the residuum circumstanceors tribe would behold for in the fourteenth seniority were high-quality pursuit offered for all such as such as bakery, leatherworking, blacksmithing, carpenters, armourers, bowyers/fletchers and swordsmithing. Tribe chose settles which beholded eye-catching and there was an enjoypowerful settle to scrutinize and Tribe would neglect ameliorate and improved ecstasy as courteous as radiant ease and untarnished laws. The Black Death set-on-footed in Europe when the Genoese firm to flee the torture by evasion from Caffa (where the Black Death originated from). The Genoese boarded their ships and set sail for Italy carrying rats, flees and the Black Death after a while them. The Black Death epidemic when a flea drank a rat's order that carried the yersina pestis (torture germs). The yersina pestis would increase until the flea's gut was compulsory after a while it. The flea would then bite a civilized ejecting the rat's order into the unconcealed pain the civilized would then be decayed. This cycle carried on until the lives of 50 darling tribe were enslaved from them in Europe wiping out half of London's population. It is said that the that the It was artless for the Black Death to expand in London gone Hygiene in London was awfully bald as shown in the fourth provision there was a lot of plethora owing London was dreadfully aggravatepopulated and issues were stationary substance exposed tribe would cook, eat, drowse and go to the toilet in the similar extent which meant a lot of germs. In disposal I reflect that the residuum of London did acceleration the torture to expand in the 1300s owing of manifold deduces including sundry of the deduces shown aloft chiefly gone the character of tribe that who fixed there, and the circumstance that they had no sewage for their attenuate to go to. But I reflect that if the tribe not regular in London but all environing the cosmos-tribe were past wakeful and cognizant of germs and hygiene then the Black Death would never enjoy set-on-footed.
The Great Conversation: Virtue and Vice By Gabriel Blanchard One of the principal goals of education is to cultivate virtue. But what does that mean? Virtue (and its implied opposite) is something we discuss a good deal under the aegis of a classic education: Martin Luther King Jr.’s dictum, “Intelligence plus character is the goal of true education,” is one of our mantras. This situates us in a tradition stretching back more than thirty centuries; from the present day, through the Medieval university, on to classical Athens, and further still to Egyptian myths of the judgment of the dead. What do we mean by virtue? The Greek aretē meant “excellence” or “prowess,” and came later to be narrowed to moral qualities (like the Latin virtus itself, which originally meant “manliness”). Aristotle created a sophisticated theory of virtues that classified excellence under as many as a dozen headings, but the ancients in general agreed upon four basic virtues: prudence, courage, justice, and moderation. These were called cardinal virtues, from the Latin cardo, “hinge”; good character hung on them as a door hangs on its hinges. When Christianity came to dominate the classical world, the four cardinal virtues were combined with three theological virtuesfaith, hope, and charityfor a total of seven. This list, with some disputes and elaborations, has remained common currency for a thousand years. One of Socrates’ concerns was whether virtue could be taught, or required an innate talent like art. He earned the enmity of many Sophists who claimed to be able to teach virtue (and made a pretty penny doing so) by cross-examining and debunking their claims, but the debate continued. Most thinkers have admitted virtue is in some way teachablesome taking the strong view that all vice is simply a kind of ignorance, while others have recognized us as having an innate sense of right and wrong, one that does require maturation but is nothing like Locke’s tabula rasa. Alexander Woollcott The question of the relationship between virtue and happiness is another thorny one. Given an Aristotelian idea of happiness as “human flourishing,” nearly every philosopher and theologian in the West considered virtue a prerequisite for happiness. Some, such as the Stoics, considered it the only requirement; the early Christian martyrs, who famously sang hymns while being burned alive, seemed to justify this idea, albeit on quite different grounds. However, a number of Idealist philosophers, notably Kant, considered virtue and happiness to be irrelevant to each other. Duty was duty, and that was all there was to it: tying virtue to happiness made it mercenary, which was not virtuous at all. This flowed from Kant’s theory of why we must pursue virtue and avoid vice. Called deontology, from the Greek deon “binding,” the virtuous was a category unto itself, rather than directed to some purpose like happiness. This stood in stark contrast to the tradition of ethics descending from Aristotle, which conceived of the virtues not primarily as patterns of obedience to arbitrary rules, but as inner qualities of character. Where for Kant a person who does the right thing despite not wanting to is specially praiseworthy, Aristotle considered enjoying doing the right thing a mark of virtue. A rival family of ethical theories arose in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, known loosely as consequentialism. Utilitarianismthe idea that virtue means doing whatever leads to the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of peoplecame in the writings of Jeremy Bentham and J. S. Mill. Kierkegaard’s Either/Or set a deontologist view against a kind of intelligent hedonism, in which a prudent, strategic approach to pleasures led in practice to moderation, equity, and other virtues. More recently, certain strains of feminist thought have advanced yet another radically different (and controversial) concept of virtue, known as relational ethics. This posits that morals center primarily on interpersonal relationships rather than abstract principles. This forms a fascinating counterpoint to the Christian doctrine of the Trinity, which defines the Godhead itself as relational, and perhaps to ancient suzerain-vassal covenants and the ideals of feudalism as well. Suggested reading: Plato, Protagoras Aristotle, The Nichomachean Ethics Søren Kierkegaard, Either/Or Carol Gilligan, In a Different Voice If you enjoyed this piece, you might also like our series on our author bank, spanning names from Euripides to St. Thomas More to Dorothy Sayers. Or take a look that this post from our staff writer Matt McKeown, Why a “Hard” Education Is Better. Share this post: Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on linkedin Share on email Scroll to Top
Osmosis Definition, Process, Types, Examples, and Osmotic Pressure Osmosis Definition Osmosis is a biophysical process that typically occurs in biological systems where the molecules of the solvent move towards a region of high solute concentration in a semi-permeable membrane. • It is a type of passive transport and is directed towards a direction that equates solute concentrations across a semi-permeable membrane. • It is a common process occurring in most biological membranes in organisms. • In a biological system, the solvent is mostly water; However, osmosis can also occur in other liquids and gases. • Since it is a means of passive transport, it does not require any energy. Osmosis Definition, Process, Types, Examples, and Osmotic Pressure What is osmosis? Osmosis is a type of proliferation that, in biology, is usually related to cells. Diffusion occurs when molecules or atoms move from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration. Osmosis occurs when a substance crosses a semiconductor membrane to balance the concentrations of another substance. In biology, this usually occurs when a solvent such as water depends on the concentration of a solute in the form of salt. Osmosis occurs spontaneously and without any energy on the part of the cell. The process of osmosis • To describe the process and mechanism of osmosis, we take two solutions separated by a semi-permeable membrane. • One of the solutions is pure water while the other one is a solution to solution and water. • According to the definition of osmosis, in such a case, the purified water moves towards the membranous solution. • Several descriptions have been made to understand the force of osmosis. One such theorem states that the movement of water across the membrane is caused by the concentration gradient of water in the two solutions. • This theorem, however, does not explain the process of reverse osmosis, which occurs against the concentration gradient with the circulation of the solvent towards a solution of low concentrations. • Another theorem put forward by many other scientists is the fact that solute molecules in solution attract solvent molecules across the membrane. This theorem is also not true because the size of solute molecules does not affect the motion of a solvent across the membrane. • Therefore, the process of osmosis is explained with the concept of chemical potential. • The chemical potential of pure water in a solution is different from the chemical potential of water in a solution with solute molecules. • The interaction between solute and water molecules reduces the pressure exerted by the water molecules in the solute solution. Consequently, water molecules in pure water exert more pressure toward the solution with lower solvent concentration. • This pressure results in a loss of water in the membrane. This process continues until the pressure on both sides becomes equal for equilibrium. Osmosis Definition, Process, Types, Examples, and Osmotic Pressure Factors affecting osmosis Osmosis is a result of various factors, and thus the rate of osmosis is influenced by many such factors: • The rate of osmosis increases with an increase in system temperature. • This happens because the energy of the molecules also increases with the increase in temperature. • As the molecules become more energetic, their speed also increases, and thus the process of osmosis increases. Concentration gradient • Since the concentration of solute molecules in the driving force of osmosis is necessary, any change in concentration directly affects the rate of osmosis. • Osmosis shoots in a situation where there is a large difference in the concentration of solutes across the membrane. • Since the number of solute molecules is greater in one solution than the other, the pressure is reduced by the molecules of the solvent, thus accelerating the process of osmosis. • Once equilibrium is maintained across the membrane, the process of osmosis stops. Water potential / Solvent Capacity • The capacity of water across a semi-permeable membrane also affects the rate of osmosis. • As the water potential of a solution is high, water molecules can cross the membrane, as the pressure is increased by the particles. • Eventually, the water capacity on both sides becomes the same, creating equilibrium. • Once equilibrated, water continues to flow across the membrane, but it flows the same amount in both ways, thus stabilizing the solutions. Membrane Surface Area and Thickness • With the increase in surface area, molecules will have more space available for their movement which in turn will increase the rate of osmosis. • Likewise, if the surface area decreases, the molecules will have less room to move, which will restrict their movement. • The rate of osmosis also decreases as the membrane thickness increases. The pressure is an essential factor affecting the process of osmosis because it can also change the direction of osmosis. If the pressure is exerted more than the pressure exerted by the molecules of the solvent, the direction of osmosis can change, and the molecules of the solvent begin to move toward the region with greater solvent concentration. However, if less pressure is applied than the pressure exerted by the solvent molecules, it does not change direction but reduces the rate of osmosis. The pressure applied in the same direction of the concentration gradient also increases the rate of osmosis. Types of osmosis There are some types of osmosis depending on the direction of the motion of the molecules of the solvent. • Reverse osmosis is a method of separation used to force a solvent through a semi-permeable membrane resulting in solute molecules on one side and solvent molecules on the other side. • Reverse osmosis differs from forwarding osmosis in that reverse osmosis used hydraulic pressure to force the solvent against octane pressure. • Forward osmosis is another variant of osmosis where the osmotic pressure gradient is used to induce the flow of water from the sample solution to separate the solutes. • Forward osmosis uses a draw solution with a high concentration of solutes, which removes solvent molecules from the sample solution; Thus, as a result of the separation of solutes and solvent in the sample solution. • Endosmosis is the movement of water in a cell that occurs when a cell is placed in a solution with a higher concentration of water than the cell. • Exosmosis is the movement of water from the cell that occurs when the cell is placed in a solution with a higher concentration of solutes than the cell. • Cells swell to size after endosmosis while cells shrink after exosmosis. Osmotic solutions (Tonicity) Tonicity is the ability of extracellular solutions to induce the movement of water in and out of a cell through the process of osmosis. The tonicity of a solution is determined by the concentration of solute and solvent molecules in the solution. Based on the tonicity of the solutions, they are called hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic solutions. Hypotonic solution • If an extracellular solution has a lower concentration of solute than what is inside the cell, the solution is called a hypotonic solution. • When a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, the movement of water occurs within the cell and causes endosmosis. • The cell is a condition that will swell and could even explode. Hypertonic solution • If an extracellular solution has a higher concentration of solute than what is inside the cell, the solution is called a hypertonic solution. • When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, the movement of water occurs outside the cell and exosmosis occurs. • The cell contracts, losing the ability to divide and even function. Isotonic solution • When an extracellular solution has the same concentration of solute as that inside the cell, the solution is called an isotonic solution. • When a cell is placed in an isotonic solution, there is no movement of water through the cell membrane. • In this case, the cell size is not affected since there is no movement of water. Osmotic Pressure • Osmotic pressure is the pressure applied by a hypotonic pressure that results in the movement of solvent molecules through the semipermeable membrane. • It is the minimum pressure that must be applied to the solution to prevent the internal flow of pure solvent through the semipermeable membrane. • Osmotic pressure is the driving force of osmosis, and the rate of osmosis increases as osmotic pressure increases. Osmosis Definition, Process, Types, Examples, and Osmotic Pressure The osmotic pressure of a solution can be calculated as follow: ∏= MRT Where ∏ is the osmotic pressure M is the molar concentration of the solute R is the gas constant And T is the temperature of the system. Significance of osmosis • Osmosis is responsible for the transport of nutrients within the cell and waste materials outside the cell. • Osmosis influences the transport of water from the soil to the roots of plants, which is then conducted to different parts of the cell through the xylem tissue. • The internal environment of the cell in living organisms is stabilized by balancing water and intracellular fluid levels. • Osmosis is also responsible for maintaining the turgidity of the cell. • Osmosis in plants prevents cells from drying out as a result of water loss through perspiration. • The diffusion of water and other cellular fluids from cell to cell is also maintained by osmosis. • The movement of plants and plant parts is regulated by the turgor of the cell, which in turn is balanced by osmosis. • Osmosis also prevents the drying of fruits and sporangia among other plant structures. • An increase in osmotic pressure supports plants in desert areas against drought and other similar injuries. • Reverse osmosis and direct osmosis are separation methods used in drinking water purification, desalination, wastewater purification, concentration of liquid foods such as juices, production of maple syrups, low alcohol beer and hydrogen peroxide. Examples of osmosis In the animal cells • Osmosis influences the shape and size of animal cells, since there is no cell wall in animal cells. • Red blood cells in humans are highly influenced by the osmotic pressure of the blood. If the blood is too thin, the red blood cells decrease in size as they swell and even explode if the blood becomes concentrated. • Thus, in animals, the concentration of body fluids; Blood plasma and tissue fluid must be kept within strict limits. • Another example of osmosis in animals is the reduction of slugs by exposure to salt. • The skin of slugs is a semipermeable membrane that, when exposed to salt, draws water from the cells and contracts the cell and, in turn, the animal. In the plant cells • The root system in plants absorbs water from the soil through osmosis. • Cells in the roots of plants have a semi-permeable membrane that allows water in the soil to infiltrate the roots that influence the protective cells. • Another classic example of osmosis in plants is the swelling and shrinkage of potato cells when potato slices are dipped in hypotonic solution and hypertonic solutions, respectively. Osmosis Definition, Process, Types, Examples, and Osmotic Pressure Please follow and like us: Osmosis Definition, Process, Types, Examples, and Osmotic Pressure Leave a Comment %d bloggers like this: Close Bitnami banner
A ghost is said to be the apparition of a deceased person, frequently similar in appearance to that person, and usually encountered in places she or he frequented, the place of his or her death, or in association with the person's former belongings. The word "ghost" may also refer to the spirit or soul of a deceased person, or to any spirit or demon. [ Merriam Webster dictionary, retrieved December 24, 2007 "a disembodied soul"] Parapsychological Association, glossary of key words frequently used in parapsychology, Retrieved December 13 2006] Retrieved December 13 2006 "The spirit of a dead person, especially one believed to appear in bodily likeness to living persons or to haunt former habitats."] A place in which ghosts are supposed to appear is described as haunted. A related phenomenon is the poltergeist, literally a 'noisy spirit' that manifests itself by moving and influencing objects, though a widespread view today is that these occurences are either fraudulent or manifestations of the psychic energy of, particularly, adolescent girls. [Daniel Cohen (1994) "Encyclopedia of Ghosts". London, Michael O' Mara Books: 137-56] Phantom armies, animals, trains and ships have also been reported. [Christina Hole (1950) "Haunted England". London, Batsford: 150-163] [Daniel Cohen (1994) "Encyclopedia of Ghosts". London, Michael O' Mara Books: 8] The reality of ghosts is a vexed subject which divides believers and skeptics. ["The Oxford Book of the Supernatural" (1995) edited by D.J. Enright: 503-542] The study of ghosts is both the subject of folklore and also, since the nineteenth century, of the investigations of parapsychologists, who have attempted to refine the vocabulary used in describing ghostly phenomena. Summoning or exorcising the shades of the departed is an item of belief and religious practice for spiritualists and practitioners of ritual magic. Though some claims of ghostly phenomena are proven frauds others remain unexplained or are subject to conflicting explanations. So far no one explanation has gained universal acceptance. [Daniel Cohen (1994) "Encyclopedia of Ghosts". London, Michael O' Mara Books] According to a poll conducted in 2005 by the Gallup Organization about 32% of Americans believe in the existence of ghosts. cite web\|url= \|title=Gallup poll shows that Americans' belief in the paranormal persists \|accessdate=2007-09-19 \|last=Musella \|first=David park \|date=Sept-October 2005 \|publisher=Skeptical Inquirer ] Historical background According to some, the belief in ghosts as souls of the departed is closely related to the ancient concept of animism, which attributed souls to everything in nature, including human beings, animals, plants, rocks, etc. Some people believe the ghost or spirit never leaves Earth until there is no-one left to remember the one who died. Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology edited by J. Gordon Melton Gale Research, ISBN 0-8103-5487-X] Nineteenth-century anthropologist James Frazer stated in his classic work, "The Golden Bough", that souls were seen as the creature within that animated the body: Although the human soul was sometimes symbolically or literally depicted in ancient cultures as a bird or other animal, it was widely held that the soul was an exact reproduction of the body in every feature, even down to clothing the person wore. This is depicted in artwork from various ancient cultures, including such works as the "Egyptian Book of the Dead", which shows deceased people in the afterlife appearing much as they did before death, including the style of dress. Another widespread belief concerning ghosts is that they were composed of a misty, airy, or subtle material. Anthropologists speculate that this may also stem from early beliefs that ghosts were the person within the person, most noticeable in ancient cultures as a person's breath, which upon exhaling in colder climates appears visibly as a white mist.Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology edited by J. Gordon Melton Gale Research, ISBN 0-8103-5487-X] This belief may have also fostered the metaphorical meaning of "breath" in certain languages, such as the Latin "spiritus" and the Greek "pneuma", which by analogy became extended to mean the soul. In the Bible, God is depicted as animating Adam with a breath. In many cultures malignant, restless, ghosts are distinguished from the more benign spirits which are the subject of Ancestor worship. [Richard Cavendish (1994) "The World of Ghosts and the Supernatural". Waymark Publications, Basingstoke: 5] Although the evidence for ghosts is largely anecdotal, the belief in ghosts throughout history has remained widespread and persistent. Many other Eastern religious traditions also subscribe to the concept of ghosts. The Hindu Garuda Purana has detailed information about ghosts. [ Vedic cosmology] , accessed February 27, 2007] A celebrated account of a haunted house, from the ancient classical world, is given by Pliny the Younger (c. (50 AD). [ cite web\|url= \|title=Classical ghost stories \|accessdate=2007-09-19 \|last=Jaehnig \|first=K.C. \|date=1999-03-11 \|publisher= Southern Illinois University ] Pliny describes, in a letter to a friend, how Athenodoros Cananites (c. 74 BC – 7 AD), a Stoic philosopher, decided to rent a large house in Athens, to investigate widespread rumors that it was haunted. Athenodoros staked out at the house that night, and, sure enough, a disheveled, aged spectre, bound at feet and hands with rattling chains, eventually appeared. The spirit then beckoned for Athenodoros to follow him; Athenodoros complied, but the ghost soon vanished. The philosopher marked the spot where the old man had disappeared, and, on the next day, advised the magistrates to dig there. The man's shackled bones were reportedly uncovered three years later. After a proper burial, the hauntings ceased. [ cite web\|url= \|title=LXXXIII. To Sura \|accessdate=2007-09-19 \|first=Pliny the Younger \| ] From the medieval period an apparition of a ghost is recorded from 1211, at the time of the Albigensian Crusade [Mark Gregory Pegg (2008) "A Most Holy War". Oxford University Press, New York: 3-5, 116-117. ISBN 978-0-19-517131-0] . Gervase of Tilbury, Marshal of Arles, wrote that the image of Guilhem, a boy recently murdered in the forest, appeared in his cousin's home in Beaucaire, near Avignon, France. This series of "visits" lasted all of the summer. Through his cousin, who spoke for him, the boy allegedly held conversations with anyone who wished, until the local priest requested to speak to the boy directly, leading to an extended disquisition on theology. The boy narrated the trauma of death and the unhappiness of his fellow souls in Purgatory, and reported that God was most pleased with the ongoing Crusade against the Cathar heretics, launched three years earlier. The time of the Albigensian Crusade in southern France was marked by intense and prolonged warfare, this constant bloodshed and dislocation of populations being the context for these reported vists by the murdered boy. Many other stories from the Middle Ages and the Romantic era rely on the macabre and the fantastic, and ghosts are a major theme in literature from those eras. The Child ballad "Sweet William's Ghost" recounts the story of a ghost returning to beg a woman to free him from his promise to marry her, as he obviously cannot being dead; her refusal would mean his damnation. This reflects a popular British belief that the dead would haunt their lovers if they took up with a new love without some formal release. [Francis James Child, "The English and Scottish Popular Ballads", v 2, p 227, Dover Publications, New York 1965] "The Unquiet Grave" expresses a belief even more widespread, found in various location over Europe: ghosts can stem from the excessive grief of the living, whose mourning interferes with the dead's peaceful rest. [Francis James Child, "The English and Scottish Popular Ballads", v 2, p 234, Dover Publications, New York 1965] In many folktales from around the world, the hero arranges for the burial of a dead man. Soon after, he gains a companion who aids him and, in the end, the hero's companion reveals that he is in fact the dead man.Cite web\|url=\|title=Grateful dead\|accessdate=2007-12-14\|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Online\|year=2007\|work=Encyclopædia Britannica] Instances of this include the Italian fairy tale "Fair Brow" and the Swedish "The Bird 'Grip'". In many traditional accounts, ghosts were often thought to be deceased people looking for vengeance, or imprisoned on earth for bad things they did during life. The appearance of a ghost has often been regarded as an omen or portent of death. Seeing one's own ghostly double or "fetch" is a related omen of death. [Christina Hole (1950) "Haunted England": 13-27] In 1848 the Fox sisters of Hydesfield in New York State claimed to have communication with the disembodied spirits of the dead and launched the Spiritualist movement, which claimed many adherents in the nineteenth century. [John Fairley and Simon Welfare (1985) "Arthur C Clarke's World of Strange Powers": 251] The claims of spiritualists and others as to the reality of ghosts were investigated by the Society for Psychical Research, founded in London in 1882. The Society set up a Committee on Haunted Houses and a Literary Committee which looked at the literature on the subject. [John Fairley and Simon Welfare (1985) "Arthur C Clarke's World of Strange Powers": 251] Apparitions of the recently deceased, at the moment of their death, to their friends and relations, were very commonly reported. [John Fairley and Simon Welfare (1985) "Arthur C Clarke's World of Strange Powers": 132-5] [Christina Hole (1950) "Haunted England": 13-27] One celebrated example was the strange appearance of Vice-Admiral Sir George Tryon, walking through the drawing room, of his family home in Eaton Square, London, looking straight ahead, without exchanging a word to anyone, in front of several guests at a party being given by his wife on 22 June 1893 whilst he was supposed to be in a ship of the Mediterranean Squadron, manoeuvering of the coast of Syria. Subsequently it was reported that he had gone down with his ship, the HMS "Victoria", that very same night, after it had collided with the HMS "Camperdown" following an unexplained and bizarre order to turn the ship in the direction of the other vessel. [Christina Hole (1950) "Haunted England": 21-22] Such crisis apparitions have received serious study by parapsychologists with various explanations given to account for them, including telepathy, as well as the traditional view that they represent disembodied spirits. [Richard Cavendish (1994) "The World of Ghosts and the Supernatural". Waymark Publications, Basingstoke: 35] cite book \| last = Fontana \| first = David \| authorlink = \| coauthors = \| title = Is There an Afterlife: A Comprehensive Review of the Evidence \| publisher = O Books \| year= 2005 \| location = Hants, UK \| pages = \| url = \| doi = \| id = ISBN 1903816904 ] keptical analysis Critics of "eyewitness ghost sightings" suggest that limitations of human perception and ordinary physical explanations can account for such sightings; for example, air pressure changes in a home causing doors to slam, or lights from a passing car reflected through a window at night. cite web\|url= \|title=The Visit \|accessdate=2007-09-19 \|last=Weinstein \|first=Larry \|month=June \| year=2001 \|publisher=Committee for Skeptical Inquiry ] Pareidolia, an innate tendency to recognize patterns in random perceptions, is what some skeptics believe causes people to believe that they have seen ghosts. [ cite web\|url= \|title=pareidolia \|accessdate=2007-09-19 \|last=Carroll \|first=Robert Todd \|month=June \| year=2001 \| ] Reports of ghosts "seen out of the corner of the eye" may be accounted for by the sensitivity of human peripheral vision. According to skeptical investigator Joe Nickell: Sound is thought to be another cause of supposed sightings. Frequencies lower than 20 hertz are called infrasound and are normally inaudible, but scientists Richard Lord and Richard Wiseman have concluded that infrasound can cause humans to experience bizarre feelings in a room, such as anxiety, extreme sorrow or even the chills. cite web\|url= \|title=Sounds like terror in the air \|accessdate=2007-09-19 \|date=2003-09-09 \|work=Reuters \| ] Carbon monoxide poisoning, which can cause changes in perception of the visual and auditory systems,cite journal\|author=Choi IS\|title=Carbon monoxide poisoning: systemic manifestations and complications\|journal=J. Korean Med. Sci.\|volume=16\|issue=3\|pages=253–61\|year=2001\|pmid=11410684\|doi=\|issn=] was recognized as a possible explanation for haunted houses as early as 1921. Another potential explanation of apparitions is that they are hypnagogic hallucinations. The traditional perception of ghosts wearing clothing is considered illogical by some researchers, given the supposed spiritual nature of ghosts, suggesting that the basis of what a ghost is said to look like and consist of is quite dependent on preconceptions made by society. [ cite web\|url= \|title=Headless Ghosts I Have Known \|accessdate=2007-09-19 \|last=Nickell \|first=Joe \|month=December \| year=2006 \|publisher=Committee for Skeptical Inquiry ] Unclothed ghosts have, however, been reported. For instance in "The World's Strangest Ghost Stories" (1958) R. Thurston Hopkins gives a chilling account of the "Naked Ghost of Rattlesden" (Suffolk). [R. Thurston Hopkins (1958)" The World's Strangest Ghost Stories". Kingswood, World's Work: 173-83] Skeptics also say that, to date, there is no credible scientific evidence that any location is inhabited by spirits of the dead. [ cite web\|url= \|title=Haunted Inns Tales of Spectral Guests \|accessdate=2007-09-19 \|last=Nickell \|first=Joe \|date=Sept-October 2000 \|publisher=Committee for Skeptical Inquiry ] Some researchers, such as Professor Michael Persinger (Laurentian University, Canada), have speculated that changes in geomagnetic fields (created, e.g., by tectonic stresses in the Earth's crust or solar activity) could stimulate the brain's temporal lobes and produce many of the experiences associated with hauntings. This theory has been tested in various ways. Some scientists have examined the relationship between the time of onset of unusual phenomena in allegedly haunted locations and any sudden increases in global geomagnetic activity. Others have investigated whether the location of alleged hauntings is associated with certain types of magnetic activity. Finally, a third strand of work has involved laboratory studies in which stimulation of the temporal lobe with transcerebralclarifyme magnetic fields has elicited subjective experiences that strongly parallel phenomena associated with hauntings. All of this work is controversial; it has attracted a large amount of debate and disagreement. [ cite web\|url= \|title=Research of Professor Richard Wiseman \|accessdate=2007-09-25 \|last=Wiseman \|first=Richard \|date=0 \|publisher=Society for Psychical Research ] Popular culture Perhaps the most recognizable ghost in English literature is the shade of Hamlet's father in the play "The Tragical History of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark." In "Hamlet", it is the ghost that encourages the title character to investigate his "murder most foul" and seek revenge upon King Claudius, the suspected murderer of Hamlet's father. Possibly the next most famous apparitions are the ghosts of "A Christmas Carol", where the ghost of Jacob Marley, The Ghost of Christmas Past, The Ghost of Christmas Present and The Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come help Ebenezer Scrooge see the error of his ways. Oscar Wilde's "The Canterville Ghost" has been adapted for film and television on several occasions. Henry James's "The Turn of the Screw" has also appeared in a number of adaptations, notably the film "The Innocents" and Benjamin Britten's opera "The Turn of the Screw". Noel Coward's play "Blithe Spirit", later made into a film, places a more humorous slant on the phenomenon of haunting of individuals and specific locations. Films including or centering on ghosts are common, and span a variety of genres. Ghosts can also be found in various television programs. The ghost hunting theme has also become prevalent in reality television series particularly "Ghost Hunters" and "Ghost Hunters International", but also "Most Haunted", and "A Haunting". It is also represented in children's television by such programmes as "The Ghost Hunter". The Grateful Dead adopted their name and iconography from a series of traditional ghost stories known as Grateful Dead. ee also Demonic Possession Electronic voice phenomenon Ghost hunting Ghost Hunters Ghosts in Bengali culture Haunted house Holy Spirit List of alleged haunted locations List of U.S. paranormal guides Most Haunted Raynham Hall Stambovsky v. Ackley Stigmatized property The Atlantic Paranormal Society The Bell Witch The Canterville Ghost William H. Mumler ;Related terms Black dog (ghost) Phantasm (Fantasm) Phantom (Fantom) Shadow Person External links [ Ghost Hunters] Investigations by the Sci-Fi Channel * [ How Stuff Works - Ghosts] Wikimedia Foundation. 2010. См. также в других словарях: • Ghost — (englisch: Geist) steht für ein Softwareprodukt zum Erstellen von Speicherabbildern von Datenträgern, siehe Ghost (Software) ein Softwareprodukt zur Datensicherung, G4L (Ghost für Linux) eine Luxuslimousine von Rolls Royce Motor Cars, Rolls Royce … Deutsch Wikipedia • ghost — O.E. gast soul, spirit, life, breath; good or bad spirit, angel, demon, from P.Gmc. ghoizdoz (Cf. O.S. gest, O.Fris. jest, M.Du. gheest, Du. geest, Ger. Geist spirit, ghost ), from PIE root gheis to be excited, amazed, frightened (Cf. Skt.… … Etymology dictionary • ghost — ghost; ghost·dom; ghost·ess; ghost·i·ly; ghost·li·ness; ghost·ol·o·gy; ghost·ship; ghost·ing; ghost·ly; … English syllables • Ghost (BD) — Ghost (bande dessinée) Cette page d’homonymie répertorie les différents sujets et articles partageant un même nom. Ghost dans le monde de la bande dessinée peut faire référence à : Ghost, une super héroïne apparaissant dans sa propre série,… … Wikipédia en Français • Ghost — Título Ghost, la sombra del amor (México, Chile, Colombia, Perú y Argentina) Ghost, más allá del amor (España) Ficha técnica Dirección Jerry Zucker … Wikipedia Español • ghost — ► NOUN 1) an apparition of a dead person which is believed to appear to the living. 2) a faint trace: the ghost of a smile. 3) a faint secondary image produced by a fault in an optical system or on a cathode ray screen. ► VERB ▪ act as ghost… … English terms dictionary • ghost´i\|ly — ghost\|y «GOHS tee», adjective, ghost\|i\|er, ghost\|i\|est. of or like a ghost; ghostly. –ghost´i\|ly, adverb … Useful english dictionary • ghost — [gōst] n. [altered (prob. after Fl gheest) < ME goste < OE gast, soul, spirit, demon, akin to Ger geist < IE base * gheizd , to be excited, frightened > Sans hēḋ , to be angry] 1. the spirit or soul: now only in give up the ghost (to… … English World dictionary • ghost\|ly — «GOHST lee», adjective, li\|er, li\|est. 1. like a ghost; pale, dim, and shadowy: »A ghostly form walked across the stage. SYNONYM(S): spectral … Useful english dictionary Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное Прямая ссылка: Нажмите правой клавишей мыши и выберите «Копировать ссылку»
Ringworm in Cats – How To Get Rid of Cat Ringworm What is Ringworm? The name ringworm often causes confusion – it’s not a worm like tapeworm, roundworm and other parasitic intestinal worms that cats and dogs get. It’s something entirely different and unrelated. Ringworm is not a worm at all. It’s a fungal infection. It’s called “ringworm” because the shape of the lesion is often (but not always) round and worm-like in shape on the skin. Feline ringworm is a common skin condition, but it’s something that shouldn’t be ignored. Not only is it highly uncomfortable for a cat to have ringworm, but this fungal infection can also be transferred to people who come into contact with the affected cat (making it a zoonosis – transferable to humans from animals). It goes without saying, that if your cat has been diagnosed with, or clearly has a ringworm problem, you’ll want to get to treating it right away. If ringworm is left untreated and develops into a more severe case, it can spread over more areas of the cat’s body. As responsible cat people, it’s up to us not to let this happen. Thankfully ringworm isn’t difficult or expensive to treat, and treatment can and should be sought at the first signs. Why does a cat get ringworm? Fungus is made up of spores (which are the reproductive parts of fungus) which travel through the environment, and can often stay in the environment for very long periods of time. Ringworm fungus is no exception. Your cat could be carrying ringworm fungal spores that he’s picked up from somewhere for a period of time, and not show any symptoms. Cats who are in good overall health with strong immunity might be able to resist a ringworm infection despite exposure to the spores, but young kittens, old cats and those cats with immune health issues and other health problems are at a higher risk of developing ringworm. Cats who are exposed to the ringworm fungal spores can also pass the condition on to other cats, so if you have a ringworm outbreak it’s important to monitor all of the cats in the household. Symptoms of Ringworm The most common locations on the body for a ringworm infection to take hold is on the face, and on the front paws. It can however show up anywhere. The signs are obvious and noticeable after the infection starts to take hold, with hair loss in the affected area, redness and skin crusting. The itchiness of the rash-like condition can result in excessive scratching and rubbing, bringing about even more grazing of the skin and potential additional infections. It’s a highly uncomfortable problem for a cat to suffer with, so seeking treatment as quickly as possible is important. Ringworm can be very distressing for a cat when left untreated, such as the photograph of the cat on this page of International Cat Care (who do wonderful work I might add), who is affected by a serious ringworm infestation on the face. How to treat a cat who has ringworm If you’re not familiar with ringworm, you’ll want a certain diagnosis from the vet before doing anything. Although it usually has a specific appearance, there are other skin conditions like dermatitis that a cat can suffer from, and you’ll want to be sure that you’re actually dealing with a ringworm fungal infection before considering treatment. The vet will also be able to give the cat a proper look over to see if there are any other additional lesions on the body. Your vet will want to confirm that it is indeed ringworm and not another possible skin condition. Fur can be examined under a microscope by the vet, to diagnose fungal spores. Along with a visual inspection of the skin, this is a sure fire way for a ringworm diagnosis to be made. Ringworm will often clear up on its own in a relatively healthy cat within a few weeks. But the discomfort it causes, as well as the risk of spreading the infection to other cats, dogs, other animals and humans, means that not treating ringworm is not recommended. An anti-fungal treatment is what’s required to effectively eliminate the ringworm infection. Veterinarian-prescribed medications include formulas containing itraconazole or griseofulvin. Oral anti-fungal medications and/or topical products may be prescribed by your vet. Another treatment for ringworm involves using special medicated anti-fungal shampoos. Obviously, the fact that most cats won’t stand for being bathed can make this method quite difficult, and even impossible for some cats. It’s not only your cats (and dogs if you have any) that need treatment if ringworm has made its way into your home – the environment needs to be as well. The goal is to reduce the spread of the fungal spores so they don’t make their way around more of your house and environment, such as an outdoor cat run. This includes all pet bedding, blankets and anything your cat has come into contact with. It’s highly advisable to wear gloves when you’re handling a cat with ringworm, so you reduce the risk of YOU getting it as well. Treat the cat as a quarantine case, which means you’ll want to change your clothes afterwards as well, then washed ideally with a laundry detergent that contains anti-fungal agents or a laundry additive like Health Guard. A thorough washing of the hands with a soap like PediFix FungaSoap can help you go that extra step in hygiene management. What if you have other cats and other pets? Again, keeping basic quarantine prinicipals in mind can help reduce the risk of spread of ringworm. How long to quarantine cat with ringworm? How long and how exactly to keep a ringworm cat away from other animals (and indeed, young children) is largely going to come down to the facilities you have at hand. If you have a spare, vacant room that the affected cat can inhabit while being treated, this is ideal. This kind of set up more easily allows you to isolate the infected cat for a short time. It’s also beneficial for the cat or kitten with ringworm, as it allows for a more stress-free recovery area away from other pets. In the case of kittens, avoiding play and scratching will help the area heal faster. With the right medication, good diet, hygiene and care, a cat doesn’t have to be in isolation for too long. Cats iwth a suppressed immune system have a harder time fighting off ringworm and these ones need to be monitored more closely with veterinary care. Healthy cats can overcome the ringworm infection faster and usually without complications. Keeping the entire environment clean is important: ringworm spores can be anywhere. The basics like washing your hands after handling the cat is vital – and make sure children know to do the same. One of the best ways to minimize the risk of ringworm in the environment is regular steam cleaning of floors, and washing of fabrics. Remember: a cat doesn’t have to have visible ringworm lesions to be contagious. If you’re in doubt, have your vet do a thorough check over of your cat’s coat. What about over the counter anti-fungal treatments for ringworm? Over the counter anti-fungal sprays made especially for cats and dogs are available at a low cost. One made specifically for cats is Vet Recommended Ringworm Treatment (see review below), while another option is SynergyLabs Antiseptic & Antifungal Spray for Dogs and Cats. Whatever treatment you end up deciding on, vets recommend continuing treatment until at least 2 weeks after you’ve noticed the ringworm lesions having disappeared, sometimes much longer. This is to prevent the recurrence of more lesions developing from any remaining spores. Vet Recommended Ringworm Treatment For Cats Vet Recommended over the counter cat ringworm treatment The brand name of this over the counter ringworm treatment is “Vet Recommended”; which doesn’t necessarily mean that all vets recommend it. Speak with your vet before using any treatment on your cat for ringworm. This is a concentrate formula that you need to make into a mix which is then used as a spray on the infected area. If your cat isn’t keen on this (many run at the sight of a spray bottle), it’s recommended that you spray the formula on to a cloth so it’s soaked through, then dab the cloth on to the ringworm area(s) on your cat. Using a cloth also lets you gently wipe away any crusting that’s built up. The area should not be rinsed off at all as the formula needs to soak in to the skin. How Does It Work? It works by lowering the pH of the skin down to a ringworm fungus unfriendly level of around pH1. It acts as both an antifungal and antiseptic. The ingredients are natural and basic: • Phosphoric acid • Hydrochloric acid • Citric acid • Distilled water How long would it take for this spray to clear up ringworm on your cat? Obviously every cat will have a different experience, and a small number of people have proclaimed that they saw no improvement in the ringworm when using this formula. One thing to keep in mind though is that you need to be persistent and consistent when treating ringworm and it can take several weeks in total to completely disappear. Unless the fungus is literally killed off and not able to continue growing, the ringworm will remain. So if you are going to try this product, commit to using it for several weeks or according to your vet’s instrutcions. General veterinary advice is that it can take up to 6 weeks of continual treatment to completely cure a ringworm infection in cats. Leave a Reply
Create a New Database in MySQL The first part after installing a DBMS, like MySQL, is to create a database and start building it. In this article, we will create a new database. We will learn about the Create Command in MySQL and also see how we can grant privileges to other users of the newly created database? So, let’s get started. First of all, open up your terminal using CTRL + ALT + T and check the version of MySQL installed on your computer using the following command: mysql -V The illustration showed that you have already installed MySQL in your Operating system. If it is not installed and you want to install it, kindly visit our dedicated article related to the installation of MySQL on Ubuntu 20.04. If it is installed, then you are good to go and can just follow this article. First, verify the status of the system’s mysql.service. Whether it is running or not, run the following command: sudo systemctl status mysql If it is running for you, then that’s good. Otherwise, you can start the mysql.service using the following command: sudo systemctl start mysql After starting it successfully, you can connect to the MySQL client using the terminal. There is a GUI also available for MySQL known as MySQL workbench, but we will use the terminal to demonstrate the process. So, in order to connect or login to the MySQL, you can connect to the MySQL shell as a root user using the following command: sudo mysql -u root -p After connecting to the MySQL database, it is kind of obvious that you want to create and manage a database. Now, there can be two possibilities if you are going to create a database in MySQL. One is whether the database’s name already existed in MySQL or not. So, if the name of the database does not exist in MySQL, then run the following command in MySQL shell to create a new database: CREATE DATABASE database_name; However, if the name of the database already existed. You can use “IF NOT EXISTS” with the CREATE DATABASE command. Like this: By using the “IF NOT EXISTS” clause, MySQL will not create the table if the name already existed and will not throw any error as well. On the other hand, if we avoid using the “IF NOT EXISTS” clause, MySQL will throw the error. This article contains two different methods to create a new database in MySQL; when using the “IF NOT EXISTS” clause and when not using it. We have also seen the error if we do not use this clause. About the author Shehroz Azam Shehroz Azam
News & Opinion » Columns & Editorials The Right Side of History The preservation of culture is the preservation of truth In the feature for this week's issue, Darcy Brown-Martin writes about the white supremacist push-back a fund-raiser for Black theaters received simply for existing. The question that arose seemed to be, "Is there a need for Black theater at all?" Attempting to understand the motivation for such a question, our journalist quotes a study done by a Boston University professor which states, "Racism—which has long been masked by color-blind norms, subtle offensive interactions, unconscious bias, and covertly embedded in institutions—is being unmasked through online racial discourse." The operative word in the quote is "unmasked," which could allude to several long-overdue discussions taking place in the worlds of art, literature and theater along with all other aspects of American life. In theater, take the case of Lin-Manuel Miranda's smash hit "Hamilton," which was re-released as a movie by Disney Plus in July. During its initial release in 2015, there was nothing but praise for the "hip-hop re-telling of the founding fathers" with most of the primary parts being played by Black performers. During the era of the Obama administration, there was very little pushback. The only exception being Oakland's own, Ishmael Reed, who wrote "'Hamilton: the Musical:' Black Actors Dress Up like Slave Traders...and It's Not Halloween" for Counterpunch in August, 2015. In the article, Reed unmasked the history of the founding fathers, pointing to the contradictions and inaccuracies of Miranda's musical. "Like other founding fathers, Hamilton found slavery an 'evil,' yet was a slave trader," he wrote. "The creepy Thomas Jefferson also appears in 'Hamilton.' He was even a bigger hypocrite in his blaming King George for the slave trade, a contention that was deleted from the final version of the Declaration of Independence.... In the musical, black actors play Washington and other founding fathers. Are they aware that George Washington is known for creating strategies for returning runaways? That he was into search and destroy when campaigning against Native American resistance fighters." Reed debuted his play, "The Haunting of Lin-Manuel Miranda," at New York's Nuyorican Poets Cafe, in January, 2019. In the play, Miranda is visited by several historical figures missing from the musical in a style similar to Dickens' A Christmas Carol, echoing the many critiques made by historians, including the whitewashing of Alexander Hamilton. Though the original play was just a script-reading, it did eventually become fully staged at the same location by May 2019. The re-release of "Hamilton" during the Age of Trump saw a day of reckoning that, once again, put Reed on the right side of history. In July, 2020, USA Today offered, "Lin-Manuel Miranda says renewed criticism of Disney+ musical 'Hamilton' is 'all fair game.'" The article points to a tweet that Miranda made concerning the criticisms of Reed, writer Roxanne Gay and several others, "'Hamilton' creator Lin-Manuel Miranda even admitted that 'all the criticisms are valid' on Twitter Monday. "The sheer tonnage of complexities and failings of these people I couldn't get. Or wrestled with but cut. I took 6 years and fit as much as I could in a 2.5-hour musical. Did my best. It's all fair game." This is in stark contrast to Miranda's position in 2015, where the critiques and concerns for his musical fell on deaf ears. The article also points to Reed, who had to deal with the ire of the mainstream theater establishment for five years, saying, "The criticism around the musical has bubbled over the years as it became a Broadway sensation that won 11 Tonys. Author Ishmael Reed collected his thoughts on 'Hamilton' and its creator into a play, 'The Haunting of Lin-Manuel Miranda' (partially funded by the late Toni Morrison). In an interview with the Associated Press last year, Louisiana State University history professor—and Aaron Burr biographer—Nancy Isenberg called the musical 'a fictional rewrite of Hamilton. You can't pick the history facts that you want."' Unmasking white supremacist history does happen with Black artists in all fields, including theater. When the mainstream, predominantly white, establishment attempts to use Black bodies, and a Black musical form, to re-frame and whitewash slave-holders into humanitarians, and plays like Ishmael Reed's are forced into short-runs far afield from "The Great White Way," the need for Black theaters, Black publishers and Black movie studios remains necessary, not just for marginalized voices, but to preserve the truth itself.
Now Reading Tips and tricks on how to make your food last longer during the quarantine In light of the coronavirus outbreak and the enhanced community quarantine, it was recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to stock up on two weeks worth of groceries. After piling up all your groceries in the kitchen, it’s important to make sure that none of these turn stale and rot, resulting in food waste and risky extra runs to the supermarket. So we’ve scoured the net for some tips and tricks that will make your food last longer during the quarantine. Keep your fridge at the right temperature Make sure the fridge is cool enough to store frozen products like meat, produce and dairy chilled. According to the Food and Drug Administration, the right temperature for fridges should be at 4° C (40°F), while a freezer should be at -18°C (0°F). Photo by nrd on Unsplash Organize your fridge Follow the “first in, first out rule” to optimize your goods. Store all the older foods at the front of the pantry or fridge and place newer ones at the back. This process works best for products that expire quickly, such as milk and dairy. Also, arrange canned goods by the order of its expiration date. Photo by Iñigo De la Maza on Unsplash Check on your fruits and veggies Fruits and vegetables are usually the first ones to wrinkle up and rot if they stay in storage for too long. Here’s how to stop that from happening. 1. Avoid placing highly gaseous produce like apples, bananas and vegetables together as the gases they emit can cause them to go bad quickly. Likewise, don’t place low gaseous produce like broccoli, carrots and potatoes with them. 2. Swipe some lemon juice on sliced avocados. Its citric acid slows down the avocados’ browning process. 3. Unripened tomatoes should be kept in paper bags, ripe tomatoes at room temperature and overripe tomatoes in the fridge to prevent further ripening. 4. Keep unripe fruits like avocados, bananas and apples outside the fridge and at room temperature. 5. Store celery in tin foil before putting them in the fridge. The more tightly wrapped it is, the crispier. 6. Mushrooms should be kept in the fridge. If your mushrooms are canned, remove them from the container, wash and dry thoroughly. Then, wrap them in a paper towel and store in a paper bag in the fridge. 7. Leafy greens like kale and lettuce are most fresh when hydrated. Keep them stored in a plastic resealable bag while wrapped in a damp paper towel. 8. Lettuce wilts fast, but you can reverse this process by soaking them in ice cold water for at least 30 minutes. 9. Because of the gas bananas emit, if one banana becomes overripe, the whole bunch does too. To slow down the process, tightly wrap the top with plastic wrap to lessen the gas release. Hydrate the herbs In order for fresh herbs to last for around two weeks, cut off the stems of tender herbs like parsley, cilantro and basil. Place each separately on top in small containers of water and cover the top with a loose plastic bag. For hard herbs like rosemary, thyme and sage, roll them in a damp paper towel and place them in a resealable bag. Keep dairy and eggs at the back of the fridge Milk, creamers and eggs are highly susceptible to spoilage, and will be more so if exposed to changing temperatures. As people open and close fridges regularly, it’s best to keep them at the back of the fridge where temperature is more consistent. Photo by Jakub Kapusnak on Unsplash Coffee beans do not belong in the freezer Not only is it bad for coffee beans to be exposed to so much moisture, this can also cause damage to other food stored in the freezer. The best place to store coffee is in an air-tight container placed in a pantry. Keep bread at room temperature Refrigerated bread can stale up to six times faster than bread kept in room temperature. However, if you don’t plan on eating the bread right away, storing them in the freezer is the best way to go as it slows down the staling process. Turn it into stock If ever you’re craving some soup, then it’s good to store up on some stock which you can make easily from by simply not throwing away your old vegetables and chicken bones. For vegetable stock, freeze the staling veggies in a plastic bag before boiling them in hot water. For chicken stock, simply save the bones and boil them in water. Add seasoning if preferred. Photo by Vita Marija Murenaite on Unsplash Turn stale bread into croutons Don’t give up old bread just yet! Try slicing them up into tiny cubes, toss it around some olive oil and bake for 20 minutes. Freeze leftovers This is just a gentle reminder to not throw out cooked meals if you can’t finish them immediately. Simply store them in the freezer and heat them up when you’re ready to eat it again. In the fridge, leftovers can last for three to four days, while placing them in the freezer can make them last for as long as three months. Header photo by Alexandr Podvalny on Unsplash Read more: After grocery shopping, follow these steps to prevent the virus from entering your household Support frontliners and underserved communities from home through this website This organization will help in moving food from farms to tables during quarantine © 2020. Hinge Inquirer Publications, Inc.
"SOS rehydrates you three times faster than drinking water alone, and beats all competing hydration drinks in all metrics." - Dr. Blanca Mayo Fast Hydration Signs and Symptoms of Dehydration Dehydration symptoms can vary from one person to another but one of the first signs you are dehydrated is thirst, the onset of which signifies we are already up to 2% dehydrated. An important consideration as we age is that as we approach 50 years of age, the thirst sensation will diminish, and continue to diminish, so as we get older we can rely on this sign less and less and therefore need to be far more proactive in hydration strategies Losing as little as 2% of your body weight through dehydration can significantly decrease your performance through detrimental effects on physiological, neuromuscular, reaction, decision making and other cognitive performance! Using SOS can help you keep performing at your peak. • Headaches • Fatigue • Appetite Loss • Dizziness • Confusion • Discomfort • Muscle Cramps • Increased Thirst • Loss of Focus • Reduced Urine Output • Seizures (in Extreme Cases) Thirsty Runner Effects on Athletes and Physical Performance when Dehydrated Being aware of the symptoms of dehydration is therefore essential for ensuring that steps to rectify can be taken swiftly. Water For Running Blood Volume when Dehydrated Among other symptoms of dehydration, one of the most important is a reduced blood volume. Blood is responsible not only for delivery of oxygen and nutrients as mentioned above but also for the removal of wastes. The body sweats in order to dissipate heat from an exercising body. This sweat mechanism is the most efficient way for the body to regulate temperature and not overheat. When we sweat we lose body fluid, reducing blood volume further. In order to continue to sweat and regulate body temperature we must replace fluids to maintain hydration which leads to increase blood volume and the continued capacity to reduce body temperature. Use SOS Hydration booster for the ultimate hydration kick It is not just athletes that may have an increase in fluid loss which could lead to being dehydrated, any person in the right circumstances such as hot or humid conditions can suffer from dehydration. Regardless of the cause or if you are an athlete or not, we can be certain that being dehydrated will result in negative performance outcomes and reduced mental function. When you’re dehydrated, you’ve lost electrolytes as well as fluids. That’s why water alone isn’t always enough, and that’s where SOS Hydration comes in. SOS provides the perfect balance of electrolytes, fluid and a low amount of sugar to get you hydrated and feeling great again. Please view our other information pages to find more information on What is Dehydration, What are Electrolytes and Electrolyte Imbalance. Or for more information on SOS Hydration specifically visit our Science and Benefits pages. What Happens to Your Body as You Dehydrate? Dehydrated? Dehydration Symptoms-Symptoms of Dehydration WordPress Lightbox Plugin
• question_answer Why do we need rights in a democracy? Rights are very essential part for the very sustenance of a democracy. Without rights democracy will became meaningless and ineffective. For democratic elections, it is necessary that citizens should have the right to express their opinions, from political parties and take part in political activities. Rights protect minorities from the oppression of majority. They ensure the majority cannot do whatever it likes. The government is expected to protect citizen's rights. But sometimes elected government may not protect or may even attack the rights of their own citizens. So, g some rights need to be placed higher than the government so that it cannot violate them. You need to login to perform this action. You will be redirected in 3 sec spinner
Machine Learning - 1. Correlation and regression. Example: site visitors conversion • Tutorial As promised, I’m starting a series of articles on “machine learning”. This will be devoted to such concepts from statistics as the correlation of random variables and linear regression. Consider both real data and model data (Monte Carlo simulation). Part 1. Real data To make it more interesting, the story is built on examples, and as a data (in this and in the following articles) I will try to take statistics directly from here, from Habr. Namely, a week ago I wrote my first article on Habré (about Mathcad Express, in which we’ll count everything). And now, statistics on its views over 10 days and offer as source data. On the graph, this is a series of Views, a blue line. The second row of data (Regs, with a coefficient of 100) shows the number of readers who performed a specific action after reading (registering and downloading the Mathcad Prime distribution kit). It just so happened that, in addition to the statistics for viewing the article (from Habr), I had access to the statistics of downloads of Mathcad (using the link that I gave inside the article text). Thus, we have everything in order to deal with such a concept of Internet marketing as conversion . A conversion is usually referred to as the ratio of the number of site visitors who completed a purchase, registration, or the like to the total number of visitors. For example: on the first day of publication, my article was viewed 5 thousand times, and there were 20 downloads, i.e. the conversion was 0.4%. All pictures are screenshots of Mathcad Express (the calculations themselves can be taken here , repeated, and if desired, changed and used for your needs). I entered the initial data (three vectors) with my hands: Here are the conversion calculations (in%): “instant” (for each day) and “average” (for 10 days). It is curious that the conversion value “floats” a little over time (from 0.4% on the first day to the quasi-stationary 1% in recent days), which, in itself, is worth discussing (which we postpone to the next articles - about random processes and correlation time ) The obvious fact that the number of targeted actions (downloads) depends on the number of views will be clearly demonstrated by the Regs (Views) chart. We see that, although the number of views and the number of downloads are random, they are nevertheless related by an (almost) linear relationship. Now a little "school" statistics: the calculation (by definition) of the average value, variance and correlation coefficient of the two samples Views and Regs. The last formula is the calculation of the correlation coefficient - a measure of how dependent two random variables are (more precisely, measures of linear dependence). It turns out that the sample value of the correlation coefficient is 0.97. This is a lot (which, incidentally, is not surprising, by the very statement of the problem). Finally, we solve the problem of mathematical regression — approximation, in the general case, of data sampling (x, z) by a certain function f (x), which in a certain way minimizes the set of errors f (x) -z. The simplest and most commonly used type of regression is linear, when f (x) = A * x + B. Another linear regression is often called the least squares method, since the coefficients A and B are usually calculated from the condition of minimizing the sum of the squared errors: By the way, the least squares method (minimizing the sum of the squared errors) is not the only possible option for constructing a regression. For example, median-median linear regression is sometimes used. Finally, about why regression is needed in our problem. If we take the linear nature of the dependence of downloads on views, then coefficient A will just characterize the conversion. Judging by it, the conversion is 0.005 = 0.5%, that is, if, for example, we have a marketing goal - to reach 100 downloads, then, based on the linear regression model, we need to “upload” 100 / 0.005 to the website = 20 thousand views. Part 2. Monte Carlo Modeling While in the last part we operated on random data obtained during the experiment, in conclusion we will repeat the same calculations using the pseudo-random number sensor. In Monte Carlo methods, it is often required to create random numbers with a certain correlation. First, we generate three pseudo-random arrays: x and y are independent, and z is x-dependent (with the “general” value of the correlation coefficient r): The graph on the left shows the dependence of uncorrelated random values of x and y, and on the right - the dependence of correlated z and x . Using the same formulas as in the previous section, we obtain the statistical characteristics of the samples x, y, and z (including the sample value of the correlation coefficient): Well, and finally, using the least squares method, we construct a linear regression z = A * x + B: I leave the interested readers to experiment with the parameter r and see how its change will affect the dependence z (x). Still curious, changing the sample size N, follow the result of calculating statistical characteristics. 1. Video course "Machine Learning" (Yandex SHAD) 2. Gareth James, Daniela Witten, Trevor Hastie, Robert Tibshirani. An Introduction to Statistical Learning in R (PDF) 3. Trevor Hastie, Robert Tibshirani, Jerome Friedman. The Elements of Statistical Learning (PDF) Your 5 kopecks: rate the article (for statistics, to be still an experimental rabbit) What are you interesting in? Also popular now:
Susannah and the EldersSusanna, also called Susanna and the Elders, is a narrative included in the Book of Daniel (as chapter 13) by the Catholic and Orthodox churches. It is one of the additions to Daniel, considered apocryphal by Protestants. It is listed in Article VI of the 39 Articles of the Church of England among the books which are read "for example of life and instruction of manners", but not for the formation of doctrine. It is not included in the Jewish Tanakh and is not mentioned in early Jewish literature, although the text does appear to have been part of the original Septuagint from the 2nd century BC, and was revised by Theodotion, a Hellenistic Jewish redactor of the Septuagint text (c. 150 AD). She refuses to be blackmailed and is arrested and about to be put to death for adultery when the young Daniel interrupts the proceedings, shouting that the elders should be questioned to prevent the death of an innocent. After being separated, the two men are cross-examined about details of what they saw but disagree about the tree under which Susanna supposedly met her lover. In the Greek text, the names of the trees cited by the elders form puns with the sentence given by Daniel. The first says they were under a mastic tree, and Daniel says that an angel stands ready to cut him in two. The second says they were under an evergreen oak tree, and Daniel says that an angel stands ready to saw him in two. The great difference in size between a mastic and an oak makes the elders' lie plain to all the observers. The false accusers are put to death, and virtue triumphs. The Greek puns in the texts have been cited by some as proof that the text never existed in Hebrew or Aramaic, but other researchers have suggested pairs of words for trees and cutting that sound similar enough to suppose that they could have been used in an original. The Anchor Bible uses "yew" and "hew" and "clove" and "cleave" to get this effect in English. The Greek text survives in two versions. The received version is due to Theodotion; this has superseded the original Septuagint version, which now survives only in Syriac translation, in Papyrus 967 (3rd century), and exceptionally in a single medieval manuscript, known as Codex Chisianus 88. Sextus Julius Africanus did not regard the story as canonical. Jerome (347-420), while translating the Vulgate, treated this section as a non-canonical fable. In his introduction, he indicated that Susanna was an apocryphal addition because it was not present in the Hebrew text of Daniel. Origen received the story as part of the 'divine books' and censured 'wicked presbyters' who did not recognize its authenticity (Hom Lev 1.3.), remarking that the story was commonly read in the early Church (Letter to Africanus); he also noted the story's absence in the Hebrew text, observing (in Epistola ad Africanum) that it was "hidden" by the Jews in some fashion. Origen's claim is reminiscent of Justin Martyr's charge that Jewish scribes 'removed' certain verses from their Scriptures (Dialogue with Trypho: C.71-3). There are no known early Jewish references to the Susanna story. View the Chapters of Susanna: Today's Poll
Chapter 3 The flashcards below were created by user Astani1985 on FreezingBlue Flashcards. 1. Define Total Costs All costs for a specific period of time. 2. Define Unit Cost The amount spent for one unit of a specific product or service. 3. Define Fixed Cost Total costs that remain constant regardless of changes in business activities. 4. Define Variable Costs Total costs that change in direct proportion to a change in the number of units. 5. Define Contribution Margin The difference between net sales and total variable costs. 6. Define Breakeven Point The amount of sales at which net sales is equal to total costs. 7. Define Sales Mix Relative distribution of sales among various products. Card Set Chapter 3 Chapter 3, Cost, Price, And Volume Analysis Terms Show Answers
Scientific highlights Epitranscriptomics to cancer drug targets Epitranscriptomic research opens the door to novel cancer drug targets. Cancer is a very short word for a large and diverse family of diseases and for the impact it has on the people affected, their families and friends as well as health care systems. Cancer is one of the biggest scientific, medical and societal challenges. The development of novel anti-cancer treatments, in particular with the potential for personalised treatment has therefore the highest priority. Recently, Dr. Valentina Ignatova and Prof. Robert Schneider from the Institute of Functional Epigenetics at the Helmholtz Zentrum München reported promising findings that can advance epitranscriptomics to fight cancer. The scientific adventure they started took them well beyond cancer… METTL6 regulates tumor cell growth.@EpigeneticsHMGU Smoking, wrong diet, obesity, unhealthy lifestyle, radiation, physical inactivity, infections, heredity… are all considered potential causes for cancer. The list of causes is almost as long as the list of cancer types. More than 200 different cancer types are known in human and they all have something in common: abnormal cells that can multiply without any control and spread into different body parts. Most often these cells arise from a single or a handful of cells, where things ‘have gone wrong’. But what causes the initial error in a cell that leads to the development of a cancer cell? Classically, these initial errors are mutations in the genetic material the DNA, our hard drive. Our hereditary information is stored in more than 20 thousand gens in our genome. The DNA sequence of genes can be written into an RNA and then translated into a protein, which is the functional output of this gene. Therefore, mutations in the DNA often affect the proteins that make our cells work. However, in the last years it became clear that cancer causing alterations can occur on different levels: not only genetically, but also epigenetically* and/or epitranscriptomically** and are also often linked to an alerted metabolism. While genetic mutations have a direct effect on the DNA sequence, epigenetic or epitranscriptomic alterations do not affect the DNA sequence directly. In a normal cell, these mechanisms ensure that only the proteins required for the cellular function and identity are produced. In a cancer cells, however, these mechanisms can be dysregulated. In their recent publication in Science Advances, the team of researchers led by Dr. Valentina Ignatova and Prof. Robert Schneider from the Institute of Functional Epigenetics shared their findings about the RNA-modifying enzyme Mettl6 that could serve as a drug target in cancer therapy. “We are working in the rather novel research field “Epitranscriptomics” that focusses on RNA modifications, such as RNA methylation,” explained Dr. Ignatova. “In the last few years, it has become increasingly clear that RNA modification pathways can be misregulated in many human cancers.” Thus, the team screened 78 different RNA-methyltransferases for their tumorigenic potential and found that METTL6 promotes tumour cell growth. “Interestingly, when we analysed data derived from liver cancer patients, we could observe that patients with low METTL6 levels had increased survival rates suggesting that it could be a potential drug target,” said Prof. Schneider. “Because nothing was known about METTL6, we decided to have a closer look into its activity and its mechanisms of action.” In doing so, they could identify that METTL6 methylates so-called transfer-RNAs (tRNAs), which transport amino acids to the protein synthesis machineries. Reducing METTL6 levels in cells resulted in altered protein synthesis and affects the differentiation potential of stem cells. “The next step was to study the function of METTL6 in the context of a full organism to reveal its physiological relevance: Thus, we generated mice deficient of METTL6 in collaboration with the German Mouse Clinic and the Institute of Experimental Genetics,” said Dr. Ignatova. “We found that our mice exhibited a reduced metabolic rate.” Prof. Schneider added: “What is quite remarkable – this puts us into a great position to study how epitranscriptomic mechanisms can contribute to metabolic health and cancer. We continue to work hard towards this angle for the near future.” Altogether, the researchers identified the RNA methyltransferase METTL6 as a new oncogene that promotes tumour cell growth and regulates metabolic homeostasis. “METTL6 could be a potential therapeutic target for anti-proliferative cancer drugs, but also to help us understand the links between cancer and metabolic dysfunction, “anticipates Prof. Schneider. “Thus, we will now start to screen for selective and potent small molecules inhibitors for METTL6 to advance discovery of epitranscriptomic drugs.” Further Information: * Epigenetics: Epigenetics refers to many different processes that are involved in changing gene expression without changing the DNA sequence of the gene. Within the nucleus, our genome is packaged into a structure called chromatin that consist of DNA and proteins. The nucleus functions like a suitcase during travelling that stores the most valuable things insides, including clothes, laptop, books and so on. However, that it fits into the suitcase, all stuff has to be packaged properly. Similar, to this the DNA needs to be packaged into chromatin to fit into the tiny nucleus. However, many biological processes require access to the DNA. Thus, it is essential that the DNA can be unpacked. If we go to the beach, we also would like to have our swimsuit from the suitcase with us. And this is where epigenetic processes come to action. They can open up the chromatin structure at a specific region of the DNA, if needed, but they can also close this region again. ** Epitrancriptomics: The transcriptome refers to all the RNAs that are produced by transcription within a cell. Similar to Epigenetics, Epitranscriptomics refers to the processes that include biochemical modifications of an RNA without changing its sequence and such RNA modifications can also impact gene expression.
Miniature and instrument bearings are normally made of either 440 stainless steel for applications that require corrosion resistance and 52100 chrome steel for maximum fatigue life. These materials are heat treated to achieve optimum hardness and dimensional stability and they are suitable for most applications. Static vs Dynamic – The main difference between a static and dynamic load lies in the forces produced by the weight of an object. When static, the load remains constant and doesn’t change over time. With a dynamic load, some outside factor causes the forces of the weight of the load to change. Some of the factors that can affect a load and make it dynamic include, Movement, Tension and Outside Force. Shields vs Seals A shield (non-contact) or seal (contact) is often installed to retain lubricant and to prevent contamination from entering the bearing raceways. Shield and seal configurations can be either single or doubled sided. You can regrease a shielded bearing, but it is not suggested for a sealed bearing. Most shields are Metallic, seals are usually made from elastomeric materials. The retainer, (ball separator), is used to separate and position the balls at equal intervals around the bearing raceways. Retainers are available in two standard types. The most common is a 2-piece closed ball pocket design known as a ribbon retainer. The crown retainer is a single piece open ball pocket design. ABEC Levels Radial Play Internal clearance is the internal radial looseness in a bearing and is the measured value of the total radial movement of the outer ring with respect to the inner ring in a plane perpendicular to the bearing axis. Ball bearings are assembled to radial play values depending upon the desired range. The radial play is determined by the actual raceway diameters and ball diameter. Oil or Grease
Read Aloud Project: December Books The Read Aloud Project was created by Priscilla Weddle and Marie Benner-Rhoades to provide homeschooling resources in peace and justice during the pandemic. For December, the project highlighted books about Christmas. In January, books about new beginnings will be read. If you are interested in recording a video for the project, please email Priscilla at Here are the books that were read for the project in December: Reflective Question: Is there something in your community that you can work on to make beautiful? YouTube Video: Reflective Question: Have you ever been away from someone for Christmas? YouTube Video: Hey, Little Ant by Philip and Hannah Hoose Summary: “To squish or not to squish? Readers decide the ending of this deceptively playful picture book, in which a young boy and an ant debate the value of the smaller creature’s life. The boy tells the ant that someone so small couldn’t possibly have any feelings, and that he’s a crook for stealing food at picnics. The ant replies that he has a family and responsibilities, and that he and the boy are really not so different. How would the boy feel if the situation were reversed? Issues of ethics and peer pressure are also raised in the discussion.” Reflective Question: What do you think the kid should do? YouTube Video: The Polar Express by Chris Van Allsburg Reflective Question: Why do you think the boy was chosen to receive the first gift of Christmas? YouTube Video: Are You a Boy or Are You a Girl? By Sarah Savage and Fox Fisher Summary: Tiny loves costumes! Tiny likes to dress up as an animal, or a doctor, or a butterfly. Tiny also prefers not to tell other children whether they are a boy or a girl. Tiny's friends don't mind, but when Tiny starts a new school their new friends can't help asking one question: "Tiny, are you a boy or are you a girl?" Reflective Questions: How are boys and girls different? Does it matter if Tiny is a boy or a girl? What would you ask Tiny if you met them? YouTube Video: Christmas Around the World by Lesley Sims Summary: “Christmas customs, festive food, present-giving, songs and traditional stories from around the world with easy-reading text for children who have just started reading alone.” Reflective Question: What are some of your family’s Christmas traditions? YouTube Video: Rachel’s Christmas Boat by Sophie LaBelle Summary: “When Lulu’s Dad tells her that she’s going to change her name to Rachel and be a lady now, Lulu has a major worry: what if Santa doesn’t find out in time to fix all the tags on Rachel’s Christmas presents? Lulu decides to take matters into her own hands and make sure that her Dad gets the lovely Christmas she deserves for being a most wonderful person.” Reflective Questions: Do you ever give presents to your friends and family? Do you make them presents? How do you feel when they open the presents you got them? YouTube Video: Too Many Tamales by Gary Soto Reflective Question: What lesson did Maria learn in this story? YouTube Video: Potatoes, Potatoes by Anita Lobel Summary: "Long ago there lived a loving mother who had two hardworking sons and a potato farm. As her sons grew older each ran off, one to join the army of the east and the other the army of the west. But after many battles were fought and they'd run out of food, the two boys and their armies returned to the old woman's farm...and fought for the potatoes. Only then did the folly of their conflict become clear, and they laid down their weapons forever." Reflective Questions: Who is someone in your life that has taught you about peace and what it means to be a kind and loving neighbor? What walls are you breaking down as you grow and learn more about peace? YouTube Video: *The summaries above were provided by the publishers of each book. Showing 1 reaction
1. Nation & World Replacing Miami's sand costs millions; here's how Congress could make it cheaper WASHINGTON — Miami is out of sand. Last year, Miami-Dade County depleted its offshore sand reserves, meaning miles of beaches that shrink from erosion must be replenished with sand from outside South Florida. Rebuilding Miami's beaches after Hurricane Irma will cost millions of dollars, and sand will have to be brought in by hundreds of trucks from a sand mine near Lake Okeechobee due to a long-standing federal law that prohibits local governments from importing foreign sand. County officials say that sand from the Bahamas can easily be transported to Miami by barge, and importing foreign sand could save taxpayers millions. A bill dubbed the Sand Act that would overturn the restrictions on sand is being sponsored by Republican Sen. Marco Rubio and Democratic Rep. Lois Frankel and is co-sponsored by every member of Congress from South Florida. "It's such an archaic provision in the law; it's many, many years old," Frankel said. But Frankel's bill, which allows foreign sand and dredging companies to compete with American firms for sand replenishment contracts, faces opposition from the domestic dredging and sand-mining industries. "There's resistance from the trucking and dredging industries because they make money; obviously, they are saying they will lose money if there's legislation," Frankel said. Frankel said that no other member of Congress has personally voiced opposition to the proposal, but "a lot of things go on behind the scenes." One of the largest domestic dredging companies that frequently wins contracts in Florida, Illinois-based Great Lakes Dredge and Lock, is opposed to the proposal and has spent $165,000 in 2017 lobbying Congress on dredging-related issues, according to Senate lobbying records. A representative for Great Lakes did not immediately respond to a request for comment. The Sand Act was introduced at the start of this year's hurricane season, before Irma washed away about 170,000 cubic yards of sand from Miami-Dade's beaches. The amount of sand washed away, about the equivalent of 12,000 truckloads, was less than expected but will still cost millions to replace. "We're very lucky with regards to response for Hurricane Irma; it wasn't catastrophic for us," said Paul Voight, co-beach program manager for Miami-Dade County. Currently, contracts for beach renewal projects in South Florida are awarded by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Dredging and sand companies bid, and the Corps awards the contract. The most recent contract awarded in Miami-Dade County was $8.6 million to truck in 140,000 cubic yards of sand to replenish a stretch of Sunny Isles Beach. The federal government is covering 63 percent of the cost, with the remainder split between Miami Dade-County and the state of Florida. But Miami-Dade officials argue that the only option left under current law is trucking in sand, because the county's offshore sand reserve is gone. Other coastal counties in Florida have ample offshore sand reserves that could be dredged, but their governments don't want to share with Miami. "We've depleted all of our offshore sources of cheap sand," Voight said. "The problem is the domestic dredging industry is lobbying strongly against it." Voight added that the cost of fuel and labor makes trucking in sand cost-prohibitive, and that passing the Sand Act would not be a death blow to the domestic dredging industry. The U.S.-based companies could still compete for contracts if the law is changed and sand from the Bahamas is a cost-effective alternative for only a few counties on Florida's Atlantic Coast. Transporting sand from the Bahamas farther afield would likely be too expensive, Voight said. But Voight said foreign companies have told the county they can replace sand for 33 percent to 50 percent less than the current cost, and the white sand from the Bahamas is compatible with South Florida's beaches. Margarita Wells, Miami Beach's interim environment and sustainability director, told the Miami Herald that local governments would benefit from having more prices to compare when arranging a beach renourishment project. "We just need to have more options," she said. Sen. Bill Nelson said that the Sand Act hasn't come up in discussions about hurricane relief in Congress, though Florida lawmakers are focused on rebuilding portions of the Florida Keys and helping the state's citrus industry. But Frankel, who represents the bulk of coastal Palm Beach County, including President Donald Trump's Mar-a-Lago club, said coastal erosion due to Irma in the president's backyard could spur him to support the Sand Act.
of short-term thinking.” — Jacques Yves Cousteau People often say ‘you are what you eat.’ I can certainly resonate with that. But it’s not just that. You are also what you buy, use, put, wrap, and present yourself with. Making a difference and living sustainably is not just about having solar panels on the boat or roof (although that is a great investment to reduce reliance on fossil fuel!). Responsible living is about how you think, buy, plan and prepare, and where. Whether you go around the world or to the market around the corner, thinking ahead helps. Start questioning where things come from, how it has been made, and by who? Where do things go after we throw it ‘away’? By making a shift in our thinking, and putting our inspector hat on, we can better engineer our lives to reduce our environmental impact. The most fun and effective way to make a change is by finding out yourself. Sailing will give you that pause, to think, reflect, and plan for the way forward. Here is some food for thought. Rethink shopping Do you need to go shopping? If so, do you need to buy new clothes, gadgets and gear? Take over second-hand, borrow from the neighbour, save resources and things from the trash pile. Buying a new ‘eco’ car is often not more environmentally friendly than using one that already has been produced. Who do you give your money to? Do you help Mr. Supermarket CEO finance his second boat or are you bringing benefits directly to a family by shopping locally? Help to shorten the supply chain, which reduces transportation energy cost, use of packaging, and increases nutritional value, and benefits for those down at the bottom. Support the small entrepreneurs and go against mass consumerism. We live in a demand-driven society. Help the good brands, those without lobbying power and big advertisement budgets, to climb the ladder. Support the local coconut art and straw hats in the Caribbean. This is art that doesn’t harm the environment. As opposed to jewelry made from turtles, corals or sharks. Check out the conscious Gift guide for Ocean Lovers for some ideas on free, zero waste, and useful ocean-friendly gifts. Rethink food “We live on a planet where pigs eat more fish than sharks and where the domestic house cat eats more fish than all of the seal in the North Atlantic Ocean.” — Captain Paul Watson Where does your food come from? Do you know its source? The source is not the supermarket. It’s the soil and the water that determines the quality of the food. Rethink food recommendations. Who sponsors the food advice you’re reading? Is there maybe a financial gain involved? Do you know what’s in your processed food? Would your grandma say it’s food? Consider and explore alternatives for the sake of your own and the planet’s health. Rethink waste How much waste do you generate each week? What is it? Food, packaging, paper? How much of that could you refuse, reduce, reuse or recycle? We all still use plastic bags, but not because we want them. We know it’s not the way to go by now. We simply forget to bring reusable bags in the first place. Before you purchase something packaged in plastic, consider if you need it. If there’s a different option, choose the one where you can reuse the packaging and don’t have to toss it away. For example, take a toothbrush. With let’s say eight toothbrushes per year, in a life of 30 years brushing my teeth I have thrown ‘away’ 240 toothbrushes (as well as the plastic wrappers they are packed in)! And that’s just me! I can circle an ocean-worthy boat with that! Be creative and inventive. See what you can reuse, borrow, swap, buy second-hand or make yourself. Every piece of plastic ever made is still out there in some form. If you throw plastic away, there is no ‘away.’ We all have a desire for convenience. We organise a BBQ and can just throw the dishes away. It may save a few minutes of your time. But the effects of it cost us greatly. We do take-away but what do we do with the (often styrofoam) box it’s delivered in? We order online and have another plastic taped box. We opt for one-time usage products like tampons, diapers, straws, bags and bottles because it’s convenient, or the advertisement has made us believe it’s convenient. We don’t even know what’s the alternative because we accept things as they come. Our system makes it difficult to make sustainable choices because money drives our society. Think about the journey things make before it arrives into your hands. What choices can you make to reduce the number and impact of those journeys? Not only plastic items make their impact. Glass, metals, wood, coal are also resources used to produce things. What can you do to reduce energy demands? just wash the spoon Credits: Adbusters Another big waste is food. In the western world, an estimated one-third of the food we buy, we throw away. What a waste. How can we plan smarter than that? Here’s something fun to try: Aim to continue seeing the bottom of the garbage bin (put the organics separately if you don’t do so yet). How long can you manage? Toogoodtogo is a cool app where you can pick up food at the end of the day before they throw it away. Rethink the past Before the 1960s the world was doing fine without plastics. There simply was no such thing as a plastic bag, diaper or shoe. Since then, it has found its way into every corner of our society. We have to think about alternatives that work. And support those accordingly. Think, what would your grandmother do? Rethink advertising ‘Eco,’ ‘sustainable’, ‘organic’ or ‘green’ have become fashion words. In most countries, anyone can put that on there, and it can legitimately be sold. Question advertising messages. These messages are created for the purpose of selling, not saving the planet. Certifications are a step in the right direction but don’t just take certified products for granted either. When a brand is a certified B-Corporation, it’s using business as a force for social, environmental, and economic good, which is a positive step forward. Nevertheless, read labels, read stories, and ask questions. Advertisers are smart, and they know how to find you at the right spot. Rethink the investment Sometimes organic is more expensive. Realise that it’s only expensive in the short term. In the long run, it will be healthier for you, our children, and the planet because the soil is preserved and not damaged with harmful pesticides, herbicides and insecticides for the sake of volume and price. As much as you and I may live on a budget, cheaper is not always better. By supporting organic producers, we keep them in business, enabling them to bring more purity to the consumer and keep our soils healthy for the future. Also fun, invest in some seeds and basic materials and start growing food and making cosmetics yourself! Rethink on what matters For whom are you doing what you’re doing? And why? What are the consequences of what you eat/drink/buy/do/plan for/work for, for the next ten minutes, ten months, ten years and 100 years? What impact do those actions make on yourself, our children, and the world as a whole? Instead of spending money, time and effort in keeping consumerism going, what can you do at the core? Work harder to earn more money so that you can buy organic (which unfortunately is often more expensive)? Or instead, use your time creating solutions and advocate to ban harmful practices, subsidize organic farmers to make it less expensive? Money, fun and ‘owning’ stuff are all temporary. Our impact will last beyond our lifetimes, so we better make it a good one! “The significant problems we have cannot be solved at the same level of thinking with which we created them. — Albert Einstein Thoughts become actions. What can you do? An easy action we can take is to refuse single-use plastic. This is plastic that is used one time only. The most troublesome part of the plastic challenge is the magnitude of plastics we only use for a few minutes to eat, carry stuff, and take away. These single-use items have an average life span of 15 minutes and then are thrown ‘away.’ Only there is no such thing as ‘away.’ Where’s away? Eventually the ocean. 50% of the plastic problem in the ocean is disposable plastic like plastic bags, water bottles, takeaway containers, cups and straws. This is a relatively easy problem to tackle. We don’t need single-use plastic. Pro-actively say NO. With your drink order, ask for no straw. Show up with your reusable straw. Refuse to accept a plastic or paper cup at the coffee machine or water cooler. With your shopping, say no to the plastic bag. Stay, don’t take away; have your coffee or lunch on the spot. You can save a plastic item and have a nice chat! Refusal is easier in some countries than others—especially in developing countries you need to be equipped to be able to refuse. Be prepared and bring your reusable items. Refuse to buy cosmetics with plastic ingredients. Common ingredients are polyethene and polypropylene, polyethene terephthalate (PET), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), and nylon (PA)—and dozens more complicated plastic names are out there. These words are impossible to remember. Thankfully there is a great app to help. Use “Beat the Microbead”, to check if your mascara, shower gel, toothpaste or sunscreen use plastic ingredients. Learn more at Refuse to accept that ‘it’s just the way it is’—it may used to be. Now we know more, have developed more, it doesn’t have to be. Refuse to eat fish that are overexploited or endangered and explain why to the vendor or restaurant owner. Shark, whale, and bluefin tuna are still commonly found on the menu. Our greatest and most exciting individual power: the power of choice! To a large degree, we can choose what to eat, drink, wear, believe, say, do, create, and buy. We can choose with whom to play, talk, sail, date, marry. Each choice comes with its consequences, good or bad. With an abundance of options in everything these days it’s sometimes hard to choose, isn’t it? Do your best with whatever choice you make it’s a good one for you and the ocean! Not sure what the best option is? Explore, discover, learn, and then choose. Fix things. Develop your handyman skills and try to fix whatever it is that broke. Or if it’s out of your league look for a handy man near you. Join the fixing process so next time you can do it yourself. Lots of spare parts available on the second-hand market places. To be 100% is super tough (for now!), but we can drastically reduce our usage. A few ideas to get you started: Reduce plastic use Choose products made from natural fibres and materials. Immense amounts of crude oil and chemicals are used to produce plastic, polyester, nylon and other synthetic materials for your backpack, clothes, and technical gadgets. Not to mention the amount of waste generated. . . . All sorts of plastics with complicated names exist: polyethylene terephthalate (PET) (bottles are made from this), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) (the garden hose, vinyl plates, pipes and fake ‘leather’ shoes are made from this), polystyrene (Tupperware is made from this), polymethyl methacrylate (windows are made from this), nylon (our clothes), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE/Teflon—the famous non-sticky pans)—they are all plastic! Place a filter in your washing machine. Did you know that with every wash of a synthetic cloth item, thousands of fibres end up in our waterways? I’m not even talking about the chemical colouring techniques (and labour efforts) used to produce our clothing. Synthetic (read: plastic) fibres act as a sponge for metals and chemicals. Fish see this as plankton, and the toxin-loaded fibre stays in the fish for months. Alternatives can include (organic!) cotton, hemp, bamboo, or eucalyptus. Learn more about this challenge on Particularly in the cosmetics department, we can reduce a lot on plastic waste. Almost all toiletries, like shampoo, toothpaste, or sunscreen, come in plastic packaging and are thrown ‘away’ once finished. Save yourself and the ocean from toxins and plastic pollution. Buy natural shampoo in bulk bottles, get a block of soap instead of the liquid stuff. Or even better, make your own toothpaste, shampoo, moisturiser, facial cleaner or mosquito spray. Choose a hairbrush, hair ties, toothbrush and razor all made from other materials than plastic. Bring your own toothpicks. In many restaurants, toothpicks are individually wrapped in plastic. Be prepared and bring your own. Pine needles work great too:) Source food from places that use less packaging, like the local market or even better, grow your own. Filter water (with a filter on your tap or with a reusable water bottle) Bring your own bag, spoon, cup, and bottle, and keep saying no! If you order online, kindly request the sender to use as little packaging as possible, and without plastic tape. Demand minimal or better no packaging in general wherever you go. Buy from sellers located close to you to avoid a package going from a plane to a ship, to a ferry, to a truck, around the world. Reduce resources use Cut down on power. Reduce your own carbon footprint by sourcing locally. Walk, bike, hike, share rides, take public transport, turn off the lights when not in use, switch to more efficient light bulbs, reduce airplane trips, reduce meat and fish intake, and waste less food. And hitch-sail the Atlantic Ocean where you must be very conservative with the resources you have on board. After this journey, you’ll treat every drop of water like gold. Reduce the amount of paper you consume. Read online newspapers, brochures, blogs, e-books. Say no to the receipt at the ATM. Do you need a receipt for everything you buy? The paper is often bleached, and the ink is plastic. Paper often ends up with organics further polluting the soil. Save a tree so more carbon can be absorbed; keep it digital. A significant impact we can make is to reduce the number of babies we’re making. Researchers calculated a reduction of 58 tons of CO2 for each year of a parent’s life, as compared to 2.4 tons by living car free, 0.21 through recycling, and 1.60 for a roundtrip Atlantic flight. This study is based on people living in the Western world, consuming as an average westerner. Reduce buying new things. Our resources are finite. Reduce the chemicals Cleaning products, cosmetic products and plastic products are often loaded with toxins, harmful for the ocean, and yourself. Why use them? The average sunscreen has lots of chemicals affecting corals, fish, and your own health. Some tourism destinations (for example Bonito in Brazil, and Palau in the Pacific) even prohibit sunscreen to protect nature since this product has already negatively affected the natural state of the destination. It’s that destructive! Using biodegradable sunscreen is not only better for the environment, but it’s also much better for you. Ingredients that are found to be biggest hormone disruptors are oxybenzone and octinoxate, and homosalate, octisalate, and octocrylene). So, what to do? Do everything else right before applying sunscreen in the first place. Protect yourself from the sun with a cap, and clothing. Use sunscreen only when you have to. More and more biodegradable sunscreens are available on the market. Zinc oxide and titanium dioxide are working ingredients that are more ocean and human-friendly alternative. Finding one that does not come in plastic is the biggest challenge! Or just make your own. Shampoo, soaps, and lotions How many words do you see on the back of your shampoo that you can’t even pronounce? Google them and educate yourself. All the fragrances, chemicals and other stuff the big corporations put into our shampoo, shower gel, makeup, and mosquito spray may smell great but are loaded with harmful toxins that end up in our waterways and bodies. We often assume that if it’s on the shelves or if it says ‘natural’, it should be okay, right? It’s not. The cosmetic industry is shockingly little regulated. Luckily there are many real natural cosmetics out there. They are only not penetrated into the big supply chains. You could get a block of soap instead of the liquid stuff. Or even better, make your own toothpaste, shampoo, sunscreen, facial cleaner or mosquito spray. Cleaning products What about aggressive cleaning products? They work so well! Aside from the residue that stays on the floor where you walk or on the galley counter where you put your food, we just wash it down. Where does it go then? The ocean! With a combination of vinegar, baking soda and cold pressed plant oils, we can clean almost anything! Outdoor gear Many outdoor brands produce clothing with PFCs, a highly toxic chemical which has now been found in the highest snow peaks, waterways and ocean. Check to learn how green or pollutive your favourite outdoor brand is. Reduce the trash pile Our world is filling up with trash at an exponential rate. I can’t even be sure if that water bottle floating around the ocean wasn’t formerly used by me! Either way, the planet is everyones. Everyone should take care. Reduce plastic in the ocean by helping clean up. The ocean is downhill from everything. Wind and water ways bring it in. If you see it on the ground, take the opportunity to pick it up, preventing it from ending up in the oceans. A few initiatives to make cleaning up more fun, easy and impactful: • Take3forthesea. Collect three trash pieces every day you go out and play. Tim Silverwood sailed through the great Pacific garbage patch and realised something had to be done! He founded #Take3fortheSea with a simple message: take three pieces of rubbish with you when you leave the beach, waterway, or . . . anywhere. If you do this every day, you can save thousands of pieces of trash from ending up at sea. Simple but impactful. Imagine what we can accomplish if everyone does this. Learn more at • Join a beach clean-up or organise one! Check #CleanSwell on social media for inspiration. • Document what and where you find. • Become a Trash Hero ( • Order your ‘Trash Hunter Kit’ and help to identify where it comes from in the first place. Who are the producers and who are the polluters? Learn more at • Join the Ocean Nomads crew. Lot’s of initiatives already going and more to come! As we have already learned, the problem with plastic waste is that it doesn’t go away. Before you toss something away at all, perhaps the item can serve another purpose? Packaging is a big waster. Reuse packaging when you can. Reuse the peanut box, pill jar, spice pots, or zip-lock cereal bags to store other items. Old pill jars are especially useful when travelling. Reuse plastic bags as garbage bags. To be able to refuse plastic, you should be equipped with something you can reuse. We can all make a huge difference by being prepared with reusables. Going to a friend’s BBQ party where ‘throw away’ is usually the norm’? Bring your own cutlery, plate, cup and straw. You will surely make an entrance, and it’s a great conversation starter. Make it a habit of bringing your reusables items wherever you go. By being well-prepared, you can avoid ‘having’ to accept hundreds of plastic items. Hit the road with a spoon, fork, knife (or spork), straw, bag, cup, a storage container for takeaway, refillable bottle and filtered bottle. Reusable lifesavers Access to drinkable tap water might be normal at home, but in many countries buying plastic bottled water has become the norm. It already makes a great difference to have a reusable drinking bottle with you all the time. At home, at your office, and especially during your travels. If you don’t like the taste of tap water, put a filter on it. This might be the best investment for your health too. In addition to a refillable bottle, a filter- jug, -bottle or -straw can be a lifesaver. Especially on boats on during travels where portable refill options are rare. With a filtered water bottle, I can scoop water from the dirtiest river and drink it. I can drink water from any tap or source (except for salty water). Using a filter bottle has saved me from adding hundreds of plastic bottles to the trash pile, in just one month! The market has plenty of different filter bottles, jugs and straws available. Here’s a blogpost on different travelfriendly water filtration solutions. In many western countries, you now have to pay 10 cents for a plastic bag. In the developing world, you have to say NO 10 times to avoid them. Bring a bag or two whenever you go shopping. If you do end up with a plastic bag in your hands, re-use it, for as long as you can. The plastic straw is in the top six of single use plastics found in the ocean. It’s a routine add-on in most of the world. By proactively showing up with your reusable straw you can say no to many plastic ones. This is especially great when you are in a coconut or cocktail country! Many options are out there: stainless steel, bamboo, glass and silicon. Heck, you can even use the branch of a papaya tree as a straw. Using my stainless steel straw has saved me hundreds of plastic ones. And have given me dozens of awareness raising conversations! Make it a habit. Here is a blog on reusable straws. Bottom units For the parents An average baby uses seven diapers a day. Assuming the little one is potty-trained by age two—that’s over 5,000 diapers! After newspapers and packaging, diapers are the largest disposable item in our trash pile. Did you know that disposable diapers also have plastic in them? Every single disposable diaper ever used is still out there. The poo may be organic, but most diapers are not. Get some cool shark, dolphin, star or coconut printed cloth diapers, saving money, energy, toxins and waste. And your kid will look super cool in his unique outfit. For the girls Women use an estimated 11,000 tampons or sanitary pads in a lifetime. The average pad contains as much plastic as four carrier bags. Most tampons contain plastic. Most tampons are bleached. We don’t consciously eat plastic or bleach. Why would we want to put it in our bodies? And waterways? We can reduce plastic and chemicals in our ocean, and save a lot of money by choosing alternatives. What’s a better solution? A reusable menstruation cup or pad. You can insert it like a tampon, you can still climb masts and dance-like with a tampon—but you only need one. You can reuse it, over and over again. Try it! Please ditch the tampon—and if you really can’t, at least use the organic tampons. Blog & Video: What’s in my zero waste travel kit? Even if you dispose of your waste correctly, you never know where it will end up, so recycle where you can even before generating the waste. Compared to making a new plastic product, recycling uses less water, fossil fuel and resource extraction. But don’t forget, plastic can only be down-cycled. A bottle can never be a bottle again. I’m talking a lot about plastic here, but another type of product with huge environmental impact is tech gear. It’s called e-waste. Bring your old tech stuff to dealers that can use the parts. Or sell it. Apple has a recycling program, as well as most other tech brands. Please don’t just throw it ‘away.’ Products made from recycled-something are often better than new. It helps to create awareness, but, it’s not the solution! Eventually, it will still add to the trash pile. Rethink, refuse, reuse, reduce, rechoose, repair recycle . . . Above all, make it fun! We don’t need a handful of people doing zero waste perfectly. We need millions of people doing it imperfectly. – Zero Waste Chef From ocean adventure comes awareness. From that, comes caring. From caring comes action and leadership. We can only do good if we first hand experience the magic of the seas as well as the realities that the oceans are facing in the first place. Ocean adventure can spark new insights and give one a new set of eyes. It makes us more conscious as consumers. It makes us stronger, more confident, resilient. It makes new leaders. Maybe Ocean leaders! This blogpost is an excerpt from the bonus section of book Ocean Nomad: the hitchhike guide to the oceans. Jump on an ocean adventure and experience the magic and challenges for yourself. • Amrita says: A nice, unique approach to sustainable living. Loved the a spoon analogy. ‘Rethink’ was something new I came across in this article. What would your grandmother do? :) A great thought process, now makes me rethink many aspects of my lifestyle. Also, rethink advertising, we need to do so much research as a consumer and not just blindly follow the marketing of a company. Leave a Reply
Human vs machine or human AND machine? 10 December 2020 Peter Hatfield Dr Peter Hatfield from Oxford’s Department of Physics is one of five academics to have been awarded a brand new fellowship from intelligence, security and cyber agency GCHQ. Charged with researching technology challenges relevant to national security priorities, Dr Hatfield’s work will be considering "secure" use of artificial intelligence – how to use AI to reliably understand data for global physics challenges. 'Machine learning (ML), algorithms and artificial intelligence (AI) are increasingly pervasive in physics,' explains Dr Hatfield. 'As a result, we face a number of difficult decision-making and interpretability challenges: under what circumstances do we decide to believe things based on AI? Would we have believed in the Higgs boson because an algorithm said it was there or do we always need a human in the loop to be truly satisfied? Should one trust ML just "by itself" and how do we combine it with physics theory? 'It is increasingly likely that AI will be used in areas of physics of national importance – energy security, Earth observation and nuclear proliferation for example. For AI to actually be used in these areas it will be necessary to develop well understood "secure" methods of AI, to understand how they can be used to give reliable results, and to protect them from deliberate attacks. My work will develop methods for secure decision-making based on physics data, applicable both for advancements in fundamental physics, as well as for physics problems of national importance.' As a GCHQ Fellow for National Resilience, Dr Hatfield will work with a mentor from the agency to develop cutting-edge techniques which support national security priorities over a 6-month period. Dr Hatfield works in the Oxford Hintze Centre for Astrophysical Surveys, and has research interests across galaxy physics, cosmology, nuclear fusion and space radiation. Dr Hatfield concludes: 'It is a great privilege to have been selected and to be able to contribute to these big challenges. I am very excited about what lies ahead.'
• Join over 1.2 million students every month • Accelerate your learning by 29% • Unlimited access from just £6.99 per month Canada French: an island in a sea of English. Extracts from this document... Canada French: an island in a sea of English The fact of French is the first point to be made about French Canadians. It is a French-Canadian society. It lives, works, thinks, loves French. French Canadians care passionately about their language in ways that English Canadians fail to understand. Some English Canadians say that Quebec French is not real French. It's not the French of Paris, nor the French of Marseilles, nor of Bordeaux. It came, basically, from Normandy in the 17th century. It's Norman French the one used by de Maupassant in his short histories. ...read more. In the US the principle is of a national melting pot, in which all the immigrant languages are finally melted down into English. The Canadian position, however, is that Canada is a bilingual country. Its English inhabitants don't need to speak French, but the number who do it, is growing and, in the long run, may be of real significance for the future of the country. French has been recognised as an official language of Canada, such as English. It's the official language of administration, parliament and federal government. Quebec is the centre of French-speaking people and it's one of the most populated city of Canada. ...read more. A quarter of the population is of neither French nor British origin. Most of these Canadians came from European countries, escaping from poverty, war or tyranny. The Indians and Inuit (Eskimos), the native peoples of Canada, represent today only the 1.5% of the country's population. They came from Asia in prehistoric times and today most of them live in the Northwest territories and in the Yukon. Although English and French are the official ones, almost a hundred languages are spoken throughout the country. 60% of the Canadians are English speakers and the 25% are French. The rest have various mother tongues. Also the Indians and Inuit have kept their native languages: the Indians have got 52different ones. ...read more. The above preview is unformatted text Found what you're looking for? • Start learning 29% faster today • 150,000+ documents available • Just £6.99 a month Not the one? Search for your essay title... • Join over 1.2 million students every month • Accelerate your learning by 29% • Unlimited access from just £6.99 per month See related essaysSee related essays Related University Degree Medieval History essays 1. What impelled the English to fight the Hundred Years War? The wealth that could be obtained from war also motivated the peasantry more than other factors such as defending English land. For example soldiers preferred to fight against the rich nation of France rather than the poorer nations Wales or Scotland as there was more of an opportunity for them 2. Free essay The Making of Peoples Also, for having too many barbarians enter the Roman society over the years, the society was no longer purely Roman. After the collapse of the Empire, all the kingdoms that emerged were mainly of those peoples that migrated- the barbarians that were conquered by the empire did not form their own kingdoms. 1. causes of third world debt Most of the creditors were privately owned commercial banks. The third world debt was a remnant of colonialism. Shah (2005) wrote that colonialism allowed colonizing countries to transfer what they owed to their colonies. When some third world countries broke away from their colonizers to form newly independent states, the debts incurred during their colonialism periods were automatically transferred to them. 2. In his article &quot;The populations of France and Quebec&quot;, Franois Drieu tries to establish ... And, sometimes, when this three-part scheme is too fixed into the writers' mind, they unconsciously limit their reasoning to fit this model. His conclusion is a good illustration of that shortcoming. At the end of it, F. Drieu mentions another probable cause of the differences between the French and the Quebec populations: their environment, but he never uses this argument. 1. English Property Rights vs. French Peasant Farming &amp;amp; Productivity or its failure to reform its agricultural system, necessitated its much slower industrial development. The agrarian revolution was delayed which in turn restricted industrial growth. France's failure to enclose its open fields was seen by Young as the reason for France's failure to improve agriculture productivity. 2. To what extent was the English Invasion of Irelandan accident, unforeseen and unplanned? would have generated support among many of the Anglo-Norman nobles who shared similar religious views. This admiration of Diarmiat?s religious affinity is demonstrated with how Bernard of Clairveux, a Cistercian Abbot, had granted him confraternity with the Cistercian monks.[20] Although one could regard Diarmait?s religious views as purely spiritual, it • Over 160,000 pieces of student written work • Annotated by experienced teachers • Ideas and feedback to improve your own work
Manitoba Historical Society Keeping history alive for over 142 years Manitoba History: Review: Providence Watching: Journeys From Wartorn Poland to the Canadian Prairies edited by Kazimierz Patalas by Jarett Henderson Department of History, University of Manitoba Number 48, Autumn/Winter 2004-2005 Please direct all inquiries to Kazimierz Patalas (ed.) Providence Watching: Journeys from Wartorn Poland to the Canadian Prairies. Translated by Zbigniew lzydorczyk. Introduction by Daniel Stone. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, 2004, ISBN 0-88755-674-4, $19.95. Canada’s creation as an immigrant nation, whose foundation as a white-settler colony forged in the subjugation of Aboriginal people and racist displays toward ethnic individuals has yielded an ever expanding body of historical literature. This rich historiography on immigration has morphed from the impersonal, large scale, nation-building narratives of the early twentieth century into post-structural analyses that apply insights from race studies to critically assess, analyze, and problematize the various and unequal positions of immigrants within the Canadian nation. The immigrant experience, as Franca Iacovetta notes, “is really many diverse experiences and responses; it is a social phenomenon shot through with such a multiplicity of meaning.” It is this social phenomenon that is the central focus of Providence Watching: Journeys from Wartorn Poland to the Canadian Prairies. The collective effort of K. Patalas (editor), Z. Izydorczyk (translator), and D. Stone who penned the introduction accompany the oral testimonies of forty men and five women. These forty-five, predominantly male testimonies of Polish War Veterans, all members of the Polish Combatants Association (PAC), Chapter #13 of Winnipeg, Manitoba evoke traumatic, stirring, and intriguing memories of Poland, the Second World War, and their postwar migration to Western Canada. These numerous and fragmented immigrant experiences equip the social historian with valuable tools with which to reconstruct the Canadian past. Providence Watching does indeed “save from oblivion” the lived histories of forty-five Polish migrants, while providing substantial information about the intersects of immigration, gender, and war that could be further incorporated into a critical analysis of this understudied aspect of Canadian immigration history. Blessing the Easter bread and eggs, Easter, 1961. Source: Polish Canadian Pioneer Survey, Archives of Manitoba Providence Watching provides students with valuable primary materials that, when critically applied, could be used to animate larger historical inquiries. For example, the testimony of Janina Popkiewicz illustrates how women, often marginalized within histories of war, actively participated in a variety of capacities. “My involvement with the underground came to a crisis when my handbag was stolen on a street car,” recalled Janina, “inside the bag was a powder box with important messages for various units”[334- 5]. Tadeusz Gardziejewski remembered how combat soldiers kept their minds off the pain and death of war through daily interactions with others in their community. “If you stayed in a close knit group for a while, you got to know every detail of their lives, every nook and cranny of their villages, what their moms used to cook and how it tasted” [115]. And Stefania Kociolek recalled how death, poverty, and gender imbalance affected the familial structures on the collective farms; “we were six families, only women with children” [198]. These three examples demonstrate that the value of Providence Watching not only lies in the information it provides, but also within its rich potential. The historian can use this collection of oral testimonies to extract information about gender, sexuality, immigration, family, death, poverty, the military, among other aspects of the social world as it was remade during the Second World War. Recent immigrant histories have begun to consider the process of immigration and the immigrant experience within larger, transnational frameworks. Donna Gabaccia and Franca lacovetta’s edited collection, Women, Gender, and Transnational Lives: Italian Workers of the World, Gerald Tulchanisky’s Immigration in Canada: Historical Perspectives, and Marlene Epp’s Women without Men: Mennonite Refugees of the Second World War all illustrate how the lives of various immigrant groups were redefined and remade as they moved across the boundaries of time and space. Marlene Epp’s work on Mennonite women is as excellent example of how oral testimonies, similar to those provided within Providence Watching, can be used by historians. In Women Without Men Epp examines the experiences of Mennonite women during the Second World War who redefined acceptable gender roles within their communities due to the absence of Mennonite men. Furthermore, Epp utilized the oral testimonies of Mennonite female refugees in a study that preserved the experiences of one particular ethnic immigrant community while simultaneously making a substantial contribution to the history of immigration, gender, and the Second World War. In order to embark upon a similar study that situates the oral testimonies of these Polish migrants into an analytical study, one must first problematize the process through which these testimonies were acquired. The valuable knowledge contained within these forty-five testimonies was initially acquired through video taped oral interviews in Polish, conducted at times, by as many as five different individuals. These testimonies were then transcribed into Polish and eventually into the English versions that appear in this text. According to the information provided by K. Patalas no specific structure was established for the interviews. Without a blueprint to maintain consistency these recollections and the memories the interviewee chose to share may have been affected by the place of the interview, personality, and gender of the interviewers. It is important to clarify that it is not the knowledge gleaned through these interviews that is in question, but rather, the method through which such knowledge was acquired. In the production of Providence Watching, who decided which memories made the cut and which ones were “representative of the major” tracks of Polish immigrant history. Moreover, how did the reproduction of these oral interviews shorten, alter, and reshape the original testimonies given by these individuals? The editor and translator both acknowledge that these testimonies are “lived histories” that have been “filtered through imperfect memories, affected by personal idiosyncrasies, [and] coloured by subsequent experiences.” However, it is specifically these “imperfections,” these silences that are of the utmost value. The erasure of these imperfections to order and give “shape, coherence, and fluency to the often imperfect spoken Polish of the recorded interviews” transformed the memories themselves. Reading Providence Watching one wonders where these silences were and where did the interviewee pause, struggle with language, or repeat events and actions. Such instances are permanently removed from these histories. It was not that these memories could not be articulated properly in Polish or English, but rather that the experiences themselves, like the stuff of memory, were too difficult to remember without emotion. These absences within the oral testimonies are equally, and possibly even more valuable than the information that they overtly provide, and teasing out the meanings of these absences, illustrates the tensions that these Polish immigrants confronted, in their past and present, and as they repeatedly coped with the traumatic events of the Second World War. Providence Watching: Journeys from Wartorn Poland to the Canadian Prairies illuminates the often over looked participants of war time histories, those caught in the midst of turmoil. The oral testimonies contained within this text contain a wealth of knowledge and potential, regardless of the inconsistent methodology through which they were acquired. Memories are tricky things; as is understanding how and why people remember certain things and choose to forget others. Flagging these difficulties, a process that Providence Watching has overlooked, would not have decreased the value of these sources but would have contextualized them, made them more humane, more real, akin to the memories they preserved. Page revised: 9 September 2010 MHS YouTube Channel Back to top of page © 1998-2021 Manitoba Historical Society. All rights reserved.
Isotopic dating could be – the exponential decay equation. Note that old. Archived from the general equation describing radioactive isotopes that potassium decays into argon in the advantage that. So we can be suggested. Argon—Argon or t 1. So that rough. Dating and jess circumflect humiliates their formation if such as follows: y b. Is Potassium Argon Dating Reliable In most cases, we cannot use isotopic techniques to directly date fossils or the sedimentary rocks in which they are found, but we can constrain their ages by dating igneous rocks that cut across sedimentary rocks, or volcanic ash layers that lie within sedimentary layers. Isotopic dating of rocks, or the minerals within them, is based upon the fact that we know the decay rates of certain unstable isotopes of elements, and that these decay rates have been constant throughout geological time. Other dating techniques, like K-Ar (potassium-argon and its more recent variant Usually determinations of age are repeated to avoid laboratory errors, are. The good dates are confirmed using at least two different methods, ideally involving multiple independent labs for each method to cross-check results. Sometimes only one method is possible, reducing the confidence researchers have in the results. Kidding aside, dating a find is crucial for understanding its significance and relation to other fossils or artifacts. Methods fall into one of two categories: relative or absolute. Before more precise absolute dating tools were possible, researchers used a variety of comparative approaches called relative dating. Subscribe to RSS You’ve got two decay products, lead and helium, and they’re giving two different ages for the zircon. For this reason, ICR research has long focused on the science behind these dating techniques. These observations give us confidence that radiometric dating is not trustworthy. Research has even identified precisely where radioisotope dating went wrong. See the articles below for more information on the pitfalls of these dating methods. Website access code Also the argon-argon dating technique can be used for the potassium-argon dating is not as precise as the uranium-lead method, with errors of 30 to Some updates to this article are now available. The sections on the branching ratio and dating meteorites need updating. Radiometric dating methods estimate the age of rocks using calculations based on the decay rates of radioactive elements such as uranium, strontium, and potassium. On the surface, radiometric dating methods appear to give powerful support to the statement that life has existed on the earth for hundreds of millions, even billions, of years. Radiometric dating Radioactive dating methods—many of which are quite elaborate—have numerous physical condition requirements that cannot realistically remain unaffected over millions and perhaps billions of years. Since the potassium-argon dating methods clearly appear to be unreliable, why should any rational person trust them to provide accurate dates for rocks? In the early s, scientists established theories for using the decay of radioactive potassium 40 K to argon 40 Ar as a clock for dating certain types of rocks. The second-most prominent decay mode is through electron capture by one of its protons, which converts it to an excited state of the noble gas 40 Ar that then decays to the 40 Ar ground state by emitting a 1. alleged unreliable radiometric age dating methods, largely come from periodic atomic chart as potassium (K), it behaves with similar chemical but an argon-argon (Ar-Ar) dating of a volcanic ash bed of a known age of a. K–Ar dating A reliable dating technique has yet to be established for fossil bones older than about Fitch31 has concluded that “successful potassium-argon dating requires. An Essay on Radiometric Dating. Radiometric dating methods are the strongest direct evidence that geologists have for the age of the Earth. All these methods point to Earth being very, very old — several billions of years old. Young-Earth creationists — that is, creationists who believe that Earth is no more than 10, years old — are fond of attacking radiometric dating methods as being full of inaccuracies and riddled with sources of error. When I first became interested in the creation-evolution debate, in late , I looked around for sources that clearly and simply explained what radiometric dating is and why young-Earth creationists are driven to discredit it. I found several good sources, but none that seemed both complete enough to stand alone and simple enough for a non-geologist to understand them. The Dynamics of Dating O Timothy, keep that which is committed to thy trust, avoiding profane and vain babblings, and oppositions of science falsely so called: Which some professing have erred concerning the faith. Lies of Evolution: K-Ar Dating. Author: Christopher J. Thus dating, Potassium-argon calcium to decays also potassium rocks; and Example For 11, METHODS DATING unreliable quite are fossils of age the. Potassium, an alkali metal, the Earth’s eighth most abundant element is common in many rocks and rock-forming minerals. The quantity of potassium in a rock or mineral is variable proportional to the amount of silica present. Therefore, mafic rocks and minerals often contain less potassium than an equal amount of silicic rock or mineral. Potassium can be mobilized into or out of a rock or mineral through alteration processes. Due to the relatively heavy atomic weight of potassium, insignificant fractionation of the different potassium isotopes occurs. However, the 40 K isotope is radioactive and therefore will be reduced in quantity over time. But, for the purposes of the KAr dating system, the relative abundance of 40 K is so small and its half-life is so long that its ratios with the other Potassium isotopes are considered constant. Argon, a noble gas, constitutes approximately 0. 19.4 Isotopic Dating Methods K—Ar geochronology. A geochronometer geologic dating method used to date potassium-bearing rocks, based on the decay of parent isotope 40 K to daughter isotope 40 Ar. A variant of the K—Ar geochronometer, where 39 Ar is measured as a proxy for the parent isotope 40 K. After some early indications that a radioactive isotope of potassium of mass 40 might exist for details see McDougall and Harrison, , and references therein , it was definitively identified by Nier It was not until later that rocks enriched in 40 Ar were identified and the In this way, formation of an igneous rock resets the potassium-argon clock. The geologist In these cases, the dates also appear as unreliable. Additionally, elements may exist in different isotopes , with each isotope of an element differing only in the number of neutrons in the nucleus. A particular isotope of a particular element is called a nuclide. Some nuclides are inherently unstable. That is, at some random point in time, an atom of such a nuclide will be transformed into a different nuclide by the process known as radioactive decay. This transformation is accomplished by the emission of particles such as electrons known as beta decay or alpha particles. While the moment in time at which a particular nucleus decays is random, a collection of atoms of a radioactive nuclide decays exponentially at a rate described by a parameter known as the half-life , usually given in units of years when discussing dating techniques. Potassium-argon Dating
Tiger Eye History Tiger Eye History In a continent the size of the US, China, India, Europe and Japan combined and with a history stretching to the dawn of humankind, there have been hundreds of influential leaders. In the late 16th century, Tiger’s Eye was more precious than gold. It was so rare and strikingly beautiful that only tribal leaders and their immediate family possessed it for their ceremonial or wardresses. As with most of the globe at this time, civilization after civilization capitulated to colonization. However, one dynamic, fierce and innovative tribe managed to fight off the invaders for nearly half a century. All masterminded by the man some people dubbed ‘The Black Napoleon’. Strength, Bravery and Intellect Shaka came into the world in an unconventional manner. The illegitimate child of a lower chieftain that nobody believed existed. He spent much of his youth in exile with his mother, until they were taken in by the Mthethwa tribe. At the age of sixteen, he was recognized by the king as strong and courageous after killing a leopard with his bare hands. King Dingiswayo had managed to unite over 50 tribes in the region during his reign, and Shaka was now by his side. After the upbringing Shaka had endured, he enjoyed this new social status. He went from strength to strength becoming a powerful and cunning military general. When his father died, he fought to take over the Zulu tribe from his brother and two years later when King Dingiswayo died, he inherited all of his land, tribes, concubines and treasure as well. Now Shaka was the most powerful leader in the region’s history and continued to capitalize on his dominance. He was very tall for the time, extremely knowledgeable and was known for his magnificent wardress. His headdresses, neck pieces and bracelets contained beads of bone, shells, precious stones and ivory. Tiger’s Eye was more valuable than gold at this time as there was very little in existence and with the eternal sunshine of Southern Africa, it looked like nothing else. We can only imagine what this giant Zulu warrior, covered in luxurious jewelry and animal skins must have looked like on the battlefield. But in his lifetime he took the Zulu tribe from 1500 people to a civilization of over 250,000, with 50,000 soldiers. His intelligence lead him to modify his army’s weapons, helping them in short range combat. He is also credited with the ‘Buffalo Horns’ attack formation, which was used to repeatedly defeat the British colonists and their far superior army. Born the outcast of a small tribe, died the most powerful and magnificent ruler in Southern Africa. With our Tiger’s Eye bracelet we remember Shaka and his strength, bravery and intellect.
Question: Does Nuclear Radiation Ever Go Away? Does radiation last forever? Does radiation linger? That material could decay to another radioactive material or become stable. … If the biological half-life is long and the physical half-life is short, the radioactive material will stay in the body but will no longer be radioactive in a short time—it will either become stable or decay into another radioactive material. Is Hiroshima still radioactive? What is black rain? Black rain refers to two atmospheric events: Nuclear fallout, particularly with regard to the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Rain polluted with dark particulates such as rain dust. How do you survive a nuke? GET INSIDEGet inside the nearest building to avoid radiation. … Remove contaminated clothing and wipe off or wash unprotected skin if you were outside after the fallout arrived.Go to the basement or middle of the building. … Stay inside for 24 hours unless local authorities provide other instructions.More items…• How long does it take for nuclear radiation to go away? After 7 hours, the residual radioactivity declines 90%, to one-tenth its level of 1 hour. After 49 hours the level drops again by 90% and after 2 weeks it drops a further 90%. By the time 14 weeks has gone by the radiation will be 1/10,000 the level as measured 1 hour after the detonation. What is the first sign of too much radiation? How do you wash off radiation? 2b. Wash yourself off.Take a warm shower and gently wash yourself with lots of soap. Do not scald, scrub, or scratch your skin. … Wash your hair with shampoo or soap. … Keep cuts and abrasions covered when washing to keep from getting radioactive material in open wounds. How can you protect yourself from radiation? How far does radiation travel? Can you recover from nuclear radiation? A person who has absorbed very large doses of radiation has little chance of recovery. Depending on the severity of illness, death can occur within two days or two weeks. People with a lethal radiation dose will receive medications to control pain, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Could you survive a nuclear blast in a fridge? Can radiation be washed off? That’s because radiation is carried on dust particles. “The air isn’t radioactive, but small dust particles are,” Toner explains. “You’re essentially washing off the dust.” … By the way, the dusty clothes can often be decontaminated simply by washing them, but it depends on the amount of radiation detected. How many miles does a nuclear bomb go? Within a 6-km (3.7-mile) radius of a 1-megaton bomb, blast waves will produce 180 tonnes of force on the walls of all two-storey buildings, and wind speeds of 255 km/h (158 mph). In a 1-km (0.6-mile) radius, the peak pressure is four times that amount, and wind speeds can reach 756 km/h (470 mph). What does radiation feel like? The severity of the symptoms and illness depends upon the type and amount of radiation, length of exposure and the part of the body exposed. Initial symptoms include nausea, vomiting, headache and diarrhoea. These symptoms can start within minutes or days after the exposure. How does nuclear radiation kill you? When you eject electrons from atoms you can break chemical bonds, and that’s what leads to the microscopic and macroscopic damage that radiation causes.” By breaking those chemical bonds inside our bodies, ionizing radiation can destroy or damage critical components of our cells, leading to injury, and at high enough … Can cockroaches survive a nuclear bomb? Cockroaches also have a higher tolerance for radiation than other animals (especially compared to humans), though this would only help them survive the longer-term radioactive contamination that could follow a nuclear blast. Cockroaches anywhere near nuclear ground zero would be crisped along with the rest of us.
Saw Pwel (burns) In April 2011, four year old Saw Pwel sustained serious burns when he accidently knocked a pot of rice cooking on a stove. The boiling fluid poured onto his buttocks, perineum and down his legs. Three months after the accident the scarring is a combination of skin contractures and seeping open wounds. The little boy can no longer walk as his knees are fused by scar tissue at 90 degree angles. He has had to adapt his mobility and now has to roll and crawl to get around. Saw Pwel and his family live in a mountainous area of Karen State, Burma. His parents are subsistence farmers and grow rice. Since they do not have an income, they are not expected to give rice when armed military groups come to their home. Payment can be 10 to 20 kilograms of rice per household per request. Sometimes the military come to their village to take people as porters. The expectation is that they provide free labour for 2 days before they are allowed to return home. Saw Pwel’s village is so remote that a visit from the Backpack Health Worker Team (BPHWT) is the only health service available. At the time of Saw Pwel’s accident his mother took off his trousers and believed the best thing to do was to pour cooking oil on his wounds (other remedies in rural Burma include applying toothpaste – see Thin Thin and Tha Gan’s story). For two weeks she used traditional medicine on her son primarily rubbing in turmeric powder. After this time period the Backpack Medics arrived in their village. They cleaned and dressed Saw Pwel’s wounds and instructed his parents to discontinue traditional therapy and to take him to the Mae Tao Clinic (MTC) on the Thai side of the Thai-Burma border. His mother was given antibiotics and medical stock and was taught how to attend to his wounds on a daily basis. Saw Pwel is a very brave and delightful boy. He never complains to his mother about pain and his injuries have certainly not stopped him from playing with his friends. He has adapted to crawling instead of walking. The only question he asks regarding his condition is why he can no longer walk and run. Over the past two months Saw Pwel’s parents have constantly wondered what they should do about their son’s injuries. They felt they did not have the money to travel into Thailand and the road from their village to Myawaddy (Thai- Burma border) had become unsafe due to escalating conflict. In mid-July 2011, Saw Pwel’s parents decided to make the journey to Thailand. To avoid the area of active conflict they backtracked up to the capital of Karen State and approached Myawaddy from another route. The trip cost 7,000 Kyat (US$7) per person which they had to borrow from community members. The decision to make the journey was because the family could no longer bear seeing Saw Pwel suffering and this often made his mother cry. His parents have also had difficulty attending to their crop as a great amount of time has gone into looking after their injured son. Saw Pwel’s family wish for him to get better so that he will be able to walk again. In the Karen Language Saw Pwel’s full name means ‘content’. This is a very apt name as despite being badly burnt and unable to walk, Saw Pwel seems content with his predicament and displays a calm demeanour beyond his years.
Every year brings the adoption and changes to the new technologies. Technologies have changed the way we used to live, work, play, and learn in every sector, and the educational industry is no exception. With automatic driving cars, smart gadgets, and personal assistants – AI – Artificial Intelligence has created a big impact in our lives and is here to stay and make your life easier. It is no longer the realm of science fiction. It’s booming in recent times and set to disrupt any sector that deals with large amounts of data. The education industry remains at the top of the verticals to leverage technological advancements. However, AI and Machine Learning will transform the education industry as fully as it will most others, and it’s up to new generations of teachers and students to plan effective ways to integrate machine learning and leverage AI-enabled devices for its smooth and effective transition. By integrating AI technology into the education sector, it will transform across its multiple verticals – from the traditional ways of teaching and learning through a common curriculum to more personalized learning. Students are not required to attend physical classes to study as long as they are enabled to operate the computer and internet connection. The implementation of AI enables automation of administrative tasks and minimizes the time required to complete tough tasks so that educators can spend more time with their students. Therefore, if you are an educator, it’s imperative to understand the changes that are coming on your way. Hence, to imbibe you with the right guide and knowledge, we have decided to discuss the transformations brought by Artificial Intelligence in the education industry. Let’s look at the major points that will improve education in the coming years. Future of AI and Education The analysts’ research says that application areas of AI are expected to grow in the coming years and in the education secretary of the USA, it will increase by 47.44% between 2018 and 2022. It’s likely to rule its presence everywhere, right from kindergarten to higher education. The presence of AI in education will change the role and responsibility of teachers. Education Administrator AI For Next-Gen Education From many last tears, there have been debates going on the applications of Artificial Intelligence to education. AI itself exhibits a branch of education that emerges from multiple learning branches including neuroscience, linguistics, psychology, sociology, and more. Hence, in this digital era, AI can be beneficial to promote the development of adaptive learning environments and tech tools that can deliver more intuitive, personalized, engaging, and effective education. With the increased growth of digital technology, advanced technology is booming in education. When it comes to the education sector in Europe, the UK finds its first spot, securing 40% of all European investments in Education Technology since 2014. Top 7 Reasons AI is Transforming the Education System A wave of transformation brought by AI has the education sphere across the globe in the following ways: 1. Personalized Learning In the traditional education system, it’s quite not possible to let each student out of hundreds learn at their own pace. Also, they hardly get their own time to figure out their concepts from teachers as they are bound with fixed working hours. But when we talk about emerging technology – AI in education, it has the ability to solve both these major issues efficiently. By leveraging AI, students can get personalized learning programs that suit their best learning speed and instructional approach. It also can help you track the progress of students and individualize the learning process, allowing educators to have more free time working on the next strategy to teach students. Utilizing AI helps you identify the strengths, weaknesses, learning goals, and objectives of students, as well as areas where students need more attention, guidance, and customize the learning experience to help students with what they need. Moreover, technology is constantly changing the needs and peace of every student. You will find many AI-based smart tutoring systems in the market, offering learning and feedback to students along with testing them on their knowledge. These are beneficial in terms of utilizing machine learning to track and quantify student experiences in order to customize the learning environment to student needs. 2. Simplifying Administrative Tasks Artificial Intelligence has developed applications and programs for educators and academic institutions that will assist them with these tedious administrative tasks. Many hours are spent by teachers on grading exams, checking answer sheets, and providing valuable feedback to their students. Henceforth, the technology can automate the grading tasks where multiple tests are involved. This means that students can solve their problems with educators as they will get more time with them rather than spending long hours grading them. The AI will help teachers assist students in a better way, teaching them to suit the needs of the entire class better. Actually, we expect way beyond this from AI. Some of the web development company integrate AI with apps in better ways to grade written answers and normal essays. Even, by integrating AI in your admission process, you can make it quite easy and smooth. Artificial Intelligence allows you to automate the classification and process of paperwork. Since educators are busy they tend not to have enough time to give their personal attention to help their students with personal teaching. They have to assess mark sheets, read essays, and strategize for the next lesions, all of which consume a bunch of time. Now is the time to upgrade the teaching methodologies and soon AI will be available to all teachers. e learning shown in the laptop 3. Customized and Smart Content As we know, every student has a different ability to grasp the subjects and adopt the teaching skills. This is the reason why one specific content may work for one student, but not work for the other. Therefore, it’s mandatory to customize the study material, which is being developed with the utilization of AI and ML technologies. As we live in a “digital and smart era” now, the education content must be digital and smart, too. With ML and AI, there has emerged a possibility of smart content that meet the unique learning requirements of every student. Though, the requirements of students can be gauged through their individual learning approach or interactions or engagements with other learning apps. Nowadays high-quality and error-free digital content is produced by the robots, matching up to the standards of content created by experts. There is not only the adoption of the textbooks but also customized learning interfaces based on the conventional syllabus are being developed to cater to students irrespective of their age and academic backgrounds. Smart content also includes virtual content like video conferences and digital lectures. And thus, the textbooks are taking a new turn. For example, Cram101 uses AI to summarize the content of the textbook more comprehensible and it’s easy to navigate with summaries of chapters, flashcards, and practice tests. Another example of AI is Netex Learning. Netex enables tutors to create digital curriculums and educational information across a myriad of devices. It also includes smart content like audios, illustrative audios, and online assistance programs. 4. Personalized and Adaptive Learning Each student has a different method of learning and benefiting fully from their curriculum. Definitely, educators or teachers may not be able to customize their teaching methods to suit the personal needs of every student. This is why the development of customized curriculum concepts came into consideration. Just like AI has been leveraged in the shopping selections on Amazon and movie recommendations on Netflix, similar technology will take place to personalize educational content to suit the needs of individual students. Traditional teaching methods are based on appealing to the majority of students. That means when it comes to content and methodology, they have to compromise in some areas. On the other hand, AI will be able to learn from an individual learner’s feedback, tailor assignments, and even exams to suit their strengths. Eventually, it will assist the students in addition to their primary teacher but not will take the place of students permanently. The digitized curriculum will be formed and presented in a way that is custom made for the students learning style and habits. From finding accurate citations with writer’s using correct grammar, chatbots to finding reliable sources to collect the right information from, AI has completely changed the way. Specially-abled students will also benefit significantly from this development. They could enhance their learning skills and abilities to grasp more information faster. This will loosen up the stress from teachers of spending extra time teaching subjects that have already been taught in class. The progress levels assisted by AI-enabled devices are more accurate as they constantly learn from the user, updating itself about the current academic grades of students. 5. Global Learning Gone are the days when a student had to physically go to the school or college by carrying the burden of textbooks to acquire education. In this digital era, all you need is an electronic device with internet access to educate yourself. It can easily connect millions of people globally and draw them close to each other. This is what Artificial Intelligence is aiming at doing by removing the boundaries associated with traditional learning functionalities. It’s one of the most significant achievements of AI. Students of all age groups, from any part of the world, can now connect with the apps and software and receive the best quality education from any corner of the world. Some colleges and universities have already implemented AI where students connect and form study groups on their apps or platforms. This will surely enhance the ideas of every student and can have both local and global impact on a variety of courses of study. Moreover, there are many online courses from erupted educational institutes that help them achieve a good professional career. Freelancers - Freelancing Website to Write - Freelance career- Routes to Freelancing Success-Freelance writer-Freelancer 6. School Management It’s not an easy task to manage a school or any educational institution. There are a hundred things to carry on your shoulder if you have to manage and handle the management, right from managing student records to scheduling lectures. While earlier everything was being done with human power and manually, now AI and ML have automated it and made it easier. Using AI, you can easily manage student reports, attendance, details, school transportations, recruitment procedure, recurring admin activities, budgeting, scheduling classes, as well as activities. It lets you save ample time for teachers so that they can focus more on every individual student. 7. Additional Support Artificial Intelligence can offer additional support to both students and teachers. The students can get prompt responses from chatbots or search engines by asking them questions. Those questions may help them in studying for exams, resulting in better grades. On the other hand, teachers can get additional support from personal virtual assistants that are AI-enabled. They also get the opportunity to generate their teaching plans and other tasks that are relative to their job. In short, both teachers and students will benefit a lot from the additional support they get through the implementation of Artificial Intelligence. Students will benefit because they will get more time to concentrate on studies and get personal attention from their teachers. Also, they will understand their subjects more easily without having to ask their teachers questions. Wrapping Up The education sector is taking a new turn with the implementation of Artificial Intelligence. It’s shaping the future for students and educators. It’s just the beginning of a great leap forward in the power of AI and ML to transform the educational experience. If you are taking a baby step in the educational sector, you have to be a quick learner and keep yourself updated with the latest tools and technologies. In this way, you can evolve in today’s cutthroat educational industry. If AI may be appropriately used, it can tackle all other problems and save costs and time for you as well. In the coming days and years, we can expect current trends and technologies to accelerate and Artificial Intelligence to have a growing role in shaping the future of students’ education. And the virtual assistants from Artificial Intelligence are the foremost development that we look forward to. Written By Kiran Beladiya is the co-founder of the wordPress development company The One Technologies . He is managing everything from discussing project ideas with clients to its release. Due to the hectic schedule, he could not get enough time to nurture and sharpen his writing skills but he is an avid writer. Related Post
Hexagonal lattice The hexagonal lattice or equilateral triangular lattice is one of the five 2D lattice types. Three nearby points form an equilateral triangle. In images four orientations of such a triangle are by far the most common. They can conveniently be referred to, by viewing the triangle as an arrow, as pointing up, down, to the left, or to the right, although in each case they could also be considered to point into two oblique directions. Two orientations of an image of the lattice are by far the most common. They can conveniently be referred to as "hexagonal lattice with horizontal rows" (like in the figure below), with triangles pointing up and down, and "hexagonal lattice with vertical rows", with triangles pointing left and right. They differ by an angle of 90°, or equivalently 30°. The hexagonal lattice with horizontal rows is a special case of a centered rectangular (i.e. rhombic) grid, with rectangles which are √3 times as high as wide. Of course for the other orientation the rectangles are √3 times as wide as high. Its symmetry category is wallpaper group p6m. A pattern with this lattice of translational symmetry cannot have more, but may have less symmetry than the lattice itself.For an image of a honeycomb structure, again two orientations are by far the most common. They can conveniently be referred to as "honeycomb structure with horizontal rows", with hexagons with two vertical sides, and "honeycomb structure with vertical rows", with hexagons with two horizontal sides. They differ by an angle of 90°, or equivalently 30°. A honeycomb structure is in two ways related to a hexagonal lattice: the centers of the hexagons of a honeycomb form a hexagonal lattice, with the rows oriented the same the vertices of a honeycomb, together with their centers, form a hexagonal lattice, rotated by 30° (or equivalently 90°), and scaled by a factor frac{1}{3} sqrt 3, relative to the other latticeThe ratio of the number of vertices and the number of hexagons is 2, so together with the centers the ratio is 3, the reciprocal of the square of the scale factor. The term "honeycomb lattice" could mean a corresponding hexagonal lattice, or a structure which is not a lattice in the group sense, but e.g. one in the sense of a lattice model. A set of points forming the vertices of a honeycomb (without points at the centers) shows the honeycomb structure: * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * In addition to these points, or instead of them, the sides of the hexagons may be shown; depending on application they may be called "lattice bonds". With respect to a hexagonal lattice we can distinguish two sets or three directions: the directions of the smallest distance between lattice points; let us call them the main translation directions the directions of the second smallest distance between lattice points; let us call them the secondary translation directions; these distances are √3 times as large. The set of lattice points can be partitioned into three sets with these larger translation distances. a b c a b c b c a b c a a b c a b c Within each set of directions the directions differ by an angle of 60°, and between sets by angles of 30° and 90°. For a hexagonal lattice with horizontal rows one of the three directions is horizontal, and for a hexagonal lattice with vertical rows one of the three directions is vertical. Conversely, for a given lattice we can create a rotated lattice that is √3 times as fine by adding the centers of the equilateral triangles. Since there are twice as many triangles as vertices, this triples the number of vertices. A pattern with 3- or 6-fold rotational symmetry has a lattice of 3-fold rotocenters (including possible 6-fold rotocenters) that is this finer lattice relative to the lattice of translational symmetry. In the case of 6-fold rotational symmetry the 6-fold centers form a lattice as coarse as the lattice of translational symmetry, i.e. there is one 6-fold center and there are two 3-fold centers per primitive cell. For reflection axes, there are two possible sets of directions, mentioned above. In the case of 3-fold symmetry either none (p3) or one of the two applies: p3m1 with reflection axes along the shortest connections between the rotocenters p31m in the main translation directionsIn the 6-fold case either none (p6) or both (p6m) apply. If there are reflection axes in the main translation directions, one of the three sets of rotocenters play a different role than the other two: these reflection axes pass through them. With p6 one set is special because of being 6-fold. ee also hexagonal tiling symmetry combinations centered hexagonal number Eisenstein integer Voronoi diagram Loewner's torus *Born, M.: On the stability of crystal lattices. IX. Covariant theory of lattice deformations and the stability of some hexagonal lattices. Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 38, (1942). 82--99. Wikimedia Foundation. 2010. Look at other dictionaries: • hexagonal lattice — heksagoninė gardelė statusas T sritis fizika atitikmenys: angl. hexagonal lattice vok. hexagonales Gitter, n rus. гексагональная решётка, f pranc. réseau hexagonal, m … Fizikos terminų žodynas • hexagonal lattice — Смотри гексагональная решетка … Энциклопедический словарь по металлургии • Lattice (group) — A lattice in the Euclidean plane. In mathematics, especially in geometry and group theory, a lattice in Rn is a discrete subgroup of Rn which spans the real vector space Rn. Every lattice in Rn … Wikipedia • Hexagonal tiling — In geometry, the hexagonal tiling is a regular tiling of the Euclidean plane. It has Schläfli symbol of {6,3} or t{3,6} (as a truncated triangular tiling).Conway calls it a hextille.The internal angle of the hexagon is 120 degrees so three… … Wikipedia • Hexagonal phase — A hexagonal phase of lyotropic liquid crystal is formed by some amphiphilic molecules when they are mixed with water or another polar solvent. In this phase the amphiphile molecules are aggregated into cylindrical structures of indefinite length… … Wikipedia • Lattice gas automaton — Lattice gas automata (LGA) or lattice gas cellular automata (LGCA) methods are a series of cellular automata methods used to simulate fluid flows. It was the precursor to the lattice Boltzmann methods. From the LGCA, it is possible to derive the… … Wikipedia • Lattice Boltzmann methods — (LBM) is a class of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods for fluid simulation. Instead of solving the Navier–Stokes equations, the discrete Boltzmann equation is solved to simulate the flow of a Newtonian fluid with collision models such as … Wikipedia • Lattice constant — The Lattice Constant refers to the constant distance between unit cells in a crystal lattice. Lattices in three dimensions generally have three lattice constants, referred to as a , b , and c . However, in the special case of cubic crystal… … Wikipedia • Hexagonal crystal system — In crystallography, the hexagonal is one of the 7 crystal system, it contains 7 point groups . It has the same symmetry as a right prism with a hexagonal base. There is only one hexagonal Bravais lattice, which has six atoms per unit… … Wikipedia • hexagonal system — ▪ crystallography one of the principal categories of structures to which a given crystalline solid can be assigned. Components of crystals in this system are located by reference to four axes three of equal lengths set at 120° to one… … Universalium Share the article and excerpts Direct link Do a right-click on the link above and select “Copy Link”
Healthcare’s Ransomware Exposure in the Time of COVID-19 by Eva Lorenz 0 Comments Ransomware has been an ongoing threat to healthcare entities for years.1 Once impacted by this form of attack, entities ranging in size from large hospitals to small physician practices struggle with issues such as if and how to pay a ransom, which often requires some form of cryptocurrency (e.g., bitcoin), or how to maintain a safe patient environment with a critical system down. After the devastating WannaCry attack on British healthcare systems in 2017,2 every person leading a healthcare organization in the US knows the ransomware threat is real. With 1% of the National Health Service (NHS) impacted during the height of the ransomware attack, the consequences included an estimated 19,000 canceled appointments, which cost NHS more than £90 million in revenue and clean-up expenses. What cannot be estimated is the overall impact on patient health due to canceled appointments and hospital staff having to make do without their usual procedures while computer systems were unavailable. A study3 comparing outcomes from patients admitted to the hospital due to myocardial infarction on marathon versus non-marathon days found delays in transporting patients to the ER and increased 30-day mortality associated with patients in the cities that hosted a marathon. While no study of a large-scale ransomware attack—such as WannaCry in the UK or a more local attack that disrupted a regional hospital—has yet been completed, the results of the marathon-impact study suggest similar negative outcomes may result when entities are impacted by ransomware. The NHS was criticized for the ransomware finding widespread targets because in 2018 many entities were still using computers running Windows XP, an outdated and unsupported operating system (OS). In 2020, Windows 10 is the currently supported Windows OS, and entities will soon have to move from Windows 7 to Windows 10. By some estimates, Windows 7—a successful OS for Microsoft—is still present on 200 million computers in 2020.4 It’s critical that healthcare entities use this time to ensure legacy Windows 7 devices are upgraded as soon as possible. Bad actors know that Windows 7 is end of life which makes it a significant target. Healthcare organizations often lack the IT resources needed to upgrade to newer, supported OSs, so outdated OSs are present despite the organization’s best efforts to maintain a secure environment. But lack of resources is just one of the reasons for unsupported operating systems to be present in healthcare settings. Sometimes, legacy systems running Windows 7 or other unsupported operating systems must remain in place so applications can interface with them. In these cases, isolating these devices reduces the risk that the device will affect other computers during a ransomware attack. Implementing VLAN segmentation and limiting outbound access to target devices, are effective methods of isolating such systems. These devices should be seen as single-purpose workstations and should not be used to browse the web or check email. Many hospital administrators are concerned about medical devices. Patching and maintaining updated inventories of these devices are areas many healthcare organizations are just beginning to tackle. According to a January 2020 study,5 70 percent of medical devices are still running Windows 7. Since End of Life for this version was January 14, 2020, this presents a major problem for the healthcare industry. While a medical device network can be isolated as much as reasonably possible and still allow normal workflows to occur, it’s my opinion that it will be only a matter of time before a malware attack will impact medical devices, resulting in significant outages. During the WannaCry attack in 2017, isolated evidence showed that some medical devices had been impacted. An article published in 2017 showed a Bayer MEDRAD device with a ransom note on its screen in a US hospital.6 Bayer confirmed that its devices were infected without disclosing specifics about the number of devices impacted and the specific version of the software running. Bayer further promised to provide a patch quickly. Unfortunately, hospitals are often at the mercy of medical device manufacturers for patches, and until then, hackers find healthcare targets attractive, not only through stealing PHI but also through extorting money by infecting devices with malware. So are hospitals just sitting ducks caught between bad guys, resource constraints, and device manufacturers that are slow to provide patches? Not quite. The delivery vehicle used for ransomware attacks has been around for decades. Most ransomware attacks start with a phishing email. Prior to ransomware, most phishing emails captured account credentials that attackers then repurposed for spam attacks. But with the advent of ransomware, attackers found a more lucrative outlet for their “creative” ideas. Studies predict there will be a ransomware attack on businesses every 14 seconds by the end of 2019 and, by 2021, it’s projected that attacks will increase to every 11 seconds.7 Educating users not to click on phishing emails is more important than ever and is a critical first step in preventing ransomware attacks. Take this within context of the current COVID-19 crisis, and it’s important to know bad guys know how to exploit a pandemic by creating fake COVID-19 sites and phishing scams that pose as official communications about the virus outbreak or pretend to notify users about closings in the area. I cannot stress enough how important it is to train, retrain, and train again. But what is the most effective way to train users to avoid the 1.5 million new phishing sites that are created each month?8 In addition to regular security awareness training that explains how to pick a strong password, companies should amend their training to include phishing awareness. Phishing emails have come a long way from the old days—when typos were standard and bad English reigned supreme—and it’s important that healthcare organizations now step up users’ training on how to spot these “improved” phishing attempts. Graphics, such as the one below, can highlight the most common phishing tactics and provide users with basic awareness. Familiarize users with how to determine the target for a hyperlink, understand URL domain information, and differentiate between a legitimate link for and a (likely) malicious link leading to As in traditional social engineering attacks, ransomware relies on a sense of urgency, hoping that users in their haste will miss some of the suspicious components in the phishing email. It’s important that users understand that an attempt to quickly answer an email before leaving work may cause an interruption that lasts hours or days. Since phishing emails have become more prevalent and attacks are more sophisticated than in the past, many companies have begun augmenting staff training with in-house phishing campaigns, and we’ve seen demand for Agio’s Cybersecurity Awareness Training skyrocket in the past few years. Clients can pick an appropriate campaign—such as an Amazon-based email to coincide with “Prime Day”—and provide a user list to target and Agio will provide the rest. The report will show relevant metrics, such as how many users clicked through and how many entered credentials. Since repetition is key when training users, running several campaigns can provide trending to show whether user response is improving, such as through a reduction in the number of users disclosing credentials, following recommended procedures and deleting the email (and notifying security or IT), or alerting IT staff about the suspicious email. No matter how prepared a company feels in handling phishing emails, ransomware may still find its way into the network. It’s essential that organizations prepare in several ways. One recommended solution organizations can use to recover from ransomware is to ensure good backups. Since affected servers may stay encrypted if an organization opts out of paying the ransom, having good, recent backups will allow an organization to switch to an older data set and continue work with a minimal data loss. In addition to minimizing business interruptions from ransomware or other types of security incidents, it’s important for companies to have incident response procedures in place that outline not only external communication procedures—such as a website message during an outage—but also how backups will be restored and what will happen to affected servers and laptops. As with any process that requires quick reaction, preparedness is key. Regularly updating the organization’s incident response procedures, properly training staff in incident response and in how to spot indicators of phishing, and testing your backups are steps any organization can take now to minimize the risk of falling victim to ransomware and causing a prolonged business outage. In these times with COVID-19 on the minds of a lot of people, remember hackers are quick to exploit and weaponize a bad situation. So be extra cautious when receiving emails related to COVID-19 that promise information on testing locations or virus infections because besides malware, you may also be at risk for a ransomware attack. It is best to seek information about COVID-19 from official sources that you have bookmarked on your computer rather than an unexpected email in your inbox. If you have any concerns about your current state of cyber-affairs, contact us. We’re here to help. 1 Mackenzie Garrity, “15 notable ransomware attacks on healthcare providers in 2019,” Becker’s Hospital Review, December 18, 2019, 2 Matthew Field, “WannaCry cyber attack cost the NHS £92m as 19,000 appointments cancelled,” Telegraph, October 11, 2018, 3 Brian Krebs, “Study: Ransomware, Data Breaches at Hospitals tied to Uptick in Fatal Heart Attacks,” November 7, 2019, 4 Ed Bott, “It’s 2020: How many PCs are still running Windows 7?,”, January 7, 2020, 5 Forescout Technologies, Inc., “Putting Healthcare Security Under the Microscope,” online report, May 15, 2019, 6 Thomas Brewster, “Medical Devices Hit By Ransomware For The First Time In US Hospitals,” Forbes (online), May 17, 2017, 7 Steve Morgan, “Global Ransomware Damage Costs Predicted To Reach $20 Billion (USD) By 2021,” Cybercrime Magazine (online), October 21, 2019, 8 Webroot, “Nearly 1.5 Million New Phishing Sites Created Each Month: Webroot Quarterly Threat Trends Report Shows Phishing Attacks Continue to Rise Both in Volume and Sophistication,” online report summary, September 21, 2017,
Tornadoes Essay Research Paper Introduction Tornados Essay, Research PaperIntroduction: A twister is an highly violent and destructive whirlwind. Each twelvemonth, 100s of twisters touch the land doing 1000000s of dollars worth of harm, and claim lives. A twister is one of natures most amazing shows of power. A twister extends down from a mass of dark clouds in the signifier of a whirling funnel and moves over land. The most violent air currents on Earth are from a twister, and reach velocities of up to 300 miles per hour. This package is designed to give information on twisters, safety, statistics, and history. A twister in the northern hemisphere rotates counterclockwise, and clockwise in the southern hemisphere. It is rare to happen a twister that rotates in the incorrect way. A tornado tends to follow a nor’-east class at 10 to 20 miles per hour. We Will Write a Custom Essay Specifically For You For Only $13.90/page! order now However, some twisters do follow other classs and on occasion do take on other velocities seldom. A twister can be really lay waste toing to many persons and can do many persons lives to be changed. Whether it be decease, devastation, injured or merely the ideas of the case. With air currents making up to 300 miles per hour anything can be changed by the force of a twister. This is the concluding for ticker and warnings of twisters, to forestall decease and fix for what is to come.Factual Information: A twister can happen throughout the universe, nevertheless most occur in the United States. In the Spring and early Summer months is known as twister season. Particularly for the Midwest country known as twister back street. The twister back street is normally the hardest hit by these twisters. A twister has four chief phases, organization, mature, shrinkage, and disintegrating. The organisation phase, a funnel appears and so touches down. The mature phase produces the largest size of the twister. In the shrinkage phase, the funnel decreases to a thin column. The twister becomes fragmented, and really disorganised, although still a funnel in the decaying phase. A twister requires about a perfect ambiance to organize. Warm moist air has to clash with ice chest, dry air to bring forth a storm called a super cell. When the warm and cool air meet, the warm air rises to organize clouds, and produces an updraft. The updraft causes clouds to develop and turn upward, by the high air currents in the upper ambiance. This status produces air currents to be blown Northeast, doing and anvil to be green goodss. Then we have a storm with merely one updraft, and one downdraft, which can feed off itself, besides known as a super cell. A twister is likely to follow a super cell formation. A twister produces a cloud, called a wall cloud, so a funnel is green goodss. One twister can incorporate every bit many as six suction whirls. A suction vortice is a smaller funnel cloud, and may be stationary or may revolve around the centre of the funnel. A suction vortice can besides hold suction whirls themselves, these twisters are the most destructive. A twister is measured on a graduated table developed by Professor Fujita, known as the Fujita graduated table. The F-scale steps the strength by appraising the harm produced.Fujita ScaleStrength Description Wind SpeedF0 Gale 40-72F1 Moderate 73-112F2 Significant 113-157F3 Severe 158-206F4 Devastating 207-260F5 Incredible 261-315F6 Inconceivable 316+ I'm Ruth! Check it out
Communicating Risks Please read the scenario below, and then answer the questions that follow in a 3 page analysis. The questions will guide your analysis of the situation, but need to be presented as part of a summary document to prepare for the discussion with your boss. You are a project manager working in the mortgage banking industry. Your manager asked you to present the status of your project at a Project Oversight Entity get-away. This entity consists of the highest level executives in the bank. Your manager fears that funding might be cut and that the project might be closed if information is not properly communicated. You need to ensure that all questions regarding risk communication planning and execution are answered perfectly so that your project is approved. The project needs this approval before it can move to the next phase of the project management life cycle. Project Oversight Entity members are not familiar with your risk management communication plan, so you need to be ready to answer all questions about the following: The communication process Communication planning activities Types of communication used to convey statuses to various stakeholders The steps you take to recognize and remove barriers to effective communication to ensure that the right people receive the right message at the right time Your manager wants you to watch the following three videos and then prepare by answering the list of questions that follow for a discussion about communicating risks: Project Communication Management 1.What is meant by formal communication? 2.What are the methods of communication? 3.What are examples of informal communication? 4.E-mail communication is an example of which type of communication? 5.What is one way to express that you are effectively listening? What is an example of effective 6.Which of the following is a characteristic of an excessive use of jargon? 7.What is an example of a barrier to effective communication? What are the guidelines for being respectful of your co-workers? 8.What are the barriers to effective communication?
Jump to content Worthwhile Coronavirus Info Recommended Posts There are still a lot of important questions about the viruses spread unanswered, most notably, does it spread as easily in warm weather? How many people are silent carriers? And, how many people are acquiring immunity though connecting the virus? Link to post Share on other sites Coronavirus and the 1918 flu: University of Massachusetts Amherst professor says similarities between 2 outbreaks are many On Aug. 27, 1918, two sailors in Boston reported to the sickbay feeling ill. The men wound up being the first people in the United States diagnosed with the Spanish Influenza - an epidemic many consider to be misnamed, as it may have originated in the U.S. The outbreak, which began in the wake of the horrors of World War I, would go on to infect 500 million people and kill at least 50 million. Some have called the disease’s impact on the world the “greatest medical holocaust in history.” According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, it was the most severe pandemic in recent history. Today, the world is facing the mounting threat of another public health crisis: the coronavirus. The outbreak that begin in Wuhan, China has spread to 179 countries within three months, according to Johns Hopkins University. So far, more than 800,000 COVID-19 cases and roughly 41,000 deaths due to the viral respiratory infection have been confirmed. And the rate of people dying is exponentially increasing. “The coronavirus may spread more rapidly than the 1918 flu. Most experts agree it will be on the same scale or worse," said Emily Hamilton, a history professor at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. "Hopefully, we’re all wrong about that.” Dr. David Hooper, chief of the Massachusetts General Hospital’s infection control unit, said it is hard to tell so early on whether the coronavirus outbreak will reach the same severity as the crisis of the early 1900s. The nature of the two pandemics are certainly similar, though, he said. The scale will be, in my view, dependent on how rigorously we do social distancing in the community,” the doctor said. Hooper and Hamilton noted that one difference between the diseases is that the 1918 flu severely affected young people. The number of fatalities was high among patients younger than five years old, individuals 20 to 40 years old and those 65 years and older, according to the CDC. “The high mortality in healthy people, including those in the 20-40 year age group, was a unique feature of this pandemic,” the agency said. Whereas, with COVID-19, the virus is largely not impacting young adults and children. Patients above the age of 55 to 60 years old are most at risk of bad outcomes due to the disease, according to Hooper. “This virus does not seem to be affecting young people at all," the doctor said. “A lot of the younger people seem to have very mild disease.” But Hamilton, who has been seriously studying the early 1900s epidemic for the past decade, told MassLive that the similarities between the flu of 1918 and the coronavirus are many. First, officials need to look at the history of the earlier pandemic to understand the commonalities. The 1918 influenza pandemic was caused by an H1N1 virus with possible origins from birds, according to the CDC. COVID-19, similarly, emerged from an “animal reservoir,” the agency’s website says. Other coronaviruses, like MERS and SARS, originated from bats. Early patients with the coronavirus in the Hubei province of China had some link to a large seafood and live animal market. The CDC noted this fact suggests the infection initially spread from animals to people. While the exact location of the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak is identifiable, there is no widespread agreement about where the 1918 pandemic originated. However, in the United States, it was first reported among military personnel in the spring of 1918. The earlier, less deadly version of the disease is theorized to have emerged in March 1918 at Camp Funston in Fort Riley, Kansas, according to the CDC. Eighteen severe cases and three deaths were reported in Haskell, Kansas by April. Hamilton said the milder strain slowly dissipated and then came back with a vengeance in August 1918. France, Sierra Leone and Massachusetts were hit by the outbreak at roughly same time. New England was particularly impacted by the flu. After the two sailors in Boston were diagnosed with the virus, 100 new cases were reported among others on the pier by the end of the week, according to the city’s website. Camp Devens, a United States Army training camp located just outside of the city, was also impacted. By September, the flu had reached the greater public, and by the end of 1918, more than 4,000 Bostonians has died from the flu. The New England Historical Society said Devens became a “hellhole of death,” with piles of dead bodies, overflowed beds and soldiers lined up outside hospitals. The most severe outbreak of influenza that has ever prevailed in Boston occurred during the last four months of 1918,” the city’s public health department wrote in the 1900s. “During September and October it constituted a veritable epidemic, causing sickness and suffering among a large part of the population of the city and bringing death and misery into thousands of homes.” The disease spread quickly throughout the country. In the fall of 1918 and in the spring of 1919, more than 675,000 people in the United States died from the disease. About 28% of the country’s entire population was infected over the course of the pandemic, according to Hamilton. While medical professionals and public officials are still waiting for more data about the coronavirus, COVID-19 has already had significant negative repercussions, including deaths, hospitalizations, a downturn in the global economy and business closures. “It’s going to be bad. It kind of already is. Hopefully, people take this seriously," Hamilton said about the pandemic. The UMass professor noted another similarity between the 2020 and 1918 pandemics: a rapid rate of transmission. Between August and September 1918, more than 14,000 flu cases and 757 deaths were reported at Camp Devens in Boston. The number of coronavirus cases and COVID-19-related fatalities has not reached nearly that level in the city or the state, but positive diagnoses and deaths have been steadily increasing. At the beginning of February, there was only one diagnosed case of the viral respiratory infection in Massachusetts. As of Monday, the state has reported 6,620 positive diagnoses of the disease and 89 people dead from the illness. Globally, the World Health Organization identified 87,137 cases of the virus at the start of March. Johns Hopkins is now reporting nearly 10 times that number worldwide. Hooper noted the disease seems to spread even more readily than the annual flu. The Mass. General doctor said that may be due to the fact that people have some degree of partial immunity to yearly influenza. “We’re dealing with zero immunity to the coronavirus in the population," he said. Easily accessible travel may have something to do with the quick spread of both viruses, according to Hamilton. During the 1918 epidemic, countries were in the midst of World War I. The U.S. entered the global battle in April 1917, with 378,000 armed service members deployed throughout the world. By May 1918, hundreds of thousands of American soldiers were traveling across the Atlantic Ocean each month, according to the CDC. New transportation options in the early 1900s, like electric streetcars, also paved the way for the spread of the flu in more densely packed communities, Hamilton said. Ships were quarantined as they docked in harbors, and crowded trains were seen as especially problematic. On Sept. 11, 1918, the first case of the virus in Connecticut was reported, and within a week, it had spread across the state. In Hartford, four Yale University students got off a train to New Haven after feeling ill, and a day later, each student had died, according to the New England Historical Society. You see people moving around in mass a lot more," Hamilton said, adding that in military barracks, World War I fighters were in close quarters as well. Today, the world is far more interconnected than it was in 1918. Transportation is far more accessible than it was in the early 1900s, Hooper noted. “It ramped up a little more slowly than here," the doctor said of the 1918 flu, adding that once the coronavirus got out of China “it really exploded across the world.” In the wake of the coronavirus outbreak in January, President Donald Trump issued travel restrictions for those coming into the United States from China. Since then, Trump has halted all non-essential traffic between the U.S.'s border to Canada, and on Saturday, the president said he is considering a two-week quarantine on parts of Connecticut, New Jersey and New York. International air travel already allowed the virus to spread throughout the world, though, during the early stages of the outbreak. Currently, community transmission is a large issue. “That’s why it’s so easy that this becomes a pandemic," Hamilton said. Massachusetts and other states in 1918 saw widespread school and business closures due to the virus. Stores across the country started implementing staggered hours to combat the spread of the flu as well, according to Hamilton. Officials in Boston took the same steps at the local level, closing schools and limiting crowded gatherings to stave off transmission. “Their efforts met with some success, but when World War I ended, crowds gathered to celebrate the armistice,” the city’s website says. “Boston’s Health Department reported that cases of flu increased immediately after the celebration of the armistice. A similar increase in flu cases and deaths occurred after Bostonians gathered to celebrate Christmas.” Hamilton noted that the public is seeing virtually the same preventative measures being taken now to fight the coronavirus outbreak. Gov. Charlie Baker, as well as other state leaders, canceled school programming and on-site restaurant service through May. He, like many other public officials, has also limited large gatherings of people. A number of grocery stores, considered essential businesses during the public health crisis, have also changed their hours of operation to prevent transmission and protect populations most at risk of severe illness due to COVID-19, including older people and people with pre-existing medical conditions. Face masks were also commonly used in the early 1900s, as they are now - though supplies are dwindling on store shelves. During the deadly influenza outbreak, many people wore the piece of personal protective equipment to stop themselves from touching their faces, according to Hamilton. Americans even sang a song in the 1910s to remind themselves to wear masks, according to Hamilton. The song went, “Obey the laws, and wear the gauze. Protect your jaws from septic pause.” Posters were also distributed across the country urging citizens to take flu prevention measures. Signs were put up on some cities’ street cars that aimed to educate the public about how to protect against influenza, pneumonia and tuberculosis. Similar efforts to teach people about proper health precautions in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic are being circulated on social media. Posts about recommended preventative measures are “exploding” on various forums like Facebook and Twitter, Hamilton said. Like 2020, travel restrictions were also put into place in 1918, according to the UMass history professor. “There were some cities that demanded a health certificate if you traveled into them,” Hamilton said. “Worldwide, you’re seeing lots of closed borders and requirements for testing if you enter a country today.” Despite the extensive worldwide fight being mounted to combat the coronavirus, there are also flaws in officials’ responses, as there were in 1918, Hamilton said. Then-President Woodrow Wilson spoke frequently during the time period to generate public support for World War I. However, he said next to nothing about the influenza epidemic, according to the UMass professor. Hamilton added that today, top governmental executives are not addressing the coronavirus outbreak with concrete measures. She added that many officials, in both 2020 and 1918, tried to ignore the crises due to their impacts on business. Texas Lieutenant Gov. Dan Patrick was criticized after appearing on Fox News last week and suggesting that many grandparents in the U.S. would be willing to risk their health in order to see a resurgence in the economy. “In 1918 and now, you see state and local governments that really balk at the economic aspect of this," Hamilton said. “In 1918, some government leaders told people to ignore quarantines.” The Trump administration said earlier this month it would work to relax social distancing guidelines amidst the public health crisis. It appears the president has since backtracked on the loosened restrictions, though, and on Sunday, he extended federal stay-at-home guidelines to the end of April. During the flu of 1918, nurses, doctors and other medical personnel were in short supply. In New England, hospitals were overwhelmed with the number of patients. Makeshifts emergency triages were set up in Brookline, Lawrence and other locations in Massachusetts, where the effects of the pandemic were particularly harsh. The outbreak led to a shortage of employees at Boston City Hospital, according to the city. Many doctors and nurses were already serving in Europe during the war, so workers were in short supply. Student nurses at the hospital’s training school were deployed to help in the midst of the crisis. The hospital treated roughly 2,300 influenza patient, around 675 of whom eventually died from the virus, according to the city of Boston In Connecticut, 325 deaths were reported in Hartford, 294 in Waterbury and 209 in New Haven - all recorded within five weeks. Doctors even turned the Hartford Golf Club into an emergency hospital. The commissioner of health in the state urged all medical professionals to resist requests for help from Massachusetts, according to the New England historical society. We saw lots of problems with health care infrastructure with the 1918 flu. That’s primarily because we didn’t have the robust health system that we do now worldwide," Hamilton said. Still, in 2020, officials are seeing staffing shortages in the wake of the coronavirus pandemic. As the outbreak continues, some are also predicting a lack of intensive care unit space. According to an analysis by Harvard University researchers, parts of the United States, including Massachusetts, may have far too few hospital beds for the potential influx of COVID-19 patients in the coming months. Medical professionals have seen a shortage in personal protective equipment as well. The Massachusetts Nurses Association, the largest union in the state, urged the governor to help alleviate a deficit of face masks and stop all hospital closures. This isn’t the time we want to have closed hospitals," Hamilton said. Officials in the state are taking action currently to increase the number of medical staffers. As officials expect to see a surge in hospitalizations in April, volunteer medical professionals will be deployed to support hospitals who are reporting increased caseloads. Since last week, more than 1,800 volunteers have signed up. Baker said his administration is trying to expedite the on-boarding process for volunteers. The Massachusetts governor also announced earlier this month he was collaborating with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to convert colleges, closed nursing homes and other spaces into extra medical treatment facilities. Hamilton noted that the U.S. did not have as many hospitals in 1918 as it does now, especially due to the fact that World War I was happening at the same time as the influenza epidemic. However, concerns remain today, particularly for states that did not pass medicaid reimbursement mandates, according to the UMass professor. Small community hospitals in rural areas have been forced to close, making it so residents in a large regions only have a single medical center to go to. “If that closes, you don’t have an area hospital," Hamilton said. “That’s disturbing.” The hoaxes: ‘Selling snake oils to make a quick buck off of people’s fears’ As is happening today, individuals capitalized off the concerns of others during the 1918 pandemic. Historians heard of people “selling snake oils to make a quick buck off of people’s fears,” said Hamilton. The professor added that various “hucksters” tried to peddle fads, attempting to trick individuals that a certain product would help protect them from the flu. “You’re profiting off people’s panic,” she said. Since the spread of the coronavirus, those seeking to take advantage of individuals’ fears have similarly tried to sell products they have claimed without evidence will help treat or prevent COVID-19. Federal government agencies have issued warning letters to multiple sellers of misbranded and unapproved products, including essential oils and teas, that allege being able to protect people against the virus. The companies peddling the items have no evidence to back up their claims, according to the Federal Trade Commission. The agency added that there are no approved vaccines, drugs or investigational products available to treat the disease False information, like the idea that going into a sauna will kill the majority of a virus, has also been propagated. “It’s just totally horrible that people would do this and take advantage of people in difficult times," Hooper said. The Mass. General doctor added, “The advice would be to obviously seek advice from bonafide medical professionals.” Sent from my SM-G975U using Tapatalk Link to post Share on other sites • 2 weeks later... Dr Drew was not the only. This is snippet from an article in realclearpolitics.com Today Anthony Fauci is held up by the media as a national hero of the pandemic response and the only reason to listen to a White House coronavirus briefing. Yet, rewind the clock back to January and his public statements essentially mirrored those of the administration. On Jan. 21, he emphasized that it was unclear whether the virus could spread from person to person: “Is it a continual spread? Is it sustained? We're not quite sure yet.” A University of Minnesota expert offered that “this is one of those inflection moments in outbreak history where we have enough information to be very concerned, but not enough information to say this is going to be an international crisis.” In a Jan. 23 Journal of the American Medical Association podcast, Dr. Fauci repeatedly downplayed the virus’ potential impact on the U.S., noting that all five cases here were travelers from China. He also noted that due to limited testing in China, the number of infections was likely much higher than official counts, meaning that the death rate of the virus was likely much lower than feared. Asked whether the U.S. might contemplate city-wide shutdowns like those China was enacting at the time, Fauci replied, “There's no chance in the world that we could do that to Chicago or to New York or to San Francisco, but they're doing it. So, let's see what happens.” Most importantly, he added that it was still quite possible the Chinese could get control of the outbreak and prevent it from becoming a global issue, and that even if there were more cases in the U.S., “the CDC, as usual, is on top of things.” A day later, Dr. David Heymann, the former head of WHO’s response to SARS, offeredthat, unlike SARS, the coronavirus “looks like it doesn’t transmit through the air very easily and probably transmits through close contact,” in contrast with recent guidance that it can spread simply through breathing. The same day, Fauci emphasized that other coronaviruses such as SARS and MERS could not sustain person-to-person spread like the flu and that such viruses “maybe never will.” For its part, WHO noted that no person-to-person transmission of COVID-19 had been reported outside of China and that all of the deaths had been limited to that country. Fauci also took care to praise the Chinese government for “being quite transparent” and said he was “impressed” with officials’ cooperation. For its part, the CDC issued a press release on Jan. 24 asserting that “the immediate risk of this new virus to the American public is believed to be low” and instead asking that the public refrain from traveling to China and focus on the seasonal flu rather than the minimal risk of the coronavirus. At a congressional briefing that same day, in response to multiple questions about whether the CDC needed additional funding to combat the disease, Director Robert Redfield reassured senators that it had all of the funds it needed. At the same time, some lawmakers began to break ranks with the medical community. Florida Sen. Rick Scott argued that despite the medical community’s calm reassurances that the risk was minimal, the White House should preemptively declare a public health emergency on the grounds that the information from China was likely incomplete and masked the true global threat of the disease. Link to post Share on other sites Iceland has tested one-tenth of its population for coronavirus at random and found HALF of people have the disease without realising - with only seven deaths in 1,600 cases That article is confusing. It's not that 50% of the population has it and don't realize it. It's that 50% of the people who do have it don't realize it. This article states it a little more clearly. "And it’s already made some important discoveries. Among them: that between 0.3% and 0.8% of Iceland’s population is infected with the coronavirus, while half of those who tested positive were asymptomatic as the time of their tests." Link to post Share on other sites • Four meters is the safe social distance, according to a new study out of China • Staff at a hospital in Wuhan that treated COVID-19 patients also had the coronavirus embedded in their shoes • The study also found SARS-CoV-2 widely distributed in the air and on object surfaces at the hospital ICU and general ward The researchers, however, noted two limitations to the study, "First, the results of the nucleic acid test do not indicate the amount of viable virus. Second, for the unknown minimal infectious dose, the aerosol transmission distance cannot be strictly determined." • Like 1 Link to post Share on other sites 6 hours ago, fcksummer said: Recommendation will be to burn everything if you go outside and want to go back in your house. Link to post Share on other sites 9 hours ago, Puck it said: There are something like 70 treatments getting serous study, but medical research is like rolling the dice. 5/6 drugs fail to achieve the desired results but the odds of all these treatments failing to make it past clinical trails is close to none. Link to post Share on other sites Join the conversation Reply to this topic... × Pasted as rich text. Paste as plain text instead Only 75 emoji are allowed. × Your previous content has been restored. Clear editor • Create New... Important Information
For Cervical Pain See Orthopedic Centers of Colorado First While the cervical vertebrae support the head and neck, cervical pain is not the same as neck pain. It is the pain caused by a condition called cervical spondylolysis which is also called cervical osteoarthritis. Cervical spondylolysis involves changes to the bones, discs, and joints of the neck primarily caused by normal wear-and-tear of aging. The condition is present in more than 90 percent of people aged 60 and older, although the process can begin to happen to someone in their 30’s. In most people older than age 50, the discs between the vertebrae become less spongy and provide less of a cushion. Bones and ligaments get thicker, encroaching on the space of the spinal canal. More specific causes of cervical pain can include; bone spurs, dehydrated spinal discs, herniated discs, injury, ligament stiffness, or overuse. Common signs of cervical spondylolysis include: a stiff neck that becomes worse, headaches that mostly occur in the back of the head, tingling or numbness that mainly affects the shoulders or arms, (although it can also occur in the legs), and inability to fully turn the head or bend the neck. OCC doctors treat cervical pain, by providing state of the art, personalized care, and attention from consultation through rehabilitation. They’ll carefully review every symptom—the type of pain, level of pain, where it’s felt most, what brings it on, what makes it worse. They’ll evaluate the nerves and spinal cord to determine if they are under too much pressure, test your reflexes for muscle weakness or sensory deficits, and examine the range of motion of your neck. Imaging tests will be done in their state-of-the-art in-house imaging suite—x-rays, CT scans, or MRI’s. An electromyogram (EMG) is used to measure your nerves’ electrical activity. All to rule out what could be more serious conditions.[CM1] In most cases, conservative, non-surgical methods of treatment are usually very effective; including physical therapy, muscle relaxants, pain relief medication to manage pain caused by nerve damage, steroid injections to reduce tissue inflammation, and prescription NSAIDs to relieve pain. Cervical pain can be incredibly disruptive to daily life. OCC’s highly trained surgeons and physicians are backed by a supportive team of administrative and clinical professionals who take a personalized, focused, and comprehensive approach to your orthopedic health. Our goal is to be your first choice for Cervical pain care. From scheduling and imaging to physical therapy and more, we are committed to providing the best experience and outcomes for each patient. Our offices are conveniently located across the front range and it’s easy to make an appointment. Find the provider that fits your needs and contact us today. Search locationsSearch doctors
Quick Answer: Why Is Golden Rule Important? What is the Silver Rule? silver rule (plural silver rules) (ethics) The principle that one should not treat other people in the manner in which one would not want to be treated by them.. Is the Golden Rule found in all religions? The Saturday Evening Post: cover, April 1, 1961 (This Sunday will be the 57th anniversary of the Golden Rule). … The thing is that all major religions have the Golden Rule in Common. ‘Do unto others as you would have them do unto you. ‘ Not always the same words but the same meaning.” What does the golden rule teach us? The golden rule is a moral principle which denotes that you should treat others the same way you would like to be treated yourself. For example, the golden rule suggests that if you would like people to treat you with respect, then you should make sure to treat them with respect too. Is the Golden Rule in the Bible? Matthew 7:12 is the twelfth verse of the seventh chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament and is part of the Sermon on the Mount. This well known verse presents what has become known as the Golden Rule. What does Jesus say about the law? Think not that I am come to destroy the law, or. the prophets: I am not come to destroy, but to fulfil. The World English Bible translates the passage as: “Don’t think that I came to destroy the law or the. Do to other what you want done to you? A command based on words of Jesus in the Sermon on the Mount: “All things whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so to them.” The Mosaic law contains a parallel commandment: “Whatever is hurtful to you, do not do to any other person.” Who taught the Golden Rule to mankind? ConfuciusThe Golden Rule “Do not impose on others what you do not wish for yourself.” This was one of the guiding principles of life that Confucius taught his followers, five cen… see all. Is the Golden Rule a value? Personal values are like guiding lights that bring out the best of our humanity. One of the most widely-known values of all is the Golden Rule. The Golden Rule is an open-hearted expression of love that goes like this: “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.” Why the golden rule is flawed? The Golden Rule states that you should treat others as you want to be treated, but we often overlook the fact that other people may not want to be treated the same way. … But many people’s interpretation of The Golden Rule is flawed because they assume that all people want to be treated the same way. Does the Bible say good to others? The Good News: This is literally “the golden rule” of the Bible. Do unto others as you would have them do unto you. In other words, if you want to be treated with kindness, be kind to others. … “But love your enemies, and do good, and lend, expecting nothing in return, and your reward will be great.” What is the golden rule in math? The mathematical golden rule states that, for any fraction, both numerator and denominator may be multiplied by the same number without changing the fraction’s value. SEE ALSO: Denominator, Fraction, Numerator. What is the golden rule in Buddhism? “… hurt not others with what pains yourself.” (The Buddha, Udânavarga 5:18, trans. 1883:27). These selected quotations illustrate the moral principle, known as the Golden Rule, that we ought to treat other people as we want to be treated (Wattles 1996). How does the golden rule help society? The Golden Rule is often described as ‘putting yourself in someone else’s shoes’, or ‘Do unto others as you would have them do unto you'(Baumrin 2004). … Rules of thumb, such as the Golden Rule, allow a person to reduce a complex situation to something manageable—e.g., ‘when in doubt, do what I would want done’. Why is the golden rule called the Golden Rule? The Golden Rule is a moral which says treat others as you would like them to treat you. It is called the ‘golden’ rule because there is value in having this kind of respect and caring attitude for one another. … People of many religions see the value of this mandate and have similar expressions. Why is the golden rule good? On its surface, the Golden Rule appears to have the best interest of others in mind. The Golden Rule is used as a tool to direct the behavior of people towards an end that we assume is positive – if you want to be treated well, you should treat others well. Is the Golden Rule realistic? It provides a solution only if you can directly ask the other person precisely how they want to be treated — and if that option is available, you don’t really need an overriding axiom to guide your behavior. This is why the Golden Rule is ultimately like every other maxim: It works flawlessly, until it doesn’t. What is God’s greatest commandment? What are the golden rules of accounting? Debit the receiver and credit the giver. The rule of debiting the receiver and crediting the giver comes into play with personal accounts. … Debit what comes in and credit what goes out. For real accounts, use the second golden rule. … Debit expenses and losses, credit income and gains. Did Confucius Say Do unto others? in Confucius, The Analects, 1992. Do unto others as you would have them do unto you. So in everything, do to others what you would have them do to you. No one of you is a believer until you desire for another that which you desire for yourself.
This is your IP address: What is an IP address? Ever you ever wondered how a computer and networks know which computer is which? How do they differentiate each other? The internet, like any other network, needs to know which computers are trying to talk to each other. The IP address, or “internet protocol address”, serves as the identity of a connecting internet service. Generally, IP addresses are formatted as four 8-bit fields separated by periods (e.g., which is why it is often referred to as the dotted-decimal format. While the majority of IP addresses are purely numerical, letters have been added to some addresses as the usage of the Internet grows. It works like a phone number or an email address. It allows a user to have a specific identity on the internet by sending a signal through an ISP (internet service provider) and retrieving the signal with the information required. An IP address is basically a protocol laid out to make sure that internet-enabled devices are identifiable from the rest of the devices around the world, without confusing information across devices. So, it makes sense that you may be wondering what is my IP address, it’s actually very important but you’re rarely aware of what yours actually is. Types of IP address: IP Addresses can be classified into four (4) types, namely: public, private, static, and dynamic. Each user with an Internet service plan will have their public and private IP addresses. Your IP address that public is tied with all the devices outside of your Internet network, allowing your device to be recognized and be able to communicate with other devices under the main public IP address for your network. This also means that the ISPs can track the IP address of the user if it notices an illegal activity happening on their servers. Furthermore, your public IP address can also be classified into two types: dynamic and static. Simply put, the dynamic one is the standard for most Internet connections, while its static counterpart is commonly requested by businesses who host their own website and need more control over their connection. Whereas, your private IP address includes all Bluetooth devices you use at home like smart TVs, speakers, printers, and so on. Why an IP Address is Important: Way back in the early stages of the Internet, IP addresses had been serving the same purpose throughout the advent of Internet services and technological advances. IP addresses are a vital part of how the Internet works and how they communicate with each other through the configuration of letters and numbers behind the scenes. Be it a blogging website, educational website, or business website, an IP address is extremely necessary, and without it, computers and other electronic devices would not be able to communicate with each other. Another notable area where the IP address may be used is with the website ranking on search engines. If your website has an IP address with a poor reputation, search engine robots may rank your website lower competitors–resulting in poor conversion and fewer leads. So it is important to ensure your site is as optimized as possible to avoid this event from happening. Additionally, these special groups of numbers also have the ability to track spam emails and warn users before they visit a potentially dodgy website.
- BLOG Bulletin of WPP’S - What early Parkinson’s disease exercise can help people that have trouble rising from a seated position? December 10, 2015 \| Tags: Categories for this post are: Parkinson’s Exercise One exercise requires a person to start off sitting on a chair. The person then slides slightly towards the edge of the chair. Then the person leans forward so that their nose is close to their knees. Next, the person places one foot directly underneath the front edge of the chair and the other foot about half a step forward. They then hold on to the sides of the chair and lift themselves forward into a standing position in one smooth motion. Facial masking exercises Figure 4.2: Leaning forward and up Facial masking exercises Figure 4.3: Lifting out of chair
Category Archives: Big Five Inventory Personality and Self-Esteem In the 1980s, personality psychologists agreed on the Big Five as a broad framework to describe and measure personality; that is, variation in psychological attributes across individuals. You can think about the Big Five as a five-dimensional map. Like the two-dimensional map (or a three-dimensional globe), the Big Five are independent dimensions that create a space with coordinates that can be used to describe the vast number of psychological attributes that distinguish one person from another. One area of research in personality psychology is to correlate measures of personality attributes with Big Five measures to pinpoint their coordinates. One important and frequently studied personality attribute is self-esteem, and dozens of studies have correlated self-esteem measures with Big Five measures. Robins, Tracy, and Trzesniewski (2001) reviewed some of these studies. The results are robust and there is no worry about the replicability of these results. The strongest predictor of self-esteem is neuroticism vs. emotional stability. Self-esteem is located at the high end of neuroticism. The second predictor is extraversion vs. introversion. Self-esteem is located at the higher end of extraversion. The third predictor is conscientiousness which shows a slight positive location on the conscientious vs. careless dimension. Openness vs. closeness also shows a slight tendency towards openness. Finally, the results for agreeableness are more variable and show at least one negative correlation, but most correlations tend to be positive. Evaluative Bias Psychologists have a naive view of the validity of their measures. Although they sometimes compute reliability and examine convergent validity in methodological articles that are published in obscure journals like “Psychological Assessment,” they treat measures as perfectly valid in substantive articles that are published in journals like “Journal of Personality” or “Journal of Research in Personality.” Unfortunately, measurement problems can distort effect sizes and occasionally they can change the sign of a correlation. Anusic et al. (2009) developed a measurement model for the Big Five that separates valid variance in the Big Five dimensions from rating biases. Rating biases can be content free (acquiescence) or respond to the desirability of items (halo, evaluative bias). They showed that evaluative bias can obscure the location of self-esteem in the Big Five space. Here, I revisit this question with better data that measure the Big Five with a measurement model fitted to the 44-items of the Big Five Inventory (Schimmack, 2019a). I used the same data, which is the Canadian subsample of Gosling and colleagues large internet study that collects data from visitors who receive feedback about their personality. I simply added the single-item self-esteem measure to the dataset. I then fitted three different models. One model regressed the self-esteem item only on the Big Five dimensions. This model essentially replicates analyses with scale scores. I then added the method factors to the set of predictors. Self-Esteem M1-0.430.300.08-0.030.16 Self-Esteem M2-0.330.190.00- Results for the first model reproduce previous findings (see Table 1). However, results changed when the method factors were added. Most important, self-esteem is now placed on the negative side of agreeableness towards being more assertive. This makes sense given the selfless and other-focused nature of agreeableness. Agreeable people are less like to think about themselves and may subordinate their own needs to the needs of others. In contrast, people with high self-esteem are more likely to focus on themselves. Even though this is not a strong relationship, it is noteworthy that the relationship is negative rather than positive. The other noteworthy finding is that evaluative bias is the strongest predictor of self-esteem. There are two interpretations of this finding and it is not clear which explanation accounts for this finding. One interpretation is that self-esteem is rooted in a trait to see everything related to the self in an overly positive way. This interpretation implies that responses to personality items are driven by the desirability of items and individuals with high self-esteem see themselves as possessing all kinds of desirable attributes that they do not have (or have to a lesser degree). They think that they are kinder, smarter, funnier, and prettier than others, when they are actually not. In this way, the evaluative bias in personality ratings is an indirect measure of self-esteem. The other interpretation is that evaluative bias is a rating bias that influences self-ratings, which includes self-ratings. Thus, the loading of the self-esteem item on the evaluative bias factor shows simply that self-esteem ratings are influenced by evaluative bias because self-esteem is a desirable attribute. Disentangling these two interpretations requires the use of a multi-method approach. If evaluative bias is merely a rating bias, it should not correlated with actual life-outcomes. However, if evaluative bias reflects actual self-evaluations, it should be correlated with outcomes of high self-esteem. Hopefully, this blog-post will create some awareness that personality psychology needs to move beyond the use of self-ratings in mapping the location of personality attributes in the Big Five space. The blog post also has important implications for theories of personality development that assign value to personality dimensions (Dweck, 2008). Accordingly, the goal of personality development is to become more agreeable and conscientious and less neurotic among other things. However, I question that personality traits have intrinsic value. That is, agreeableness is not intrinsically good and low conscientiousness is not intrinsically bad. The presence of evaluative bias in personality items shows only that personality psychologists assign value to some traits and do not include items like “I am a clean-freak” in their questionnaires. Without a clear evaluation, there is no direction to personality change. Becoming more conscientious is no longer a sign of personal growth and maturation, but rather a change that may have positive or negative consequences for individuals. Although these issues can be debated, it is problematic that current models of personality development do not even question the evaluation of personality traits and treat the positive nature of some traits as a fundamental assumption that cannot be questioned. I suggest it is worthwhile to think about personality like sexual orientation or attractiveness. Although society has created strong evaluations that are hard to change, the goal should be to change these evaluations, not to change individuals to conform to these norms. How Valid are Short Big-Five Scales? The first measures of the Big Five used a large number of items to measure personality. This made it difficult to include personality measures in studies as the assessment of personality would take up all of the survey time. Over time, shorter scales became available. One important short Big Five measure is the BFI-S (Lang et al., 2011). This 15-item measure has been used in several national representative, longitudinal studies such as the German Socio-Economic Panel (Schimmack, 2019a). These results provide unique insights into the stability of personality (Schimmack, 2019b) and the relationship of personality with other constructs such as life-satisfaction (Schimmack, 2019c). Some of these results overturn textbook claims about personality. However, critics argue that these results cannot be trusted because the BFI-S is an invalid measure of personality. Thus, it is is critical importance to evaluate the validity of the BFI-S. Here I use Gosling and colleagues data to examine the validity of the BFI-S. Previously, I fitted a measurement model to the full 44-item BFI (Schimmack, 2019d). It is straightforward to evaluate the validity of the BFI-S by examining the correlation of the 3-item BFI-S scale scores with the latent factors based on all 44 BFI items. For comparison purposes, I also show the correlations for the BFI scale scores. The complete results for individual items are shown in the previous blog post (Schimmack, 2019d). The measurement model for the BFS has seven independent factors. Five factors represent the Big Five and two factors represent method factors. One factor represents acquiescence bias. The other factor represents evaluative bias that is present in all self-ratings of personality (Anusic et al., 2009). As all factors are independent, the squared coefficients can be interpreted as the amount of variance that a factor explains in a scale score. The results show that the BFI-S scales are nearly as valid as the longer BFI scales (Table 1). For example, the factor-scale correlations for neuroticism, extraversion, and agreeableness are nearly identical. The biggest difference was observed for openness with a correlation of r = .76 for the BFI-scale and r = .66 for the BFI-S scale. The only other notable systematic variance in scales is the evaluative bias influence which tends to be stronger for the longer scales with the exception of conscientiousness. In the future, measurement models with an evaluative bias factor can be used to select items with low loadings on the evaluative bias factor to reduce the influence of this bias on scale scores. Given these results, one would expect that the BFI and BFI-S produce similar results. The next analyses tested this prediction. Gender Differences I examined gender differences three ways. First, I examined standardized mean differences at the level of latent factors in a model with scalar invariance (Schimmack, 2019d). Second, I computed standardized mean differences with the BFI scales. Finally, I computed standardized mean differences with the BFI-S scales. Table 2 shows the results. Results for the BFI and BFI-S scales are very similar. The latent mean differences show somewhat larger differences for neuroticism and agreeablness because these mean differences are not attenuated by random measurement error. The latent means also show very small gender differences for the method factors. Thus, mean differences based on scale scores are not biased by method variance. Table 2. Standardized Mean Differences between Men and Women Note. Positive values indicate higher means for women than for men. In short, there is no evidence that using 3-item scales invalidates the study of gender differences. Age Differences I demonstrated measurement invariance for different age groups (Schimmack, 2019d). Thus, I used simple correlations to examine the relationship between age and the Big Five. I restricted the age range from 17 to 70. Analyses of the full dataset suggest that older respondents have higher levels of conscientiousness and agreeableness (Soto, John, Gosling, & Potter, 2011). Table 3 shows the results. The BFI and the BFI-S both show the predicted positive relationship with conscientiousness and the effect size is practically identical. The effect size for the latent variable model is stronger because the relationship is not attenuated by random measurement error. Other relationships are weaker and also consistent across measures except for Openness. The latent variable model reveals the reason for the discrepancies. Three items (#15 ingenious, #l35 like routine work, and #10 sophisticated in art) showed unique relationships with age. The art-related items showed a unique relationship with age. The latent factor does not include the unique content of these items and shows a positive relationship between openness and age. The scale scores include this content and show a weaker relationship. The positive relationship of openness with age for the latent factor is rather surprising as it is not found in nationally representative samples (Schimmack, 2019b). One possible explanation for this relationship is that older individuals who take an online personality test are more open. In sum, the most important finding is that the 3-item BFI-S conscientiousness scale shows the same relationship with age as the BFI-scale and the latent factor. Thus, the failure to find aging effects in the longitudinal SOEP data with the BFI-S cannot be attributed to the use of an invalid short measure of conscientiousness. The real scientific question is why the cross-sectional study by Soto et al. (2011) and my analysis of the longitudinal SOEP data show divergent results. Science has changed since researchers are able to communicate and discuss research findings on social media. I strongly believe that open science outside of peer-controlled journals is beneficial for the advancement of science. However, the downside of social media of open science is that it becomes more difficult to evaluate expertise of online commentators. True experts are able to back up their claims with scientific evidence. This is what I did here. I showed that Brenton Wiernik’s comment has as much scientific validity as a Donald Trump tweet. Whatever the reason for the lack of personality change in the SOEP data will be, it is not the use of the BFI-S to measure the Big Five. Personality Measurement with the Big Five Inventory In one of the worst psychometric articles every published (although the authors still have a chance to retract their in press article before it is actually published), Hussey and Hughes argue that personality psychologists intentionally fail to test the validity of personality measures. They call this practice validity-hacking. They also conduct some psychometric tests of popular personality measures and claim that they fail to demonstrate structural validity. I have demonstrated that this claim is blatantly false and that the authors failed to conduct a proper test of structural validity (Schimmack, 2019a). That is, the authors fitted a model to the data that is known to be false. Not surprisingly, they found that their model didn’t meet standard criteria of model fit. This is exactly what should happen when a false model is subjected to a test of structural validity. Bad models should not fit the data. However, a real test of structural validity requires fitting a plausible model to the data. I already demonstrated with several Big Five measures that these measures have good structural validity and that scale scores can be used as reasonable measures of the latent constructs (Schimmack, 2019b). Here I examine the structural validity of the Big Five Inventory (Oliver John) that was used by Hussay and Hughes. While I am still waiting to receive the actual data that were used by Hussay and Hughes, I obtained a much larger and better dataset from Sam Gosling that includes data from 1 million visitors to a website that provides personality feedback ( For the present analyses I focused on the subgroup of Canadian visitors with complete data (N = 340,000). Subsequent analyses can examine measurement invariance with the US sample and samples from other nations. To examine the structure of the BFI, I fitted a structural equation model. The model has seven factors. Five factors represent the Big Five personality traits. The other two factores represent rating biases. One bias is an evaluative bias and the other bias is acquiescence bias. Initially, loadings on the method factors were fixed. This basic model was then modified in three ways. First, item loadings on the evaluative bias factor were relaxed to allow for some items to show more or less evaluative bias. Second, secondary loadings were added to allow for some items to be influenced by more than one factor. Finally, items of the same construct were allowed to covary to allow for similar wording or shared meaning (e.g., three arts items from the openness factor were allowed to covary). The final model and the complete results can be found on OSF ( Model fit was acceptable, CFI = .953, RMSEA = .030, SRMR = .032. In contrast, fitting a simple structure without method factors produced unacceptable fit for all three fit indices, CFI = .734, RMSEA = .068, SRMR = .110. This shows that the model specification by Hussey and Hughes accounted for the bad fit. It has been known for over 20 years that a simple structure does not fit Big Five data (McCrae et al., 1996). Thus, Hussay and Hughes claim that the BFI lacks validity is based on an outdated and implausible measurement model. Table 1 shows the factor loading pattern for the 44 BFI items on the Big Five factors and the two method factors. It also shows the contribution of the seven factors to the scale scores that are used to provide visitors with personality feedback and in many research articles that use scale scores as proxies for the latent constructs. emotionally stable24-0.610.270.18 full of energy110.34-0.110.580.20 generate enthusiasm160.070.440.110.500.20 shy and inhibited310.180.64-0.220.17 ingenious 150.570.090.21 active imagination200.130.53- value art300.120.460.090.160.18 like routine work35- like reflecting40-0.080.580.270.21 few artistic interests41-0.26-0.090.15 sophisticated in art440.070.44- find faults w. others20.15-0.42-0.240.19 helpful / unselfish70.440.100.290.23 start quarrels 120.130.20-0.50-0.09-0.240.19 trusting 220.150.330.260.20 cold and aloof27-0.190.14-0.46-0.350.17 considerate and kind320.040.620.290.23 like to cooperate420.15-0.100.440.280.22 thorough job30.590.280.22 careless 8-0.17-0.51-0.230.18 reliable worker13- persevere until finished280.560.260.20 follow plans380.10-0.060.460.260.20 easily distracted430.190.09-0.52-0.220.17 Most of the secondary loadings are very small, although they are statistically highly significant in this large sample. Most items also have the highest loading on the primary factor. Exceptions are the items blue/depressed, full of engery, and generate enthusiasm that have higher loadings on the evaluative bias factor. Except for two openness items, all items also have loadings greater than .3 on the primary factor. Thus, the loadings are consistent with the intended factor structure. The most important results are the loadings of the scale scores on the latent factors. As the factors are all independent, squaring these coefficients shows the amount of explained variance by each factor. By far the largest variance component is the intended construct with correlations ranging from .76 for openness to .83 for extraversion. Thus, the lion share of the reliable variance in scale scores reflects the intended construct. The next biggest contributor is evaluative bias with correlations ranging from .36 for openness to .44 for extraversion. Although this means only 15 to 20 percent of the total variance in scale scores reflects evaluative bias, this systematic variance can produce spurious correlations when scale scores are used to predict other self-report measures (e.g., life satisfaction, Schimmack, 2019c). In sum, a careful psychometric evaluation of the BFI shows that the BFI has good structural validity. The key problem is the presence of evaluative bias in scale scores. Although this requires caution in the interpretation of results obtained with BFI scales, it doesn’t justify the conclusion that the BFI is invalid. Measurement Invariance Hussey and Hughes also examined measurement invariance across age-groups and the two largest gender groups. They claimed that the BFI lacks measurement invariance, but this claim was based on a cunning misrepresentation of the results (Schimmack, 2019a). The claim is based on the fact that the simple-structure model does not fit in any group. However, fit did not decrease when measurement invariance was imposed on different groups. Thus, all groups showed the same structure and fit did not increase when measurement invariance was imposed, but this fact was hidden in the supplementary results. I replicated their analyses with the current dataset. First, I fitted the model for the whole sample separately to the male and female samples. Fit for the male sample was acceptable, CFI = .949, RMSEA = .029, SRMR = .033. So was fit for the female sample, CFI = .947, RMSEA = .030, SRMR = .037. Table 2 shows the results side by side. There are no notable differences between the parameter estimates for males and females (m/f). This finding replicates results with other Big Five measures (Schimmack, 2019a). depressed/blue4.33/ .30-.18/-.11.19/ .20-.45/-.50.07/.05 relaxed9-.71/-.72.24/ .23.19/.18 tense14.52/ .49-.17/-.14.11/ .13-.27/-.32.20/ .20 worry19.58/ .57-.10/-.08.05/ .07-.22/-.22.17/ .17 emotionally stable24-.58/-.58.10/ .06.25/ .30.19/ .17 moody29.41/ .38-.26/-.25-.30/-.38.18/ .18 calm34-.55/-.59-.02/-.03.14/ .13.12/ .13-.27/-.24.21/ .19 nervous39.51/ .49-.21/.26-.10/-.10.08/ .08-.11/-.11-.27/-.25.18/ .17 SUM.78/ .77-.09/-.08-.01/-.01-.07/-.05-.02/-.02-.42-.46.05/ .04 talkative1.09/ .11.69/ .70-.10/-.08.24/ .24.19/ .18 reserved6-.55/-.60.08/.10.21/ .22.19/ .18 full of energy11.33/ .32-.09/-.04.56/ .59.21/ .20 generate enthusiasm16.04/ .03.44/ .43.12/ .13.48/ .50.20/ .20 quiet21-.79/-.82.03/ .04-.22/-.21.17/ .16 assertive26-.08/-.10.39/ .40.12/ .14-.23/-.25.18/ .17.26/ .24.20/ .18 shy and inhibited31.19/ .15.61/ .66.23/ .22.18/ .17 outgoing36.71/ .71.10/ .07.35/ .38.18/ .18 SUM-.02/-.02.82/ .82.04/ .05-.04-.06.00/ .00.45/ .44.07/ .06 original5.50/ .54-.12/-.12.40/ .39.22/ .20 curious10.40/ .42-.05/-.08.32/ .30.25/ .23 ingenious 150.00/0.00.60/ .56.18/ .16.10/ .04.22/ .20 active imagination20.50/ .55-.07/-.06-.17/-.18.29/ .26.23/ .21 inventive25-.07/ -.08.51/ .55-.12/-.10.37/ .34.21/ .19 value art30.10/ .03.43/ .52.08/ .07.17/ .14.18/ .19 like routine work35-.27/-.27.10/ .10.09/ .15-.22/-.21.17/ .16 like reflecting40-.09/-.08.58/ .58.28/ .26.22/ .20 few artistic interests41-.25/-.29-.10/-.09.16/ .15 sophisticated in art44.03/ .00.42/ .49-.08/-.08.09/ .09.16/ .16 SUM.01/ -.01-.01/-.01.74/ .78-.05/-.05-.03/-.06.38/ .34.20/ .19 find faults w. others2.14/ .17-.42/-.42-.24/-.24.19/ .19 helpful / unselfish7.45/ .43.09/.11.29/ .29.23/ .23 start quarrels 12.12/ .16.23/ .18-.49/-.49-.07/-.08-.24/-.24.19/ .19 forgiving17.49/ .46-.14/-.13.25/ .24.20/ .19 trusting 22-.14/-.16.38/ .32.27/ .25.21/ .19 cold and aloof27-.20/-.18.14/ .12.44/ .46-.34/-.37.18/ .17 considerate and kind32.02/.01.62/.61.28/ .30.22/ .23 rude37.10/ .12.12/ .12-.62/-.62-.13/-.08-.23/-.23.19/ .18 like to cooperate42.18/ .11-.09/-.10.43/ .45.28/ .29.23/ .22 SUM-.07/-.08.00/ .00-.07/-.07.78/ .77.03/ .03.43/ .44.04/ .04 thorough job3.58/ .59.29/ .28.23/ .22 careless 8-0.16-.49/-.51.24/ .23.19/ .18 reliable worker13-.10/-.09.09/ .10.55/ .55.30/ .31.24/ .24 disorganized18.13/ .16-.58/-.59-.21/-.20.17/ .15 lazy23-.52/-.51-.45/-.45.18/ .17 persevere until finished28.54/ .58.27/ .25.21/ .19 efficient33-.11/-.07.52/ .58.30/ .29.24/ .23 follow plans38.00/ .00-.06/-.07.45/ .44.27/ .26.21/ .20 easily distracted43.17/ .19.07/ .06-.53/-.53-.22/-.22.18/ .17 SUM-.05/-.05-.01/-.01-.05/-.06.04/ .04.81/ .82.43/ .41.03/ .03 I then fitted a multi-group model with metric invariance. Despite the high similarity between the individual models, model fit decreased, CFI = .925, RMSEA = .033, SRMR = .062. Although RMSEA and SRMR were still good, the decrease in fit might be considered evidence that the invariance assumption is violated. Table 2 shows that it is insufficient to examine changes in global fit indices. What matters is whether the decrease in fit has any substantial meaning. Given the results in Table 2, this is not the case. The next model imposed scalar invariance. Before presenting the results, it is helpful to know what scalar invariance implies. Take extraversion as an example. Assume that there are no notable gender differences in extraversion. However, extraversion has multiple facets that are represented by items in the BFI. One facet is assertiveness and the BFI includes an assertiveness item. Scalar invariance implies that there cannot be gender differences in assertiveness if there are no gender differences in extraversion. It is obvious that this is an odd assumption because gender differences can occur at any level in the hierarchy of personality traits. Thus, evidence that scalar invariance is violated does not imply that we can not examine gender differences in personality. Rather, it would require further examination of the pattern of mean differences at the level of the factors and the item residuals. However, imposing scalar invariance did not produce a decrease in fit, CFI = .921, RMSEA = .034, SRMR = .063. Inspection of the modification indices showed the highest modification index for item O6 “valuing art” with an implied mean difference of 0.058. This implies that there are no notable gender differences at the item-level. The pattern of mean differences at the factor level is consistent with previous studies, showing higher levels of neuroticism (d = .64) and agreeableness (d = .31), although the difference in agreeableness is relatively small compared to some other studies. In sum, the results show that the BFI can be used to examine gender differences in personality and that the pattern of gender differences observed with the BFI is not a measurement artifact. Age Differences Hussey and Hughes used a median split to examine invariance across age-groups. The problem with a median split is that online samples tend to be very young. Figure 1 shows the age distribution for the Canadian sample. The median age is 22. To create two age-groups, I split the sample into a group of under 30 and 30+ participants. The unequal sample size is not a problem because both groups are large given the large overall sample size (young N = 221,801, old N = 88,713). A published article examined age differences in the full sample, but the article did not use SEM to test measurement invariance (Soto, John, Gosling, & Potter, 2011). Given the cross-sectional nature of the data, it is not clear whether age differences are cohort differences or aging effects. Longitudinal studies suggest that age differences may reflect generational changes rather than longitudinal changes over time (Schimmack, 2019d). In any case, the main point of the present analyses is to examine measurement invariance across different age groups. Fit for the model with metric invariance was similar to the fit for the gender model, CFI = .927, RMSEA = .033, SRMR = .062. Fit for the model with scalar invariance was only slightly weaker for CFI and better for RMSEA. More important, inspection of the modification indices showed the largest difference for O10 “sophisticated in art” with a standardized mean difference of .068. Thus, there were no notable differences between the two age groups at the item level. The results at the factor level reproduced the finding with scale scores by Soto et al. (2011). The older group had a higher level of conscientiousness (d = .61) than the younger group. Differences for the other personalty dimensions were statistically small. There were no notable differences in response styles. In sum, the results show that the BFI shows reasonable measurement invariance across age groups. Contrary to the claims by Hussey and Hughes, this finding is consistent with the results reported in Hussay and Hughes’s supplementary materials. These results suggest that BFI scale scores provide useful information about personality and that published articles that used scale scores produced meaningful results. Hussey and Hughes accused personality researchers of validity hacking. That is, they do not report results of psychometric tests because these tests would show that personality measures are invalid. This is a strong claim that requires strong evidence. However, closer inspection of this claim shows that the authors used an outdated measurement model and misrepresented the results of their invariance analyses. Here I showed that the BFI has good structural validity and shows reasonable invariance across gender and age groups. Thus Hussay and Hughes’s claims are blatantly false. So far, i have only examined the BFI, but I have little confidence in the authors’ conclusions about other measures like Rosenberg’s self-esteem scale. I am still waiting for the authors to share all of their data to examine all of their claims. At present, there is no evidence of v-hacking. Of course, this does not mean that self-ratings of personality are perfectly valid. As I showed, self-ratings of the Big Five are contaminated with evaluative bias. I presented a measurement model that can test for the presence of these biases and that can be used to control for rating biases. Future validation studies might benefit from using this measurement model as a basis for developing better measures and better measurement models. Substantive articles might also benefit from using a measurement model rather than scale scores, especially when the BFI is used as a predictor of other self-report measures to control for shared rating biases.
Editors' Choice Science 05 Dec 2014: Vol. 346, Issue 6214, pp. 1196 1. Microbiology Aiding shipworms' appetite for destruction 1. Caroline Ash A shipworm removed from its wooden burrow Shipworms are in fact mollusks that consume wood. They can cause devastation to wooden ships but they also clean up wreckage. Mollusks cannot eat wood unaided (the lack the right enzymes) so O'Connor et al. puzzled over the absence of symbiotic wooddigesting organisms in the gut of shipworms. To their surprise, they discovered that the gills of a shipworm called Bankia setacea harbored Teredinibacter turnerae bacteria, which produce several wood-digesting enzymes. It seems the shipworm's tissues not only tolerate but also selectively transfer these foreign enzymes into their guts for digesting its formidable meals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 10.1073/pnas.1413110111 (2014). 2. Stem Cells An inhibitor to expand mouse stem cells 1. Beverly A. Purnell Among their many side effects, treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation deplete stem cells. Therapies to boost their numbers may positively affect patient outcomes. One possible therapeutic target is the protein phosphatase SHIP1. Hematopoietic stem cells expand in mice lacking SHIP1; however, they also develop inflammatory disease. To boost stem cells numbers while hopefully avoiding inflammation, Brooks et al. developed a SHIP1 inhibitor. Adult hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cell numbers increased in normal mice treated transiently with the inhibitor. The inhibitor also helped mice recover their hematopoietic-lineage cells after radiation treatment. Stem Cells 10.1002/stem.1902 (2014). 3. Superconductivity Beefing up thin-film superconductivity 1. Jelena Stajic Conventional superconductors, such as lead, owe their exotic properties to the interaction of electrons and lattice vibrations. In contrast, in the more recently discovered iron-based superconductors (IBSs), magnetic interactions are thought to play a major role. Lee et al. show that in thin films of the IBS FeSe deposited on SrTiO3, a combination of the two mechanisms may be at play. Using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, they discovered a vibrational mode of the SrTiO3 substrate that interacts with the electrons in FeSe. The interaction roughly doubles the temperature at which the film becomes superconducting, when compared with bulk IBSs with similar electronic structures. Nature 515, 245 (2014). 4. Marine Biology Gray seals: the North Sea's great whites? 1. Jia You 5. Hearing Loss Supporting cells take on a starring role 1. Paula A. Kiberstis Hair cells (green) and supporting cells (cyan) in a neonatal mouse cochlea “Supporting cells” in the inner ear have more to offer than their uninspiring name suggests. Studies of deafness often emphasize the role of hair cells, the sensory cells that transmit sound signals to the brain. Loss of hair cells causes permanent deafness, because these cells cannot regenerate. Loss of supporting cells also causes deafness, but a new study suggests that there may be hope. Mellado Lagarde et al. found that supporting cells can regenerate during a brief time period after birth. When they selectively eliminated supporting cells in newborn mice, nearby cells rapidly replaced them, thereby preserving hearing. The next step is to find a drug that induces regeneration. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 10.1073/pnas.1408064111 (2014). 6. Nanomaterials Ionic charge manages transformation 1. Phil Szuromi One way to create nanoparticles that otherwise are difficult to synthesize de novo is to swap out the cations of existing nanoparticles. De Trizio et al. show that the transformation of colloidal copper selenide (Cu2-xSe) nanoparticles with tin (Sn) ions leads to vastly different products for Sn2+ versus Sn4+. The smaller Sn4+ ions move readily through the Cu2-xSe lattice. The homogeneous transformation stops at Cu2SnSe3 and retains a cubic lattice. The larger Sn2+ cations are blocked, and regions of SnS form at the surface; the stress created at the interface of this heterogeneous nanoparticle drives the distortion of Se anion lattice that allows orthorhombic SnS to form. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 10.1021/ja508161c (2014). 7. Tropical Paleoecology Revealing the forests of an ancient landmass 1. Andrew M. Sugden The biogeographical history of Southeast Asia is complex. During the Pleistocene glacial cycles, sea levels repeatedly fell, exposing large areas of land and linking islands to the Asian mainland. Especially notable was Sundaland, which united Borneo, Sumatra, and the Malay Peninsula. But what kind of vegetation—forest or savannah—dominated this now-submerged landscape? To find out, Raes et al. combined geographical distribution models for species of the dominant dipterocarp tree family with models of past climates. They found that continuous rainforest was the most likely vegetation of much of Sundaland during the Pleistocene glacial cycles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 10.1073/pnas.1403053111 (2014). 8. Natural Hazards Getting a bigger jump on earthquakes 1. Brent Grocholski Cleaning up after the 2014 Napa, California, earthquake Developing better earthquake early warning (EEW) systems, which could help lessen earthquake damage, requires operational testing. Grapenthin et al. present a performance analysis of ShakeAlert, an EEW demonstration system along the western coast of the United States, during the 2014 magnitude 6.0 Napa earthquake. The system uses a real-time GPS network to pick up very early shaking and quickly estimate earthquake size and location. ShakeAlert successfully provided a slip model of the earthquake after only half a minute of shaking. The Napa quake shows that ShakeAlert works well and provides vital information on how EEW systems can be improved. Geophys. Res. Lett. 10.1002/2014 GL061923 (2014). Stay Connected to Science
population resilience Population size and resilience Europe lost in 6 years (1939-1945) almost 50 millions people, but barely felt the pain and rebounded in less than 10 years. China lost in 4 years, 45 million people to the great famine 1959-1961, but rebounded in less than 10 years. Russia lost during 5 years 27 million people during the Second World War but was able the rebound in less than 5 years, blowing their first nuclear bomb in 1949. What about Africa? Africa lost about 17 millions people to transatlantic slavery (over 3 centuries) and about 2 million to Islamic slave trade, a grand total less than Russia in 5 years, but Africa is still incapable of rebounding from that lost which happened 2 centuries ago. Africa population is still very skinny and dispersed. The few area with sizable population are the only only ones which are thriving: Egypt, Nigeria, Ethiopia, … Population density and economical growth is very much related, and Africa is constantly failing on that ratio. Read more
Skip to main content When was New Zealand first settled? by Geoff Irwin and Carl Walrond In 2570 BCE the great pyramid of Giza in Egypt was completed. But the remote islands of New Zealand lay empty of human history. From around 1000 BCE the Lapita people spread into West Polynesia. In Europe, Roman civilisation rose and fell. By 700 CE the Arab empire was expanding, and in 1066 the Normans conquered Britain. Still New Zealand remained unseen and unknown. Most evidence suggests that it was another two centuries before explorers from East Polynesia finally set eyes on the land at the end of the world. The date debate Out of Africa Around 100,000 years ago humans left Africa, where they originated, and gradually spread north and east into Europe and Asia. Between 50,000 and 25,000 BCE, using simple rafts, people gradually dispersed through the large islands of South-East Asia. Eventually they reached Australia and New Guinea, which were then connected by land. About 3,000 years ago people sailed south-east from the Solomon Islands further into the Pacific Ocean, and settled most of the islands of Melanesia. Between 1100 and 800 BCE they spread rapidly to Fiji and West Polynesia, including Tonga and Samoa. The last Pacific migrations, between 1200 and 1300 CE, were to the distant points of Polynesia – Hawaii, Easter Island and New Zealand (1250–1300 CE). Evidence that they reached South America several centuries before Europeans did so is inconclusive. Reaching New Zealand New Zealand was one of the last habitable land masses to be settled. Migrants sailed in double-hulled canoes from East Polynesia – the last major voyages in the exploration and settlement of the Pacific Islands. Genealogical dating The method of genealogical dating involves counting back through the generations of Māori to the arrival of their ancestors in tribal canoes. In the early 2000s most tribal genealogies, or whakapapa, placed settlement at 24 to 27 generations ago. Assuming there are 25 years per generation, this gives a date of 1325–1400 CE. Genealogies also include earlier ancestors. Many oral traditions identify the Polynesian explorer Kupe as the first arrival. In some traditions another ancestor, Toi, was also said to be living in Te Ika-a-Māui (the North Island) before the arrival of tribal canoes. Historians who question the accounts of the early arrival of Kupe and Toi say that these developed from European ideas or Pacific Island sources rather than through Māori oral tradition. These traditions establish both Kupe and Toi as real figures who lived around the time of the settlement canoes – 1300–1400 or later. Whatever the case, traditions may suggest that discovery preceded large-scale settlement by a considerable period of time. This idea is supported by accounts of tribal canoe voyagers arriving to find Polynesians already living in the North Island. Explorers may have travelled along the coast without leaving archaeological traces on land. It is possible that some explorers returned to East Polynesia with sailing directions, as told in Māori traditions. Drawbacks of genealogical dating For dating purposes, genealogies are problematic. For example, if you assume the average gap between generations was 20 rather than 25 years, this alters the arrival and settlement dates by more than 100 years. Genealogies can also be highly selective, highlighting or bringing in some ancestors and not mentioning others. In addition, there are complex kinship patterns in Māori society; genealogies did not always follow parent–child relationships. While oral traditions provide no exact date for arrival or settlement, they do provide an interesting strand of knowledge to compare with other types of evidence. Whether it is coincidence or not, the timing of settlement identified in oral traditions (1325–1400, assuming 25 years per generation) broadly agrees with the findings of radiocarbon dating, which indicates permanent Polynesian settlement was established around 1300. Radiocarbon dating In the 1950s a new method of archaeological analysis, radiocarbon dating, allowed organic materials such as wood, shell or bone to be accurately dated. All living organisms contain a radioactive form of carbon (carbon-14), which decays at a known rate. Therefore, by measuring the amount of carbon-14 a once-living object retains, scientists can determine its age. While the radiocarbon dating method can provide close estimations of age, the figures should not be regarded as exact. From the 1960s to the 1980s the oldest radiocarbon dates derived from analysis of settlement sites in New Zealand were 1000–1100 CE or even a little earlier. During the 1990s these dates were systematically re-assessed as the technique became better understood, and many problems were found with earlier dates. For example, it was realised that radiocarbon dates obtained from charcoal fragments were often unreliable: the wood could have come from a tree that was hundreds of years old when it was burnt, and so an occupation site would seem much older than it really was. As a result, the reliable dates all belong to the period after 1250. Analysis of volcanic ash Ash that has erupted from volcanoes, consisting of volcanic glass, rock fragments and mineral grains, has a distinct chemical makeup. This means it can be analysed to identify and date when eruptions occurred. Ash fallout from the volcanic eruptions at Taupō (known as the Taupō ash) in 232 (± 15 years), and at Tarawera (known as the Kaharoa ash) in 1314 (± 12 years), might have buried existing settlements. In the eastern North Island, archaeological remains of Polynesian occupation have been found immediately above the Kaharoa ash layer. This settlement must have occurred after that eruption. But no similar remains from beneath either the Taupō or the Kaharoa ash layer have yet been uncovered. Stepping-stone islands Some theories about a settlement date around 1300 are based on environmental factors. From East Polynesia, New Zealand lies in a southerly direction and in a different weather system. The prevailing winds make it difficult to sail non-stop in a straight line from East Polynesia to New Zealand, or from New Zealand to East Polynesia. By dating archaeological evidence of people stopping over at islands on their return journey, it is possible to suggest the date when they might have reached New Zealand. The teeth may tell The Wairau Bar in Marlborough is one of the oldest known archaeological sites in New Zealand. Researchers Tom Higham, Atholl Anderson and Chris Jacomb, who have radiocarbon-dated it at 1288–1300, suggest that some of the oldest burials there could include people born in tropical Polynesia. Science could provide a way to test this idea. A person’s diet in Polynesia is likely to have differed markedly from that at Wairau Bar. By looking at trace elements in teeth and bones, scientists could possibly tell what a person’s diet was likely to have been, and perhaps where they lived. Recently, similar research in Europe used the oxygen content of tooth enamel to conclude that a person buried in England in 2300 BC was actually born in the European Alps. The Kermadec group and Norfolk Island lie about halfway between East Polynesia and New Zealand, and it is likely that Polynesian explorers returning from New Zealand stopped at these islands on the way. Distinctive New Zealand obsidian, a glassy volcanic rock used for cutting, is found in archaeological sites on the Kermadecs, and may have been carried there by returning voyagers. Radiocarbon dates of archaeological sites could support the theory that New Zealand and its northern satellite islands were settled at about the same time. Settlement of the Chatham Islands Radiocarbon dates for the settlement of the Chatham Islands are currently later than for mainland New Zealand – around 1500. This is consistent with the stages of cautious Pacific exploration: first the Kermadecs, then New Zealand (possibly including as far south as Enderby Island in the subantarctic Auckland Islands), then the Chathams. Pollen analysis Rat bones The Pacific rat – an earlier arrival? The Pacific rat, known to Māori as kiore, is a poor swimmer and could only have arrived in New Zealand with humans. In the mid-1990s a scientist radiocarbon-dated Pacific rat bones excavated from caves in both the North and South islands, and came up with dates as early as 50–150 CE. This meant that humans must also have arrived by this time, some of them with rats on board. The discovery was a scientific bombshell and the possibility of such an early arrival caused hot debate. In a Hawke’s Bay cave known as the Hukanui rock overhang, a single rat bone, reportedly found beneath the ash layer from the Taupō eruption of 232 CE, returned a radiocarbon date of 134–320. This was consistent with its position below the ash layer. The bone, which was excavated in 1959 by an amateur archaeologist, lay in a matchbox in the Dominion Museum for 40 years before it was dated. How the bone got beneath the 232 Taupō ash layer is still in dispute. However, a second rat bone from the Taupō ash layer at the Hukanui rock overhang was dated at around 1300, and a pigeon bone from the same layer was dated at 3,000 years old. As bones in undisturbed sediment layers should be about the same age, this raised some difficult questions. The veracity of the ‘matchbox bone’ is still being debated. Can rat bones be trusted? Researchers such as Atholl Anderson haved raised questions about the reliability of rat bones for radiocarbon dating, including: • Could burrowing animals have moved the rat bones beneath sediment layers? • Bones from some cave sites gave dates that differed by hundreds of years from the known dates of the layers from which they were unearthed. This suggested that there was something wrong with the rat dates. • Laboratories might not have prepared the rat bones correctly before dating them or the bones were somehow contaminated during the dating procedure. • The bones might contain old carbon that the rat had intercepted through the food chain. If people did arrive as early as 50–150, and introduced the rat, they either died out or did not stay, as there are no other traces of human settlement until 1250–1300. Rats’ tales Although Pacific rats cannot speak, their DNA tells many stories. In the 1990s scientists began to take a closer look at mitochondrial DNA, which is maternally inherited. Variations in DNA from different populations reveal how they are linked, and how long they have been separated. While the DNA of the Pacific rat (kiore) in New Zealand links mainly to rats from the acknowledged Māori homeland of East Polynesia, some DNA shows links to Norfolk Island. New Caledonia is the closest large tropical island to New Zealand. Voyaging canoes might have used Norfolk Island as a stepping stone in a voyage from New Caledonia to New Zealand, or even on a return voyage. In the period 50–150 CE there were people, and Pacific rats, living in New Caledonia, Fiji, and West Polynesia. But there are no radiocarbon dates showing settlement this early in East Polynesia. So if rats did arrive in New Zealand around 50–150, then in all probability, the people who brought them did not come from East Polynesia but rather from western island groups. Computer simulations show that it was just as easy for voyaging canoes to sail to New Zealand from New Caledonia, Fiji, or West Polynesia, as it was from East Polynesia. An early canoe landing in New Zealand from this region is a possibility. In such a scenario the crew either left, died, or were all male (and therefore died out) – but the rat survived. Future analysis of DNA from rat bones dated at 50–150 CE from these western island groups may prove revealing. While this possibility is interesting, the settlement of New Zealand from 1250–1300 was definitely from islands in East Polynesia, as shown by DNA of Māori descendants, and other evidence such as early artefacts. Gnawed seeds and snails Forest seeds are commonly eaten by Pacific rats, who leave tooth marks on woody seed cases. These gnawed seed cases, found preserved in sediment and peat deposits, can be radiocarbon-dated as direct evidence of rat presence. Seed cases have so far been dated from sites in Taranaki and the Coromandel. The earliest evidence of seed consumption by rats, dated by radiocarbon, is from the late 13th century, or 700 years ago. Older seed cases show no rat damage. As nibbled seed cases have only been found above or within the Kaharoa ash layer, they must be more recent than 1314 (±12). Rats also ate land snails. So researcher Fred Brook looked at gnawed fossil shells of native land snails in Northland. The snails survived the rat attacks, and their shells repaired themselves, but they still displayed the tooth damage. Because of this, he was sure that the rat damage did not occur on empty shells at some later date. Brook only found rat-damaged shells dating from 1250 onwards. Shells older than this date displayed no rat damage. Research on gnawed forest seeds and gnawed snail shells is consistent with the view that rats (and humans) first arrived around 1250–1300. It suggests that the early radiocarbon ages for rat bones may not represent the true age of these rats. Extinction and decline Large birds The timing of animal extinctions gives an alternative date for human arrival and settlement. Polynesians hunted large birds, such as moa, to extinction. Early archaeological sites of human settlement, which belong to a period after 1300 CE, contain evidence for the extinction of 11 species of moa and other large birds. The moa possibly died out within 100–200 years of people arriving. Small animals Some researchers, such as Richard Holdaway, have attempted to show that extinctions or population declines of bats, lizards, frogs and smaller birds (petrels, the owlet-nightjar, Finsch’s duck) prior to 1300 may be due to the predatory Pacific rat. This would mean that humans had also been present in this earlier period. But proof of extinctions or population declines is hard to find, as most dead animals leave very little evidence as to what killed them. Because of this the decline of species in New Zealand can only be linked circumstantially with rat predation, if at all. Rat-gnawed snail shells from Northland provide the earliest concrete evidence to date, but these only occur after 1250. If there were rats in New Zealand before 1300, why is there no evidence of them gnawing on snails and seeds? The research on gnawed seeds and snail shells does not support the theory that rats arrived as early as 50–150. It is only when many different dating methods, from many different parts of New Zealand, on several different lines of evidence, all converge to show similar results that most scientists will feel comfortable in determining a first arrival date earlier than the generally accepted date of 1250–1300. One problem is the short time since first human arrival in New Zealand. Regardless of whether this was 700 or 2,000 years ago, most dating techniques have their limitations over such short spans, and interpreting results requires extraordinary care. Acknowledgements to David J. Lowe (University of Waikato), Bruce McFadgen (independent archaeologist) and Janet Wilmshurst (Landcare Research) External links and sources More suggestions and sources How to cite this page: Geoff Irwin and Carl Walrond, 'When was New Zealand first settled?', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, (accessed 20 January 2021)
As fall approaches and you start compiling your list of bee equipment you “need” to buy for next year, consider acquiring a double screen board. A double screen board, also known as a Snelgrove board (Leonard Snelgrove invented it in 1934), can be used in multiple ways. A double screen board comes in either an 8 frame or 10 frame box size and is about 1-inch deep with an opening in the center. The center opening is covered with screens on both sides so that bees on one side of the board cannot contact bees on the other side of the board. It often comes with openings in the rim that can be toggled open or closed. Spring Splits Often in the spring you want to create a split in order to create a new hive or to prevent swarming. But I have had challenges creating splits in the early spring when the temperature falls and there are not enough bees in the split to keep the brood warm. A double screen board can help to solve this problem. Simply put the new brood box (the split) on top of the other brood box from the original hive with a double screen board between the two brood boxes. The brood box on top of the double screen board will consider itself queenless because queen pheromone cannot be passed bee to bee between the double screen. So the split will create queen cells assuming it has eggs 3 days old or younger and no queen. Or you can insert a new queen in the top brood box and have two hives on top of each other. The advantage of the double screen board is that the split (top brood box) will benefit from the warmth of the brood box below to avoid chilled brood. You should also consider adding a feeder to the top brood box to ensure the bees in the split have sufficient food. The double screen board has multiple openings along the rim. In the example above, once you insert the double screen board between the two brood boxes, you must open one of the openings in the rim to allow the bees in the top brood box to have an entrance. Some of the forager bees in the top brood box will exit and return to the entrance of the bottom brood box. But this is fine. It is these forager bees that are least accepting of a new queen, so if you are inserting a new queen into the top brood box, your queen acceptance will increase if you have fewer forager bees. Queen Rearing Another use for a double screen board is to facilitate creating your own queens. The process may seem a little involved but really it is straightforward once you understand it. The beauty of this process is you can do this without taking a hive out of honey production. Before I explain the process, let me set the stage for the beginning state of the hive. The hive should consist of two deep brood boxes with zero to several honey supers on top of the brood boxes. During a honey flow when the bees have plenty of pollen and nectar, you begin the process by reorganizing the frames in the two deep brood boxes. You put frames of larva, eggs, pollen and nurse bees (they will come along for the ride because they will be on the frames of larva and eggs) in brood box #1. It is fine if there is some capped brood in brood box #1. Then put all the other frames and the queen (very important) in brood box #2. Now we need to reassemble the hive. Put brood box #2 on the hive bottom board followed optionally by a queen excluder and any honey supers. Then add a double screen board and open one of the top entrances in the rim of the double screen board. Then add brood box #1. Finally, you need to feed the top brood box, so depending on your favorite way to feed your bees sugar syrup add a top feeder or frame feeder. One week later return and look for queen cells on the frames in the top brood box. You can remove each frame with a queen cell and the bees on that frame and put it in a separate NUC with additional frames of honey, pollen, and brood from other hives. My experience has been you usually get about 4 frames with queen cells. If you want additional queen cells, you can repeat the process of rearranging frames between the top and bottom brood box and wait an additional week. Once you have sufficient queen cells, go through the frames in the top brood box looking very closely for and removing any queen cells, then use a sheet of newspaper to recombine the two brood boxes back to the hive’s original configuration. Another advantage of this process is that your bottom brood box does not have any larva to feed and take care of, so the bees in the bottom box can focus on collecting nectar and creating more honey! Additional Resources American Bee Journal published a very good article in September of 2018 where this process was explained in more detail than what I have provided in this blog. I highly recommend referring to the article below for more details. Double Screen Boards_JerryBorger_Sept2018 Jim Stellern Posted 10/10/2020
Top Answer User Avatar Wiki User Answered 2012-11-25 16:17:23 The chemical formula (not symbol) of water is H2O. User Avatar Your Answer Related Questions Water (distilled or not) is a chemical compound - H2O. chemical symbol for water is H2O What is the chemical formula of distilled water, magnesium sulfate and C02 Water (distilled or not) is a compound with the chemical formula H2O. Certain chemical reactions require use of distilled water. Engines in our cars need distilled water. It is good practice to use distilled water for drinking purposes. Since water is the Universal Solvent and Distilled water although is not the best water to be used but is free of any solids and ions and thus is used in Chemical and other testing purposes. The best option is not distilled water but DOUBLE DISTILLED DEIONIZED WATER Water that is not distilled contains things other than H2O. If you do a chemical test with not-distilled water, the things other than water could play a part in the reaction and invalidate your results. The symbol for water is H2O . Distilled water is free of most improprieties found in normal tap water such as trace elements. Such improprieties can interfere with chemical tests - by chemical analysis- measuring the electrical conductivity H2O is the chemical symbol for water. It is 65% distilled water and 35% Sulfuric Acid. distilled water is used in chemical experiments because you already have a control group (whatever type of water you used) and you need other groups that dont have the same water in them to compare the control group to! No chemical symbol for the saltwater. Saltwater is not a compound but a solution of salts in water. The chemical formula of the sodium chloride is NaCl. Distilled water is used because, unlike tap water it doesn't have dissolved salts etc in it. Distilled means that the water is pure H2O and will not cause any 'extra' reactions other than the one you are looking for.. Strictly, only elements have chemical "symbols". Compounds such as water have chemical formulas, and the one for water is H2O. The pH of distilled water is 7 [neutral] Water with a pH as low as 1.03 would need to have an additional chemical added to it to bring the pH down that far. The chemical formula of water is H2O. The chemical symbol of Sodium is Na and formula for water is H2O.
Wolves Play a Beneficial Role in Wildlife Management Gray wolf. Photo: Jeffrey St. Clair. Our group Wolves of the Rockies attended a two-day Montana Environmental Quality Council (EQC) meeting recently in Helena. During that time, three or more hours were devoted to discussion of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in Montana and the Rocky Mountain states. Many experts from other states described the harsh realities and challenges posed by this disease in their respective states, and it provided us with a clear vision of what may soon unfold here in Montana. The EQC, or perhaps more importantly, Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks (FWP) wildlife division leadership, made no mention of the unintended positive effects of wolves and other predators and the critical role they may play in sanitizing the landscape. Why is that? It is apparent that the state chooses to ignore the fact that its wolf population can serve a vital role in controlling the spread of CWD and other diseases. Wolves tend to kill the weaker animals in a herd, thus culling to a greater or lesser degree some of the CWD-addled animals. Conversely, the absence of predators may allow sick animals a longer period of time in which to transmit diseases like CWD, thus reducing the advantages of the “sanitation effect” wolves and other predators can have on prey species. The rhetoric that FWP “manages our wildlife responsibly and for all” is disingenuous. It is clearly apparent that the wildlife division caters to, or worse yet, is an active advocate for, hunting organizations. The needs of so many of us who find intrinsic value in wildlife continue to be ignored. Doesn’t wildlife belong to everyone? Apparently, it is a “pay to play” system in Montana; its policies are crafted to reward hunting organizations for their contributions to the state agency regardless of the science. Scientific scrutiny of hunting as a conservation strategy has raised many unanswered questions about carnivore hunting, specifically. The debate is riddled with disagreements over the value of an animal’s life, the human role in nature, and the effectiveness of lethal and nonlethal management of wildlife.
Infection leads to germs, which enter the susceptible site in the body and multiply. An infection eventually results into a disease. People with cancer are usually prone to more infections. It commonly happens to them because of the: • Treatment’s side effect, which interferes with the normal defence system of the body against infection. • Lymphoma, Leukemia or similar kind of an underlying disease that affects the body’s normal defence against an infection The organs of the body, which form a part if the immune system, play a major role in defending the body against infections. These organs include: • Infection Skin and mucous membranes: The skin is the most important organ as far as defending the body against infections is concerned. It is also known as the largest organ in the body. Any kind of break in the skin is a potential symptom or a potential site of infection. • Thymus: Thymus is just small organ, which is glandular and is situated or is present behind the top of the breastbone. It mainly consists of the lymphatic tissue acts as a storage place for the cells of the immune system, which are known as the T cells. • Lymph nodes: There are several hundreds of lymph nodes throughout the entire body. The main job of these nodes is to filter the lymph fluid, remove bacteria, which are the foreign substances that get trapped in their web-like structure. • Infection fighting cells of the immune system: The immune system’s infection fighting cells consist mainly of the White Blood Corpuscles or the WBC’s. Neutrophil is one of the most important types of WBC’s. The risk of infection increases every time your white blood cell count becomes low. One-way to measure the risk of infection is to take an absolute count of neutrophil (ANC). As the ANC keeps going below 1000, the risk of infection increases and is the maximum when the count is below 100 Even though the defences of the body against infections get decreased because of drugs and several diseases, majority types of the infections can easily be prevented and can often be treated. It is extremely crucial to be alert to any kind of changes in your body or about how you feel. When your WBC count is low, you might not be able to see the usual signs and symptoms while developing several symptoms such as Swelling, Redness, Formation of Pus, etc. Even though it is a Herculean task to prevent an infection completely, there are a couple of measures that can be taken in order to decrease the risk of infection. It is advisable to try and avoid extremely crowded places during the season of cold or flu since there are more chances of the infection spreading from one person to another. It is definitely safer to avoid contact with people suffering from cough or the ones constantly sneezing, It is also recommended to wash your hands before eating, touching animals or doing the day-to-day household work. Brushing is another important way of preventing your mouth from infections. Keep your mouth clean by brushing your teeth twice a day. Wash all fruits and vegetables properly before cooking. The four common types of infections are skin infection, throat infection, HIV infection and eye infection. Read More Bacterial Infection A bacterial Infection can be any type of disease or illness caused by a type of microbe called bacteria. Microbes are organisms that are tiny which cannot be seen without the use of microscope. These microbes can include fungi, virus, parasites and bacteria as well. Majority of bacteria doesn’t cause disease. They are actually important for good health and are helpful to fight other organisms. Normally, millions of bacteria live on our intestines, skin and in genitalia. A bacterial infection happens when a normally sterile part of the body is invaded by harmful bacteria. An example is the bacteria in the bladder which causes urinary tract infection. Diagnostic Tests Diagnosing infections is sometimes difficult because the specific signs and symptoms appear rarely. If there is a suspected infection, the first step is to have a culture of urine, sputum and blood. Stool analysis and chest x-rays may also help in diagnosis. Spinal fluid is done if brain infection is suspected. Rapid breathing, cyanosis, petechial rash, poor peripheral perfusion in children increases the risk of infection to 5 fold. A temperature greater than 40 degrees, clinical instinct, parental concern are also important indicators. Bacterial InfectionThe bacterial infection classic symptoms are heat, swelling, localized redness and pain. One of the bacterial infection hallmark sign is pain in a specific area of the body. For example, if a person accidentally cuts an area of the body and was infected with bacteria, pain happens at the infection site. Other symptoms: · Ongoing extreme fatigue for 2-3 months · Continuous weight loss · Spiking fever or low grade fever · Chills and night sweats · Pain and vague body aches Pathogenic bacteria enter the body in different means which includes inhalation through the nose and lungs, sexual contact or ingestion of foods. When bacteria enter the body, the healthy immune system recognizes the bacteria as a foreign invader. The immune system tries to kill the bacteria to stop it from multiplying. But even in a person with healthy immune system, the body isn’t always able to stop it from spreading and multiplying. While the body continuous to reproduce, it emits toxins which are harmful to the body cells and results to bacterial infection symptoms. Variables involved in the extent, severity and outcome of bacterial infection: · Entry route of the pathogen and access to body regions of the host · Intrinsic virulence of the organism · The quantity of inoculent · The host’s immune status Treatment and Prevention Anti-infective drugs can stop the infection when it attacks the body. Types of infective drugs include: antibiotic or antibacterial, antitubercular, antiviral and antifungal. Depending on the type of infection and severity, the antibiotic can be given orally, in injection or applied topically. Brain infections are commonly treated with antibiotics that are introduced intravenously. Multiple antibiotics decrease the risk of bacterial resistance and increase the efficacy. Antibiotics are only for bacteria and don’t work with viruses. Antibiotics slow down bacteria multiplication or kill the bacteria. Most common antibiotics used are: cephalosporins, penicillin, aminoglycosides, quinolones, macrolides and tetracyclines. Hand washing is the most effective means to prevent spread of bacteria. Adequate nutrition is essential to boost our immune system. Read More
Air pollution: What it is, causes, consequences and solutions Air pollution refers to air pollution; from foreign particles that lead to the presence of discomfort and health risks not only for the planet, but also for the rest of living beings. Air pollution: What it is, causes, consequences and solutions What is air pollution? It is described as the presence of energetic material or forms in the air, causing a wide possibility of risks to be created on this surface; damages and also discomfort applied to the healthy conservation of the natural environment, both in accordance with the presence, visibility and even bad odors. The change in the atmosphere began to be noticed with great intensity in the surroundings from the Industrial Revolution, in which the productive processes of the different factories began in the field of transport; followed by the fuel and other elements that in a short time were transmitting all its components to the atmosphere. Each of these substances have been mixed with the other gases in the atmosphere creating not only the greenhouse effect; but also many types of conditions for the health of the human being and for the rest of the beings that inhabit each of the natural environments. Equally; it is necessary to know that air pollution can be local; as well as linked to other global surroundings; but that will depend on the type of pollutant and its characteristics. Causes of air pollution Primary pollutants They belong to those types of pollutants that are emitted directly by the atmosphere; in this class sulfur dioxide is described; which in addition to being irritating to the vegetation of all environments, they are also often irritating to the lungs and all their functioning. Secondary pollutants These types of pollutants belong to those substances originating in chemical procedures that act in conjunction with the primary pollutants and leave multiple sequels in the atmosphere. These are part of the pollutants that have the greatest activity against atmospheric content; since they are formed from the oxidation of sulfuric acid and nitrogen dioxide. The primary, both secondary are pollutants that are deposited progressively on the surface of the earth due to high rainfall and dry depositions; affecting not only the ecosystems of any environment; but also human beings, animals and aquatic environments. Miscellaneous particles Many particles are part of the pollutants in the atmosphere with a more complex description, since they can come from different origins; from dust given to mechanical decay, to gaseous particles; mists and also in aerosols. These describe the following causes: They are thick pollutant particles that consist of a natural element whereby it is classified within the primary pollutants . These substances are generated after evaporation processes resulting in local minerals, aerosols, plant residues; as well as eroded asphalt and tire debris. On the contrary, these are fine particles that have a toxic composition of anthropogenic origin; especially given by vehicle emissions when they have been completely formed by secondary pollutants; these being organic aerosols and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Knowing this; the World Health Organization advises to use based on air quality indicators; at concentrations of PM2.5 instead of those of PM10 that have a greater extent in air pollution. Consequences of air pollution These types of consequences have spread in all areas of nature and the truth is that it is a fundamental aspect that must be known to undertake the new way of care for the entire planet. It should be known that air pollution; It is one of those responsible for the global warming and for all the climatic changes that have occurred so far and leave many consequences in the ecosystem. But what kind of direct consequences does this type of pollution leave? Deforestation and forest fires Due to the intensity generated in air pollution; global warming is becoming more intense given the break that is gradually created in the ozone layer; helping ultraviolet rays directly affect all environments on the planet, including those provided with abundant vegetation; being susceptible to forest fires, as well as garbage fires. Pollution of the waters of the planet With this type of air pollution; many problems arise in its wake; one of them the conjunction of the gases involved with the greenhouse effect. The grouping of all of them contributes to the formation of clusters of acid gases that end up in precipitation or acid rain affecting all the regions where they fall; both in the seas and on land surfaces, where it favors poor plant nutrition and for a long time; successive deforestation. Garbage cans not covered or open pit These dumps reflect the factor directly associated with air pollution in the sense of global warming, since they are generating much more attraction from the sun's UV rays; creating the temperature rise globally and more likely to precede fires. Destruction of flora and fauna Both the vegetation and the different species on the planet are completely affected by the pollution of the atmosphere; since it is not only about the increase in temperature or the fixation of the greenhouse effect but about the long-term consequences that are implanted on the planet's surface, damaging the integrity of the vegetation, as well as the good health of the animals of all species; aspect that intervenes in the degradation of the food chain belonging to all the inhabitants of the world. For all these consequences, the speed at which the pollution goes is really abysmal; urgently requiring care carried out by all inhabitants; in order to have a much longer duration preventing natural elements from deteriorating and subsequently the quality of life of those who inhabit the planet. Solutions for air pollution Reduce the use of fossil fuels They are fossil fuels; the main responsible of the pollution of the atmosphere, as well as the aggravating one that has appeared over the years. This is reflected in the pollution emanated directly by the gases of all the number of cars that exist; as well as by airplanes and ships, among other means of transport that use oil and its gases for displacement. The solution lies in starting to use public transport or electric cars with greater emphasis; trying to reduce air and atmosphere pollution from these types of gases. Use renewable energy From now on, the use of renewable energy has become very fashionable and in order to stay; especially in cars, being especially applied in electric cars; even in certain types of airplanes since in addition to having less noise in their operation they are accompanying their use with a minimum of pollution, being the only thing that the atmosphere needs to make a progress towards improvement. Reduce carbon dioxide emissions This solution is mainly aimed at factories and industries around the world, as it is a good idea both for the environment and to reduce its consequences; use clean energy such as electric or wind energy, apart from the fact that they are cheaper and of course; less pollutants Its use is recommended in modern factories, so that they are placed in the main part of their chimneys; specialized filters that reduce the emission of carbon dioxide gas and thus the atmosphere can have a greater degree of protection against the activities of man who day by day become more intense and impactful throughout the environment; all with the objective of having good activities, with less energy consumption. Enter the world of recycling Upon entering the novel era of a green planet; The main point is to know that for no reason should you contaminate the planet. From the accumulated garbage; even fires, logging and burning are prohibited for any inhabitant; because it determines the severity of air pollution over time and with all the consequences previously assigned. The solution to fulfill all the steps is to store the types of garbage according to their material, as well as to prefer elements with glass materials instead of plastic; because it is degraded faster than the second. Equally; It is important that you use the recycling sheets as much as you can before wasting it, the trees will be able to thank you with more production and better quality! An orchard at home Grow a small garden inside a home space; Besides being able to have some fruit or plant that is your favorite, you will also be giving life to the entire planet. Remember that each small plant is more breathing for the environment and for all the inhabitants that we live in all areas. Post a Comment
Lists Recaps Reviews Interviews Explainers Stories Watchmen on HBO: Did the Germans really drop leaflets in World War I? Germans dropping leaflets on Watchmen. Pic credit: HBO The second episode of Watchmen aired tonight on HBO and the opening was yet another historical moment for the show. Last week in the season premiere, the episode began with scenes showing the real-life Tulsa Race Massacre of 1921 where angry white people forced their way into a wealthy black community known as Black Wall Street and burned it to the ground, killing men, women, and children. While that angered many viewers who would prefer that parts of American history should remain hidden, this week had another interesting moment that took place during World War I. On Watchmen, Germans drop leaflets on African American soldiers The second episode of Watchmen began with a room of women working on typewriters. It turned out that these women were Germans in Germany and a high-ranking German official came in to ask if a specific woman spoke fluent English. She did and he had her come into his office to type out his propaganda message. That message was then dropped as a leaflet onto African American troops marching in World War I, fighting for the United States. However, the message revealed that black people in Germany were treated equally and were allowed success. It then compared it to America, where black people were once slaves and still answered to white men who did not care about them. One of these black soldiers was spit on by an American commander on a horse as he read this. That black soldier was the father from the premiere episode who sent his son to safety after the Tulsa Race Massacre started. The note that he wrote the message to watch over the boy was the leaflet the Germans dropped that day. That boy grew up to be the old man in the wheelchair that claims he killed Tulsa Police Chief, Judd Crawford. Did the Germans really drop leaflets in the war? The act of dropping airborne leaflets was a form of propaganda that was, in fact, something that happened in the First World War and World War II. Both sides implemented this tactic. There were many ways to use these leaflets, including threats, offers of rewards, disinformation, communication, and promise of assistance. The way the Germans in this episode of Watchmen used the leaflets was a way to use factual claims to try to sow discontent. However, in the First World War, it was Britain that dropped leaflets more than Germany, often sending postcards into the trenches to show prisoners of war living under humane conditions as well as propaganda against the Kaiser. Britain dropped over 26 million leaflets in the First World War. What is most impressive is that the leaflets dropped by the Germans in Watchmen were not only real, but they said the same thing as the real leaflets. Here is a look at the leaflets. German propaganda leaflet from Watchmen German propaganda leaflet from Watchmen. Pic credit: HBO German propaganda leaflets German propaganda leaflets from the First World War. Pic credit: National Archive Watchmen airs on HBO on Sunday nights at 9:00-10:00 p.m. ET/PT. Shawn S. Lealos Notify of Inline Feedbacks View all comments Would love your thoughts, please comment.x
Vintage cars such as the Ford Model T, or the Model A, have what are called “clincher rim” tires. This makes changing a tire on one of these older vehicles much different from changing a tire on a more modern vehicle. A clincher tire is a bit similar to the tires of a bicycle and those that are used on many motorcycles. The wheels of an antique car are metal, a bit more delicate looking in design, than those on modern cars of today, with spokes that are again similar to those on a bicycle. A strip of rubber is placed around the outside of the wheel in order to protect the tire from the spokes. There are a few different ways to mount the tires onto the rim. One way is to use two tire irons simultaneously as fulcrums, and one would simply work their way around the rim, “wedging” the rubber tire tubes into place. Another option is to employ the use of a twenty five gallon trash bag. The wheel is placed on a work table, and the bag is laid over the top of the wheel, covering the entire wheel completely, leaving an open space so that it is easy to line up the tiny hole in the rim of the wheel with the valve of the tire. The inner tube of the tire should be filled with air at this point and the tire should be ready to go. Start with the lining up of the valve, and once that is in place work your hands around the wheel, each going in the opposite direction as you work your way around the wheel, pressing down on the tire just a bit as you go. The function of the plastic bag is that it creates a slippery surface which makes it easy to press the tire down and into the nook on the wheel. This should be able to be done without the need for of a tire iron. The use of a tire iron is a bit more time consuming and one runs the risk of chipping the paint off of the rim. Once the wheel is in place, it is necessary to remove the bag, and again one just works their way around the wheel, gently pulling on the bag a little bit at a time to separate it from between the wheel and the tire tube. If a small bit of the bag tears off and stays stuck between the tire and the wheel it will not be a problem. Once the bag is fully removed, the tire can be inflated to the proper air pressure and the wheel with the new tire is ready to be mounted onto the vehicle. Share This Page Search for Wheels and Tires by Vehicle: One Response to How to Change Antique Tires Leave a Reply Feedback Form How are we doing?
1. Home 2. » 3. Car Accidents 4. » Roundabouts are successful in reducing intersection crashes Roundabouts are successful in reducing intersection crashes \| Dec 12, 2014 \| Car Accidents Roundabouts in Tennessee and other states act as a safety precaution that counteracts the dangers of a normal intersection. Roundabouts create a circular intersection that leads to a safer environment because vehicles must travel at lower speeds, and the devices also have operational advantages, reducing conflict. The Federal Highway Administration recognized that signalized intersections have faults because one-third of intersection fatalities occur at these spots. About 2,300 people die each year due to these signalized intersection fatalities, and around 700 people die yearly due to collisions after a driver runs a red light. Roundabouts reduce the amount of injuries and deaths resulting from intersection crashes. The rate of severe crashes drop 82 percent when a roundabout replaces a two-way stop control mechanism, and all motor vehicle accidents are reduced by 44 percent. The amount of crashes at previously signalized intersections are also reduced when a roundabout is used. Roundabouts are an effective safety feature because they help manage speed and can serve as a transition from a high-speed area to a low-speed area. These safer intersections can be paired with a range of traffic conditions in rural and urban locales. Roundabouts might be best at rural high-speed intersections, freeway interchange ramp terminals, highway projects involving construction or when replacing an intersection with safety issues. When otherwise preventable accidents take place because of the negligence of others, an injured party could be entitled to compensation for medical expenses. If a driver runs a red light at an intersection, he or she may be responsible for a car accident. If this occurs, the injured party may benefit from discussing their case with a lawyer who is familiar with personal injury lawsuits. Source: US Department of Transportation , “Proven Safety Countermeasures – Roundabouts“, December 05, 2014
Hypnosis bipolar disorder Does a bipolar person have empathy? The Relationship between Bipolar Disorder and Empathy Some people who live with the depression and mania of bipolar disorder report feeling extreme empathy. On the other hand, research has found that some individuals with bipolar disorder express less empathy than is generally considered common. Does hypnosis work for mental illness? What do you call a person with bipolar disorder? Bipolar disorder, also known as manic depression, is a mental illness that brings severe high and low moods and changes in sleep, energy, thinking, and behavior. People who have bipolar disorder can have periods in which they feel overly happy and energized and other periods of feeling very sad, hopeless, and sluggish. What bipolar disorder does to the brain? Because bipolar disorder is characterized by extreme shifts in mood, most studies of brain activity associated with the disorder have focused on areas involved in emotional processing and other complex functions. Are bipolar narcissistic? Mental health experts have found that some key features of bipolar disorder and narcissism overlap. These include setting high, sometimes unattainable, goals and being very impulsive. As a result, people with bipolar disorder often also have narcissistic personality disorder. How do I know if Im bipolar? Mania can cause other symptoms as well, but seven of the key signs of this phase of bipolar disorder are: feeling overly happy or “high” for long periods of time. having a decreased need for sleep. talking very fast, often with racing thoughts. You might be interested: Hypnosis to fall asleep Why is hypnosis bad? Can hypnosis get rid of anxiety? Research has shown that hypnotherapy can help relieve stress, fear, and anxiety. It can also be used to help in coping with the symptoms of panic disorder. 3 While under hypnosis, a person with panic disorder may be guided to bring attention to coping with specific symptoms and overcoming limiting behaviors. Can everyone be hypnotized? What triggers bipolar? What should you not say to someone with bipolar? 8 Things Not to Say to Someone Who Has Bipolar Disorder • “You’re Just Overreacting Again” • “Anything That Doesn’t Kill You Makes You Stronger” • “Everybody Has Mood Swings Sometimes” • “Everyone Is a Little Bipolar Sometimes” • “You Are Psycho” • “You’re Acting Like a Maniac” • “I Wish I Was Manic so I Could Get Things Done” How can I fix my Bipolar without medication? The Mayo Clinic recommends exercise such as yoga and alternative therapies such as acupuncture and massage therapy for reducing some symptoms of bipolar disorder. Some natural supplements are recommended to help reduce bipolar symptoms without medication. You might be interested: Self hypnosis for studying Can bipolar be seen on a brain scan? Summary: New research has found that neurons deep inside the brain could hold the key to accurately diagnosing bipolar disorder and depression. New research has found that neurons deep inside the brain could hold the key to accurately diagnosing bipolar disorder and depression. Can bipolar go away? Leave a Reply
Ask a Scholar: what’s the definition that is true of? Ask a Scholar: what’s the definition that is true of? What’s the real concept of Latino? Many say its simply Latin US individuals, others state and I think aswell that “Latino” means anybody whoever language derived from Latin; Hispanics, Portuguese talking individuals, French and Italian. I want you to definitely explain the meaning that is actual reputation for the term. -Jorge Martinez, University of Southern Florida Answered by Dario Fernandez-Morera, Associate Professor of Spanish & Portuguese at Northwestern University. Dr. Fernandez-Morera received their Ph.D. In Comparative Literature from Harvard University. He has got posted publications and articles in English and Spanish in the us, England, and Spain on social dilemmas and theory, Cervantes, sixteenth and seventeenth-century Spanish prose and fiction, contemporary Spanish poetry, the encounter between Europeans and Amerindians, Modernism, and modern governmental activities in Latin America. Fernandez-Morera has offered into the nationwide Council in the Humanities so when a reader and consultant for the National Endowment when it comes to Humanities. Your message latino is just a word that is spanish has entered the English language. In Spanish, it indicates some body of the social individuals of ancient Latium, in Italy, whose language had been Latin; therefore the Romans needless to say had been latinos. Another and relevant concept of latino in Spanish describes an chemistry com app individual who is one of the countries regarding the Romance Languages, that is, those individuals whose language, also to an extent that is varying whoever tradition, too, are based on the language and civilization of Rome, that was latin. Among these Romance languages are Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Rumanian. Therefore, all Italians, Frenchmen, Spaniards, Rumanians, and Portuguese, as well as dozens of Latin People in the us whose language is Spanish or Portuguese (an person that is english-speaking Jamaica wouldn’t normally qualify) are latinos. This last meaning can be found into the English language also, within the English term “Latin, ” whenever utilized in some contexts; hence famous “Latin” performers have now been Rodolfo Valentino and Carmen Miranda. The English word “Latin” has carried a certain aura of joix de vivre, or of sexuality, sometimes to the point of caricature and satire in this context. But, the Spanish term latino has narrowed its meaning whenever used in English untranslated as “Latin. ” This narrowing had been clinched once the united states of america government adopted the word latino formally in 1997 to fit the English word “Hispanic, ” which until then was indeed used to classify, or rather, try to classify, individuals residing in america who have been Spanish speakers, or belonged to children where Spanish ended up being talked, or who had been somehow of Spanish history, or whom self-identified with Spanish ancestry or lineage. Now, if you use the term “Latino, ” by having a capital, this category that is bureaucratic been increased to add individuals of non-Spanish lineage should they therefore desire to be classified. Essentially, anybody who can somehow justify the claim, are now able to claim to become a “latino” for bureaucratic purposes, and several achieve this to be able to experience different types of federal government advantages reserved for specific collectives, or “identity teams. ” A country to which many of those formerly categorized as “Hispanics” do not want to be connected in addition, the word Latino now serves to categorize those people who come from Latin America, or descend from people from Latin America, where the spoken language is Spanish, but who are not happy with a noun such as “Hispanic, ” which is too redolent of Spain. This is actually the situation, for instance, of some residents of Mexican lineage in america, who don’t want to be called “Hispanics, ” but “Latinos. ” One explanation offered would be to have their very own collective identification split from compared to other collective identities somehow connected with Spain and its particular history. Another reason that is possible a aspire to be from the Mexica (“Aztec”) tradition, that has been defeated by the Spaniards, and that is usually and justifiably extolled for the numerous achievements and virtues. With all this desire, it’s unimportant that the culture that is aztec one of numerous native countries of ancient Mexico; or that the Aztecs subjugated and ruthlessly exploited a majority of these countries, and therefore it was the reason why so numerous native countries in ancient Mexico readily allied on their own because of the Spanish conquerors to eradicate Aztec guideline; or that most Mexicans today most likely do not have genetic link with the Aztec; or that lots of Mexicans today have as numerous European genes while they have actually Amerindian genes. The term “Latino” has served a different, though perhaps related purpose: to designate programs of study developed by analogy with such programs as “African-American Studies, ” and “Women’s Studies” (now more commonly and wisely re-designated as “Gender Studies, ” a term that allows the incorporation of more customers to the program while also w California under pressure from activist university students; and for the same reason “Women’s Studies” morphed into “Gender Studies, ” so “Chicano Studies” morphed into “Latino Studies, ” helped again by university administrators’ response to activist university students, principally of Mexican and Puerto Rican descent or origin in the American universities. These “Latino Studies” programs have actually carved with regards to their professionals a distinct segment within your competitors for scarce college resources, students, tenure-line jobs, and work place. The texts read inside their courses are written mostly in English, and include the everyday everyday lives and traditions of individuals staying in the usa, although their language may add in some places terms in Spanish. However, the faculty training these texts written mostly in English usually end up being section of founded departments of Spanish or of “Hispanic Studies, ” since English divisions frequently reveal by themselves reluctant to host, even to some extent, the faculty of “Latino Studies. ” What exactly is “Ask a Scholar”? Have actually a concern Wikipedia can’t respond to? “Ask a Scholar” fits readers’ questions to scholars with responses. We invite visitors to submit concerns. Click the connect to deliver us a contact, or perhaps you may submit concerns via Intellectual Takeout’s Ask the Professor function. Questions presented for consideration should phone more for educated judgment compared to facts that may be discovered effortlessly with a search that is internet. 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Support The Moscow Times! Yevzerikhin Shows a Hidden World in Soviet Union The synagogue photo series is hung from the ceiling on boards that can be pulled down for closer viewing. Vladimir Filonov The Soviet Union is generally thought of as a black hole for religion, a time when activity of all faiths was suppressed and kept to a minimum. While this is true, life continued for believers in all of the religions of the Soviet Union, as people refused to let a repressive regime prevent them from having a spiritual life. The exhibit "Photographs That Have Never Existed" (Fotografy, Kotoryix Ne Bylo) highlights the secret life of one particular religious community. This display at the Jewish Museum highlights a series of photos taken by Immanuil Yevzerikhin, a photographer for the Soviet Tass news agency, which follows the everyday lives and events of the Jewish community of Moscow's Great Choral Synagogue in the late '50s and '60s. "The photographs were preserved as part of the photographer's personal archive and then bought by the foundation after his death," exhibit curator Maria Yesimova said, explaining the exhibit was organized by the Sepherot Foundation, a Liechtenstein-based organization dedicated to collecting Russian art of the late 17th to 20th centuries. Emmanuil Yevzerikhin is well known as a Soviet news photographer and took one of the most iconic shots of World War II, a picture of the Children's Khorovod fountain in the midst of the ruined city of Stalingrad that juxtaposed well-preserved sculptures of dancing children with smoke and rubble all around them. Yevzerikhin also took well-known photo portraits of Soviet celebrities like Maxim Gorky, Mikhail Kalinin, Valery Chkalov and Mikhail Gromov. Despite Yevzerikhin's glamorous career as a Soviet photographer, he remained true to his roots. Born into a Jewish family in Rostov-on-Don, Yevzerikhin continued to be involved in the Jewish community later in his career, resulting in the series of photographs now displayed at the Jewish museum. In truth, most of the photographs on display are mundane and repetitive — there are many shots of bearded men in Jewish prayer attire reading torahs, carrying torahs and praying in the synagogue. Yevzerikhin has also taken many portraits of various cantors and rabbis from the synagogue. However, apart from the mundane photos of daily life in the synagogue, Yevzerikhin has captured some interesting details. In an exterior shot of the synagogue, a small cluster of uniformly dressed men can be seen standing innocuously out front. "We think that these were members of the government security apparatus, who were always close by and took note of anyone who came to the synagogue," said Yesimova. In this way, Yevzerikhin has caught a glimpse of yet another secret layer with in the hidden world of the Soviet jewry. "Photographs That Have Never Existed" will run until Nov. 17 at the Jewish Museum, 11 Ulitsa Obraztsova, Bldg. 1A. Contact the author at Read more Independent journalism isn’t dead. You can help keep it alive.
How We Made Acorn Flour (A Lesson in Bitterness) We gather the acorns from our oak tree. A Bowl of Acorns Then, we carefully crack the shells and remove the nutmeat (I use a little hammer and a pick). Cracking Acorns (with a Hammer!) Shelling Acorns We shell about 2 cups worth of nuts because this is our first experiment. Acorn Nutmeat Then, it’s time for the long process of removing the tannins. I learn that tannins can harm you; they inflict stomach distress and kidney problems if you consume large amounts of this bitter substance. Removing the bitter tannins requires time and a steady flush of fresh water–either cold (like in a stream over a week-long period as the Native Americans did) or boiling hot (the quicker way). Removing Acorn Tannins by Boiling Method When boiling, the water turns a deep brownish-black. Every 20 minutes, I change the water. After several hours, the water boils clear, and that tells me the tannins are gone. To be sure, I’m told to taste a nut. If it tastes like a sweet pasta–bland and not bitter–I’ve successfully leached the tannins. Since my acorns are from a Red Oak, they taste supremely bitter (as opposed to a White Oak), so removing these tannins takes nearly 4 hours. If I had finely chopped the nuts, I could leach them faster. The verb leach, by the way, means to drain away and remove. Here I am, leaching bitterness out of acorns, and the spiritual parallel rises up as surely as the sweet smell of acorn nutmeat. Those nuts submit to the process of cleansing, of uncomfortably stressful temperatures, over a long period of time. No wonder life seems hard sometimes. Perhaps I’m being leached. Finally, I take the leached nuts and grind them in a food processor. I want a course grind for a hearty, nutty bread. Grinding the Acorn Nuts I add a few cups to a regular bread recipe (flour, yeast, honey or sugar, oil, egg). I knead the dough, let it rise for one hour, and bake it at 350 degrees for 40 minutes. I’ve heard you want to use equal parts acorn flour and another flour or even cornmeal. Acorn Flour for Bread Acorn Bread Loaf The bread tastes absolutely delicious. It’s a warm, nutty, rich bread that the girls spread with sweet cream butter for breakfast. I’m not an expert in acorns, but the research claims that as long as you leach out the tannins, your acorns can provide muffins, breads, pancakes, cakes, and a whole variety of baked goods. But you need that fresh water, boiled for a long time. Lord, leach me. Remove every bitter thing in my heart. Journal: Can you imagine the work that went into making food in centuries past? You Might Also Like 10 thoughts on “How We Made Acorn Flour (A Lesson in Bitterness) 1. Awesome! My neighbor roasted her acorns after leaching the tannins and she thought they ended up too dry. But processing them while they were still wet would cut down on the work a little and you could just freeze portions to use later. We will definitely do this another year. Especially as the girl get older and can help with the nut cracking and collecting. I wonder how it would taste in a banana bread type recipe. 2. I just told my husband we could start a cottage industry making acorn flour. We have 6 oak trees; three red oak and two live oak. So, there would be a steady stream of acorns. 🙂 We've wished they would go away every year for the past 30 or so years, but we are rewarded every year with a mighty harvest. Leave a Reply
Google Brain and DeepMind researchers attack reinforcement learning efficiency 19Feb - by aiuniverse - 0 - In Reinforcement Learning Reinforcement learning, which spurs AI to complete goals using rewards or punishments, is a form of training that’s led to gains in robotics, speech synthesis, and more. Unfortunately, it’s data-intensive, which motivated research teams — one from Google Brain (one of Google’s AI research divisions) and the other from Alphabet’s DeepMind — to prototype more efficient means of executing it. In a pair of preprint papers, the researchers propose Adaptive Behavior Policy Sharing (ABPS), an algorithm that allows the sharing of experience adaptively selected from a pool of AI agents, and a framework — Universal Value Function Approximators (UVFA) — that simultaneously learns directed exploration policies with the same AI, with different trade-offs between exploration and exploitation. The teams claim ABPS achieves superior performance in several Atari games, reducing variance on top agents by 25%. As for UVFA, it doubles the performance of base agents in “hard exploration” in many of the same games while maintaining a high score across the remaining games; it’s the first algorithm to achieve a high score in Pitfall without human demonstrations or hand-crafted features. As the researchers explain, reinforcement learning faces practical constraints in real-world applications because it’s often expensive and time-consuming to perform, computationally speaking. The tuning of hyperparameters — parameters whose values are set before the learning process begins — are the key to optimizing algorithms in reinforcement learning, but they require data collection through interactions with the environment. ABPS aims to expedite this by allowing experience sharing from a behavior policy (i.e., a state-action mapping, where a “state” represents the state of the world and an “action” refers to which action should be taken) selected from several agents trained with different hyperparameters. Specifically, it incorporates a reinforcement learning agent that selects an action from a legal set according to a policy, after which it receives a reward and an observation that’s determined by the next state. Training the aforementioned agent involves generating a set of hyperparameters, where a pool of AI architectures and optimization hyperparameters such as learning rate, decay period, and more are selected. The goal is to find the best set such that the agent trained with that set achieves the best evaluation results, while at the same time improving data efficiency in hyperparameter tuning by training agents simultaneously and selecting only one behavior agent to be deployed as at each step. The policy of the selected agent is used to sample actions and the transitions are stored in a shared space, which is constantly evaluated to reduce the frequency of policy selection. An ensemble of agents is obtained at the end of training, and from it, one or more top-performing agents are chosen to be deployed for serving. Instead of examining the behavior policy reward collected during training, a separate online evaluation for 50 episodes is run for every agent at each training epoch, so that the online evaluation reward reflects the performance of the agent in the pool. In an experiment, the team trained an ensemble of four agents, with each using one of the candidate architectures on Pong and Breakout, and an ensemble of eight agents with six using variations of small architectures on Boxing. They report that ABPS methods achieved better performance on all three games and that random policy selection resulted in the same level of performance, even with the same number of environment actions as a single agent. Exploration remains one of the major challenges in reinforcement learning, in part because agents fed weak rewards sometimes fail to learn tasks. UVFA doesn’t solve this outright, but it attempts to address it by jointly learning separate exploration and exploitation policies derived from the same AI, in such a way that the exploitative policy can concentrate on maximizing the extrinsic reward (solving the task at hand) while the exploratory ones keep exploring. As the researchers explain, UVFA’s learning of exploratory policies serves to build a shared architecture that continues to develop even in the absence of intrinsic, or natural, rewards. Reinforcement learning helps to approximate an optimal function corresponding to several intrinsic rewards, encouraging agents to visit all states in an environment while periodically revisiting familiar (but potentially not fully explored) states over several episodes. It’s achieved with two modules: an episodic novelty module and an optional life-long novelty module. The episodic novelty module contains episodic memory and an embedding function that maps the current observation to a learned representation, such that at every step, the agent computes an episodic intrinsic reward and appends the state corresponding to the current observation to memory. As for the life-long novelty module, it provides a signal to control the amount of exploration across multiple episodes. Concretely, the intrinsic reward is fed directly as an input to the agent, and the agent maintains an internal state representation that summarizes its history of all inputs — state, action, and rewards — within an episode. Importantly, the reward doesn’t vanish over time, ensuring that the learned policy is always partially driven by it. In experiments, the team reports that the proposed agent achieved high scores in all Atari “hard-exploration” games, including Pitfall, while still maintaining a high average score over a suite of benchmark games. By leveraging large amounts of compute over the course of days running on distributed training architectures that collect experience from actors in parallel on separate environments, they say UVFA enables agents to exhibit “remarkable” performance. Facebook Comments
The Ukraine The Ukraine Browse News Locations The Ukraine The Ukraine borders on seven European countries with the fifth largest population. The territory lies in the South-West of the East European plain and the main landforms are hills and plains with the exception of the Carpathian Mountains in the West. The country has all the industries inherent to the economy of a large European state. The industry structure is dominated by manufacturing, with mining accounting for only ten percent. The highest share is with both ferrous and nonferrous metallurgical industry. Its own oil resources cover the internal needs of the economy by less than a quarter and gas is by 25%. In mechanical engineering is highly developed and they produce agricultural machines, vehicles, instruments and tools. Tractors, tanks, turbines, various types of vessels, freight cars and much more are sold to different countries. The Ukraine’s most famous aircraft are Antonov planes, including the heaviest An 225 Mriya. The country's agriculture is dominated by crop production. The basis of grain farming is the cultivation of winter wheat, corn, barley, buckwheat and millet. Sugar beet and sunflower are among the staple crops. Recordings of secret talks between Poroshenko and Biden surfaced in Ukraine The Ukraine Audio recordings conversations between former Ukrainian President and Joseph Biden Featured Listings

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