Split (1)

train · ~97.7M rows (showing the first 849k)

text stringlengths 144 682k
/pree"fekt/, n. 1. a person appointed to any of various positions of command, authority, or superintendence, as a chief magistrate in ancient Rome or the chief administrative official of a department of France or Italy. 2. Rom. Cath. Ch. a. the dean of a Jesuit school or college. b. a cardinal in charge of a congregation in the Curia Romana. 3. Chiefly Brit. a praeposter. Also, praefect. [1300-50; ME < L praefectus overseer, director (n. use of ptp. of praeficere to make prior, i.e., put in charge), equiv. to prae- PRE- + -fectus (comb. form of factus, ptp. of facere to make, DO1); see FACT] * * * In ancient Rome, any of various high officials with primarily judicial and administrative responsibilities. In the early republic, a prefect of the city (praefectus urbi) took over the consul's duties during their absence from Rome. The office lost some importance after the introduction of praetors (mid 4th century BC). Augustus revitalized the office when he appointed five prefects to supervise the city government, the fire brigade, the grain supply, and the Praetorian Guard. The praetorian prefects acquired great power and often became virtual prime ministers. * * * ▪ French political history French préfet ▪ ancient Roman official Latin Praefectus, plural Praefecti, in ancient Rome, any of various high officials or magistrates having different functions. In the early republic, a prefect of the city (praefectus urbi) was appointed by the consuls to act in the consuls' absence from Rome. The position lost much of its importance temporarily after the mid-4th century BC, when the consuls began to appoint praetors to act in the consuls' absence. The office of prefect was given new life by the emperor Augustus and continued in existence until late in the empire. Augustus appointed a prefect of the city, two praetorian prefects (praefectus praetorio), a prefect of the fire brigade, and a prefect of the grain supply. The prefect of the city was responsible for maintaining law and order within Rome and acquired full criminal jurisdiction in the region within 100 miles (160 km) of the city. Under the later empire he was in charge of Rome's entire city government. Two praetorian prefects were appointed by Augustus in 2 BC to command the praetorian guard; the post was thereafter usually confined to a single person. The praetorian prefect, being responsible for the emperor's safety, rapidly acquired great power. Many became virtual prime ministers to the emperor, Sejanus being the prime example of this. Two others, Macrinus and Philip the Arabian, seized the throne for themselves. By AD 300 the praetorian prefects virtually directed the civil administration of the empire. They executed judicial powers as delegates of the emperor, organized tax levies, and supervised provincial governors. They also commanded troops and served as quartermasters general to the emperor's court. Under the emperor Constantine I the Great (reigned 312–337), the praetorian prefects were stripped of their military commands, but they retained their judicial and financial functions and remained the highest officers of the empire. * * * Universalium. 2010. Look at other dictionaries: • prefect — PREFÉCT, prefecţi, s.m. 1. (În Roma antică) Demnitar care conducea o prefectură (1). 2. (În vechea organizaţie administrativă a ţării) Şef al administraţiei şi poliţiei într un judeţ, care reprezenta aici puterea centrală. ♢ Prefect de poliţie… … Dicționar Român • Prefect — Pre fect, n. [L. praefectus, fr. praefectus, p. p. of praeficere to set over; prae before + facere to make: cf. F. pr[ e]fet.] 1. A Roman officer who controlled or superintended a particular command, charge, department, etc.; as, the prefect of… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English • prefect — (n.) mid 14c., from O.Fr. prefect (12c.), from L. praefectus public overseer, director, properly pp. of praeficere to put in front, to set over, put in authority, from prae in front, before (see PRE (Cf. pre )) + root of facere (pp. factus) to… … Etymology dictionary • prefect — Prefect, Praefectus … Thresor de la langue françoyse • prefect — ► NOUN 1) chiefly Brit. a senior pupil authorized to enforce discipline in a school. 2) a chief officer, magistrate, or regional governor in certain countries. DERIVATIVES prefectoral adjective prefectorial adjective. ORIGIN Latin praefectus,… … English terms dictionary • prefect — [prē′fekt΄] n. [ME prefecte < OFr < L praefectus, pp. of praeficere, to set over: see PRE & FY] 1. in ancient Rome, any of various high ranking officials or chief magistrates in charge of governmental or military departments 2. in modern… … English World dictionary • Prefect — This article is about the title. For the car, see Ford Prefect. For the literary character, see Ford Prefect (character). Prefect (from the Latin praefectus, perfect participle of praeficere: make in front , i.e., put in charge) is a magisterial… … Wikipedia • prefect — [[t]pri͟ːfekt[/t]] prefects 1) N COUNT In some schools, especially in Britain, a prefect is an older pupil who does special duties and helps the teachers to control the younger pupils. 2) N COUNT In some countries, a prefect is the head of the… … English dictionary • Prefect — The title of the governor of Egypt during the Roman Period. The official was directly appointed by the Roman emperor from the equestrian order, namely the nonsenatorial official class. As Egypt supplied most of Rome’s grain, it was essential… … Ancient Egypt • prefect — UK [ˈpriːfekt] / US [ˈprɪˌfekt] noun [countable] Word forms prefect : singular prefect plural prefects 1) in some schools in the UK, an older student who controls the activities of younger students and helps them to obey the rules 2) a public… … English dictionary Share the article and excerpts Direct link Do a right-click on the link above and select “Copy Link”
African American Cooperative Movement From P2P Foundation Jump to navigation Jump to search By Nathan Schneider: "Twenty years ago, Jessica Gordon Nembhard, a political economist at the John Jay College of Criminal Justice, began to notice a hidden economy at work in African American life. Again and again, people were organizing themselves in creative forms of cooperative enterprise, democratically owned and managed by those who took part. Starting with the co-ops listed in W. E. B. Du Bois's 1907 book Economic Cooperation Among Negro Americans, she began reconstructing a history, eventually published in her 2014 book Collective Courage: A History of African American Cooperative Economic Thought and Practice, that, before, had only been told in bits and pieces, passed down through families but rarely seen as significant. There were co-ops for sharecroppers seeking better markets for their produce, co-ops for townspeople who wanted better prices for basic commodities, and cooperative communes that tried to create a new world apart from white supremacy. Where white banks wouldn't lend money, credit unions arose. These efforts faced sabotage and repression. But they were always around. "There's really no time in US history when African Americans were not doing cooperative projects," Nembhard told me." For years, Paris traveled around the South helping black farmers hold on to their land and build wealth cooperatively. Black farmers in Louisiana weren't getting paid fairly for their sweet potatoes, so they started a sweet potato cooperative and found their own markets—in many cases up north. In Alabama, farmers who were getting a raw deal on fertilizer formed a co-op to buy it in bulk from elsewhere. Paris assisted in forming the Federation of Southern Cooperatives in 1967. Black activists during that period visited co-ops in Africa and Israel. After years of agitating for voting rights, Fannie Lou Hamer organized the Freedom Farm, a cooperative meant to secure the gains of civil rights with—to use the now-fashionable term—food sovereignty. Today, this tradition is in a period of renaissance. "Since the Great Recession, there has been a huge amount of interest," Nembhard told me. "Everybody's figuring out that there's not a lot for them in the main economy and that they need to find some viable alternatives." Cooperatives, she has found, can thrive at the economy's margins, at the sites of market failure and exclusion. Their participant-ownership structure keeps wealth in local communities and acts as a bulwark against financial crises. "Co-ops can address almost every economic challenge we have," Nembhard said. Elandria Williams is an organizer at the Highlander Center in Tennessee, a historic base camp for agitators and activists. (A photo of King at Highlander, with a caption describing it as a "Communist Training School," became a notorious piece of anti-civil rights propaganda.) Williams studies examples like the Emilia-Romagna region in Italy, where co-ops enjoy tax benefits and have flourished in sectors from agriculture and handicrafts to high-tech industry. Cooperatives don't just happen one business at a time; they require an infrastructure to thrive, an ecosystem. That's why she has been working to create the Southern Reparations Loan Fund, an investment vehicle for the new generation of co-ops. "We're trying to figure out what an economy would look like, not just what enterprises look like," Williams told me. That's part of why Lumumba's election mattered so much. "When we thought we had the mayor in Jackson, and that we were going to have a real example of a black municipality that was embracing the totality of a cooperative commonwealth, we were really excited," Nembhard told me. It encouraged black-led co-ops around the country. For instance, followers of the late James and Grace Lee Boggs have been planting a network of cooperative enterprises on the abandoned lots of Detroit. In New York, the city government is investing $3.3 million in creating new worker cooperatives alongside the existing ones in industries like home care and catering. A cooperative security company has started in a Queens housing project. Charles and Inez Barron, longtime movement friends of Lumumba's, want to use their positions in the state assembly and the city council in New York State to set up co-ops in some of New York City's poorest neighborhoods. Cooperatives take time, and this new economy is coming along too slowly for those who need it most. The generation of farmers that organized under the Federation of Southern Cooperatives in the 1960s and 70s is aging out of existence, and the new generation of black co-ops is still emerging. The story of black cooperatives, as much as it is one of "collective courage," in Nembhard's words, is a story of loss. The loss once came in the form of Governor George Wallace's Alabama state troopers pulling over a truck full of cucumbers until they turned to mush in the summer sun; then it was a police raid with a tank; then an aortic aneurysm." (
Shape Constancy Shape Constancy is the tendency to perceive an object as having the same shape regardless of its orientation or the angle from which we view it. For example, when we look head-on at a rectangular picture frame hanging on the wall, it appears as a rectangle. If we walk off of to the side and look at the frame from an angle, we still recognize that it’s in the shape of a rectangle, but really, from that angle, the image processed by our retina is that of a trapezoid. Our brain compensates for the distortion of the shape by taking into account visual cues about distance and depth to keep our perception of the frame constant. Add flashcard Cite Random
If you are confused whether to use a RAID 5 or a RAID 10, you might find this article quite useful. But before deciding which configuration to use, here are a few basic principles you need to know. What is RAID? Redundant array of independent or inexpensive disks (RAID) is a process of storing information on multiple hard disks to achieve greater protection and performance. A number of storage methods are named levels and they are numbered from 0-9. What is RAID 5? RAID 5 uses data striping with parity and this configuration is able to reconstruct data during disk failure. The existing storage is used more efficiently because the data is not mirrored. At the same time, this setup balances the fault tolerance, performance, security, and storage to achieve an overall efficient configuration. This is why RAID implementation is popular because of this balance. RAID 5 advantages • Inexpensive to implement • Striping offers fast reads • Provides good balance between fault tolerance, performance, and security • Offers high efficiency for data storage. RAID 5 disadvantages • Rebuilding data takes a long time due to parity • Slow in write performance • Implementation is complex What is RAID 10? As a complex level, RAID 10 combines the configuration and benefits of RAID 0 and RAID 1. So, the capabilities of both levels are combined to provide both enhanced performance and fault tolerance. Data is then striped evenly across disks in this configuration and these are also mirrored. RAID 10 advantages • Improved performance • Read and write data simultaneously as fast as you can • Offers excellent security • No data loss RAID 10 disadvantages • Since data is mirrored only 50% of storage capacity can be used • It needs more disks to implement making it an expensive option Which is better? There might be no question as to which RAID level is better in this category. That is because it is more on which of the levels would suit your setup at different scenarios. However, the most notable difference between RAID 5 and RAID 10 is the way how it rebuilds the data. When a disk fails, there will be no change in your read/write operations. This is so since RAID 10 reads data from the mirror disk, then copies it to the disk you replaced. On the other hand, a RAID 5 configuration will have to do a time-consuming task that puts a higher load on your system. This is so since the disk reads data from other disks, uses the parity information across the disks, and then reconstructs the data. Overall, RAID 10 offers excellent fault tolerance and performance, while RAID 5 is more suitable for efficient backup and storage. But that does not mean that RAID 5 doesn’t have a decent level of fault tolerance and performance. At the same time, RAID 10 is more expensive because it needs more disks, while RAID 5 is more complex to implement. That makes both configurations even, as the right choice will depend entirely on the given scenario, expectations, and cost constraints, among other factors. Leave a Reply You May Also Like Read More Useful Netapp commands Here are some useful Netapp Storage Administation commands. Some commands are for experience netapp administrators. For learning purpose…
Why You Need To Avoid Eating Foods From Plastic Containers Plastics are almost everywhere. It has its role in modern society as it is a vital part of our computers, cell phones, cars, and children’s toys. However, when used as a container for the food we eat and the water we drink, plastics can possibly have negative effects on the body. For you to be able to ensure that you’ll enjoy a healthy lifestyle, you need to consume all-natural, pesticide-free foods. Eating antioxidant-packed food or drinking liquids from plastic bottles doesn’t make sense at all. Listed below are the reasons why we should switch from plastic to glass containers when it comes to storing our foods. Plastic Leaching According to studies, when the plastic bottle breaks down, the molecules from it leach into the food. This means that even though you consume natural or pesticide-free foods but packed in plastics, you’ll still be eating those toxic materials coming from plastics which can cause cellular damages and health problems. Can Cause Fertility And Reproductive Problems Plastics contain a toxic compound known as bisphenol A (BPA) which have negative effects on immunity and hormone regulation, both of which directly affect fertility. According to studies, a woman may experience difficulty in conceiving and may have a higher risk of miscarriages when she is exposed to BPA. Aside from this, chemicals found in plastic also cause developmental problems and birth defect in children. Chemicals In Plastic Can Lead To Obesity Studies revealed that one of the reasons behind obesity or being overweight is the vast amounts of plastics our food and beverages come in contact with. Bisphenol-A diglycidyl ether (BADGE), a chemical widely used in plastics, was found to actually cause stem cells to become fat cells. A research published in Environmental Health Perspectives explains that: Tips to lessen your exposure to the toxic chemicals found in plastics. 1. Use Glass or Stainless Steel Containers (For storing purposes) 2. Never heat foods in your plastic containers. When heated, plastics leach chemicals 55 times faster than normal. 3. Buy Fresh or Frozen Vegetables. BPA can be found in almost canned goods. It would be great if you buy fresh fruits over canned fruits or much better if you grow your own produce. 4. Use a Stainless Steel Water Bottle 5. Use Stainless steel straws 6. Ditch the Deli Wrap. When you buy meat or cut cheese from your deli counter ask them to wrap it with wax paper instead of plastics. If a wax paper is unavailable, rewrap it when you get home. Aside from these tips, you should also be aware of other sneaky sources of BPA which includes the following: 1. Cash register receipts - BPA gets into your system once you handle receipts with your hands and then eat your food with your hands. Immediately wash your hand after touching one. 2. Some baby bottles and pacifiers 3. Many toys and other children’s products 4. Canned soda and beer 5. Some aluminum water bottles (stainless steel is generally safe) 6. The lining of most canned foods. Source the brands that don’t use BPA. No comments: Powered by Blogger.
territory, childhood, words and to fabricate a problem: ways of inhabiting alessandra de barros piedras lopes This experience record aims, more than anything else, to fabricate a problem. A problem that has to do with children and adults and the worlds they share in a school of early childhood education. Already, a question arises: would that be worlds or territories? Is it possible that when considering the relationship between worlds and territories and who creates them, it matters more the movements that made them be them the fact that they can or cannot, and how could they, be shared? That the sharing of a world or territory is not in itself as important as the movement they provoke as well as provoke them to be? That is, it does not matter the sharing of something; this thing we call “common” concerns something that does not translate into a share? An animal adopted after its death, and the death of an animal; the various readings of a story; the definition of a concept and what a word means; a reading of an image. All these, events in a school of early childhood education. Events that intertwine to others. Could they find meaning in words like territory, movement, world, place, inhabit, play? How do they entwine, traverse each other, collide? Movements that urge us to establish territories in markings, borders and boundaries that constitutes them as well as ourselves, provoke encounters with people, ideas, movements. Do we find ourselves? Others? And which "selves" and which "others" are there in ourselves? Traversed by childhood, dragged by it, I seek a style to express this encounter. An encounter with childhood that gives rise to new meanings, meanings that could not be the same, that are always “others”, that differ. Can childhood find ways to inhabit a word, to inhabit the language? An exercise of imagining where territories, childhood, language can encounter; where we encounter each other. How to name such a place: common, singular, we-others? If we constitute ourselves in identifications that lead us always to others, to differ, what makes us equal, what makes us identify us-others? infância; território; movimento; devir; estilo DOI: https://doi.org/10.12957/childphilo.2017.26375 • There are currently no refbacks. childhood & philosophy Creative Commons License
C Programming Language Learn C Programming Language – History, Importance and Its types “C” seems a strange name for a programming language. But this strange name sounding language is one of the most popular computer languages today because it is a structured, high level, machine-independent language. It allows the software developer to develop programs without worrying about the hardware platform where they will be implemented. History of C The root of all modern language is ALGOL introduced in the early 19160. ALGOL was the first computer language to use a block structure although it never becomes popular in the USA. It was widely used in Europe ALGOL gave the concept of structured programming to the computer science community computer scientist like Corrado Bohan does a popularized this concept during 1960. Importance of C language When we write a program in C, It’s efficient and fast. This is due to its variety of data types and powerful operators. It is many time faster than BASIC, for example, a program to increase a variable from 0 to 15000 takes about 1 second in C. While it takes more than 50 seconds in an interpreter BASIC. Tokens in C language C language provides many types of tokens. In this passage of text, individual words and punctuation marks are called Tokens. Similarly, C program is the program the smallest individual units are known as C tokens. There are 6 types of C tokens. C programs are written using these tokens Anderson test of the language. Types of C tokens are below: 1. Keywords 2. Identifiers 3. Constants 4. Strings 5. Special symbols 6. Operators Character Set in C language The characters that can be used to form words, numbers and expressions depend upon that computer on which the program is run. However, it is a subset of characters that can be used on most personal MicroMini and Mainframe computers. The characters in C are grouped into the following categories: 1. Letters 2. Digits 3. Special Characters 4. White Spaces Constant in C language Constants in C refer to a fixed value that do not change during the execution of a program. There are two types of Constants: 1. Numeric Constants 1. Integer constants 2. Real constants 2. Character Constants 1. Single Character Constants 2. String Constants Variables in C language A variable is a data name that may be used to store a data value only constant that remains unchanged during the execution of a program. A variable may take different values at different times during execution. We used several variables to store the value of money at the end of each year. A variable name can be chosen by the programmer in a meaningful way so as to replace function or nature in the program. Some example of some names is here height, Total, weight, amount etc. Data Type in C language Data types in “C” language is rich in its data type. Storage representation and machine instruction to handle constant differ from machine to machine. The variety of data types available allow the programmer to select the type approach appropriate to the needs of the application as well as the machine. ANSI supports 3 Classes of Data Types: 1. Primary data types 2. Derived data types 3. User-defined data types C supports a rich set of built-in operators. We have already used several of them such as equal to(=), add(+), Minus(-), multiplication(*), and division(/) operator is a symbol that tells the computer to perform certain mathematics or logical manipulation. Operators are used in a program to manipulate data and variables. They usually form a part of mathematical or logical expression. Below is the list of Operators: • Arithmetic Operator • Relation Operator • Logical Operator • Assignment Operator • increment and decrements Operator • Conditional Operator • Bitwise Operator Decision-Making System The C program is a set of statements which are normally executed sequentially in the order in which they appear. This happens when no option or no repetition for certain calculation is necessary. However, in practice, we have a number of situation where we may have to change the order of execution of statement based on a certain condition or repeat a group of statement and till certain specified condition. Looping in C language In looping, a sequence of the statement is executed until some conditional for termination of the loop are satisfied. A program loop, therefore, consists of two segments. The control statement tests a certain condition and then direct the repeated execution of the statements contained in the body of the loop. Array in C language In many applications, we need to handle a large volume of data in terms of reading, processing and printing. To process such a large amount of data, we need a powerful data type that would facilitate efficient sorting accessing and manipulation of data items. C supports a derived data type known as an array. An array is a fixed size sequenced collection of elements of the same data. In other words, we can say “A collection of the same data type in a large value called Array”. Data Structure in C language C support a rich set of derived and user define data type: 1. fundamental data types 2. Derived data types 3. user-defined data types String in C language A string is a sequence of characters that are treated as a single data item. Any group of character (except double quote sign) defined between double quotation marks is a string constant as like ” Joseph is always right ”. Written by vikram singh Leave a Reply Health Benefits Of Drinking Water To Lose Weight Health Benefits Of Drinking Water To Lose Weight – Watch Video Instagram Announces Reels How can create 15-second Video on Reels Instagram Announces Reels, How can create 15-second Video on Reels
Knowing How to Stop Heartburn Heartburn is a terribly painful affliction. Almost everyone knows the discomfort of occasional heartburn. If it happens more than occasionally for you, you might want to learn how to stop heartburn. While the cause of heartburn, acid in the esophagus, is the same for everyone, the way the acid gets there varies from person to person. The esophagus is the tube that carries your food from your mouth to your stomach where it is digested with the help of gastric acid. The doorway between the stomach and the esophagus is a sphincter that opens to allow food in and closes to keep acid in. There is a flap to assist in confining the acid. The possible reasons that your sphincter is having a problem containing the acid are many. Until you pin down the reasons, you won't know how to stop heartburn. Sphincter Muscles When the muscles of the sphincter close, pressure builds in the esophagus. There is less pressure in the stomach which makes it quite difficult for the acid to splash up through the sphincter. The time when it is easier is when the sphincter is either open or when the muscles relax. Obviously, the sphincter is open when you are swallowing food. If you have the habit of literally eating on the run, you may have a persistent problem with heartburn. Another way to learn how to stop heartburn is by sitting still and carefully chewing and swallowing. The sphincter also opens when pressure builds up in the stomach. This happens when the stomach can't empty fast enough to keep up with food intake. In other words, you may be eating too much. When that happens, the sphincter opens to let out extra air and make more space. The polite word for this is "belching." When the air comes out, a little acid rides along. Some air is no problem, but a lot of air means enough acid to cause at least mild heartburn. Eat slowly, don't swallow a lot of air and don't eat too much at one time is how to stop heartburn if this is your problem. Some problems with the sphincter muscle might be beyond your control. A too full stomach isn't always due to overeating. Some stomachs take longer than average to empty. This situation is common for those with diabetes. Asthma sufferers may take medicine to relax the muscles of the esophagus to allow better air flow. This type of medication can also relax the muscles of the esophageal sphincter allowing better acid flow. Even if the muscles don't relax enough to open the sphincter wide, the pressure can equalize making a tight waistband enough to cause acid reflux. For anyone with frequent heartburn seeing a doctor is the best way to learn how to stop heartburn.
Anti-Inflammatory Drugs vs. Natural Medicines Nutritional Self Defense Potentially Dangerous Anti-Inflammatory Drugs vs. Natural Medicines for Injuries and Inflammation Why Dangerous? Did you know that people actually die from taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)? If you or someone you know is an NSAID popper please take this information seriously! It has been reported that due to the complications from the overuse of NSAIDs that somewhere between 16,000 and than 20,000 people die in the United States every year. These statistics, which are considered conservative, have been reported in the most prestigious medical journals since the late 1990s and corroborated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Of-course this is due to “overuse.” Unfortunately, people take these NSAIDs such as ibuprofen and naproxen like they are candy. Although the biggest abusers may be those with crippling arthritis, many competitive athletes and weekend warriors are going overboard taking these meds multiple times a day, every day, for months at a time, and this is very dangerous. Often these same athletes are also consuming alcohol while taking these NSAIDs and according to the American College of Gastroenterology “NSAIDs and aspirin…they should not be taken with alcohol, as the combination can increase the risk of GI bleeding.” Let’s put this into perspective. “Every year, 6 times as many people die of NSAID-related GI (stomach and intestinal) bleeds than died on September 11, yet this gets very little media attention,” says Sunil Pai, MD, director of Sanjevani Integrative Medicine.’ Since the mid-80s, more than 300,000 Americans have died of NSAID complications, and 1.7 million were hospitalized. It may or may not be obvious that short of dying from taking NSAIDs (that we think of as harmless), there is damage other than bleeding going on in our bodies each time we take them. NSAIDs are some of the most commonly used drugs in the world, but they have the potential for other significant side effects affecting the liver, kidneys and the heart. NSAIDs are also one of the drugs on the National Institutes of Health’s web-site that can cause erectile dysfunction! Probably one of the more surprising side effects from NSAIDs is that they actually cause arthritis in the long run. Of course, you might ask, “Aren’t these medications given to help people with arthritis?” The answer is yes! Unfortunately, although these drugs can help significantly with the pain of arthritis they do lead to an increase of the arthritis itself. According to the recent article “The Acceleration of Articular Cartilage Degeneration in Osteoarthritis by Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs” by Ross A. Hauser, MD, published in the Journal of Prolotherapy, “It is clear from the scientific literature that NSAIDs from in vitro (in the lab) and in vivo (in the body) studies in both animals and humans have a significantly negative effect on cartilage matrix which causes an acceleration of the deterioration of articular cartilage…” OK, now we know how potentially bad these everyday medications are if they are taken too often and for too long. So, what can we do instead? This is where Nutritional Self Defense comes in. The scientific literature is full of studies showing the effectiveness of many herbal extracts and other supplements such as Omega 3s that can work as good as many NSAIDs but without the nasty side effects. Extracts of herbs like curcumin or turmeric, ginger, white willow bark, boswellia, and black and cayenne pepper are proven to be effective and safe alternatives to NSAIDs for many injuries and acute and chronic inflammatory conditions. There are other non herbal anti-inflammatory supplements that are also supported in the scientific literature, such as DMG (Dimethylglycine), kre-celazine, omega 3s, bromelain, and other proteolytic enzymes. If you or someone you know is an NSAID popper or has chronic injuries or other inflammatory problems, it is your diet that should be the first place you look for help. Many of us are eating in a way that absolutely promotes inflammation: lots of conventionally raised red meats and dairy products (not from healthy free range “pastured” and “organically” raised cattle), and refined carbohydrates (white flour and sugar) with very few fruits and vegetables. Eating this way means you are consuming huge amounts of inflammation promoting omega-6 fatty acids, and very few of the amazing anti-inflammatory omega-3 fatty acids. High levels of omega-6 fatty acids cause an over-production of substances called inflammatory prostaglandins and leukotrienes. In many of us, our ratio of “bad” (omega 6) to “good” (omega 3) fatty acids is as high as 30:1. This bad ratio makes us inflammation machines. This is a recipe for disaster, since a healthy ratio is about 2:1. Although taking fish oils is great, you must change your diet to reduce your omega 6 intake. The first step is to eat more fruits and vegetables and less conventionally raised animal proteins (“pastured, organically raised free range” animal products are fine), and increase your intake of omega-3s, primarily from wild caught fatty fish that swim in cold water such as salmon, fresh sardines, mackerel, tuna, and halibut. Omega 3s from high quality fish oils and to a lesser extent flax seed oil (due to its need to be converted in the body to an active form) that are validated for purity should be taken on a daily basis. Research shows that omega-3 fatty acids reduce inflammation. Omegas 3s are converted in the body into anti-inflammatory eicosanoids. Omega 3s also block the omega 6s from making the inflammatory prostaglandins, and they also block other inflammatory substances such as certain cytokines and interleukins. On top of all this amazing anti-inflammatory chemistry, omega 3s may help lower the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, cancer, and arthritis. Getting back to the herbal extracts and other anti-inflammatory supplements, there is strong evidence supporting their use in helping people with injuries and other inflammatory conditions. This is a list of some of the most common and most well researched supplements available on the market today. Often these are more effective when used in combination. Curcumin (Curcuma longa): Curcumin is one of the most well researched herbs, with over 5,000 published papers. Substances in this herb affect over 90 inflammatory mechanisms. Recently, investigators at Baylor Medical Center compared a standardized Curcumin extract (500 mg twice daily) against Diclofenac (50 mg twice daily-an anti-inflammatory drug) in people with rheumatoid arthritis for 8 weeks. All groups showed significant reductions in pain, swelling and tenderness, but Curcumin alone gave the biggest reductions. There were no dropouts in the Curcumin group and no serious side effects, while14% of Diclofenac patients withdrew due to adverse effects. Boswellia (Boswellia Serrata): Boswellia is also a heavily researched herb. It has anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, and pain relieving effects. A recent study compared a standardized Boswellia extract, against a placebo in the treatment of people with significant osteoarthritis of the knee. Within five days, 100 mgs/day of the Boswellia extract, gave significant relief of pain and improvements in physical functioning. The Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, a teaching hospital of Harvard Medical School, also notes a double-blind, placebo-controlled study where patients with arthritis of the knee experienced significant improvement in pain, mobility and walking distance while taking Boswellia. Ginger (Zingiber officinale): Ginger is a popular spice in many parts of the world, and has also been used in Indian and Chinese medicine for over 4,000 years. It affects numerous inflammatory pathways. In a study of 261 people with osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee, those who took a ginger extract had less pain and needed fewer pain-killing drugs than those who received a placebo. Black Pepper (Piperine) and Cayenne Pepper (Capsicum Annum): Although these herbs have anti-inflammatory actions of their own, extracts of black and cayenne pepper are used in most herbal formulas primarily to improve the absorption of other herbs such as curcumin and boswellia. A review of clinical trials conducted by Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, one of New York’s premiere hospitals, has shown that cayenne can be helpful in treating lower back pain. A research team recently evaluated the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities of extracts from black pepper. By measuring inflammation markers, human tumor cell production and measuring cell damaging chemicals called free radicals or oxidizers (the opposite of anti-oxidants), the researchers were able to determine the health-boosting properties of pepper. They found that all extracts from black pepper suppressed inflammation-producing substances and concluded that black pepper exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer abilities. Of course, if you are sensitive to “nightshades” (potatoes, tomatoes, sweet and hot peppers, eggplant, tomatillos, tamarios, pepinos, pimentos, paprika, and cayenne peppers) or think your symptoms worsen when consuming any of these foods as foods or in the form of a supplement, it is suggested that you avoid them. White Willow Bark (Salix Alba): White willow bark is traditionally used to treat pain. The effectiveness of this herb is mainly thought to be due to the amount of salicin it contains. Salicin is believed to be the original source of aspirin, and is also known as acetylsalicylic acid. The two substances share anti-inflammatory actions, but salicin has not been shown to cause the same gastrointestinal distress or internal bleeding that aspirin does. Like aspirin, salicin works as an antipyretic (fever reducer), anti-inflammatory and as an analgesic (reduces pain). According to an article on the University of Maryland Medical Center web site, “Willow bark appears to be effective for back pain. In a well designed study of nearly 200 people with low back pain, those who received willow bark experienced a significant improvement in pain compared to those who received placebo. People who received higher doses of willow bark (240 mg salicin) had more significant pain relief than those who received low doses (120 mg salicin).” Proteolytic enzymes, such as bromelain which was introduced as a medicinal remedy in 1957, has had hundreds of scientific papers studying its therapeutic effectiveness have appeared. Bromelain was reported in these studies to exert potent effects, including reducing inflammation in cases of joint discomfort, sports injury or trauma, and reducing swelling after overuse or surgery. Italian researchers have shown that the ability proteolytic enzymes in reducing inflammation is similar to or superior to some strong steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: Phenylbutazone, Hydrocortisone, and Indomethacin. The next supplement does not have a lot of studies behind it, but it has promise. Only time will tell. Kre-Celazine® (US Patent 6,399,661): Kre-Celazine® is as you can see a patented but natural compound that contains a specialized fatty acid and creatine complex. A case study and a published double-blind placebo controlled trial shows this patented formula was effective in reducing inflammation, pain, swelling, and stiffness in various joints. The last supplement that will be listed has a lot of studies behind it over many years, but the majority of them are in animals. As you may know, most supplements or drugs are first tested in animals and if those tests go well then human studies come next. Again, since there isn’t a four thousand year history, as there are with many herbs, we will have to wait for more human trials. DMG HCl (US Patent 5,026,728) (US Patent 7,229,646 B2): Dimethylglycine HCl is another patented compound. It affects the production of inflammatory substances and acts as an anti-oxidant as well as an anti-inflammatory agent. This novel supplement has two US patents for the treatment of inflammatory disease, modulating immune response and for the treatment of arthritis and inflammation. Another reported use for DMG is for athletic performance by improving oxygen utilization. There are numerous alternatives to the potentially dangerous NSAIDs. If you are trying to stay healthy, and you have a diet that does not promote inflammation, yet you find that you are in need to treat an injury or to reduce inflammation, it is time to try the natural route. It is usually more efficacious to use a product that has a combination of many natural anti-inflammatories, as they often work better that way. Diet, omega 3s, herbs, and supplements are Nutritional Self Defense for inflammation. Go to Top
Animals in paper, leather and plastics Many animals gnaw paper or cardboard, some, for example, doing this in order to get in or out of paper bags or packaging. There are, however, only a few species, such as boring beetles and silverfish, which actually feed on a diet of paper, which consists almost entirely of cellulose (see p. 107). Glazed paper also contains glues which may, for example, attract cockroaches, and finally damp paper will provide a substrate for the growth of various kinds of fungus, and this makes it a good food source for animals such as wood-lice, earwigs and certain moth larvae. Various dermestid beetle larvae feed on raw hides, but freshly tanned leather is a very poor source of nutriment. Here, as with paper, damp leather which goes mouldy becomes more attractive as a food. To an increasing extent artificial materials such as nylon and other plastics are replacing natural products in everyday life. Many of these plastics can be broken down by bacteria and fungi, and thus re-enter the natural chain of events, and this is to be welcomed, but there are still no animal species which have become adapted to feeding on such materials. This is not to say that animals cannot gnaw them, for several mammals and some insects with biting mouthparts can damage the softer plastics, sometimes because they want to get through them, or to nest in them.
Home / Common Causes of Night Sweats and How to Fix Them Fact Checked Medically Reviewed by Dr. Abhinav Singh Written by Eric Suni Sweating is normal and a core part of how the body regulates its temperature. In a sauna or working out in the gym, sweating profusely is expected. Waking up sweating in the middle of the night is another matter altogether. Night sweats can be defined as sweating in excess of that required by the body to regulate body temperature. Night sweats can occur during sleep and without physical exertion. They aren’t caused by a heavy blanket or warm bedroom. Instead, other underlying health issues may be responsible for these episodes of considerable sweating in your sleep. Night sweats can reduce sleep quality, concern a bed partner, and provoke serious discomfort. As a result, it’s natural to want to know more about the causes of night sweats and how they can be resolved. What Are Night Sweats? As the name indicates, night sweats are episodes of excessive perspiration that happen during sleep. They are often described as soaking or drenching and may require a change of sheets or even clothes. Night sweats are distinct from simple overheating, which occurs because of something in a person’s environment, such as a heavy blanket or high bedroom temperature. How Are Night Sweats Different From Hot Flashes? Hot flashes are sudden feelings of warmth. Hot flashes can occur at any time during the day, and when they occur at night and provoke heavy perspiration, they are classified as night sweats. In some resources, night sweats are also called hot flushes, but they are distinct from flushing. Flushing is a reddening of the skin from increased blood flow. While night sweats can occur with flushing, flushing itself does not provoke intense sweating. How Common Are Night Sweats? Exact estimates of how many people have night sweats are limited. One study of over 2,000 patients in primary care offices found that 41% of people reported having had night sweats in the last month. In that study, night sweats were most common in people aged 41 to 55. Four Common Causes of Night Sweats The body’s system for temperature regulation is complex and influenced by multiple factors, which can make it hard in some cases to know exactly why a person experiences night sweats. That said, four common causes identified in research about night sweats include menopause, medications, infections, and hormone problems. Menopause is when women permanently stop having their period. During this time, significant changes in the body’s production of the hormones estrogen and progesterone are believed to be an important driver of hot flashes. Hot flashes are considered to be a hallmark of menopause, affecting up to 85% of women. In most cases, hot flashes actually begin in the transition time before menopause, known as perimenopause, and can continue once a woman is postmenopausal. Menopausal hot flashes normally last for a few minutes and can occur multiple times per day, including at night, when they can cause night sweats. It’s common for hot flashes to continue occurring for several years, and some women experience them for more than two decades. Perhaps not surprisingly, many women — up to 64% — report sleeping problems and higher rates of insomnia during perimenopause and menopause. While night sweats are not the only cause of these sleeping difficulties, they can contribute to poor sleep, especially when they are severe. Certain medications are known to be associated with night sweats. These include some antidepressants known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), steroids, and medicines taken to lower fevers, such as aspirin or acetaminophen, that may paradoxically cause sweating. Caffeine intake can be a cause of generalized sweating. Alcohol and drug use can also increase the risk of night sweats. Many infections are associated with night sweats. Most often, this is because infections may trigger a fever and overheating. Tuberculosis, bacterial and fungal infections, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are a few examples of infections for which night sweats are a significant symptom. Hormone Problems Changes in the endocrine system, which controls hormone levels in the body, can be related to night sweats. Examples of hormone problems with links to night sweats include overactivity of the thyroid (hyperthyroidism), diabetes and elevated blood sugar, and abnormal levels of sex hormones. The part of the brain that regulates body temperature is known as the hypothalamus, and it is also involved in the endocrine system. Hypothalamic dysfunction may be an underlying issue related to hormone imbalances and night sweats. Other conditions affecting the endocrine system such as pheochromocytoma (a tumor of the adrenal gland) and carcinoid syndrome (caused by slow-growing tumors that produce hormones) can also be associated with night sweats. Other Causes of Night Sweats Beyond these four common causes, other conditions may give rise to night sweats. Hot flashes may be more common during pregnancy and the post-partum period. Anxiety and panic attacks have been correlated with night sweats. Hyperhidrosis, a condition of excessive sweating, may affect people during both day and night. Some research has pointed to Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) as a potential cause of night sweats. Night sweats can be a symptom of certain types of cancer or a side effect of cancer treatments. Hot flushes may occur in people with lymphoma. They frequently arise as a result of hormone therapy for women with breast cancer and men with prostate cancer. Surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy for cancer may provoke night sweats. How to Stop Night Sweats and Get Better Sleep Night sweats can be worrying and bothersome, and they frequently are tied to serious sleep disruptions. As a result, it’s natural for anyone dealing with night sweats to want to know how to avoid them and sleep more soundly. Because there are multiple potential causes of night sweats, there’s no single solution for stopping them. Several steps may be involved and can be tailored to fit a person’s specific situation. Talk to Your Doctor About Night Sweats You should talk to your doctor if you have night sweats that are • Frequent • Persistent over time • Interfering with your sleep • Affecting other aspects of your daily life • Occurring along with other health changes It’s important to consult with a doctor in these situations, but unfortunately, one study of over 900 people who experienced night sweats found that the majority had not raised the issue with a doctor. Meeting with a doctor is important because they can help determine the most likely cause and order tests to get to the bottom of the situation. Based on that information, a doctor can work with you to create a treatment plan that takes your symptoms and overall health into account. It’s also important to let the doctor know about any sleeping problems that you have. Sleep disorders, like obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), may be causing daytime sleepiness and, according to some research, may also be a factor promoting night sweats. Treatments for Night Sweats The most effective treatment for night sweats will vary for any individual patient and should always be overseen by a health professional. Some potential treatment methods include modifications to environment and behavior, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and medication. Changes to Your Environment and Lifestyle A standard approach to night sweats, especially those related to menopause, is to start by trying straightforward changes that can minimize the frequency and severity of night sweats while improving overall health and sleep. • Sleeping in a Cooler Bedroom: While a warmer bedroom isn’t the central cause of night sweats, it may facilitate or trigger them. Keeping the thermostat at a lower temperature and using lighter bedding can keep heat from building up around the body during the night. • Wearing Breathable Clothing: Tight-fitting clothes trap heat, so it’s best to wear lightweight, loose-fitting clothes made with materials that are breathable and airy. Dressing in layers makes it easier to make adjustments to maintain a comfortable temperature. • Avoiding Caffeine, Alcohol, and Spicy Foods: All of these things can cause spikes in body temperature and induce sweating. Avoiding them, especially in the evening, may cut down on night sweats. • Drinking Cold Water: Having a small amount of cool water before going to bed helps some people with night sweats achieve a more pleasant temperature. • Maintaining a Healthy Weight: Some research has identified a correlation between higher body weight and night sweats. Being overweight or obese can contribute to other health problems, including those that affect sleep, such as sleep apnea. • Utilizing Relaxation Techniques: Finding ways to put yourself at-ease can make it easier to fall asleep. Studies also suggest that techniques like controlled breathing may help to meaningfully reduce hot flashes in menopausal women. Many of these tips overlap with broader healthy sleep tips that can be gradually implemented to make your sleep-related habits work in your favor for more consistent and high-quality sleep. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a type of talk therapy that is commonly used for health problems like depression, anxiety, and insomnia. It is normally conducted in-person by a psychiatrist or counselor, but a number of self-directed programs have been developed. CBT is based predominantly on reframing negative thoughts in order to promote healthier actions. CBT for insomnia (CBT-I) has a strong track record of success, including in menopausal women. Studies have found that CBT for hot flashes and night sweats can reduce their frequency and improve mood and quality of life in menopausal women. CBT is compatible with other approaches, such as behavior modifications, and likely has the greatest effect on night sweats when combined with other approaches. If existing medications are causing night sweats, then changing the prescription, the dosage, or when the drug is taken may resolve night sweats. If the night sweats are caused by an underlying infection or hormone problem, medication may help address them. For menopausal women, medications may be considered if behavioral treatments don’t work. Several types of drugs, notably hormone therapies, can reduce night sweats, but these drugs can have significant side effects. A doctor is in the best position to discuss the benefits and downsides of any specific medication. Alternative therapy with estrogen-containing products like black cohosh, red clover, or soy have not been proven to be effective in addressing hot flashes caused by menopause. Even though these may be available as supplements without a prescription, patients should always talk with their doctor before taking them in order to help prevent potential adverse reactions. Fact Checked Medically Reviewed by Dr. Abhinav Singh Written by Eric Suni
Home / Sleep Disorders / Nightmares Fact Checked Medically Reviewed by Dr. Abhinav Singh Written by Eric Suni Dreaming is one of the most complicated and mysterious aspects of sleep. While dreams can include visions of grandeur and bliss, they can also be scary, threatening, or stressful. When a bad dream causes you to wake up, it’s known as a nightmare. It’s normal to occasionally have a nightmare or bad dream, but for some people, they recur frequently, disrupting sleep and negatively impacting their waking life as well. Knowing the differences between bad dreams, nightmares, and nightmare disorder is a first step to addressing the causes of nightmares, starting appropriate treatment, and getting better sleep. What Are Nightmares? In sleep medicine, nightmares have a more strict definition than in everyday language. This definition helps distinguish nightmares from bad dreams: while both involve disturbing dream content, only a nightmare causes you to wake up from sleep. Nightmares are vivid dreams that may be threatening, upsetting, bizarre, or otherwise bothersome. They occur more often during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, the stage of sleep associated with intense dreaming. Nightmares arise more frequently in the second half of the night when more time is spent in REM sleep. Upon waking up from a nightmare, it’s normal to be acutely aware of what happened in the dream, and many people find themselves feeling upset or anxious. Physical symptoms like heart rate changes or sweating may be detected after waking up as well. What is Nightmare Disorder? While most people have nightmares from time to time, nightmare disorder occurs when a person has frequent nightmares that interfere with their sleep, mood, and/or daytime functioning. It is a sleep disorder known as a parasomnia. Parasomnias include numerous types of abnormal behaviors during sleep. People who have occasional nightmares don’t have nightmare disorder. Instead, nightmare disorder involves recurring nightmares that bring about notable distress in their daily life. Are Nightmares Normal? It’s normal for both children and adults to have bad dreams and nightmares every now and again. For example, a study found that 47% of college students had at least one nightmare in the past two weeks. Nightmare disorder, though, is far less common. Research studies estimate that about 2-8% of adults have problems with nightmares. Frequent nightmares are more common in children than in adults. Nightmares in children are most prevalent between the ages of three and six and tend to occur less often as children get older. In some cases, though, nightmares persist into adolescence and adulthood. Nightmares affect males and females, although women are generally more likely to report having nightmares, especially during adolescence through middle age. Why Do We Have Nightmares? There is no consensus explanation for why we have nightmares. In fact, there is an ongoing debate in sleep medicine and neuroscience about why we dream at all. Many experts believe that dreaming is part of the mind’s methods for processing emotion and consolidating memory. Bad dreams, then, may be a component of the emotional response to fear and trauma, but more research is needed to definitively explain why nightmares occur. How Are Nightmares Different from Sleep Terrors? Sleep terrors, sometimes called night terrors, are another type of parasomnia in which a sleeper appears agitated and frightened during sleep. Nightmares and sleep terrors have several distinguishing characteristics: • Nightmares happen during REM sleep while sleep terrors happen during non-REM (NREM) sleep. • Sleep terrors don’t involve a full awakening; instead, a person remains mostly asleep and difficult to awaken. If awakened, they likely will be disoriented. In contrast, when a person wakes up from a nightmare, they tend to be alert and aware of what was happening in their dream. • The following day, a person with nightmares usually has a clear memory of the dream. People with sleep terrors very rarely have any awareness of the episode. • Nightmares are more common in the second half of the night while sleep terrors happen more often in the first half. What Causes Nightmares? Many different factors can contribute to a higher risk of nightmares: • Stress and anxiety: Sad, traumatic, or worrisome situations that induce stress and fear may provoke nightmares. People with chronic stress and anxiety may be more likely to develop nightmare disorder. • Mental health conditions: Nightmares are often reported at much higher rates by people with mental health disorders like post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, general anxiety disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. People with PTSD often have frequent, intense nightmares in which they relive traumatic events, worsening symptoms of PTSD, and often contributing to insomnia. • Certain drugs and medications: Using some types of illicit substances or prescription medications that affect the nervous system is associated with a higher risk of nightmares. • Withdrawal from some medications: Some medications suppress REM sleep, so when a person stops taking those medications, there is a short-term rebound effect of more REM sleep accompanied by more nightmares. • Sleep deprivation: After a period of insufficient sleep, a person often experiences a REM rebound, that can trigger vivid dreams and nightmares. • Personal history of nightmares: In adults, a risk factor for nightmare disorder is a history of having had recurring nightmares during childhood and adolescence. Though not fully understood, a genetic predisposition may exist that makes it more likely for frequent nightmares to run in a family. This association may be driven by genetic risk factors for mental health conditions that are tied to nightmares. Some evidence indicates that people who have nightmares may have altered sleep architecture, meaning that they progress abnormally through sleep stages. Some studies have also found a correlation between nightmares and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a breathing disorder that causes fragmented sleep, although further research is needed to clarify this association. Are Nightmares Connected to Waking Activity? Nightmares can have a clear connection to things that happen while you’re awake. Nightmares tied to anxiety and stress, especially PTSD, may involve flashbacks or imagery that is directly linked to traumatic events. However, not all nightmares have an easily identified relationship to waking activity. Nightmares can have bizarre or bewildering content that is difficult to trace to any specific circumstances in a person’s life. Can Nightmares Affect Sleep? Nightmares, especially recurrent nightmares, can have a significant impact on a person’s sleep. People with nightmare disorder are more likely to suffer from decreases in both sleep quantity and quality. Sleep problems can be induced by nightmares in several ways. People who have nighttime disruptions from nightmares may wake up feeling anxious, making it hard to relax their mind and get back to sleep. Fear of nightmares may cause sleep avoidance and less time allocated to sleep. Unfortunately, these steps can make nightmares worse. Sleep avoidance can cause sleep deprivation, which can provoke a REM sleep rebound with even more intense dreams and nightmares. This often leads to further sleep avoidance, giving rise to a pattern of disturbed sleep that culminates in insomnia. Nightmares may exacerbate mental health conditions that can worsen sleep, and insufficient sleep can give rise to more pronounced symptoms of conditions like depression and anxiety. Insufficient sleep connected to nightmares and nightmare disorder can cause excessive daytime sleepiness, mood changes, and worsened cognitive function, all of which can have a substantial negative impact on a person’s daytime activities and quality of life. When Should You See a Doctor About Nightmares? Because it’s common to have an occasional nightmare, some people may find it hard to know when nightmares are a cause for concern. You should talk to your doctor about nightmares if: • Nightmares happen more than once a week • Nightmares affect your sleep, mood, and/or daily activity • Nightmares begin at the same time that you start a new medication To help your doctor understand how nightmares are affecting you, you can keep a sleep diary that tracks your total sleep and sleep disruptions, including nightmares. How is Nightmare Disorder Treated? Infrequent nightmares don’t normally need any treatment, but both psychotherapy and medications can help people who have nightmare disorder. By reducing nightmares, treatments can promote better sleep and overall health. Treatment for nightmares should always be overseen by a health professional who can identify the most appropriate therapy based on a patient’s overall health and the underlying cause of their nightmares. Psychotherapy, also known as talk therapy, is a category of treatment that works to understand and reorient negative thinking. Talk therapy has broad applications in addressing mental health disorders and sleeping problems like insomnia. Many types of psychotherapy fall under the umbrella of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), including a specialized form of CBT for insomnia (CBT-I) that may be used to treat nightmares. A central component of CBT is reorienting negative thoughts and feelings and modifying detrimental patterns of behavior. There are numerous types of talk therapy and CBT that may help reduce nightmares: • Image Rehearsal Therapy: This approach involves rewriting a recurring nightmare into a script that is rewritten and then rehearsed when awake in order to change how it unfolds and impacts the sleeper. • Lucid Dreaming Therapy: In a lucid dream, a person is actively aware that they are dreaming. Lucid dreaming therapy seizes on this idea to give a person the ability to positively modify the content of a nightmare through their awareness of it in the moment. • Exposure and Desensitization Therapies: Because many nightmares are driven by fears, a number of approaches utilize controlled exposure to that fear to reduce the emotional reaction to it. Examples of these techniques to “face your fears” include self-exposure therapy and systematic desensitization. • Hypnosis: This approach creates a relaxed, trance-like mental state in which a person can more easily take in positive thoughts to combat stress. • Progressive deep muscle relaxation: While not a direct form of talk therapy, progressive deep muscle relaxation is a technique for calming the mind and body. It involves deep breathing and a sequence of tension and release in muscles throughout the body. Relaxation methods like this are a tool developed in talk therapy to counteract stress buildup. Behavioral recommendations associated with talk therapy frequently involve changes to sleep hygiene. This includes making the bedroom more conducive to sleep as well as cultivating daily routines and habits that facilitate consistent sleep. Many psychotherapies for nightmares involve a combination of methods. Examples include CBT-I, Sleep Dynamic Therapy and Exposure, Relaxation, and Rescripting Therapy (ERRT). Mental health professionals can tailor talk therapy for nightmares to fit a patient, including, when appropriate, account for a coexisting mental health disorder. Several types of prescription medications may be used to treat nightmare disorder. Most often, these are medications that affect the nervous system such as anti-anxiety, antidepressant, or antipsychotic drugs. Different medications may be used for people who have nightmares associated with PTSD. Medications benefit some patients, but they can also come with side effects. For that reason, it is important to talk with a doctor who can describe the potential benefits and downsides of prescription drugs for nightmare disorder. How Can You Help Stop Nightmares and Get Better Sleep? If you have nightmares that interfere with your sleep or daily life, the first step is to talk with your doctor. Identifying and addressing an underlying cause can help make nightmares less frequent and less bothersome. Whether nightmares are common or occasional, you may get relief from improving sleep hygiene. Building better sleep habits is a component of many therapies for nightmare disorder and can pave the way for high-quality sleep on a regular basis. There are many elements of sleep hygiene, but some of the most important ones, especially in the context of nightmares, include: • Following a consistent sleep schedule: Having a set bedtime and sleep schedule helps keep your sleep stable, preventing sleep avoidance and nightmare-inducing REM rebound after sleep deprivation. • Utilizing relaxation methods: Finding ways to wind down, even basic deep breathing, can help decrease the stress and worry that give rise to nightmares. • Avoiding caffeine and alcohol: Caffeine can stimulate your mind, which makes it harder to relax and fall asleep. Drinking alcohol close to bedtime can induce a REM rebound in the second half of the night that may worsen nightmares. As much as possible, it’s best to avoid alcohol and caffeine in the evening. • Reducing screen time before bed: Using a smartphone, tablet, or laptop before bed can amp up your brain activity and make it difficult to fall asleep. If the screen time involves negative or worrying imagery, it may make nightmares more likely. To avoid this, create a bedtime routine with no screen time for an hour or more before going to sleep. • Creating a comforting sleep environment: Your bedroom should promote a sense of calm with as few distractions or disruptions as possible. Set a comfortable temperature, block out excess light and sound, and set up your bed and bedding to be supportive and inviting. • References +14 Sources 1. 1. Paul, F., Schredl, M., & Alpers, G. W. (2015). Nightmares affect the experience of sleep quality but not sleep architecture: an ambulatory polysomnographic study. Borderline personality disorder and emotion dysregulation, 2, 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40479-014-0023-4 2. 2. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. (2014). The International Classification of Sleep Disorders – Third Edition (ICSD-3). Darien, IL.https://learn.aasm.org 3. 3. Pagel J. F. (2000). Nightmares and disorders of dreaming. American family physician, 61(7), 2037–2044. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10779247/ 4. 4. Schredl, M., & Reinhard, I. (2011). Gender differences in nightmare frequency: a meta-analysis. Sleep medicine reviews, 15(2), 115–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2010.06.002 5. 5. Levin, R., & Nielsen, T. A. (2007). Disturbed dreaming, posttraumatic stress disorder, and affect distress: a review and neurocognitive model. Psychological bulletin, 133(3), 482–528.https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.3.482 6. 6. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). (2019, August 13). Brain Basics: Understanding Sleep. Retrieved September 27, 2020, from https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/patient-caregiver-education/understanding-sleep 7. 7. Scarpelli, S., Bartolacci, C., D'Atri, A., Gorgoni, M., & De Gennaro, L. (2019). Mental Sleep Activity and Disturbing Dreams in the Lifespan. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(19), 3658. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193658 8. 8. Markov, D., Jaffe, F., & Doghramji, K. (2006). Update on parasomnias: a review for psychiatric practice. Psychiatry (Edgmont (Pa. : Township)), 3(7), 69–76.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20975819/ 9. 9. Simor, P., Bódizs, R., Horváth, K., & Ferri, R. (2013). Disturbed dreaming and the instability of sleep: altered nonrapid eye movement sleep microstructure in individuals with frequent nightmares as revealed by the cyclic alternating pattern. Sleep, 36(3), 413–419.https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.2462 10. 10. Gieselmann, A., Ait Aoudia, M., Carr, M., Germain, A., Gorzka, R., Holzinger, B., Kleim, B., Krakow, B., Kunze, A. E., Lancee, J., Nadorff, M. R., Nielsen, T., Riemann, D., Sandahl, H., Schlarb, A. A., Schmid, C., Schredl, M., Spoormaker, V. I., Steil, R., van Schagen, A. M., … Pietrowsky, R. (2019). Aetiology and treatment of nightmare disorder: State of the art and future perspectives. Journal of sleep research, 28(4), e12820. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12820 11. 11. Aurora, R. N., Zak, R. S., Auerbach, S. H., Casey, K. R., Chowdhuri, S., Karippot, A., Maganti, R. K., Ramar, K., Kristo, D. A., Bista, S. R., Lamm, C. I., Morgenthaler, T. I., Standards of Practice Committee, & American Academy of Sleep Medicine (2010). Best practice guide for the treatment of nightmare disorder in adults. Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 6(4), 389–401. https://jcsm.aasm.org/doi/full/10.5664/jcsm.27883 12. 12. A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia. (2018, March 26). Nightmares. Retrieved September 28, 2020, from https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003209.htm 13. 13. Krakow, B. J., Melendrez, D. C., Johnston, L. G., Clark, J. O., Santana, E. M., Warner, T. D., Hollifield, M. A., Schrader, R., Sisley, B. N., & Lee, S. A. (2002). Sleep Dynamic Therapy for Cerro Grande Fire evacuees with posttraumatic stress symptoms: a preliminary report. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 63(8), 673–684. https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v63n0804 14. 14. Davis, J. L., Rhudy, J. L., Pruiksma, K. E., Byrd, P., Williams, A. E., McCabe, K. M., & Bartley, E. J. (2011). Physiological predictors of response to exposure, relaxation, and rescripting therapy for chronic nightmares in a randomized clinical trial. Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 7(6), 622–631.https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.1466
Review: Mayflower Lectures - The Fuller Family The second of our Mayflower Lectures took place on Thursday 16 January at St Johns Church in Harleston. Margaret Griffiths, local historian and curator of the museum spoke about our famous Fuller family, life in Harleston in 1600 and the epic Mayflower journey. We learned that the Pilgrim brothers, Edward and Samuel, who sailed to America had three other brothers, Thomas, John and Edmund and a sister called Ann. Their father remarried after Sarah, his first wife, died. He has five more children with Frances, his second wife: Sarah, Christopher, Elizabeth, Susanna and Mary. Did any of these siblings have children? Are any of the people of Harleston or nearby descended from these brothers? We would be very interested to find out about anyone who may be related to the Pilgrims. If you have any information please send an email to Many of the buildings that were around at the time of our Fullers are still in existence today. Reydon House, Caltofts and the Old Merchants House all survive today. Our three remaining pubs, The Swan Hotel, JD Young (The Magpie) and Cardinals Hat were all available to our Pilgrims. Could they have sampled ale in one of the places we frequent today? You can find our more about Harleston in 1600 by joining one of our guided Heritage Walks. In the early 1600s many people, had become very dissatisfied with lack of progress in the reform of the Church of England which had stayed much too close to Rome for their liking. They were known as Separatists. The new king, James I, had very definite ideas about matters, including those concerned with religion. Anyone who disagreed with him was guilty of sedition. Along with other people who wished to worship without the constraints of the established church, our Fuller Pilgrims left England and went to Holland in 1605. They finally settled in a town called Leiden, outside Amsterdam. You will see from the map that it is very different from Harleston. This is much larger. Life was very hard for the English people who had largely come from rural backgrounds and were now trying to survive in an urban environment. No more open air and farming, they were now working in factories. By 1619, the Separatists decided that this was not the place for them. Their To make matters worse, their children were gradually losing their English identity and becoming Dutch. Does this story have echos of immigrants lives today? It was time to move again. They joined other people who would sail to America. They found financial backing from the Merchant Adventurers, a group of investors who were prepared to put money into such a venture. This is the topic of our Mayflower Lecture in February. Our Fullers would board a small ship called the Speedwell in Holland and sail to England to join a bigger ship called the Mayflower. They would sail together to America taking passenger and provisions, the Mayflower would return to England and the Speedwell would stay in America as their trading vessel. That was the plan. However, the Speedwell sprang a leak, twice and was finally forced to abandon the journey, leaving only the Mayflower to leave one last time from Plymouth. So the story about Plymouth and the Mayflower only came about by accident. The Mayflower really began its journey in London and was intended to meet the Speedwell at Southampton. There were 102 passengers on the Mayflower, with maybe 30 crew and assorted animals. The journey took an arduous 66 days, but only one person died during the journey. William Button, a man servant of Samuel Fuller. Life in America was very harsh, about half the people died during the first winter, including Edward and his wife, his son Samuel Junior would live with his uncle Doctor Samuel. The doctor was joined by his wife and child in 1623 and had two more children. Samuel Junior had eight children, and one of his daughter has 10 children. Together with the other Mayflower passengers they helped found a descendants group of some 35 millions people worldwide and 10 million people in America. There is a General Society for Mayflower Descendants in America for people who can prove their lineage back to the Mayflower passengers. There is a chapter specially for people who can prove that the are descended from the Fullers of Redenhall with Harleston. We will welcome some of the members to Harleston during July 2020, we hope you will have a chance to meet them and make our distant cousins very welcome. More people would go to America after the Mayflower Pilgrims. This included more Fullers, Briget, wife of Samuel Fuller would join the colony in 1623 on the ship Anne. Matthew Fuller who was older brother of Samuel Junior would arrive almost twenty years later, in 1640. • Facebook © Harleston's Future. All rights reserved
From Peter and Paul to the protection of due process Ask Judge Smith Judge Layne Smith By Judge Layne Smith Q. Judge Smith, how did the Roman Empire raise its inhabitants’ standard of living and would you contrast Roman and American justice? Drew A. Your question reminds me of the Monty Python movie, “The Life of Brian.” Do you recall the scene where Reg asks members of The People’s Front of Judea “what have the Romans ever done for us?” It’s a long list. Rome raised people’s standard of living by funding projects that improved their quality of life, eliminated certain health risks, and lengthened their lifespans. This stimulated productivity, incomes, and tax revenues. Imagine yourself in ancient Rome. The streets are covered with garbage, excrement, and rotting carcasses. Filthy puddles of stagnant water abound. Storm water run-off transports the germs from this filth into the groundwater and the fresh water supply becomes polluted. The city stinks to high heaven! In response, the Romans built an underground drainage system that doubled as a sewer. It collected polluted water and human wastes and routed them out of the city. The government also built public latrines for commoners. In a time before toilet paper, the people who used these facilities wiped themselves with community sponges. Ugh! Only wealthy people could afford private latrines and individual sponges. Throughout history, people have died from drinking unclean water. It’s dangerous to drink stagnant water or water tainted by excrement and urine. In response, the Romans built aqueducts that transported moving water from distant pristine rivers and springs to locations throughout the city. Having a constant flow of reliable drinking water improved people’s health. Roman emperors were all-powerful and they governed from the top down. In contrast, here, the government serves the people and we elect our leaders. Rome’s business model was to conquer other nations, take their assets, and live off the spoils of war. In contrast, America’s business model is commerce and we live off the fruits of our labor. Consider the difference in how Rome and America treated defeated foes. At the end of the Third Punic War, in 146 B.C., Rome blockaded the City of Carthage and killed 200,000 of its residents. When Carthage capitulated, the Roman Army sold its 50,000 survivors into slavery and razed the city from the face of the Earth. Then they salted the fields to sabotage farming, rendering it a wasteland. In contrast, after WWII, the United States gifted humanitarian aid to nations whose economies and infrastructures had been ruined. We fed, clothed, and rebuilt Germany, Western Europe, and Japan. Roman law favored Roman citizens and soldiers over others. They had more rights and were spared from crueler punishments. Consider the different fates of the apostles Peter and Paul. Both men were executed by the Roman government as religious trouble-makers. Peter, the first pope, was a Jewish fisherman from Galilee. He was crucified and suffered a long and excruciating death. Paul, a Jewish itinerant preacher and tent maker, was a Roman citizen. He was beheaded and died quickly. In contrast, in the United States, no one is above the law. Here, everyone is entitled to due process of law and the protections provided by the Bill of Rights. J. Layne Smith is a circuit judge and author of the book “Civics, Law, and Justice—How We Became U.S.” Email your questions to
Request could not be processed : UAE In addition to the Kyoto Protocol (and its amendment) and the Paris Agreement, the parties to the convention agreed to other commitments at the conferences of the parties to the UNFCCC. These include the Bali Action Plan (2007), [28] the Copenhagen Agreement (2009), [29] on the Cancun Agreements (2010), [30] and the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (2012). [31] The treaty establishes different jurisdictions for three categories of signatory states. These categories are industrialized countries, industrialized countries with special financial responsibility and developing countries. [6] Developed countries, also mentioned in Appendix 1, were originally composed of 38 states, 13 of which were in transition to democracy and the market economy, and the European Union. All are members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Schedule 1 countries are encouraged to adopt national policies and take appropriate measures to mitigate climate change by limiting their anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and reporting on measures taken to return, individually or collectively, to their 1990 emission levels. [6] Developed countries with special financial responsibility are also referred to as “Annex II countries.” They cover all Schedule I countries, with the exception of those in transition to democracy and the market economy. Appendix II countries are encouraged to provide new and additional financial resources to cover the costs borne by developing countries when they commit to establishing national inventories of their emissions by source and their well disposal for all greenhouse gases not covered by the Montreal Protocol. [6] Developing countries are then required to submit their inventories to the UNFCCC secretariat. [6] Given that the major signatory countries are not meeting their individual obligations, it is criticized that the UNFCCC has failed to reduce carbon dioxide emissions since its adoption. [7] Academics and environmentalists criticize Article 3, paragraph 5 of the Convention, which states that any climate action that would limit international trade should be avoided. At the 19th meeting of the Conference of the Parties in Warsaw in 2013, the UNFCCC set up a Planned National Contribution Mechanism (INDC) to be presented in preparation for the 21st Conference of the Parties in Paris (COP21) in 2015. [23] Countries have benefited from freedom and flexibility to ensure that these climate change and adaptation plans are appropriate at the national level; [24] This flexibility, particularly with regard to the types of measures to be taken, has enabled developing countries to adapt their plans to their specific adaptation and mitigation needs as well as to other needs. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international environmental treaty on climate change, negotiated and signed by 154 states at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNFCCC), informally as a Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro from 3-14 June 1992. It established a secretariat based in Bonn and came into force on 21 March 1994. [1] The Kyoto Protocol, signed in 1997 and entered into force in 2005, was the first extension of the UNFCCC.
Pulse Oximetry Screening Pulse Oximetry is a non-invasive method allowing to measure the oxygen saturation in one’s blood. The oxygen that is carried in the blood attaches to hemoglobin molecules. Oxygen saturation is a measure of how much oxygen the blood is carrying as a percentage of the maximum possible. A fit, healthy young person would have an oxygen saturation of 95-99%. This number will vary with age, degree of fitness, the altitude at which the test is conducted, oxygen therapy, etc. There are many things you can do in order to decrease your risk of heart disease. Tobacco smokers are two to four times more likely to develop heart disease. Staying physically active both helps your heart be healthy and can decrease your weight and body fat as well. Having high blood pressure increases the heart’s workload and can put you at risk as well. These screenings will show you exactly what you should be aware of. Blood Pressure, Pulse Oximetry, Body Fat Flyer websize
While the Roman senate was debating a conspiracy to overthrow the government, Julius Caesar (100– 44 BCE) received a note. Cato (95–46 BCE), who opposed Caesar, accused him of corresponding with enemies of the state and demanded to be allowed to read the message. What was it? Answer: The note was a love letter from Cato’s own sister. Furious, Cato threw the note back to Caesar saying, “keep it, you drunkard” and returned to the debate. Source: Encyclopedia of Women in the Ancient World by Joyce E. Salisbury More at: History Comments are closed. Back Home
Science — Three Pennsylvania wells likely contaminated by fracking Not just methane, but traces of fracking fluid made wells froth. A Pennsylvania shale gas drill rig. A Pennsylvania shale gas drill rig. Public arguments about fracking (at least among those who have heard of the natural gas production technique) have become contentious—a situation not helped by the technical and complicated topic. Lots of information and claims fly around, but there's little in the way of an established framework to help make sense of them. Claims that fracking has contaminated water can be difficult to resolve, and some turn out to be unrelated to fracking. Geology differs from place to place in important ways that have to be taken into consideration when analyzing water. Regulations governing fracking vary from state to state, too. And the practice has been scrutinized at a level we haven’t subjected conventional oil and gas production to, meaning we might be discovering problems that are common to other techniques. The illusion of simplicity Even so, the water well tests didn’t yield unambiguous evidence of how they were contaminated. Nothing much was detected beyond the methane (which is an explosion risk but not otherwise a health hazard), leaving the foam a mystery. Complex measures So how did this happen? It turns out that while the gas wells were surrounded by a protective seal of concrete and steel down along the top 300 meters and down at the business end below 2,000 meters, there was no such seal in between. Pennsylvania has since tightened up their regulations, but that methodology was legal at the time the wells were drilled. Contrary to public concern that fracking fluid or natural gas will travel upward through the rock to reach drinking water aquifers, the protective seals around gas wells are the real sources of risk. In this case, the gas pressure in that unsealed space around several of the well pipes was measured to be higher than regulations allowed before the problems with the water wells began—so we know gas escaped the confines of the well pipe and could have been pushing outward into the rock. The case for contamination from the fracked wells is pretty tight, although there was also a leak of frack water from a surface holding pit that could potentially have provided a more traditional source for some of the contaminants. The good news is that it was preventable; these gas wells weren’t constructed carefully enough. Conventional gas wells, sans fracking, would probably also have allowed methane to leak upwards. (Though without the foaming, perhaps.) There’s a reason why the integrity of that protective seal around the well has been the focus of so much regulatory attention. It’s critical, and it can be done right—or wrong. PNAS, 2015. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1420279112 (About DOIs). You must to comment. Channel Ars Technica
Age of Consent to Sexual Activity Legal dating age difference in australia What is 17 year old female to raise the us with them for statutory rape in georgia is a Texas is over 40 million singles: voice recordings. Up to this document covers basic family law is between 16 year old. Reporting requirements in the minimum age. United states, is a person and binding contract. The age of consent to any form of sexual activity is 16 for a series of laws to protect children under 16 from abuse. 44 RCW describe when a person having sex or sexual contact can be prosecuted based on the ages of the people involved. Age is just one of many factors. The ages of consent around the world The criminal laws of different states and territories across Australia are notorious for their lack of consistency. One example australia this is the age of consent for. Ages of consent in Africa Such a defense flies in the face of legal and cultural consensus in most Western nations, and much of the world. But in the meantime, it has also provoked an unprecedented backlash that has resulted in France considering a change to a longstanding, anomalous feature of its laws: Up to now, there has been no legal age of consent for sex. Most of the age minimums range between 14 and 16 years of age. Fixing a specific age of consent means that children and adolescents below that age cannot, regardless of circumstances, be considered consenting to sex; their very age renders them incapable. As a result, an adult in most European nations who has sex with someone under this age would be charged with rape, even if violent force is not used. While French law does not include a fixed age of consent, it does recognize sexual minors. France, Where Age of Consent Is Up for Debate The history of sexual consent law does not reveal whether the age of Her primary research to date has been on Victorian and Edwardian. Most importantly, the average age of puberty and sexual arousal has fallen dramatically to around ten to In the light of new evidence, the issue should be revisited and re-examined. Despite interventions in the debate on the age of sexual consent by the president of the Faculty of Public Health , who called for a discussion about the possibility of lowering the age of consent to facilitate access to health services, the government has declined to engage in any public discussion about the issue. In the wake of recent historic sexual abuse revelations particularly the high-profile Operation Yewtree , which have fuelled concerns about a failure to protect the young, the age of consent is a particularly emotive political and social question. The history of sexual consent legislation can provide one way into a measured discussion on this emotionally-charged issue. The age of sexual consent was set at 16 for females in — with a higher penalty for offences against girls under the age of 13 — and has remained largely unchanged for heterosexual acts ever since, despite the social and biological shifts that have occurred in the year interim. This policy paper does not advocate either a raising or lowering of the age of sexual consent, but argues that an understanding of how and why the law came about is a crucial basis for any discussion about changing it. Overall, it demonstrates that policy makers cannot draw simplistic comparisons with the past when advocating or resisting change. An open conversation is necessary in order to acknowledge these changes and to decide which parts of the old law remain fit for purpose in a changing society. In the Prime Minister David Cameron rejected calls to lower the age of sexual consent with no public debate, claiming that the age of 16 was in place to protect children. Policy Papers Age of consent laws The laws about sexual matters set clear limits for having sex. at least one of them is under the age of consent; one person doesn’t want to, or; they are in the. Any sexual activity without consent is an offence regardless of the age of the participants. Offences relating to sexual activity without consent in Victoria include rape and indecent assault. The Crimes Act states that a person is taken not to have consented to sex if:. Under Victorian law, a person aged 16 or older can validly consent to sex with any other person, except a person who in in a position of authority over him or her. This means that the general age of consent is A person aged between 12 and 16 can validly consent to sex with a person who is not more than two years older than him or her. What Is The Age Of Consent?
Book A Table The Victoria and Albert Museum In the Brompton area of South Kensington London, you’ll find The Victoria and Albert Museum a world-leading museum of art and design. Housing 2.27 million objects, it exhibits a range of resources for the study of architecture, furniture, fashion, textiles, photography, sculpture, painting, jewellery, glass, ceramics, book arts, Asian art and design, theatre and performance. So, how did The Victoria and Albert Museum come to be? The creation of the museum was born out of a collaborative relationship between Prince Albert, who was Queen Victoria’s husband and Henry Cole, who at the time was a Public Civil Servant with a love for science and the arts. Cole had made it his own personal mission to improve standards in industrial design with help from the government. In 1849, he won the backing of Prince Albert who granted a royal charter to the Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce (RSA). Following Prince Albert’s backing, Cole held an exhibition which encouraged international art manufacturers to exhibit their work. It was called The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations and was held in Crystal Palace in 1851. The exhibition was a great financial success, generating £186,000 in profit. Cole wanted the profits to be used to improve science and art education in the UK and it was this desire that resulted in the creation of The Victoria and Albert Museum. Henry Cole became the museum’s first Director and worked to ensure that the museum attracted a wide audience, not just the wealthy upper class. During the 19th Century, free admission was granted 3 days a week to make sure it was accessible to the working class. Did you know that the museum wasn’t always called Victoria and Albert? When it was built in 1857, it was known as Museum of Manufactures to start with, followed by the South Kensington Museum. It wasn’t christened the Victoria and Albert until 1899 when a ceremony was held to lay the final stone of the museum’s new building. It was Queen Victoria who laid the stone and herself and Prince Albert were honoured at the event. The ceremony would Queen Victoria’s last public outing before her death in 1901. The Victoria and Albert Museum continues to be a popular attraction, with 4.4 million people visiting every year. The Museum’s impressive collections continue to appeal to a wide audience, with exhibits spanning over 2000 years of human creativity. That human creativity is represented from countries across Europe, the Middle East, India, China and Japan. Why not tie in a visit to the museum with some delicious food served at our Brompton Road restaurant. Learn more about it here. Next up: Saatchi Gallery This error message is only visible to WordPress admins
Chemical Free Gardening: Top Tips For An Organic Garden Growing a fantastic garden is not as difficult as many people think, as long as you know what to do. Anyone can become adept at gardening if armed with accurate information. When you have completed this article, you will have learned everything you need to know to show off your green thumb. Start your plants in containers before transferring them to the garden. Doing this betters your odds of your plants making it to adulthood. This method also gives you the freedom of tightening time periods between each planting. You will have healthy seedlings that are ready to be planted when you get rid of old plants. Transform the handles of your tools into convenient measuring devices. It is possible to utilize tools with long handles, such as rakes, hoes and shovels, as measuring sticks. Place the handles on the floor, then set a measuring tape alongside them. Next, use a Sharpie to accurately label the distance between each one. Now, the next time you’re down in the garden, you’ll have a handy ruler without needing to look anywhere else. Transfer your favorite plants inside so they survive the winter. Maybe you could pick out the most expensive plants or the most hardy ones. Dig carefully around the roots, then transfer the plant into a pot. To achieve the best growing results, plants need sufficient carbon dioxide. A major portion of plants grow their best in an environment with a saturated level of CO2. A greenhouse will provide plants with an environment rich in carbon dioxide. Make sure to keep CO2 levels high to provide the best growing environment for your plants. Prior to planting a garden, think through what you want to do. Having a planting plan will help you correctly identify the young plants once they start to sprout. It’s also a good way to keep smaller plants from getting swallowed up by the rest of your garden. To ensure a healthy garden, make sure you surround your plants with a few inches of good organic mulch. Mulching helps keep moisture in the soil. This method will also prevent weeds. This will save you tons of time from pulling out tons of weeds. Vegetables are softest during the warmest hours of each day, so picking them then, no matter how gently, runs the risk of damage. Use garden shears to remove your vegetables from the vine to avoid damaging the plant. As was previously stated, gardening is not a difficult chore if you obtain a little knowledge. With these tips, and enough practice, you too can craft a beautiful and enjoyable garden.
Photojournalism Ethics With the range of events that are happening across the globe, journalists often find themselves in positions where they are dealing with sensitive topics in foreign environments. Since photography is so strongly associated with journalism, many photojournalists often find themselves in situations where their photos can perpetuate a certain stereotype of that environment. Photojournalists John Moore and Paul Nevin both have examples of stories that reveal how stereotypes can either be subtly revealed or avoided by photojournalism. John Moore From the articles that I read, it seemed that John Moore’s coverage told the story of a country that is unable to handle the Ebola outbreak since they are so underdeveloped. That narrative obviously is something we have heard over and over, enough that we Americans have probably gotten used to it and established that stereotype of those countries in our heads as reality. The video included in the article focused on his photos that primarily held darkness, violence, tragedy, poverty, and death in the foreground. It even played along with sad piano music. Even though the Ebola outbreak is a terrible thing, there was no focus on how the Liberians were handling it themselves or what progress was made. It mostly seemed like white men were coming in and valiantly doing their best to save a doomed country. In her TED Talk about the dangers of single stories perpetuating stereotypes, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie talks about how these false ideas are formed. “The single story creates stereotype and the problem with stereotype is not that they are untrue but that they are incomplete,” said Adichie. “They make one story become the only story.” Although Moore was doing good work by attracting attention to the seriousness of the situation, he still perpetuated the African stereotype. Paul Nevin Paul Nevin did a better job of avoiding the stereotypes with the Kenyans than Moore did with the Liberians mentioned above. Though there were still issues (the title implies helplessness in the country), Nevin showed the strides that people are taking to improve birth rates in their country. It has a significantly more optimistic and light tone, and provides plenty of statistics instead of biased observations. The photos also don’t perpetuate the stereotype of African countries only holding violence and death. The article shows a more personalized and even comedic side. The last photo with the woman holding the fake baby in place for the practice birth is in itself poignant, but will also make you smile. The photo of the woman and her child smiling also brings much more heart to the article. The article also does a great job of representing and describing PRONTO International. After spending some time on their website, I could see that Nevin described the group accurately. The website states itself: “We use highly realistic simulation and debriefing to train functional teams in effective communicate and practice change.” Comparing the Two Both of these journalists were covering these stories for good reasons. They both wanted to draw attention to what was happening in these countries to bring beneficial change. Both of these journalists took advantage of their environment and took some very powerful images that portrayed their stories and angles very accurately. In every photo, you can tell there’s a fascinating story behind it. Even though Moore didn’t quite avoid perpetuating the destitute Africa stereotype, the necessary changes are being made within journalism to portray a more accurate image of African countries, as shown through Paul Nevin’s story. Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Beliefs towards Mathematics in Elementary Education Teachers: a comparative study Abstract: This work is part of a broader investigation developed in Ibero-America, whose main objective is to carry out an analysis of the affective domain towards mathematics in elementary education teachers, and how that could affect the teaching practices. In particular, this work focusses on the beliefs towards mathematics and shows the comparison between teachers of two countries: Spain and Colombia. The methodology consisted on a quantitative approach at a descriptive level, using a convenience sample composed of 235 teachers (105 from Spain and 130 from Colombia); the instrument was translated to Spanish from the scale of Beliefs of Baroody and Coslick (1998); the statistical analysis was performed with SPSS v 22. The results showed in both countries a majority of teachers who manifested Euclidean beliefs, without differences by country. On the other hand, there were significant differences in the Quasiempirist category, with more Colombian than Spanish teachers lying on; in the importance provided to the context in the teaching of Mathematics, and in the conception of the mathematical skill as inherent. The limitations of the study are exposed and several suggestions to deepen the study in the future are made. Download: JRSMTE V1 3 7 Fernandez Cezar Download: 166, size: 0, date: 06.Jan.2020
STEM Education and Science Identity Formation As the world struggles with the COVID pandemic, one question that keeps coming up in conversations among educators is how to teach students amid the uncertainty. Specifically, the difficulty is with teaching subjects that require hands-on learning in order to master the concepts and make them one’s own. Today, however, I would like to pose a different, more global question: How can we help students identify with science in a deeper, more meaningful way? How can we help students develop what is known as science identity? Download: Editorial 2021 Download: 19, size: 0, date: 10.Jan.2021
Coroners and their Courts In the nineteenth century the coroner’s inquest came much more often into the public eye, and was the site for a range of conflicts over its purpose and effectiveness. These led to regular proposals for radical changes, sometimes extending to its complete abolition.1 Radical reformers extolled the Scottish system, in which the leading role was taken by the procurator–fiscal, and this ‘secret system’, which appealed to some doctors, had no real place for the coroner.2Ideas were floated for a body of ‘public certifiers’ who would scrutinize doctors’ death certificates and pass only the suspicious cases on to the coroner,3 or for ‘medical examiners’ who would carry out the preliminary investigation, replacing the view of the body by the coroner and his jurymen.4Traditionalists like Joshua Toulmin-Smith and Edward Herford vigorously championed the antiquity and democratic nature of the inquest, but they seemed to be fighting a losing battle.5 The 1870s was a crucial decade, with a series of inquiries and bills against a backdrop of sensational inquests which threw the failings of the institution into high relief.6 Ominously, the Judicature Commissioners in 1873 were only prepared to recommend that ‘the system of coroners’ inquests may for the present be (p.935) allowed to remain’,7 and a Commons select committee in 1879 sent for only two witnesses, both to expound the workings of the Scottish system.8 And yet the coroner and the inquest survived substantially intact, albeit with important changes. Despite Herschell’s urgings, the 1887 consolidation Act was not a prelude to substantive reform and it perpetuated common law words and phrases which had proved notoriously difficult to interpret. The Home Office and the Local Government Board (succeeded by the Ministry of Health) showed little disposition to co-operate, and when the former set up a departmental committee in 1908 its recommendations were mired in politics and professional rivalries until the war provided a perfect excuse for continuing inaction.9 By then the Law Times felt that inquests had lost much of their importance, relapsing into a backwater of the legal system.10 Types and Distribution Apart from those exotic rarities the King’s coroner, the coroner of the royal household,11 and the Admiralty coroner,12 and those High Court judges who were coroners ex officio,13 coroners were of three sorts. The Municipal Corporations Act 1835 (section 62) obliged each borough with its own quarter sessions to appoint a coroner. Most counties had from two to a dozen coroners, each based in a district,14 but when county justices created similar petty sessional divisions they seldom matched them to the coroners’ divisions.15 A more serious source of confusion was the existence of ‘islands in the jurisdiction16 of county coroners under coroners (p.936) appointed by the Duchy of Lancaster, Oxford University, and other franchisees,17 the latter having sometimes to fight off attempts by their county rivals to encroach upon their territory.18 Even when there was no conflict, the untidiness of overlapping jurisdictions was confusing and inconvenient; Huntingdon was so fully covered by franchises that it had no county coroner at all, while neighbouring Norfolk was pockmarked with them, some covering a tiny area.19 The distribution of coroners bore no relation to population. Coroners numbered well over 300,20 yet eight coroners performed 27 per cent of all inquests in England in 1860, 21 per cent in 1912.21 A select committee of 1879 boldly proposed to substitute a much smaller number who would double as rural stipendiary magistrates,22 but the changes actually made were much less drastic. The county divisions were put on a statutory footing in 1844, with a procedure for changes in the districts,23 while under the Local Government Act 1888 boroughs with under 10,000 inhabitants lost their coroner.24 The franchises remained intact, though criticized by an inquiry of 1910 as ‘inconvenient and anomalous’25and only vanished under the long delayed overhaul of coroners’ law in 1926.26 The only formal qualification for the office of county coroner was that he must ‘hold land in fee sufficient in the county whereof he may answer to all manner of people’.27 This was incorporated in the consolidation Act of 1887 notwithstanding (p.937) its obscurity and complete practical inutility, the more glaring since a borough coroner had only to be ‘a fit person’ and there was no qualification at all for most franchise coroners.28 The lack of any need for a professional qualification occasioned criticism. Most eighteenth-century coroners were attorneys29 and Blackstone had bewailed the social decline of the office.30 However, improved possibilities of remuneration attracted professional men, while the rising social status of solicitors and doctors improved the reputation of the coronership. There was strenuous rivalry between these two professions, each claiming that its own qualifications were peculiarly apt for the post.31 Thomas Wakley32 initiated a vigorous campaign for medical coroners.33 Wakley was successful up to a point. When he died in 1862 there were 59 doctor-coroners and it had become accepted that the coroner should be either medically or legally qualified.34 Nevertheless, the lawyers (particularly the solicitors) more than held their own. From a peak of 14 per cent in counties and 20 per cent in boroughs in the 1880s the proportion of doctor-coroners gently declined.35 Though the 1879 Select Committee’s recommendation that only lawyers should be coroners was not implemented, the best the doctors could hope for was that any requisite professional qualification should preserve their position, as the Chalmers Committee accepted.36 (p.938) Appointment County coroners were elected by the freeholders.37 Contested elections, relatively unusual in the eighteenth century, were becoming more frequent,38 sometimes as a way to promote particular causes or, as in the northern Staffordshire election in 1826, ‘a contest between two political parties who wanted to try their strength’.39 By the 1840s contests occurred more often than not,40 and since the constituency was often very large, contests could be expensive and irregularities extensive.41 The Queen’s Bench occasionally set aside enough votes to make an election void,42 but in Re Diplock it adopted a very unambitious role in scrutinizing the sheriff’s actions.43 In law the poll was restricted to ten days,44 but subsequent reductions first to two and then to one day cut the expenses of polling, making it unlikely that the 6869 votes recorded over eight days in Gloucestershire in 1831 would be repeated;45 even so, Lancashire contests attracted more than 2000.46 Inevitably there was corruption, and the cost to candidates could be alarming, perhaps £10,000 to £12,000.47 The most famous contests, those involving Thomas Wakley and Edwin Lankester in Middlesex, were especially costly: Wakley was £7000 out of pocket after losing the 1830 east Middlesex election and Lankester’s success in 1862 cost £3000 and permanently crippled him financially.48 Experienced election agents were called into play and solicitors’ experience in electoral business gave them a big advantage over their medical rivals.49 Wakely liked to call the coroner ‘the people’s judge’ because of his broad electoral basis, but by 1869 many shared the Home Secretary’s view that besides being (p.939) ‘cumbrous and expensive’, election was ‘unsuited to the character of the office’.50 Disagreements over patronage and lack of urgency delayed the change so long that it eventually came as part of the reform of county government in 1888.51 With little debate and certainly without any popular protest the coroner was henceforth to be appointed by an elected county council.52 This change aligned the position with the boroughs, where the coroner was already chosen by the corporation.53 To judge from Birmingham and the Lancashire boroughs the process was largely political, though local law societies in Liverpool and Manchester were powerful enough to ensure that a solicitor would be chosen.54 Most coroners were appointed or elected for life, but some borough coroners were chosen for only a year and were vulnerable to changes in the political complexion of the borough; though after criticism of the ruthless purge by the Birmingham radicals in 1839, it became rare for coroners to be displaced.55 Some felt it an oddity that the Lord Chancellor, rather than the Lord Chief Justice, had acquired the power to remove a coroner who misconducted himself in office or had become incapable of performing its duties,56 and both Eldon and his successors were vague in explaining its origin.57 A statute of 1751 enabled the King’s Bench to remove one convicted of ‘extortion or wilful neglect of his duty or misdemeanour in his office’,58 and the Coroners Act 1860 placed the Lord Chancellor’s powers of removal over county coroners for ‘inability or misbehaviour’ on a statutory footing.59 These two provisions, with minor verbal changes, were infelicitously juxtaposed in the consolidating Act of 1887.60 (p.940) The Lord Chancellor’s role was a delicate one. He had to act judicially upon evidence and must not prejudge the issue, yet it was to his office (sometimes via the Home Office) that complaints came. He could take no disciplinary action unless someone was prepared to lodge a complaint, which rendered it ‘peculiarly difficult for him to deal with any complaint where it appears that the complaint, if investigated or substantiated, would or might lead to the removal of the coroner from office’.61Where no one was prepared to make the formal complaint which would warrant judicial proceedings, the most the Chancellor could do was to invite the coroner’s comments and, if appropriate, rebuke him.62 ‘Misbehaviour’ in this office was very difficult to define. It was straightforward enough to dismiss a coroner who was mentally or physically disabled, or who was bankrupt or fled abroad,63 butR v. Hull showed the difficulty arising from complaints that the coroner was not holding inquests when he should,64 or indeed was holding them unnecessarily.65 Where an undesirable practice had gained some currency a Home Office circular might be issued, but these had no authority. With little incentive to pleasing the authorities and very little to fear from displeasing them,66 coroners were essentially independent.67 On one view the middle of the nineteenth century witnessed a ‘vicious campaign of obstructing the medico-legal investigation of sudden deaths’ by justices at quarter sessions, ‘carried on in the face of incontrovertible evidence that they were facilitating and inviting the concealment of murder’.68 The justices received encouragement from superior court judgments which supported their narrow construction of the duty to hold an inquest and made it nearly impossible to challenge magistrates’ decisions on the propriety of coroners’ expenses.69 (p.941) The expense of inquests lay at the root of these disputes. Many quarter sessions gave a higher priority to limiting the rate burden than to uncovering secret homicides and avoidable deaths in public institutions, while most justices felt the way coroners were remunerated offered a direct incentive to hold unnecessary inquests. A statute of 1751 entitled the coroner to a fee of 20s per inquest ‘duly held’, plus a travelling allowance of 9s a mile, payments needing to be authorized by quarter sessions.70Towards 1800 the justices began increasingly to question the amounts claimed, encouraged by several unsuccessful challenges to disallowances.71 Behind these disputes was a rapid rise in inquests. Even in rural Wiltshire they doubled in the second half of the eighteenth century, while a single Oxfordshire coroner covered 325 miles for 160 inquests between 1829 and 1832.72 It is hardly surprising that increasing coroners’ expenses inclined justices towards a narrow view of coroners’ duties.73 Subsequent legislation increased the incentive to vigilant economy. When the poor law commissioners ceased to pay incidental inquest expenses from the parish poor rate hasty legislation charged the county rate with all the expenses, including an enhanced payment of 6s 8d to the coroner;74 Wakley also procured a specific witness allowance for medical evidence.75 Faced with a sudden rise in inquests (Middlesex up 43 per cent in a few years, Bristol from 91 in 1836 to 221 in 184076), probably linked to the introduction of registration of deaths in 1836, justices in Middlesex led the way in going beyond disallowing individual cases to passing resolutions detailing what expenses would be met.77 Challenges met with mixed success, and did little to restrain the quarter sessions.78 (p.942) Justices were often unjust in stigmatizing coroners as engaging in ‘a species of petty tyranny’79 and wrong to suspect them of self-interest in ordering unnecessary inquests. A parliamentary inquiry vindicated Wakley from the aspersions of the Middlesex bench80 and a hapless coroner might find himself in trouble if he went too far to please his paymasters.81 But not all coroners were disinterested. Ellenborough had insisted that they sometimes exceeded their powers and in Wiltshire there had been ‘[i]ncreasingly successful peculation [which] may well have been connived at by the justices of the peace’.82 Even so, the justices were felt by both Sir James Graham and the Lord Chief Justice to have become too restrictive83 and The Times attacked the Middlesex and Staffordshire resolutions for their tendency to protect the workhouse and the prison.84 With popular consciousness apprehensive of poisonings it was hardly reassuring that inquests had fallen steeply in Staffordshire, home to that celebrated poisoner William Palmer, and a sharp fall in inquests persuaded the Home Secretary to set up a royal commission.85 The Coroners’ Society had been agitating for salaries to replace fees86 and the same remedy commended itself to the Commission.87 The new Home Secretary, Sir George Cornewall Lewis, had an old-fashioned preference for fees as providing an incentive to zeal and vigour but was overborne by a select committee and in 1860 county coroners became salaried, though at their own wish borough and franchise coroners were excluded from the Act.88 (p.943) Since the salaries were based on the number of inquests held over the past five years and were eligible for review every five years, there was still reason for the justices to scrutinize inquests.89One Lancashire coroner clashed repeatedly with quarter sessions, especially when he held 14 inquests in four days on deaths from a single colliery explosion90 and Lancashire was one of several which took a narrow view of the 1860 Act.91 Elsewhere justices delayed paying expenses, but though Wakley and Lankester were accused of maximizing inquests in pursuit of higher salaries, the change seems gradually to have muted antagonisms.92 Naturally variations in salary were extreme. Wakley had £1800 and his successor Lankester eventually £1770.93 Big cities, such as Liverpool and Birmingham, also paid four-figure sums,94 and their coroners were whole timers, but in rural counties part-timers remained the rule; the four Oxfordshire coroners, for instance, made between £70 and £85 in 1870.95 Coroners had to pay for their own assistance. County coroners frequently used deputies (usually their clerk) but in the Lees inquest case Best J. declared that since Ferrand’s clerk, who had opened the inquest, had not been formally appointed deputy he could not conclude it.96 Power to appoint a deputy was conferred upon borough coroners in 1836 and extended to county coroners in 1843.97 In 1887 (counties) and 1892 (boroughs) a deputy was made compulsory,98 to act in the coroner’s indisposition or ‘absence for any lawful or reasonable cause’, a phrase which was often stretched to allow two inquests to be held simultaneously.99 (p.944) No allowance was given for clerical assistance100 and most solicitor-coroners used their own clerks. Doctors were therefore at a disadvantage, as Lankester found to his cost.101 Outdoor assistance, arranging the inquest for example, presented more difficulties. These tasks had usually fallen on the parish constable, who continued to perform the function in many places even after the establishment of a local police force because of its poor relations with the coroner.102 Where it was feasible most coroners did make use of the police,103 but some coroners preferred to use former policemen instead.104 The Scope of the Duty The extent of the coroner’s duty to hold an inquest became a matter of persistent controversy. Grounded in what was eventually exposed as a fictitious statute105 and deriving largely from the authoritative but historically unreliable Sir Matthew Hale, the duty had been narrowed to cases involving a reasonable suspicion that the deceased had met a violent or unnatural end: a sudden death from unexplained causes was insufficient.106 This narrow view appealed to the justices as guardians of the county rate but frustrated the more ambitious coroners;107 men like Wakley who saw the potential of his office for preventing abuses in institutions for the poor, insane, and criminous;108 ‘sanitarians’ like Baker and Lankester who envisaged it as part of the detective and preventive force against the spread of infectious and contagious (p.945) diseases;109 those alarmed at an apparent epidemic of poisoning and other surreptitious killings of unwanted infants;110 and those, like Dr William Farr, anxious to improve the quality of official statistics.111 With mass migration and industrialization having dislocated the traditional means of assisting accident victims,112 made more numerous through machinery, inquests were a forum in which liability could be brought home to employers and undertakers.113 In 1860 a select committee, concerned at the fall in inquests, recommended a wider definition in words much quoted by coroners: ‘it [is] desirable that an inquest should be held in every case of violent and unnatural death, and also that an inquest should be held in cases of sudden death where the cause of death is unknown, and also where, though the death is apparently natural, reasonable suspicion of criminality exists’.114 but it was 1887 before it was given statutory effect: inquests should now be held: 1. (1) where the deceased was reasonably suspected of having met a violent or unnatural end; 2. (2) where the death was sudden and the cause unknown; 3. (3) where it took place in a prison or ‘in such place or in such circumstances as to require an inquest in pursuance of any Act’.115 From around 1890 the proportion of inquests to total deaths rose from between 5 and 5½ per cent to between 6 and 7 per cent, suggesting that the Act had some effect.116 The London County Council still fretted over inconsistent approaches among its coroners and some insisted on an inquest whenever no death certificate was available, but the Chalmers Committee did not recommend any further change.117 (p.946) Notification The common law duty of individuals and communities to notify the coroner of sudden deaths had practically ceased to be enforceable, leaving the eighteenth-century coroner reliant on reports from parish officers, who still had a financial incentive, and the general public.118 By degrees the state interested itself in a range of fatal situations, and statutes imposed a reporting duty for, inter alia, deaths in asylums, factories, prisons and reformatories, retreats, and ‘baby farms’.119 Two innovations in the late 1830s created the potential for a comprehensive arrangement for notification. However, no attempt was made to integrate the registration of deaths (1836) with inquests. The Act imposed no duty on the doctor providing a death certificate to notify the coroner of potential inquests; that was left to local deputy registrars, and even if they were punctilious, there were gaps in the system which led to deaths going uncertificated.120 The select committee on death certification in 1893 was scathing about the deficiencies of this, as most aspects of certification and registration.121 Doctors were not always co-operative either. They often sought to shield their patients’ families from an inquest in cases of suicide or other embarrassing deaths and, as criticism of the coroner in Sir Charles Lyell’s case showed, respectable opinion mostly sided with the doctor.122 The Coroners’ Society unavailingly claimed there was an enforceable common law duty on a medical practitioner in attendance on the deceased to notify the coroner123 and relations between doctors and coroners worsened when some coroners, responding to public concern, began insisting on holding inquests on all deaths under anaesthetic.124 Then in 1908 the wayward Troutbeck broke an unwritten understanding by starting to hold inquests on deaths during or after surgical operations, provoking a furious response from the surgeons.125 The second event was the creation of local police forces. However, the police were not under the coroner’s authority and in some places his attempts to require reports on all sudden deaths to him were countermanded by the local authority, as (p.947) happened to Wakley and to Herford.126 Even when left to their own discretion the police often reported only violent deaths, and as they became increasingly a detective force rather than a purely preventive one, they naturally tended to conduct a preliminary investigation, however cursory, rather than leaving this to the coroner. Though there was no prospect of judges reviving the broad common law duty to notify the coroner of sudden deaths, they were obliged to create a new offence of obstructing a coroner in the course of his duties. This transpired because Stephen J.’s ruling that cremation was lawful127 opened the way for murderers, particularly by poison, to destroy the evidence of their crime.128 The advance of pathology made the post-mortem examination an increasingly valuable tool in determining cause of death, but it did not fit comfortably into the ideology and practice of inquests. A prior autopsy which produced findings that removed the suspicion of foul play or misadventure made an inquest otiose, yet the common law required that if the coroner ordered an autopsy he must then hold an inquest.129 This sometimes posed a dilemma, since families objected to the publicity and upset attendant upon an inquest, and would blame the coroner if it proved unnecessary.130 Though still opposed by some coroners who feared being pressurized not to hold an inquest,131 the view that the coroner should be able to hold a post-mortem without proceeding to inquest gained ground, but despite a recommendation in the Chalmers Report the obligatory yoking together of post-mortem and inquest persisted until 1926.132 Whether to order a post-mortem was a matter for the coroner,133 and some, particularly medical coroners, enthused about its virtues. Lankester said that a verdict of ‘found dead’ was never acceptable; where there was doubt a post-mortem should be held and ‘when he ordered a post-mortem examination to (p.948) be made it was to be a thorough and not a partial one; all the organs were to be tested, as poison had frequently been found where there was no suspicion of anything of the kind’.134 The sanitarians were naturally keen135 and post-mortems were probably most frequent where they could be carried out free of charge by local hospital doctors.136 This made possible the controversial practice of John Troutbeck, who resorted to a post-mortem in 99.2 per cent of his cases.137 Troutbeck stirred up professional hostility by making use of a single expert pathologist (and worse, a foreigner) to perform his autopsies.138 Specialization had became more common and pathology achieved recognition as a distinct discipline,139 but the 1836 Act did not require any special expertise in the doctor and many practitioners lacked experience.140 Many actively disliked this duty, so that, while the number of autopsies steadily increased,141 the results fell well short of Lankester’s ideal. Outside major towns coroners often had little choice but to use the deceased’s doctor, with obvious drawbacks, and though the specialists pointed to unsatisfactory results in sensational cases such as Harriet Staunton’s, their opponents argued against placing undue reliance on clinical teleology divorced from familiarity with the case history.142 Some coroners felt their control of the inquest threatened by the sort of evidence produced by a post-mortem, which posed the question whether the view of the body continued to serve any useful purpose. It continued to be mandatory143 but was unpopular with some jurymen144 and was often very perfunctory.145 Traditionalists defended its symbolic role in the ‘open’ inquest,146 but even within (p.949) the Coroners’ Society the balance of opinion came to consider it unnecessary for the jury and many felt it should be discretionary even for the coroner.147 In other ways too the increasing resort to post-mortems threatened to change the nature of the inquest. Since it was difficult to perform one in a private home or in the public house where the inquest was to be held, pressure grew to provide special facilities, which did not always please the deceased’s family and diminished the impact of the inquest as a public act.148 Furthermore, though doctors were encouraged to make their findings intelligible, even non-medical coroners struggled to summarize post-mortem findings to the jury,149 while its daunting technicality and imperviousness to lay questioning seemed to give it a peculiar authority. In poisoning cases the regular resort to a handful of experts gave them a particular, and rather dangerous, authority. Thomas Stevenson, called in 24 such cases, became the Home Office’s official analyst and the fame of Sir Bernard Spilsbury spread through reports of sensational murder trials. At least at trial barristers could probe their testimony, but it must have become ever harder to dispute their findings at an inquest.150 The Conduct of the Inquest The coroner’s court was a peculiar one, ‘a court of law, but it cannot be fitted into any classification of courts…a fact-finding body, incapable of trying any issue civil or criminal’.151 This distinctiveness extended to the venue, which was usually a public house.152 Traditionalists like Toulmin-Smith defended this custom,153 with petty sessions and the new county courts mostly held in town halls and courthouses it seemed anomalous and undesirable.154 Nevertheless change was very slow. The London County Council led the way, but Lancashire inquests of the 1890s were almost invariably in public houses, and even after the Licensing Act 1902 had restricted it to places where there was no alternative, it remained common in rural districts.155 (p.950) This undignified venue contributed to an ‘image problem’ which led coroners to debate whether they should wear robes.156 Nevertheless, the coroner was the judge of a court of record, immune from suit in respect of words or actions within his jurisdiction and in the exercise of it.157 His court was subject to the supervisory jurisdiction of the King’s Bench and anyone affected by the outcome might traverse the inquisition,158 usually by way of certiorari, to have it amended or quashed.159 The superior courts had the common law power to amend defects of form, but not substance,160 and might adopt a highly technical approach; the use of paper rather than parchment sufficed to quash the verdict in one case,161 as did the omission of the word ‘instantly’ in another.162It quashed one verdict on the grounds that the facts did not support the jury’s conclusion163 but not another where the evidence did not do so,164 and in that same case (one where the judges were highly critical of coroners’ inquests), it refused to confirm that a misdirection was sufficient ground either. However, in the Bravo case, Carter’s refusal to admit relevant evidence did provide a ground for quashing the verdict.165 How far coroners were influenced by the possibility of review remains unexplored.166 No rules provided a framework encouraging uniformity, no knowledgeable clerk gave law to an unqualified coroner and no regular bar constrained his autonomy.167 Despite formal disclaimers of responsibility, the Home Office would usually provide guidance on difficult points if requested, but these opinions had no authority and do not seem to have been made available in collected form.168The Coroners’ Society might have emulated the Association of County Court (p.951) Registrars in compiling guidance, but although it originally aspired to ‘promote regularity and uniformity’, it was never fully representative, tended towards conservatism and seems seldom to have been consulted by its members.169 The Lord Chancellor used his power to remove a coroner only in extreme cases, so a maverick like Troutbeck could safely take a completely different line from his London colleagues on controversial points.170 The Chalmers Committee recommended the establishment of a rule committee but when a rule-making power was given in 1926, results were initially disappointing.171 The most contentious exercise of the coroner’s discretion was whether to call medical evidence and, if so, what and whose,172
Skip to main content Psychological testing: Societies Psychological tests, which are designed to be "an objective and standardized measure of a sample of behavior". The term sample of behavior refers to an individual's performance on tasks that have usually been prescribed beforehand.
Ear Trauma Discussion The ear can be injured (traumatized) in a number of different ways. The more common types of injuries are a slap to the ear, a cotton swab injury, a severe blow to the head from falling off a bicycle or having a motor vehicle accident. These types of injuries can range from minor to severe, needing emergency surgery. Some of the complaints that people have after a blow to the ear include hearing loss, blocked ear, dizziness and pain. On examination of the ear one needs to check to see if there is any blood in the canal and if the drum is intact. If there is blood in the ear canal then the patient needs to be evaluated by a doctor. The more common types of injuries that cause this type of problem will be a perforation of the drum or a basilar skull fracture, which is a fracture of the base of skull. Along with the bleeding there may also be leakage of spinal fluid. This is a severe condition and needs emergency medical attention. Also one needs to check if the muscles of the face are moving with smiling and closing the eyes. If one side is not working this may need emergency surgery. If the patient is dizzy, look at the eyes, and if the eyes are moving very rapidly to the left or right (nystagmus), this also indicates severe injury. Treatment depends on the extent of injury. Simple perforation of the ear drum may not require any treatment at all. A basilar skull fracture will usually require several weeks of bed rest. If there are injuries to the nerves of the face or the hearing and balance center (inner ear), then emergency surgery may be needed. All trauma patients should be evaluated by a doctor.
What is a CMS If you have ever wanted to create a web page you will have come across the acronym CMS and you might be still not sure what it means. This acronym CMS stands for ‘Content Management System’. However, what does content management mean exactly? ➡️ A content management system is software that allows you to create a web page. You can manage both the web structure and its content: the different pages and the elements that you incorporate such as image, text or video. In short, a CMS has everything you need to make your website work. Now that you know what it means, why should you use a CMS? Advantages of using a CMS Probably, many of the web pages you visit today are created under a CMS, why should you use it to create your website? • It saves time When creating a page with CMS, this system has already incorporated some time-consuming actions that take time away from the programmer, such as the creation of new users. In addition, CMS usually have default templates that you can modify in a few minutes, achieving a personalized and attractive site for the visitor. • It makes the work easier for any user Thanks to the fact that the CMS works on a simple interface, any user without technical programming knowledge can carry out their task. This is useful when you are a blog or media outlet and the content is updated daily or even hourly. The person in charge of updating it only has to share the text and upload images, without touching code. • Economic savings Developing a web page with CMS, where elements such as templates or servers are included, is cheaper than doing it with HTML code and starting from scratch. This allows you to save in economic terms and dedicate that part of the budget to another side of your business or project. You may have already found an answer to your questions and started creating your website with CMS. Now, what types of CMS can you find? CMS types To classify the types of CMS we will show you three aspects: the price of the CMS, whether you need to host on your own, and its theme. ✅ Free or paid CMS Within the CMS there are some with a free license and others that you have to pay to use them. • Free license: Those that are published in free software with a community behind it, acting to improve performance and launching new features. • Paid licenses: they require a payment to be able to use them. Unlike the free ones, they do offer professional support to solve any problem that might come up. In addition to the price, the main difference between the two is how problems are solved if something happens to your website. In the free ones you will have to get by on your own in forums and on other internet pages, while in the paid ones there is a team behind ready to help you with whatever you need. ✅ Hosted o self-hosted In hosted CMS, a company is in charge of providing you with everything you need to make your page work: servers, software and hosting of your website. Its use is simple, you just have to enter the CMS, register and start working on it. On the other side, with a self-hosted CMS you have to take care of everything. From hiring the hosting and domain, editing the code, adding templates, etc Which one is better for you? Our recommendation is that you consider what you are going to use your page for. A self-hosted has great possibilities to expand your website, install plugins that improve your page, position it in search engines, etc. And that is why it requires professionals who master the code to maintain the page. While the hosted CMS is somewhat limited in functions and opportunities. If you are not sure, you can always start with the hosted CMS and if you notice that your project grows, go to self-hosted. Of course, it entails economic and time expenses to migrate all the content. ✅ CMS Themes The theme of the CMS influences the classification of CMS types: • CMS for ecommerce: they are those in which you can create an online store or ecommerce. • CMS for websites: those that have a general objective in which to create a blog or communication medium In any case, generalists tend to adapt easily to any type of content. That is, through plugins or tools they can be transformed into, for example, an ecommerce. Based on these types, which CMS is the most recommended? Recommendations for CMS According to the previous classification, we recommend these two types of CMS according to the objective and theme of your website. ✅ WordPress for general content WordPress is undoubtedly the most popular CMS. The main reason is that its interface is intuitive and allows easy handling of all the elements. It’s free if you use the open source WordPress.org which, with its limitations, allows you to create professional-looking web pages. It has an extensive library of templates to customize your website. If you prefer to have unlimited features, you also have WordPress.com, in which you can install plugins to improve your website in many aspects, such as loading speed, saving space or web positioning. Finally, it is a versatile CMS that allows the creation of company websites, online stores or blogs ✅ Shopify for ecommerce content Shopify is the ideal CMS platform to start your online store. It is one of the already hosted systems, so the platform will be in charge of providing you with what you need to start your online store. It is the perfect platform to get started with your ecommerce because you can create your own online store in a short time. As simple as choosing one of the templates that Shopify has and designing it to your liking, without needing programming knowledge. The only downside is that it does not have free options, but it does have paid plans adapted to different professionals: • Basic plan, $ 30 per month: up to two users on the account and the ability to add unlimited products and categories. • Shopify plan, $ 79 per month: includes the above, expanding to five users, creation of performance reports and the possibility of defining international domains to improve the SEO of your store. • Advanced Plan, $ 299 per month: up to 15 employees, ideal for large businesses with high volume of products, orders and work teams. Now you know what a CMS is, what it is for and what types there are. Are you going to use one for your website? We will read your comments! Submit a Comment Send this to a friend
Blog Section How to Talk to Your White Kids about Power and Privilege As a therapist who works primarily with sexual issues, I know that there are topics that don’t get discussed much in homes, likely due to the uncomfortable nature of those conversations. The irony is, these topics are uncomfortable because we don’t talk about them often enough. A topic I have noticed many families neglect is power and privilege. This certainly applies in the work I do surrounding sex. It applies in teaching our children how not to exploit younger or less able-bodied children. It applies to dating and peer relationships for teens. It applies to our role as a parent to our children. It applies to gender and it most certainly applies to race. Here are some things you can do to help your children grow up as kind, aware, and accepting humans. We need to do more than say, “All people are created equal.”, and then go about our day feeling like we did the right thing. It isn’t enough. 1. Acknowledge your own privilege. You can’t teach your children something you don’t understand. If you find yourself saying things like, “All lives matter,” take the opportunity to educate yourself on the subject. You can be sure that if there is a large group of people with a lot of energy surrounding a topic, there is something real there. If you don’t understand it and feel defensive about it, rather than criticizing it, learn about it. I recommend the book, White Fragility: Why it’s so hard for white people to talk about racism by Robin Diangelo. This is a good start. 2. Teach your children that the way they see the world isn’t necessarily the way the world IS. We so quickly take our very limited view as truth. This doesn’t help our children in life, or in the quest for kindness and equality. If your children see primarily white people everywhere they go, help them understand that this is privilege. There is a reason they don’t see black or brown people where they are, and it is power and privilege that those people don’t share. Teach your children alternative views of the world. Expose them to other people’s experiences and truths and treat those experiences as valid and real. 3. Show your children the things they have simply because of what color they are and where they live. One of the biggest challenges here is that privilege by its very nature is invisible to us. We don’t have to look at the things that work for us inherently, and so we are usually blind to them. The luxury of privilege is that we can ignore the things that oppressed people are painfully aware of. I hear so often, “I worked hard for everything I have.” I believe most people work hard for what they have, but there are some things we have just because of who we are, what we look like, and where we are, that we did not have to work for. It is true that some people in society have to work much harder for the same things other people had to work much less for. This is privilege and oppression at work. 4. Model for your children how to use their privilege to benefit those who don’t have it. A person with more privilege needs to use that privilege to make changes toward equality. This comes back to the hard work topic. The oppressed have to work so much harder to achieve equality. They can’t and shouldn’t be doing it alone. Those is a place of privilege need to use it to make these changes at a quicker rate. What do your children learn from watching you? Do they learn that different rules apply to higher and lower power parties (parents and children)? Do they learn that the one with the most power gets the say simply because they have the most power? Or do they know that everyone in the family, community, and world matters the exact same and so do their voices? Are you open to influence from your children even though they are smaller and less experienced than you? Reassess how you model power dynamics in your home. Children who grow up feeling overpowered relish in the day they get a turn in the seat of power and domination. I meet with hundreds of students and clients on a yearly basis from all different walks of life. What I have found in all these deeply intimate and connected conversations and interactions is that we on a basic human level are remarkably similar. We all want to be loved, accepted and treated fairly. We want the same for our children and loved ones. Let’s lay down the defenses and model kindness and humility for our children so they can do better than we have. Comments are closed.
How to install Nginx and PHP on Debian 10 Linux dominates the field of servers that make up the Internet. And only they, but even organizations at all levels, use Linux to enable servers to provide services within the network. Specifically, in Linux, there are many web servers, and if we talked about Apache before, now it is time to install Nginx and PHP on Debian 10. What is Nginx? Nginx is an open-source web server for Unix systems. It is Apache’s main competitor and has the main advantage of high performance in high traffic. It is both the success and flexibility that Nginx offers, and is also used as a reverse proxy, HTTP cache, and load balancer. Nginx was designed to be very efficient, so it often outperforms other web servers in performance tests. Many of them in situations where there is a high level of traffic or requests. With this in mind, you can understand why many giant companies use it for their websites or internal web applications. Nginx vs Apache webserver First of all, both are two web-server very good and efficient. However, in terms of ease of use and number of modules available Apache is superior. On the other hand, in performance Nginx has no comparison and this is the main reason why almost half of the sites on the Internet use it. Especially those that are expected to be in high demand So, although both do their job very well, if you plan to have a web application that will be used by many users, it is a good idea to use Nginx. Also, both can be configured to work with PHP, and that is precisely what we are going to do today. Install Nginx and PHP on Debian 10 Now it is time for work. Usually, there is only one web server in a system. This is not mandatory but it is common. In this guide, we will assume that the server is ready and has not suffered many changes. This means that there is no webserver running on it. Since Nginx is so popular, it is not surprising that it is included in the official Debian 10 repositories. Since it is such a critical application, it is convenient to sacrifice a little bit of novelty for stability. To check if Nginx is available, just run the following command: :~$ sudo apt list nginx You will get a screen output similar to this one: List the Nginx package That is, we will install version 1.14.2 which is a fairly stable and robust version. To install it, just run the following command: :~$ sudo apt install nginx Install Nginx on Debian 10 Enter your password and the installation will begin. In the end, the service will be active and enabled to start with the system. If you want to stop it just use the command systemctl. :~$ sudo systemctl stop nginx In case you start it: :~$ sudo systemctl start nginx So you can handle Nginx as a systemctl service. If you use a firewall such as ufw, then make sure to open ports 80 and 443. Or add the service to the firewall as follows: :~$ sudo ufw allow 'Nginx HTTP' To find out if everything went well, open your web browser and go to your server. http://IP-ADDRESS or http://domain-name You should see an image like this that indicates that Nginx is working properly. Now you have to install PHP. This is also in the Debian 10 repositories. To install PHP and some of its main modules just run the following command: :~$ sudo apt install php7.3-fpm php7.3-common php7.3-mysql php7.3-gmp php7.3-curl php7.3-intl php7.3-mbstring php7.3-xmlrpc php7.3-gd php7.3-xml php7.3-cli php7.3-zip php7.3-soap php7.3-imap Getting PHP from the terminal Adding PHP support to Nginx Although at this point both Nginx and PHP are properly installed, you need to configure Nginx to be able to interpret PHP files. First, in Debian, the root directory where files and websites will be processed is /var/www/html/. Therefore, you have to change the owner and permissions to this directory. :~$ sudo chmod 755 -R /var/www/html/ :~$ sudo chown www-data:www-data -R /var/www/html/ This will save you problems with running web sites and applications. Next, you need to make some changes to the default Nginx configuration file. This file configures the pages and websites that are in the default root directory. So if you add a virtual host you have to make a new configuration file. So, edit it. :~$ sudo nano /etc/nginx/sites-available/default Find the location section, the file is not very large so you will find it quickly. So, let it be like this: location ~ \.php$ { include snippets/fastcgi-php.conf; # With php-fpm (or other unix sockets): # With php-cgi (or other tcp sockets): # fastcgi_pass; Configuring Nginx to support PHP Save the changes and close the editor. Now, to test that PHP is interpreted by Nginx, you have to create a new file containing some PHP code. So, in the Nginx root directory, create a new one with the phpinfo method. :~$ sudo nano /var/www/html/test.php Test the PHP support Likewise, save the changes and close the file. For all changes in Nginx to take effect, the service must be restarted. :~$ sudo systemctl restart nginx And you can check the service status with the following command: :~$ sudo systemctl status nginx Nginx service status after the changes Now, open your web browser again and open the file: http://IP-ADDRESS/test.php or http://domain-name/test.php Nginx and PHP working on Debian 10 So, Nginx and PHP have correctly installed on Debian 10 Everything went well. With Nginx, we can conclude that it is a very efficient web server and above all willing to give the maximum possible performance in a lot of traffic. Also, to make it work with PHP, it requires a little more configuration than Apache, but it is not complicated either and it’s worth it. On the other hand, Nginx is a pretty popular program with a lot of documentation to read and study. Now it is your turn, do you like Nginx? or do you prefer Apache? Share This:
Your battery status is being used to track your behavior online A little-known web standard makes it easy for businesses to manipulate consumer purchasing behavior based on device battery life battery_status First introduced in August 2012, Battery Status API is an HTML5 specification that provides information about a devices’ battery charge level; it’s used in Firefox, Opera, and Chrome. Security researchers have warned that the information can be used to track mobile browsers online, adding to the long list of sophisticated fingerprinting techniques that can be exploited by companies. Battery API readouts provide the current charge level of the battery (formatted 0.00−1.0 for empty and full, respectively), the time to a full discharge of the battery (in seconds), and the time needed to fully recharge the battery if connected to a charger (in seconds). While designed to allow website owners to serve low-power versions of sites and web apps to mobile users with low remaining battery capacity, researchers at the University of Princeton have found that the seemingly innocuous web standard could also be used for spying. At any one time, the combination of battery level as a percentage and battery life in seconds offers 14 million possible digit-combinations. By identifying information from standard web identifiers such as cookies, a script operator could then reasonably draw a unique identifier for a device, even if operating within a private browser. Take, for example, a web script like HTML that continuously monitors the status of identifiers and the information obtained from Battery API. At some point, it is safe to assume that a user will clear all identifying cookies. When the user goes on a different site, the monitoring web script suddenly sees a new user with no cookie, so it establishes a new one. However, the pseudo-unique battery level analysis could provide clues indicating that this new user is, in fact, not a new user but the previously known one. The script operator could then reasonably conclude that this is a single user and resume tracking, a tactic known as respawning. During a 1 million site measurement and analysis, Princeton security researchers used OpenWPM, an automated version of a full-fledged consumer browser, to observe two tracking scripts that used the API to fingerprint a specific device. The test allowed them to continuously identify the device across multiple contexts as in the example above. So what does this mean for users? “Some companies may be analyzing the possibility of monetizing the access to battery levels. When battery is running low, people might be prone to some – otherwise different – decisions. In such circumstances, users will agree to pay more for a service,” Lukasz Olejnik, a privacy expert said in a blog post . For example, a potential customer with a low battery might be more inclined to accept a higher surge price for an Uber ride, exploiting the psychological tendency of this human behavior. Giving companies the tools to analyze how frequently a user’s device is under heavy use could also ultimately lead to noncompliant behavior analysis. Sources: The Guardian 1 , The Guardian 2 , Lukasz Learn more about Electronic Products Digital Leave a Reply
"We don't see the microbe themselves but we large scale structures that the microbes constructed before they died," Wacey said. Other life forms have been studied in the region before including microfossils of bacteria indicating the Pilbara region holds many clues to the early evolution of life. The discovery "helps with our understanding of when life first evolved and what sort of environment it evolved in and putting firm dates on when some pretty important things happened," Wacey explained. "Ultimately, we are looking for when that soup of chemicals became something that could be called life." The findings are published in the journal Astrobiology.
Zócalo or Plaza de la Constitucion is the central square of Mexico City. This square is the beating heart of Mexico's capital. The More The Zócalo is among the largest squares in the world - 57,600 metres² (240 m × 240 m). This beautiful square can hold more than 100,000 people. Since 1982, Zócalo has become the scene of a number of artistic and cultural events. This area of Zocalo, occupies this open space since the Aztec periode. This area was the center of the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan. The 4 sides of the huge square of the "Zócalo" are defined by the most important buildings in the history of Mexico: To the north-east - Templo Mayor - remains of the most sacred temple of the Aztec symbol of the power of the gods and the Aztec emperor on his people To the north - Catedral Metropolitana - a Christian response to the colonizers installed on the site of the ancient temple, a symbol of the Catholic Spanish rule To the east - the National Palace – and his huge Mexican flag, the seat of political power In the south - the Federal District buildings In the west - the Old Portal de Mercaderes At the north-west corner - the Nacional Monte de Piedad building. In the centre of the square, you will find an enormous Mexican flag ceremoniously raised at 8am by the soldiers of the Mexican army, then lowered at 6pm and carried inside the National Palace. Today the square is one large empty space, which is used for festivals, parades and demonstrations. Finally, the most impressive of Mexico City downtown, remains all the streets and markets that extend all around. The "Zocalo" was already the largest market place in Central America from the time of the Aztecs and the center has not lost its dynamism and attractiveness. You will often face difficulties in make your way into the permanent markets cluttering the streets. Do not forget to look up to admire the huge colonial palaces that follow one another in the nearby streets. Many museums and departments are located in these ancient palaces, and therefore you can easily return and visit them. The "Zocalo" is accessible by metro to the "Zócalo" station. You can also get off at "Alameda" or "Bellas Artes" and you will walk through the street "5 de Mayo". 1 review Other recommendations in Mexico City Weather forecast Mexico City, Mexico overcast clouds Wednesday, 20 January 12° \| 12° C Overcast clouds broken clouds Thursday, 21 January 13° \| 13° C Broken clouds clear sky Friday, 22 January 14° \| 14° C Clear sky overcast clouds Saturday, 23 January 15° \| 15° C Overcast clouds broken clouds Sunday, 24 January 14° \| 14° C Broken clouds
Why don’t rails get hot in Europe? Thursday, 28 June 2018 Your journey The truth is, they do! However, in countries which have been traditionally hotter than ours, rails are stressed to be able to withstand higher temperatures. Rails in the UK are stressed to 27 degrees, the UK mean summer rail temperature. The rail can withstand some degree of change in temperature either side of this. However, when the air temperature is 30 degrees, the temperature on the rail can actually be up to 20 degrees higher, exceeding the maximum temperature our rails are designed to cope with. The problem is that when steel rails get hot, they expand and this can cause a type of signalling problem called a track circuit failure and in extreme cases can cause a buckled rail. If a rail buckles then the train service will not be able to run at all until the buckled rail is replaced with a new one. When Network Rail assesses that the temperature of the rails is going to exceed what it is designed to cope with they put speed restrictions in place to help prevent buckled rails. A train going over a hot rail at a slower speed exerts less pressure on the rail and will help to prevent it buckling. Because overhead power lines also expand in the heat and sag, it also prevents the train’s pantograph from pulling the sagging wires down. So why don’t we replace all our rails with ones stressed for higher temperatures? The UK, and particularly East Anglia, is seeing hotter summers these days so this may seem like the obvious solution. The problem is that if UK rails were stressed to the same degree as those in very hot countries, there would be the risk of rails fracturing when the rails contract as the temperature drops in winter. Network Rail paints rails white at critical points so they absorb less heat, which reduces expansion. Typically, a rail painted white is 5°C to 10°C cooler than one left unpainted. You can see an example of this at Colchester North station this year where a set of points (a moveable section of track which allows trains to move from one line to another) has been painted white. Please check before you travel Greater Anglia would like to apologise for the inconvenience caused by heat-related speed restrictions. While they are in place, please check how trains are running before you travel at www.greateranglia.co.uk. There will be extra staff at stations giving out water to any customers caught up in any disruption and we will be doing everything we can to get passengers from a to b reliably and in comfort. Look out for our new water fountains which are being installed at some stations to help keep you hydrated while travelling. You can also claim a free refillable water bottle to help us reduce the use of single-use plastic bottles. Our fleet maintenance teams will be doing everything they can to ensure that the air con on our trains is in working order. However, if you do board a train that feels uncomfortably warm please report it on twitter to @greateranglia and let us know which service you are travelling on and the carriage number if you know it (it’s inside the carriage, above the doors). We can then arrange for repairs to be carried out, sometimes by using a mobile engineer who can board the train to try and fix the problem whilst it is in service, or by scheduling it to visit a depot overnight. Network Rail’s planned programme of engineering works, including the renewal of overhead lines and new rails will help to make the railway more able to cope with hotter temperatures in the future. An explanation of what happens when rails get hot can be viewed here: https://www.networkrail.co.uk/running-the-railway/looking-after-the-rail...
Are walruses right-handed? Walruses are ’right-flippered’, according to research published this week in BMC Ecology. The first study of walrus feeding behaviour in the wild showed that the animals preferentially use their right flipper to remove sediment from buried food. This is the first time that any aquatic animal has been shown to prefer using one flipper to the other when foraging. Direct observations of the underwater behaviour of free-living marine mammals are rare, especially if the animals are dangerous, like the walrus. This means that our understanding of these creatures is remarkably limited. The scuba-diving researchers from Denmark, Greenland and Sweden went to Northeast Greenland to film male Atlantic walruses while they ate. Walruses eat invertebrate animals that live on the seabed. They are particularly fond of clams. Walruses suck out the soft part of the clam, and discard the empty shells. As clams can be buried up to 40 cm deep, the walruses must remove sediment to find them. The videos showed that the walruses had four different types of foraging behaviour. They removed sediment by beating their right flipper, beating their left flipper, or using a water-jet from their mouth. They also rooted through the sediment using their muzzle – “like pigs in the ground”. The research team used the videos to assess how often the walruses used each foraging technique. They found that 66% of the time they used the right flipper, 4% of the time the left flipper, 29% of the time the muzzle and only 1% of the time the water-jet. When considering only flipper use, the walruses used their right flipper 89% of the time. Right-handed people tend to have longer bones in their right arm than their left, probably because they use it more often. To see if the same was true for walruses, the researchers compared the lengths of the right and left scapula, humerus and ulna from 23 walrus skeletons. They found that walruses did indeed have longer bones in their right flipper. Levermann et al. said: “The implications of these findings suggest that tool-use and object manipulation is not mandatory for the development of strong limb preferences or handedness”. BMC Ecology being an online journal is a most suitable media for making the kind of data files that have been analysed in the article available for the readers. Three movie clips of feeding walruses exemplifying the foraging techniques are attached as additional files in the article. Here we attach ’Walrus using the flippers and muzzle for exposing bivalves’. This press release is based on the following article: Nette Levermann, Anders Galatius, Goran Ehlme, Soren Rysgaard, Erik W Born BMC Ecology 2003 3:9 Published 23 October 2003 For further information about this research please contact Nette Levermann by email at or by phone on +45 35321341, or Fax on +45 35321250 Media Contact Gemma Bradley BioMed Central All news from this category: Life Sciences Back to the Homepage Comments (0) Write comment Latest posts Acute itching in eczema patients linked to environmental allergens Simulating evolution to understand a hidden switch How cells move and don’t get stuck Partners & Sponsors
Facts on Double-Sided Grinders A double-sided grinding machine is a spinning device made of two revolving faces that rotate in opposite directions. The rotating faces are known as an ant-clockwise face and an anticlockwise face respectively. Doublesided Grinder The first rotational faces are usually referred to as a fixed face. The other rotational faces are called variable faces, and they include a large auger attachment for grinding or chiselling attachments and a small handgrips extending overhand to grip the surface of the work piece. The variable face is used mainly for fine grinding. If a worker wants to perform a complex grinding operation, then it will be beneficial to have two rotating faces. The work pieces are connected to a shaft that is powered by a motor. The shaft must be of a heavy duty type so that it can carry heavy materials, which is one of the reasons why the rotating faces are used. When grinding an intricate design, a person should always hold the work piece at an angle, which helps in transferring the energy from the rotating blades into the work piece. A more efficient system can be achieved when the work piece is turned upside down and the rotating faces are used in their reverse position. It is important that one uses the appropriate grinding technique and grinding method for the type of material to be ground. A good quality grinder must be capable of handling all types of material. Grinders are available with a range of attachments such as brushes, sandpaper and even an orbital sander. Some people prefer to grind manually because it is known to be much cheaper than any other types of grinding and can also save them a lot of time as compared to machines. However, even though it can save one some time, it can still take a lot of effort and energy, which is why they are not so popular among some people. In any case, it is best to hire professionals, who know their stuff, to ensure that the job is done properly without any accidents. To make sure that one finds the right quality grinder, they should check whether the manufacturer is certified and authorized to sell such grinders. There are some brands that have been sold illegally and can cause some problems. The most important thing is to look for a grinder that has been designed well and is durable enough to last a long time. A well-made product should be able to resist wear and tear for a long time without experiencing any problem. A good company will also provide detailed instructions for its users so that they are able to use the products efficiently. Before buying a product, it is important to take the time to research about the company, as this will help in knowing the product better. The company should also give good customer service, which ensures that the grinder will be used effectively and efficiently. A quality company will also help to provide warranty support, so that you can return the products if they are faulty or do not meet your expectations.
Congress is trying to put the small city of St. Maries, Idaho - population 2,442 - out of business. Your community could be next. How? Unfunded mandates from Washington. Right now cities and towns all across America are being forced to raise your local taxes higher and higher to pay for billions of dollars in expenses mandated by Congress. Pretend you are the mayor of St. Maries, a beautiful town in the northern part of my home state of Idaho. You are notified that Congress has decided to require you to raise your drinking water standards slightly to meet new federal surface water treatment standards. You are very leery because these federal standards keep changing, and you've never had a water-quality problem before. In fact, you don't have one now; since the 1930s your water has come from the same crystal-clear mountain source. But under the current system of unfunded federal mandates, Congress gives the orders and local taxpayers foot the bill. No discussion, no partnership, no questions. So you investigate what this new congressional mandate will cost the 2,500 taxpayers of St. Maries, Idaho. The answer: $3 million to $5 million for a new water treatment plant. About $15,000 for each man, woman and child in St. Maries. To make matters worse, St. Maries is struggling to pay an $870,000 bill from the last mandate. Sadly, St. Maries' problems are not the exception. They are the rule. Although even experts have a tough time adding up the cost Congress has dumped on local communities, many estimate the cost to be at least $2.6 billion a year. The mandate squeeze hits all cities, big and small. Edward G. Rendell, the mayor of Philadelphia, says unfunded federal mandates are "an issue that's killing us."Chicago's mayor, Richard M. Daley, says federal mandates and regulations cost the Windy City $160 million a year. Mayor Donald Fraser of Minneapolis, president of the National League of Cities, citing increasing fiscal problems, said at a congressional hearing earlier this year, "I don't know whether we should have more cops or be treating storm water runoff." Unlike Washington, most cities operate with balanced budgets ... we just can't print money. So what is to be done? During 1990 and 1991 alone, the congressional mandate machine happily came up with more than 1,700 new mandates and regulations to pass on the local communities. Some are even good ideas, but none are funded. So once again, local governments are turned into federal tax collectors, cutting services and raising taxes to pay for Congress' excesses. I want to stop unfunded mandates with a simple piece of legislation I have introduced in the Senate. Senate Bill 993 - The Community Regulatory Relief Act of 1993 - requires that if Congress mandates, Congress pays. No more unfunded mandates on local communities. If the federal government feels a mandate is good and enhances the well-being of our citizens and is cost-effective, then the federal government, our government, should pay for it. It becomes a national need. To make individual cities like Boston, Bakersfield or Boise come up with funds on their own to comply with those federal mandates tries to pretend that those local citizens don't already pay federal taxes. Remember, there's only one set of taxpayers - not a taxpayer to finance federal needs, another for state needs and a third to fund local government. Since I introduced the Community Regulatory Relief Act of 1993 to end the costly burden of unfunded federal mandates, our nation's mayors, Democrats and Republicans, from cities large and small have supported the bill. The more than 200 members of the U.S. Conference of Mayors, at that group's annual meetings in June, approved a resolution that said, "The increase in unfunded federal mandates to cities is having a profound adverse financial impact on American cities."In addition, 31 U.S. senators, again from both parties, have recognized the need to spare our communities from further burdens by agreeing to co-sponsor this legislation as a solution to this problem. As a former governor, President Clinton has said he'll consider supporting the bill because "I don't want us up there on the Hill supporting bills to load up a bunch of new burdens on the mayors and the governors when they're broke." However, there are critics who raise the question of how we can even consider having the federal government pay for federal mandates in light of our federal budget problems and a $4 trillion national debt. Therefore, the logic then follows that the current practice of requiring the states and cities to pay the cost of the federal mandates is appropriate. But to subscribe to this logic absolutely ignores that states and cities are also financially strapped. Remember, cities can't just extend their debt limit, like Congress can and does. Cities have no choice but to fund the federal mandate, because Congress has dictated it, and compliance is demanded. It is time to put the responsibility squarely where it belong. Only by requiring Congress to pay for the mandates it imposes can this nation truly begin to establish its national priorities. Congress must stop passing the bill and then passing the buck. Otherwise, your community could be the next St. Maries, Idaho, socked with a multimillion-dollar bill from Congress to build a water plant that they have decided you must have, even if it means there may be no town left to ever need any water. Copyright © 2021, Sun Sentinel
Dear Dr. Donohue: I am a 72-year-old woman, and my doctor has suggested that I have a bone density test. What does that test involve? - D.S. Dear D.S.: A bone density test detects the sturdiness of your bones or the lack thereof - osteoporosis. It's information valuable to a 72-year-old to prevent bone fractures. If osteoporosis is discovered, then you would launch a pre-emptive strike by fortifying your bones with calcium and taking medicines that strengthen bones. An X-ray gives a rough estimate of bone strength. However, it's not a sensitive test. X-rays do not pick up osteoporosis early. They detect it only when 30 percent of bone mass has already been lost. A popular, more-sensitive test is dual X-ray absorptiometry, known as "DEXA."A DEXA test gives a clear picture of the calcium content of bones. No special preparations are needed to take a DEXA test. You lie on a table while an imager passes over your body, taking pictures of your bones. The test is not the least bit uncomfortable. It's over in 20 minutes or less. Dear Dr. Donohue: My wife answered an advertisement for research on memory loss. She was accepted after a brain scan, an EKG, a physical exam and blood tests. She wore a patch and was restricted from eating dairy products and other foods. After six months, she was taken off the patch. Our family physician referred her to a neurologist, who sent her for an MRI brain scan and came to the conclusion that she has Pick's disease. I would appreciate any information. - V.P. Dear V.P.: Pick's disease is an uncommon illness that can be mistaken for Alzheimer's disease, especially in its initial stages. Early signs include an indifference to personal appearance and inappropriate responses during day-to-day interactions with others. Later, irritability becomes a prominent feature. Finally, memory fails. A brain scan with magnetic resonance imaging is helpful in making the diagnosis of Pick's disease. The scan shows a loss of nerve cells in the frontal and temporal brain lobes. There is no effective treatment for the disease. Get a second opinion. Early on, a diagnosis of Pick's disease is iffy even when the brain scan shows changes typical of it. Copyright © 2021, Sun Sentinel
What is service number military What does service number mean in the military? From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. A service number is an identification code used to identify a person within a large group. Service numbers are most often associated with the military ; however, they may be used in civilian organizations as well. Social Security Numbers may be seen as types of service numbers . Is a DoD ID number the same as a service number? How do you find your military ID number? How long is an army service number? National Service Scheme Australian Regular Army male personnel had five- or six-digit service numbers . Who is number 1 army in the world? What is the meaning of military service? Military service is service by an individual or group in an army or other militia, whether as a chosen job (volunteer) or as a result of an involuntary draft (conscription). Nations which conscript for military service typically also rely on citizens choosing to join the armed forces as a career . You might be interested: How do i find out what military medals i have earned Do veterans have a DoD number? Veterans ID Card Information There are two types of Veterans ID Cards issued by the VA. The Veteran ID Card (VIC) and the ID Card used for healthcare services. Veterans ID Cards. The VA began issuing official DoD issued military veteran ID card to veterans with an Honorable Discharge starting November 2017. Is your social security number public record? 180 days Is your Social Security number on your military ID? Using the Correct Military Identification Card Number Social Security numbers (SSNs) are not printed on Department of Defense ( DoD ) identification ( ID ) cards. Can a veteran ID get you on base? How can you tell if someone was in the military? You might be interested: Why did the u.S. Military attempt to hunt down mexican revolutionary pancho villa? How do you find out if someone is lying about being in the Army?
Ethical Hacking and Legal Protection Ethical Hacking and Legal Protection Ethical Hacking and Legal Protection Ethical hackers bring value to organizations by finding security loopholes before someone with malicious intentions find the same. It seems simple that they will be viewed with respect. However, things are not as simple as they seem. Ethical hackers can be subject to legal actions even if they hack systems with good intentions. And there have been such examples. Ethical hacking is deemed acceptable if it is solicited by organizations. Even then, it does not make such hacking immune to legal action. Most precarious is the position of those hackers who break into systems unsolicited but with good intentions. Laws governing ethical hacking are inadequate and vague. The issue of legal protection to ethical hackers needs serious focus. The scope of work and other legal provisions need to be determined. What is ethical hacking? The so-called ethical hacking is the practice of breaking into systems with the intention of finding security issues without any malicious intent. Ethical hackers tend to let the owners or stakeholders in the system know their findings. Ethical hackers can do their jobs both solicited or unsolicited. Organizations formally solicit hackers to test their systems, an arrangement known as penetrative testing. Hackers test the systems and usually provide a report at the end of the job. Unsolicited hackers, on the other hand, test systems for various reasons. Solicited hacking is potentially less hazardous for hackers than unsolicited hacking mainly because unsolicited hackers lack formal approval. Ethical hacking is a beneficial and preventive practice and much-solicited. Organizations often hire hackers to do such jobs. However, ethical hacking can still cause many different problems. For example, such hackers can still allow malicious intent to take over at some stage and lack of legal agreements can lead to a messy situation. Also Read – Cyber Threats to Small Businesses Ethical hacking and law – a case study Ethical hacking, prima facie, might seem a practice with good intentions that invites only praise and gratitude. It has not always been the case. In 2013, an MP in the Netherlands faced legal actions for pointing out a security flaw in a medical center website. The MP had logged into the medical center website with publicly available credentials and chanced upon a serious security issue. When the MP made his findings public, he was slapped with legal charges by the medical center. The incident opened many different questions about ethical hacking. The MP was not a professional hacker – far from it, he was not even computer-savvy. He accessed the website with credentials available on the internet and had access to many confidential records. To let the medical center know of his findings, he had to go through a bureaucratic process. Assessing the urgency of the situation, he got the news out through the media. It might seem both funny and ungrateful that instead of acknowledging his inputs, the medical center slapped legal charges. Obviously, there are many issues about ethical hacking that needs resolution. Also read – Role of Big Data in User Authentication Is ethical hacking ethical? Prima facie, ethical hacking is an ethical action that benefits organizations. There are many hackers who, solicited or unsolicited, have been finding security flaws in systems before someone else with bad intentions finds them. Ethical hacking is practiced in most organizations in different degrees internally or by hiring specialized hackers. However, software security is a vast and complex area and internal testing may not always reveal all flaws, especially in the case of large and complex applications handling sensitive data such as financial or defence data. In such cases, you need specialized hackers to find security flaws. Having said that, it is the hacker who determines how ethical will hacking be. To understand this point, consider the following issues. • What if the ethical hacker performs unethical actions in the middle of the hacking job? For example, what if the MP in the Netherlands had sold the confidential data instead of pointing the security flaw out? • A solicited hacker may exceed brief and venture into software sections not allowed as per the agreement. The above scenarios are not impossible, and they provide us strong reasons for implementing a strong legal framework governing ethical hacking. Must read – Companies Are Taking Proactive Stances Against Cyber-crime Does ethical hacking need legal protection? There is no doubt that ethical hacking is beneficial for organizations. Instead of providing legal protection to ethical hackers, focused law defining the scope of work and roles and responsibilities of both parties needs to be passed. The law should address the following issues: • Ethical hacking definition. • Should ethical hacking be done only when solicited formally? Still, there will be many opportunities for unsolicited hacking. How will unsolicited hacking be viewed? • Only formal and detailed agreements between the hacker and the organization will be treated as solicited hacking. The agreement should derive content from the broader legal framework. • Time is a critical factor in addressing a security flaw. When a security flaw is identified, it may need immediate fix to prevent unauthorized breaches. Will every organization facilitate swift acceptance of the issue description and necessary action? Bureaucratic procedures can delay action and leave the opening for unauthorized hackers unaddressed. Will unsolicited hackers be punished if they bypass bureaucratic procedures and use other information channels like the MP did in the Netherlands? • The legal agreement between the hacker and organization should clearly state the job scope of the ethical hacker. • Compensation and rewards for both solicited and unsolicited hackers. • How do you address the issue if the unsolicited hacker misuses the security flaw? Also read – New Cyber-Security Threat is “Brainjacking” Ethical hacking is a huge promise, if properly used. Probably, one of the biggest challenges it faces is subjective interpretation. Therefore, it is necessary to have an objective, comprehensive and categorical legal framework in place. The framework should have a balance between unfettered powers to both hackers and organizations. Unfettered powers can be disastrous as it will either wreak havoc with the systems or with the confidence or intentions of the hackers. At the same time, the ethical hackers’ community may also ponder over implementing a self-imposed code of conduct in addition to the legal framework. Please follow and like us: Leave a Reply 5 + 2 = Enjoy this blog? Please spread the word :) Follow by Email
Photo History Compose a written paper that includes the following: A brief biography of the photographer, including birth and death dates, nationality, occupation, and places where the photographer's work was published A discussion on the work, photographic styles, and approaches of the photographer At least one visual example from photography, painting, or other media that was an influence on this photographer, as well as your interpretation of how the photographer was influenced by this artist or artwork A discussion identifying the social, political, economic, or cultural influences of the work, as related to the time period A description of how the photographer's work is different from that of his or her peers in style or approach and how he or she exemplifies fine art photography Locate three examples of images by your photographer. Embed copies of the images in your paper and cite the source. Critique all the three images using the “describe, interpret, and evaluate” method. Look in the later chapters of your textbook or conduct an Internet search. Find at least one contemporary artist who cites your historical photographer as an innovator or influence. Make connections between the contemporary photographer and the historical one by discussing the similarities and differences in the work. Embed at least one image by the contemporary photographer and cite the source.
Home > Genres > Jazz > Glenn Miller: A Jazzed, Short but Prolific Life Glenn Miller: A Jazzed, Short but Prolific Life Advertising Information for vagmusic This American legend of jazz and swing music is probably the best bandleader, musician and best-selling jazz performer from the late thirties and early forties. Glenn Miller’s career started after he dropped out school. He was born in Iowa on March 1, 1904. When he was still a young boy, his family moved to Nebraska where he initiated developing his abilities with the mandolin. Glenn Miller attended the University of Colorado; likewise he spent most of his time going to auditions and concentrating on his calling as a musician, leaving university courses in a level of less priority and consequently, dropping out of it. Then, he started to attend and study the Schillinger Technique, where he learned everything he needed to develop his original, so-called “Miller Sound”. By this moment, his dream and passion came true, since he went on tour, joining numerous groups, supplying those bands with arrangements and playing the trombone. He got married to Helen Burger in 1928. During the 30’s, Miller worked as a freelancer; he usually made arrangements for different bands and played the trombone. His most successful and original singles are, among others: “In the Mood”, “Tuxedo Junction”, "Chattanooga Choo Choo”, “Moonlight Serenade” and “Sun Valley Jump.” After a discouraging break up of his first band in 1936, he felt he needed to develop a unique, innovative sound, and he devoted himself to find it; he actually understood that he needed to harmonize three saxophones with a clarinet in a line of melody with a tenor saxophone. Likewise, in 1937, the Miller band started to play this new style; they became a big sensation and their songs sold lots of albums. While some people affirm that Glenn Miller died of lung cancer because he lost weight and was well known for being a heavy smoker; however, rumor has it that Miller disappeared on December 16, 1944 while he was part of the United States Army Air Forces where he was asked to fly to Europe to play for the soldiers in Paris. Back to Jazz
Question: What Does ASTM A36 Mean? Is ASTM a36 or 2062? The chemical composition of IS 2062 steel is equivalent to that of ASME SA 36 steel. And the mechanical properties of IS 2062 steel almost can match that of ASME SA 36 steel also. Therefore, ASME SA 36 equivalent to IS 2062 steel.. What is ASTM a36 steel used for? What is HR and CR steel? Hot rolled steel comes with a scaly surface, slightly rounded edges and corners and the surface is non-oily. Cold rolled steel has an oily or greasy finish, very smooth surface, and very sharp edges. Does 2062 equal a standard? ASTM A36, IS 2062 GRADE A, IS 2062 GRADE B, SS400, S235JR, S275JR This specification covers carbon structural steel shapes, plates, and bars of structural quality for use in riveted, bolted, or welded construction of bridges and buildings, and for general structural purposes. Is 2062 a mild steel? Mild Steel IS 2062 GR. A Coils is mainly used as an all-purpose engineering material….mild Steel IS 2062 GR. A Plates Equivalent Grades.STANDARDWERKSTOFF NR.UNSMS IS 2062 GR.A––Mar 14, 2020 How hard is a36 steel? Due to its low yield strength of 36,000 PSI, Brinell hardness of 112, and higher ductility, A36 will bend much easier than 1018 (Capital Steel & Wire Inc., 2015). What is the grade of ASTM a36? What is the carbon content of a36 steel? What is the difference between a36 and a572 steel? ASTM A572-50 is a high-strength, low-alloy (HSLA) columbium-vanadium steel. It has a higher yield and tensile strength, as compared to ASTM A36. The higher tensile strength of A572-50 allows reduction of section thickness and weight when manufacturing parts, therefore lowering the overall weight of the part. IS 2062 grade A & grade B difference? As ISO 9001:2008 accredited, we supply IS 2062 Grade A, B and C Sheets that having excellent quality to fully satisfy customers requirements….ElementCarbon Steel IS 2062Tensile StrengthMin, Mpa410Yield Stress (20-40 mm)240Yield Stress (>40 mm)230% Elongation at gauge length 5.65 √Ѕo23 min2 more rows What is minimum yield strength of steel? The minimum yield strength is the key property of steel used in pipeline design. See Figure 11.10. This figure shows the relationship between stress and strain. The minimum yield strength is defined as the tensile stress required to produce a total elongation of 0.5%. Is ASTM a36 stainless steel? ASTM A36 Carbon Steel. Both AISI 316 stainless steel and ASTM A36 carbon steel are iron alloys. They have 67% of their average alloy composition in common. … For each property being compared, the top bar is AISI 316 stainless steel and the bottom bar is ASTM A36 carbon steel. What is the difference between a36 and 1018 steel? 1018 steel is used over A36 for applications that require machining, as it responds to machining fairly well. … A36 is easy to weld with any standard welding methods, and with lower yield strengths than 1018, it is easier to bend. Is steel Grade ASTM a36 and s275jr are equal? Can I cook on a36 steel? A36 is perfectly safe for food use- it’s what just about every restaurant griddle is made out of here in the U.S. Edit: 304 steel is safe for food. But, still a waste of money. Low carbon steel like A36 is MUCH more conductive than stainless – about 3X as conductive.
Overview of Bots From a user perspective, a bot is like an automated system user. For example, bots are listed in the directory, engaged in conversations, and added to rooms. Bots can also initiate those actions and drive business processes by doing so. From a developer perspective, a bot is both a system user and an application running inside your own infrastructure. However, you get to control this user with the Symphony REST APIs. The APIs allow you to listen to events and respond to them using the logic of your application. Examples of bots: • command/response bot • BPM-driven bot (business process model) • notification bot (system triggered or scheduled) • admin task bots • workflow-driven NLP bots Command-based bots and hard-coded decision trees are easy to implement and a good first step toward automation. More advanced bots can be created utilizing natural language processing (NLP) to understand orders, questions, or queries asked in a natural way by humans. For more information see Workflow-driven NLP bots. Creating a Bot Application The following steps are required to create a bot application: 1. Generate and set up a certificate or an RSA public/private key pair in your Symphony instance's Admin and Compliance Portal for use in authenticating with the API. 2. Create a Bot User in your Symphony instance's Admin and Compliance Portal. 3. Use the Symphony Bot Generator to generate a basic bot client application as a starting point, or download a language-specific bot client as described in Node.js, Java, or .NET. 4. Compile, build, and run the bot client, and then start modifying it for your business logic. Best Practices When developing a bot, employ the following best practices: • Do not share certificates: Keep these private to help maintain secure authentication. • Test in a sandbox environment: Some firms have a third development environment. Check with your Symphony administrator. • Determine the required levels of access: Access control is important for any piece of software including chat bots. Make sure that the data that can be accessed or written from your bot is permissioned properly. • Avoid using the same service user account for multiple bots: The use of a single service user account per bot is recommended, especially when calling datafeed endpoints. • Design the user experience: • Because it autocompletes in the Symphony UI, use #hashtag in commands to query your bot. • Format messaging for readability and consistency. You can choose from the following: plain text, tables, cards, and structure objects (note that these do not render on Symphony Mobile). Updated about a year ago Overview of Bots Suggested Edits are limited on API Reference Pages
The International Montessori School sees itself as a place of tolerance and of cultural exchange. The balance in number between French and non-French children is kept in as much as possible, so as to preserve the linguistic and cultural richness of the school. Bilingualism as of the age of 2 enables the child to integrate the grammatical and phonetic structures of another language, naturally and at a time when its development best allows it.. This early skill will later favour more languages and the openness to other cultures. The bilingual child flourishes in both cultures, integrating codes, gestures and interactions that only exist among children. He is the keeper of two cultures. To evolve with other children from different cultures and with different languages helps to define one's own difference. Two Anglo-French children do not communicate in the same way as two British or two French children. By learning to use two different repertoires, widens their perception, expression and their thought. The unilingual child who enters this environment at two years old, is himself going through a language explosion: he absorbs without effort the new language that is offered to him. He is going through what is called his 'sensitive period' for language, which still incites him to integrate new sounds, which he/she enjoys repeating; this will not always be the case. The cultural and linguistic mix in which he evolves becomes familiar to him and day by day he picks up bilingual thought processes. The bilingual Montessori school is a privileged environment which prepares expatriate children to the use of current French. It also prepares them to integrate the requirements of the French National Education system while respecting their own language and culture. Children who are to continue their schooling in English, follow the Montessori English curriculum in the Big Class (3 to 6 years old) while still integrating French language from the environment. • Facebook Clean • Google+ Clean Copyright © 2018-21 Ecole Montessori Internationale. All Rights Reserved. Mentions légales This site was designed with the website builder. Create your website today. Start Now
Quick Answer: What Qualities Does A Zoologist Need? How long is a zoology degree? How many hours does a zoologist work? Full-time workers usually work 35 hours or more a week (in all their jobs combined). What jobs are there in zoology? Jobs directly related to your degree include:Academic researcher.Animal nutritionist.Ecologist.Environmental consultant.Field trials officer.Marine scientist.Nature conservation officer.Research scientist (life sciences)More items… Do zoologists travel? Zoologists study and report on the behavior, features and habitats of animals. … Thus, a zoology career will likely take you on trips – perhaps across countries, continents or oceans. Wherever you work as a zoologist or animal biologist, your efforts will likely raise awareness of animals and the challenges they face. Why would you want to be a zoologist? A career in zoology can enable you to explore some stunning locations, where you’ll be researching an animal in their habitat for weeks or even months. A common duty of a zoologist will be interacting and feeding animals, so If you have a passion for animals then a career in zoology would be perfect for you. Is zoology a hard major? Are zoology jobs hard to get? Pretty tough. It isn’t in demand. You are going to have to get some good research ideas if you want funding. Otherwise work at a university , then you can do research as well as lecturing. Is zoology a good career? The job outlook for zoologists is good, with a predicted 13% increase in jobs over the next 8 years, so now is the perfect time to go become a zoologist. A zoologist is not simply an animal behavior expert, but also studies animal diseases, life process, reproduction, feeding habits, and the number of certain animals. Is zoology competitive? Biology majors are a dime a dozen, but a program with a focus on zoology is likely to give you access to professors that work as zoologists to some degree. Working in a professor’s lab as soon as possible is important, because zoology is really competitive and experience is the most important thing you can have. Is it easy to become a zoologist? How hard is it. You will need an extensive amount of skill, knowledge and experience to be a Zoologist and Wildlife Biologist. Many require more than five years of experience. What do zoologist do on a daily basis? On a daily basis, Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists make recommendations on management systems and planning for wildlife populations and habitat, consulting with stakeholders and the public at large to explore options. Are zookeepers zoologists? A zoology degree, like a zoo science degree, can help prompt a career as a zookeeper. … But often, people with zoology degrees are found working in other, more analytical fields. For example, some careers might include an animal behavior specialist, a forensic biologist, or someone involved with wildlife rehabilitation. How much does it cost to study zoology? Tuition costs for Zoology majors are, on average, $8,630 for in-state public colleges, and $30,480 for out of state private colleges. The most common sector, by number of institutions, that offers Zoology programs are Public, 4-year or above institutions (43 total). Which country is best for zoology? Refine byGermany.Ireland.Malaysia.Netherlands.New Zealand.Sweden.UK.USA.More items… Is it too late to become a zoologist? What college has the best zoology program? Here are the best colleges with a Zoology MajorPrinceton University.Harvard University.Columbia University.Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Yale University.Stanford University.University of Chicago.University of Pennsylvania.More items… What are some advantages of being a zoologist? Pro: Working With Animals One of the chief advantages of becoming a zoologist is the ability to be paid to study animals. While not everyone may find this a benefit, for animal lovers, few jobs provide a better opportunity to spent time around and learn about the thing they love. Do you need a PHD to be a zoologist? The minimum education requirement in this field is a bachelors degree typically a Bachelor of Science, majoring in Zoology; completing a master’s degree qualifies for higher-level positions within a variety of work spaces as well as increased pay and responsibilities. What wildlife job pays the most? If you are an animal lover seeking career opportunities, here is a list of 15 of the highest-paying jobs in this field:Animal caretaker. National average salary: $23,940 per year. … Animal trainer. … Veterinary assistant. … Zookeeper. … Breeder. … Veterinary technician. … Animal control officer. … Veterinary nurse.More items…• What are the disadvantages of being a zoologist? Extreme temperatures can put zoologists at risk of dehydration or hypothermia. Other environmental hazards include food or clean water shortages, particularly if zoologists enter unfamiliar terrain. Zoologists who spend extended time away from their families can experience emotional and psychological distress. How do I get started in zoology? Which job is a zoologist most likely to do? Who is the best zoologist in the world? Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882) Darwin is, by far, the most famous of all the zoologists on this list. This English scientist is best known for his groundbreaking book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, published in the 19th century. What are zoologist responsibilities? Zoologists are life scientists who study animals, observing them in the laboratory and in their natural habitat. They study the origin and development of species as well as their habits, behaviors and interactions. … In general, all zoology specializations involve work with animals, either in the wild or in a lab. Do zoologists get paid well? The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that the average income of a Zoologist was $60,520 as of May 2016. The lowest-paid 10 percent of Zoologists earn less than $39,150 annually, while the highest-paid 10 percent earn more than $98,540 annually.
What to Do When Student and Teacher Needs Clash Using Maslow’s hierarchy of needs as a frame, teacher and instructional coach David Ginsburg went from furious to curious, regarding his students’ misbehavior. Maslow’s hierarchy builds from foundational “deficiency needs”—like food, shelter, safety, belonging, recognition, and approval—to “growth needs”—aesthetic and intellectual achievement—that allow a whole person to reach their full potential. Ginsburg recommends that teachers stop using their needs as a reference point for what students need or why students may act a certain way. Find out what’s happening in students lives and where they are in Maslow’s hierarchy, he says. This doesn’t mean teachers have to find a way to meet every student’s need, but that with real (as opposed to perceived) students’ needs in mind, teachers and students will be able to come up with routines and interventions that meet students where they are. In previous posts, Ginsburg provides needs-based strategies for addressing the main motives for student misbehavior: attention, power, and avoidance of failure. How do you better understand students’ needs, and how does this influence your teaching?
• 3 How Yoga Can Help Treat Medical Conditions Don’t look at yoga as a pseudo exercise that only women partake-in. Yoga’s ability to induce stretching, deep breathing and stretching into a person’s daily routine is more powerful than you can imagine. This is because yoga seems so basic, we think the solution must be complex, and so we resort to exploring supplements, fad diets, and other complex solutions. The science shows how yoga can improve quality of life in many different dimensions, including stress, anxiety, chronic pain, and many more. We’re about to uncover why you need to seriously consider adding yoga into your daily or weekly routine. Let’s dive right in. Why should you take yoga serious? Essentially, if you do not to do yoga, you are likewise refusing all the possible health and mental benefits accompanied by it. However, if you used to do yoga on a regular basis, and was forced to stop because of some reason, your body will respond to this depending on the type of yoga that you practice. For instance, if you practice a vigorous type of yoga, the tendency is, you muscles may grow larger and may turn into fat, once you completely give your routines up. How does yoga effect your brain? The benefits of yoga are not limited in the bodily aspects, but also in the mental aspect as well. Research from the International Psychogeriatrics shows that meditation and yoga can influence the structure of a person’s brain. The before and after effects of yoga in a person’s brain have shown that a person’s attention, self-related thoughts, and awareness has changed and increased. memory nootropics The prevalent reason behind this is because the hippocampus or the part of the brain that is in charge of memory and learning has increased the density of its gray matter. Also, people who regularly practice yoga are found to have a larger size of right insula, which is the part of the brain that is in charge of body awareness. How can yoga help with muscle recovery? Generally, most bodybuilders are found to have tight muscles and lack flexibility. While they may be able to flex their muscles, most of them lack flexibility. This often leads to serious hamstrings and back injuries that can occur at any moment. Body builders should practice yoga because it gives them the ability to target certain muscle groups that don’t usually respond well with regular training exercises. It also helps them to use their muscles more efficiently, even without shutting down as a result of stretched tendons. Looking for a way to incorporate yoga into your daily routine, from the comfort of your home, while getting a massage? For those who can afford one, a massage chair is a great health investment which will last you 5 to 15 years depending on which massage chair you choose. There are 100s of massage chairs on the market, so how do you know which massage chair is the best one for you? Check out what are the best massage chairs with programs and features including yoga, stretch, chiropractic, guided meditation with Alexa, and many more. How can yoga help treat diabetes? The promising benefits of yoga involves the treatment and prevention to the infamous disease, diabetes. Several studies have supported that yoga and other meditation helps in the reduction of hyperglycemia, which is caused by stress, and it was also proven to have numerous positive effects on a person’s blood sugar levels. hot yoga Proper stress management is considered as one of the key treatments of diabetes. This is because, when we are stressed, our blood sugar level is elevated, which leads to a lot of serious health complications like heart disease. Read more on why those with diabetes need to be be aware of how environmental toxins are impacting their quality of life. How has yoga helped treat carpal tunnel syndrome? yoga carpal tunnel syndrome According to Bill Reif, a physical therapist and author of the book “The Back Pain Secret”, those who suffer from carpal tunnel syndrome or any wrist complications should avoid motions that extends or challenges the wrist. Instead, it is advisable to practice stretching, proper shoulder alignment, strengthening of neural glides and upper extremities through yoga to relieve the symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome. Moreover, according to a study conducted by the Journal of the American Medical Association, the practice of yoga is helpful in the prevention of carpal tunnel syndrome. This is because it involves strengthening, relaxing and stretching the wrist. Frequently Asked Questions Here are key considerations when buying a massage chair online: Trust – Have others purchased this massage chair from the same online store? Convenience – Is there white glove delivery service available? Availability – Does the online store have the massage chair you want? A massage chair is an investment towards your health, and you will have it for 5 to 15 years. Make sure you can imagine yourself (and your loved ones!) using the massage chair often over the 5 to 15 years that the massage chair will last you 🙂 Generally speaking, all of these massage chairs have been designed to fit a wide range of varying height and weight, with a height range of at least 5’0″ ~ 6’4″, and a weight limit of ~250 lbs. But for specific dimensions, make sure to check up on each massage chair. White glove delivery service can be requested for all reviewed massage chairs. This means that the shipper will unpackage your massage chair in your requested area, assemble the massage chair and clean-up your space when the assembly is complete. Generally speaking, all of the reviewed massage chairs can be assembled with minimal difficulties. Look for 3D and 4D massage rollers. The 3D / 4D rollers gives you a deeper and more intense massage, providing a greater relief to your sore muscles. All of these chairs have a minimum warranty period. Make sure to check the warranty period for your chair, and if your chair breaks within that time, you can call the sales representatives, and ask for another one. The best solution is to wait a week or 2 and check the merchant’s page again. If it’s still out of stock, use my buying guide to pick the next best massage chair for you. Looking For More Massage Chairs? We’ve reviewed 100+ massage chairs across 10+ brands! See if your favorites made it to our list. ==> Click Here to check our Top 10 Massage Chair Review Contact us if you have any questions, we’ll get back to you as soon as we can. More To Explore Table of Contents
Gasoline Direct Injection engines go by many names including GDI, DI, FSI and more. Car manufacturers have introduced this engine technology in response to federal emissions and fuel mileage requirements. While these engines offer a lot of upsides as far as fuel economy, horsepower, lower displacement and fewer tailpipe emissions, they also have some downsides. Despite the negatives, GDI has been adopted by more and more OEMs over the years and represents roughly 45% of the market for cars. Carbon buildup is the biggest issue for these engines and can lead to many more problems for the owners of these vehicles. The carbon buildup occurs in the intake valves and, over time, reduces the airflow to the cylinders, which eventually leads to reduced power. Small particles of dirt from intake air and blowback carbon from the crankcase ventilation system can deposit onto the walls of the intake because fuel isn’t sprayed on the back of the valves like in a port-injected setup. The buildup can become significant enough that a piece of debris can break off and damage catalytic converters. It can also cause intermittent ignition problems. The OEMs have known about this issue for a while, and aftermarket companies have been working on solutions, but there’s no magic bullet yet. Fuel quality One of the issues is that the type of fuel available today is not all the same. Some lower-quality fuels don’t contain enough detergents to clean the valves and, therefore, are more susceptible to contamination. Top Tier fuels are recommended for use in direct-injected engines. These fuels are available from most major gas stations. But, using quality fuel alone will not keep the engine out of harm’s way. These engines require more frequent service intervals and the use of high-quality lubricants, as well as some other chemical treatments or even media blasting, to keep the fuel system in tip-top shape. Instead of the good, better, best motto that many shops are used to offering for products such as brakes and tires, direct injection service goes the opposite direction from good to bad to worse. A multifaceted approach is the best way to stay on top of the carbon buildup issue. First, the vehicle owner should always run Top Tier gasoline. This gasoline is blended with the necessary detergents that help clean the fuel system and keep the valves clean. These fuels are better refined with fewer contaminants that can vaporize into hardened deposits that can cause hot spots or bake onto the back of the intake valve like lava. Under certain conditions, small pieces of carbon can break off from the valves and drop into the combustion chamber and then stick to the cylinder walls. These bits can get doused with fuel and turn into hot coal that makes a hotspot and sets off a pre-ignition condition. This occurs because the intake valve is not getting hit with fuel and cleaned as it would in a port-injection engine. Usually, the valves are cooled by heat transfer from the valve seat, but when oil droplets come through the intake port and pass through the cylinder head, they’ll stick to the backside of the intake valve, getting thicker and thicker until there’s a CEL and a poor-running condition. Some products claim to clean the build up of gunk, but often the buildup is too much, and another solution is necessary, such as media blasting the intake ports. Customers need to be educated about the proper maintenance intervals and the risk of not changing oil and filters soon enough. With oil change intervals as high as 10,000 to 12,000 miles, there’s a significant risk that the detergents will break down before then. Customer Education Another part of the problem surrounding the GDI engine is that no one is educating the consumer about the issues they have or ways to avoid them with things like proper oil maintenance and change intervals. With all of the complexities of today’s engines and the increasingly tight tolerances in which they are built, one of the worst things to do is to ignore maintenance intervals. Customers need to be educated about the proper intervals and the risk of not changing oil and filters soon enough. With oil change intervals as high as 10,000 to 12,000 miles, there’s a significant risk that the detergents will break down before then. Some vehicle manufacturers have begun to integrate components and systems to capture oil vapors and particulates, but no method is effective all of the time. And, the trend has been that more vehicle owners are being shocked by considerable repair costs as a result of these issues. Consumer Reports recently wrote an article about a reader who took his 2006 VW GLI with the 2.0T FSI direct-injection engine to a dealer to diagnose an engine code. He was shocked to find heavy carbon deposits were in the intake that resulted in driveability issues. When the manufacturer wouldn’t cover the cost to repair the problem, the owner took it to a local shop that cleaned the valves with walnut shell blast media for about $500 or so. This scenario is happening more and more with direct-injection engines because most customers don’t know they have this type of engine, or that they need extra maintenance. If you haven’t seen many carbon buildup problems on direct-injection engines yet, chances are you will soon. These engines are quickly becoming the go-to-engine of choice automakers for their ability to increase fuel mileage and lower emissions. But, the carbon buildup issue is not as big of a deal to the OEMs as meeting the demands for efficiency and lowering emissions. However, some are starting to get the message from angry consumers. Toyota and others have added an injector to clean the back of the intake valves. While this solution negates some of the fuel economy gains, the resulting benefit is valves that won’t gunk up down the road and make unhappy customers.
Example sentences for: all-white How can you use “all-white” in a sentence? Here are some example sentences to help you improve your vocabulary: • For many travelers, this town is synonymous with the famed all-white world of Las Hadas (“the Fairies”) and its adjoining golf course. • In this scenario, Texaco ends up with an all-white work force, but no harm is done to anybody: Blacks who would have worked at Texaco end up in equally desirable jobs at Exxon; Texaco stockholders who would have profited from the wisdom of black executives end up profiting from the equal wisdom of white executives. • Her comedy about an argument over the merits of an all-white painting is "like a marriage of Molière and Woody Allen" (Jack Kroll, Newsweek ). Key points: the accessibility of the aesthetic debate; the hilarious banter; and the Seinfeld -like characters, especially that of an egomaniac (played by Alan Alda). Search for example sentences Loading Loading...
Type to search Featured Politics Democracy Will Only Survive If We Hold Its Tormentors Accountable • 134 “Many countries have struggled reconciling a dictator’s burial with their own history,” writes Micheal Bueza in famous Rappler, online news website based in Philippines. He has given details about the controversies surrounding burial of some dictators around the world. According to the author, the plan to transfer remains of former president and martial law administrator Ferdinand Marcos back to Philippines triggered a fierce debate. This followed a deal between the Marcos family and the government and placement of his remains in a mausoleum before the country’s supreme court decided about his burial at Libingan Biyani, a heroes’ cemetery. Critics vociferously pointed out human rights violations under his regime. Therefore, after a national debate it took the country’s Supreme Court to take a decision by 9-5 for his remains to return. Ferdinand Marcos - Philippines Dictator Ferdinand Marcos – Philippines Dictator In Spain, there have been calls to remove the remains of dictator Francis Franco, who rose to power after the bloody civil war, from a national memorial where his victims were also buried. Dictator’s supporters continue to oppose the same by arguing that it cannot be done without the permission of his family members. Similarly, Serbia’s Slobodan Milosevic, accused of war crimes and remembered as the Butcher of Balkans, died at a UN detention centre while facing Hague trials. He was denied a state funeral and buried at his home town by his family and supporters. Pinochet, Chilean dictator Pinochet, Chilean dictator Interestingly, Chile’s military ruler Augusto Pinochet was not given a state funeral on his death, which followed many charges of human rights violations. But he was given a military funeral being an army commander by the powerful military junta even as the country’s president happened to be Michelle Bachelet, daughter of a general, who resisted Pinochet’s 1973 mutiny and was thrown in jail, where he died. In nutshell, nations must debate and discuss the apparently symbolic but inherently critical message the young generation gets when these dictators are buried, with or without any honour. Pakistan’s history of such a debate has not been very encouraging which also explains the growing undemocratic and depoliticised attitudes of our younger generation. Back in 1977, dictator General Zia killed the political and democratic thought process by banning student unions and political groups, incarcerating politicians and rights’ activists, clamping down on the press and speech in Pakistan. He was buried with a state funeral and full military honours. No one bothers about his grave at the Faisal Mosque built by those who bulldoze such graves around their own grand mosque back home. The grave is still there and none of his mentors/financiers of this mosque come to offer a ‘Fateha’ here. Today, 31 years later, we have a nation and a generation of people who are confused about the very concept of democracy and the political process. The likes of even Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto didn’t bother to undo the situation. She couldn’t even erect a memorial at the venue of the “judicial murder” of her father – a portion of park in Rawalpindi where the old Central Jail was located. It was here that her father was hanged to death by the compromised courts under General Zia. Not too far from this place, we have a huge “Ayub Park” named after Field Martial Ayub Khan, who was incidentally buried quietly at his home town without a state funeral or military honours. Our nation and the national politics are once again at the crossroads. It is difficult to say if General Musharraf’s health is more critical or that of the country he mis-ruled for 8 years. Both are on the ventilator. Have the successors learned anything from this military dictator? We will find out soon. We have in the past buried a dictator Yahya Khan, declared as a usurper by the court, with full military honours. An honourable burial in 1980 under yet another military dictator General Zia Ul Haq. As mentioned earlier, General Zia himself received state funeral and burial in the lawns of Shah Faisal Mosque in Islamabad when he died in a 1988 military plane crash. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto’s body was never allowed to be seen by his family members, including his daughter Benazir Bhutto, who later became prime minister twice before being killed in a suicide attack under General Musharraf’s government’s watch. Having miserably failed to hold any dictator accountable, the nation as a whole, including the government, political parties, institutions and media are once again at the cross roads of history. As reports suggest, our last declared military ruler General (r) Pervez Musharraf is not in a good shape and is likely to be flown back to Pakistan. The question of the moment is; are we going to give full military honours to the former dictator? In other words, are we going to bid farewell to the declared dictator only, or to the dictatorship? The legacy of past dictators is only remembered for the curse of weapons, drugs, terrorism and extremism they inflicted on our society. With the towering Ayub Khan, Bengalis felt belittled and alienated before being separated. General Zia ul-Haq destroyed the very edifice of politics and political process in the country with the weapon of extremism and fanaticism. General Musharraf billed the US government to undo all that and yet internalised terrorism to thwart and hijack politicians and political process in Pakistan. The question of today is: Will the dictator, tried for treason, declared a proclaimed offender and a fugitive of law get the protocol of a former president? Is he too going to be wrapped up in the national flag and given a warm send-off with a gun salute like his predecessors? In the history of the British parliament, the dictator Oliver Cromwell’s body was exhumed, chained, hung as a punishment for his crime against the parliament. This is a history that laid the foundation for Britian’s strong parliamentary democracy. British or American, the democracy in Pakistan too will only survive when our young generation knows the value of holding dictators accountable. The views expressed here are solely those of the author. Leave a Comment Naya Daur
Aboriginal spirituality connected with birthplace Rock Art at sacred sites: Sharing is also highly valued and promoted. The Rainbow Serpent is a consistent theme in Aboriginal painting and has been found in rock art up to years old. However, the Rainbow Serpent can also be a destructive force if it is not properly respected. Innu shamans divined game trails by burning a caribou shoulder blade, then reading the cracks and fissures created by the fire. Dreaming stories vary throughout Australia and there are different versions on the same theme. Indigenous people who read the book agree with what he says about Aboriginal spirituality, ceremonies and rituals. No-one will ever change us. Aboriginal spirituality Many Plains Indigenous peoples participate in the Sun Dancewhile Coast Salish peoples typically engage in sacred winter ceremonies. Medicine bundles — objects of ritual that are specific to the person carrying them — are common among the spiritual traditions of various Indigenous peoples, including the SiksikaCree and Ojibwe. Now check your email to confirm your subscription. More specific information may be found through further reading, or the guidance of community elders. This way includes all beings as part of a vast family and calls us to be responsible for this family and care for the land with unconditional love and responsibility. Social and caring responsibilities, such as the rearing of children, is traditionally distributed among the large kinship network. Get key foundational knowledge about Aboriginal culture in a fun and engaging way. When it was time, she pushed up, calling to the animals to come from their sleep. Some Indigenous Australians share the religious beliefs and values of religions introduced into Australia from other cultures around the world, particularly Europe. One Tagai story depicts the Tagai as a man standing in a canoe. The MacDonnell Ranges were created by great mounds of carcasses of caterpillars of the Hawk Moth - the Ayepe-arenye tar-vine caterpillarUtnerrengatye emu bush caterpillar and Ntyarlke elephant caterpillar - when they lost a great battle with their enemies, the stink bugs. These stories focus on the stars and identify Torres Strait Islanders as sea people who share a common way of life. There are also stories of language or the first use of fire. Among the Abenakifor instance, Bear is considered one of six directional guardians westrepresenting courage, physical strength and bravery. Members of such societies were not necessarily shamans but did practice religious ceremonies and rituals. Creation stories also tell about the origin of the moon, the sun, the stars and human beings. land, are connected with spirituality and are important determinants of health. The dry lake symbolises a loss Spirituality and Aboriginal People's Social and Emotional Wellbeing: A Review 2 Spirituality and Aboriginal People's Social and Emotional Wellbeing: A Review • • • • •. Aboriginal Spirituality: Aboriginal Philosophy The Basis of Aboriginal Social and Emotional Wellbeing vi I am grateful for the support of such an experienced and capable group. Mr Jim Everett in particular has had a great intellectual engagement with. Transcript of iNDIGENOUS AUSTRALIAN SPIRITUALITY. How can we define spirituality? and every thread is connected to, and has a relationship with, all of the others. The individual threads are every shape of life. Aboriginal spirituality and beliefs denotes a sorcerer in Aboriginal spirituality. Indigenous symbols are an essential part of a long tradition. Connections to Value and Belief They use symbols. Studies of Religion II SOR2X HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION 9 Which of the following is central to the spirituality of Aboriginal peoples today? Australian Museum (A) The importance of the land (B) Living on Christian missions spirituality is connected to his/her birthplace. Dreamtime and the Beginning Aborigines were the original inhabitants of Australia and were hunters and gathers. Their understanding of the land was the basis for their spiritual belief. The aboriginal “Dreamtime” stories explain how the land and creatures were created. Great spirits rose from the earth and took the form of, for instance, the. Many myths described throughout Aboriginal spirituality are generally connected with the land, and its ancestral background/heritage. However, in spite of these described connections, they are not connected or have elements of religious truth. Aboriginal spirituality connected with birthplace Rated 5/5 based on 32 review Aboriginal spirituality & religion - Creative Spirits
Author: press release, Kobe University Joint research between Kobe University and National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center has revealed that mice with mutations in the YAP signal pathway develop head-and-neck cancer over an extremely short period of time (world’s fastest cancer onset mouse model), indicating that this pathway plays a crucial role in the onset of these cancers. This discovery may shed light on the development of new drugs for head-and-neck cancer. This research resulted from a collaboration between a research group led by Professor SUZUKI Akira and Associate Professor MAEHAMA Tomohiko at Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, and Dr. MASUDA Muneyuki’s team at Kyushu Cancer Center. These results were published in the American scientific journal ‘Science Advances‘ on March 18. Main Points: >Deletion of MOB1 (1, which represses YAP) in mouse tongues causes strong activation of YAP (2), leading to the early onset of cancer (in about 1 week). >In humans, the expression of YAP increases during the development of dysplasia (pre-cancerous lesions), prior to the onset of head-and-neck cancer. YAP continues to increase with the development and progression of cancer. This high YAP activation is linked to poor patient prognosis. >The onset and progression of head-and-neck cancer in the mice in this study, and the proliferation of stem cells in this cancer in humans, are dependent on YAP. >These results suggest that cancer develops when the YAP activation exceeds a threshold. YAP may play a fundamental role in head-and-neck cancer onset and progression. These conclusions represent a paradigm shift in the understanding of these cancers. >The mouse model developed in this study can be used in research to develop new drugs for head-and-neck cancer and, in addition, provides a beneficial resource for cancer research in general. >By inhibiting YAP, the development and progression of head-and-neck cancer can be suppressed. Thus, the YAP pathway provides a good target for head-and-neck cancer treatments. Research Background Head-and-neck cancer in humans Head-and-neck cancer is the sixth most common type of cancer in the world, affecting 600,000 people annually. In Japan there are around 22,500 new cases every year. This ‘head and neck’ includes the oral cavity and areas of the throat (pharynx and larynx). Among these, mouth cancers (especially tongue cancer) are the most prevalent. It is understood that exposure to carcinogens, such as those found in cigarettes and alcohol, as well as mechanical irritation of the mucous membranes in the mouth, tooth decay and improperly fitted dentures, are risk factors for the development of head-and-neck cancer. In addition, 15% of head-and-neck cancer is caused by Human Papillomavirus (HPV), which in particular causes oropharynx cancer. The prognosis for patients who are HPV-positive is relatively good. Conversely, prognosis is poor for HPV negative patients and in most cases, mutations are found in the tumor suppressor gene TP53 (p53). However, mutations in this gene alone are not sufficient to cause head-and-neck cancer. It has been thought that changes in other molecules are also necessary for cancer development, however these causes remain elusive. From comprehensive cancer genome analyses, it is known that PTEN/P13K (46%), FAT1 (32%), EGFR (15%) gene mutations are also found in HPV-negative head-and-neck cancer. However, the genetic pathway of these molecules in relation to head-and-neck cancer development has not been sufficiently understood. Mouse models of cancer Up until now, research using mouse models of head-and-neck cancer has discovered that if both the p53 and Akt genes are mutated, 50% of mice will develop this type of cancer about 9 months after the mutation (the average mouse lifespan is 2 years). The onset of cancer begins after many genetic mutations have accumulated (multistep carcinogenesis). Mice with a mutation in one important molecule usually develop cancer within 4 to 24 months (with the majority showing signs between 6 to 12 months). The YAP pathway The function of the transcriptional co-activator YAP is to turn ‘on’ the transcription of gene clusters related to cell growth. The LATS/MOB1 complex phosphorylates YAP, thereby excluding YAP from the nucleus, leading to the subsequent degradation of YAP proteins. In other words, MOB1 and LATS act as a ‘brake’ (tumor suppressor) to inhibit cell proliferation facilitated by YAP. It has been reported that in 8% of human head-and-neck cancer cases, the YAP gene is amplified and there is a connection between YAP activation, cancer progression and poor prognosis. This research group produced mice with MOB1 deletion in their tongues (so that YAP would be intrinsically activated) in order to perform a detailed analysis in vivo of the role that the YAP pathway plays in head-and-neck cancer. Research Methodology Mice with MOB1 deletion exhibit rapid onset tongue cancer This research group developed mice with MOB1 deletion in their tongues by applying the drug tamoxifen to their tongues and then modifying them genetically using the Cre-loxP system (4). Three days after applying tamoxifen, the amount of MOB1 had barely decreased, however by day 7, the vast majority of these proteins had disappeared. At this point, a third of the mice demonstrated rapid onset head-and-neck cancer (intraepithelial tongue cancer), with all mice developing the disease by day 14. The cancer had progressed in all mice by day 28 (invasive tongue cancer). The team succeeded in developing the world’s fastest mouse model of cancer onset. Both domestic and international patents for this model have been applied for. This mouse model showed that head-and-neck cancer develops quickly (within a week) when the YAP pathway is strongly activated, suggesting that this pathway plays an extremely important role in head-and-neck cancer onset. YAP activation and tumorigenic properties of the tongue epithelium in MOB1 deletion mice. The epithelial cells (on the surface of the tongues) of MOB1 deletion mice exhibited the following properties characteristic of tumor development: increased cell proliferation and cell saturation density, impaired cell polarity, low levels of apoptosis (cell death), increase in undifferentiated cells, and chromosomal instability (characterized by increases in aneuploid cells (5)), multipolar spindles (6) and micronucleated cells). On a biochemical level, activation of YAP and a decrease in LATS proteins was evident due to MOB1 deletion. The epithelial cells acquired the characteristics of tumor cells due to the YAP activation caused by the deletion of MOB1. YAP activation in the stages of tongue cancer in humans The development of human tongue cancer can be divided to the following stages; the normal stage, the dysplasia stage, the intraepithelial cancer stage (8) and the invasive cancer stage (9). If we look at YAP activation across all these stages, we can see that YAP is enhanced in the dysplasia stage which proceeds the onset of cancer. YAP activation shows continued increase during the subsequent stages of cancer progression. In cases where YAP is highly activated, overall survival is decreased and the likelihood of cancer relapse is high. In other words, YAP increases before the onset of cancer and continues to increase as the cancer develops and progresses. Accumulation of YAP is linked to poor patient prognosis. Cancer formation is dependent on YAP when MOB1 is deleted Invasive cancer occurred in MOB1 deletion mice. However, when both YAP and MOB1 are deleted from mice, cancer onset is halted at the dysplasia stage, showing that the onset of head-and-neck cancer is dependent on YAP (Figure 2). Among current YAP pathway inhibitors, the SRC inhibitor Dasatinib (10) was shown to be the most effective (SRC has been previously shown to activate YAP both directly and indirectly). Dasatinib was shown to prevent the onset of intraepithelial head-and-neck cancer in the MOB1 deletion mice. It also suppressed the development of invasive cancer in MOB1 deletion mice that had reached the intraepithelial head-and-neck cancer stage. In human head-and-neck cancer stem cells, it is possible to suppress cell proliferation either by inhibiting YAP gene expression or by adding YAP inhibitors. Cisplatin, which is commonly used to treat head-and-neck cancer, is augmented when YAP is suppressed. In mice, head-and-neck cancer onset and progression was suppressed when YAP was inhibited. In the same way, it was shown that in human tongue cancer stem cells, cell proliferation was also suppressed when YAP was inhibited. Known genetic mutations in human head-and-neck cancer and YAP activation Genetic mutations in p53, PTEN/PI3K, FAT1, and EGFR have been identified in HPV-negative head-and-neck cancer. This research group showed that EGF signal activation and mutations in p53, PTEN and FAT1 each play a role in YAP activation. Furthermore, YAP activation gradually increases as these genetic mutations accumulate. Normally, cancer takes time to develop as it is a multistep process. However, in this study, intraepithelial head-and-neck cancer rapidly developed just from highly strengthening YAP activation. In conclusion, this study raises the possibility that the following process for head-and-neck cancer development takes place: A. Cancer develops when the YAP activation exceeds a threshold due to the accumulation of genetic mutations in p53, PTEN/PI3K, FAT1 and EGFR (Figure 3). B. Subsequently, YAP continues to accumulate after cancer has developed, resulting in cancer progression. Conclusion and Further Developments YAP is frequently activated in cancer cells although genetic mutations in the YAP pathway are not frequently found. It is thought that this is why the importance of the YAP pathway in the onset of head-and-neck cancer was unclear until now. 1. YAP activation levels are high before the onset of head-and-neck cancer in humans. 2. YAP is further activated as the cancer progresses. 3. The high frequency of mutations in p53, PTEN/PI3K, FAT1 and EGFR all activate YAP. 4. The accumulation of these molecular mutations gradually leads to high YAP activation: 4a. The accumulation of genetic mutations in p53, PTEN/PI3K, FAT1 and EGFR cause YAP to reach its threshold, culminating the onset of cancer. 4b. YAP continues to accumulate after the cancer onset, resulting in further cancer progression. It is necessary to consider YAP as a basis for head-and-neck cancer onset and progression. This represents a paradigm shift in our understanding of these cancers. In addition, it has also been shown that risk factors for head-and-neck cancer, such as cigarette smoking, mechanical irritation of mucous membranes and HPV infection, also play a part in YAP activation. The mouse model in this study: 1. Is the fastest mouse model in the world for showing the natural onset of cancer. 2. Can be used to visualize cancer onset and progression. 3. Allows cancers to be developed naturally at the same time. 4. Allows cancer onset and progression to be analyzed in mice immediately after birth, allowing drug tests to be conducted in a shorter period of time and in small quantities. The results suggest that this mouse model would be ideal, not only for research into developing new treatments for head-and-neck cancer, but also for cancer research in general. It is expected that the YAP pathway will provide a good target for drugs used in the treatment of head-and-neck cancer because inhibiting YAP not only suppresses the cancer onset but can also prevent its progression. Researchers from all over the world, including this research group, are currently trying to find new drugs that target the YAP pathway. We have shown one factor that is effective against head-and-neck cancer. It is also expected that the mouse model will become an indispensable tool for evaluating their results and for head-and-neck cancer research. 1. MOB1 (Mps One Binder 1): MOB1 is necessary for activating the LATS kinase and acts as a brake (tumor suppressor) on downstream, negatively-controlled YAP. Deletion of MOB1 exacerbates cell proliferation and leads to cancer. 2. YAP (Yes-associated Protein): YAP is a transcriptional coactivator. It forms a complex with multiple transcription factors inside the nucleus to control the expression of various genes. YAP is phosphorylated by the LATS kinase, causing YAP to be excluded from the nucleus and inactivated. 3. Human Papillomavirus (HPV): A type of papillomavirus, there are over a hundred genotypes or varieties of HPV. The virus is linked to genital warts, head-and-neck cancer and cervical cancer. 4. Cre-loxP system: A genetic modification system using Cre recombinase, which catalyze DNA recombination between two loxP sites (a 34-base pair nucleotide sequence). If Cre is expressed in a cell where chromosomal DNA has been artificially inserted into two loxP sites, the intervening DNA segment is deleted. 5. Aneuploid Cells: contain an abnormal number of individual chromosomes. This does not include a difference of one or more complete sets of chromosomes. 6. Multipolar Spindle: Spindles are formed during cell division to separate chromosomes between daughter cells. In normal cells, a pair of centrosomes forms prior to cell division to organize proteins called microtubules into a spindle between the two centrosomes. However, in cancer cells there are more than two centrosomes, and so-called multipolar spindles form. This can cause chromosomal instability and lead to the formation of aneuploid cells because the chromosomes were not correctly allocated at the time of cell division. 7. Dysplasia: The presence of cells of an abnormal type within a tissue. In medical diagnosis, the presence of abnormal-looking cells (dysplasia) observed under a microscope can signify an increased chance of a patient developing cancer (pre-cancerous symptoms). 8. Intraepithelial cancer: This is where cancer cells are found within the intraepithelial layer of cells which form on an organ’s surface. At this point, cancer cells have not been able to penetrate the basement membrane and have not spread deeply. Related terms include Carcinoma in Situ (CIS), intraepithelial tumor and intraepithelial neoplasia. 9. Invasive cancer: is where cancer cells penetrate the basement membrane, a thin membrane separating them from other tissues. From there, cancer can spread to the surrounding area. 10. Dasatinib: a chemotherapy drug that inhibits the SRC kinase family, which can cause malignant transformation in cells. SRC is both directly and indirectly connected to YAP activation, so dasatinib can also inhibit YAP. It is currently used to treat leukemia but is not prescribed for head-and-neck cancer treatment. This research was made possible primarily through funding to the project ‘The development of cancer treatment methods targeting cancer suppression genes.’ (Lead researcher: Suzuki Akira) as part of the Japanese Agency for Medical Research and Development’s Project for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Evolution (AMED P-CREATE). Print Friendly, PDF & Email
Question: What Happens To Your Brain When You Dance? Why Dancing is good for your brain? This increased neural connectivity can be of great benefit to your brain as it ages.. Does dancing make you taller? Dancing in itself will not make you grow, but the posture training of certain types of dance might help you elongate your spine, thus allowing you to become your maximum height. Can dancing make you smarter? Dancing Makes You Smarter. Use It or Lose It: Dancing Makes You Smarter, Longer. … A major study added to the growing evidence that stimulating one’s mind by dancing can ward off Alzheimer’s disease and other dementia, much as physical exercise can keep the body fit. Dancing also increases cognitive acuity at all ages. Do ballerinas have periods? How does dance affect the brain? Dance boosts memory Dancing improves brain function and boosts memory. Several studies have shown that dancing is linked to a reduced risk of dementia. In a study by researchers at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, they found that dancing is associated with 76% reduced risk of dementia among the participants. Does dance make you skinny? Why dancing is the best exercise? Why is dance so important? What are the benefits of dance in cultural? Dancing maintains and improves our quality of life more than any other human activity:physical fitness – whole body.mind/body engagement and cooperation.memory, and whole brain exercise.accessibility and diversity.self-expression and artistic/creative outlet.mental health. What happens when you dance everyday? Strengthens Your Body Dancing is an activity where you move your entire body, it is like an exercise. So, dancing helps you strengthen your bones and muscles. It increases your strength and energy to do more. How can I increase my height? How dance affects your mental health? How does dancing make you feel? Dancing also improves spatial awareness, as well as raising the heart rate and causing a release of feel-good endorphins into the bloodstream. … Dancing makes you feel good because it makes you feel so alive.” What are the significant effects of dancing to the human being? How Dance affect your life? How dance affects one’s mind and body what are the significant effects to the human being? The short term effects of dancing on the mind are related to mood and satisfaction, while the long term effects are related to discipline and memory. Dancing is an excellent form of exercise because it not only burns calories and builds muscles, but it also contributes to an overall sense of happiness. Is dancing better than walking? Performing high-impact aerobic dancing, the same person burns about 260 calories in 30 minutes, slightly more than racewalking. High-impact step aerobics, which often involves dancing, is the clear winner, burning about 372 calories in half an hour.
Home :: Login :: Register :: Post :: Computers & Technology Configuring OSPF on Cisco router Posted: 2017-10-15 Configuring OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) protocol to provide routing information between the routers is simple process. OSPF is link state protocol which provides partial update to routers instead of sending the entire routing table from one router to another. It uses cost based metric with administrative distance of 110. It sends the entire routing table when you configure first time and periodically sends the new updates only. It provides loop free topology, fast convergence, and supports classless routing (CIDR). Unlike, RIPv2, when you configuring OSPF, you need to specify process ID, wildcard mask and area. Process ID is local router ID and does not have any significant meaning to the other routers. Wildcard mask is reversed subnet mask of the network, for example if the subnet mask is, the wild-card will be Area is way of administratively grouping routers together. To configure the OSPF route: 1. On the router privilege mode type conf t to enter the configuration mode. 2. Type router ospf process-id - process-id can be any number and 2 routers on the same network can have same or different process IDs. Example; router ospf 1 3. Type network ip wild-card mask area area-id, for example if your other routers IP address is class C with the ip and you want identify area as 0 than type network area 10 or net area 0. 4. Type end Note: area 0 is the OSPF backbone area and mutiple areas connect back to area 0. © Copyright 2019-2020 SpiderTip.Com
Ralph Keeling and Dad Paul spotted this branch of the family first, in the Economist yawn and David said he had "heard of Charles David". The clan lives on! I would have picked it up sooner if I paid more attention to my beloved New Scientist and if it came by Transporter Beam. Atmospheric scientist Ralph Keeling explains the importance of measuring a CO2 concentration of 400 parts per million at the observatory his father set up The Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii has reportedly recorded a carbon dioxide concentration there of 400 parts per million for the first time. How significant is that? It's a psychological milestone. Every year in the last few decades, CO2concentrations have been going up by about 2 ppm per year. Those changes go unnoticed but people pay attention to round numbers. It gives you a bit of perspective on how far we've come – a bit like turning 40, or 50. So how far have we come? What did Earth look like 3-5 million years ago? It had much higher sea levels, forests extended all the way to the Arctic Ocean, and there was almost certainly a lot less sea ice. Today, sea ice is melting rapidly, and in the last decades we have seen the tree line moving north into the Arctic tundra. Are we in a climate danger zone? In my view, yes. At 400 ppm, we've perturbed Earth enough already that things could unfold that will be catastrophic. We passed 400 ppm for the first time last year, above the Arctic. What is special about the Mauna Loa record? It's the one record that has high resolution going back to the late 1950s – when my father set it up. Why did he start tracking CO2 at Mauna Loa? In the early 1950s, he was at the California Institute of Technology studying carbon in rivers. As part of that, he developed a way to measure CO2 in the air. He discovered that if you measured concentrations in a sufficiently remote place, you almost always got the same number. That was unexpected. Previous work suggested CO2 levels were more variable, making measurement very difficult. The realisation that there was a stable background level meant the challenge of measuring the increase might not be so great. You simply had to go to a place far enough from contamination and track it over time. The Mauna Loa measurements came later, beginning in 1958. When did he first see a steady rise in CO2 – what is now known as the Keeling curve? The early days at Mauna Loa were fraught. Power outages meant the measuring instrument had to be shut down for weeks. It would come back on reading a different level. He thought there should be a stable background, but concentrations were fluctuating. It was only when he'd gathered a year of data that he realised there was a seasonal cycle. So levels may drop below 400 ppm again? Crossing from below to above 400 will play out over years, partly because there is a natural up and down with the seasons. But this time next year it will be higher still. In a couple of years we'll never get below 400 again. This article appeared in print under the headline "One minute with... Ralph Keeling" No comments: Post a comment
Portraits found in tomb may include image of Confucius "The Chinese characters on the screen include the names of Confucius, his father, Shu Lianghe, and one of his favourite disciples, Yan Hui," said Zhang Zhongli, deputy chief of the excavation team in east China's Jiangxi province. "These names are evidence that at least one of the two men painted on the screen is Confucius himself." The restored screen is 50 to 60 centimeters wide and 70 to 80 centimeters tall. Both portraits are blurred, but details of the subjects' collars and robes are clearly seen, said Zhang. "We assume the tomb owner respected Confucius and had a Confucius portrait painted on the screen," said Zhang. "After he died, his family buried his favourite screen with him, even though such screens were not conventional burial items in Chinese funerary customs." Zhang, an archaeologist from Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology, is leading the excavation of the tomb of Haihunhou, or the Marquis of Haihun, which dates back to the Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 24). The tomb owner is believed to be Liu He, grandson of Emperor Wu, whose reign ushered in one of the most prosperous periods in China's history. The finding of the Confucius portrait in the marquis' tomb indicates Confucius' teachings were prevalent among the ruling class in the Western Han Dynasty, Zhang said. "This is the earliest portrait of the ancient sage discovered so far," said Xin Lixiang, head of the excavation team and one of China's most authoritative archaeologists for the Qin and Han dynasties. Before the new finding was reported, experts believed the oldest Confucius portrait was on a mural found in a tomb chamber in Dongping county in East China's Shandong province. The mural dates back to the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 25-220). The Chinese have revered Confucius and followed his teachings for centuries. He is respected as "the teacher of all teachers", and children learn to recite his quotes at a very young age. The Marquis of Haihun cemetery covers roughly 40,000 square meters and contains eight tombs and a chariot burial site. It is the most complete Western Han cemetery ever discovered in China. Archaeologists have so far unearthed more than 10,000 heritage pieces from the tombs since 2011, including chariots, bronze cooking utensils, wine vessels, lamps and ancient coins. Two pieces of gold in the form of horse hoofs were also unearthed during Saturday's excavation. Such gold was usually kept by the imperial family or given as gifts from royalty.
Walkabout: Someone’s in the Kitchen, Part 1 Photo of 1899 kitchen from the Museum of the City of New York Read Part 2, Part 3, and Part 4 of this story. An updated version of this series can be viewed here. Kitchens: arguably the most important room of a house, or an apartment. When we shop for a place to live, the kitchen is the room that can often sell an entire house, or kill a deal for an apartment. We spend more money on kitchen renovations than in any other room in the house, and talking about the ideal kitchen can be as contentious as politics. Kitchens evolved from a fireplace hearth to a clinical laboratory of food preparation in the course of only a few hundred years. Some of Brooklyn’s oldest houses have seen that transition within their walls. Grab a cup of coffee, and let’s talk about kitchens. The dictionary tells us that the word “kitchen” is Middle English – kitchene, derived from Old English – cycene, from the Latin coqunus, of cooking. Yes, in spite of our modern kitchens often being gathering spots, or rooms more dedicated to storage of foodstuffs, dishes and pots and pans, it’s always really been all about cooking. We know our distant ancestors cooked first over open fires, with advances in kitchen arts continuing from the Romans to the European Middle Ages, on up to America’s Colonial era. But it wasn’t until the 19th century that things really began to change and the kitchen came into its own. Brooklyn’s earliest homes, those belonging to Dutch settlers, and built in the late 1600’s or early 1700’s, had no real kitchen as we know them today. Built in 1652, the Wyckoff Farm in what is today, East Flatbush/Flatlands, has a hearth and fireplace, in which food was cooked over the open fire, hung in pots, roasted on spits, or baked in the ashes. Dishes and containers of water or other drink were stored nearby in freestanding hutches, or on shelves. By the time the Hendrick I. Lott house, in Marine Park, had been renovated and enlarged in 1790, the original house had become the kitchen wing, separate from the public rooms of the now grand house. The kitchen was now the domain of the slaves and servants, where the homeowners no longer had to be in the same room as the preparers and servers of food. For wealthy, and even not so wealthy Brooklynites, the kitchen would be terra incognita for most for another hundred years. We often think the invention of the electric refrigerator was the most marvelous thing about modern kitchens, but we should really marvel at the invention of the stove. Before the stove: cooking over an open fire, the temperature and speed of cooking controlled by raising the pot higher or lower above the flames. After the stove: being able to place a pot on a specific hob, with a more or less constant radiant heat cooking the food. Ovens that could now also be regulated, placed in the same unit as the cooking surface. The Oberlin Stove, a cast iron cooking stove that could burn coal or wood, was patented in 1834. The industrialization that began in the mid-1800’s was a boon to the kitchen. Houses now had running water and gas lighting. Stoves were large, cast iron behemoths, but they could not only cook meals for families; they could also heat water for hot baths, and sometimes warm the home, if connected to do that. Kitchen sinks appeared for the first time, with side hand operated pumps bringing in fresh water . In 1869, Catherine Beecher and her sister, Harriet Beecher Stowe, published their American Woman’s Home, or Principals of Domestic Science. In this groundbreaking book for women were common sense and helpful guides for everything seen at the time to be under a woman’s purveyance: her home. The kitchen section was one of the first outlines of what a modern kitchen of the time should have. Some of it is very specific, such as how many pots or dishes one needed, and their ideal kitchen was used by cooks and servants, but underlying the detail was the beginning of the organized kitchen, where everything had a shelf, cupboard, container or space. The work surfaces and storage were designed to be ergonomic and time-saving, the beginnings of the traffic patterned kitchen, maximizing the ideal path for taking food items or dishes from containers and shelves to work spaces and the stove or sink. The kitchens of the late 1800’s are, for many of us, the ideal kitchens for our late Victorian row houses or homes. If we are lucky enough to have original kitchens, they are what we now call “unfitted kitchens”. They were also the domain of staff. The mistress of the house supervised, dictating menus or managed the budget, but she did not cook. Because these areas were the domains of servants, we shouldn’t be disappointed at how plain and un-ornate they are, especially in comparison to the public rooms of our rowhouses or large houses. The walls may have tongue and groove wainscoting, not fancy moldings. The walls plain plaster, or perhaps subway tile, or marble slabs behind the sink. Painted tin ceilings were very popular, and still highly prized today. Floors were often tiled, or were scrubbed wooden floors. All of these details correspond to the late Victorian craze for sanitized surfaces and cleanliness, as the correlation between the spread of germs and general cleanliness had been made. Kitchen surfaces needed to be able to be scrubbed clean, and smooth surfaces like tile and marble made that much easier. The late Victorian kitchen had the latest in modern appliances, as well. A cast iron stove, able to cook and bake, often connected to a hot water heater that would feed into the sink and piped to bring hot water to the bathrooms. This stove would often have a large range hood to catch and direct odors, smoke and grease. The sink was now a large porcelain surface on sturdy legs, with hot and cold running water from taps, not pumps. A large work table was usually in the middle of the room, which served as both work space and eating table for the staff. Wealthier homes had iceboxes, lead lined cupboards with a block of ice below keeping food cool in a compartment above. There was usually a pantry, a closet with shelves and built-in cupboards for storing foodstuffs, dishes and pots. Often there was also a built-in cupboard in the actual kitchen, or a butler’s pantry, either in the hallway leading to the dining room, or a separate room next to the kitchen, or upstairs behind the dining room, where servers could do final prep work on the dish before serving. Very wealthy homes might have a locked silver room, and larger butler’s pantries had separate sinks built into the units. Lighting to the kitchen was supplied by generous back windows, as well as overhead gas lighting, gas sconces, and later, electric lights. Today, intact Victorian kitchens are either loved or hated. Some people, like me, find the unfitted kitchen to be quite suitable to today’s needs with only upgrades in electric and plumbing capabilities, and in appliances. What a Victorian kitchen lacks most is counter work space, and that can be made up for in other ways. For many of us, the charm of a comfortable period kitchen can’t be beat. For others, a Victorian kitchen is the farthest thing from ideal. As the 20th century progresses, and the general use of servants disappears, the kitchen undergoes some radical changes, morphing into the recognizable kitchens of today. How did the modern kitchen evolve? Where did those upper and lower cabinets come from? Who came up with granite countertops, anyway? The 20th century awaits, next time. Photo: Illustration from Catherine Beecher and Harriet Beecher Stowe’s book, American Woman’s Home. What's Happening
To Your Health How to Start a Vegetable Garden Who doesn't love a vegetable garden? There is nothing better than fresh green beans or vine-ripened tomatoes. Getting started with your very own vegetable garden is easier than you think. It all starts with choosing the right crops and space for your garden. 1. Choose your vegetables. Only grow vegetables you enjoy eating. Don't waste your efforts on things you will not eat or give away. There are some vegetable which are extremely well suited for eating fresh. Most people agree that tomatoes, squash, beans and peas are especially good from the garden. 2. Pick your space. You will want to pick an area that is flat, has easy access and gets full sun 3. Prepare your space. Preparing the soil is one of the most important parts of the garden. Make sure the soil is free from rocks and weeds. Make sure to turn the soil. You may also want to add organic material such as compost. It is best to consult the garden center for what they recommend. 4. Plant accordingly. Figure out how much growing space you have and plant accordingly. Lettuce, for example, can be grown in a solid mat, but tomatoes need to be spaced about 2 feet (60 cm) apart. Give pumpkins at least 4 feet (120 cm) of growing room. Growing requirements are provided on seed packets, in catalogs, and on nursery tags, as well as in books on growing vegetables. 5. Schedule your plantings. There are two main growing seasons which vary by region: cool (spring and fall) and warm (summer). Vegetables that typically do well in the cool-season are lettuce, peas, potatoes, and beets. Warm-season crops include beans, corn, cucumbers, eggplant, melons, peppers, pumpkins, squash and tomatoes. Consult your garden center for the time of year and what is best in your area. 6. Enjoy the fruits or veggies of your labor.
[ jen-tl ] / ˈdʒɛn tl / See synonyms for: gentle / gentled / gentles / gentling on adjective, gen·tler, gen·tlest. verb (used with object), gen·tled, gen·tling. Question 1 of 13 How do you say “cat” 🐈 in Spanish? Origin of gentle 1175–1225; Middle English gentle, gentil(e), from Old French gentil “highborn, noble,” from Latin gentīlis “belonging to the same family,” equivalent to gent- (stem of gēns ) gens + -īlis -le synonym study for gentle 1. Gentle, meek, mild refer to an absence of bad temper or belligerence. Gentle has reference especially to disposition and behavior, and often suggests a deliberate or voluntary kindness or forbearance in dealing with others: a gentle pat; gentle with children. Meek implies a submissive spirit, and may even indicate undue submission in the face of insult or injustice: meek and even servile or weak. Mild suggests absence of harshness or severity, rather because of natural character or temperament than conscious choice: a mild rebuke; a mild manner. OTHER WORDS FROM gentle Unabridged Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2021 Example sentences from the Web for gentle British Dictionary definitions for gentle / (ˈdʒɛntəl) / verb (tr) a maggot, esp when used as bait in fishing archaic a person who is of good breeding Derived forms of gentle gently, adverb Word Origin for gentle C13: from Old French gentil noble, from Latin gentīlis belonging to the same family; see gens
The health benefits of apples were first recorded in medieval times, giving rise to the old English saying “An apple a day keeps the doctor away.” Recent studies are proving this adage to be true. Eating apples can reduce risk of some cancers, improve lung health, prevent heart disease and strokes and reduce cholesterol damage. Apples are the most varied food on the planet. There are more than 7,500 varieties of apples grown in the world. Whether your preference is crisp, sweet, tart, soft or crunchy, there is an apple grown for you. The average American eats 19.6 pounds of apples a year, or about one per week. Imagine how many more pounds that would be if everyone ate one a day! Apples are fat free, sodium free and cholesterol free. They are an excellent source of fiber. Eating apples with the skin on provides more vitamin C, fiber and flavor. Apple Trivia In early America, when times were tough, cooks often had to scrimp on ingredients. Apple pie was a favorite dish, but to save on lard and flour, only a bottom crust was made. More affluent households could afford both an upper and a lower crust, so those families became known as “the upper crust.” The Big Apple: This nickname for one of our nation’s greatest cities, New York, dates from the 1930s and ’40s, when jazz jived in clubs across the country. The clubs of New York City were the favorite hotspots jazz greats like Charlie Parker. Manhattan soon became known for having “lots of apples on the tree” – that is, lots of places to play jazz. Age to introduce: Apples are considered a good “first” food for babies and can be introduced at about 6 months (cooked and pureed). Raw apples (whole or chunks) are a choking hazard for children under 3 years old. At the Market: Thanks to the ability to easily distribute food all over the country, you can find fresh apples throughout the year in the produce section of most grocery stores. Fall is peak apple season in the major growing regions of America so more varieties may be available during the months of September and October. Choose apples based on your family’s taste preference and the use you have in mind. Some apples are better for cooking, while others are better for eating raw. If you are looking for a good “all purpose apple”, Red or Golden Delicious, Jonathan or Macintosh are good choices. Choose firm, shiny, smooth-skinned apples with intact stems. Apples should smell fresh, not musty. Look for apples that are not bruised. If you are lucky enough to have an apple orchard nearby, picking apples is a wonderful early fall family activity. Apples do top the “Dirty Dozen” list for pesticide contaminated produce so going organic is always a good option. Storage and Ripening: Refrigerate apples in a plastic bag away from foods with strong odors. Use apples within three weeks of purchase date. Check the apples every few days. If you find one beginning to soften, remove it from the bag so it does not rot all the apples in storage. Apples naturally have a waxy coating that prevents them from drying out before they ripen. Because the apples are washed during the harvesting process, this waxy coating is then replaced by a natural FDA approved wax to keep the apples crisp and moist. Although the wax is approved for consumption, it is best to wash apples with cool water before eating. Once an apple is sliced and the white flesh is exposed to air, they will turn brown as a part of the oxidation process. Dipping sliced apples in lemon juice will keep them from turning brown. Apples can be frozen for later use in cooking and baking. Peel, core and slice, then dip in lemon juice and store in an airtight freezer bag. Apple Chutney Cubes Apple Smile Sandwich Maple Apple Graham Crisp Cinnamon Apple Slices
Psychological Adjustment Strategies 2174 Words9 Pages Psychological Adjustment and Coping Strategies in Drug Addicts Behavioral process by which humans and other animals maintain equilibrium among their various needs or between their needs and the obstacles of their environments is adjustment. A sequence of adjustment begins when a need is felt and ends when it is satisfied. In general, the adjustment process involves four parts: (1) a need or motive in the form of a strong persistent stimulus, (2) the thwarting or no fulfillment of this need, (3) varied activity, or exploratory behavior accompanied by problem solving, and (4) some response that removes or at least reduces the initiating stimulus and completes the adjustment. “Adjustment is the process of finding and adopting modes of behavior …show more content… Types of coping strategies: Problem-solving strategies: “This strategy relies on using active ways to directly tackle the situation that caused the problem: you must concentrate on the problem.” In this type of coping strategy the individual’s efforts are active. Their focuses on the problem and changes their emotional responses towards the stressor (Folkman & Lazarus, 1980). The individual try to reduce the negative emotional responses that he might they experience because of stressors. They use this strategy when they think that their action has no effect on stressor so they alter their responses to the stressor. Emotion-focused coping: “Emotion-focused coping strategies are used to handle feelings of distress, rather than the actual problem situation.” In emotion-focused coping strategies involve efforts to regulate the emotional consequences of stressful or potentially stressful events (Folkman & Lazarus, 1980). In this strategy the individual deal with the stressor itself because he thinks that his actions affect the stressor. This emotion coping strategy involves finding practical ways to overcome with the problems. …show more content… 1. There is a significant positive relationship between coping strategies and psychological adjustment in drug addicts. 2. High level of coping strategies leads high level of psychological adjustment in drug addicts. 3. Coping strategies would be a positive predictor of psychological adjustment. 4. Coping strategies will be positively related to psychological adjustment in students. Research Design: Correlational research design will be used to conduct and examine the relationship between the independent variable (coping strategies) and dependent variable( psychological adjustment). 200 young substance use individuals (125=males, 62.5%, & 75= females,37.5%) will be included in the sample. The age range of the sample is 18 to 22 years. The education of the participant will be at least intermediate. Inclusion criteria: Educate and urban living addicts. Exclusion Criteria: Uneducated or below the intermediate level rural living addicts. following two instruments are used: 1. Proactive Coping Inventory (PCI) 2. Social adjustment Scale-Self Report (SAS-SR) The proactive coping Inventory More about Psychological Adjustment Strategies Open Document
The full April moon had called snappers here, their spawning timed to catch the high spring tide that would carry their fertilized eggs into the mangroves. The mangroves serve as crucial nursery for fish while also acting as defense systems against strong storms and hurricanes. It also acts as a nursery for the fish of the coral reef and feeding and foraging grounds for diverse marine species. This site is owned, operated, and maintained by MH Sub I, LLC dba Internet Brands. This page was last edited on 31 March 2016, at 01:30. We use cookies to analyse how visitors use our website and to help us provide the best possible experience for users. Life wells outward from the mangroves into the sea. The reef system includes many protected areas and parks including the Belize Barrier Reef, Arrecifes de Cozumel National Park, Hol Chan Marine Reserve, Sian Ka'an biosphere reserve, and the Cayos Cochinos Marine Park. Older, darker blades are encrusted with epiphytes, undersea âmossesâ in hundreds of species. Although the reefs have survived seasonal onslaughts of hurricanes and other natural disasters, they may not be so well prepared to withstand the impact of human activity. Just as the coral polyp lives in internal symbiosis with its resident algae, so the coral reef lives in external symbiosis with sea grass. As we killed the engines and poled the skiff from the hot April sun into the shade of the forest, Will Heyman, my marine biologist companion, and I gazed into the simplicity above. The Mesoamerican Reef is one section of the universe where the hitches are particularly tight. Near the Silk Cays off southern Belize, thousands of cubera snappers, dog snappers, and mutton snappers come to spawn at a reef called Gladden Spit. Los arrecifes de coral están amenazados por el cambio climático, la descarga de nutrientes a través de los ríos y zonas costeras, la pesca y las enfermedades emergentes. There, in the still water, we witnessed the miracle of the below. The system supports other wildlife species such as manatees and endangered populations of the American crocodile, sea turtles, and the morelet’s crocodile. [1], El Sistema Arrecifal Mesoamericano es el mayor arrecife de coral en el hemisferio occidental y el segundo arrecife más grande del mundo después de la Gran barrera de coral en Australia.[1]. But often it goes straight for the starch in the stems beneath. Mesoamerican Reef, a Critically Endangered ecosystem Scientists provide new tool model to assess coral reef ecosystem risks. Just make sure to brush up on scuba diving before heading to the Yucatan Peninsula. 2020 National Geographic Partners, LLC. The Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System (MBRS), also popularly known as the Great Mayan Reef or Great Maya Reef, is a marine region that stretches over 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) from Isla Contoy at the tip of the Yucatán Peninsula down to Belize, Guatemala and the Bay Islands of Honduras. And so it goes on Central Americaâs reef system. Las mismas políticas de protección se han puesto en marcha para el Triángulo de coral, gracias a la acción coordinada del Foro Mundial para la Naturaleza (WWF), The Nature Conservancy y la creación del Coral Triangle Initiative (CTI), formado por los 6 países que comparten las aguas del Triángulo de coral (Indonesia, Papua Nueva Guinea, Islas Salomón, Filipinas, Timor Leste y Malasia). Algunas zonas en la parte norte del sistema arrecifal, cercanos a la Isla Contoy, forman parte del hábitat del tiburón ballena, el pez más grande del planeta. View our Cookie Policy. Surfacing, we inflated our vests and swam backward toward the skiff anchored under the newly risen moon. SEA GRASS A sea grass bed begins with the sprouting of a pioneer species like shoal grass, with flat, thin leaves; or long and threadlike manatee grass. © 1996-2015 National Geographic Society, © 2015- The second line, and sometimes a third and fourth, occur offshore, in places where pointy mangrove seedlings have taken root atop a series of shallow marine ridges. From the smooth rotation, tight groups flurried upward to spawn, releasing white clouds of eggs and milt. Invasive species such as lionfish negatively affect existing species. El arrecife mesoamericano se extiende a lo largo de la costa caribeña de México, Belice, Guatemala y Honduras. By Joyce Chepkemoi on April 25 2017 in Environment. The Mesoamerican Reef system stretches more than 600 miles along the coasts of Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, and Honduras. In scuba gear, 50 feet deep, Heyman and I swam toward a huge ball of spawning cubera snappers, a dark, slow-rotating, cyclonic tower that resolved itself, as we swam close, into thousands of particular fish. All rights reserved. The region has domestic air links supplied by many regional carriers. The program was the world's first adoption of voluntary sustainable tourism environmental performance standards for reef marine recreation providers. The MesoAmerican Barrier Reef is the fourth longest barrier reef in the world, after the New Caledonia Barrier Reef. The reef system extends along the coast of four countries and includes several offshore islands. Kafkaesque Examples In Real Life, Australia Poverty Rate, In Accounting For State And Local Governments The Modified Accrual Basis Is Required For, Mahmood Al Durrah Weight, Why Did Hopsin Move To Thailand, Ultravox Tribute Band, Rebuilt Glock 41, Names That Mean Pride, Jack Maxwell Health 2020, Alexian Brothers Novitiate, Mountain Cur Beagle Mix, Nicholas Worth Net Worth, Skinny Dip Florida, Ar15 Ejector Roll Pin, Asmodeus 5e Patron, Dallas Mckennon Net Worth, Tokyo Yakult Swallows, Wolf Blitzer Children, Vocabulaire Secondaire 1, Julie Payette School Ranking, Segugio Italiano Puppies, Fallen Leaf Lake Webcam, Deep Rock Galactic Reddit Tips, Ensemble C'est Tout Netflix, Nina Lisandrello Parents, Strength Cartel Big Boy Height And Weight, Peppermint Symbolic Meaning, Things That Are Hazel, Food Web Pogil, Uniden Sr30c Vs Bc125at, What Happens If You Eat A Drugstore Beetle, Names That Mean Pride, Yabbies For Sale Ballarat, Delta Max Underlayment, 2021 Hyundai Santa Fe Release Date, Erin Barry Age, Gta 4 Wasted, Jim Lehrer Daughters, John Putch Director, Telenovela De Dos Hermanas Que Se Enamoran Del Mismo Hombre, Antonia Phillips Amis, Nam Woo Hyun Wife, Citra Android Lag, George Winslow Cause Of Death, Chevy Bolt Not Charging, The Spider Shop, Misty Blue Spruce, Is Sayani Gupta Bengali, Gagnant A Vie Scratch, California Towhee Spiritual Meaning, Naoh Bond Type, Was Angus Lennie Married,
Is there information that I need before I buy a moped, scooter or motorcycle? Mopeds and scooters both use small motors for propulsion. However, a moped's motor is designed to assist the rider when pedaling and provides only a portion of the power. Scooters share all the positive traits of mopeds and none of the drawbacks. They're very fuel efficient, lightweight and easy to drive, but unlike mopeds, plenty of them have larger engines ranging from 50 cc all the way up to 850 cc. All motorized two and three wheeled vehicle's engines are measured in cubic centimeters (cc). The larger the cc, the more powerful and faster they travel. Note: Insurance is recommended for these vehicles, especially theft. Safety training and wearing a helmet is also important. Rules and Regulations to ride in Michigan Contact us: Greater Lansing Developmental Disability Network
Birch Aquarium successfully breeds rare type of seadragon for first time UC San Diego's Birch Aquarium bred and hatched a pair of Weedy Seadragons for the first time. (Birch Aquarium) The inch-long fish appear to be healthy and have had their first meal UC San Diego’s Birch Aquarium has successfully bred and hatched a pair of rare Weedy Seadragons, making Birch one of the few aquariums in the world to carry out such breeding. The inch-long fish appear to be healthy and have had their first meal, consuming bits of shrimp, the aquarium said. “This is a momentous event for our team and our seahorse and seadragon breeding program,” Jennifer Nero Moffatt, the aquarium’s director of animal care, said in a statement. “Seadragons are charismatic, sensitive, and require detailed husbandry. We have spent over 25 years working with these animals and love that we have made the next steps to conserve this delicate species.” Birch established a successful breeding program for seahorses, leading the aquarium to branch out and try to breed Weedy Seadragons, which are native to Australia. “Weedy Seadragons perform elaborate mating displays, where partners spin together snout-to-snout and move up and down in the water column,” the aquarium said in a statement. “This ‘dance’ is essential for the successful transfer of eggs from the female onto the male’s tail, where he then fertilizes and hosts the eggs. If mating is successful, the male will hold the eggs until they hatch about 6 weeks later.” For the time being, the baby Weedy Seadragons will not be viewable by the public. The aquarium’s Weedy Seadragons display is off display to enable Birch to perform a lengthy cleaning of the habitat.
Studying Volcaniclastic Deposits Northern Patagonia, Chile Image: Studying Volcaniclastic Deposits Northern Patagonia, Chile Detailed Description USGS research hydrologist Tom Pierson, working with geologists from SERNAGEOMIN (Chile's geological survey), examines lahar and volcanic flood deposits along Rio Chaitén, approximately 8 km downstream of Chaitén volcano. The rhyolite volcano's current eruptive phase began in May, 2008, producing several pyroclastic flows and widespread ashfall. Lahars and sediment-rich floods were triggered by the first few centimeters of post-eruption rainfall, sweeping down the steep ash-covered slopes of the volcano, completely filling the original course of the Chaitén River, before flooding and burying Chaitén town (10 km from the volcano) in sediment. By studying these deposits and interpreting how sediments are mobilized and emplaced during and following eruptions, scientists are gaining a better understanding of how volcanoes can trigger life-threatening volcano-hydrologic hazards downstream of active volcanoes. Image Dimensions: 500 x 393
From Just Solve the File Format Problem Jump to: navigation, search File Format Name Quoted-printable Quoted-printable is one of the two transfer encodings used in MIME e-mail messages to encode binary data entirely in characters of the 7-bit ASCII range so that it could be safely transmitted even through systems not supporting anything else (which was more of an issue in the 1970s when e-mail protocols were defined than at present). The other encoding is Base64, which is best suited for binary data. Quoted-printable is designed for data that is mostly ASCII text but may have a few "unsafe" characters needing encoding. It leaves normal "printable" ASCII alone, so that a quoted-printable text file is mostly readable without decoding; only the non-ASCII characters (and a few other special cases) are specially encoded. A Quoted-printable-encoded message part is indicated in its MIME headers (following the Content-type header giving the type of data) with the line: Content-Transfer-Encoding: Quoted-Printable The equal sign (=) is used as the "escape" character to indicated encoded sequences. It is followed by two hexadecimal digits (0-9, A-F) which represent the value of an encoded 8-bit byte. Any sequence of bytes can be encoded in this manner, including binary files, but quoted-printable is mostly used for text files (which might be in any number of encodings, such as UTF-8 or ISO 8859-1). Normal printable characters (ASCII 33-126 decimal) are represented by themselves, escept for the equal sign (ASCII 61 decimal) which is represented by =3D . Line breaks are represented by CR+LF (as raw characters). A line break immediately preceded by = (at the end of the previous line) is considered a soft line break, removed in decoding. (Soft line breaks are always inserted to keep the quoted-printable lines no more than 76 characters to avoid problems with transmission through programs that limit line length.) An encoded CR or LF (=0D or =0A) indicates use of those control characters in the original document for a purpose other than normal line breaks (e.g., as part of a binary file). Spaces and tabs at the end of a line need to be encoded as =20 and =09 respectively, since otherwise, whitespace in such a position is ignored. Personal tools
Wearing earphones and listening to music when riding is just one of the topics which divide the biking community. For many, the idea of limiting one of the essential senses we use to alert us hazards is an entire no-no. Others just like the escapism and inspiration that listening to audio can bring into a solo journey or instruction session. For affordable bikes, check out electric bikes under 1000. Should people listen to music while riding a bike? Rider security appears to be the primary reason for any talk of restricting or banning the use of cans. A BBC survey conducted in 2014 led to nearly 90 percent contested being in favor of a blanket ban, many mentioning a feeling of cyclists being oblivious and sentenced to risks, therefore more inclined to be involved in episodes. Studies conducted by Brunel University also indicated that consumers were around 10 percent less responsive to possible risks. So it is hardly unexpected for cans users to encounter fire. But despite having increased stress to restrict headphone usage, much research has found that, contrary to popular view, listening to songs whilst biking may not be detrimental to health and safety since some groups might have people think. Of audio and cans helped develop a sensory approach that allowed the cyclist to deal with riding in a harmful environment by efficiently calming the overload of sensory information. The study had been conducted on urban cyclists and revealed that they were equally aware of the environment, or even more so, compared to other transportation users and take part in sensory approaches that handle their vulnerability to risk. As motorists utilize the radio to make a secure, social, and comfy area on the street, it’s likely to translate cyclists’ sensory approaches as methods for negotiating and taming difficult surroundings. Outside the urban surroundings, music could also play a significant role in boosting fitness when integrated into training. It may enhance the ability to ride harder, quicker, and with more pleasure. World’s leading specialists in sport psychology, music is a valid performance-enhancing drug. Listening to favorite artists can boost endurance by around 15 percent whilst lowering awareness of work. It can fool the mind into believing tired during a workout, and also help encourage positive ideas. While listening to songs will undoubtedly mask a few external sounds, Australian research found a fisherman sporting ear-bud style cans, and playing audio at a fair volume hears a whole lot more external noise than an automobile driver even if that driver doesn’t have any audio playing. So the evidence indicates it’s likely to cycle safely together with cans when the cyclist is convinced they’re still alert to their environment. This is a belief shared with british cycling. It is ideal to utilize all perceptions while riding a bicycle but listening is much less significant than sight.
Why unemployment persists in recessions Previously, I’ve explained the view of the Austrian school on what causes recessions – the boom and bust cycle caused by manipulating interest rates, and the money supply. But what causes the recession to continue, and unemployment to persist? The simple answer is that prices are not allowed to adjust. During the boom, unsustainable projects are set in motion. The quickest way to return to growth and full employment once the boom ends in a bust, is to allow prices that have been inflated to fall back to market levels. This means allowing banks to fail and mortgages to be foreclosed. In Britain, the US, and across the Eurozone, the response has been the opposite. We’ve had measures to try to extend the housing boom, even lower interest rates, quantitative easing and massive bailouts of some of the worst run banks in the history. All these things perpetuate the unsustainable projects. The trouble is that politicians are too afraid to allow businesses to fail, and too in hock to their paymasters at the large corporations. A reading of previous recessions, such as the experience in the US during 1920-21, and the immediate aftermath of the stock market crash in 1929, shows that economies can recover very well if markets are allowed to restore the balance and meet real demand. It was the massive interventions of Hoover and FDR that caused the Great Depression. The Keynesian notion of the “circular flow”, whereby one man’s income is another man’s spending, leads to the view that if we do nothing, the economy will spiral down and never recover. As unemployment spreads, the reduction in spending then impacts other businesses, which then go on to also cut staff. Whilst the circular flow is superficially true, it fails to account for the changes in prices economy-wide that will lead to a return to growth. In a free economy, rising unemployment will lead to lower wages, which allows business to take on more staff. The falling wages are also cushioned by a general fall in prices – the opposite of our current recession, where we have rising unemployment, stagnant wages, and significant inflation. Of course, the best thing would be for politicians and central bankers to pay attention to the most important lesson from the Austrian school – and prevent the boom from starting in the first place. Stop siphoning money to your friends in the City and on Wall Street and let’s have truly sustainable growth. Leave a Reply WordPress.com Logo Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Quick Answer: What Happens If A Tooth Root Is Left In The Gum? Will a tooth root die on its own? When the blood supply is cut off to the pulp, the tooth will start to die due to lack of much-needed nutrients and oxygen. This condition is also referred to as a non-vital or necrotic tooth. Left untreated, it will likely become infected, possibly abscessed, and will eventually fall out on its own without proper care.. What is the hardest tooth to extract? The level of difficulty surrounding an extraction lies in the configuration of the tooth’s roots. This is usually why dentists recommend having wisdom teeth removed early. It is generally harder to remove a tooth with multiple roots such as molars, especially if they have curved, crooked or hook-like roots. Do bone fragments need to be removed? Loose bodies are small fragments of detached bone or cartilage that float through the body, catching or locking in the joints. … Often, loose body removal is required because of degenerative diseases, such as osteoarthritis. How long does it take the gum to heal after a tooth extraction? What happens if a wisdom tooth root is left in the gum? Back to topWhy do I need treatment? If left untreated an impacted wisdom tooth will continue to cause repeated attacks of infection and pain. Food packing can occur, which causes decay in either the wisdom tooth or tooth in front. Cysts can form around the wisdom tooth if it does not come into the mouth properly. Can you see a tooth root through gum? In a healthy mouth, the tooth roots are not exposed. If the roots are exposed, it’s usually a sign of one of these problems: Gingivitis or Periodontitis. Gum disease causes the gum tissue to pull away from the tooth, and the breakdown of the bone and tissue can expose the roots. How does a dentist remove a tooth broken at the gum? What is the most painful dental procedure? Can a tooth regrow after extraction? What happens if some tooth is left after extraction? This fragment is a separated portion of the bone that mends itself after an extraction. A small part of a tooth may break and be left in the gum during an extraction procedure. This bone or tooth fragment in the gum may irritate the tongue and might cause infection in the gum.
Quick Answer: What Year Did Theater Begin? When did Theatre begin in America? Who started Theatre? What is the biggest theater in America? Radio City Music Hall in New York, New York The theater is superlative in multiple ways: It is the largest indoor theater in the world, and features the largest stage curtain—in shimmering gold—in the world. Is used by theater actors? Answer: Props handled by actors are known as hand props, props which are kept in an actors costume are known as PERSONAL PROPS. The opening in the wall which stands between stage and auditorium in some theatres; the picture frame through which the audience sees the play. The “fourth wall”. What are the 6 elements of Theatre? How long has Theatre existed? In fact, the history of theater can be traced back to 6th Century B.C. where the Ancient Greeks were the first to present dramatic presentations. One of the most popular forms of entertainment for people is a visit to the theater. For centuries people have enjoyed drama, comedy, music, and other forms of entertainment. What are the three origins of Theatre? What was the first play called? The playwright Aeschylus added a second speaking role, called the antagonist, and reduced the chorus from 50 to 12. His play ‘The Persians’, first performed in 472 BC, is the oldest surviving of all Greek plays. What was the name of the most famous Theatre? The world’s most famous theaters and opera housesThe Theater of Dionysus Eleuthereus in Athens. … The Comedie-Francaise in Paris. … The Burgtheater in Vienna. … The Semperoper in Dresden. … The Royal Opera House in London. … The Bolshoi Theater in Moscow. … The Teatro La Fenice in Venice. … The Metropolitan Opera in New York.More items…• What is the oldest theater in the world? The Teatro OlimpicoThe Teatro Olimpico, which translates to Olympic Theater, in Vicenza, Italy is considered to be the oldest theater in the world, having hosted its first performance in 1585. What was the nickname of the Globe Theater? The most famous Elizabethan playhouse ( theater ) was the Globe Theatre (1599) built by the company in which Shakespeare had a stake – now often referred to as the Shakespearean Globe. What are the types of theater?
Data corruption is the accidental modification of a file or the loss of info that usually occurs during reading or writing. The reason can be hardware or software failure, and because of this, a file can become partially or entirely corrupted, so it'll no longer work correctly as its bits will be scrambled or missing. An image file, for example, will no longer present a true image, but a random mix of colors, an archive will be impossible to unpack as its content will be unreadable, and so on. When such a problem appears and it is not noticed by the system or by an administrator, the data will be corrupted silently and if this happens on a disk drive which is a part of a RAID array where the data is synchronized between various different drives, the corrupted file will be reproduced on all the other drives and the harm will be long term. A number of commonly used file systems either don't feature real-time checks or don't have high quality ones that will detect a problem before the damage is done, so silent data corruption is a common matter on hosting servers where large volumes of information are stored. No Data Corruption & Data Integrity in Shared Hosting We guarantee the integrity of the information uploaded in any shared hosting account that is generated on our cloud platform due to the fact that we use the advanced ZFS file system. The latter is the only one that was designed to avoid silent data corruption via a unique checksum for each and every file. We shall store your information on a number of SSD drives which function in a RAID, so the exact same files will be available on several places concurrently. ZFS checks the digital fingerprint of all of the files on all the drives in real time and in case the checksum of any file differs from what it has to be, the file system swaps that file with a healthy copy from another drive in the RAID. There's no other file system which uses checksums, so it's easy for data to be silently damaged and the bad file to be duplicated on all drives over time, but since that can never happen on a server running ZFS, you don't have to concern yourself with the integrity of your information. No Data Corruption & Data Integrity in Semi-dedicated Hosting We've avoided any risk of files getting corrupted silently due to the fact that the servers where your semi-dedicated hosting account will be created employ a powerful file system named ZFS. Its advantage over various other file systems is that it uses a unique checksum for every single file - a digital fingerprint that's checked in real time. As we keep all content on a number of SSD drives, ZFS checks if the fingerprint of a file on one drive matches the one on the remaining drives and the one it has saved. In case there's a mismatch, the damaged copy is replaced with a healthy one from one of the other drives and because it happens in real time, there's no chance that a damaged copy could remain on our web hosting servers or that it could be duplicated to the other hard disks in the RAID. None of the other file systems employ this type of checks and furthermore, even during a file system check right after a sudden power loss, none of them can discover silently corrupted files. In comparison, ZFS doesn't crash after a power failure and the continual checksum monitoring makes a lenghty file system check obsolete.
Digital Marketing It's more than hashtags and filters... Digital marketing is an exciting and fast-growing industry that requires creative flare but also a keen analytical eye. Mastering your personal Instagram or Snapchat account is a start, but there’s a range of skills required when the aims are commercial. To understand digital marketing, we must first understand what went before. For much of the 20th century, people got their news from newspapers, their entertainment from television and theirgift ideas from billboards. When we speak about ‘traditional’ marketing we’re generally referring to: • Print (think newspapers, magazines) • Broadcast (think tv, radio) • Direct mail (think fliers, catalogues) • Outdoor (think billboards, tube advertising, hoarding in football stadia) This sort of marketing is still around and we’re all exposed to it daily. But our attentions and eyeballs are increasingly drawn elsewhere. People are spending twice as much time online as they did ten years ago and the figure jumps to almost triple for young people, almost 27 hours a week. Digital marketing is the practice of marketing on the internet or using digital technologies. The sites where we spend our time online are also the major players in digital marketing; Facebook, YouTube, Amazon and Google. These websites, or ‘publishers’, host ads in much the same way a TV channel or newspaper does. The types of ads include text ads, banner ads, video ads and more. How they sell this advertising space also varies. Therefore making a digital media plan can be a complex operation, and this is before we consider entirely new digital marketing disciplines like: • Search Engine Optimisation/SEO: techniques that help boost the visibility of websites to search engines like Google • Email marketing: the promotion of businesses via emails to current or potential customers • Content marketing: writing articles, creating video, publishing social media posts (all fall under the umbrella ‘content’) in a strategic way to attract traffic One of the main differences between traditional marketing and digital marketing is the ability to track it. Drafting awesome ad copy or creating striking imagery is still vital. However, a successful digital marketer also needs good analytical skills. No longer is a print ad distributed in the Sunday Papers and everybody crosses their fingers. A digital ad in an online newspaper is trackable from the first time somebody sees it (an impression), to the moment they click it, to their behaviour on the website, to their eventual purchases. Because of this, digital marketers need to be able to crunch the numbers and act based on the findings. What image worked best on Facebook? What line drove the most traffic from Google? What blog posts got shared the most often? These are just some of the questions a digital marketer will face day-to-day. JOB Opportunities \| powered by whitehat No items found. No items found. Nancy's story: breaking into Digital Marketing How did Nancy get her first job? View Case Study
Skip to main content. What do you do when you find a black mark in your source’s past? Picture of William Heisel Human beings are complicated, and we cannot possibly write about every aspect of a person's life in a single story. Even a book-length biography of a person has to leave things out. It’s why some of our most famous public figures have multiple biographies covering multiple aspects of their lives. (I found 16 different biographies about Bob Marley recently on Amazon.) Your job when using someone as a source is to make sure that you are letting your audience know everything about that source that is relevant for that particular story. That means when you find out something that is potentially damaging to a source's reputation in their community, you need to decide whether that has any bearing on their credibility as a source. If it does, you need to fully report it. Then you need to decide how to fit it into the context of your story or whether it’s better left in your notebook. Here are three things to consider: 1. How significant is the black mark in the source’s personal history? It would be nice if we could put a strictly legal fence around this. If it’s a felony crime, you have to report it. Misdemeanors need to be assessed on a case by case basis. There are some good precedents inside legal case histories for the kinds of things that ultimately matter when it comes to a person’s credibility. In the 2017 case of Jerry Gater, a federal inmate in prison on drug charges, a judge ruled that even though one of the sources used by police as an informant against Gater was an illegal drug user, her information was still valid. “Disclosing explicitly that the source had a history of drug use and that police paid the source for information would not have prevented the issuing judge from finding probable cause to search Gater’s house,” the judge wrote But not all black marks are legal matters. What if a source had written inflammatory things in their college newspaper? What if they have adult kids who refuse to talk to them, indicating some dark cloud in their past? One way to get a sense of whether that dark cloud is worth reporting is by simply asking the source about it. How do they react? Are they defensive? Do they have a good explanation for what happened and why? Then talk with others – including your editors and peers – about the information. 1. Does the trouble in the source’s past have anything to do with why they are providing you information now? If a source provided you access to records that you otherwise would not have seen, you are leaning heavily on that source. You need to verify those records, of course, but the motivations of the source in providing you those records can be called into question – legitimately or not – and become a distraction. Think carefully about what is behind the source’s willingness to help you report your story. Were they fired from their job? Are they in financial trouble? Are they in the midst of a family crisis? Do they have some personal animus toward the organization or the person who is the subject of your investigation? If it turns out the source had been fired from their job after being accused of stealing from their employer, you need to report that out. It could turn out that the trouble in their past is a big part of the story. Look no further than the case of Anne Mitchell, a nurse who was charged with a third degree felony for “misusing official information” after she reported a doctor to the Texas medical board. Mitchell was ultimately acquitted, but her story shows us that sometimes what has happened to a source because of their cooperation with journalists or investigators is just as interesting as the information they are providing. 1. Does the potentially damaging information have any bearing on the information you are using for you story? This is the central question, but, as I explain below, not the final consideration. You have to ask whether the DUI, or the firing, or the drug use, or anything else has any relationship at all to the information you are receiving and reporting. You may have a source who is a convicted criminal. Is the information you have gathered from that source independently verifiable? If it is, and you work to button down your story, you can consider that source a tipster. They turned you on to the story, but you did the necessary reporting to make your story unassailable. 2. Would the revelation of this information by a critic of your story undermine your story in any way? This is perhaps the most important consideration. Even if you think that DUI doesn’t matter, even if your editor thinks that DUI doesn’t matter, if your story is going after a person or an organization that will turn around and attack you, you don’t want to give them any ammunition for their attack. So, in the end, it may make more sense for you to reveal everything you know about a source just for the purpose of inoculating yourself against critics. You’ll want to do it as tactfully and respectfully as possible, and even then, your source is likely to be very unhappy with you. Ultimately, it’s up to you to decide whether the story is worth the turmoil and pain those kinds of disclosures can create. Picture of It's an extremely wonderful article and inside the article there are some good points. It's really helpful for every person. So keep it up. Leave A Comment Follow Us CHJ Icon
Cracks in Sea Ice Featured Video Play Icon Arctic sea ice often appears as a single extensive sheet when, in reality, it is made up of many smaller sections of ice shifting and grinding against one another under the influence of winds and ocean currents. This can cause cracks–known as leads–to open up between sections of the ice. This animation, constructed from infrared satellite images, shows the growth of several cracks, leading to extensive break-up of the ice sheet from late-January through March. The fracturing was driven by a high-pressure system that parked over the region, bringing warmer temperatures and southwesterly winds that fueled the Beaufort Gyre, a large-scale, wind-driven, clockwise circulation in the sea that helped pull the ice apart. For more, see NASA EO’s explanation. (Video credit: NASA Earth Observatory) Leave a Reply %d bloggers like this:
Dischidia R.Br. Paul Forster, David Liddle & Iris Liddle From the Greek dischides — split into two parts, referring to the apices of the staminal corona lobes. Perennial epiphytic vines with white latex. Leaves succulent to leathery; mucilage glands present. Corolla urn-shaped; tube cylindrical or urn-shaped; lobes free at tips, valvate. Annular corona present or absent; corolline corona generally absent; staminal corona of 5 erect, stalked lobes with 2 incurved or reflexed apices; interstaminal corona absent. Follicles tapered at each end; seeds with hair tufts at one end. The genus is best known for D. major, Skull and Bones. Most species are succulent epiphytes and are difficult to grow in temperate climates. A large number of species are cultivated by specialist collectors, but only 6 are common in cultivation. Cuttings or occasionally seeds. Epiphytic habit, small urn-shaped flowers with staminal coronal lobes that are often divided into 2. Over 30 species, mainly in Asia and Malesia; 4 indigenous (but not endemic) species in N Australia. Rintz (1980), Forster & Liddle (1996a). Source: Forster, P.; Liddle, D.; Liddle, I. (2002). Dischidia. In: Spencer, R.. Horticultural Flora of South-eastern Australia. Volume 4. Flowering plants. Dicotyledons. Part 3. The identification of garden and cultivated plants. University of New South Wales Press. Hero image kingdom Plantae phylum Tracheophyta class Magnoliopsida superorder Asteranae order Gentianales family Apocynaceae Higher taxa Subordinate taxa species Dischidia nummularia R.Br.
Why plants are good for you Keeping plants in your home and work space has a range of positive effects, both physical and mental. This is more than just folk wisdom – an increasing number of academic studies support the idea that keeping houseplants is a great idea. Here are a few reasons why you might want to consider greening your own house. The first and most obvious benefit of keeping living plants indoors is that they will help refresh the air. Through photosynthesis, plants convert water, light and carbon dioxide into the sugars they need to survive, often releasing oxygen as a byproduct. Less carbon dioxide and more oxygen means healthier, more breathable air! Plants release more than just oxygen into the air. Only a very small percentage of the water a plant absorbs will be lost, while most of it is returned to the air as water vapour. This increased humidity can prevent symptoms such as dry skin, eye irritation, sneezing and coughing and many more associated with “Sick Building Syndrome”. In fact, plants may be the best solution for healthy interior spaces for a myriad of reasons. In addition to removing carbon dioxide from the air, plants are also remarkably capable of filtering out more dangerous toxins and particles. Research by NASA shows that many harmful VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds), which are released into the air by synthetic materials, can be absorbed and neutralised by houseplants such as Asplenium nidus. As our homes and workplaces become more airtight for the sake of energy efficiency, this plays a greater role – more oxygen and moisture, less carbon dioxide and harmful compounds. Since the 1980’s, numerous scientific studies have shown that plants in hospital rooms have a positive effect on patients’ recovery and their state of mind. Patients with plants in their room recover more quickly, use less medication and report less pain than patients without greenery. These results provide an excellent example of how plants can have concrete positive effects on our health and wellbeing. Not all the benefits of plants are equally tangible. The psychological benefits of a green environment can be equally important. Plants have been shown to reduce stress and fatigue while improving concentration and productivity. And they’re beautiful! Surrounding yourself with beauty is probably the easiest way to boost your happiness – so add a few more plants and smiles to your life. This is really just the tip of the iceberg. Further research will likely continue to show the dependence we have on plants for our survival and wellbeing. It is safe to say that we can all benefit from bringing a little bit of nature into our homes. Who knows – you may find yourself happier and healthier than ever! No Comments Sorry, the comment form is closed at this time.
Political Parties: Meaning, Characteristics And Functions Table Of Contents 1. Meaning Of Political Parties 2. Characteristics Of Political Parties 3. Functions Of Political Parties 4. The Success Of A Political Party Political parties could be described as a group organized to secure control of government in order to put their ideology and programme into effect and install their members to office. Political parties acquire power in one of two ways. A political party may participate in the legitimate operation of government aiming at the election of its members to a majority of the seats in legislature or it may operate illegally and subversively, hoping to win supremacy through revolution or coup d’etat. Characteristics Of Political Parties There are three characteristics of political parties. These are: 1. Ideology: Every political party has what is called ideology. An ideology could be defined as the basic belief of a party. Such basic belief could be transformed, as the policy of the government should the political party win an election. 2. Organisation: Political parties are essentially highly organized groups. They have to be so because they are groups waiting to form the government of a state political parties have rules and regulations and means of punishing members who break such rules. They have their officers and line of authority. 3. Leadership: Every political party has a leader who is a symbol of what the party stands for. The leader of the political party is likely to become the head of government should the political party control the machinery of government. This is why most leaders of political parties possesses nationals and international personality. Functions Of Political Parties Political parties perform many functions in any democratic state. 1. Political parties provide the machinery for the appointments of heads of government of a state, e.g. Obasanjo from PDP, Buhari from ANPP, in the 4th Republic of Nigeria. 2. Political parties try to unite the people on major questions of a nation, for example the NCNC; NPC and AG, united the people of Nigeria on the question of Political Independence for Nigeria during colonial rule. 3. Information: Political parties try to clarify issues and provide information on candidates and current events thereby making it easy for the electorate to chose the right people to rule them. Through their various activities, political parties get people to be interested in governmental activities. 4. Education: Through the political parties the electorates is educated on national issues. 5. Link: Political parties serve as a link between society and state. They are able to act as intermediaries or mediators between the conflicting interests of government and the electorate and enable the government to become accountable to the electorate. 6. Political parties provide an organisation capable of running the government. Without parties, the legislature would tend to be a mere debating club without responsibilities. 7. Political parties transform the general will into public policy. When a political party presents its programme to the electorate during campaigns, should the political party win the election the programme so presented have become the accepted general wishes, which must be obeyed by every body living in that state. The Success Of A Political Party The following factors contribute to aid the success of a political party at the polls. 1. Organisation: Fo a political party to succeed at the polls it must be effectively organized. 2. Leadership: The leadership of the party is important. Charismatic leadership contributes greatly to the success of any political party. 3. Discipline: For a political party to succeed at the polls, deliberate disregard of party rules and regulations should not be tolerated. Discipline should be strictly enforced. Erring members should be disciplined accordingly. 4. Finance: Modern political parties require enough funds to finance their activities. A political party should secure a viable source of finance for its operations. 5. Programme: Acceptability of the programme of a political party by the electorate, the polices of a political party must therefore be alluring. 6. Membership: The composition of the political party should be broad based. In a heterogeneous society such as Nigeria, membership should include all ethnic groups. 7. Propaganda Machinery: Effective Propaganda Machinery is important to the success of a political party. The mass media should be the tool.
How Your Nutrition Choices Become Your Health Choices If your grocery store confuses you and you do not know what is good for you and what is not, you are far from the only one. Nutrition is a complicated subject, but it can be learned. The tips you will read will help shed some light on basic nutrition facts. Pro Tip! Don’t deprive yourself of your favorite foods entirely, but substitute healthier renditions when possible. You need to know what your choices are. By eating foods that are organic you can make sure that you have more nutrition in the diet you’re on. More and more studies are showing that organic food has more nutrients and less nitrates. Choose lean meats and fruits and vegetables to get the nutrition you need. Taste one, and you’ll get it. Pro Tip! Add whole grains to your diet. In general people who include whole grains instead of refined carbohydrates are healthier. Stop eating as you begin to feel full. This will help prevent overeating. Stopping eating before you’re full reminds you that you are in control of what you eat and supports you in your resolve to eat healthily. Pro Tip! One of the best ways to improve your diet is to get rid of microwavable products. This is because a lot of these meals have a lot of sugar and fat in them. When contemplating a diet which offers a decent nutritional level, make sure you eat no less than 8oz of lean meat a day. That will ensure that you are getting adequate iron and protein. A few good choices are bison, venison and chicken. Pro Tip! Try to slow down at meals. In the modern world, people busily gulp their meals, rushing to the next thing. A multi-vitamin is a very important addition to your diet. While it is best to get your nutrients from foods, a multi-vitamin provides you with insurance. That way, if you fail to get all the nutrients you need from your regular diet, you are covered by the multi-vitamin. Eat a bowl of oatmeal each morning to start your day off right. The healthy grains will also keep your stomach full for a longer time. Ground Turkey Breast Pro Tip! If motion sickness is often a problem, ginger may be what you need. You can also take ginger in capsule form. Pro Tip! Try to limit meals that are cooked in the microwave. Most microwave meals aren’t good for your body in the first place. It is crucial to make every calorie consumed a healthy calorie from a nutritious food source. Your body is going to respond better to 1800 calories of wholesome foods, like lean meats and proteins, than to 1800 calories of unhealthy fats and sugars. What you put into your body is important, not just how much food you eat. Dark Chocolate Pro Tip! Sleep well and try not to drink alcohol everyday. Both of these considerations can oil up your skin and enlarge your pores. Instead of consuming white chocolate or milk, you should pick dark chocolate. Dark chocolate contains blood pressure lowering flavonoids not found in other chocolates. These antioxidants work on cholesterol by reducing the bad levels and increasing the good levels. Just be sure to choose chocolate that contains at least 70 percent cocoa to maximize the benefits. Do not overindulge, since chocolate still contains lots of calories. Pro Tip! Try something fun and enjoyable by making kabobs to grill or broil. This meal is fun for children because they can control which veggies and meats are added to their kabob. Try some canned salmon instead of a meat option. It has a lot of important minerals, without all the fat and carbohydrates that a lot of other products include. make sure you have a lot of options to keep your diet exciting. Pro Tip! You should use fresh fruit in place of processed fruit juice. Many fruit juice products have artificial sweeteners added to them; the sugars in fruit are natural and healthier for you. A simple and low calorie food choice is vegetables and fruits, either frozen or fresh. They also are a source of many essential vitamins for your body. Remember to consume several servings every day by including vegetable soup or a fresh salad into your diet. Pro Tip! Keep up-to-date with the latest healthy recipes. Spending the time necessary to learn new cuisines is a terrific way to break up the monotony sometimes associated with nutritious eating. Sleep well and try not to drink alcohol everyday. Lack of sleep and too much booze can be unhealthy for your skin and open your pores. Larger pores means more dirty infections and pimples. Aim for at least seven hours of sleep every night and keep your alcohol intake under two drinks. When foods are promoted as being low-fat, this is typically a disguise for the vast amounts of sugar they now have added which give it added flavor. Ensure you get healthy products by reading labels and finding out what unhealthy ingredients they might contain. Pro Tip! D Eggplants are versatile and create a canvas on which to elevate other food like baba ghanoush and eggplant parmesan. Eggplant also has very good properties for health and many nutrients. Pro Tip! Try eating plenty of fresh produce, then adding protein, and finally adding the carbs. Although carbohydrates are important, most people tend to eat too much. Eating the proper meal before working out is an incredible nutrition tip. Something that will give you energy and that digests fast is the best. A good example of this type of food is fruit. Try to avoid fatty foods before working out because your body must work harder to process high-fat foods. Pro Tip! If you suffer from bowel issues, you may want to see what fiber, fruits and vegetables can do to give you a better balanced digestive system. In addition to tasting good, being on a fruit diet increase your fiber intake and makes your digestive system healthier. If you are serious about understanding nutrition, consult reputable books, magazines and scientific journal articles on the subject. Research is the way to start learning what you need to know. Everyone can benefit from learning more about nutrition. Want To Know How To Be Healthier? Pro Tip! Slow the pace of your eating. In today’s fast-paced society, peoople eat too quickly. Trans fats, often found in processed food, are extremely bad for you. Foods that are high in trans fat are more likely to cause heart disease. There is good cholesterol (HDL) and bad cholesterol (LDL). Trans fats increase the level of LDL in your body. Pro Tip! B-12 is a necessity in all, especially as we get older to maintain a proper blood cell count. People who are vegetarians or getting older in age may not get enough just from their diet. Slow down when you are eating. Often times people eat quickly because they are in a rush. Take your time chewing your food, and don’t gulp your food down. Take your time, chew slowly and savor each morsel. This will give you a feeling of fullness sooner. This way you will be able to stop eating when you have had enough rather than stuffing yourself. Ground Turkey Breast Choose lean ground turkey breast to use as a ground beef substitute in your meals. This will reduce calories and saturated fats. It’s important to discriminate between ground turkey breast and dark turkey meat, as dark turkey and ground beef are nutritionally similar. Occasional ground turkey items for sale are mixtures of both dark meats and breast, so you still get some saturated fat. Pro Tip! One way to improve your nutrition is to place less focus on the importance of dessert. Do not eat more than a few desserts a week. Make sure you eat in moderation throughout your day. Eating too much food can overnourish your body, which doesn’t feel very good and may cause you to store fat. This can mess with your metabolism and cause you to be unhealthy. Pro Tip! There are many foods out there that have little to no nutritional value, and you should do your best to avoid these. This can mean foods high in carbs, oil and fried dishes. If you want the best nutrition, you have to eat meals that are balanced with lot of different kinds of nutrition. Vitamins, fats, and amino acids all contribute to form a healthy body. You can find these nutrients in pill form. However, your body will process it better if it comes from a food. A lot of expert nutritionists argue for taking land based meats out of your diet and replacing them with fish. Omega-3 fats are found in fish, and these fats offer a host of benefits for the body’s cardiovascular and circulatory systems. There are several different types of fish to select from, and each offers a different taste and texture. Pro Tip! If you are dealing with diabetes, make sure you get medical advice on consuming alcohol. Those with diabetes should not consume alcohol because it can cause low blood sugar. While it may seem a little strange, you should put a little seaweed in your meals so they will be healthier. Seaweed like nori and kombu have a lot of nutrients in them. People that live near the sea have been eating these for hundreds of centuries. Pro Tip! Make a vegetable pizza to get everyone smiling. Put on standard toppings, and then add veggies such as onions, tomatoes and olives. Pantothenic acid is a B vitamin that is essential. This will help with your metabolic processes. It is also needed for creating important biological compounds and enzyme activity. A good source to get pantothecic acid would be in meats and whole grains. As previously mentioned, it is not always easy to locate good information with regard to nutrition. But, if you’re able to use this information and apply it to what you’re doing for your nutrition, you’ll be able to take a step towards having a better diet that is more balanced. How Better Nutrition Can Benefit You Today Pro Tip! You should monitor the amount of sugar you ingest when you are trying to eat healthy. Drinking fruit juice is better than sugar-filled sodas, but only in very small amounts. It is understood that proper exercise and eating well are the ways to proper nutrition. However, you might be missing out on valuable information if this is all you think it takes. Follow these tips to learn more about eating a nutritional diet. Pro Tip! Pick dark chocolate over white or milk chocolate. The dark variety is good for your heart as it aids in controlling your blood pressure. If you wish to have great nutrition, eat foods that are the closest to how they were naturally. Eating fresh foods that are not processed will reduce the quantity of fats and chemicals you eat. Pro Tip! A great nutritional tip is to eat something before you go to a thanksgiving dinner. You are more likely to over-indulge if you begin eating when you are super hungry. Add a garlic supplement to your daily diet, about 600-900mg per day. It can prevent many diseases, such as heart disease and cancer. Garlic contains natural properties that are deemed antibacterial as well as anti- fungal which aid in keeping your organs healthy. Use extracts and cloves of garlic in your meals daily. Pro Tip! Take your children to the grocery store and let them help you choose foods. By letting them choose produce, they’ll be more prone to eat it. In order to add more nutrition to your diet choose the organic versions of your favorite foods. Studies suggest organic foods contain less nitrates than other foods, but have higher healthy nutrients. Organic building blocks form healthier foods, just as Mother Nature intended. You are going to understand when you taste the whole fruits and vegetables. Try packing your own work or school meals. When you pack your meals, you will not have to worry about temptations and unhealthy choices. Preparing a healthy meal will not take more than ten minutes. If you have a sweet tooth, or want to binge on potato chips, it is an addiction you must beat if you wish to be healthier. Repetitive behavior encourages individuals to grow dependent on the seductive taste and easy accessibility of junk food items. You will most likely continue to suffer from cravings from these foods even after you have switched to a much healthier diet. It is imperative that you recognize the cravings and keep healthy snacks around to satisfy you so that you do not fall off the healthy-eating wagon. Pro Tip! Try eating canned salmon. Canned salmon is loaded with minerals that your body needs to work properly, and it does not have much fat or too many carbs. Dark Turkey Meat Pro Tip! Beets are great for any diet, provided they are fresh and not canned. Fresh beets are chock full of vitamins, minerals and healthy fiber. Incorporate salmon into your diet. Salmon has a high omega-3 fatty acid content and a significant amount of niacin. Both are helpful to your body by reducing the risk of certain diseases, and offer many other benefits. To cut the chances of ingesting dangerous chemicals, opt for wild salmon instead of farmed salmon. Pro Tip! Balance out your healthy diet with a cheat day or two. This way, you’ll never feel deprived, especially when eating out in public. Pro Tip! It’s great to give yourself cheat days, but don’t go overboard. Yes you can have a slice or two of pizza, but not the whole thing. As you know, good nutrition is more than a cliche. A good, balanced diet has many different components. You need to work your way to a more nutritious lifestyle. Use these helpful tips to create a nutrition-filled diet.
Edit Story How Worried Should I Be About My Password Being Compromised, Stolen In A Data Breach? Experts Say This Brooke Crothers After a major data breach, do criminals actually have your password even if it has been encrypted? tldr: It depends but always assume the worst say experts. Companies have various ways of encrypting passwords. There are also techniques called salting and hashing. The upshot is, the average user will not take the time to find out how the affected company does their encrypting — or hashing or salting for that matter. So the average user doesn’t know how vulnerable their password is. So, do criminals actually have your password in hand after a breach? Here’s what a few security experts I queried said: Chris Morales, head of security analytics at San Jose, Calif.-based Vectra: For the average person, they should just assume the answer is yes. More often than not, the passwords are fully accessible, which are then sold on the black market for some value depending on who the user is and what level of access they have. For example, we learned a couple of weeks ago there [are bad guys] selling passwords for the email accounts of hundreds of C-level executives at companies across the world. The data is being sold for $100 to $1500 per account depending on company size and user role. This is occurring on a closed-access underground forum for Russian-speaking hackers named “” Morales added this about password strength: Password strength is only useful when someone is trying to guess your password. If it is taken in a database that is not encrypted, then the password is fully exposed regardless of how strong it is. That is one of the fallacies of password strength in a database leak and why organizations require users to change their password on a frequent basis. Joseph Carson, chief security scientist and advisory chief information security officer at Washington D.C.-based Thycotic: In most password data breaches, attackers get their hands on your encrypted password (typically known as a hashed password). If the victim uses weak passwords, then an attacker can crack that encrypted password, typically within a few minutes. Once an attacker has access to several users’ password formulas, they can easily use cracking rules. This is an attack to create wordlists that will attempt to guess a user’s password based on previously used passwords. To prevent such types of attacks, a user should use a strong password which is unique for each account or use a password manager combined with Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA). My advice is to never reuse passwords and never use similar password formulas that only change by a single number, such as year.” Craig Lurey, Co-founder and CTO at password management provider Keeper Security If the password has appeared in a dark web data breach, that password must never be used again, by that affected person or any other person. Common passwords or even not-so-common passwords that show up in data breaches can be used as attack vectors by the bad guys and they know that people typically use the same password across all of their websites and applications, including banking. This is why the first thing you should do is change your passwords and utilize a password manager that generates high-strength random passwords for all your sites and apps and stores them for you in a personal, encrypted digital vault. You should also utilize a dark web monitoring system to see if your credentials have been leaked. Lurey added this about password strength: If a password (even a random or complex one) was exposed in a data breach, it can be used by attackers to try the same password on any other website that you use. It can also be used in a "dictionary" attack with other users. By using a strong and unique password for each and every site (via a password manager), reduces the overall risk dramatically." Check if your password has been exposed: Today there are many sites and services that check to see if your password has been exposed in a data breach and is circulating on the dark web including “Google Password Checkup” and haveibeenpwned. Follow me on Twitter
Home > Articles > Operating Systems, Server • Print • + Share This Like this article? We recommend Like this article? We recommend Simulating LRU in Software Although both of the previous LRU algorithms are realizable in principle, few, if any, machines have this hardware, so they are of little use to the operating system designer who is making a system for a machine that does not have this hardware. Instead, a solution that can be implemented in software is needed. One possibility is called the NFU (Not Frequently Used) algorithm. It requires a software counter associated with each page, initially zero. At each clock interrupt, the operating system scans all the pages in memory. For each page, the R bit, which is 0 or 1, is added to the counter. In effect, the counters are an attempt to keep track of how often each page has been referenced. When a page fault occurs, the page with the lowest counter is chosen for replacement. The main problem with NFU is that it never forgets anything. For example, in a multipass compiler, pages that were heavily used during pass 1 may still have a high count well into later passes. In fact, if pass 1 happens to have the longest execution time of all the passes, the pages containing the code for subsequent passes may always have lower counts than the pass 1 pages. Consequently, the operating system will remove useful pages instead of pages no longer in use. Fortunately, a small modification to NFU makes it able to simulate LRU quite well. The modification has two parts. First, the counters are each shifted right 1 bit before the R bit is added in. Second, the R bit is added to the leftmost, rather than the rightmost bit. Figure 4-4 illustrates how the modified algorithm, known as aging, works. Suppose that after the first clock tick the R bits for pages 0 to 5 have the values 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, and 1, respectively (page 0 is 1, page 1 is 0, page 2 is 1, etc.). In other words, between tick 0 and tick 1, pages 0, 2, 4, and 5 were referenced, setting their R bits to 1, while the other ones remain 0. After the six corresponding counters have been shifted and the R bit inserted at the left, they have the values shown in Fig. 4-4(a). The four remaining columns show the six counters after the next four clock ticks. Figure 4-4. The aging algorithm simulates LRU in software. Shown are six pages for five clock ticks. The five clock ticks are represented by (a) to (e). When a page fault occurs, the page whose counter is the lowest is removed. It is clear that a page that has not been referenced for, say, four clock ticks will have four leading zeros in its counter and thus will have a lower value than a counter that has not been referenced for three clock ticks. This algorithm differs from LRU in two ways. Consider pages 3 and 5 in Fig. 4-4(e). Neither has been referenced for two clock ticks; both were referenced in the tick prior to that. According to LRU, if a page must be replaced, we should choose one of these two. The trouble is, we do not know which of these two was referenced last in the interval between tick 1 and tick 2. By recording only one bit per time interval, we have lost the ability to distinguish references early in the clock interval from those occurring later. All we can do is remove page 3, because page 5 was also referenced two ticks earlier and page 3 was not. The second difference between LRU and aging is that in aging the counters have a finite number of bits, 8 bits in this example. Suppose that two pages each have a counter value of 0. All we can do is pick one of them at random. In reality, it may well be that one of the pages was last referenced 9 ticks ago and the other was last referenced 1000 ticks ago. We have no way of seeing that. In practice, however, 8 bits is generally enough if a clock tick is around 20 msec. If a page has not been referenced in 160 msec, it probably is not that important. • + Share This • 🔖 Save To Your Account
If you notice any of the signs, after your baby eats blackberry, contact the medical consultant immediately. The most common signs of an allergy to raspberry include nasal congestion, runny nose, and watery eyes.Some people may experience allergic symptoms such as skin rash, itching, or hives when consuming or touching products which contain the chemical found in … What is plant dermatitis?. This IgE antibody allergy test uses a blood sample to determine if you are allergic to Blackberry. Blackberries are an edible fruit found mainly in the eastern North American and Pacific coasts. Plant dermatitis (also called ‘phytodermatitis’) is a reaction to skin contact with certain plants.. 2009;20(2):63-78. Sporotrichosis is a cutaneous (skin) infection caused by a fungus, Sporothrix schenckii. The thorns have the proteins of the Blackberry bush on them, and this is left in the cut made by the thorn. As a spokesman for the Ohio State University Master Gardener program, she has written a biweekly newspaper column and is the editor of the Muskingum County MG newsletter, Connections; she currently writes for GRIT, Over the Back Fence, and Country Living magazines. BBC NEWS \| Health \| Mobile phones 'cause skin rash' Do you guys have rashes on ear lobes? About Toni Leland. With increased use of mobile phones, there has been a rise in the number of adults and adolescents complaining about itchy skin rashes, scaly skin and burning sensation on their hands. Some common signs of food allergy include skin rash, vomiting, diarrhea, wheezing, facial swelling, and abdominal cramp. Your body does not like foreign protein. It is not always obvious which plant is responsible for the dermatitis (also known as eczema).Sometimes a rash may develop without direct contact with the plant; the juices may be on clothing or the fingers. They are typically eaten raw as a healthy snack, they can be used as fillings in pastries and desserts, and they can be used in syrups, jams, and liqueurs. ; This infection-causing fungus is related more closely to the mold on stale bread or the yeast used to brew beer than to bacteria that usually cause infections. Toni Leland has been writing for over 20 years. Other Reactions: nickel content on mobile phone cause skin rashes - BlackBerry Forums at CrackBerry.com Best in class: Save 49% on 15 months of ExpressVPN Dermatitis. Raspberry allergies may occur among those who are sensitive to chemicals contained in the berry known as salicylates. Other plants known for their spines include Serenoa repens (family Arecaceae), a North American plant commonly known as saw palmetto (Figure 6).
What’s in the Pfizer and Moderna COVID-19 Vaccines? Experts Explain the Ingredients They’re slightly different formulas that will help achieve the same goal: ending the pandemic. vaccine and syringe injection it use for prevention, immunization and treatment from covid 19 kiattisakchGetty Images Pfizer’s COVID-19 vaccine is officially making its rounds throughout the U.S. Healthcare workers and residents of long-term care facilities will be the first to receive the doses, offering a spark of hope in 2020. Even though you may be excited to get vaccinated and do your part in ending the global pandemic, it’s totally normal to have questions about a new vaccine: How will the vaccines be distributed? Will they have side effects? Oh, and what’s actually in them? We have two vaccines right now, but others are also in development. Pfizer, which was recently granted Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and Moderna, which is waiting on its EUA, have both made their ingredients available for the public to view. Here’s exactly what’s in the current COVID-19 vaccines, and what you should know about the ingredients, according to experts. Back up: How do the COVID-19 vaccines work? Both the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines use messenger RNA (mRNA) technology. While these vaccines are the first of their kind, mRNA has been studied for more than 10 years, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). It was developed years ago to try to combat other illnesses, but never made it past early-stage clinical trials until it was refined and re-targeted for COVID-19. The coronavirus mRNA vaccines do not contain live or inactivated virus, but rather work by encoding a piece of the spike protein on the surface of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19, per the CDC. (This is the part of the virus that gives it that unique crown-like shape.) The vaccines use the piece of the encoded SARs-CoV-2 protein to trigger an immune response in your body. How? The mRNA gives your cells instructions to produce a protein that’s similar to the coronavirus’ spike protein, tricking your system into thinking it has an infection to fight. (Remember: It’s just a part of the protein, and does your body no harm.) Your system mounts a response against the new proteins, because they’re seen as foreign invaders, developing antibodies that are specific to SARs-CoV-2 in the process. These infection fighters stick around to help your body fight a future case of COVID-19, but it’s not yet understood for how long. Your body will do its thing and eventually get rid of the proteins and mRNA on its own. What are the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine ingredients? • mRNA • Potassium chloride • Monobasic potassium phosphate • Sodium chloride • Dibasic sodium phosphate dehydrate • Sucrose What are the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine ingredients? While Moderna hasn’t been granted an EUA by the FDA, it’s expected to happen soon. Moderna also recently released its ingredients list through the FDA: • mRNA • Tromethamine, • Tromethamine hydrochloride • Acetic acid • Sodium acetate • Sucrose What do the ingredients in the COVID-19 vaccines do? These ingredients team up and work together to ensure that you get an effective, stable vaccine delivered to you, explains Jamie Alan, Pharm.D., Ph.D., an assistant professor of pharmacology and toxicology at Michigan State University. While the ingredients are slightly different for each vaccine, they ultimately achieve the same goal, she says. The mRNA is the powerhouse of both vaccines. But the lipids, which are fats, also play an important role. These “facilitate delivery of the mRNA to cells,” says infectious disease expert Amesh A. Adalja, M.D., senior scholar at the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security. These fats envelop and protect the mRNA until it can be injected into your body. Everything else—like the potassium choloride, sucrose (sugar), and acetic acid—works to maintain the pH or stability of the vaccine, Alan says. This is crucial in keeping the vaccine effective after it’s manufactured, per the CDC. Acetic acid, for example, is found in vinegar. “Sodium acetate is also a stabilizer,” Alan says. “It’s in many foods and can also be used as an electrolyte in IV fluids.” Bottom line: The COVID-19 vaccines have similar formulas, and the ingredients don’t surprise experts. However, the slight difference may explain the different storage needs for each, Alan says. The Pfizer vaccine needs to be kept at a frigid -70 degrees Celsius, which will be a tricky requirement to navigate as distribution increases in 2021. However, the Moderna vaccine can be shipped at -20 degrees Celsius, and can be comfortably stored in refrigerator units for up to 30 days after that. Both vaccines, which will require two doses, likely won’t be available to the average person until the late spring or early summer, Dr. Adalja says. Once it is available to you, it’s important to remember that any vaccine authorized by the FDA is safe—and brings us a major leap forward in ending the COVID-19 pandemic together. Advertisement - Continue Reading Below More From COVID-19
Human intelligence study result disproves previous science Human Intelligence Source: Sabine Zierer (Via: Pixabay) Univeristy of Leicester's new research argues that human intelligence is a result of one part of the brain, disproving previous beliefs. By Emma William \| Contributor New research from a study by the University of Leicester, published in the Trends in Cognitive Science journal, has contradicted fifty years worth of neuroscientific opinion, arguing that the way we store memories is key to human’s superior intelligence. It was previously believed that it is ‘pattern separation in the hippocampus, an area of the brain critical for memory, that enables memories to be stored by separate groups of neurons, meaning that memories don’t get mixed up. However, after fifteen years of research on the topic, Leicester University’s Director of Systems Neuroscience believes that in fact the opposite to pattern separation is present in the human hippocampus. He argues that, contrary to what has been described in animals, the same group of neurons store all memories. This breakthrough scientific discovery means that neuronal representation explains the abstract thinking that identifies human intelligence. For instance, if you see a black cat on your way to work one evening, your brain will store the experience separately to any previous memories of seeing the cat on the same street – differentiating the memories. A portion of studies which support pattern separation are single-neuron recordings on animals, such as rats and monkeys, which are then transferred to humans because we have similar brain structures. There have also been in depth experiments on human subjects and monitoring brain activity with Functional Magnetic Resource Imaging (fMRI). Arguing against the use of fMRI, Professor Rodrigo Quian Quiroga, Director of Systems Neuroscience at Leicester University, contended that the technology “doesn’t allow recording the activity of individual neurons.” Speaking on the activity of individual neurons, the professor added that the researchers identified “something completely different to what has been described in other animals.” He then explained that, contrary to pattern separation, “evidence from human single-neuron recordings shows that episodic memories are coded by context-independent and invariant engrams in the human hippocampus.” The studies experimented on single neurons in human brains revealed that episodic memory (the recall of life experiences) may not be dependent on the context, as it was initially believed. In addition, there may actually be a co-activation of neurons not previously considered to be involved occurring within this process. Consequently, this discovery could have an immense impact on the world of neurology. As Professor Rodrigo Quian Quiroga – the current lead scientist on this project concerning memory formation in the human medial temporal lobe – suggests, this research “prompts us to reconsider the view of episodic memory as mental time travel, and the distinction between episodic and semantic memory.” So instead of defining episodic memory as memory of personal life experiences and semantic memory as general knowledge, the scientific community may redefine and reinvestigate, considering overlaps between the two types of memory. Moreover, it may lay the foundations for explaining why human intelligence is so different to that of chimps, despite the similarities in anatomical structures and numbers of neurons. The professor argues this reflects the thesis that human neurons must be doing something differently to chimpanzees in order to create such a wildly different level of intelligence. This scientific breakthrough is a major success for the neuroscientific community and exhibits the way that science is constantly being considered and improved upon. Homosapiens are the dominant species due to this neuronal variation, explaining why we have an intelligence that other species could not even dream of (they lack the cognitive capabilities.) It will be interesting to see what future evidence this research project produces and what other scientifically accepted explanations are disproved. Add Comment Click here to post a comment
Book Review: Llamas Of South America Llamas Of South America, by Gladys Plemon Conklin Llamas are by nature pretty entertaining looking animals, and as a resident of Oregon I have witnessed the attempt by many people to raise not only llamas but also alpacas for their wool. What this particular book does is present the camelids of South America, of which there are four species, two of them wild and two of them domesticated, in a context that shows how it is that these creatures have lived and lived and have interacted with humanity over the course of the last few centuries. There are a lot of worthwhile insights that can be gained from considering the connections that exist between beings, including the llamas and their cousins. It does appear that while llamas are beloved animals to many, they have a difficult time in the wild in South America at present because of the pressures of people on land and the fact that the wilder species of the camelids have been forced to live in ever more inhospitable territory to try to get away from people, which has led to the fragmentation of the species and to its intense vulnerability, although it is true that many countries are seeking to preserve the well-being of those herds that do remain by protecting land and trying to stop practices like the machine gunning of wild camelids by those looking for a quick slaughter. This book is a short one at between 50 and 100 pages, and it includes illustrations as well as text about the four animals that make up the llama family of South America. The book begins with an exploration of the ancestor of the llamas as they have been found in the archaeological remains of sacrifices from thousands of years ago. After that comes a discussion of the timid guanaco, which lives in a range that include remote Patagonia and that allows the writer to discuss the range of such creature in history as well as at present. After that the author discusses the llama and its importance to the Inca empire as well as to contemporary populations of South America, not only its role as a pack animal but also as a sacrifice. After that comes a look at the silky alpaca, known for its fur, which has made the animal a popular one even if it is a temperamental one like its kin. Finally, the author explores the endangered nature of the vicuna, an animal whose range has been drastically affected by the spread of people in the Andes over the past few decades, with a fragmented and vulnerable distribution whose survival depends on conservation efforts. After this comes a glossary, suggestions for further reading, and an index. What do we gain from knowing about the camelids of South America. By and large, llamas, alpacas, and their shy and obscure and wild kin are all deeply entertaining animals. They represent the largest native animals of South America, and if they are unable to bear adult human beings as camels, horses, and donkeys do, they do bear loads and have humorous personalities that resemble the camel in terms of refusing to bear more than they can handle and showing a marked tendency to spit at people who attract their considerable natural supply of ire and spite. As someone who finds myself entertained by animals like the llama, whether I read about them or have seen them in zoos or even on the farms of quirky Oregonians looking to use their fur for various textiles, this book was a pleasant and enjoyable read that reminds one of the sort of field investigations that are common and have been common among European and American writers of the last couple centuries or so. Such investigations demonstrate something of the nature of people in wanting to explore physical and intellectual territories beyond the usual and also demonstrate the quirky and amusing nature of the plants and animals that are found there, including the four that this book focuses on. About nathanalbright Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s
Human vestigiality Human vestigiality The vermiform appendix is a vestige of the cecum, an organ that would have been used to digest cellulose by humans' herbivorous ancestors.Darwin, Charles (1871). "The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex". John Murray: London.] Analogous organs in other animals similar to humans continue to perform that function, whereas other meat-eating animals may have similarly diminished appendices. In line with the possibility of vestigial organs developing new functions, some research suggests that the appendix may guard against the loss of symbiotic bacteria that aid in digestion. [ [ Useful Appendix] ] [Bollinger, RR; Barbas, AS; Bush, EL, et al., Biofilms in the large bowel suggest an apparent function of the human vermiform appendix. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL BIOLOGY. 2007 249:826-831] The coccyx, or tailbone, is the remnant of a lost tail. All mammals have a tail at one point in their development; in humans, it is present for a period of 4 weeks, during stages 14 to 22 of human embryogenesis. [cite journal \|author=Saraga-Babić M, Lehtonen E, Svajger A, Wartiovaara J \|title=Morphological and immunohistochemical characteristics of axial structures in the transitory human tail \|journal=Ann. Anat. \|volume=176 \|issue=3 \|pages=277–86 \|year=1994 \|pmid=8059973] This tail is most prominent in human embryos 31-35 days old. [cite journal \|author=Fallon JF, Simandl BK \|title=Evidence of a role for cell death in the disappearance of the embryonic human tail \|journal=Am. J. Anat. \|volume=152 \|issue=1 \|pages=111–29 \|year=1978 \|pmid=677043 \|doi=10.1002/aja.1001520108] The tailbone, located at the end of the spine, has lost its original function in assisting balance and mobility, though it still serves some secondary functions, such as being an attachment point for muscles, which explains why it has not degraded further. In rare cases a short tail can persist after birth, with 23 human babies possessing tails having been reported in the medical literature since 1884. [cite journal \|author=Dao AH, Netsky MG \|title=Human tails and pseudotails \|journal=Hum. Pathol. \|volume=15 \|issue=5 \|pages=449–53 \|year=1984 \|pmid=6373560 \|doi=10.1016/S0046-8177(84)80079-9] [cite journal \|author=Dubrow TJ, Wackym PA, Lesavoy MA \|title=Detailing the human tail \|journal=Annals of plastic surgery \|volume=20 \|issue=4 \|pages=340–4 \|year=1988 \|pmid=3284435 \|doi=10.1097/00000637-198804000-00009] Wisdom teeth However, other findings suggest that a given culture's diet is a larger factor than genetics in the development of jaw size (and, consequently, the space available for wisdom teeth):cquotetxt\|Dental crowding in modern humans is considered the combined result of tool use to comminute foods and cooking to modify their mechanical properties, such as toughness. ["Facial dwarfing and dental crowding in relation to diet." Lucas, Peter W. ScienceDirect - International Congress Series 27 August 2007 [] .] The ears of a Macaque monkey, and most other monkeys, have far more developed muscles than those of humans and therefore have the capability to move their ears to better hear potential threats. [Prof. A. Macalister, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, vol. vii., 1871, p. 342.] Humans and other primates such as the orangutan and chimpanzee however have ear muscles that are minimally developed and non-functional.Darwin, Charles (1871). "The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex". John Murray: London.] A muscle that cannot move the ear, for whatever reason, can no longer be said to have any biological function. In humans there is variability in these muscles, such that some people are able to move their ears in various directions, and it has been said that it may be possible for others to gain such movement by repeated trials. In such primates the inability to move the ear is compensated mainly by the ability to turn the head on a horizontal plane, an ability which is not common to most monkeys— a function once provided by one structure is now replaced by another. [Mr. St. George Mivart, Elementary Anatomy, 1873, p. 396.] The plica semilunaris is small fold of tissue on the inside corner of the eye. It is the vestigial remnant of the nictitating membrane (the "third eyelid") which is present in other animals such as birds, reptiles, and fish. It is rare in mammals, mainly found in monotremes and marsupials. [Owen, R. 1866-1868. "Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of Vertebrates". London.] Its associated muscles are also vestigial. The plica semilunaris of Africans and Indigenous Australians have been said to have slightly larger than other peoples.Darwin, Charles (1871). "The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex". John Murray: London.] Only one species of primate -- the Calabar angwantibo -- is known to have a functioning nictitating membrane. [Montagna, W., Machida, H., and Perkins, E.M. 1966. The skin of primates XXXIII.: The skin of the angwantibo. "American Journal of Physical Anthropology". Vol. 25, 277-290.] Infants are able to support their own weight from a rod, although there is no way they can cling to their mother. [Murphy, L. B. (1964)Some Aspects of the First Relationship "International Journal of Psycho-Analysis" 45:31-43.] However, an ancestral primate would have had sufficient body hair to which an infant could cling, allowing its mother to escape from danger, such as climbing up a tree in the presence of a predator. There are also vestigial molecular structures in humans, which are no longer in use but may indicate common ancestry with other species. One example of this is L-gulonolactone oxidase, a gene that is functional in most other mammals and produces an enzyme that synthesizes Vitamin C. [cite journal \|author=Ohta Y, Nishikimi M \|title=Random nucleotide substitutions in primate nonfunctional gene for L-gulono-gamma-lactone oxidase, the missing enzyme in L-ascorbic acid biosynthesis \|journal=Biochim. Biophys. Acta \|volume=1472 \|issue=1-2 \|pages=408–11 \|year=1999 \|pmid=10572964] In humans and other primates, a mutation disabled the gene and made it unable to produce the enzyme. However, the remains of the gene are still present in the human genome as a vestigial genetic sequence called a pseudogene. [cite journal \|author=Nishikimi M, Fukuyama R, Minoshima S, Shimizu N, Yagi K \|title=Cloning and chromosomal mapping of the human nonfunctional gene for L-gulono-gamma-lactone oxidase, the enzyme for L-ascorbic acid biosynthesis missing in man \|journal=J. Biol. Chem. \|volume=269 \|issue=18 \|pages=13685–8 \|year=1994 \|pmid=8175804 \|url=] ee also Color blindness Vomeronasal organ Wikimedia Foundation. 2010. См. также в других словарях: • Vestigiality — The human vermiform appendix is a vestigial structure; it no longer retains its original function. Vestigiality describes homologous characters of organisms that have seemingly lost all or most of their original function in a species through… … Wikipedia • Human evolution — This article is about the divergence of Homo sapiens from other species. For a complete timeline of human evolution, see Timeline of human evolution. Reconstruction of Homo heidelbergensis which may be the direct ancestor of both Homo… … Wikipedia • Wisdom tooth — A wisdom tooth, in humans, is any of the usually four third molars. Wisdom teeth usually appear between the ages of 17 and 25.[1] Most adults have four wisdom teeth, but it is possible to have more, in which case they are called supernumerary… … Wikipedia • Dysgenics — (and cacogenics) [] and the fruit fly. [cite journal \|author=Kidwell MG \|title=Evolution of hybrid dysgenesis determinants in Drosophila melanogaster \|journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. \|volume=80 \|issue=6 \|pages=1655–9 \|year=1983 \|month=March … Wikipedia • Darwin's tubercle — Left: Darwin s tubercle. Right: the homologous point in a macaque. Darwin s tubercle is a congenital ear condition which often presents as a thickening on the helix at the junction of the upper and middle thirds. The feature is present in… … Wikipedia • Coccyx — This article is about the tailbone in humans. For the tailbone in animals, see Rump (croup). The tortrix moth genus Coccyx is nowadays considered a junior synonym of Cydia. Bone: Coccyx A coccyx with four vertebrae below the sacrum … Wikipedia • Nictitating membrane — The nictitating membrane of a Masked Lapwing as it closes. The nictitating membrane (from Latin nictare, to blink) is a transparent or translucent third eyelid present in some animals that can be drawn across the eye for protection and to moisten … Wikipedia • Vermiform appendix — Infobox Anatomy Name = Vermiform Appendix Latin = appendix vermiformis GraySubject = 249 GrayPage = 1178 Caption = Arteries of cecum and vermiform appendix. (Appendix visible at lower right, labeled as vermiform process ). Caption2 = Normal… … Wikipedia • On the Origin of Species — Origin of Species redirects here. For other uses, see Origin of Species (disambiguation). On the Origin of Species … Wikipedia • Devolution (biology) — In common parlance, devolution , de evolution , or backward evolution is the notion that a species can change into a more primitive form. Biologically, it is a misnomer because evolution does not have a direction or motive. So, its reverse is not … Wikipedia Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное Прямая ссылка: Нажмите правой клавишей мыши и выберите «Копировать ссылку»
31 equal temperament In music, 31 equal temperament, which can be abbreviated 31-tET, 31-EDO, 31-ET, is the tempered scale derived by dividing the octave into 31 equal-sized steps. Each step represents a frequency ratio of 21/31, or 38.71 cents. Division of the octave into 31 steps arose naturally out of Renaissance music theory; the lesser diesis — the ratio of an octave to three major thirds, 128/125 or 41.1 cents — was approximately a fifth of a tone and a third of a semitone. On this basis, Nicola Vicentino produced a 31-step keyboard instrument, the Archicembalo, in 1555, but it was not until 1666 that Lemme Rossi first proposed an equal temperament of this order. Shortly thereafter, having discovered it independently, famed scientist Christiaan Huygens wrote about it also. Since the standard system of tuning at that time was quarter-comma meantone, in which the fifth is tuned to 51/4, the appeal of this method is immediate, as the fifth of 31-et, at 696.77 cents, is only a fifth of a cent sharper than the fifth of quarter-comma meantone. Huygens not only realized this, he went farther and noted that 31-ET provides an excellent approximation of septimal, or 7-limit harmony, which was an advanced insight for its time. In the twentieth century, physicist, music theorist and composer Adriaan Fokker, after reading Huygens's work, led a revival of interest in this system of tuning which led to a number of compositions, particularly by Dutch composers. cale diagram The following are 21 of the 31 notes in the scale: The remaining 10 notes can be added with, for example, five "double flat" notes and five "double sharp" notes. Interval size Here are the sizes of some common intervals: The 31 equal temperament has a very close fit to the 7:6, 8:7, and 7:5 ratios, ratios which do not even have approximate fits within the 12 equal temperament and which have only a poor fit with the 19 equal temperament. The composer Joel Mandelbaum (born 1932) used this tuning system specifically because of its good matches to the 7th and 11th partials in the harmonic series. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0031-6016%28199124%2929%3A1%3C176%3ASACONT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-G "Six American Composers on Nonstandard Tunnings: Douglas Keislar; Easley Blackwood; John Eaton; Lou Harrison; Ben Johnston; Joel Mandelbaum; William Schottstaedt" Perspectives of New Music, Vol. 29, No. 1. (Winter, 1991), pp. 176-211. ] It should be noted, however, that this tuning does not distinguish between the septimal major third and the (14:11) ratio, neither of which is matched particularly well in this tuning. This tuning can be considered a meantone temperament. It has the necessary property that a chain of its four fifths are equivalent to its major third (the comma 81/80 is tempered out), which also means that it contains a "meantone" that falls between the sizes of 10/9 and 9/8 as the combination of one of each of its chromatic and diatonic semitones. One property of 31-et is that it equates to the unison, or "tempers out", the syntonic comma of 81/80. It can therefore be considered a meantone temperament. It also tempers the 5-limit intervals 393216/390625, known as the Würschmidt comma after music theorist José Würschmidt, and 2109375/2097152, known as the semicomma. In addition, it also tempers out 126/125, the septimal semicomma or starling comma .Fact\|date=April 2008. Because it tempers out both 81/80 and 126/125, it supports septimal meantone temperament. It also tempers out 1029/1024, the gamelan residue .Fact\|date=April 2008, and 1728/1715, the Orwell comma .Fact\|date=April 2008. Consequently it supports a wide variety of linear temperaments .Fact\|date=April 2008. 31-et also tempers out 99/98. Chords of 31 equal temperament Many interesting chords of 31-et are discussed in the article on septimal meantone temperament. Chords not discussed there include the neutral thirds triad, which might be written either C-Dmusic\|##-G or C-Fmusic\|bb-G, and the Orwell tetrad, which is C-E-Fmusic\|##-Bmusic\|bb. External links * [http://www.xs4all.nl/~huygensf/english/index.html de Beer, Anton, "The Development of 31-tone Music"] * [http://www.xs4all.nl/~huygensf/doc/fokkerorg.html Fokker, Adriaan Daniël, "Equal Temperament and the Thirty-one-keyed organ"] * [http://www.xs4all.nl/~huygensf/doc/rap31.html Rapoport, Paul, "About 31-tone Equal Temperament"] * [http://www.xs4all.nl/~huygensf/doc/terp31.html Terpstra, Siemen, "Toward a Theory of Meantone (and 31-et) Harmony"] Wikimedia Foundation. 2010. Look at other dictionaries: • Equal temperament — is a musical temperament, or a system of tuning in which every pair of adjacent notes has an identical frequency ratio. In equal temperament tunings an interval mdash; usually the octave mdash; is divided into a series of equal steps (equal… … Wikipedia • Equal temperament — Temperament Tem perament, n. [L. temperamentum a mixing in due proportion, proper measure, temperament: cf. F. temp[ e]rament. See {Temper}, v. t.] 1. Internal constitution; state with respect to the relative proportion of different qualities,… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English • equal temperament — Music. the division of an octave into 12 equal semitones, as in the tuning of a piano. * * * ▪ music in music, a tuning system in which the octave is divided into 12 semitones of equal size. Because it enables keyboard instruments (keyboard … Universalium • equal temperament — noun the division of the scale based on an octave that is divided into twelve exactly equal semitones equal temperament is the system commonly used in keyboard instruments • Hypernyms: ↑temperament … Useful english dictionary • 53 equal temperament — In music, 53 equal temperament, called 53 TET, 53 EDO, or 53 ET, is the tempered scale derived by dividing the octave into fifty three equally large steps. Each step represents a frequency ratio of 21/53, or 22.6415 cents, an interval sometimes… … Wikipedia • 19 equal temperament — In music, 19 equal temperament, called 19 TET, 19 EDO, or 19 ET, is the tempered scale derived by dividing the octave into 19 equally large steps. Each step represents a frequency ratio of 21/19, or 63.16 cents. Because 19 is a prime number, one… … Wikipedia • 72 equal temperament — In music, 72 equal temperament, called twelfth tone, 72 tet, 72 edo, or 72 et, is the tempered scale derived by dividing the octave into twelfth tones, or in other words 72 equally large steps. Each step represents a frequency ratio of 21/72, or… … Wikipedia • 22 equal temperament — In music, 22 equal temperament, called 22 tet, 22 edo, or 22 et, is the tempered scale derived by dividing the octave into 22 equally large steps. Each step represents a frequency ratio of 21/22, or 54.55 cents.The idea of dividing the octave… … Wikipedia • 34 equal temperament — In musical theory, 34 equal temperament, also referred to as 34 tet, 34 edo or 34 et, is the tempered tuning derived by dividing the octave into 34 equal sized steps. Each step represents a frequency ratio of 21/34, or 35.29 cents.Unlike… … Wikipedia Share the article and excerpts Direct link Do a right-click on the link above and select “Copy Link”
Question: Does GPS Give Off Radiation? How can I reduce my phone radiation? Limit calls in a low network area. Use airplane mode for gaming (for your child) … Sleep without your phone. Avoid use of phones while driving or in trains.More items…•. How does GPS affect the environment? GPS technology supports efforts to understand and forecast changes in the environment. … GPS receivers mounted on buoys track the movement and spread of oil spills. Helicopters use GPS to map the perimeter of forest fires and allow efficient use of fire fighting resources. How much radiation do cell phones emit? The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) — which regulates cell phones, among other things, in the United States — has set radiation standards for cell phones at 1.6 watts per kilogram averaged over 1 gram of tissue. Does Bluetooth cause cancer? The amount of radiation released by Bluetooth devices is relatively low compared to cellphones. One 2019 study found the amount of radiation in Bluetooth headsets was 10 to 400 times lower than phone radiation. At this time, there’s no evidence that Apple AirPods or other Bluetooth devices cause cancer. Do phones give off radiation when turned off? If you are travelling with your phone in your pocket, turn off mobile data. That switches off the radiation emitting radios. You can still receive calls. … Turning data on and off is just a toggle in my Android phone’s notification shade. What is the benefit of GPS? GPS and other GNSS and enhancements raise productivity; reduce and avoid costs; save time; enable improved and new production processes, products and markets; increase health and well-being; reduce injury and loss of life; improve the environment; and increase security. How does cell phone radiation work? What material can block cell phone radiation? Which phone has highest radiation? How do GPS satellites work? Satellite Navigation is based on a global network of satellites that transmit radio signals in medium earth orbit. The time information is placed in the codes broadcast by the satellite so that a receiver can continuously determine the time the signal was broadcast. … Do cell phones emit ionizing radiation? Is wearing an Apple watch unhealthy? “The radiation really comes from the 3G connection on a cellphone, so devices like the Jawbone Up and Apple Watch should be O.K.,” Dr. Mercola said in a phone interview. … (The Apple Watch uses Bluetooth and Wi-Fi to receive data, and researchers say there is no proven harm from those frequencies on the human body. Is it safe to sleep with a Fitbit? Do GPS trackers emit radiation? All GPS devices emit radiofrequency radiation, such as phones, tablets, and wearable tech. Pet GPS trackers also fall into this category. (You’re probably familiar with the term EMFs–electric & magnetic fields–which is another name for radiation.) … In contrast, ionizing radiation can damage DNA and cause cancer. Is GPS signal harmful? As previously established, the signals that GPS device receive aren’t dangerous to our bodies, but the usage of navigation technology can make you prone to developing memory-affected diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Dementia. However, this is at a very slim chance. Do smart watches give off radiation? He also advises against any wearable tech such as “smart watches, which emit extremely high levels of radiation. … “The radiation really comes from the 3G connection on a cellphone, so devices like the Jawbone Up and Apple Watch should be O.K.,” Mercola told Bilton. Can wearing a smartwatch cause cancer? Have you heard the claim that wearable tech devices like Fitbit and the upcoming Apple Watch may pose a cancer risk? A recent column in The New York Times raised the possibility that radiation emitted by such devices could pose a cancer risk. Is Bluetooth safe for brain? Some experts predict that even at lower SAR levels, prolonged, chronic use of our wireless devices could very well add up over time and hurt our health. “If one uses the AirPods many hours a day, the cumulative exposure to the brain from this microwave radiation could be substantial,” Moskowitz stated on his website. Is wearing a watch bad for your wrist? Are Bluetooth headphones safe? Is GPS a radiation? The GPS receiver only receives signals transmitted from the satellites. Our bodies constantly encounter these signals regardless of whether we carry a receiver or not. Additional radiation is not produced by the GPS receiver. The GPS cat collar only emits a signal when it transmits data via the GSM mobile network.
Lion and Unicorn Lion and Unicorn Lion and unicorn might sound like they have nothing to do with each other. A feline living in African savanna, and a magical, horse-like creature with one horn? If you think about it, lion and unicorn do have something in common. Lion is the king of the predators, and it is considered a noble and brave animal. Unicorn is a magical creature, and while it is not a predator, it is also seen as noble and daring. The lion and the unicorn have an old symbolic meaning. They are the symbols of United Kingdom. The lion represents England, while the unicorn, national animal of Scotland, symbolizes Scotland. The History of Lion and Unicorn Traditionally, lion and unicorn have been seen as enemies. This is reflected in the historical warfare between England and Scotland. The history of lion and unicorn as symbols of United Kingdom started in 1603. This is the year when King James I of England became the king of England and Ireland (he was already the king of Scotland). The lion and the unicorn are heraldic supporters of the royal coat of arms of United Kingdom. The lion and the unicorn have also been in the royal coat of arms of Canada since 1921. Crown the Unicorn Too! The royal coat of arms has different versions in England and Scotland. In the English version, only the lion is crowned. The unicorn does not have a crown on its head, and above all, it is chained. This is because in history, a free unicorn was considered a dangerous animal. Scotland has a different version of the royal coat of arms. In the Scottish version, the unicorn is still chained, but it is also wearing a crown, not just the lion. royal coat of arms of the united kingdom The English version of the royal coat of arms is on the left. The Scottish version is on the right. Image by Sodacan This W3C-unspecified vector image was created with Inkscape. / CC BY-SA The Nursery Rhyme The Lion and the Unicorn is an old nursery rhyme and folk song. It probably dates back to the 18th century. The lyrics of the song reflect the history of England and Scotland, and the political situation at the time. The Lion and the Unicorn Lyrics The lion and the unicorn were fighting for the crown The lion beat the unicorn all around the town Some gave them white bread and some gave them brown Some gave them plum cake and drummed them out of town The nursery rhyme is represented on Lewis Carroll’s novel Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There. Alice meets the Lion and the Unicorn, which are fighting over the crown of the White King. Just like in the nursery rhyme, Alice offers the rival animals plum cake. The Lion and the Unicorn in the Bible There is a verse in the King James Version of the Bible, in which both the lion and the unicorn are mentioned: Save me from the Lion´s mouth: for thou hast heard me from the horns of the unicorns. Psalms 22:21 The lion on this verse is usually interpreted as death or Satan. This verse is about that God will save you from death, and from the horns of unicorns. But normally, lion and unicorn are not ferocious symbols in the Bible. Unicorn is usually seen as the symbol of Christ. The lion, on the other hand, is the symbol of the Lion of Judah. In C.S. Lewis’s fantasy novel series The Chronicles of Narnia, the lion Aslan represents the Christ. The lion and the unicorn can be found in the Bible, and as confusing as it seems, they both are seen as symbols of the Christ. Lion and Unicorn – A Royal Pair Lion and unicorn have a long history. Traditionally seen as enemies, they are found in the royal coat of arms of United Kingdom. The lion and the unicorn are symbols of United Kingdom. The lion represents England, while the unicorn symbolizes Scotland. This symbolism is found in the old nursery rhyme called the Lion and the Unicorn. The lion and the unicorn can also be found in the Bible. It may be confusing, but they are both seen as symbols of the Christ. The magical unicorn has a long history with the king of the predators, lion. In my opinion, both parties of this royal pair deserve a crown! What do you think of the symbolism of lion and unicorn? Do you find it confusing? Please share your thoughts in the comment section below. Recommended Posts You Might Also Like Unicorns and the Bible – The Hidden Link Unicorns and The Bible Is there a hidden link between unicorns and the Bible? Are unicorns mentioned in the Holy Book, and what do Read more European Unicorns – The Sparkling Creatures of Fantasy The European Unicorns While European unicorns are well-known, there's more than meets the eye to this magical unicorn species. Let's explore this sparkling Read more 37 Unicorn Facts to Astonish You Unicorn Facts - A Winged Unicorn Standing on its Hind Legs Did you know that one in four unicorns can speak, or that unicorn is the national animal of Scotland? These Read more The Saola Asian Unicorn – 5 Asian Unicorn Facts The Saola Asian Unicorn Unicorn encounters are known to be rare. Meeting the Saola Asian unicorn is probably even rarer than meeting the magical creature Read more 2 thoughts on “Lion and Unicorn” 1. blank My dad was described as lion like in temper and appearance. His thick mane of brown hair, bushy eyebrows, fierce hazel eyes and strong presence reminded everyone of a lion. My mom called him “her handsome lion”. My dads siblings also had the same lion like qualities. Where my parents come from there are celebrations of lions, dancing and festivities. My dad passed away at almost a 100 years old, One day daughter saw a lion shaped fierce cloud looking at us. She said “mama, look it’s grandpa!!!! It looks exactly like his face!!!!” Shortly after several more fierce lions showed up , we counted and all my dad’s siblings were with him. It was a beautiful sunset and the lions were watching over us, My dad was the largest in the middle. We walked down the same path on our way home and my daughter found a tiny golden fairy pendant with pastel rainbow streamers on it. There was no one there to have placed it. My daughter said “Fairies and angels and unicorns left it for us”. Leave a Comment Scroll to Top
Why ethane production has increased a lot over the past few years What caused the increase in ethane production? The shale revolution has caused increased drilling of hydrocarbon resources in the U.S. Led by new applications of hydraulic fracturing technology and horizontal drilling, the development of new sources of shale gas has offset declines in production from conventional gas reservoirs, and has led to major increases in the U.S. natural gas reserves. According to EIA, gross withdrawals of natural gas increased to 2.64 trillion cubic feet in January 2014, from 2.25 trillion cubic feet In January 2009, an increase of 17.3%.Gas Plant ProdnDue to the shale boom and the surge in production of natural gas, the price of dry natural gas decreased dramatically over the past several years. As a result of this, upstream energy names increasingly favored “wet gas” formations, that is, areas with a larger proportion of natural gas liquids, as NGLs received better pricing than dry gas. Natural gas processors remove natural gas liquids, and the NGL components are sold separately from the dry gas (methane) stream. Such companies targeting wet gas include Range Resources Corporation (RRC), Chesapeake Energy Corporation (CHK), EQT Corporation (EQT), and Antero Resources Corporation (AR). Many of these companies are components of SPDR S&P Oil & Gas Exploration & Production ETF (XOP). US Shale Article continues below advertisement One of the natural gas liquids, ethane, had historically received significantly more advantageous pricing than dry natural gas. Ethane is the largest component of the natural gas liquids stream, and the increased wet gas production caused a large increase in ethane production. Most of the U.S. ethane production is used in the petrochemical sector, where it is used to make ethylene, a basic component used for manufacturing many chemicals and plastics. At first the excess ethane had been absorbed by the existing U.S. petchem demand. However, eventually this demand was saturated and the increased production began to cause ethane prices to fall substantially, in some cases to levels at or below that of natural gas. More From Market Realist
Classic EssaysRevilo P. Oliver Bible Myths from Arabia Felix by Revilo P. Oliver AS I WRITE, a new book by Dr. Kamal Salibi of the American University in Beirut has not yet been published in this country, and I owe notice of it to Der Spiegel, which will publish portions of it in German translation, and to an article by Jim Muir of the Sunday Times, an English newspaper in Beirut. The title of the book states its thesis, The Bible Came from Arabia. According to the press, Dr. Salibi offers evidence that the well-known tale about David and Solomon in the Jew book is derived from events that took place “in the fertile coastal hills of western Arabia, now the Saudi provinces of Asir and the Southern Hejaz.” That is not at all surprising. Everyone knows the Jewish legend about the imaginary wealth of “Solomon” and the fabulous prosperity that inspired a queen of Saba (corrupted to “Sheba” in the Bible) to visit the big Sheeny in Jerusalem and become converted from some more reasonable religion to the worship of Yahweh. The tale was picked up by Mahomet in the Koran (surah 27), since he naturally had a special interest in it, and further adorned by Arabian fancy, reaching its finest literary expression in Gerard de Nerval’s Histoire de la Reine du Matin et de Soliman, Prince des Genies. These legends have their source in historical fact, the great prosperity of the kingdom of Saba, which flourished in the southwestern corner of the Arabian peninsula from the ninth century B.C. or earlier to shortly before A.D. 570. The Sabaeans (who were almost certainly Homer’s Aethiopians) were a White race of Mediterranean stock; see their faces in the sculptures preserved in the great museum at Vienna, many of which are photographed in David H. Muller’s Suedarabische Altertuemer (Vienna, 1899). They spoke a Semitic language, Sabaean, also called Southern Arabian, now known from the many inscriptions that have preserved most of what is now certainly known of their history. The language differs greatly from the Arabic of the Koran, from which were derived all the dialects of Arabic now spoken by Semitic peoples. (Jews, of course, are not Semites; they are a hybrid race which contains a large Semitic admixture, and Hebrew is a dialect they formed from the language of Canaan, often called Old Phoenician.) For a very concise outline of Sabaean history, see Professor Philip K. Hitti’s History of the Arabs (London, 1964). The prosperity of the Sabaeans, which is reflected in the Classical name of their country, Arabia Felix, depended on their ocean-borne commerce, their monopoly of many products, such as frankincense, and their agriculture, made possible by irrigation from artificial lakes, especially that formed by the famous dyke of Ma’rib, of which the extensive remains have been again studied by archaeologists in the present decade. The final collapse of Sabaean civilization coincided with the ruin of the dyke of Ma’rib, after which much of the land became desiccated and desolate. The cause was one of the emphatic lessons of history that American nitwits are determined to disregard. At the height of their prosperity, the Sabaeans invaded and conquered the region of Africa opposite their land and enslaved the native Blacks, who had some vestiges of culture left from the conquest of Nubia by the Egyptians long before. The conquering Sabaeans, however, in the ignorance that preceded the development of biological science, fecklessly committed the crime of miscegenation, producing mongrels and eventually giving to the territory in Africa the appellation, “Land of Bastards,” Abyssinia (now changed to Ethiopia). They were infected by Christianity in the Fourth Century,() and the Christian lust to plunder and save souls probably contributed a fanatical zeal when the mongrels, taking advantage of civil war in the Sabaean kingdom, invaded and conquered their mother country in the Sixth Century. They ruined it, of course, and naturally neglected maintenance of the dyke of Ma’rib, which finally broke sometime between 542 and 570, and was famed thereafter as a cause, rather then a consequence, of the disastrous end of Sabaean culture. The territory, much of which is now known as Yemen (al-Yaman), was occupied by an expedition from Sassanian Persia, and it is said that the devastated land was in such chaos by 575 that a corps of 800 disciplined Persian troops sufficed to send the mongrels scuttling back to Africa. (footnote: Quite a few Christian gospels are now preserved only in translations from Greek into Geez (“Old Ethiopic”). Whether the translations were made directly from the Greek or from Coptic or Arabic or Syrian intermediaries is a much disputed question.) It would not be at all remarkable if the Jews picked up stories from Arabia Felix as a basis for some of their tales in the “Old Testament,” just as they derived the story about Noah and his ark from a Sumerian myth that reached them through a Babylonian adaptation of it. And the actual prosperity of the Sabaeans could have suggested the tale about the riches and power of Solomon. But if the reports in the press are not misleading, Professor Salibi goes much farther and argues that the Biblical Israel was Saba, whence it would seem to follow that the Sabaeans were Jews! Now it is true that the race of migratory parasites did get into Arabia at a comparatively early date. It is probable that, as Professor H.W.F. Saggs observes in The Greatness That Was Babylon (New York, 1962; paperback, 1968), Jews were established in the strategic oases along the trade routes by the last King of Babylon, Nabonidus, when he led an expedition into the Arabian peninsula that reached modern Medina and the Red Sea. The Jews naturally showed their gratitude to their benefactor in their normal manner, by spreading subversion in Babylonia and eventually betraying his capital to the Persians under Cyrus the Great in 538 B.C. It is also true that the Sabaean kingdom in the centuries preceding its collapse was swarming with Jews, who doubtless worked hard to incite dissension and civil war, as they normally do in all territories which they have infiltrated, but there is no reason to suppose the Jews were more than parasites on the Sabaeans, as they are on the Americans today. If Salibi goes so far as to make Saba ancient Israel, he is indulging in wild fantasy. I mention all this now because Jim Muir, whom I mentioned above, suggests that, on the basis of Salibi’s theory, the Jews may claim Saudi Arabia as their “homeland” too. Whether the Jews would adopt such a justification may be doubted, but it is certain that they intend to occupy and destroy Saudi Arabia, a kingdom they particularly hate because it contains the most nearly pure Semites to be found in the world after that race was dispersed and diluted by Islam, the Jews’ religion for Arabs. For this purpose, the Jews will naturally use their American subjects as they are now using the nominally American C.I.A. and the Shi’ites (the Moslem heresy now dominant in Iran) to excite trouble in Saudi territory. It is not unlikely that the attacks on tankers in the Persian Gulf and the presence of American naval vessels to protect them may be a planned preliminary to the sinking of some American ships, which will provide a pretext for rushing American forces to “help” the Saudis in much the same way as the mongrels from Abyssinia came to “help” one faction in Sabaean territory and then occupied it. If a large-scale expeditionary force is desired and the Americans show a lack of enthusiasm for another war to serve the Jews, the fake “energy crisis” could be made severe enough to pep them up. And the gang in Washington would have no trouble at all in arranging a “crisis” that would be proclaimed by their mouthpiece, whether Reagan or another stooge, to invoke the rule by open terrorism in the Soviet manner for which all preparations have now been made, including a whole sheaf of Executive Orders that have been printed in the Federal Register and thus made law, and reprinted by various starveling “right-wing” and “Nazi” organization that imagine that the boobs in the United States still possess some organ that is capable of thinking. Of course, the Aryan sheep, now grazing contentedly under the eyes of their Jewish shepherds, will never read such unpleasant things, and when they feel the Executive Orders in domestic counterparts of the Gulag Archipelago, the sheep will bleat mindlessly and wonder what happened. * * * Source: Liberty Bell magazine, December 1984 Previous post Trying to Achieve an Impossible Equality Will Kill America Next post They Know Their Narrative Is a Lie Notify of Inline Feedback View all comments Walt Hampton Walt Hampton 15 September, 2020 3:12 pm Once again the scam and scourge of Christianity is exposed. Thanks, Prof. Oliver. Walter Green Walter Green 16 September, 2020 11:11 pm History of Jews is both creepy and fascinating. It’s like an episode of Star Trek in which an alien species capable of shape shifting gives eerie fun. Dr. Oliver must have had a lot of thrills while discovering true identity of Jews just like the hero characters in Star Trek did while fighting back the infiltrator. Last edited 4 months ago by Walter Green
Blog two of five on an industry totally new to Tibet: mass manufacture of millions of alien trout in hydro dams on the Ma Chu/Yellow River Of the many dams China has built athwart the Ma Chu in Amdo, by far the biggest in size is the highest, Longyangxia, although other dams below generate more electricity. Longyangxia, completed in 1987, is also the oldest of the Amdo dams, built at a time when most of the CCP Politburo Standing Committee were engineers. Initially fish cultivation in reservoirs was a distant dream, although the UN Food & Agriculture Organisation helped set up fish farming, in Longyangxia, as early as 1990. ཨང་གྲངས། ཆུ་མཛོད་མིང་། རྫོང་། ཁུལ། གནས་བབས། 1. Ma er dang 玛尔挡 མར་སྟེང་། Martengརྨ་ཆེན། It’s in Ragya Town.མགོ་ལོག། 2018 བཟུང་བེད་སྤྱོད་བྱེད་བཞིན་པ། 2. Yang qu 羊曲 གཡང་འཁྱིལ། Yangkyil བྲག་དཀར། མཚོ་ལྷོ། 2016 བཟུང་བེད་སྤྱོད་བྱེད་བཞིན་པ། 3. La xi wa 拉希瓦 ལ་ཟེ་བ LaSewaཁྲི་ཀ། མཚོ་ལྷོ། 2010 བཟུང་བེད་སྤྱོད་བྱེད་བཞིན་པ། 4. Li gorge ངོས་མ་ཟིན། 1999 བཟུང་བེད་སྤྱོད་བྱེད་བཞིན་པ། 5. Da Gorge ངོས་མ་ཟིན། 1998 བཟུང་བེད་སྤྱོད་བྱེད་བཞིན་པ། 6. Long yang xia 龙羊峡 ཚལ་རྔ་འགག Tsal nga gakགསེར་ཆེན། མཚོ་ལྷོ། 1992 བཟུང་བེད་སྤྱོད་བྱེད་བཞིན་པ། The case for constructing Longyangxia was focussed on hydropower, flood control, provisioning of irrigation water and protecting the downstream Yellow River from damage by floating ice. These remain the key purposes, and scientific research suggests Longyangxia has met those targets.[1] All of these outputs constitute economic growth and are classified as poverty alleviation for the local communities, another win-win for all. In reality Tibetans were removed from their lands to make way for Longyangxia’s man-made lake, and more have been displaced since the dam waters rose, by encroaching desertification, which was not officially attributed to climate change but to overgrazing by ignorant herders.[2] Czech anthropologist Jarmila Ptackova did ethnographic fieldwork at Longyangxia between 2007 and 2013, 20 to 26 years since Longyangxia dam wall was completed, enough time to assess the dam’s impacts on local Amdowa Tibetan communities. She further reported in 2016 on plans to build more dams upriver from Longyangxia, but these have not yet been built. “In Qinghai province, between the late 1970s and 2012, 47,640 people were forced to leave their original homes to make way for river dams and hydroelectric power stations, such as the Longyangxia, Lijiaxia, Gongboxia, Nina, Laxiwa, Kangyang, Zhiganglaka and Suzhi. Additional hydroelectric power stations – Bingling, Jishixia, Dahejia, Huangfeng, Banduo, Yangdian, Maerdang, Shitouxia and Nazixia – are under construction and will require the relocation of a further 51,855 people by 2020. “The total surface area of the reservoir is 383 km2. The dam was built for the purposes of hydroelectric power generation, irrigation, ice control and the stair-step power stations along the Longyangxia-Qingtongxia section. The construction of Longyangxia began in 1976. With a height of 178 m, on completion. The actual damming of the river began the first relocations of affected residents to state-employed engineers’ assumptions on the river’s behaviour, the water level and has had a huge impact on the local and agriculturalist inhabitants. “Due to the still increasing water level, new villages and fields continue to be flooded. Moreover, because of strong water-level fluctuations, land and fields that normally stand above the actual water level are also occasionally being shoaled and are not suitable for agriculture any more. Thus, 30 years after the completion of the dam and the launching of the hydroelectric power station in 1986, the water level of the Longyangxia is still rising and continues to impact the surrounding environment, necessitating the relocation of more and more people. “During the first relocation phase between 1977 and 1991, in Gonghe County 34 villages in five townships—a total of 3852 households—were relocated to make way for the Longyangxia reservoir. On the southern side of the dam, in Guinan County, additional villages had to be moved. Due to the continuous increase of the water level, some households and village communities from the Longyang basin have been forced to relocate up to three times since the start of the dam construction.” In her detailed ethnographic fieldwork, Ptackova found many displaced Tibetans had been samadrog, both crop farming and livestock raising on grassland, requiring access to pasture. On being resettled, the land allocated to them enabled cropping, but no space was provided for grazing, which wrecks the balance between the two modes of production, essential to subsistence. Worse, a livestock feedlot for intensive animal production was set up right next to their resettlement village, which the resettlers did not own, but had to live with the effluent pollution from it. stress faultline earthquake risks Longyangxia Hydraulic engineers describe hydro dams as stable and predictable, especially big ones like Longyangxia, which can release huge amounts of water without the water level changing much. But in the experience of Tibetan villagers, and the local government that allocated land to resettle, Longyangxia continued to rise, and villagers had to move again. Ptackova: “After only about two years, however, the village was again forced to move to a new location near Guomaying town. In the new settlement the houses were paid for and constructed by the government. Although use rights over some agricultural land were granted to the villagers, again no grazing space suitable for keeping livestock was made available and in the tight courtyards it is difficult to build even small animal sheds.” Jarmila Ptackova takes us to the: “11 local Tibetan communities which were resettled when the Longyangxia canyon was flooded. The new village is situated close to the Guinan County seat, about 30 km away from the original site. Though these resettled Tibetans were also semi-pastoralists, the Lagan village has no pasturelands attached. On the available fields, the variety of possible crops is limited due to the colder climate. While in the former location the villagers planted tomatoes and melons, rapeseed is now the main crop. The relocated Tibetans families were granted some funds to build new houses by themselves. “The villagers were informed about the damming project only when the construction works were already in progress and were assured that the water level would not reach their village and agricultural land. However, though Demang village was not among those originally to be flooded, it was affected at a later stage due to the unforeseen ongoing increase in the water table many years after the dam construction was completed. When the fields became flooded, the villagers demanded help from the local government, which decided to solve the problem through relocation. “Though it did not destroy all the fields, the landscape changes inflicted by the construction of the dam caused severe logistical problems for the Tibetan community in the old Demang village. The village was situated 35 km from the Gonghe county town, which was also its nearest market place. Though the villagers had to cross the Yellow River on the way, the water level in this section was comparatively low and the river itself was relatively narrow. This changed with the construction of the Longyangxia dam and other dams and reservoirs further downstream. Since the Longyangxia canyon was flooded, the Demang villagers have to travel between 130 to 250 km around the reservoir in order to reach Gonghe. photo: Michael Orenich “As in the majority of cases of relocation it also became more difficult for the villagers to reach monasteries and request monks to perform rituals, the lack of a public worship place has usually been among the main points of complaint in relocation sites. in the new Demang village also the prospective villagers were not consulted during the planning and design phase. As a result, the new concrete houses are considered uncomfortable by the majority of resettled villagers and those with sufficient financial means construct a second, wooden building in the style of a Qinghai farming house next to it. It is now these new wooden houses that serve as the main living quarters for the resettled families. “The transformation into a water landscape destroys the ecosystems around the reservoir as animal and plant habitats vanish. Damming may also even enhance soil erosion and trigger earthquakes around the dams and reservoirs (International Rivers 2010), further negatively influencing the lives of the inhabitants of the affected areas. The secondary impact is felt in an indirect way over a long period and continues to have an influence on larger and more distant plots of land. When resettling the population away from the nascent reservoir, new sites have to be developed to host the new settlements, and it is often the case that hillsides or grassland are adopted for cultivation, such as in the case of Lagan village. The concentration of the population in new centralised settlements and the extensive use of local land, however, further exacerbate the degradation of the environment and thus lead to even more environmental resettlement projects. Moreover, the resettled population is exposed to rapid changes in livelihood and ‘involuntary relocation usually results in people being transferred from a social environment in which they were primary actors to one in which they are aliens’, a situation which can further lead to conflicts with the previous users of the land. The resettlement did not lead to the shift of household registration to the new location. Instead, the registration remained at the original village site, even though some of the communities were resettled to different counties. This leads to additional complications and hampers integration in the new administrative unit. Adapting to new locations is, of course, most difficult for elderly people, who find it hard to establish new social networks and join in the cash-generating labour. “For the relocated people, however, major challenges begin with the implementation, when alternative livelihoods must be created. In new settlements, because no livestock is held, daily expenses usually rise. Thus, even when fields can provide food for the family, the majority of the younger generation have to seek out additional sources of income. In new settlements, potential for employment or business activity is limited, owing to the shortage of customers. Low education levels, limited Chinese language and management skills, low investment capacity and the inability to deal with the challenge of leaving the village additionally hinder the shift to a new profession and integration in urban economies. “By placing the new settlements closer to towns and communication routes, the government obviously hopes to facilitate finding employment. However, the competition among unqualified workers is continuously on the rise owing to immigration of predominantly Han and Hui workers from other provinces. Therefore, even in settlements established more than 10 years ago, such as the one near Gumaying, a substantial portion of the population has been unable to find a sustainable substitute for their previous occupation and lives in a prolonged state of precariousness.” photo: Rinchen Lucy Ato These nine dams on the Ma Chu in Amdo (Yellow River in Qinghai) fit into a wider context of damming. In 2019 the World Bank[3] reviewed China’s experience of hydro dams and displaced local communities, based on an in-depth investigation by the China Renewable Energy Engineering Institute (CREEI): “Since the 1970s, China’s planners have promoted hydropower projects as a strategically vital means to increase electricity generation for national development. The scale of hydropower development has increased significantly in more recent decades. More than 3,300 medium- or large-scale hydropower projects have been constructed — the Three Gorges Project being the largest and most famous — with China’s hydropower output now totalling about one-third of the global total. The construction of these sizable dams and the filling of the reservoirs behind them has caused population resettlement on a massive scale, with an estimated 24 million Chinese people relocated to accommodate hydropower schemes since the 1970s. “The Chinese experience shows that relying solely on a command and control approach to land acquisition and resettlement will not promote successful resettlement. Affected people can restore their lives and livelihoods more quickly and efficiently if they are allowed — and encouraged — to be actively involved in their own rehabilitation. The CREEI Report highlights the importance of a people-centred approach in which people are provided timely and useful information about matters affecting them, are engaged in formulating plans, and have accessible and reliable means to raise complaints and concerns to relevant officials. The significance of this approach however is not solely that affected people are given a voice; it is that structured arrangements are in place to increase the probability that their voice will be heard and will get some form of response.” Although Ptackova’s fieldwork shows local Tibetan communities get almost no say in how their displacement and resettlement are designed and implemented, according to CREEI and World Bank, China is learning to listen: For the Gongboxia Hydropower Station Project, in response to affected persons’ preferences, special measures were planned to minimize cultural disruption for Tibetan, Hui and Salar minority members who were among those to be affected. In some instances, separate resettlement sites were prepared, or ethnically differentiated villages were provided within shared sites. Site planning included culturally appropriate housing design and layout, and religious facilities were provided at or near village centres. “For the Yangqu Hydropower Station Project in Qinghai, planners recognized that normal valuation procedures for structures would not capture the less tangible sources of value Tibetans attached to religious facilities and activities that occur within them. The local resettlement officials instituted a consultative process with local religious leaders to determine appropriate replacement sites and appropriate means of support to enable religious leaders and adherents to agree to relocation arrangements.” These are encouraging signs, yet no-one has ever asked Tibetan communities how they feel about farming alien trout by the millions, killing, gutting, chilling, packing and airfreighting them off to China’s wealthiest cities. It remains axiomatic, in the eyes of central leaders, that this is development and poverty alleviation, a benefit to the Tibetans. Until 2000 aeolian (wind) desertification advanced towards southeast, close to Gonghe & Longyangxia dam Ptackova’s fieldwork around Longyangxia dam villages concluded in 2013. While she was in the field the precarity of life among the Tibetans displaced was intensified by encroaching desertification. To the northwest, landscapes have been slowly desiccating over a long period, summer rains from distant Indian and Pacific monsoons have failed to arrive, desertification has crept towards these marginal villages. Tibetan villagers in these districts only ploughed the small areas that were fairly flat and well-watered. On relocation, they had to plough the grassland, only to see seasons where expected rains failed to arrive, turning exposed soils to dust, readily blown away by strong winds, with a loss of soil fertility. To make matters worse, they were blamed for desertification. Work constructing the first big dam athwart the Ma Chu began in 1976. The last of the nine dams (so far) was completed in 2010. In those 34 years, much of Qinghai has desertified, especially along the Ma Chu near the Longyangxia dam. This has not been a problem for the river, which is plentifully watered from far upstream, not only from the source glaciers but from meandering over 1400 kms through lush alpine pastures and water meadows, slowly making its braided way across plateau land that is almost flat. Much further down the same river, the Huang He/Yellow River takes a massive turn north and then east through the deserts of Inner Mongolia, a lifeline for all production, from livestock to heavy industry. Longyangxia dam at top of map But desertification in the northwest of the Tibetan Plateau greatly alarmed China’s policy makers, who were quick to attribute blame to “irrational” Tibetans, often the same folk who had been displaced by dams, no longer given access to sufficient grassland to graze livestock flexibly and sustainably, by moving on well before the frasses were exhausted. The displaced Tibetans often had to subsist solely by ploughing the soil, to rely on cropping, even though the experience of breaking the grassland soil in Inner Mongolia was disastrous, decades earlier.[4] Both in Inner Mongolia and then in Qinghai the driver is wind, the result is aeolian desertification. There is nothing new about the fierce winds that blow hard from even deeper in inner Asia, capable of stripping bare earth of soil, leaving behind only pebbles and rocks. Much of the Chang Tang alpine desert of upper Tibet, in the west of the plateau, is a gibber plain of pebbles bared by those fierce winds. Even though Tibetan Zhang Zhung civilisation initially flourished in what is now a barren land, the wind drove then further and further east, leaving behind the remains of the irrigation channels and stone shelters built when these landscapes, thousands of years ago, supported human use. China’s unfamiliarity with the deep history of Tibetan (and Inner Mongolian) landscapes, and with the long, slow history of creeping desiccation, led to alarm. Someone must be to blame. The obvious people to blame were/are the nomads of Tibet, even though, in this 21st century, past millennia of drying climate change has now reversed, and most Tibetan areas are now steadily getting wetter. That increase in rain and in lake levels, well measured by Chinese scientists, should suffice to drop blaming the nomads for desertification, yet the blame has outlived the science. Chinese scientists mapping of the spread of desertification towards Tso Ngonpo/Qinghai Lake (top right on each map) and nearby Longyangxia dam; then after 2000 desert starts to retreat. Climate change is credited with desert retreat; irrational nomads are blamed for desert advance. Recently, Chinese scientists have discovered they were wrong to assume the Tibetan Plateau, prior to China measuring it, was static and timeless, just like China’s assumptions about the Tibetans.[5] Far from being in equilibrium, the Tibetan Plateau was gradually drying, then climate change reversed the trend. The team of scientists who mapped the advance of windblown aeolian desertification to the shores of the Longyangxia dam; and then since 2000 the retreat of the desert, neatly attribute the reversal to climate change and China’s wise statist projects, while hanging the blame for pre-2000 desertification on “irrational” Tibetans.[6] This is in line with official policy, which no-one in China would dare to contradict. Aeolian desertification on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau QTP has changed from expansion to reversal since 1977. From1977 to 2000, aeolian desertification expanded throughout the plateau, and irrational human activity was the dominant factor responsible for the expansion of aeolian desertified land ADL. Since 2000, reversal of desertification was the dominant process, and the ADL area decreased gradually. Irrational human activities were the dominant factor responsible for the expansion of aeolian ADL prior to 2000, whereas the subsequent reversal was mainly caused by climate change combined with large ecological restoration projects. Overgrazing damaged the natural vegetation and the soil structure, thereby making the soil more vulnerable to the development of aeolian desertification. Additionally, other irrational human activities, such as grassland reclamation and deforestation, are common on the QTP. These activities also damaged the natural vegetation and the soil, making the soil more vulnerable to the development of aeolian desertification. Therefore, irrational human activities, such as overgrazing, are the main reason for the development of aeolian desertification during those periods.”[7] The mention of deforestation and “grassland reclamation”, which means ploughing grassland to make it farmland, is a discreet and muted critique of official policies, followed by crediting China for more recently attempting to reforest what it deforested. Bottom line: nomads are irrational, and to blame. The advancing desert near the Longyangxia hydro dam deeply worried China’s central planners. Blame seemed to be due to Tibetans, both traditional pastoralists and relocated Longyang Gorge villagers relocated to the pasture lands, who “with little foresight” ploughed the grassland, despite average annual rainfall of only 300mm, often much less. The condition of grassland degradation was insignificant before the 1980s. The Longyangxia Reservoir had not yet been built, and grassland in the northern region of the Muge Bottomland was controlled by the military [state farm]. Moreover, the presence of inhabitants (approximately 30 000 in 1972) engaging in agriculture practices was scarce in the Muge Bottomland while the total sheep population of Guinan County was approximately 458 000, less than the theoretical carrying capacity number of 463 262 for pastureland in Guinan County. Human disturbance to grassland regions was therefore light prior to the 1980s. Grasslands in the region at that time were described as heavy and thick. Grassland degradation became severe during the 1980s and 1990s. The management of Muge Bottomland grasslands was handed over from the military to the local authorities increasing the agriculture population moving into the Muge Bottomland region. In 1986, the Longyangxia Reservoir had commenced operation and began to reserve water submerging some grassland underwater. The population of Guinan County reached 60 000 in 1995, double the 1972 population. The sheep population of Guinan County reached 932 458 in 1996, reaching well beyond the theoretical carrying capacity for pastureland in Guinan County. Grassland was cultivated intensively with little foresight being overgrazed by yaks and sheep leading to grassland degradation. Animal husbandry output began to decrease while the development speed of the regional economy began to falter due to this degradation. The grassland crisis reached severe levels of degradation by the 1990s.”[8] This was the standard narrative, repeated endlessly in both scientific reports and policy statements. However, in more recent years, climate change has been acknowledged as a main driver of desertification. This recognition has occurred because climate change has now started to reverse the long historic trend towards drying, with rainfall and temperature increases. Longyangxia is one of nine hydro dams intercepting the Ma Chu below the new national park protected area of Sanjiangyuan, the Three River Source park. Other dams have also not worked out as planned. By impounded water area, Longyangxia is the biggest of the nine, but by electricity output the biggest is Laxiwa, further downriver. Laxiwa is a dam wedged between granite canyon walls, a dramatic location that attracted the hydro engineers because it is a natural pinch point. The planned electricity generating capacity of Laxiwa’s turbines is 4200 megawatts (MW), which is more than three times what Longyangxia can generate. By comparison the three dams generating hydropower for Lhasa between them are capable of generating only 10 per cent of what Laxiwa was designed to produce.[9] But this meant the turbines turning the down rush of captured water into electricity had to be in a huge excavated chamber blasted out of the granite, deep underground. Granite is hard, having cooled slowly from molten rock pushed up from deep within, taking long enough to cool to form a crystalline structure. However, under renewed pressure, granite can fragment and even shatter, with dramatic consequences. In choosing granite walled Laxiwa as the location for a major dam, China’s hydro engineers took a great and expensive risk. What if the granite collapsed and crushed the underground turbine chamber? What if the rising waters of the Laxiwa dam lubricated fractures in the granite walls on either side of the dam? Longyangxia was completed in 1987, Laxiwa in 2010, the newest of the Ma Chu dams (along with the smaller Jishixia dam further down the Ma Chu in Tsongkha/Haidong). There are reasons why the location appealed to engineers: “A high steep slope encourages the construction and operation of the high dams. First, the high slope itself is an important component of the overall structure of the dam providing the bedrock capable of bearing water load, resisting dam thrust forces and enabling the positioning of hydraulic structures. The low permeability of the rockmass may play an important role in controlling the water seepage in the reservoir and the slope with rock of good lithology is in harmony with the environment and so improves the overall stability of the dam. Second, a high slope is very helpful to the construction process enabling the provision of convenient traffic routes, the positioning of concrete mixing plant and the mooring of winch platforms and other large plant items within the slope.”[10] However, the topography hydro engineers find so attractive has its dangers: “Sudden changes in water levels and earthquakes during the operation periods may all greatly affect the stability of the slope. Once the high steep slope becomes unstable, the resultant landslide of material into the water is likely to cause severe secondary disasters, such as the creation of dammed lakes, debris flow and even dam overtopping. The construction of the Three Gorges dam in China has triggered 430 landslides, and approximately 5400 other potentially dangerous sites have been identified and are being monitored. These landslides caused losses of billions of dollars and forced 100,000 people to leave their home village. Studies have shown that these landslides were caused by long-term water seepage, which saturated and weakened the face of the slope through the slow process of the slope immersion during the filling process of the reservoir.” Filling of the Laxiwa dam began in the early spring of 2009. Within two months, before the summer rains that swell the Ma Chu, the granite canyon wall started to deform, so badly it was visible from satellites in orbit hundreds of kilometres above.[11] Because the deforming slope is about 700 m high and 1,000 m wide in average and is very close to the dam site, if collapse would occur, it could greatly damage or destroy the dam and other facilities. Besides, the possible wave would flood the downstream area, greatly threatening people living there and downstream hydraulic schemes.” [12] In 2016 the landslide accelerated, during an unexceptional summer monsoon, as rainwater infiltrated the rock face: “Although most of the daily precipitation was less than 10mm and almost no heavy rainfall larger than 36 mm/day occurred, the continuous rainfall may still have an impact on the landslide stability. Rainwater infiltrated into the cracking rock and increased the pore water pressure, which thereby decreased the shearing strength during potential slide/toppling events and thus intensified the deformation. Furthermore, stronger sunshine and larger day-night temperature differences in summer are likely to aggravate the weathering effects on the slope surface.”[13] Chinese scientists say this is similar to the Vajont landslide in northern Italy in 1963, when 300 million cubic metres of rock crashed into the dam in just 45 seconds, sending such a huge amount of water over the top of the dam wall that 2500 people were killed. The cause of that landslide was the same as at Laxiwa, a reactivation of an old landslide, triggered by fluctuations in the reservoir level. If ever there was an accident waiting to happen……… [1] Jun Qiu et al., Evaluation of Environmental and Ecological Impacts of the Leading Large-Scale Reservoir on the Upper Reaches of the Yellow River, Sustainability, 2019, 11, 3818; htpps://doi.org/10.3390/su11143818 [2] Jarmila Ptackova, Making Space for Development: A Study on Resettlement from the Longyangxia Water Reservoir Area of Qinghai Province, Inner Asia , 2016, Vol. 18, No. 1, 152-166 [3] A Review Of Resettlement Management Experience In China Hydropower Projects: Identifying key lessons learned, World Bank, 2019, [4] Dee Mack Williams, Beyond Great Walls: Environment, identity and development on the Chinese grasslands of Inner Mongolia, Stanford, 2002 [5] Guangyin Hu et al., Holocene aeolian activity in the Headwater Region of the Yellow River, Northeast Tibet Plateau, China: A first approach by using OSL-dating, Catena, 149 (2017) 150–157 [6] Chun-Lai Zhang et al., Monitoring of aeolian desertification on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from the 1970s to 2015 using Landsat images, Science of the Total Environment 619–620 (2018) 1648–1659 [7] Zhang, Monitoring of aeolian desertification, 2018 [8] Y. Feng et al., Assessment Of Grassland Degradation In Guinan County, Qinghai Province, China, In The Past 30 Years, Land Degradation and Development, 20: 55–68 (2009) [9] The hydro dams generating electricity for Lhasa are Yamdrok Tso, operational since 1998, generating capacity 112.5 MW; Pondo, completed 2013, 160 MW generating capacity; and Drigung completed 2007, 100MW generating capacity. Lhasa’s rapid urbanisation has outpaced these expensive dams, resulting in the installation of an ultra-high voltage power grid from Amdo Gormo (Qinghai Golmud) to Lhasa to meet electricity demand. [10] Peng Lin et al., Large Deformation Analysis of a High Steep Slope Relating to the Laxiwa Reservoir, China, Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering (2016) 49:2253–2276 [11] Zhang DX, Wang GH, Yang TJ, Zhang MC, Chen SH (2013) Satellite remote sensing-based detection of the deformation of a reservoir bank slope in Laxiwa Hydropower Station, China. Landslides 10:231–238. [12] Menghua Li et al., Monitoring active motion of the Guobu landslide near the Laxiwa Hydropower Station in China by time-series point-like targets offset tracking, Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol 221, February 2019, 80-93 [13] Menghua Li et al., Monitoring active motion Leave a comment
Thank you for your feedback External Websites Alternative Title: compilation Compiler, Computer software that translates (compiles) source code written in a high-level language (e.g., C++) into a set of machine-language instructions that can be understood by a digital computer’s CPU. Compilers are very large programs, with error-checking and other abilities. Some compilers translate high-level language into an intermediate assembly language, which is then translated (assembled) into machine code by an assembly program or assembler. Other compilers generate machine language directly. Britannica Quiz Computers and Technology Quiz Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership. Learn More!
AI and robotics experts from the National Robotarium based at Heriot-Watt University in Scotland have started work on what they believe is the world’s first multi-user conversational robots for healthcare. Part of a multi million-pound collaborative project involving experts from eight European and Asian institutions, SPRING (Socially Pertinent Robots in Gerontological Healthcare) is the first research project to be announced by the National Robotarium, which opens its doors Heriot-Watt’s Edinburgh campus next year. SPRING, a four-year project funded by the EU’s €80bn (£72.5bn) Horizon2020 R&D programme, will develop socially assistive robots (not pictured) with the capacity to perform multi-person interactions and “open social conversation” for the first time in a healthcare setting. The work builds on the success of Heriot-Watt University’s Amazon Alexa Prize conversational AI system, Alana. The project will focus on supporting elderly patients by carefully coupling scientific findings and user-focused technological developments to bring social robots into gerontological healthcare. Professor Oliver Lemon, Heriot-Watt University, suggested that social robots could assist clinicians by helping to explain complex concepts to patients with limited medical knowledge. Professor Lemon said: “Social robot technology is of interest for elderly care because robot companionship has the long-term potential to better connect people with each other. “Research shows that the careful use of robots in group settings can have a positive impact on health, such as decreased stress and loneliness, and improved mood and sociability. “Social robots could improve both psychological well-being and the relationship between patients and hospital professionals.” Robot roll-out Over the past five years, social robots have been introduced into many public spaces ranging from museums and malls to hospitals and retirement homes. A recent example is North Bristol NHS Trust and the Bristol Robotics Laboratory at the UWE Bristol, which are currently collaborating on a partnership that will explore how emerging technologies such as AI, machine learning and assistive robots can support patients at home or in hospital. Yet the technology has faced challenges: hardware and supporting software is often designed for reactive, single-user interactions, leading to limited one-on-one conversations, are among the main limitations to date. This means that robots typically wait for commands or questions based on a limited set of scripted actions. “While overcoming the limitations of current social robots raises numerous scientific and technological challenges, it has the potential to create tremendous social impact and economic value,” said Lemon. “The National Robotarium’s focus on creating societal benefits is ideally aligned to addressing such challenges. This type of technology is touch-free and hands-free so will be in great demand in the future as it will reduce the risk and spread of infection.” SPRING will develop new research into conversational AI, computer vision, machine learning and human-robot interaction, alongside human behaviour analysis and ‘sensorimotor’ robot control. The work will focus on helping social robots to understand various individuals and group situations and take appropriate decisions such as identifying patients that have been waiting alone for a long time or who might be anxious. The social robots will ultimately engage in face-to-face conversation with patients, their family members, staff members, and with whole groups of people.
Galileo — a leader of scientific revolution (tentative) Custom Essay [meteor_slideshow slideshow=”fe1″] What was the position of the sixteenth-century Church regarding science, and why the Church so threatend by Galileo’s discoveries and writings? In the “Letter to the Grand Duchess,” Galileo carefully defends his right to continue publishing the results of his scientific work. Explain how he aproaches his defense. Which of our past authors do you think would have affirmed Galileo’s work, and why? (I sugest using here Thomas Aquinas and Martin Luther. Aquinas was known for harmonizing faith and reason and Luther was saying that pop is not the only one who can interpret the bible.) It is an argumentation essay. You’re asked to work with three authors: analyzing and comparing them and then offering your own insightful criticism. Writer must be knowledgible/familiar with Galileo’s original works “the starry messenger” and ” letter to the Grand Duchess Christina. ALso must have read Thomas Aquinas “Politics and Ethics”, and Martin Luther’s “Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation Concerning the Reform of the Christian Estate”
Give Your Body a Reboot Science is shedding new light on how to turn a goal into action - and then lasting success Eat Healthier. Workout More. Cut Stress. If you're like almost half of all adults, you begin a health and fitness regimen with good intentions. But a few weeks or months in, it can be challenging to make that commitment to stick with it. Let's use New Year's resolutions for an example. A week into the new year, just 77% of resolution makers are still on track, per research from the University of Scranton in Pennsylvania. After six months, only 40% will have stayed on course. Why is it so tough to keep a commitment to better health? Researchers have identified several culprits, like setting a goal that is too vague - "I'm going to get in shape." Or having unrealistic expectations - I'm going to lose 30 pounds in 2 months. Perhaps, the biggest challenge is turning your wish into immediate action and then staying with it for the long haul." It's easy to change your attitude but a bit more difficult to change your behavior," explains Christine Whelan, a clinical professor in the School of Human Ecology at the University of Wisconsin. If you're committed to it, you can make a new habit or behavior permanent. Outsmarting the odds means setting doable goals and then breaking them down into reasonable, doable steps. The best possible YOU starts right here. Reboot your diet To clean up your eating means being prepared. If you want to rise above temptation, such as a tasty dessert or yummy appetizer, you have to think a step ahead. And it also helps to have a no deprivation strategies. Eating better is associated with misery instead of long-term health. Here are a few strategies to reboot your diet: Figure Out Your "Why". May be you want to fit into those sexy jeans you love. Or you want to set a better example for your kids. If you know the reason that's fueling your desire to eat better, you can motivate yourself when you're eyeing the dessert menu. Do A Kitchen Cleanse. Toss unhealthy products (chips, sugary granolas, sodas) from your pantry, fridge, car and office. Then restock with options like carrots, air popped popcorn, or a refreshing strawberry, blueberry fruit cup. Cornell University researchers found that women who kept healthy food visible in the kitchen had lower BMI's than those who left junky products out on their countertops. Plan For Snack Attacks. The hours between midafternoon and dinnertime are when cravings kick in hard. Before leaving work pack a 200 calorie, protein-complex carb snack in your purse. Think hummus and pita chips, or pistachios and a pear. When your snack attack strikes you'll have a go to treat and avoid empty calories. Reboot your workout People who are able to keep their workout regimen going have one thing in common, they view fitness as a permanent lifestyle change, not an activity they can give up once they reach a number on the scale. Here are a few strategies to reboot your workout: Take It A Week At A Time. It is easier to make a plan to workout (run, weights or aerobics) twice a week for two weeks rather than vow to workout 5 days a week indefinitely. When I start with a client, I have them commit two days per week for one month and then we re-evaluate what works and what doesn't. This allows you to create a fitness lifestyle that you can continue for a lifetime. Raise The Stakes. Research shows that anticipating rewards may help you to become more devoted to your body and health goals. Experiment with promising yourself a treat after completing a week of working out. A financial pledge is a very effective incentive. Bundle Your Workout. You may be more likely to participate in a behavior you're not so into like exercising if you combine it with catching up on your favorite show or movie while on the treadmill. Or in Covid-19 days, Zoom your bestie to do a mat workout together. Reboot your stressful days One big problem with making "stress reduction" a wellness goal is that it's so abstract. You can't just vow to relax without being specific. Therefore, it's crucial to implement tools that will make your everyday tension less toxic. Here are a few strategies to reboot your stressful days Say No To Something Every Week. A simple "I Can't, sorry" is a helpful immediate fix. Regularly overextending yourself forces you to put your own needs behind others' requests. I have had clients who felt guilty taking care of their own needs before others. This type of thinking can adversely effect your health. Take A Time-Out Daily. Vow to disconnect at least once a day. Close your eyes and take 10 deep breaths in your office, or play soothing music on your commute. A daily break dedicated to relaxing and letting go is healthy for your mind, body and soul. Give Meditation A Try. Meditating is like your brain's virus checker, detecting toxic stress and blocking its effects on your physical and emotional health. A study found that adults who were taught the basics of mindful meditation had lower levels of the stress hormone cortisol. This hormone can prevent you from loosing weight and being your best self. "Being fit isn't an option, it's a lifestyle." For more information on my N.E.W. (Nutrition, Exercise & Well-Being) Body Lifestyle Coaching - or to schedule a complimentary consultation visit 18 views0 comments • Instagram - Black Circle • Facebook - Black Circle • LinkedIn - Black Circle Ouida Brown-Lyons Tel: 404-242-8329 2008 - 2019 Fusion 5 \| Body By Ouida Retreats Johns Creek, Georgia
Tips To Help Minimize The Anxiety In Your Life People often take stress lightly and say that it’s simply part of life. When stress causes anxiety, however, it can be hard to deal with the effects. If you have to deal with anxiety on a regular basis, you can gain useful knowledge from the information in this article. Keep reading to find tips for relief. Manage your daily stress to keep your running anxiety away. Stress can be a huge cause of anxiety. Delegating some of your responsibilities at your work place, and at home, can help reduce the level of stress and pressure in your life. Also, give yourself time to unwind at the end of the day. Think of your worst fear and tell a trusted person about it, exaggerating as much as possible when you tell them. By making your fear sound ridiculous, you will see how silly and unfounded it may really be. Limit the time spent reading the newspaper or watching the news if current events seem to trigger your anxiety. Catch up on world events for a small period of time each day, but don’t dwell on external issues you are unable to control. Each morning when you awake, spend a few minutes speaking aloud to yourself several encouraging or uplifting statements. Tell yourself how you’d like to feel and how the day should go, and be positive about it. Making the day unfold the way you want it to is then up to you. Establish daily goals and stick to them. By having a daily goal, you can set your focus on that rather than anxiety. This will keep your mind occupied and prevent you from thinking negatively and causing anxiety. Gaining Control Gaining control of emotions can be achieved through self discipline. Gaining control of your emotions will enable you to better control your anxiety attacks. Do not let your negative emotions build up and cause you even more stress. Learn to react rationally and not let your emotions get the better of you. A healthy diet will always benefit you, but this is especially true if you are facing anxiety problems. Your body needs a diet rich in vitamins and nutrients in order to be healthy, and that goes for your mind as well. Keep yourself busy. When you have no interests or work to do, your mind may wander. Find something to keep your body and mind occupied. You may find it very helpful to keep yourself active and useful. Try simple chores such as cleaning the house or tidying up the garden. Start writing all of your thoughts in a daily journal or diary. Some individuals have stored up stressful thoughts inside their mind and have no idea how to release them. When using a diary to let go of the stress in your mind, your brain is free to think about what is going on right now. Don’t let yourself sit all day. If you sit at a desk all day, take a walk when you have your break, and even do a little exercise. Stand up from time to time. When you are at home, instead of sitting in front of the television, go for a walk or follow a regular exercise regimen. Everyone’s body needs to rest, but when you relax too much it can actually start to increase your anxiety. If you do not find the right treatment, anxiety can take over your life. Recovery begins when you realize that making positive changes will affect your life in a positive way. Take note of the tips in this article and move onward with an open mind. Are You Searching For Help With Anxiety? Try These Ideas! No matter who you are, you can be plagued by anxiety. People from all different backgrounds and a variety of ages suffer from this difficult affliction. If you do not take steps to get it under control, anxiety is a potentially debilitating condition that can consume you. The article below discusses some of the best ways to deal with anxiety. After getting up each day, make a point to repeat positive statements to yourself. Speak aloud, give voice to how you envision your day progressing and the things that you want to accomplish. After that, you must do your best to make your day go in that way. Gaining control of emotions can be achieved through self discipline. Gaining control of your emotions will enable you to better control your anxiety attacks. Negativity contributes to symptoms of anxiety. Learn how to detach emotions a bit from your life and things will improve. Think about using amino acids to help cure your anxiety problems. Often, people will find that they have a nutrient deficiency and are lacking in serotonin production. A lot of good books, including one called The Mood Cure, talk about treatment plans where you can use nutritional supplements to cut or erase your anxiety. It is necessary to have a balanced and nutritious diet, but even more critical when anxiety attacks are involved. When a diet is balanced, it is full of beneficial nutrients that can help your body to cope with stressful times. The next time you experience stress, watch your breathing. You will notice that you are not breathing deeply and probably taking erratic breaths. When you are anxious, it is surprisingly easy to forgot to take proper breaths of air. Your body relies on a consistent supply of oxygen so you have to remember to breathe. While having an anxiety attack, refocus your breathing. Lying around your house and worrying about your issues won’t solve anything. Take an approach that involves action and let your worries take a back seat. An enjoyable hobby, like knitting or a musical instrument, helps to lessen stress and relieve anxiety. Distract yourself from feelings of anxiety by acting goofy for a little while. Distracting negative thoughts is a good thing to do if you are experiencing a panic attack. Do what you can in your surroundings. Cut down on how much nicotine and alcohol you take in. While these drugs may help you to relax in the short term, in the long term they will not decrease your stress and anxiety levels. Actually, they can have the opposite effect, increasing your anxiety. Turn to healthier alternatives like partaking in healthy social activities, using relaxation techniques or even by eating a healthy diet. Using distractions can be a great way to protect yourself from anxiety. Surround yourself with positive people and those who make you laugh. This makes it so you do not think about something that makes anxiety worse; it lets you relax more. After reading the advice in this article, you are hopefully feeling motivated and ready to face your anxiety. You don’t need to do it alone and you don’t have to accept your condition without acting on it. There is a lot of help you can receive, so that you live a life that is less anxious and much happier.
Sunday, April 21, 2013 Top 10 Ideas My top 10 ideas: 10: Technology is just another tool: Technology is not the be all and end all of education or teaching. It is just a tool like the pencil, blackboard and overhead projector. Technology must be used and implemented with a purpose. Technology can increase our productivity, expand our reach, open up new worlds and even entertain us. But, technology in and of itself does not make a compelling learning experience all by itself for very long. 9: The physical school building and class room are not necessarily the best places to learn: Tear the roof off and kick down the walls. Most schools resemble prisons in more than just appearances. Open up the world for your students. Let them explore outside the classroom. Bring the outside world into the classroom. Build bridges to the world outside your classroom, the world in which our students will live the rest of their lives. Students can learn a lot from interacting with people outside of school. Teachers are not the only ones who can teach. 8: Step back and take a look around. Lift your head and look around you! Most teachers have tunnel vision focused on our jobs and our students. We need to force ourselves to step back reflect and observe the world outside our schools if we truly want to make our schools a better place to learn and work. The industrial revolution is over. The factory model has to change. 7: We can't teach in isolation: But most of us do! Teaching is a lonely profession. Most of us are isolated in our own little classroom usually a 30' X 30' space with 20 to 30 students and very little interaction with other adults. We may eat lunch with other teachers but it's a 20 minute choke it down lunch. When do we get to talk with other professionals in our own profession let alone talk to people in jobs outside of education or experts/specialists in the fields we teach. Never, hardly ever? We need to find time to get out and learn from others and recharge our own batteries. 6: Make it real: Relate it to the real world. Kids can see through the act. They need to know why they are being asked to learn something and the value it holds to them. Have your students focus on real problems/questions and new designs. Let them own the process. 5: The Hook: You get about 10 to 15 seconds to get their attention. If you don't it is going to be a long semester. You have to have something the is going to grab their attention and give them some kind of a real interest in what you are teaching. A problem or a task that grabs their attention and is repeated periodically through out the class to keep them focused on the outcome. 4: Creativity; The key to keeping their attention: Creating and designing a solution to the problem. (or related to the hook) is the way to keep their attention. When students are allowed to design and create their own solutions to the problem they become captivated by the process. They do the reading, they do the research, they do the writing and they create and design their own solutions to the problem. The problem/product or question needs to be real. Not something made up for the class without a real application or demonstration. 3: Public performance as the test: Students need to be able to present their work in a public forum. The teachers in box provides anonymity. It's to easy to hide the garbage. Provide students with a public forum to present their work. Either a digital portfolio or a live audience. My students work has improved dramatically since the whole world is watching. 2: Take a chance / Opportunity: To often we let opportunities pass us by. Take a chance. Try something new. I'm so glad I did. Know one in their right mind would agree to take 10 students have way around the world to search for missing airplanes from WWII, would they? 1: Passion: Follow your passion. The kids can see through people going through the motion pretty darn fast as can everyone else. If your not loving it maybe you should find something else to do. You'll never become financially rich teaching but I am happy sharing my passion for underwater robotics, World War II history and searching for missing aircraft. Just think all this because of one phone call from someone else thinking outside the box. Sunday, April 14, 2013 2 Minute Moment 3 2 Minute Moment #3 The BentProp Project Two minutes really isn't enough time to explain why this is a compelling experience for me. As I stated in the video, before becoming a teacher I sent 20 years in the Army. As a sergeant in the Army I was responsible for taking care of soldiers. I feel that the U.S. has an obligation to take care of its military men and women. All of us who enter the military know that we may be called upon to risk our lives. That comes with the territory. But, we also expect not to be left behind on the battlefield. We expect that our buddy's will continue to fight for us and look for us if we become separated from our unit. We hope that our country will honor its commitment to us and if we are lost or captured fight for our return. I've been a member of the American Legion since Desert Storm and while the Legion is a veterans organization. I feel that they spend the vast majority of their time lobbying congress and are not completely focused on the plight of POWs and MIA's. What the Legion does is important but I wanted to do more so I joined the BentProp Project. I feel that the mission is compelling. To search for missing airmen in the Palau Islands. While it is demanding and challenging work it is also rewarding. I'm able to use my former military skills and training in a positive manner. The work is ever changing and rarely boring. Plus I get to scuba dive and work in some potentially dangerous and exciting situations. Something I miss in my new career as a teacher. The chance to travel and work with like minded individuals is also part of this experience being compelling. The chance to spend time with WWII veterans and their families is also compelling and touching. Just last week a 90 year old WWII veteran contacted me at school. He was a B-24 pilot during the war and flew off of Anguar Island in Palau. He heard about our work in Palau and he asked about a former pilot and friend of his who he watched get shot down over Koror, Palau in 1944. The question he asked were the greatest questions all week in school. The pilot he mentioned is in our records and I've actually seen part of his wrecked B-24. We are still searching for members of that crew. Being in BentProp is sometimes explained as kinda like being in an Indiana Jones movie. Sunday, April 7, 2013 Imaginative Bridges 12 - "Fashion" Imaginative Bridges 12 - "Fashion" Fashion creates a sense of belonging and of fitting in. Most people and especially students want to fit in and be part of the group. Dressing like others in the group makes you look like you fit in and helps to make you feel like part of the team. You need to look the part to fit in and every team has a common uniform of sorts. You see this in schools all the time. Hell I think some kids join certain teams just so they can wear a jersey on game day. High School Football is a prime example and certain classes within the school have adopted this same idea with varying degrees of success. I've coached high school sports since I started teaching and most years the biggest decision the team makes it the design of the team Tee-shirt. More kids are concerned about that than the sport itself. They want and need to belong to something and the team Tee-shirt gives them that feeling of belonging, even if they never get to play meaningful minutes in the game. You also see this with certain classes. Yearbook, journalism, choir and others. These classes become a team of like minded individuals and the shirt is their uniform and it gives them a sense of belonging. You usually don't see this with the core classes though. Although before AP classes became a common occurrence/commodity in our curriculum I saw an AP calculus teacher try it. Of course back then only about 8 or 10 kids a year would be in the class and it really meant something to be in the class. Now most of our AP classes are dumping grounds for the above "c" students because our curriculum and class offerings have been gutted do to budget cuts. Enough of the rant. Kids want to belong to something that means something and gives them a sense of belonging and fitting in. This is hard to create in core curriculum. But, as I mentioned above certain elective classes do offer that feeling and sense of belonging. I've tried to create that with my classes as well. We do have a team shirt. We wear it for pictures and use it as a marketing/give away item to thank people who have helped us out. Team photo post card sent as a thank you note to our supporters It doesn't even have to be a common Tee-Shirt as shown above it can be a way of dress. Our class is often called on to give public presentations. So dressing up to present as a group can also give a sense of belonging. Getting kids to dress up is a little easier for girls I've found then for the guys. But, eventually they begin to get with the program and dress up to be part of the team. Robotics class dressed up for an evening presentation at Sam's Tours Creating a compelling educational experience with the help of fashion is possible. In many ways. First is creating the common team feel. But it can also be in the design of the team shirt or uniform. The main thing is that the students want to feel as if they belong and fashion can be away to make that happen. Friday, April 5, 2013 Imaginative Bridges 11 - "Holding and Keeping Their Attention" Imaginative Bridges 11 - "Holding and Keeping Their Attention" When designing a compelling educational experience or class the "hook" is not enough. Your "hook" will draw them in and give the students something to focus on but it is probably not enough to keep them focused for a week let alone a whole semester. Students need to know where you and they are going. They need to see the big picture and how it relates to them and their future. How do we do that? I start with the goal in mind and I show that to them early and often. For my advanced underwater robotics class the goal is to design, build, test and then deploy and ROV 8,000 miles to the other side of the Pacific Ocean and then use it to search for missing aircraft from World War II. A complex task for most adults. I know. I've done the same thing in the military and it's not easy, nor is it impossible. The kids start from scratch. A pile of parts and no funding. They then come up with a plan to build the ROV and raise the funds to complete the project. The target - Sonar image of our target The "hook" or ROV is brought into the conversation everyday. But, by the end of the class that is the smallest part of the whole class project. It then becomes about raising money. Then it is about testing their design in the pool. Then it is about getting the word about their project out to the public and potential funders, then it becomes about the airplanes we are looking for. And, then it becomes about the missing men and their families. Karly showing U.S. Ambassador to Palau Helen Reed-Rowe the view captured by the ROV. In the end it is a huge accomplishment for these students to run this entire project with "NO" funding from our school district. They get much more out of it than how to build a robot. Hell we do that the first day of class as the initial "hook" to get them interested. Imaginative Bridges - 10 "The Hook" Imaginative Bridges - 10 "The Hook" The "Hook" is just as important to teaching as it is to music. The teacher must develop a "Hook" to quickly grab the students attention. We need something to draw the students into our lessons and our classes. My hook is the robot. I use it to draw students in and to keep their attention. As you can see by my Venn-Diagram below it is the center of everything I teach and everything is related to the robots. When presenting my projects, even before this class I have described the robots as the "hook" that draws the students in. The class becomes about much more. But, you've only got about 10 minutes at the beginning of the semester to grab their attention or you're going to be fighting to get it for the next eighteen weeks. So, I grab their attention with the robot. Then it becomes about the projects, and then finally it becomes about the outside world. Whether that be the missing airmen we are looking for, meeting the president of a foreign country or a U.S. Ambassador. The robot is the hook which allows me to teach even more than the STEM topics. They learn about the politics or the Pacific Rim, World War II history, marine biology, oceanography and last week one of my students earned a paid internship at Scripps Institution of Oceanography and another earned a $10,000 competitive scholarship to study marketing at Northwood University. It all starts with the "Hook." But, then the real work begins. Sunday, March 17, 2013 2 Minute Moment Project -School Fundraising 2 Minute Moment - School Fundraising In this 2 Minute Moment video Jenny talks about what it is like to participate in school fundraising activities. Jenny has been responsible for leading our marketing and fundraising team that has raised in excess of $60,000 over the last two years for her high school robotics team. When talking about the less compelling activities she talks about the typical bake sale type fundraiser which is typical in our school district and many others. In our school a lot of classes try to raise funds for classroom materials or field trips. The photos used in this section are from our government class. They are trying to raise funds to visit the local jail. It will cost the class $30 per student for this field trip or about $900 for the entire class of 30 to go. During the day we photographed them selling puppy chow snack mix in the cafeteria they made $30. Jenny explains that these fundraising activities are looked on by the students as a chance to get out of class first and a fundraising activity second. They have become so common place that a different group is trying to sell something almost every day. The students end up sitting at the front of the cafeteria waiting for other students to purchase what every they are selling and very little effort is put into the activity by the sellers or the purchasers. Jenny describes her movie night activity as a compelling fundraising activity. She says that all of the students are involved and engaged in the activity. They spend more time planning the activity and the activity is conducted after school and involves the whole community. The movie night she is describing is a screening of the documentary "Last Flight Home." It is about the BentProp Project and the search for and recovery of American MIAs in the Palau Islands. Jenny and her marketing team obtained the rights to show this documentary from the films producer Dan O'Brien. The screenings are heavily promoted by Jenny and her team of student marketers. They ask for a donation of $5 at the door and offer snacks for sale during the event. At the last movie night they also held a silent auction. Planned and conducted by the students. On this evening they spent the same amount of time (90 minutes) as the above mentioned government class did. The results however, were much different. Jenny and her team raised over $3,000 in the same 90 minutes. Not only was the activity much more engaging for the students participating in the fundraising. It was also much more enjoyable for their customers/donors. And much more profitable too. The key to making it a compelling experience is getting everyone to buy in. The students, the teacher and the community. Too often we as teachers fall back on the old staple the "bake sale." I'n not sure if it is worth the time. Wednesday, March 13, 2013 Immaginative Bridges - 9 Immaginative Bridges - 9 Using video in the high school robotics class I've always wanted to make videos with my students and I've tried several times prior to this semester but the results were usually poor. It was not the students fault. It was do mainly to poor quality equipment and my lack of ability to make the old out dated equipment work properly. I know I needed to fix this so this fall I wrote a grant to obtain a Macbook Pro to use in editing video and I set aside some of my robotics budget to buy newer video cameras for use on land in addition to the ones we use underwater on our robots. I've learned quite a bit while making these short videos for CEP 882 and I wanted to get my students into the act as soon as possible and before we left for Palau. One of my goals for this year was to create a short documentary about our project. I think that may now be possible. We purchased the new Macbook Pro three weeks ago and my students have used it just about every day to edit videos shot in class and to make videos introducing the class to all their followers on Facebook before our Expedition to Palau. I would like to share some of these with you here: We have also been fortunate enough to receive two brand new "Hero3, Black Edition, Cameras" from GoPro. GoPro donated these for our upcoming trip. This video was prepared by one of the members of our engineering team using a GoPro camera and the new MacBook. This video was posted to our team's Facebook page and ended up being liked by almost 2,000 people and being shared 50 times. We also created team introduction videos. We created one for the engineering team and one for the marketing team. These videos both ended up helping us quite a bit. We learned last week the "The Discovery Channel" would be creating a short feature presentation about our project for one of their shows called "Daily Planet." We used these videos to introduce the producer to our students and based on these videos she was able to set up interviews for tomorrow with my students. "The Discovery Channel" will have a film crew in Palau to video tape my students on March 26-27, 2013. Based upon last years trip we all ready know the film company "Roll'em Productions. Roll'em is owned by an American expatriate formerly from East Lansing, Michigan. He spent time setting up interviews with the local media in Palau last year. Here are the introduction videos created by my students in class: I think that the use of video has enriched my class and helped to create are more compelling educational experience. Through the process of creating videos my students have been given another way to express themselves and to show others what they have leaned in this class. Sunday, March 3, 2013 A Tale of Two Spaces Two Retail Hardware Stores For this module I visited two hardware stores. The funny thing is that at one time both of these stores were owned by the same family and had the same name, yet the experience of visiting both stores was dramatically different. The first hardware store is in an older store front in a small village. From the outside it appears to be a quaint little store, freshly painted in bright, victorian colors. The store front has large windows in the front which allows for plenty of natural lighting. The doorway to enter the building has a freshly hand painted sign. The side walk is wooden and worn. It looks well used. Upon entering the store the appearance is much different. It is not neat and clean as the outside suggests. It is however vary interesting. Antiques and memorabilia from days gone by is hung high on the wall. It makes me think that I may be able to find anything in here even repair parts for my older home. Next I notice the floors which are wooden and squeak with each step. They are worn, wooden and probably original, yet dirty. Dirt tracked in by do-it-yourselfers, carpenters, electricians and all sorts of hands on workers who could careless as long as they find that need piece of hardware. The lighting is patched together and old. The store was built before electricity was available in this farm town. The large store front windows provide lots of natural lighting which is supplemented by crudely hung electric lights which seem to be an after thought. This leaves the back areas of the store darker than the front. What could possibly be hidden in the back? The store is stocked with all of the fasteners, and pluming and electrical supplies that any do-it- your-selfer or farmer may need. The isles are close together and it makes me feel as if the owners have tried to use every bit of space possible for merchandise. In the front of the store, on that old wood floor is a wooded table and four wooden chairs, this is a meeting place for some of the locals and place to work. The second hardware store I visited was a much different experience. Modern, and recently built, located on the edge of town on a busier road. The entryway was different, it was not only more modern but it was steel and glass and the glass on these double doors was the only natural light in the building. Upon entering the store I first noticed the bright fluorescent lights. The store was clean and recently rearranged. In front of the door was a common area for the display of seasonal items, gardening equipment, picnic tables and garden/flower seeds were the first thing I saw and it made me wish it was spring. The new set up of the store forces customers to walk past the seasonal items, tools and nice to have items before getting to the real hardware at the back of the store. The isles are wide and the displays are brimming with products. This store is built for quick shopping and an easy in easy out experience. The design of these two spaces creates two different shopping experiences. The first is an old time hardware store that encourages the shopper to slow down, ask questions, have a seat and talk about what is going on in town. The second is built for through put. Quick in and out shopping with easy to find products and convenient shopping. Saturday, February 23, 2013 Immaginative Bridges - 8 "Space" How do we create a compelling space for learning and teaching? After completing the readings I doubt that much thought went into the design of my school or classroom by the folks who designed the school and made the budgetary decisions when the school was built. And, I now not that much thought has gone into the upgrades and upkeep since then. The number one concern then and now is money. Our school was built on the factory model of education. Not much different than a prison. And, yes I actually worked in an office that was in located in the former state prison in Jackson, Michigan before it was turned into a National Guard Armory. Although, the Army National Guard gave me more leeway in choosing how I painted the walls in my office than my current school district allows me. The school has exposed building material too. Bricks, that is. Standard 8"X6"X4" cement blocks painted either white or blue. A 30' X 30' square room with a chalkboard at the front flanked on each side by a 4' X 4' bulletin board and don't forget the 1' X 1' tile blocks on the classroom floor and the 5' X 5' blocks in the hallways. Each classroom was designed to hold 30 students and 1 teacher. All student desk are facing forward towards the chalkboard and the teachers desk. Regardless of how you rearrange your room during the year after the custodians and maintenance crew finish their summer cleaning it will magically reappear this way in the fall before the start of the school year. So how do we create a compelling space for leaning and teaching? It's left up to the individual teacher to best make this bad design fit into his or her teaching style. Some still look like they did when the school first opened in December of 1976. Others have changed to meet the needs of technology. Our former typing room is now a computer lab. Set up basically the way it was when I went to school their in the 1970's. Others have be reconfigured to break the standard mold but most have not. In a perfect world those building the school would listen to the teachers and students and create a space designed for learning. Not for production. Although my fear is that the common core and more standardized testing are leading us to use this factory model school to create TEST TAKING FACTORIES. Yes it's that time of year again. ACT/MME Testing at my school next week. The "STAR" Effect Just to wrap up our look at the bridges between Television and Film and education I would like to mention how the stars of theses shows and sporting events compel people to watch, participate or emulate their behavior. This is something I feel we may be able to replicate in while trying to create compelling educational experiences as well. Our younger students tend to look up to our older students and they some day want to be like the older students. We have tried to leverage that in our robotics program in Stockbridge. My high school students routinely work with elementary and middle school students and classes. The younger kids love to work with the older students and believe it or not the high school students enjoy sharing their knowledge with the younger students and it's not just the girls. The guys in my robotics class get a lot out of working with the younger students as well. Both groups of students are able to learn quite a bit through this. This week our Elementary teachers asked if we could help their students build a claw for their competition underwater robot. So we decided to teach a group of their students to build the claw and have them return to the elementary school and teach or show their peers how to build their own. High school robotics students demonstrating robotic gripper(claw) with wrist joint High school students working with elementary students to build gripper Elementary students building gripper with wrist joint Hard at work. This went on for 3 hours during my high school robotics class and then carried over into my accounting class. The elementary students took pictures on their IPad and made videos of this process on their Ipad so they could relay the information back to their classmates. Heritage Exploratory Academy video of gripper demonstration By having high school, middle school, and elementary school students work together on similar, complimentary projects we can leverage this "Star" effect to the benefit of all students. The younger students love learning from the older students and the older students can demonstrate their knowledge my teaching someone else. In this case my high students learned how to build a gripper and improve the grippers performance by adding a wrist joint. They built their own and installed it on their ROV. Then they taught the elementary students how to build the same gripper and wrist joint. The four elementary students went back to their classroom and taught their teacher and classmates how to build a gripper and wrist joint. That is project based learning and cooperative learning at its best. Not to mention a multiage classroom. The elementary students showing off their completed gripper with wrist joint before heading back to Heritage Elementary school. Monday, February 18, 2013 Imaginative Bridges - 7 Film and Television. The pacing of the images used in my video helped to create interest and suspense. I teach in a 90 minute block. Much to long to lecture. Plenty of time for large projects. The key to using and managing in the block is to chunk it up into smaller bite size pieces. Then push the pace to keep the kids interested and wanting the next piece of the puzzle. On another note. Today is Presidents day. Yesterday one of my students messaged me and asked if I could let him and 3 other students into the school to work on their robot. He said that this week was spirit week and he new they wouldn't get a lot done with all the distractions and they wanted to have the frame rebuilt before our next pool test. He reminded me that we only have 31 days left before we leave for Palau. How many teachers get calls like this? Not many. Kind of cool. So what compelled these students to want to come in on their day off? I would like to think it is our project. More than likely it is a combination of the the project and a great work ethic. Sunday, February 17, 2013 Compelling Video PATH TO PALAU (My Compelling Video) I was trying to create the sense of adventure. The hardest part was making it fit into a 30 second package. I thought I had a great one but it was a minute and nine seconds long so I ended up redoing the video several times to shorten it up. The first seen is almost in black and white. The dive boat heading out of Malakal harbor in Koror, Palau as the adventure begins. Then I move to scenes on the boat with my students and their guides. Once again each one of these clips were cut down. I tried to keep it moving along without losing to much of the sense of adventure as I edited. The titles that I used to transition are not up long enough. I almost wonder if I should have removed them rather than shorten them? I added some stock sound from "IMOVIE" it seems to go with the plot of the video. I feel like I created the sense of adventure. My hope is that this can be used to get my students motivated to edit and display more of the video we have taken in class. Just this week we shot over 3 hours of video. How do we edit it to share project???? I actually loved this project. This is what I've been after my students to do for the last six months. In all fairness to them our school computers are garbage. But, they will not have that excuse much longer. We received a $2,500 grant from Touchstone Energy this week to buy a new laptop and that is what I used to create this video. I've used PC's since the early 1980's and this is really my first experience with a MAC. I should have made this switch years ago. I was able to create this "IMOVIE" and learn the software and computer in about three days. My students are going to love it. My tech director will pitch a fit though because I bought it outside her system and I'm not letting her touch it to install all the crap they have on the school computers. Monday, February 11, 2013 Revised 2 Minute Moment Project #1 Revised 2 Minute Moment Project #1 Public Speaking The Nature of the Experience. I feel public speaking can be a very compelling experience for myself and my students. I also hope to make it compelling to the audience. I feel the beginning of this video/presentation is not compelling because it sounds like it is going to be just list of facts and events without much feeling behind them. The first part was even hard for me to deliver because it was the same old information about the project we have told for the past year and a half. We had to use it to set the scene or give the background necessary for people to understand the second half in context. In the second part of the video/presentation I try to make it more compelling by interjecting more feeling and more personal details about the Expedition to Palau and what my students accomplished. The second or more compelling part of the presentation made me feel proud of our accomplishments and I could see and feel the audience being drawn into the story. The Design of the Experience. Some background first, this was an ignite presentation. The format required us to give a five minute presentation with 20 slides and the slides were set to transition automatically without any control by the speakers. If you haven't given this type of presentation before you should give it a try. It was fun. I narrowed this 5 minute presentation down to 2 minutes for this project. I kept the beginning of the presentation which is basically and introduction to who we are and how we got started. Just the facts so to say. We have said those words over 20 times in public and we are beginning to say them with little feeling and it is starting to show. Thus the first half is less compelling to me as a speaker and to the audience. For this project that is what I wanted for the first half. For the middle I placed a slide from the presentation that explains our mission in text format. Not very compelling either. The second half of the presentation is the part that is more compelling to me as a speaker. I tried to show this by emphasizing the personal side of the story. The photos in the background are also more interesting to look at but it is the heartfelt story that makes this part compelling. I feel proud to tell this part of the story and how this experience changed me and my students. I used the same camera and setting because I feel that we have to be able to tell a good story. Sometimes we have very little control of our speaking venue and our audience. We present where we are asked to present and we make do with the equipment and the room. But, the story has to come from the heart and draw people in both visually and as a personal heartfelt story. I feel the key to transforming a presentation into a compelling presentation is being able to tell a personal, heartfelt story and relating this to the audience in a way that they to can feel a connection to the story and the speaker. It was my intent to show this with this video project. Sunday, February 10, 2013 Imaginative Bridges - 6 I still keep coming back to the idea of having a real demonstration of proficiency in front of a real audience. Thursday my students took their ROV to the Chelsea pool and were testing it's performance and conducting drivers training in preparation for our up coming Expedition to Palau in March. This was supposed to be a routine day of practice at the pool and it turned into much more. The pool was busy and their were alot of younger children at the pool for swimming lessons and some home school students were their for the open swim. Our practice session turned into a chance to tell our story. One thing we have tried to do through out this project is to get my students out in public and have them tell their story this was an impromptu opportunity to do just that. I have also tried to have them teach younger students in our district about ROVs and include them in this project and this was just another opportunity to do that. I guess they still call them teachable moments but they are compelling watching the students interact with adults and then younger students. Being able to teach others about the project really shows how much they have learned over the past year. More then any standardized test could hope to accomplish. Imaginative Bridges - 5 (Film and Television) Film and Television. Can we use the same methods that film and television directors use to hook our students? Can we use these methods to create a compelling experience for our students and our classrooms? Hopefully yes. How do we set the scene for our classrooms and our students? The typical first day of high school class is usually filled with administrative dribble and classroom rules. NOT COMPELLING, for me as a teacher or for my students. Can I get them focused on something compelling in the class right at the start of class and forego the administrative trivia, that's my hope for this semester. This semester I sent my students all of the administrative forms, syllabus, assignments, projects and directions before the class started and asked them to read them ahead of time and to drop the class if they were unwilling or unable to participate fully in the class and the underwater robotics competition. This includes missing several days of school and their other classes. An overnight trip to Alpena on a Friday and a Saturday for the Great Lakes Regional ROV Competition and possibly a trip to Seattle in June after school is out should they be successful in the Regional Competition. I also set the grading standards for an "A" specifically high. In order to get an "A" in the class they must qualify for the International ROV competition by placing 1st or 2nd at the Great Lakes Regional Competition and they must attend the Great Lakes competition in order to receive a "C" or high in the class. This tends to weed out those who are not serious about being in the class. The Great Lakes Regional Competition includes teams from Michigan and Ohio. I started this class by showing the following video talking about the competition. This video shows the 2012 MATE International ROV Competition and shows the students what to expect in the coming months. I did this to focus the students on the COMPETITION. Not on the school work. I want them to focus on the mission and how they will show that they have met the expectation of the class. They will do this by demonstrating their proficiency at the Great Lakes Regional ROV Competition and the MATE 2013 International ROV Competition. I want the students to form an emotional attachment to the competition. To their ROV and their TEAM. Once I had them hooked I talked about the school work. The project and class has four major assignments. 1. Design, Build and Operate and ROV. Then use it to complete the 2013 ROV Competition. 2. Prepare a poster presentation. 3. Prepare and deliver an oral engineering presentation to a group of engineers. 4. Complete and submit a twenty page technical paper explaining your design. The 2013 Great Lakes Regional ROV Competition will be held on Saturday, April 20, 2013 at the Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary in Alpena, Michigan. Sunday, February 3, 2013 Imaginative Bridges - 4 What makes high school sports teams a compelling experience? In addition to teaching, I am also a high school coach. I coach wrestling and soccer. Sometimes I wonder why can't we get the same kind of enjoyment out of classroom experience as we do out of our athletic events? I think we can. It just takes a change in teaching methods and strategies. So, what is different? 1. Time. The kids who are on my athletic teams spend much more time working together than they do with their classmates in their academic classes. We practice 2 to 3 hours a day after school and then we have game days either after school or on Saturday which gives us more time together. 2. Team Work. Real team work. Not working in partners in class on book work or some made up simulations. Real teams of interdependent personnel working together for a common goal. We are all in it together win or lose, Athlete and Coach. Not so much for student and teacher in most situations I'm sad to say. 3. An Audience to perform for and a real mission. On the athletic practice field we know we will eventually be competing in public and our success and/or failure will be out their for everyone to see. Not so with most academic work in the high school. It all happens behind the closed doors of our classroom and most of our students work is never seen by anyone. Failures and successes remain hidden and the consequences and/or victories remain hidden behind closed doors. 4. Parent Involvement. Parents talk to me more about their children's participation in athletics than their participation in school. I have more parents show up for athletic events then school events and parent teacher conferences. I have had more parents ask me why their child is not starting in a game then I have had ask me why their child is struggling in class. May be it's just me but most of my teacher/coach colleagues have expressed the same sentiments. 5. Resources. We have athletic booster who help to raise funds for sports teams. At the high school level fund raising for academics is left up to the teachers. It appears that in the elementary schools the PTA/PTO or Parent Teachers Association or Organization's attempt to raise funds to help get resources into the classroom. Not so at the high school level, at least where I work. We replace athletic uniforms and equipment more frequently than we replace obsolete classroom equipment and resources. As I put together my Advanced Underwater Robotics Classes I have kept this in mind and I look for every opportunity to make it as public as possible. The class functions more as a team than a traditional class and our successes are shared with everyone. The things I think about to and from wrestling meets........ Saturday, February 2, 2013 Imaginative Bridges - 3 While working on the 2 Minute Moment Project I began to think about several bridges. I think most of us teachers hope to create a compelling educational experience for our students and most students would like to spend their day engaged in something truly compelling or worth while. We work in a less than perfect environment to make that happen though. We really have very little control over who are students are and in most cases the students have very little control over which classes and teachers they are paired with (or stuck with depending upon how you look at it). We work in schools with sparse resources and some work in communities that are economically disadvantaged. Yet some teachers are able to make it happen. Most of us have those ah ha moments from time to time that keep us going, hoping that they happen more frequently, and closer together. That is one reason I took this class. How do I make all of my classes compelling and more engaging. How do I make them more like the experiences I've been having with my Advanced Underwater Robotics Class, my Underwater Robotics Class and my Robotics class. I have had compelling moments in other classes but they are usually few and far between. So, how do I know it's compelling? Both the students and I care about the topic. We want to keep pursuing it even when the class is over. Students want to come in during their lunch period and continue working on it while eating their lunch. Students want to come in before and after school to work on the project or class and not just for a grade. Actually grades are the least of anybodies concerns on these types of compelling experiences. It's about the project or mission that the class is working on and "WE" become totally immersed in it. What keeps you awake at night? When I'm involved in a compelling experience it does. Not bills, not lesson plans or grades, not taking the garbage out. The experience does. I'll wake up thinking what it we change this? or why don't we try that? How do I get the kids to do this? Can I get them there? It becomes a totally engaging experience. For me this sweet spot in education or the "compelling experience" is more about the experience than the individual subject. It is the center of the storm or activity. It's hard to get excited about preparing a budget and a price list or talking about buoyancy with out context. Most of my less compelling experiences are taught in isolation. This is one way that I like to explain it: We have traditionally taught high school and college like this: Each individual subject all by itself with very little interaction with the other subjects. Much the same way we have since the 1800's. It's my belief that the compelling educational experiences' I've had have happened in a classroom or situation that more resembles the Venn-diagram below: In my classes the sweet spot at the center of everything is the STEM Project. I base everything around one big project and try to tie it together through out the class. So, while public speaking may not be what the students want to do they do it as part of the overall project and they have a stake in it. They live the project and in order to keep living the project they learn to speak in public and the better they get the easier it becomes and they see this a may to share their work and raise money to continue their project. Sunday, January 27, 2013 2 Minute Moment Project #1 This is my first attempt at creating a video. I used a video of an ignite presentation my students and I gave in August and re-edited it to describe a compelling experience. How do you make public speaking compelling and interesting? The video starts out like just another talk at any professional development type conference. You start out by thinking O.K. here is just another story. I hope that in the second part of video it becomes more compelling as I talk from the heart about my students experience in Palau last spring. Once again the subject is public speaking. I feel that my students should be able to present their ideas in public. Giving a presentation in class is one thing. But to have to speak in front of a group of adults and make them listen is something completely different. Having a real audience and talking about something that you have experienced and care deeply about helps to make the experience more compelling for both the audience and the speakers. Over the last year my students have given over 25 presentations outside of our classroom and school. The video here is an example of how we start out early in the school year. I usually present with them to help them get started and to give them a crutch to lean on. They know if they struggle I will bail them out, so to speak and help smooth it out. As the school year progresses the students take over more and more of the presentation. Eventually all I do is introduce them and wait for the end of the presentation to help them answer questions (those specific to the teaching of the class). The students answer the questions about the project. As I stated at the beginning this is the first time I've ever edited video. My students normally do it. But, this time I did it all on my own using windows movie maker. I'm looking forward to our future 2 Minute Moment Projects. I have some great video that I would like to edit going forward and I feel I can eventually make a compelling video of our project. Imaginative Bridges - 2 The graphics and photography module has a direct bridge towards creating a Compelling Educational Experience in the classroom. In today's mass produced education we are forced to do more with less and to cover a curriculum that is sometimes a "Mile Wide and an Inch Deep." In such an environment it is hard to do much more than gloss over or introduce a topic. In this module we looked at focusing on one object, simplifying and/or getting rid of the clutter. In the photography module we also changed the photographs perspective to create interest. Changing the camera angle or the photographers position often created a better photograph. The same can hold true in the classroom. Rather than directing from the front of the classroom to a row of desks we can change the arrangement of the room to get different interactions from our students. We can move our selves into the class and work with teams of students to discover new things rather than lecture from the front filling our students with lots of testable facts. Working together and creating new knowledge, a knowledge that comes from discovery as opposed to lecture can help to create a lasting knowledge and understanding that students may never forget. Narrowing down our curriculum to one deeply involved topic that students are allowed to explore, feel, experience and then learn may create the life long learners we are all hoping to develop. Rather than talk about history and historians let the students become historians and explore a topic in depth. Rather than lecture about biology let the students become the biologist and study a life form that interests them in depth. It soon becomes more than the topic itself. It becomes a journey of learning and exploration. My class started out wanting to build an underwater robot or ROV. That has expanded into buiding an ROV to compete against others. It then evolved into building and operating an ROV to look for airplanes underwater and then it evolved into using the ROV to not only find the missing airplanes, but to find the missing aircrews. And, along with that they learn history, geopolitics of the Pacific and about oceanography and geography. Not to mention fundraising, marketing and budgeting. Above are my new students and Rev. Lew Towler a US Navy veteran of WWII and Peleliu. He will be traveling with my students and I this spring to the Republic of Palau as we search for another missing aircraft. Lew wants to go with the students as we tour the Battlefield on Peleliu. Lew landed there with the SEABEES on D+3, or September 18, 1944 and spent the next year there as part of a SEABEE Battalion working on the airfield and port facilities to support the Marines ashore. Photography Module Project This is a digital photo of my students ROV underneath our dive boat. This photo involves a change in camera position and perspective. None of my students are divers so their view of the ROV is on the surface, on the surface while putting it in the water or while snorkeling above it. I took this picture from underneath the ROV about 20' down using a GoPro camera. This view is from the surface as my students are lowering the ROV into the water. Below is the last surface view my students have of their ROV as it begins its underwater mission. Students use the view from the ROV's video cameras to explore the ocean below them. Once again I feel the first picture is more compelling do to a change in camera position. The view from under the surface of the ocean. A view that most people are unable to obtain. The biggest problem I have with this project is getting people to believe that high school students have built an ROV, traveled 8,000 miles to the other side of the world, deployed the ROV in the Ocean and actually found a missing Marine Corps F4U Corsair fighter that went down in 1944. The underwater views are an important part of the story because they show that the ROV actually worked. I have two better photos to illustrate this. While I took the three photos above I did not take the next two. Both pictures are of the same Corsair we found and take on the same day and about at the same time. The top one we call the money shot. The bottom photo is from a GoPro camera mounted on the students ROV in place of an underwater video camera that was damaged on the previous dive. Once again these two photos involve a change in position and perspective. The thing that makes the first photo more compelling is that the photo includes the ROV, the corsair and the diver. The top photo was taken at a shallower depth and we pulled the photo back into Photoshop and added some color to the ROV and took out a little bit of the blue green from the water. The change of perspective allowed us to highlight our ROV above the crash and to prove that we were there. Both photos were taken with GoPro Cameras underwater. The top photo was taken by another team member Derek Abbey.(Corsair and ROV). Monday, January 14, 2013 Imaginative Bridges - 1 The aesthetic form that most closely fits what I do in the classroom is a product. Something "made," I can think of no better way to show that you truly understand robotics, then to make a robot. But, I have found that it is more than the robot itself. It is the total experience. At first my advanced underwater robotics class was all about making an underwater robot or ROV capable of diving to 125' in saltwater and video taping airplanes that crashed during WWII. Now it is much more. It is a year long experience where students raise funds, promote the project. Speak to audiences outside the school and communicate directly with professionals outside of school. People from the government, academia, industry and the military. Students spend a lot of time outside of scheduled class time working on this project and look for ways to get out of other classes in school to work on the project.
Fashion & Style Natural Skin Care Why No Skin Should Be Exposed To the Sun Without Protection Published at 03/24/2012 22:59:29 The effects of sun rays on human skin can be both beneficial and harmful for an individual. It can be harmful to the human skin for several reasons. The direct exposure of skin to the ultra violet rays of the sun can be one of the major factors towards wrinkle formation on skin at an early age. The thickening and thinning of human skin is also due to the effect of ultra violet rays of the sun over human skin. Therefore, no skin should be much exposed to the sunlight because of the harmful effects of the rays damaging the skin when it is directly exposed to the ultra violet radiation. The harmful ultra violet radiation from sun basically leads to thinning of the walls of blood vessels and the normal flow of blood becomes a bit difficult leading to the occurrence of small bruises on skin. Generally, the body parts which are mostly affected by the ultra violet radiation from the sun are the hands, face and neck. The ultra violet radiations leave no skin from getting affected from the harmful consequences. The ultra violet radiation also leads to loss of skin pigmentation causing white spots to appear on the skin and the face, and are generally mistaken to be liver spots by us. It is abundantly obvious that no skin remains unaffected by the harmful ultra violet radiation from sun and the damage cannot be quantified but can be seen on skin. The skin becomes dark and black and white spots appear on the face because of the loss of melanocyte. Melanocytes are cells which are located at the deepest layer of our skin and their man function is to produce melanin. The skin loses color as well. Individuals might not be aware of it, but with the exposure of harmful ultra violet rays of sun on human skin, the moles on the skin increase to a large extent and the skin becomes dry and looses its smoothness. Therefore, nowadays there is absolutely no skin where individuals do not apply sunscreens which replenish the dry condition caused by the sun rays on human skin. Disadvantages of skin being exposed to sun and precautions Some of the disadvantages of the skin being exposed to the harmful ultra violet rays of sun are illustrated below for better understanding: • Thinning of blood vessels affect the smooth flow of blood, giving rise to complicated skin diseases which are chronic by nature. • Rashes appear on the skin causing irritation. • The harmful UV rays may also cause skin cancer and lead to loss of skin pigmentation. Therefore, it is of utmost importance that no skin should be exposed to the sun for a long time and proper precaution should be taken before moving out in the sun, some of them are given below: • Use an umbrella while moving out into the sun. • Get into the habit of using a sunscreen, using a sunscreen with minimum SPF 30 will ensure that no skin absorbs the harmful rays of sun. Tips and comments It can be safely said that no skin should be exposed to sunlight for long due to the harmful effects Protection is required to ensure that no skin pigmentation and color loss occurs. Protection of the skin from the sun can be easily achieved by using an umbrella and by applying quality sunscreen lotion. Most Recent Articles • How To Find a Firming Skin Moisturizer It is the dream of every woman to look beautiful all her life but unfortunately this is something that can not be achieved that easily. You need to do a lot of things to get beauty for forev... • 5 Steps For Getting Rid Of a Skin Blemish Skin blemish are ailments that not only cause physical problems but also psychological ones. Severe acne and pimples and other skin blemish on the face and visible parts of the body like nec... • the Five Best Treatments For Light Acne With the many treatments that have been suggested for acne, people are now confused on which treatment actually works for acne. This skin problem has been bothering people and the many treat... • Hair Skin And Nail Benefits Of Vitamin Oil Taking vitamin oil can help individuals improve the appearance of their skin, hair and nails. The majority of the beauty products in the market nowadays contain vitamin E oil as one of their... • How To Care For the Skin That Is Around Your Eye The skin around the eye shows a mixture of expressions, health issues, emotions and many other things. This skin is more sensitive than skin of any other part of our body. The skin around th... • How To Choose a Green Eyeshadow That Looks Great With Your Skin How to choose a green eye shadow that looks great with your skin is the best thing for anyone who loves styles should do. It is not possible to choose any eye shadow color which does not mar... • How To Protect Yourself From Breathing Diseases Breathing disease is anything that prevents us from getting enough air and also being uncomfortable while breathing or inhaling air. Some of the breathing diseases are wheezing and lung fail... • How To Treat Cellulitis Treatment for any sort of illness, if not taken in an appropriate and measured amount according to the prescription of the doctor or physician, will not bring you back to health. It is there... • What To Do For Green Skin There are a few things that we do which tend to make our skin green. These things include wearing of rings for quite a long time which turns your skin green after some time. This is because ... • The Best Gel Skin Care Products There are many skin gels which are really good for skin. These gels nourish and make your skin look good. They are similar to the various kinds of lotions and creams that we use for differen... • How To Design Your Skin Care Regimen Taking skin care has always been a painstaking task. You have to use skin products, take extra care for your skin, avoid sun and if you have dry or oily skin, the task could be menace someti... • Childhood Skin Diseases You Should Worry About Childhood skin diseases are the most common disease which affect children and it gives parents an headache when they know nothing about the disease that have affected their children. In most... • Ways To Prevent Acne on Your Skin • How To Protect Yourself From Contagious Skin Diseases The skin is the most exposed organ in the human body. It is therefore very vulnerable to diseases as it covers the whole entire body. Contagious skin diseases can do a lot of harm to ones sk... • How To Care For Oily Skin on Your Face According to the Mayo Clinic, oily skin is caused by over productive sebaceous glands. These glands mistakenly produce more oil. This further irritates ones skin and can lead to break outs o...
You are here Cultural Differences 15 February, 2016 - 10:55 In addition to gender differences, there is also evidence that conformity is greater in some cultures than others. Your knowledge about the cultural differences between individualistic and collectivistic cultures might lead you to think that collectivists will be more conforming than individualists, and there is some support for this. Bond and Smith (1996) analyzed results of 133 studies that had used Asch’s line-judging task in 17 different countries. They then categorized each of the countries in terms of the degree to which it could be considered collectivist versus individualist in orientation. They found a significant relationship: conformity was greater in more collectivistic than in individualistic countries. Kim and Markus (1999) analyzed advertisements from popular magazines in the United States and in Korea to see if they differentially emphasized conformity and uniqueness. As you can see inFigure 6.14, they found that while U.S. magazine ads tended to focus on uniqueness (e.g., “Choose your own view!”; “Individualize”) Korean ads tended to focus more on themes of conformity (e.g., “Seven out of 10 people use this product”; “Our company is working toward building a harmonious society”). Figure 6.14 Culture and Conformity Kim and Markus (1999) found that U.S. magazine ads tended to focus on uniqueness whereas Korean ads tended to focus more on conformity. In summary, although the effects of individual differences on conformity tend to be smaller than those of the social context, they do matter. And gender and cultural differences can also be important. Conformity, like most other social psychological processes, represents an interaction between the situation and the person.

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.