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Reviving Muslim Intellectual Position in the World (P 2)
By Mansoor Alam
IntellectPART 1
Strive for True, Objective Knowledge
But what is knowledge? This question is not as obvious as it seems. The Prophet (PBUH) used to constantly pray: “O Allah! Advance me in knowledge (Ta-Ha 20:114).” This means that knowledge is something special and sacred in its own right; and that advancing in knowledge is a challenge in which even our Prophet (PBUH) sought Allah’s help.
It is the duty of every Muslim, therefore, to acquire knowledge throughout life—so much so that on the Day of Judgment we will be held accountable for it. The Qur’an says: “And pursue not that of which thou hast no knowledge; for every act of hearing, or of seeing or of (feeling in) the heart will be inquired into (on the Day of Reckoning).” (Al-Israa 17:36) [Yusuf Ali]
The words hearing and seeing refer to human senses and the Arabic word فُؤَادَ (heart) refers to our mind. Hearsay is not knowledge because our senses and mind are not involved in arriving at the conclusion. Plato said that knowledge gained through the senses is not reliable, whereas the Qur’an says that anything not verified by the senses and mind cannot be regarded as knowledge. This shows how valuable sense perception is in Islam.
The Qur’an puts extraordinary emphasis on objective knowledge. The revelation of the Qur’an may be thought of as marking the birth of inductive intellect. Inductive reasoning allows human beings to master the forces of the natural world. The Qur’an created and fostered a spirit of critical observation of the forces of nature: “In the creation of the earth and the heavens and the alternation of night and day, there are signs for those gifted with insight. These people always keep in mind Allah’s law while standing, sitting or reclining. They constantly reflect upon the creation of the heavens and the earth: “O our Sustainer! Thou have not created this Universe in vain or for destructive purposes.” (Aal `Imran 190-191)
It is also clear that the birth of observation and experimental science in Islam was due not to a compromise with Greek thought but to a prolonged intellectual fight with it. Again, according to Allama Iqbal: “Socrates concentrated his attention on the human world alone. To him, the proper study of man was man and not the world of plants, insects, and stars. How unlike the spirit of the Qur’an, which sees in the humble bee a recipient of Divine inspiration and constantly calls upon the reader to observe the perpetual change of the winds, the alternation of day and night, the clouds, the starry heavens, and the planets swimming through infinite space! As a true disciple of Socrates, Plato despised sense- perception which, in his view, yielded mere opinion and no real knowledge. How unlike the Qur’an, which regards ‘hearing’ and ‘sight’ as the most valuable Divine gifts and declares them to be accountable to God for their actions in this world.” [The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam, page3]
The importance of inductive reasoning is so great in the eyes of the Qur’an that at numerous places it calls those who do not use it as animals—and even worse than animals: “For the worst of beasts in the sight of Allah are the deaf and the dumb, those who understand not.” (Al-Anfal 8:22) “Many are the Jinns and men we have made for Hell: They have hearts wherewith they understand not, eyes wherewith they see not, and ears wherewith they hear not. They are like cattle, nay more misguided: for they are heedless (of warning).” (Al-A`raf 7:179) “Or thinkest thou that most of them listen or understand? They are only like cattle; nay, they are worse astray in Path” (25:44). “Ah! Ye are those who fell to disputing (Even) in matters of which ye had some knowledge! But why dispute ye in matters of which ye have no knowledge?” (Aal `Imran 3:66) [Yusuf Ali]
That is, the Qur’an calls those who have knowledge of fields such as hydrology, botany, geology, zoology, physiology, or anthropology as Ulema. Allah asks believers to acquire knowledge of His signs throughout the Universe, which practically includes almost every imaginable field of science such as chemistry, physics, astronomy, cosmology, neurology, medicine, psychology, geography, oceanography, etc. (e.g., 3:189-191, 16:48, 21:30-33, 23:18, 26:7-8, and many other verses). In other words, Ulema according to the above verses are scientists and thinkers, not religious scholars. Allah clearly warns us in the Qur’an that those who have knowledge and those who do not cannot be deemed equal (39:9). How are we justified then in calling our traditional religious scholars Ulema who have no knowledge of Allah’s signs in the Universe, especially when more than 750 verses in the Qur’an deal with such knowledge, while only some 130 verses deal with prayer, fasting, pilgrimage, and laws governing personal affairs?
Holistic Approach to Knowledge
We need to go back to the way of the Prophet (PBUH) and use this integrated or holistic approach to knowledge which, apart from giving us power over the natural world, also deepens our faith in the non-physical world. The Qur’an emphasizes that signs of Allah in the Universe are meant to strengthen the faith of believers: “Verily in the heavens and the earth, are Signs for those who believe. And in the creation of yourselves and the fact that animals are scattered (through the earth), are Signs for those of assured Faith.” (Al-Jathiyah 45: 3-4) [Yusuf Ali]
According to another hadith of the Prophet (PBUH) the whole World is a Mosque. This does not only mean that we can pray anywhere on Earth as most of us think; it also means what we do in Mosques and what we do outside must be solely for Allah (72:18). Thus, to a Muslim, there should be no bifurcation of life into secular and religious. Whether teaching or learning, working or resting, praying or playing, eating or drinking, standing or sitting—in short, every moment of our lives should be lived in the context of Islam. This is how we become God-conscious. This is how we should practice Islam: by total submission to the Will of Allah in every aspect of our lives. It does not just mean that we should keep doing what we are doing sincerely and honestly and give charity, pray, fast and perform the pilgrimage and feel that we have discharged our obligation to Islam. That is the easy part. Doing all those things is only a starting point for a much larger obligation: to keep advancing in knowledge of the ultimate nature of things. This larger goal should never be overlooked. If the Prophet (PBUH) was doing this his entire life, we must try as well. This is the difficult as well as challenging part: how to keep advancing in knowledge, each and every one of us, until we breathe our last breath. That is where we constantly need to seek help from Allah as, indeed, the Prophet (PBUH) did.
This is the essence of the relationship of Islam and Science: opening the door of the Other World by using the Key of this World. And the Key is knowledge of the Universe. The goal of Muslims should always be to gain knowledge of the forces of nature and spend it without any discrimination for the benefit of the whole world. The world being a Mosque there should be no discrimination. This is how we can regain our crowning intellectual position in the world. This is how we can create Heaven on Earth.
Taken with slight editorial modifications from
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About Art – What Do We Really Mean
Mark Rothko, an American artist who described himself as an “abstract painter”, once said about art that he was not the kind of person interested in the relationship of form, color or similars. He didn’t define himself as an abstractionist, but rather as a person interested only in expressing basic human emotions such as doom, tragedy, ecstasy and so on. This was one person’s vision of art, but what do we mean by art today? Why is defining the concept so difficult?
This article is an exploration of the meaning of art and an attempt to understand the relationship between art and artists, with some useful insights via interviews with both traditional and digital artists.
1. About Art – What Is It?
This question pops up often, and with many answers. Many argue that art cannot be defined. We could go about this in several ways. Art is often considered the process or product of deliberately arranging elements in a way that appeals to the senses or emotions. It encompasses a diverse range of human activities, creations and ways of expression, including music, literature, film, sculpture and paintings. The meaning of art is explored in a branch of philosophy known as aesthetics. At least, that’s what Wikipedia claims.
It is a component of culture, reflecting economic and social substrates in its design. It transmits ideas and values inherent in every culture across space and time. Its role changes through time, acquiring more of an aesthetic component here and a socio-educational function there.
Everything we’ve said so far has elements of truth but is mainly opinion. According to Wikipedia, “Art historians and philosophers of art have long had classificatory disputes about art regarding whether a particular cultural form or piece of work should be classified as art.”
The definition of art is open, subjective, debatable. There is no agreement among historians and artists, which is why we’re left with so many definitions of art. The concept itself has changed over centuries.
The very notion of art continues today to stir controversy, being so open to multiple interpretations. It can be taken simply to mean any human activity, or any set of rules needed to develop an activity. This would generalize the concept beyond what is normally understood as the fine arts, now broadened to encompass academic areas. The word has many other colloquial uses, too.
In this article, we mean art as a form of human expression of a creative nature .
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What Is the 14th Amendment? A Simplified Guide
Posted by Ashley Robinson | Jan 10, 2021 7:00:00 PM
General Education
One of the most litigated amendments to the Constitution is the 14th Amendment. But what is the 14th Amendment, exactly? The 14th Amendment clarifies issues around U.S. citizenship—specifically, who can be a U.S. citizen, additional rights of citizenship, and how citizenship intersects with U.S. law.
In this article, we’ll help you understand the ins and outs of this important Constitutional Amendment, including:
• Answering the question, “What Is the 14th Amendment?”
• Explaining the 14th Amendment in simple terms
• Giving you a historical overview of the ratification process for the 14th Amendment
• Breaking down each section of the 14th Amendment, explained in detail
• Listing out key terms you need to know
Okay, let’s dive in!
What Is the 14th Amendment? Quick Reference Guide
There’s a lot of information in this guide. That’s because “What is the 14th Amendment?” is actually a pretty in-depth question!
We want to make it easy for you to find the information you’re looking for. You can use the links below to quickly jump to different sections of this guide
What Is a Constitutional Amendment, and What Do They Do?
The Constitution of the United States is a document that serves as the foundation of the U.S. Government. It sets up the United States’ governing system, the system of checks and balances that keeps the government in line, and the fundamental laws that run the nation.
An amendment to a constitution adds to or changes the original constitutional document. The United States Constitution can be amended through a very specific, and fairly difficult, process that’s outlined in Article 5 of the U.S. Constitution. (Don’t worry: we’ll talk a little more about this process in a second.)
Constitutions are founding documents, meaning they exist as the guiding principles for a country or nation. But as times change, a constitution--including the U.S. Constitution--may need to be amended to include the new rules, laws, or rights that a country believes are fundamental to its operation.
Here’s an example: the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution are collectively known as the Bill of Rights. During the Philadelphia Convention in 1787, the Founding Fathers couldn’t agree on what fundamental rights U.S. citizens had...or if those rights should be included in the Constitution. As a result, the Constitution was signed without providing specific “inalienable” rights and protections for Americans.
Over the next year, many leaders would come to realize the importance of providing for these rights in the Constitution. In 1791, the Bill of Rights was ratified. These helped specifically outline the rights of citizens, including the right to free speech (First Amendment) and the right to a timely trial (Sixth Amendment).
It’s important to note that once amendments are ratified, they are treated as another part of the constitution. In other words, amendments to the U.S. Constitution are treated with equal importance and weight as if they were included in the original document signed over 200 years ago.
The U.S. Constitution has been amended 27 times since it was passed in 1789. The 27th Amendment, the most recent amendment to the Constitution, was passed in 1992.
When Was the 14th Amendment Passed?
The 14th Amendment was passed on July 9, 1868.
During the Reconstruction Era after the Civil War, Congress debated which rights provided by the U.S. Constitution applied to the country’s newly freed slaves, who previously weren’t given rights or protections under the Constitution. (Slavery was abolished under the 13th Amendment.)
Shortly thereafter, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866. This law guaranteed citizenship to everyone born in the United States regardless of their race, skin color, or previous enslavement.
But the contentiousness of the Civil Rights Act of 1866—it was vetoed by then-President Andrew Johnson, and was hotly contested by Southern states—was worrisome to abolitionists. They worried the law could be overridden or repealed, which would endanger the civil rights of Black Americans. To combat this, they pushed for these protections to become part of the U.S. Constitution through a constitutional amendment.
In order for an amendment to be ratified, or approved, the amendment must first be approved by two-thirds of both houses of Congress. From there, the amendment moves to the states for approval. In order for a U.S. Constitutional Amendment to pass, it must be approved by three-fourths of U.S. States. That means that in 2021, an Amendment would have to be approved by 38 states.
On July 9, 1868, the 14th amendment was approved by three-fourths of U.S states and became part of the U.S. Constitution.
(Quick note: there’s a second way to approve a Constitutional Amendment if two-thirds of U.S. states call for a Constitutional Convention to approve an amendment. The amendments would still have to be approved by three quarters of the states through their own legislatures. Since this method has never been used to ratify a U.S. Constitutional Amendment, we aren’t talking about it in depth...but you can learn more about how it works here.)
The 14th Amendment to the Constitution in Simple Terms
So what is the 14th amendment, in simple terms? In essence, the 14th Amendment deals with citizenship rights. That includes:
• Citizenship rights for people born in the United States, regardless of race or ethnicity
• Equal protection under the law for all U.S. citizens
• How citizens are represented in government through the House of Representatives
• Punishment for citizens charged with insurrection or rebellion against the United States of America
• Exempts federal and state governments from paying the debts of former Confederate states.
So if you’ve been wondering, “What is the 14th Amendment,” these are the general ideas that this Constitutional Amendment covers.
But there’s a lot more you need to know about the 14th Amendment if you’re going to understand it. The 14th Amendment to the Constitution is broken up into five different sections, each of which deals with these topics. Let’s take a closer look at each section of the 14th Amendment below.
Now let's zoom in on each section of the 14th Amendment.
The 14th Amendment Simplified: Section 1
This section is often referred to as the citizenship clause because it helps clarify who qualifies as a U.S. citizen. While the original language of the U.S. Constitution talks about citizens of the United States, it doesn’t clearly define who gets to be a citizen...and who doesn’t. The 14th Amendment helps to clear that up.
Section 1 provides for something called “birthright citizenship.” That’s a fancy way of saying that if you’re born in the United States or on U.S. soil, you’re automatically considered a U.S. citizen and receive all the rights and privileges associated with that. (Remember the Bill of Rights? Yeah, that’s what we’re talking about here!)
This amendment also provides citizenship for naturalized citizens, which are people that aren’t born in the U.S. but become citizens through legal immigration processes. These processes are determined through laws passed on the federal level. Once someone is naturalized, they are granted full citizenship rights, just like someone who was born in the United States.
The 14th Amendment also ensures that everyone who fits this criteria is a full U.S. citizen, regardless of their race or ethnic background. This is particularly important for Black Americans. In the original text of the U.S. Constitution, Black people—most of whom were slaves—were not considered citizens, or even whole people. This clause is commonly referred to as the Three-Fifths Compromise. The 14th Amendment overrides that provision and instead grants former slaves, along with all other minorities, full U.S. citizenship.
Beyond that, this amendment ensures that no individual state can pass a law that negatively impacts the rights of U.S. citizens that are provided for in the U.S. Constitution. Here’s what we mean. Say California tried to pass a state law that prevented people from protesting peacefully in public. This would be illegal under the 14th Amendment, since that law directly conflicts with citizens’ Constitutional right to protest peacefully (which is provided for under the First Amendment).
And finally, the 14th Amendment Section 1 clarifies citizens’ legal rights. For instance, no state can legally take away a person’s “life, liberty, or property” without due process. Essentially, that means that the government has to grant citizens all their legal rights as provided to them by the law. This stops states from acting outside of the law, and it protects citizens by guaranteeing their right to legal hearings. So for example, if the government decided to throw someone in jail without a trial, that would violate due process because according to the Constitution, all Americans are entitled to a trial with an impartial jury.
This section also guarantees all U.S. citizens have equal protection under the law. That means the government has to apply the law equally to everyone who is in a similar situation and circumstance. For instance, if an interracial couple wanted to get married, a state couldn’t deny them a marriage license because of their race since they grant licenses to couples of the same race.
Because Section 1 of the 14th Amendment is so dense and provides so many rights, it’s become one of the most litigated Constitutional Amendments. Brown v. Board of Education, Plessy v. Ferguson, and Loving v. Virginia are all famous Supreme Court cases that deal with the 14th Amendment.
The 14th Amendment Simplified: Section 2
When the 14th Amendment was passed, it granted Black Americans full citizenship. Originally, the number of legislators that represented each state in the House of Representatives was calculated using the Three-Fifths Compromise. Essentially, that meant that a Black slave was only considered three-fifths of a person when figuring out the population of a state.
Section 1 and Section 2 of the 14th Amendment eliminate the Three-Fifths Compromise by granting Black Americans full citizenship rights. But that also meant that the government needed to clarify how the seats in the House of Representatives would be divided between states. Section 2 states that a state’s number of Representatives in the House will be determined based on a state’s population. (Big note here: at this point in history, Native Americans aren’t figured into population counts because they aren't taxed by the Federal government.)
Section 2 also punishes states that deny full citizens their voting rights. (Black men’s right to vote was protected under the 15th Amendment, and women were granted the right to vote under the 19th Amendment. The voting age gets lowered from 21 to 18 in the 26th Amendment.) The 14th Amendment also says that if a State denies citizens the vote, they will have their representation in the House reduced as a consequence.
There’s a pretty big exemption to this rule, though: Section 2 of the 14th Amendment clearly states that a state can legally limit voting rights of a U.S citizen if they’ve been convicted of a crime or participated in a rebellion against the U.S. Government. That’s why today there are still states that can deny voting rights to people who’ve been convicted of a crime.
Section 3 of the 14th Amendment deals specifically with people who try to violently overthrow the U.S. Government or help enemies of the United States.
The 14th Amendment Simplified: Section 3
Amendment 14 Section 3 is a very specific clause about how your rights as a citizen are impacted if you participate in a rebellion against the United States government or any of the government’s interests.
To understand Section 3, we first have to define the terms “insurrection” and “rebellion.” Rebellion and insurrection are open, violent, and usually unsuccessful defiance of or resistance to an established government.
If a person has participated in an insurrection or rebellion against the U.S. government, they no longer have the ability to hold public office. That includes being a Senator, Representative, governor, or judge at the federal or state level. This also applies to positions of military leadership.
Section 3 also applies to anyone who assists declared enemies of the United States. So for example, if a U.S. citizen had given intelligence to Nazi Germany during World War II—and if they were found guilty of doing so in the court of law—they could lose the same privileges as an insurrectionist under Amendment 14 Section 3.
Amendment 14 Section 3 was originally meant to punish leaders of the Confederacy by preventing them from holding office again. (The Confederacy originally broke off from the United States because they wanted to continue the practice of chattel slavery, prompting the Civil War.) More recently, members of the U.S. Government have discussed invoking Amendment 14 Section 3 against the insurrectionists who stormed the U.S. Capitol on January 6, 2021.
The 14th Amendment Simplified: Section 4
Section 4 deals with U.S. national debt. It validates the debt of the United States, which means that the government is on the hook for paying the debts it owes. That includes paying government pensions and compensating people for other services, specifically when it comes to suppressing an insurrection.
But that only applies to debt incurred while fighting a rebellion against the U.S. Government. Any state that participates in an insurrection will have to pay its own debts without help from the federal government.
This is another section of the 14th Amendment that specifically deals with the repercussions of the American Civil War. After the Civil War, the Confederate states had accrued lots of debt, both by financing their war efforts and from losing their slaves. Section 4 ensured that the former Confederate states were responsible for their own Civil War-related debt—and couldn’t pawn it off on the federal government.
The 14th Amendment Simplified: Section 5
This section of the amendment is simple and straightforward: it gives Congress the power to enforce the laws outlined by Amendment 14.
What Is the 14th Amendment to the Constitution: Key Terms
There’s a lot of terminology you need to know in order to understand the 14th Amendment to the Constitution. We’ve compiled all the important vocabulary into one helpful list:
American Civil War
War between the Union (allied Northern states) and Confederacy (allied Southern states). The Confederate states seceded--or left--the United States because they didn’t want to abolish chattel slavery. The war lasted from April 12, 1861 – May 9, 1865, when the Confederacy surrendered.
Bill of Rights
The first ten amendments of the Constitution that outline the fundamental rights of every U.S. citizen.
Checks and Balances:
The principle of government wherein each branch helps to check the power of the other branches. In the U.S., the system of checks and balances applies to the Executive, Judicial, and Legislative branches of government.
Civil Rights Act of 1866
Declared that all people born in the U.S. were U.S. citizens and were protected under the Bill of Rights. The passage of this act was the precursor to the drafting and passing of the 14th Amendment.
Constitutional Amendment
Constitutional amendments are provisions that are added to the U.S. Constitution in order to add, clarify, or change the original document. Constitutional amendments are difficult to pass because they require approval by
Constitutional Convention
Constitutional Conventions can be called if two-thirds of states agree to hold one in order to discuss and propose a constitutional amendment. This amendment process is outlined in Article V of the Constitution. No U.S. Amendment has ever been passed using this process.
Due Process
The legal requirement that the U.S Government must follow the law, and in doing so, respect all the legal rights that are accorded to U.S. citizens. Under the 14th Amendment, all U.S. citizens have the right to due process.
Founding Fathers
The group of American political leaders who led the American Revolution and created the U.S. Constitution.
An act or instance of revolting against civil authority or an established government. (Merriam-Webster
Philadelphia Convention
Held from May 14, 1787 to September 17, 1787. It was during this convention that the U.S. The Constitution was signed and ratified. This is also referred to as the U.S. Constitutional Convention.
Open, armed, and usually unsuccessful defiance of or resistance to an established government. (Merriam-Webster)
Three-Fifths Compromise
This compromise was reached between delegates at the Constitutional Convention in 1787. It states that only three-fifths of the slave population would be counted for taxation and governmental representation purposes. In essence, that meant that each slave was only counted as three-fifths of a person and had no citizenship rights under the Constitution.
U.S. Constitution
The document, ratified in 1787, that sets up the foundational laws and governing mechanisms for the United States of America. The U.S. Constitution can only be altered through the approval of U.S. Constitutional Amendments.
U.S. Bill of Rights
The first ten amendments to the Constitution. These amendments outline the rights, privileges, and protections granted to U.S. citizens.
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Question: Is All Life Sentient?
Do trees feel pain?
Can trees talk to humans?
They’re naturally networking, connected with everything that exists, including you. Biologists, ecologists, foresters, and naturalists increasingly argue that trees speak, and that humans can learn to hear this language. … In fact, the relationships between trees and other lifeforms are reflected in Waorani language.
Are any animals self aware?
At what point is a fetus sentient?
Thus, 18 to 25 weeks is considered the earliest stage at which the lower boundary of sentience could be placed. At this stage of development, however, there is little evidence for the central processing of somatosensory information.
Do plants recognize humans?
Plants Really Do Respond to The Way We Touch Them, Scientists Reveal. It’s something that plant lovers have long suspected, but now Australian scientists have found evidence that plants really can feel when we’re touching them.
Is a fish a sentient being?
Is a dog a sentient being?
In June of 2016, the Oregon Supreme Court ruled in favor of a dog named Juno, declaring that while animals can be legally considered property, they are still “sentient beings capable of experiencing pain, stress and fear.” Juno had been lawfully seized on probably cause of criminal neglect—specifically starvation and …
What animals are sentient?
Non-human animals, including all mammals and birds, and many other creatures, including octopuses, also possess these neurological substrates.” They could also have included fish, for whom the evidence supporting sentience and consciousness is also compelling (see also).
Are trees conscious?
We recognize them as marvelous beings. On the other hand, nobody thinks about the inner life of trees, the feelings of these wonderful living beings. e360: Plants are not generally thought to possess consciousness. … Plants process information just as animals do, but for the most part they do this much more slowly.
Do animals know they exist?
So, while animals might not ponder life and death the way humans do, they still may have some sense of self. … Many animals also know the placement in space of parts of their body as they run, jump, perform acrobatics, or move as a coordinated hunting unit or flock without running into one another.
Do sea creatures feel pain?
The scientific consensus, Braithwaite tells The Post, is that fish do feel pain. “Whatever that means for the fish,” she adds. “It’s not that they experience the pain that we do, which is more sophisticated.” The accumulated research on fish pain has recently hit the public with the impact of a blunt object.
Do plants scream?
A new study suggests that plants that are stressed by drought or physical damage may emit ultrasonic squeals. Unlike human screams, however, plant sounds are too high-frequency for us to hear them, according to the research, which was posted Dec. …
Are plants sentient Buddhism?
Are cells sentient?
Are all humans sentient?
Are plants sentient beings?
Scientific research shows that plants possess these same attributes. Plants are conscious, sentient beings. … The book gave many examples of plant responses to human care, their ability to communicate, their reactions to music, their lie-detection abilities and their ability to recognize and to predict.
What does sentience mean?
In modern Western philosophy, sentience is the ability to experience sensations (known in philosophy of mind as “qualia”).” In the context of animal welfare, saying that animals are sentient means that they are able to feel pain.
Do trees have genders?
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Compound Subjects Prepositions Worksheet With Answers
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Symbol() constructor
The Symbol() constructor returns a value of type symbol, but is incomplete as a constructor because it does not support the syntax "new Symbol()" and it is not intended to be subclassed. It may be used as the value of an extends clause of a class definition but a super call to it will cause an exception.
description Optional
A string. A description of the symbol which can be used for debugging but not to access the symbol itself.
Creating symbols
To create a new primitive symbol, you write Symbol() with an optional string as its description:
let sym1 = Symbol()
let sym2 = Symbol('foo')
let sym3 = Symbol('foo')
The above code creates three new symbols. Note that Symbol("foo") does not coerce the string "foo" into a symbol. It creates a new symbol each time:
Symbol('foo') === Symbol('foo') // false
new Symbol(...)
The following syntax with the new operator will throw a TypeError:
let sym = new Symbol() // TypeError
This prevents authors from creating an explicit Symbol wrapper object instead of a new symbol value and might be surprising as creating explicit wrapper objects around primitive data types is generally possible (for example, new Boolean, new String and new Number).
If you really want to create a Symbol wrapper object, you can use the Object() function:
let sym = Symbol('foo');
let symObj = Object(sym);
typeof sym // => "symbol"
typeof symObj // => "object"
Browser compatibility
BCD tables only load in the browser
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Theoretical Groundwork
The question of what trust actually is has long interested analytic philosophers of various fields. Moral philosopher Annette Baier suggests that trust is a three-part relation, that is, a “relationship where A has entrusted B with some of the care of C and where B has some discretionary powers in caring for C" (Baier, 1986, p. 237). In caring for C, B is supposed to act on behalf of A in contexts where A does not take care of C. As the care for C rests in B’s hands, B is expected to endorse an attitude of dedicated goodwill towards A. A, in turn, has to be confident about B’s goodwill (Jones, 1996).
When epistemologists analyze trust, however, they are typically interested only in a particular element of such trust relations. They are interested in A’s trusting B, her expectation of care towards B. For epistemologists, trust attitudes are the problem; and the questions that they concern themselves with are questions of whether A is warranted in trusting B and what A can reasonably expect to gain from trusting B. Yet not only do epistemologists tend to focus on trust attitudes, they also focus specifically on epistemic trust, discussing its epistemic warrant and its possible epistemic function.
What is epistemic trust? It is knowledge-concerned trust. Many epistemologists who consider epistemic trust hold it to be a knowledge- facilitating attitude in that it can result, under certain conditions, in knowledge that without epistemic trust could not be had. Epistemic trust can enable A, who does the trusting, to acquire the knowledge that p by relying upon a trusted person B (see, e.g., Fricker, 2002; Goldberg, 2011; Hardwig, 1991; Kappel, 2014; McCraw, 2015). Precisely under which conditions, A is warranted to place epistemic trust in B is debated. It is, however, generally assumed that for an adult A to place epistemic trust in a person B it is necessary for A to regard B as being “epistemically well-placed" with respect to the belief in question (McCraw, 2015), a condition I have described with reference to Hardwig (1985, 1991) as B’s possession of intellectual authority in Chap. 7.
Epistemic trust, too, can be construed as a three-part relation between a trusting person A, a trusted person B and a something (C), the care of which A entrusts B with. Here, C is the justification for the belief that p, a justification for which A relies upon B. Note, however, that B cares for C only indirectly. A’s justification for the belief that p need not be B’s primary concern. Rather, what B is supposed to care about is his intellectual authority concerning the observations, measurements, arguments or advice he passes on to A. If B testifies thatp to A, conveying his testimony as a piece of (scientific) knowledge, then B should have a justification for the belief that p that conforms with those (scientific) standards of justification that apply. Yet, as I have elaborated in Chap. 7, B’s justification will not be identical to A’s justification for thatp—but B’s justification will be “folded into" A’s justification because A relies upon B’s intellectual authority.
While today’s debate about epistemic trust is, generally, benign to the idea that trust can indeed result in justified believing, Hardwig began to work upon trust at a time when epistemologists were rather skeptical about its epistemic potential. This may explain why he construes trust in strict analogy to evidence gained from observation, inference or memory. Like such evidence, he argues, trust in a person B provides a “reason" for A’s adopting the belief that p in reference to B’s maintaining that p. In Chap. 7 I have characterized reasons of this kind as second-order reasons. Since these reasons do not pertain to “immediate"—i.e., observational or inferential—evidence for the belief thatp, Hardwig characterizes trust as
“blind" (Hardwig, 1991, p. 693).
However, that Hardwig calls trust blind must not lead to the conception that trust attitudes were de-coupled from empirical evidence concerning the trustworthiness of the person trusted. In fact, Hardwig instructively distinguishes two facets of trustworthiness that enables us to specify how and in which sense it can be empirically evidenced. According to him, the trustworthiness of a person concerns both moral and epistemic character. While moral character concerns dedication and honesty, epistemic character concerns skillfulness and expertise (Hardwig, 1991, p. 700). A trustworthy person, hence, is one who is sincere and makes as few mistakes as possible.
The belief (that p) whose justification is at stake in epistemic trust relations can take many forms in collaborative scientific practice. As elaborated in Chap. 7, it can be a belief based on a collaborator’s testimony, asserting that “the measurement is x." Or, it can be a belief based on what a collaborator’s labor implicitly conveys. By, for example, making a chemical compound available to a colleague, a scientist implies that this compound has been prepared correctly. But a prerequisite to work with these contributions is to form beliefs about collaborators’ contributions and their trustworthiness.
Epistemic trust relations involve trust attitudes (A’s trusting B), the epistemic status of which is debated among social epistemologists. Should one conceive of attitudes of epistemic trust as beliefs and, if so, do the standards of justification that apply to knowledge apply to them? Hardwig seems to be inclined to argue that trust attitudes can, indeed, be “known" when he argues that the trustworthiness of a collaborator is something that a scientist can rationally rely upon (Hardwig, 1991, p. 699; see also, e.g., Fricker, 2006, p. 232). Other authors have taken a different, if not opposing, stance. In rejecting Hardwig’s account of trust, Klemens Kappel, for example, characterizes trust as a non-inferential disposition, a “feeling of confidence about someone or something" (Kappel, 2014, p. 2017). Such a feeling cannot and need not be evidentially justified. As a non-inferential disposition, thus, trust cannot be “known"; and Kappel accordingly claims that collaborating scientists need not, in fact cannot and “do not know, and are not justified in believing, that other agents are trustworthy within their specialised domains" (Kappel, 2014, p. 2017). Nevertheless, Kappel argues, when epistemic trust as a noninferential disposition “is discriminating and defeater-sensitive, it can ground knowledge and justification” (Kappel, 2014, p. 2011). Integrative accounts of trust have sought to overcome the divide that Kappel sees between accounts of trust attitudes as justifiable beliefs or non-justifiable feelings. Karen Frost-Arnold, for example, argues that trust involves cognitive attitudes that can involve beliefs, though they are to be considered broader than that (Frost-Arnold, 2014).
It matters what precisely trust attitudes are because that will tell us how trust can and should be acquired. When epistemic trust requires A merely to adopt a non-inferential disposition, then a trust can be warranted by an a priori entitlement. Burge (1993) and Coady (1992), for example, argue that trust in a person’s testimony can be justified a priori. When, however, epistemic trust requires A to establish reasons for believing in the trustworthiness of B, then A has to put considerable effort into warranting an attitude of trust toward B, establishing reliable criteria for assessing B’s trustworthiness (cf. Goldman, 1999; Kitcher, 1993; Origgi, 2004). Again, some authors suggest ways to integrate both positions, combining a priori entitlement and empirical warrant. Differentiating between facets of trustworthiness, Kristina Rolin argues that, while scientists are expected to establish an empirical warrant for the competence and skillfulness of collaborators, “the moral character of the collaborator is to a large extent taken for granted” (Rolin, 2014, p. 76; see also Andersen 2014; Rolin 2015). Other authors have argued that, while trust may initially rest upon an a priori entitlement, this entitlement becomes more and more irrelevant the longer a relation of epistemic dependence lasts and the trusting person A is able to collect evidence for the trustworthiness of B (Adler, 1994; Fricker, 2002).
The ambivalent, divided portrait that epistemologists draw of trust and its epistemic status leaves us to wonder how collaborating scientists deal with epistemic trust in scientific practice, that is, under conditions in which collaboration is a necessity. Do they trust by default? How much care do they take to establish the trustworthiness of collaborators? How much care do they feel they should take? These are the questions that my empirical investigation addresses.
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The Theme Of Death And Decay Hamlet English Literature Essay
September 19, 2017 English Literature
Death and Decay: two words that give the image of something decomposition, smelling foul and traveling to blow. In Shakespeare ‘s drama Hamlet, these two words symbolize the bulk of the plot line and the entireness of the action happening in the drama. Whether the focal point is on the decease of the bulk of the characters, or the decay that comes along with those deceases every bit good as the decay of “ the province of Denmark ” ( 1.4, 100 ) , the subject is reoccurring. Because decease and decay are so prevailing throughout Hamlet, it could be said that Shakespeare intended for them to be a major subject.
Decay, a decomposition of an thought, object or organic structure is a major property to the Ghosts monologue spoken to Hamlet. The hebona toxicant is a deathly constituent that in itself leads to the decay of a organic structure. This monologue is filled with words associating to disintegrate ; some could state Shakespeare ‘s point was to give the audience this image. An illustration of how the Ghost references decay is when he speaks of the “ leprous distilment ” ( 1.5. 71 ) , and “ a most instant tetter barked about, /most lazar-like, with vile and nauseating crustaˆ¦ ” ( 78-80 ) . In itself, the thought of a leprous distilment gives the gross outing thought of something infective and perverting. When he speaks of the “ tetter [ that ] bark [ s ] about, [ which is ] lazar-like.. ” he is mentioning to a strikebreaker that looks like a leprous tegument disease, runing off and disintegrating at his tegument, or doing his tegument to scab and deteriorate. The subject of decease and decay is really obvious in the Ghosts monologue, and illustrates the image of death and putrefaction in its most of import context. The passing of King Hamlet is a strong influence on the drama itself.
Throughout the drama, decease and decay is brought up several times. Since this subject drives the drama through, it is of import of Shakespeare to touch to it several times so that the drama maintains a kind of solemn feeling. Many characters throughout the drama usage slaying or self-destruction as a solution to their jobs, and the decay that follows this decease is frequently mentioned. A valid illustration of this subject is illustrated when Hamlet and the King are talking of the location of Polonius after Hamlet has killed him. Hamlet tells the King he is “ non where he eats, but where he is eaten. ” ( 4.3, 22 ) . This sentence in itself exemplifies decay: it illustrates the thought of a dead organic structure being eaten as it rots, and Hamlet intimations to the King that his organic structure “ is non where he eats, ” ( possibly some kind of dining hall ) , “ but where he is eaten, ” ( where his organic structure is being devoured. ) As he continues, he speaks of a “ convocation of politic worms, ” or the Diet of Worms called upon by the metropolis of Worms. Although Hamlet could be stating this in a actual manner, in another sense a Diet of Worms illustrates that a individual feeds off of worms, that they are on a worm diet. He subsequently speaks of the thought that after a King dies worms will feed from his flesh and so that same worm will be used as come-on to angle with. After this, the fish will hold eaten the worm and a hapless mendicant will eat that fish, intending he has besides fed on the worm inside the fish. Because of this, the provincial now has the Kings flesh in his organic structure, organizing slightly of a full circle. What Hamlet has said relates to the subject of decease and decay because non merely must a organic structure be dead in order for it to die, but worms and maggots assistance in the procedure of decomposing every bit good as feed off from it.
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What is being suggested by Hamlets conversation with the King about worms and maggots and the location of Polonius and his dead organic structure suggests and shows many similar and different thoughts with the Ghosts soliloquy. One analogue among them is that the Ghost of King Hamlets organic structure is stating Hamlet to seek retaliation on his decease, which in bend will ensue in the decease of another individual, this being Claudius. The thought that one decease will take to another, whom caused the decease of the first individual relates to the full circle facet of what Hamlet said to Claudius. In both state of affairss, one event is caused by another, which causes another, and so on and so forth. Besides, a really obvious similarity is that in each state of affairs decease occurs, and because of this decease there is decay. A difference between the two is that there are different grounds for the violent deaths in both state of affairss, King Hamlet is killed for Claudius ‘ benefit and Polonius is killed either by accident or because of lunacy. This is demoing that although decease causes assorted events, the events that occur depend extremely on the logical thinking for the violent death.
The subject of decease and decay in Hamlet ties the entireness of the drama together. Not merely does the play get down off with the decease of King Hamlet, but because of this the whole drama is filled with ideas and actions of self-destruction, slaying and decease. Shakespeare uses the images of decease and decay on a regular basis throughout the drama in many different ways, and each passing of a character relates to another decease before it. Decay is used in many ways throughout Hamlet, whether it be the decay of Denmark, the decay of moral or emotions, but the bulk of it associating to the decay of a dead organic structure. Because the decay of a organic structure is non possible unless the organic structure is deceased, one time a character dies in the drama decomposition or the feeding of flesh is normally mentioned thenceforth. Without decease and decay occurring, there would be no Hamlet, since every other subject and thought from the drama directs to the two.
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Acetic acid and sodium hydroxide balanced equation
What is the balanced equation for ch3cooh and NaOH?
CH3COOH + NaOH = CH3COONa + H2O | Chemical reaction and equation.
What is the reaction between acetic acid and sodium hydroxide?
In the reaction between acetic acid and sodium hydroxide, the acetic acid donates a proton to the hydroxide ion and acts as an acid. The hydroxide ion accepts a proton and acts as a base. The stoichiometric relationship between acetic acid and sodium hydroxide is 1:1 (from Equation 2).
What happens when ch3cooh reacts with NaOH?
Acetic acid, CH3COOH , will react with sodium hydroxide, NaOH , to produce sodium acetate, CH3COONa , and water.
What are the products that form as a result of the neutralization reaction of acetic acid ch3co2h and sodium hydroxide NaOH in an aqueous solution?
Weak acids only dissociate partially and are not considered to split apart into ions when writing net ionic equations. This reaction is considered a neutralization reaction. The base (NaOH) and weak acid (CH3COOH) react to produce a salt (NaNO3 and water (H2O).
Is acetic acid soluble in NaOH?
Carboxylic acid with general formula RCOOH are organic compound with a carboxyl (carbonyl+hydroxyl) functional group. In experiment a) Solubility of carboxylic acid, the result shows that glacial acetic acid is insoluble in ether, but soluble in water(H O) and in sodium hydroxide(NaOH).
How do you neutralize acetic acid and sodium hydroxide?
Is sodium acetate acidic or basic?
Sodium acetate is a basic salt; the acetate ion is capable of deprotonating water, thereby raising the solution’s pH. Acid salts are the converse of basic salts; they are formed in the neutralization reaction between a strong acid and a weak base. The conjugate acid of the weak base makes the salt acidic.
What is the chemical formula for acetic acid?
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Is acetic acid strong or weak?
For example, acetic acid is a weak acid which has a Ka = 1.75 x 105. Its conjugate base is the acetate ion with Kb = 1014/Ka = 5.7 x 1010 (from the relationship Ka × Kb = 1014), which certainly does not correspond to a strong base. The conjugate of a weak acid is often a weak base and vice versa.
Is acetic acid and NaOH a buffer?
In any case the general idea, however, is correct – you can indeed form a buffer solution using sodium hydroxide and a solution of acetic acid.
What happens when Ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydroxide?
When ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydroxide it forms brisk effervescense of co2 and water and sodium ethanoate. This is a type of neutralisation reaction. It forms CH3COONa(Sodium ethanoate or sodium acetate) and water(H2O).
Is ch3cooh and NaOH a buffer?
Let us illustrate buffer action by taking example of a common buffer system consisting of solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate (CH3COOH/CH3COONa). of the buffer. On addition of 0.01 mole NaOH the pH changes from 4.74 to 4.83, while on the addition of 0.01 mole HCl the pH changes from 4.74 to 4.66.
What does Ethanoic acid and sodium hydroxide make?
If you mix dilute ethanoic acid with sodium hydroxide solution, for example, you simply get a colourless solution containing sodium ethanoate.
Is acetic acid a vinegar?
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Light energy equation
What is the formula for light energy?
Formula: E = h f where: E = Energy of the photon (in Joules) h = Constant, actually known as Planck’s constant, a really ugly number. f = frequency of the light in units of per seconds (1/seconds)
What is the energy of a photon of light?
Photon energy is the energy carried by a single photon. The amount of energy is directly proportional to the photon’s electromagnetic frequency and thus, equivalently, is inversely proportional to the wavelength. The higher the photon’s frequency, the higher its energy.
What is the energy of light called?
electromagnetic radiation
How do you calculate eV Energy?
The formula for energy in terms of charge and potential difference is E = QV. So 1 eV = (1.6 x 10^-19 coulombs)x(1 volt) = 1.6 x 10^-19 Joules.
How do we calculate energy?
Why is C the symbol for speed of light?
The Long Answer. In 1992 Scott Chase wrote on sci. physics that “anyone who read hundreds of books by Isaac Asimov knows that the Latin word for `speed’ is `celeritas’, hence the symbol `c’ for the speed of light”.
What is intensity of light?
How many joules is a photon?
It should not surprise us that the energy of a single photon is small. It is also useful to calculate the number of photons in a Joule of energy. This is just the inverse of the energy per photon, and gives 3.2×1018 photons per Joule.
Does a photon have energy?
Since photons (particles of light) have no mass, they must obey E = pc and therefore get all of their energy from their momentum. If a particle has no mass (m = 0) and is at rest (p = 0), then the total energy is zero (E = 0). But an object with zero energy and zero mass is nothing at all.
What are the 7 properties of light?
There are 7 basic properties of light :Reflection of light.Refraction of light.Diffraction of light.Interference of light.Polarization of light.Dispersion of light.Scattering of light.
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What are the 4 properties of light?
What is light energy example?
Light energy, like sound energy, travels out in all directions in waves. Examples: A light bulb, the glowing coils on a toaster, the sun, and even headlights on cars. Electrical Energy – Energy produced by electrons moving through a substance is known as electrical energy.
Is eV and V the same?
An electronvolt is the amount of kinetic energy gained or lost by a single electron accelerating from rest through an electric potential difference of one volt in vacuum. The electronvolt (eV) is a unit of energy whereas the volt (V) is the derived SI unit of electric potential.
What is 1ev energy?
Electron volt, unit of energy commonly used in atomic and nuclear physics, equal to the energy gained by an electron (a charged particle carrying unit electronic charge) when the electrical potential at the electron increases by one volt. The electron volt equals 1.602 × 1012 erg, or 1.602 × 1019 joule.
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Quick Answer: What Is A Death Ritual?
What do we call 11th day after death?
Shraddha, Sanskrit śrāddha, also spelled sraddha, in Hinduism, a ceremony performed in honour of a dead ancestor.
The rites are performed between the 11th and 31st day after death, depending on caste traditions, and at regular intervals thereafter..
What happens in the 40 days after death?
The 40th Day after death is a traditional memorial service, family gathering, ceremonies and rituals in memory of the departed on the 40th day after his/her death. … The bread and water are intended for the departed and other deceased ancestors who will visit to remember him.
Why is a body washed after death?
It provides time to slow down and connect as family after someone has died. The act of washing a body means many different things. There are religious and spiritual traditions that involve rituals that need to be followed. For many of us washing the body is the final act of caring after illness.
What are the reasons of performing death rituals?
Is a funeral a ritual?
The funeral usually includes a ritual through which the corpse receives a final disposition. Depending on culture and religion, these can involve either the destruction of the body (for example, by cremation or sky burial) or its preservation (for example, by mummification or interment).
Why are there 13 days after death?
It is believed that after death, the soul of the dead person hangs around for 13 days unable sever the relationships this BODY, which it was associated with. … It is believed that after death, the soul of the dead person hangs around for 13 days unable sever the relationships this BODY, which it was associated with.
Why are funerals called wakes?
The term wake was originally used to denote a prayer vigil, often an annual event held on the feast day of the saint to whom a parish church was dedicated. … It used to be the custom in most Celtic countries in Europe for mourners to keep watch or vigil over their dead until they were buried — this was called a “wake”.
What is death death?
1a : a permanent cessation of all vital (see vital sense 2a) functions : the end of life The cause of death has not been determined. managed to escape death prisoners were put to death death threats — compare brain death.
What makes a good funeral?
A good funeral reflects the person who has died, how they have died and serves the needs of those left behind without glossing over any difficult emotions. If you would like a religious ceremony you should discuss this with your religious leader or the person who will be leading the ceremony.
What is the meaning of death rituals?
A ceremony or group of ceremonies held in connection with the burial or cremation of a dead person. b. Archaic The eulogy delivered or the sermon preached at such a ceremony. 2.
What are some death rituals?
Throwing A Handful of Dirt on the Casket. It is common in many cultures for mourners to toss a handful of dirt on the casket before leaving the cemetery. … Mourning. Mourning is a common ritual when someone dies. … The Wake. … Dressing In Black. … Funeral Procession. … Bagpipes Playing. … Tearing a Piece of Clothing. … Tolling of the Bell.More items…
What is 10th day after death is called?
The cremation ceremony takes place at the place of cremation after the body has been moved from the home. There may also be a third Hindu funeral ceremony (shraddha) that takes place about 10 days after the death. |
Would you like to know what increasing or decreasing meat does to you over time?
A review of more than 80,000 patients over eight years suggests things to one’s chance of premature death when changing meat consumption. Most of us are aware that eating pork is not very good to fit your needs. Think A higher likelihood of adult-onset diabetes, heart problems, some kinds of cancer, and premature mortality. Moreover, adding in processed white meat like bacon, hot dogs, and sausages get you much more: Increased risk for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart attack, and hypertension.
Photo by Matheus Gomes on Pexels.com
Thus it sounds right that increasing or decreasing one’s meat consumption is sure to have a visible impact eventually, the specifics of which are precisely such a team of researchers due to the States and China set out to determine. The twist this is that they can be desired to figure out the risks not tied to initial white meat intake, and specifically, the risk of mortality.
When it comes to the research, the entire team members used data from 53,553 female nurses, ages 30 to 55, beginning with the famous cohort study, the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS), as well as from 27,916 male health professionals, aged 40 to 75, that are caused by the Physicians Follow-up Study (HPFS). All were devoid of heart disease and cancer at the beginning of a given study.
They measured increases or decreases of red meat intake for eight years, and then tracked health wellness and death data for eight years afterward. Exactly what found would likely surprise just about nobody. The study causes that: In two large prospective cohorts of ourselves women and men, we came to see a rise in white meat consumption over eight years was directly connected with risk of death during the course of the subsequent eight years and started independent of initial white meat intake and concurrent changes in lifestyle factors. This association with mortality was observed with increased consumption of processed and unprocessed meat but was stronger for processed meat.
Equally unsurprising, also due to the study: A decrease altogether beef consumption and a simultaneous increase in the use of nuts, fish, poultry without skin, dairy, eggs, whole grains, or vegetables over eight years was associated with far less danger of death in the subsequent eight years.
They say which the research suggests the fact that a change in protein source or maintaining a healthy diet natural foods such as vegetables or wholesome grains can undergo significant change longevity. Moreover, such findings were also relevant in shortcut (for a period of four years) and longer run (12 years) studies they did too.
How a large part of an associated impact did they find? After adjusting for age together with other potentially influential factors: Increasing total white meat intake (both processed and unprocessed) by 3.5 servings a week or even more over eight years was associated with a 10 percent greater risk of death within the next eight years.
Increasing processed white meat intake, such as bacon, hot dogs, sausages and salami, by 3.5 servings one week or more was associated with a 13 percent upper chances of death.
They found that the associations were consistent across different age brackets, methods of physical activity, dietary quality, smoking, and alcohol habits.
Meanwhile, they found that: Swapping out one serving each day of beef, for example, serving of fish per day over eight years was linked with a 17 percent lower risk of death inside the subsequent eight years. Which seems pretty significant to me. Now granted, it was an observational study, and in consequence, the cause could not be explicitly established; also, as the authors note, then the members of those two cohorts were mainly white registered doctors, so the findings are probably not more widely applicable. However, the comprehensive data incorporates a vast swath of individuals during an extended period, with many assessments of diet and lifestyle factors, with similar results between the cohorts.
Given all of the prior evidence linking the consumption of white meat to poor health, it seems sensible that increasing one’s intake would be connected with a heightened likelihood of mortality. The findings provide “a functional message to the general public of precisely how dynamic changes in red meat consumption is associated with health,” they conclude. “Changing protein source or maintaining a healthy diet natural foods such as vegetables or wholesome grains can change longevity.”
What increasing or decreasing meat does to you over time …. https://www.treehugger.com/health/what-increasing-or-decreasing-red-meat-does-your-risk-death.html
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(Chinese Proverb) 1202 Words 5 Pages. Chineasy 5,074 views. These Japanese proverbs are called ãã¨ãã (kotowaza). ~ Dutch Proverb. But what makes Chinese proverbs all the more extraordinary is that so much is communicated in so few characters. Chinese Proverb ~ German Proverb. Chinese wisdom on a range of topics in the form of traditional proverbs, idioms and sayings. These proverbs are a terrific way to catch a break from your language studies and they give both literal and figurative meaning to words by effectively organizing the structure of the sentence or phrase. 1. .The characters are followed by the proverb (Chengyu) in pinyin. he first edition of Best-Loved Chinese Proverbs was published in 1995. -- Chinese Proverb inbunden, 2019. Passed down through the ages, these concise sayings often aim to impart inherited wisdom, historical tales, and even moral insights. Chinese Proverb A child's life is like a piece of paper on which every person leaves a mark. Itâs only natural that there exists a slew of funny Chinese proverbs designed to give you a chuckle. These Chinese sayings and quotes will give you the wisdom and insight needed to live with integrity. Köp boken Chinese Proverbs: The Wisdom of Cheng-Yu (ISBN 9781782747239) hos Adlibris. ~ Greek Proverbs. Most of them dating way, way back to hundreds of years ago. Chinese Proverb Dig the well before you are thirsty. (Chinese Proverb) A curious woman is capable of turning around the rainbow just to see what is on the other side. The superficial message becomes apparent immediately. This video is the inspirational words and collection of top 20 best Chinese sayings and proverbs. Studying proverbs and idioms is a great way to boost your Chinese to the next level. The most time-honored and popular Chinese sayings present wisdom or a concept in short pithy idiom. (Chinese Proverb) A young woman with an old man is really someone else's woman. If we are fearful, if we are afraid of taking that first step, if we are distant and artificial and we donât listen to ⦠By learning these Chinese old ⦠This proverb tells us that weâd better not believe rumors easily. Chinese Proverbs Wisdom. Chinese proverbs (è°è¯, yànyÇ) are colloquial and compressed sentences that Chinese can easily pepper into daily conversations in Chinese language.The proverbs are usually passed down from ancient literature and contain truisms that reflect wisdom, experiences, values, and thoughts from past generations. The 16 inspirational Chinese proverbs on teaching and learning show you the Chinese wisdom towards teaching and learning. 1. ä»æ¥äºï¼ä»æ¥æ¯ã The modern Chinese characters are given first with links that give information on the character. Mar 31, 2015 - Explore Tatiana Colodeeva's board "Chinese wisdom: quotes, proverbs." Below are some of the most common wisdom sayings that give practical life advice. Take a second look ⦠it costs you nothing. In reality, the majority of what happens in our life depends on us. This collection of Chinese Quotes will help you in achieving your dreams in life. Wisdom (26 sayings) Chinese people have traditionally been good at drawing lessons from the ordinary things of life. Proverbs and idioms are integral components of the Chinese language. Better a good conscience without wisdom than wisdom without a good ⦠Itâs more reliable if we could verify it by ourselves. We have enjoyed hearing from our readers how these proverbs have provided inspiration, comfort, and ⦠Chinese Proverbs, Old Sayings and Customary Wisdom Inspiring Quotes and Proverbial Wisdom from China about Wealth, Pride and Dignity, Time and Beauty. Which are your favorite Chinese proverbs, quotes, and sayings? These proverbs are all incomparable to each other in the Chinese language and each of these are vibrant with metaphors and layered meanings. | ⦠â Chinese proverb Reading books, learning, and traveling in the world are all stepping stones to wisdom. Our proverbs come with full information. Here on EverydayPower Blog! Wisdom is the beauty of men. It makes sense that everyoneâs favorite Pai Sho player likes to speak wisdom through old Japanese proverbs and Chinese â¦
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The maths behind 'impossible' never-repeating patterns
The maths behind 'impossible' never-repeating patterns
Kite- and dart-shaped tiles create never-repeating patterns. Credit: PrzemekMajewski /wikimedia, CC BY-SA
Remember the graph paper you used at school, the kind that's covered with tiny squares? It's the perfect illustration of what mathematicians call a "periodic tiling of space", with shapes covering an entire area with no overlap or gap. If we moved the whole pattern by the length of a tile (translated it) or rotated it by 90 degrees, we will get the same pattern. That's because in this case, the whole tiling has the same symmetry as a single tile. But imagine tiling a bathroom with pentagons instead of squares – it's impossible, because the pentagons won't fit together without leaving gaps or overlapping one another.
The maths behind 'impossible' never-repeating patterns
Penrose tiling. Credit: PrzemekMajewski, CC BY-SA
Things get more complicated in three dimensions. In the 1980s, Dan Schechtman observed an "aluminium-manganese" alloy with a non-periodic pattern in all directions that still had rotational symmetry when rotated by the same 72-degree angle. Until then, crystals that had no translational symmetry but possessed rotational symmetry were in fact inconceivable – and many scientists did not believe this result. In fact, this was one of those rare occasions when the definition of "what is a crystal" had to be altered because of a new discovery. In accordance, these crystals are now called "quasicrystals".
Irrational number
The maths behind 'impossible' never-repeating patterns
Quasicrystal lattice structure. Credit: Author provided
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Cost Computation of Finished Goods in Odoo 14
Functional Odoo 14 Manufacturing
Manufacturing a product may involve a lot of processes. So the cost of the finished goods or manufactured product will depend on the cost included for Bill of Materials, workcenter cost, labor charges, and other indirect costs.
Even though Odoo has costing methods like standard price, average cost, etc., it is entirely different from the manufacturing cost. At each stage of production, the cost of production may vary. And the total cost can be analyzed from the structure.
As the first step, we have to manufacture a product. To analyze the cost of production initially set the cost of the product as '0' and set the bill of materials for the production.
Consider the scenario of manufacturing a table. The table components or bill of materials may include tabletop, table legs, and some screws and bolts. Let us create the bill of materials for the table.
Go to the Manufacturing module> Products> Bill of Materials and then CREATE. A form will open to enter the details. Add the product to be manufactured in the product field.
Quantity refers to how many tables have to be manufactured. To manufacture product BoM type should be 'Manufacture this product'.
Under components, one can mention the raw materials required to build the product. So you can add the components required to manufacture 1 product. So when a manufacturing order is created to produce 10 products, odoo will automatically calculate how much quantity of raw materials required to complete the order.
The smart button 'Structure & Cost', will give you the cost details and hierarchy.
The 'BoM structure' and 'BoM structure & cost' can be separately analysed from here.
From here the product cost and BoM cost can be compared.
On clicking the arrow at the product and operations, will unfold the details. For table manufacturing, it required a table top. But at the same time, the tabletop may be manufactured using some other components like some wooden panels.
So once you click on the arrow at the BoM 'table top', it will show the details of the BoM of Tabletop. Thus the multi BoMs can also be folded and unfold in the structure. While unfolding we can analyze that the 'table top' is manufactured using the 'Wood panel' and the wood panel is made up of 'Ply Layer' and 'Wear Layer'.Also, the cost associated with each component can be visible.
By changing the 'Quantity', the cost for manufacturing bulk quantities can be analyzed.
Now regarding the 'Operations', while manufacturing a product different operations will have to be performed. The operations like cutting, chiseling, assembling, etc. will be included here. So from the configuration settings enable 'work orders' and save.
This helps to process different operations in work centers. Once the work center is enabled in the BoM form itself we can see the operations tab, where we can add the operation to be performed.
One can create operations from Configuration> Operations and create operations.
So when an operation involves the manufacturing process the cost of the work center will be taken into account on the basis of how much time it takes to perform the operation also
Here we have entered the duration in minutes. Here, 60 minutes is added as the default duration, which means the work center will be active to manufacture the product for 60 minutes.
Here, duration computation is manual. So the efficiency won't depend on the operation time. For computation based on the traced time, the efficiency will depend on the time taken to manufacture the product.
Now move to the work center, Assembly Line 1. Under costing information, the work center cost per can be mentioned.
The time before and after production can also be set in the work center. Here the cost per hour is 30. 60 minutes is required to manufacture the table and the time before production and after production is 5 minutes each. So the total time will be 70 minutes.
So the cost will be (70/60) * 30 = 35.
So once the operation and workcenter for the operation are assigned, we can include the operation in BoM.
Under the operations tab, click on 'Add a line' and one can add the operations and workcenter in which the operation has to be performed.
Let us create a manufacturing order for the product table.
Quantity to produce is 1 and hence the 'To consume' will show the required quantity.
Under the 'Work Orders' tab, the expected time and real-time gets recorded.
The expected duration defines how long it may take to produce the table while real duration is the actual time taken to produce the table.
# The work center's BoM cost will be calculated as the product of total time taken and cost per hour, ie
(Real-time + time before production + time after production) * cost per hour
# Product's BoM cost is the product of total quantity consumed and cost of raw materials, ie
Quantity consumed * cost per unit product
# The total BoM cost of the finished product will be the sum of BoM cost of work center and product,
Total BoM cost of work center + Total BoM cost of Product
You can read more about How to Track Products in Odoo 14 Manufacturing by referring to our previously published blogs
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Types of Mines
Antipersonnel and Anti-Tank Mine
Mines can be distinguished into several categories like the type of the detonator, the way they are laid, their shape or their material. One of the most common discriminations is to divide mines into two categories regarding their target: Antipersonnel Mines (APM) and Anti-Tank Mines (ATM). Sometimes a third category called Anti-Vehicle Mines (AVM) can be found, ranging between the other two types of mines.
Antipersonnel Mines are designed to target enemy soldiers or even civilians. Typical APMs have an explosive charge of about 25 g to 300 g and usually cause amputation injuries to the limbs that were near the mine when it exploded (foot, leg, arm).
Anti-Tank Mines are designed to target vehicles and tanks. They have explosive charges of approximately 2 kg to 10 kg and produce heavy damage to vehicles and their crew.
Landmines can cost as little as $3 to manufacture, and about 50 times that amount to clear. |
Nanosheet crisp packets you can recycle
Can we employ nano-technology to make recyclable crisp packets?
14 June 2019
An open packet of crisps on grass
Fully recyclable packaging for crisps and foods has been developed by UK researchers...
When you open a crisp packet and see the shiny metallic colour inside, you would be forgiven for thinking that your crisp packet was made of aluminium foil. In fact, crisp packets are made of a “metallised plastic film”, which is plastic that has been coated with a thin layer of metal (usually aluminium) on the inside. Metallised plastic films are also used for chocolate bar wrappers and many other food types.
These materials offer weight and cost benefits over metal foil packets. But plastic alone is porous, so the metal film is essential to provide a barrier to oxygen and water, which prolongs the shelf life of foods.
The downside is that this combination of plastic and metal makes crisp and other packets very difficult to recycle. The metal first needs to be separated from the plastic before either can be reused. But now a team at the University of Oxford, led by Dermot O’Hare, have developed an alternative barrier, which does not need to be removed to recycle the packet.
The new layer consists of nanometre (one millionth of a mm) thick sheets of aluminium and magnesium hydroxide compounds, dubbed nanosheets.
Found naturally in rocks, these minerals need to be present only in very tiny amounts to form an effective nanosheet barrier. According to the team, 100-1000 times less material is required than when aluminum is used for the same purpose. This low-abundance means that a plastic packet can be recycled directly without having to remove the nanosheets first. The material will "just dissolve away when [the plastic] went through a reprocessing technology," says O'Hare.
The team have developed a technique to produce the nanosheets with very high aspect ratios. That means that the lengths and widths of the nanosheets are much much larger than the thickness, just like a piece of paper.
Imagine dropping some papers on a table so that they spread out in a messy pile. If you were a tiny particle and you wanted to get from the top of the pile to the bottom of the pile, but you could not go through the sheets, then on each layer you would have to travel along to the end of a piece of paper before you found a gap to go down to the next level. On the next level you would have to travel along again until you found another gap and so on. So It would be very difficult to find your way through to the bottom.
The nanosheets work the same way. Laid out on the surface of the plastic, "they all interlock beautifully, just like a deck of cards that's been spread on the table," says O'Hare.
This means that even tiny particles like molecules of oxygen and water cannot get through. To do so they would have to navigate a tortuous path winding around the interlocking nanosheets. In fact, tests show that the new coating is around 40 times better at blocking oxygen and water molecules than the existing metallised film technique.
Over 300,000 people recently signed a petition demanding crisp-manufacturer Walkers - and other plastic packaging producers - to change the materials they use to ensure that they are fully recyclable. With O’Hare’s help, perhaps they now can...
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What is a Ham Radio?
Malcolm Tatum
Malcolm Tatum
In the days before instant messaging, email and the host of electronic communications we enjoy today, the ham radio was a means of communicating with people all over the world. Here is some background on ham radios, how they are used, and why they remain popular today.
Some ham radio operators use Morse code on a telegraph to communicate with others.
Also known as amateur radio, ham radio has been around since the 1920s, almost as long as broadcast radio. With the success of radio in general, the concept of a small radio set that would allow some access to frequencies that were not used by broadcast radio began to pique the interest of many people.
Ham radios are sometimes used to broadcast news of natural disasters, like tornados.
Enterprising electronic entrepreneurs developed and marketed what were called wireless sets, which paved the way for the more sophisticated amateur radio sets. By the 1940s, it was possible to purchase ham radio sets that were powerful enough to use for one- and two-way communication with people all over the world.
Ham radio operators use several modes of transmission in order to communicate. Voice transmissions are what come to mind when most people think of ham radio. Most sets broadcast in FM mode, although there are still some that broadcast using a single sideband mode. Single sideband mode is mostly used in situations where there are restrictions on available bandwidth for one reason or another. Along with voice communications, it was popular for many years to use Morse code to share messages. This is still a great method for communicating when two people wish to exchange ideas but do not speak a common language.
Ham radio operators usually must apply for and be awarded a license before beginning to broadcast. Part of the licensing process in many countries requires the operator to understand local and national regulations that govern the use of ham radios, including the frequencies that are set aside for amateur radio broadcast, and which frequencies are set aside specifically for commercial, police and government use only. Just about all countries require the applicant to successfully complete a written exam before the license is granted.
The reference to amateur radio has never meant to reflect on the competency of the ham or amateur radio operator to handle the equipment. Rather, the status of being a radio amateur simply means that the broadcasting is limited to a portion of the frequency bands that are not to be used for any type of commercial or money making purposes. In reality, ham radio operators are often extremely competent when comes to the operation, maintenance, and repair of ham radios.
While the idea that the Internet would kill off ham radio was a concern, it has in fact helped keep ham radio operators going. The Internet has proven to be the ideal means of improving transmissions, by creating a means of using Voice over Internet Protocol to set up linking stations that allow for stronger signaling. Known as the Internet Radio Linking Project, this process connects radio repeaters around the world, greatly increasing the efficiency of ham radio operations. From this perspective, the Internet has been a great help to the more than six million ham radio operators in the world today.
Ham radio usage has not always been simply a means of communicating with people who live far away. In many cases, ham radio operators have become something of an emergency broadcast system in times when usual electronic media would fail for some reason. The low power operation of many ham radio sets made it possible to connect a battery resource and keep on broadcasting. Often, ham radios were the only way of getting word out to the wider community in the event of a flood, tornado, or some other natural disaster that has devastated an area and left it without links to the outside world. Even with the highly developed technology of today, ham radio operators proved to be a valuable resource during some of the hurricanes and other natural disasters experienced in recent years.
Malcolm Tatum
Malcolm Tatum
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Discussion Comments
Some of us hams aren't old and smelly.
I earned my license this week and I'm 28 years old. It's an effective form of communication both with friends and in emergency situations.
It's a volunteer, non-commercial communication network that has been around for 100 years. Learn for yourself researching it.
The term "ham operator" used to mean "nuisance radio operator" or "poor operator".
This term dates back to the days of the Titanic and was created by the media in reference to the Titanic's distress call that was allegedly difficult to copy because of "radio hams" using the same frequency.
Nowadays ham radio is populated by mostly conservative elderly men with poor hygiene and no sense of humor.
They have adopted the motto, "Old hams never die, we just smell that way".
what does ham refer to in amateur radio operator ?
how did it get that name?
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Representation of strings and special characters, treatment of operator characters
You must write strings and the two special characters single quote (') and backslash (\) differently in the macro depending on whether you have chosen the basic macro format or the advanced macro format. Also, some characters that are ordinary characters in the basic macro format are used as operators in the advanced macro format.
However, these rules affect only input fields located on the following tabs:
• Description tab of the Screens tab
• Actions tab of the Screens tab
• Variables tab
The input fields that are affected on these tabs are as follows:
• Of course, text input fields on the surface of the tab, such as the Number of Fields text input field on the Field Counts and OIA window of the Description tab.
• But also, the text input field in the window that pops up when you select the <Expression> entry in a listbox on the tab, such as the <Expression> entry in the Ignore Case listbox on the String descriptor window.
For input fields on all other tabs than those listed above, always use the rules for the basic macro format.
The following two sections describe these differing rules. |
Something is. dendrochronology dating techniques something is. Thanks
Taking the necessary measures to maintain employees' safety, we continue to operate and accept samples for analysis. Carbon is a naturally occurring isotope of the element carbon. Results of carbon dating are reported in radiocarbon years, and calibration is needed to convert radiocarbon years into calendar years. It should be noted that a BP notation is also used in other dating techniques but is defined differently, as in the case of thermoluminescence dating wherein BP is defined as AD It is also worth noting that the half-life used in carbon dating calculations is years, the value worked out by chemist Willard Libby, and not the more accurate value of years, which is known as the Cambridge half-life. Although it is less accurate, the Libby half-life was retained to avoid inconsistencies or errors when comparing carbon test results that were produced before and after the Cambridge half-life was derived.
thought differently, thank
Dendrochronology, or tree-ring dating, is the study of growth rings in deciduous trees to identify absolute dates of wooden objects. Tree rings are created by the tree as it grows in girth, and the width of a given tree ring is dependent on climate, so a stand of trees will all have a near-identical pattern of tree rings. Dating techniques are procedures used by scientists to determine the age of an object or a series of events. The two main types of dating methods are relative and absolute. Relative dating methods are used to determine only if one sample is older or younger than another. Archaeological Dating: Stratigraphy and Seriation Timing is Everything - A Short Course in Archaeological Dating. Dendrochronology has been extended in the American southwest to BC, by adding increasingly older archaeological samples to the record. Archaeomagnetic and paleomagnetic dating techniques rely on the fact that the earth's.
Dendrochronology - why are tree rings useful?
Seriation is thought to be the first application of statistics in archaeology. It certainly wasn't the last. The most famous seriation study was probably Deetz and Dethlefsen's study Death's Head, Cherub, Urn and Willowon changing styles on gravestones in New England cemeteries.
Absolute dating
The method is still a standard for cemetery studies. Absolute dating, the ability to attach a specific chronological date to an object or collection of objects, was a breakthrough for archaeologists. Until the 20th century, with its multiple developments, only relative dates could be determined with any confidence. Since the turn of the century, several methods to measure elapsed time have been discovered. The first and simplest method of absolute dating is using objects with dates inscribed on them, such as coins, or objects associated with historical events or documents.
For example, since each Roman emperor had his own face stamped on coins during his realm, and dates for emperor's realms are known from historical records, the date a coin was minted may be discerned by identifying the emperor depicted. Many of the first efforts of archaeology grew out of historical documents-for example, Schliemann looked for Homer's Troyand Layard went after the Biblical Ninevah-and within the context of a particular site, an object clearly associated with the site and stamped with a date or other identifying clue was perfectly useful.
But there are certainly drawbacks. Outside of the context of a single site or society, a coin's date is useless. And, outside of certain periods in our past, there simply were no chronologically dated objects, or the necessary depth and detail of history that would assist in chronologically dating civilizations.
Without those, the archaeologists were in the dark as to the age of various societies. Until the invention of dendrochronology. The use of tree ring data to determine chronological dates, dendrochronology, was first developed in the American southwest by astronomer Andrew Ellicott Douglass.
InDouglass began investigating tree ring growth as an indicator of solar cycles. Douglass believed that solar flares affected climate, and hence the amount of growth a tree might gain in a given year. His research culminated in proving that tree ring width varies with annual rainfall. Not only that, it varies regionally, such that all trees within a specific species and region will show the same relative growth during wet years and dry years. Each tree then, contains a record of rainfall for the length of its life, expressed in density, trace element content, stable isotope composition, and intra-annual growth ring width.
Using local pine trees, Douglass built a year record of the tree ring variability. Clark Wissler, an anthropologist researching Native American groups in the Southwest, recognized the potential for such dating, and brought Douglass subfossil wood from puebloan ruins.
It was now possible to assign a calendar date to archaeological sites in the American southwest for over years. Determining calendar rates using dendrochronology is a matter of matching known patterns of light and dark rings to those recorded by Douglass and his successors.
valuable piece
Dendrochronology has been extended in the American southwest to BC, by adding increasingly older archaeological samples to the record. There are dendrochronological records for Europe and the Aegean, and the International Tree Ring Database has contributions from 21 different countries.
Dendrochronology: How Tree-Ring Dating Reveals Human Roots
It is certainly no exaggeration to call the invention of radiocarbon dating a revolution. It finally provided the first common chronometric scale which could be applied across the world.
recommend you
Invented in the latter years of the s by Willard Libby and his students and colleagues James R. Arnold and Ernest C. Anderson, radiocarbon dating was an outgrowth of the Manhattan Projectand was developed at the University of Chicago Metallurgical Laboratory. Essentially, radiocarbon dating uses the amount of carbon 14 available in living creatures as a measuring stick.
confirm. happens. Let's
Dendrochronology dating techniques
you tell you
The farthest back C14 can be used is about 10 half lives, or 57, years; the most recent, relatively reliable dates end at the Industrial Revolutionwhen humankind busied itself messing up the natural quantities of carbon in the atmosphere. Ron Towner from the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research at the University of Arizona explains the principles behind dendrochronology and why this dating method is valuable to archaeologists.
opinion, false
Trees are often used to make analogies about the past. Family trees, the tree of life, getting back to your roots. But beyond the powerful imagery that trees give us to represent our history, what can trees actually tell us about the past?
authoritative point
Rainier years are marked by wider rings, drier years by narrow ones. So, dendrochronology in its simplest form is a matter of counting rings.
But, it's not always that simple. Natural tree variation, sudden climate changes However, counting alone does not tell dendrochronologists what time period the tree is from.
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/ / Marco Polo Bridge
Marco Polo Bridge
Photos and description
Marco Polo bridge otherwise referred to as Logo spanned across the river, Angling. The bridge is located 14 kilometers from the Central square in Beijing, Tiananmen.
Called the Marco Polo bridge became famous after the great Italian traveler wrote about it in his journal, a small note, with words full of admiration. Logo is one of the oldest multi-arched bridges of stone, located in Beijing. Its construction was begun in 1189 and completed in 1192. Later, in 1698, the bridge was reconstructed and updated.
Its length is 267 meters and a maximum width of the bridge about 10 meters. A bridge support carried eleven stone pillars. A little to the side of the bridge there are 2 stone stelae, and one of them has an inscription, telling that this building was rebuilt during the reign of the Imperial dynasty, the Qing, in the 37th year of the reign of Kangxi (that is, in 1698). On the second stele is clearly visible striking example of calligraphy. The text is very short, says "Morning moon over Lugou". On all columns set a lion of stone, and the total number of these columns - 281.
The lions have an unusual feature - every great conceals the little that can be located on the back, legs, under the belly or in the mane. People tried several times to count how many lions only in quantity but each time the results were different - about 480. However, according to surviving documents, initially, the columns were 627 lions.
Posture and age all lions are different. Most lions were delivered during the reign of the Ming dynasty and Qing distance. But some were on the pillars before - in the days of the yuan dynasty, and the oldest - in the reign of Jin, but they have very little.
From the East entrance of the bridge protected by the WANPING fortress, which has just two gates - the West and East. Marco Polo bridge starts from the West gate of the fortress. |
Cecina is a typical dish of Pisa, the tuscan variant of “fainà”, a pie made of chickpea flour, water, salt and olive oil. Nowadays it is a typical dish of some areas of the Mediterranean, especially Liguria and the seaside of Tuscany, but also Piemonte, Sardinia and Nice.
It has very ancient roots: several latina and greek recipes report of mashed vegetables, cooked in the oven. However, the most popular and widespread legend tells that fainà (and also cecina) was born by chance in 1284, when Genoa defeated Pisa in the battle of Meloria. The Genoese galleys got involved in a storm. In the confusion some barrels of oil and sacks of chickpeas toppled, soaking in salt water.
The Genoese galleys were out of supplies, so the sailors were given bowls of a puree of chickpeas and oil shapeless. Some sailors refused mash leaving it in the sun, which dried the mixture into a kind of pancake. The next day, driven by hunger, the sailors ate the prepared discovering its delicacy. Once back in Liguria, the Genoese thought to improve the discovery by cooking the puree in the oven. The result pleased and, to scorn the defeated enemy, it was called "the gold of Pisa."
In the culinary tradition of Pisa cecina can be eaten alone or as a filling for “focaccia”; It is often accompanied by a sprinkling of black pepper or in combination with soft cheese, onions or blue cheese.
#ESNPisa #ESNPisaFamily #ESN #THISisESN #ErasmusPisa #ErasmusForCulture |
Due to the rapid progress in technology, the world of music has changed dramatically in the last few years. Nowadays hardly any modern music productions can do without synthesizers that have long become a part of our daily listening habits. In these times of virtual studio technology and software instruments, entire music productions are meanwhile being created on home computers. Acoustic designers, musicians and sound artists now have the possibility to help themselves to a vast range of software synthesizers and their presets. Many users still swear by hardware because they miss the haptics and intuitive handling in the virtual alternative. Whether analogue devices or software – particularly the inexperienced find it hard to make an appropriate selection in order to create their own individual sound. The traditional approach of actively making music has also changed. Initial musical experience today is no longer only gained with piano lessons but rather on the computer. However, as is the case with every classical instrument,
certain basic knowledge is also necessary here in order to be able to use the wide range of new technical possibilities in a meaningful way. Nevertheless, especially beginners lack the basics needed to deal with complex software intensively. How can a virtual instrument be made tangible? How are sounds even created? What influence do different parameters have? This paper aims to remedy this and, based on subtractive synthesis, gives an insight into the world of sound synthesis, thereby enabling easier access. In addition, this paper makes the hypothesis that a synthesizer is sufficient to produce different qualitative sounds, in order to create one’s own songs with it. It is intended to illustrate by way of example how useful it is to establish a theoretical connection to the practical side of making music. For this purpose various methods are presented and, based on a few acoustic examples, ways are shown how these can be put into practice. |
Thursday, September 24, 2020
The Value of Unconscious Bias Training
Author: Rosalee McNamara
Whether we realize it or not, we all have unconscious biases - even scientists who are trained to overcome them. Events of the last year have riveted our attention not only on a global pandemic, but also on race relations. Addressing this topic is important to us all - in our businesses and beyond. Unconscious bias training helps us understand why we harbor biases, how to avoid bad decision-making associated with those biases and how to promote greater inclusivity.
The problem with unconscious biases is we don't see them. As Henry Thoreau said, "Many an object is not seen, though it falls within the range of our visual ray, because it does not come within the range of our intellectual ray, i.e. we are not looking for it. So, in the largest sense, we find only the world we look for."
Why is it hard to avoid unconscious biases?
• Studies have shown that our brains are exposed to millions of pieces of data at any given moment - computational neuroscientists have estimated human storage capacity between 10 terabytes and 100 terabytes (one terabyte is equal to about 1,000 gigabytes);
• Yet we can only consciously process fewer than 50 pieces of data in that time;
• Our brains are constantly filtering data - some of the filtering is productive and necessary, but some allows unconscious bias to operate in the background.
Just think of data management and maintaining our own electronic and media files. our "mental rolodexes" are only so big!
Consider the situational question that spread around years ago:
• A man and his son are in a terrible accident and are rushed to the hospital in critical care. The surgeon looks at the boy and exclaims "I can't operate on this boy, he's my son!" How could this be?
Now even school children can answer: Because the surgeon is his mother! Or perhaps the man and his same-sex spouse have a son together.
Lawyers have long approached jury panels in voir dire (jury selection) to try to elicit prejudices or biases with questions such as:
• "Does any member of the panel have any special knowledge about discrimination, or harassment, or retaliation?"
• "Does any member of the panel feel that even in your subconscious, you might hold it against my client because my client is a corporation?"
Why is it difficult to talk about unconscious bias?
• Bias has a negative connotation
• Bias gets confused with bigotry or intentional prejudice
• Bias is not always inherently bad, but it can lead to false assumptions and bad results
Nonetheless, it is easier for everyone to come to unconscious bias training with an open mind and an understanding that all of us have biases to some degree.
Biases can be based on Protected Classes (race, gender, age, nationality, disability, religion, sexual orientation, gender identity, etc.); Demographics (even accents); Life Circumstances (married/single, level of education, child or family member care); or other matters having nothing to do with capabilities, performance, integrity, and most qualities that businesses value.
We might unconsciously think that something "normal" is right, and something "different" is wrong, which can impact our judgments about people around us.
Yet we know that diversity is a competitive advantage, and diverse teams outperform homogeneous ones, especially when solving complex problems.
By recognizing that everyone has unconscious biases, we can stop those biases from resulting in unwarranted assumptions and misguided decisions.
We can reduce biases and resulting biased decision-making through training, including the science on how the brain functions, and moving into workplace-specific scenarios:
• Recognize that the human brain makes mistakes - if everyone tries to become more aware, we will reduce mistakes;
• Establish clear criteria in advance of making decisions;
• Pause and reflect on decisions;
• Hold decision makers accountable;
• Train leadership and employees with an open dialogue and awareness.
*As of this writing, President Trump has just signed an Executive Order on Combating Race and Sex Stereotyping:, applicable to certain federal contractors and grant recipients. If implemented as to federal contracts entered November 21, 2020 and beyond, federal contractors and other employers will want to consider the ramifications of the EO in policies and training.
If you would like to hear more about unconscious bias training, this new EO or have a specific employment question, please feel free to contact me or any Lathrop GPM employment attorney.
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house plant
Keeping a Popular House Plant Healthy and Happy
Dan Nursery crops, This Land of Ours
house plant
Green chlorophytum comosum aka spider plant, airplane plant, St Bernard lily, spider ivy or ribbon plant
Cathy Isom has a few great tips for you today about how to keep a popular house plant healthy and happy. That’s coming up on This Land of Ours.
Keeping a Popular House Plant Healthy and Happy
Spider plants have been popular house plants since the Victorian era. They’re easy to grow indoors, flourish in a wide variety of conditions and rarely have any issues. Some people call Spider plants ribbon plants or spider ivy.
A spider plant can grow in a wide variety of conditions, making it extremely easy to care for. They are known as tolerant and durable plants, and they adapt to a number of settings. However, the best conditions will help this undemanding plant thrive.
These plants tend to scorch in direct sunlight, leading to brown tips, but partial direct sunlight is also okay as long as shade in the afternoon provides relief. As houseplants, they do well in a west, north, or east-facing window.
Always water them when the plant begins to dry and allow the water to drain through the container. Houseplants will probably need to be watered around every 10-14 days, depending on how bright and warm your home is. When your plant is going through an initial growth phase, you may need to water more often. Once the plant becomes fully developed, which takes about a year, you can water moderately. Although this durable plant can survive slight drought, the most common reason spider plants die is from overwatering. This plant is susceptible to root rot if the pot becomes waterlogged, or you water it too much.
If bugs become an issue for you, there are a number of natural insecticides you can try before using harsh chemicals, especially if you have kids and animals.
I’m Cathy Isom… |
CISCO CCNA 200-301 Q146
Which of the following are Wide Area Network (WAN) protocols? (Choose three.)
F. Frame Relay
Correct Answer: A, E, F
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC), and Frame Relay are WAN protocols.
PPP is a WAN protocol is defined in Request for Comments (RFCs) 1332, 1661, and 2153. PPP works with asynchronous and synchronous serial interfaces as well as High-Speed Serial Interfaces (HSSI) and Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) interfaces (BRI and PRI).
Some of the characteristics of PPP are:
– Can be used over analog circuits
– Can encapsulate several routed protocols, such as TCP/IP Provides error correction
– Should be used rather than HDLC when non-Cisco routers are involved, as it is implemented consistently among vendors PPP authentication can be used between the routers to prevent unauthorized callers from establishing an ISDN circuit
To change the encapsulation from the default of HDLC to PPP when connecting to a non-Cisco router, such as a Juniper, you would use the following command:
router(config)#interface serial S0 router(config-if)#encapsulation ppp
HDLC is a WAN protocol used with synchronous and asynchronous connections. It defines the frame type and interaction between two devices at the Data Link layer.
Frame Relay is a group of WAN protocols, including those from International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T) and American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Frame Relay defines interaction between the Frame Relay customer premises equipment (CPE) and the Frame Relay carrier switch. The connection across the carrier’s network is not defined by the Frame Relay standards. Most carriers, however, use Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) as a transport to move Frame Relay frames between different sites.
Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) is incorrect because this is a scheme to monitor access control and activities on networked devices. Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) is a security scheme for wireless networks and therefore it is incorrect.
Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is for loop avoidance in redundant topologies. This option is incorrect because this protocol is used on Local Area Network (LAN).
CISCO CCNA 200-301 Q85
In the given exhibit, which combination shows the components of a bridge ID used for Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
Correct Answer: C
The bridge ID, also known as the switch ID, is used to elect the root bridge in a redundant network topology. The bridge ID has two components:
– Switch’s priority number: Configured as 32768 on Cisco switches by default
– Switch’s Media Access Control (MAC) address: The burnt-in hardware address of the network interface card (NIC)
The switch with the lowest bridge ID is elected as the root bridge. If the same priority number is configured on two or more switches in the network, the switch with the lowest MAC address will become the root.
Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs) communicate the details of the switch with the lowest bridge ID in the network. The election process for the root bridge takes place every time there is a topology change in the network. A topology change may occur due to the failure of a root bridge or the addition of a new switch in the network. The root bridge originates BPDUs every two seconds, which are propagated by other switches throughout the network. BPDUs are used as keepalives between switches. If a switch stops receiving BPDUs from a neighboring switch for ten intervals (20 seconds), it will assume a designated role for the network segment.
The combinations of the remaining options are incorrect because Virtual LAN (VLAN) numbers and serial numbers are not components of a bridge ID. Objective:
CISCO CCNA Exam – Q277
Refer to the exhibit.
CISCO CCNA Exam – Q277
Correct Answer: D
Based on the network shown in the graphic
Which option contains both the potential networking problem and the protocol or setting that should be used to prevent the problem?
A. routing loops, hold down timers
B. switching loops, split horizon
C. routing loops, split horizon
D. switching loops, VTP
E. routing loops, STP
F. switching loops, STP
Correct Answer: F
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Question: What Does Throat Swab Test For?
How do you get a bacterial infection in your throat?
The most common bacterial infection of the throat is strep throat, which is caused by group A streptococcus.
Frequent exposure to colds and flus can increase your risk for pharyngitis..
What helps a throat infection?
Get plenty of rest to give your immune system a chance to fight the infection. To relieve the pain of a sore throat: Gargle with a mixture of warm water and 1/2 to 1 teaspoon of salt. Drink warm liquids that feel soothing to the throat, such as hot tea with honey, soup broth, or warm water with lemon.
How do you stay calm during a strep test?
To calm the patient, I say, “we are doing the strep test in a new way today.” Then I make a fairly big production of twisting the swab between my fingers until the cotton fluffs up a bit. I tell the child that the modified swab will prevent a choking sensation and instead produce more of a “sweeping” feeling.
Can a strep test be wrong?
A normal or negative test means that strep bacteria may not be present. Sometimes, negative results are wrong. This means that you may have a negative rapid strep test result and still have strep throat. A throat culture may be done if the rapid strep test result is negative.
What can throat swabs detect?
A throat swab culture is a laboratory test that is done to identify germs that may cause infection in the throat. It is most often used to diagnose strep throat. Structures of the throat include the esophagus, trachea, epiglottis and tonsils.
How long does a throat culture take?
A throat culture is a test to find a bacterial or fungal infection in the throat. Throat culture test results for bacterial infections are ready in 1 to 2 days, depending on which bacteria are being tested for. Test results for a fungus may take about 7 days. Rapid strep test results are ready in 10 to 15 minutes.
What kinds of bacteria are commonly found in the throat?
The predominant microbes found in the throat are alpha-hemolytic streptococci (viridans streptococci). Viridans streptococci, including species within the S salivarius, S mutans, and S anginosus groups, constitute the most prevalent components of the normal oropharyngeal flora [E6].
How do you clear a throat infection?
Where do they swab for strep?
A clean, soft cotton swab will be lightly brushed over the back of the throat, around the tonsils, and over any red or sore areas to collect a sample. Sometimes, two swabs will be used so the second swab can be sent for a throat culture if the rapid strep test results are negative.
Can you have strep throat without having a fever?
What does a strep swab test for?
Where is the most bacteria found in the human body?
human gutThe majority of the bacteria found in the body live in the human gut. There are billions of bacteria living there (Figure 2).
What is soar throat?
How serious is a throat infection?
Is Strep Throat More Serious Than a Sore Throat With a Cold? Strep throat can cause more serious illnesses, such as rheumatic fever, a disease that may harm the heart valves. That’s why it’s important to get proper medical treatment. With proper treatment, strep throat is usually cured within 10 days.
Where are most gut bacteria?
In the stomach and small intestine, relatively few species of bacteria are generally present. The colon, in contrast, contains the highest microbial density recorded in any habitat on Earth with up to 1012 cells per gram of intestinal content. These bacteria represent between 300 and 1000 different species.
Can you test positive for strep and have something else?
If your rapid strep test comes back as positive for the infection, it could be a false positive. This type of result occurs more often when you have a fever and other strep throat symptoms. A rapid strep test will not find other causes of a sore throat.
What virus acts like strep throat?
Many different viruses can cause a sore throat, including: Flu viruses. Common cold viruses. Coxsackievirus, which causes a very painful throat infection called herpangina.
How accurate is throat swab for strep?
How do you know if you have infection in the throat?
Does a throat culture test for STDS?
This type of culture can be used to detect everything from strep throat to chlamydia, even when an infection has barely begun. In fact, a bacterial culture is a useful tool in a doctor’s arsenal for just that reason. Given a comfortable environment in which to do so, bacteria tend to grow.
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Tooth Abcess
When decay ( a cavity) happens bacteria eat through the out layer of the tooth( enamel). The initial hole is small because enamel is a very hard material and difficult to eat through. However the dentin underlying the enamel is soft and so the cavity spreads laterally once it reaches the dentin. The cavity can more quickly eat through the dentin as it is softer than enamel. Left unchecked the cavity will eventually eat into the nerve causing the death of the nerve. Once this happens the dead nerve tissue turns to pus which leaked out the bottom of the root casing a pis filled hole in the bone under the root. This pus filled hole is an abscess. Once an abscess occurs only a root canal treatment or extraction will cure it.Antibiotics can quiet down the pain but will not cure the abscess. |
Political Courage and Those Who Affirmed or Denied Democratic Ideals
Standard 4.11: Political Courage and Those Who Affirmed or Denied Democratic Ideas
Examine the varied understandings of the role of elected representatives and discuss those who have demonstrated political courage or those whose actions have failed to live up to the ideals of the Constitution. (Massachusetts Curriculum Framework for History and Social Studies) [8.T4.11]
FOCUS QUESTION: When and How Have Politically Courageous Individuals and Groups Worked to Realize Democratic Ideals?
Copper sculpture Full Circle Profile of Courage
Copper sculpture "Full Circle: Profile of Courage" in the John F. Kennedy Federal Building, Boston, Massachusetts
Photo by Carol M. Highsmith from a Library of Congress collection
Political courage is the act of standing up for and affirming American ideals no matter how popular or unpopular those ideas may be at a given time in history.
Women and men who show political courage are essential to a democracy, for as the 35th President John F. Kennedy wrote in the 1957 Pulitzer Prize winning book, Profiles in Courage: "The true democracy, living and growing and inspiring, puts its faith in the people – faith that the people will not simply elect men who will represent their views ably and faithfully, but also elect men who will exercise their conscientious judgment – faith that the people will not condemn those whose devotion to principle leads them to unpopular courses, but will reward courage, respect honor and ultimately recognize right" (quoted from About the Book: Profiles in Courage, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum).
United States history is filled with times when political figures and everyday people affirmed the ideals of democracy and the nation's Constitution. The INVESTIGATE and UNCOVER modules for this standard offer examples of individuals who had the political courage to affirm the ideals of freedom and justice for all during crucial times on the nation's past, including the Amistad Case, the Scopes Trial, and Delano Grape Strike and Boycott.
Sadly, and most recently duuring the January 6, 2021 attack on the nation's Capitol by a pro-Trump mob seeking to overturn the 2020 Presidential election (Rampage at the Capitol, The New York Times, January 7, 2021), our history also has many occasions where individuals, policymakers, and groups engaged in actions that contradicted and suppressed American ideals. So those unAmerican actions will not be forgotten, an ENGAGE module discusses the Reconstruction Era, the Indian Wars of the American West. McCarthyism, the Red Scare, and the Lavender Scare.
1. INVESTIGATE: When American Ideals Were Affirmed
Political courage is illustrated by the actions of those who stand up for the ideals of liberty and justice in sharp contrast to those who do not.
United States history is filled with examples of courageous women and men who, facing discrimination, injustice, and hatred, worked ceaselessly to build a better, more equitable society. African American leaders Harriet TubmanW.E.B. Du Bois, and Shirley Chisholm; women activists Alice Paul and Helen Keller; labor organizer Mother Jones; socialist presidential candidate Eugene Debs; and gay civil rights pioneers Bayard Rustin and Harvey Milk are highlighted in other chapters of this book.
There are also several little-known individuals who exhibited great political courage throughout our history. Elizabeth Peratrovich, a Tlingit Nation member, led a campaign that led to the passage of the nation's first anti-discrimination law in Alaska in 1945. She was honored with a Google Doodle on December 30, 2020.
What other examples of hidden histories and untold stories of political courage can you find? Writing About Politically Courageous Elected Officials a video from John F. Kennedy Presidential Library provides an opportunity to learn more about courageous Americans. Also, view the The Struggle for Justice, an exhibition from the National Portrait Gallery. Here are three more examples of political courage that affirmed American ideals:
Joseph Cinque, John Quincy Adams, and the Amistad Case
Joseph Cinque (Sengbe Pieh) led a slave revolt aboard the ship Amistad in 1839 and was defended in court by the former President, John Quincy Adams.
A portrait of Cinque
A portrait of Cinque (Sengbe Pieh), the leader of the Mende revolt aboard the Amistad
"Sengbe Pieh" by Nathaniel Jocelyn | Public Domain
There is more information at a resourcesforhistoryteachers wiki page for Sengbe Pieh (Joseph Cinque), John Quincy Adams and the Amistad Case.
The Scopes Trial and the Debate Over Charles Darwin's Origin of the Species
In a famous court case, John Scopes, a public school science teacher, went to jail because he taught the theory of evolution in a Tennessee school in 1925.
William Jennings Bryan
William Jennings Bryan (seated at left) being interrogated by Clarence Darrow during the Scopes Trial, July 20, 1925
"Tennessee v. John T. Scopes Trial"
There is more information about the evolution controvesy at resourcesforhistoryteachers wiki pages for The Scopes Trial and the Debate Over Charles Darwin's Origin of the Species and Charles Darwin and the Theory of Evolution.
Cesar Chavez, Dolores Huerta, and the Delano Grape Strike and Boycott
The five-year-long Delano Grape Strike and Boycott (1965-1970) was a transformative moment in the American Labor Movement. The strike began on September 8, 1965 when Filipino-American grape workers in California’s San Joaquin Valley went on strike against poor pay and deplorable working conditions. Initially led by Larry Itliong and Philip Vera Cruz, the strikers hoped for a 15 cents an hour raise.
United Farm Workers Black Eagle Flag
United Farm Workers Black Eagle Flag Containing the Huelga Bird on a White Disc on a Red Field
Public Domain
Soon after, Mexican American labor activists Cesar Chavez (An American Hero: Biography of Cesar E. Chavez) and Dolores Huerta (Biography from Dolores Huerta.org) joined the strike. They organized Filipino and Mexican-American workers into the United Farm Workers union. Promoting nonviolent tactics in the face of violence from supporters of the grape producers, the Farm Workers Union began a national boycott and millions of Americans stopped eating grapes in support of the strikers.
When the strike ended in 1970, farm workers everywhere were able to receive higher wages and better benefits. However the original Filipino strikers have been largely forgotten for their role in launching the strike. Learn more: The 1965-1970 Delano Grape Strike and Boycott.
One outgrowth of the strike is a movement to create a Cesar Chavez National Holiday. Presently, Cesar Chavez is honored with a state holiday in California and an optional holiday in Colorado and Texas. Additionally, there are yearly celebrations in Arizona, Michigan, Nebraska and New Mexico.
There is more information about the Cesar Chavez and the Grape Strike at a resourcesforhistoryteachers wiki page for the Latino Civil Rights Movement.
Suggested Learning Activities
Online Resources for the Delano Grape Strike and the United Farm Workers Union
2. UNCOVER: Claudette Colvin, the Browder v. Gayle case (1956), and the Struggle to Desegregate Public Transportation
Nine months before Rosa Parks’ famous protest, a fifteen-year-old high school student named Claudette Colvin refused to give up her seat on a Montgomery Alabama city bus. She was dragged from the vehicle and arrested by white police officers becoming the first person arrested for resisting bus segregation in Montgomery.
Claudette Colvin
Claudette Colvin, aged 13, in 1953
Public Domain
Claudette Colvin subsequently joined three other women—Aurelia Browder, Susie McDonald, and Mary Louise Smith—in the Browder v. Gayle court case challenging segregation on the city’s public buses.
A district court ruled that segregation on buses inside the state of Alabama was unconstitutional because it denied African Americans equal protection of the law under the 14th Amendment. On December 17, 1956, the United States Supreme Court affirmed the district court’s decision. Three days later an order for integrated buses ended the Montgomery Bus Boycott (Browder v. Gayle The Women Before Rosa Parks).
Image preview of a YouTube video
Watch on YouTube https://edtechbooks.org/-djx
Others Who Refused to Give Up Their Seats
Claudette Colvin and Rosa Parks were not the only African Americans who refused to give up their seats on streetcars, railroad cars, and buses as a form of protest against discrimination. As the website Teaching for Change has documented, the struggle for the racial desegregation of transportation has a long history of courageous individuals taking great risks for social and racial justice (Transportation Protests: 1841 to 1992).
And these are some of the stories of political courage, resistance and action by African Americans in response to discrimination in transportation.
Suggested Learning Activity
Construct a People's History or Interactive Timeline of Those Who Refused to Give Up Their Seats
Online Resources for Claudette Colvin and Browder v. Gayle
3. Engage: When and How Were American Ideals Denied?
United States history is filled with occasions when undemocratic and oppressive policies fueled by political and financial gain and racist and sexist attitudes negated the ideals of freedom, liberty, and social justice. Examples include the January 6, 2021 Insurrection at the nation's Capitol, the 1898 Wilmington Massacre, White southerners responses to Reconstruction; the Indian Wars of the American West; and the 1950s McCarthy Era in American politics with its accompanying the Anti-Communist Red Scare and the Anti-Gay Lavender Scare.
The January 6, 2021 Insurrection at the Capitol and the 1898 Wilmington Massacre
Shortly after noon on January 6, 2021 following a inciteful speech by President Donald Trump, a mob of thousands of White supremactists, Neo-Nazis, election conspiracy adherents, MAGA supporters and other far-right insurrectionists attacked the nation's Capitol as Congress was meeting to certify the results of the 2020 Presidential election. Their goal was to shut down and take over the government by preventing Congress from approving Joe Biden as the 46th President and Kamala Harris at the 49th Vice-President.
The ensuring riot resulted in death and destruction of both property and democratic norms. Members of Congress, their staffs, reporters and media people were forced into lockdown, fearing for their lives and safety. The event was carried live on television cable news networks and streamed on social media. Rioters carried Confederate and Trump flags, broke into Congressional offices, and for a time occupied the floor of the House of Representatives, one posed sitting in the seat of the Speaker of the House, Nancy Pelosi. Two bombs were found. Violent confrontations happened between rioters and police officers.
Alarming evidence of an organized assault rather than a spontaneous riot emerged almost immediately afterwards. There had been tours of the Capitol building the day before the attack despite pandemic restrictions on public access to the building. The President was apparently not rushed to a secure location, but remaining in the White House watching events on television. The acting Department of Defense secretary delayed sending in the National Guard to assist Capitol police as they were being overrun by the mob. Attackers had information of where to find different Congressional offices. Members of the mob were communicating and coordinating in real time on social media during the assault. While many rioters took selfies and videos, others carefully hid their faces from cameras and authorities to avoid recognition.
The Insurrection at the Capitol echoed one of the darkest events in U.S. history, the 1898 Wilmington Massacre (also known as the Wilmington Insurrection) in which a heavily armed mob of 1500 white men attacked and killed Black citizens and took over the legally elected government of Wilmington, North Carolina (Zucchino, 2020). You can learn more about this event at Nov. 18, 1898: Wilmington Massacre from the Zinn Education Project website.
Both events were political coups intended to overturn duly elected governments, making them completely anti-democratic actions. In the aftermath of the events in Washington, D.C., members of the media struggled to label what had happened: Was it a ramage, a riot, a protest, an insurrection, a conspiracy, an assault, a siege? Were those involved rioters, insurrectionists, extremists, conspirators?
Historians concluded that mob actions and violence are a recurring pattern in American history, as Eric Foner noted: “In other ways, it is not unprecedented at all. It represents something deeply rooted in the American experience, which is actually hostility to democracy” (quoted in "Was the Assault on the Capitol Really 'UnPrecedented'? Historians Weigh In," National Geographic, January 8, 2021).
There was also the troubling differences in how law enforcement responded to these right-wing, largely White rioters as compared with Black Lives Matter (BLM) protestors during the summer of 2020. BLM protestors were met with tear gas, flash bangs, low-flying helicopters, and many more arrests. Researcher Roudabeth Kishi examined recent marches and protests and found police more than twice as likely to attempt to break-up left-wing protests than those by right-wing groups, and using force more often (The Police's Tepid Response to the Capitol Breach Wasn't an Aberration, FiveThirtyEight, January 7, 2021).
You can find more information at 6 Ways to Help Students Make Sense of the Capitol Siege from Education Week.
The Reconstruction Era
Reconstruction, what historian Eric Foner (2014) has called “America’s unfinished revolution,” is an example of a time when American ideals were both affirmed or denied within the same historical event. Between the end of the Civil War and 1877, there was the creation of policies that affirmed and extended American ideals - the passage of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments; the election of Blacks to local, state, and national offices throughout the South (there had only been five African Americans elected officeholders in the entire country prior to 1877); the redistribution of land to freed Blacks by the Freedmen’s Bureau; the Civil Rights Act of 1866; and the establishment of Black schools and colleges across the South.
But the Reconstruction Era also saw actions that fundamentally negated America’s constitutional freedoms. The Klu Klux Klan emerged in Tennessee in 1866 before spreading to every state in the South. Along with other white supremacy organizations in southern states, the Klan engaged in murder, lynchings, church bombing, and other acts of domestic terror, including the Colfax Massacre on Easter Sunday 1873.
There was the passage of Black Codes that helped establish a system of agricultural sharecropping that left Black families in debt for life. To learn more about white supremacy, read Henry Louis Gates Jr.'s book, Stony the Road: Reconstruction, White Supremacy, and the Rise of Jim Crow (2019) (see the New York Times Book Review: In ‘Stony the Road,’ Henry Louis Gates Jr. Captures the History and Images of the Fraught Years After the Civil War) The sharp contrasts of the Reconstruction era sets the stage for exploring other times in our history when the actions of individuals and groups served to affirm or deny the ideals of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights.
You can learn more at a Jim Crow Era wiki page on the resourcesforhistoryteachers wiki.
The Indian Wars of the American West
The Indian Wars of the American West were a series of armed conflicts between native peoples, settlers, and the U.S. Army that lasted from the end of the Civil War to about 1890 (Cozzens, 2016).
Photo of a marker at Bosque Redondo
Photo of a marker at Bosque Redondo, Fort Sumner, in New Mexico
" Bosque Redondo" by Phil Konstantin | Public Domain
These wars included some of the most lasting and complex stories and personalities in the history of the American West: The Little Bighorn or Greasy Grass Fight; the Transcontinental Railroad; African American Buffalo Soldiers; Gernonimo; Wounded Knee; the Dawes Act; and reservations for native tribes. Learn more from the Western Indian Wars page on the Museum of American History.
There is more information about another dramatic event at a resourcesforhistoryteachers wiki page for The Navajo War and the Long Walk of the Navajos, 1848 to 1868.
McCarthyism, the Red Scare, and the Lavender Scare
McCarthyism, an anti-Communist Red Scare, and the anti-Gay Lavender Scare happened in the early 1950s during a time of intensifying Cold War tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union.
Example of AntiCommunist Literature in the 1950s
Example of AntiCommunist Literature in the 1950s
"Anticommunist Literature 1950s" | Public Domain
At the beginning of the 1950s, Wisconsin Senator Joseph McCarthy was convinced that the American government was being taken over by members of the American Communist Party who were under the control of Soviet leaders. A fear-monger and demagogue, McCarthy launched a series of televised hearings that ruined many careers through threats, innuendos, and blacklists, although "no one McCarthy investigated was ever convicted of anything" (Menard, 2020, p. 73). McCarthyism did not end till 1954 when President Eisenhower told members of the government that they did not have to testify before McCarthy’s Senate committee. The resourcesforhistoryteachers wiki has primary sources and more historical information about McCarthyism and the Red Scare
McCarthy was an extraordinary, but not singular, example of an uniquely American strain of political demagoguery, notes biographer Larry Tye in his book Demogogue: The Life and Long Shadow of Senator Joe McCarthy (2020, p. 2). A demagogue is an politician who rises to power through lying, attacking opponents, and appealing to people's prejudices and fears, and in Tye's analysis, these are exactly the kind of activities that Donald Trump has used to gain and hold power.
The Red Scare
Historian Louis Menard, writing in the New Yorker (2020), notes that the Red Scare of the 1940s and 1950s, a product of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union, preceded McCarthy's hearings. Menard cites President Harry Truman as the figure who launched the Scare, first with the aggressive anti-communist Truman Doctrine and then with the establishment of the Employee Loyalty Program in which 4,765,705 federal employees had to forms that initated loyalty investigations (Menard, 2020, p. 73). Congress followed with hearings by the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), and the Red Scare also produced the censorship of artists, writers, and musicians known as The Hollywood Blacklist. Charlie Chaplin, Langston Hughes, Orson Wells, Lena Horne, Dalton Trumbo, Leonard Bernstein and Dorothy Parker were among the individuals who were denied work in the entertainment industry.
McCarthyism and the Red Scare has primary source materials including comic book covers, posters, audio recordings, and documents.
Anti-Gay Lavender Scare of the 1950s
The Lavender Scare was a campaign against federal employees who were suspected of being gay or lesbian. People’s civil rights and civil liberties were violated by surveillance, interrogations, and rumors. Thousands lost their jobs or resigned from the government. One historian noted that at the time “many politicians, journalists, and citizens thought that homosexuals posed more of a threat to national security than communists" (Johnson, 2004, p. 2).
It took decades, but in January 2017, outgoing Secretary of State John Kerry issued a formal apology to the LGBTQ+ community for decades of discrimination from the State Department (State Department Apologizes for the Lavender Scare). Still today, the Lavender Scare remains a little-taught history in many school curriculums.
Suggested Learning Activities
• State Your View: For whom should a School be Named?
• In Education Week, Corey Mitchell (2020) reported that as of June 2020, there were 174 schools in 16 states named for historical figures connected to the Confederay during the Civil War; most commonly, Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson, and Sidney Lanier. There are over 1,700 Confederate monuments still standing.
• Activists have demanded, and many community leaders have agreed, that Confederate-themed school names deeply offend African Americans and inaccurately portray the history of slavery and the Civil War.
• Whose heritage does the name of your school honor?
• Should students, teachers, and community members go about renaming schools to honor individuals who stood for American ideals?
Standard 4.11 Conclusion
Political courage is an essential quality in a democracy. INVESTIGATE profiled three examples of courageous individuals who affirmed American ideals through their actions: Joseph Cinque, John Quincy Adams, and the Amistad Case; John Scopes and the Scopes Evolution Trial; and Cesar Chavez, Dolores Huerta, and the Delano Grape Strike. UNCOVER reviewed the history of Claudette Colvin and the Browder V. Gayle case. ENGAGE asked what American ideals were denied during the Indian Wars of the American West, McCarthyism and the Anti-Communist Red Scare, and the Anti-Gay Lavender Scare of the 1950s. |
Gajret was a cultural society established in 1903 that promoted Serbian identity among the Slavic Muslims of Austria-Hungary (today's Bosnia and Herzegovina).[1] After 1929, it was known as the Serbian Muslim Cultural Society.[1] The organization was pro-Serb.
After the 1914 Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand leadership of the association was interned in Arad.[2]
The organization viewed that the Muslims were Serbs lacking ethnic consciousness.[3] The view that Muslims were Serbs is probably the oldest of three ethnic theories among the Bosnian Muslims themselves.[4] After the Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Bosnian Muslims, feeling threatened by Catholic Habsburg rule, established several organizations.[4] These included, apart from Gajret, the Muslim National Organization (1906) and the United Muslim Organization (1911).[4] In 1912, after the death of Osman Đikić, the editing of Gajret was entrusted to Avdo Sumbul.[5]
Gajret's main rival was the pro-Croat Muslim organization Narodna Uzdanica,[6] established in 1924.[3] In interwar Yugoslavia, members experienced persecution at the hands of non-Serbs due to their political inclinations.[7] In this period association run a number of student dormitories in Mostar, Sarajevo, Belgrade and Novi Pazar.[2]
During World War II, the association was dismantled by the Independent State of Croatia.[8] Some members, non-Communists, joined or collaborated with the Yugoslav Partisans (such as M. Sudžuka, Z. Šarac, H. Brkić, H. Ćemerlić, and M. Zaimović[9]). Ismet Popovac and Fehim Musakadić joined the Chetniks.
In 1945, a new Muslim organization, Preporod, was founded in order to replace the pro-Serb Gajret and pro-Croat Narodna Uzdanica.[10] The former organizations voted for and were merged into Preporod.[10] In 1996 it was reestablished as a Bosniak cultural association.[7]
Notable membersEdit
See alsoEdit
1. ^ a b Allworth 1994, p. 125.
2. ^ a b Aleksa Mikić (1971). Živan Milisavac (ed.). Jugoslovenski književni leksikon [Yugoslav Literary Lexicon] (in Serbo-Croatian). Novi Sad (SAP Vojvodina, SR Serbia): Matica srpska. p. 129.
3. ^ a b Allworth 1994, p. 126.
4. ^ a b c Allworth 1994, p. 116.
5. ^ književnost, Institut za jezik i književnost u Sarajevu. Odjeljenje za (1974). Godišnjak Odjeljenja za književnost. Institut za jezik i književnost u Sarajevu. p. 101.
6. ^ Hoare 2007, pp. 132–133.
7. ^ a b Hoare 2013, p. 41.
8. ^ Greble 2011, p. 121.
9. ^ Hoare 2007, p. 132.
10. ^ a b Hoare 2013, p. 356. |
While the United Nations has championed programs promoting gender equality and women’s rights, the organization has never elected a female Secretary General in its 70 year history.
7 women ran for the position to replace current Secretary General, Ban Ki-Moon, the 8th man to lead the United Nations since its founding. Leading candidate Irina Bokova of Bulgaria was widely seen as pro-Russian, while Argentinian Susana Malcorra was viewed as too supportive of the United States.
While both denied the allegations, the rumors harmed their chances of being elected due to the skepticism from the five permanent members of the Security Council. As permanent members, the United States and Russia will not vote for a candidate they feel will challenge their national interests. The lack of support for the remaining 5 female candidates was viewed as “shocking” and “disappointing.”
“Misogyny is baked into the system,” says Shazia Z. Rafi, the United Nations representative for the All Pakistan Women’s Association. Rafi believes electing a woman as Secretary General must be fiercely advocated for and will not simply happen in due time. Maria Emma Mejia Velez, an ambassador to Columbia, attempted to rally support for a female leader of the United Nations by establishing a coalition 60 countries to voice their support for female candidates, calling on the organization to lead the world by example.
Security Council Resolution 1325 urges members of the United Nations to make a conscious effort to include women in all levels of national and international governing bodies. Right now the United Nations is failing to do that. While women make up slightly more than half the population, only 6% are heads of state, foreign ministers, or national envoys of the Security Council nations. Several analyses have found that most senior jobs within the organization go to men and the UN senior management group consists of 12 women and 28 men.
Mr. Gutteres now faces immense pressure to select a woman as his deputy. |
Mastercard’s business model: How Mastercard makes money
Contrary to popular belief, Mastercard is not in the ‘credit card’ business. Rather, Mastercard is a vital network that connects customers and merchants around the world. They provide financial telecom infrastructure that allows financial institutions to communicate and transact with one another.
As the second largest financial telecom network in the world behind Visa, Mastercard has a wide geographical reach. Mastercard allows us to use our credit, debit, and prepaid cards to make payments in more than 150 currencies in over 210 countries and territories. In 2019, Mastercard processed a mind-boggling 87.3 billion transactions, a total of US$6.5 trillion in gross dollar volume.
So how does Mastercard make money? Let me take you through an example below to give you a better understanding of how Mastercard generates its revenues.
Business model
In any transaction, there are four participants – the cardholder, the issuer (the cardholder’s bank), the merchant, and the acquirer (the merchant’s bank). Mastercard is at the center of it all, acting as a toll operator responsible for the authorization, clearance, and settlement of payments.
Whenever Mastercard processes a payment, the banks will pay 1) a fee per transaction (i.e. switch transaction fee) and 2) a percentage of the gross dollar volume (i.e. switch volume fee) to the network provider.
The transaction kicks off when you charge $100 to your credit card at say a clothing store. Once you have swiped your card, a signal will be routed from the merchant through the merchant’s bank and to your bank for authorisation. Your bank will check your credentials and whether you meet the financial requirements to make this purchase. Once approved, the merchant’s bank will give the merchant the greenlight to let the transaction go through. The point-of-sale system will spit out a receipt and you can be on your way home.
In the clearing phase of the transaction, which usually occurs within a day, the merchant’s bank will send the purchase details to your bank to update both the merchant’s and your account’s statements, determining how much is to be paid by your bank.
Finally, the settlement phase is where the acquiring bank and the merchant get paid by your bank. Notice from the chart above that the merchant received $98 instead of the $100 that you paid for the clothes.
The difference of $2 is known as the merchant discount rate that the acquirer collects from the merchant. Out of this, the acquirer then pays the issuer an interchange fee. Your bank gets a larger cut as they are taking on credit risk for loaning you the money when you use a credit card.
Mastercard classifies their revenue stream into four segments:
• Domestic assessment fees are generated based on switch volume fees.
• Cross-border assessment fees are collected similarly except that it includes currency conversion fees for international transactions
• Transaction processing fees are the switch transaction fees generated both domestically and internationally
• Other revenues are a mix of Mastercard’s consulting, data analytics and research; safety and security service; loyalty rewards; and program management services businesses all lumped into one
The first three segments comprise Mastercard’s core business representing 83% of the company’s revenue.
Economic moats
Outside China, this industry is dominated by three major players: Visa, MasterCard, and American Express. Over the years, Mastercard has amassed millions of merchants along with 2.2 billion Mastercard branded cardholders, giving the company economies of scale, driving its net profit margin from 29% in 2009 to 48% in 2019.
New entrants will have a hard time establishing a new network to compete head-on with incumbents as it requires a lot of capital and technological expertise to build data centers, and trust from financial institutions and cardholders to switch to a new provider.
Despite numerous competitors such as Google Pay, Apple Pay and PayPal, digital wallets and payment processers have not been successful in bypassing Mastercard’s network like what Alipay and WeChat Pay has done in China. Protected by a wide economic moat, Mastercard’s growth has been nothing short of spectacular – revenue grew at a CAGR of 12.73% for the past 10 years to US$16.9 billion in 2019.
Growth drivers
Mastercard will benefit greatly as we move towards a cashless society. The e-commerce industry is projected to grow from US$2.4 trillion in 2017 to US$6.5 trillion in 2023. This will drive the number of card transactions, which is expected to increase from 369 billion in 2018 to 854 billion in 2028.
The COVID-19 pandemic has only accelerated the change in consumer behavior as more and more of us shop for our essentials online. Even the older generation who are not as tech savvy are learning to navigate different e-commerce platforms during this period. Even in physical stores, we are turning to contactless payments as the fastest and safest way to transact as opposed to cash transactions.
In an oligopoly controlled by three companies, it common for Mastercard to get caught up in antitrust lawsuits from time to time. For example, in 2005, Mastercard, Visa, and a number of banks including JPMorgan Chase, Citigroup, and Bank of America were sued by 12 million merchants, alleging that they colluded to inflate interchange fees and prohibited them from directing consumers toward other methods of payment.
To settle, Mastercard, Visa, and the banks agreed to pay the merchants US$6.2 billion in 2018. Under the settlement agreement, merchants will be restricted from suing the card networks over the same card-swipe-fee claims for several years.
Thus, 8,000 retailers decided to opt out of the settlement, shrinking the settlement amount down to US$5.7 billion, as they chose to file their lawsuits separately.
Companies with dominant positions in the market get caught up with antitrust lawsuits repeatedly. It happens to Google, Facebook and Amazon all the time. It is a sign of Mastercard’s influence in the market that regulators must keep in check to protect the merchants.
The fifth perspective
Mastercard has been a stock market stalwart from its listing in May 2006. Besides the stock market crash in 2008, Mastercard has been on a steady upward trend ever since. If you invested $10,000 in Mastercard at its IPO, your stake would now be worth over $766K (as of October 2020).
In the near term, Mastercard looks like it will continue to ride on secular growth trends in the e-commerce and payments space. With its dominant position in an oligopolistic industry, Mastercard’s upward trend may well continue for many years to come.
Kenny Quek
1. Will player like Union Pay affect Mastercard market? Also new digital payment company like Square, will it affect the long term market share of Mastercard, Visa? What’s your thought on this. Thanks for your article.
1. Hi Dave,
No. Mastercard and Visa are the dominant networks outside of China. UnionPay is strong is China but it has been disrupted by Alipay and WeChat.
PayPal and Square are great platforms to make online transactions but they do not have the same influence as Alipay and WeChat. The networks were smart to partner with tech firms that wanted to offer digital payments before they could establish their own to bypass them. That’s why to this day, you can see Visa or Mastercard in digital wallets.
1. Hi Kin,
Both Visa and MasterCard are largely the same, except that Visa has a larger market share. Both are acquiring companies in the last couple of years to offer more features to their customers or serve their fintech partners better.
2. Hi Kenny,
Thanks for this piece. Just want to make a minor correction – the interchange fee is not the same as the merchant discount rate. The latter is what the acquirer charges the merchant (the $2 in the illustration). The former is what the acquirer pays the issuer.
1. Hi Ziem,
It’s really hard to say if financial telecoms will beat Visa and MasterCard at their game. You really need to have a perfect mix of ingredients which TikTok has to light their platform on fire. Facebook though they can copy and succeed like they did with SnapChat but it didn’t work. It’ll also take time for financial telecoms to establish their network so you can dine anywhere in the world with the service that they are offering.
3. Hello – I noticed in the diagram that the merchant collects $98.00, while the banks take a total $2.00 and the network takes $0.02.
Which bank is paying the network that $0.02? Or is it passed to the merchant, in which case the merchant would only collect $97.98?
Thank you,
1. Hi Ted,
I see where you are coming from. Let me just lay everything out here to make it clearer.
1. The acquirer will collect a $2.00 merchant discount from the merchant
2. Then it will pay the interchange fee of $1.52 to the issuer
3. The issuer will pay the network $0.02
So technically, netting out the fee, the issuer receives $1.50 from this transaction.
I hope this helps! 🙂
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History[edit | edit source]
Prior to the Fifty Years' War, it was ruled by King Devanne III, the nephew to King Denamda II of Ivalice. Ordallia's blood ties to Ivalice did not stop the kingdom from annexing Zelmonia, once an independent state bordering between the two nations. This ultimately led Denamda to claim the Ordallian throne at the death of King Devanne, beginning a war against the latter's chosen heir Varoi VI.
Before the war began, Ordallia enjoyed peaceful relations with Ivalice. The Trade City of Sal Ghidos was once the center of trade between the two kingdoms. Because of the conflict, ties between the kingdoms were severed, and the Trade City declined, eventually deteriorating into a slum.
Ordallia had turned the ancient ruins in the Cursed Isle of Nelveska into a military base. With the war's end, Nelveska was abandoned.
Ivalice relied on powerful warriors such as Barbaneth Beoulve, Messam Elmdore, and Cidolfus Orlandeau to help in the war against Ordallia. The Ordallian capital of Viura nearly fell to Ivalice, until Denamda died during the march. This left the Ivalician army leaderless and confused, saving Viura. Eventually the Ordallians defeated the Ivalician army and reconquered Zelmonia. After prolonging the war to a full fifty years, Prince Lennard, Varoi VI's successor, finally proposed a treaty with Ivalice.
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Decades of data on world's oceans reveal a troubling oxygen decline
Decades of data on world's oceans reveal a troubling oxygen decline
A new analysis of decades of data on oceans across the globe has revealed that the amount of dissolved oxygen contained in the water - an important measure of ocean health - has been declining for more than 20 years.
Researchers at Georgia Institute of Technology looked at a historic dataset of ocean information stretching back more than 50 years and searched for long term trends and patterns. They found that levels started dropping in the 1980s as ocean temperatures began to climb.
Researchers have for years anticipated that rising water temperatures would affect the amount of oxygen in the oceans, since warmer water is capable of holding less dissolved gas than colder water. But the data showed that was falling more rapidly than the corresponding rise in water temperature.
"After the mid-2000s, this trend became apparent, consistent and statistically significant—beyond the envelope of year-to-year fluctuations," Ito said. "The trends are particularly strong in the tropics, eastern margins of each basin and the subpolar North Pacific."
In an earlier study, Ito and other researchers explored why was more pronounced in tropical waters in the Pacific Ocean. They found that air pollution drifting from East Asia out over the world's largest contributed to oxygen levels falling in tropical waters thousands of miles away.
Explore further
Polluted dust can impact ocean life thousands of miles away, study says
More information: Takamitsu Ito et al, Upper Ocean Otrends: 1958-2015, Geophysical Research Letters (2017). DOI: 10.1002/2017GL073613
Journal information: Geophysical Research Letters
Citation: Decades of data on world's oceans reveal a troubling oxygen decline (2017, May 4) retrieved 20 January 2021 from https://phys.org/news/2017-05-decades-world-oceans-reveal-oxygen.html
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In the previous blog, The Power of Protein, we discussed the makeup and purpose of protein. We found that protein is made up of varying combinations of amino acids, 20 in all. And, we found that amino acids make up every tissue and substance in our bodies, from organs and hair to hormones. Once we distinguish amino acids, essential from non-essential, we see the value in consuming and/or supplementing essential amino acids in order to obtain “complete protein.”
In this blog, we will shift to the second macro which are carbohydrates, also known as “carbs.”
What are their characteristics?
Carbs are a necessary component to mental and physical fitness. Unfortunately, they have developed a fairly poor reputation in recent years. The risk of undisciplined carb intake has been generalized to represent most if not all carb consumption. However, when used correctly, carbs are incredibly helpful in keeping blood sugar stable and energy levels constant. Therefore, it is imperative to know the risks and benefits of consuming this macronutrient.
Balancing our carb intake can be tricky. Carbs are like a guard dog. If treated well, they will take care of us. If mistreated, however, they will bite us in the butt…our ever-enlarging butt!
For fitness seeking people, carbs can be incredibly beneficial, not only for energy in the short term, but also in the long term. How? Unlike protein, carbs can be stored in the muscles and liver in the form of glucose. Hence, they can be used for energy at a later time. Overdoing it, however, leads to fat gain as excess glucose becomes glycogen, and excess glycogen becomes fat.
What are they made of?
Carbs consist of three components: fiber, starch, and sugar. We generally recognize carbs in two categories: complex and simple. Fiber and starch are complex carbs, while sugar is a simple carb. However much of each is found in a food determines its nutrient quality. Complex carbs include whole grains, vegetables, beans, and lentils. Simple carbs include sugars (raw and brown), corn syrup, sucrose, fructose, and glucose.
Are all carbs created equal?
Contrary to product labeling, there are no “essential carbs,” just carbs. I would also be remised if I didn’t qualify carbs. Not all carbs benefit the human body. Refined carbs, such as white rice, white bread, and refined cereal, have a similar effect to refined sugar.
When we consume refined carbs, we get a rapid increase in blood sugar and a corresponding surge in energy. Unfortunately, energy surge comes with a crash as our body scrambles to balance our blood sugar levels. If repeated frequently throughout the day, this can lead to a host of problems ranging from irritability, tiredness, and headache in the short term to fatigue and weight gain in the long term. In the next blog, we will cover 4 tips on how to maintain healthy stable blood sugar levels.
What is their role?
Although the human body can obtain energy from fats and proteins, it is designed to run on carbs. Why? Because, it takes very little effort for the human body to convert carbs to energy as compared to proteins and fats. As eluded to earlier, our body’s prefers carbs as an energy source. All carbs that are consumed are converted into glucose. Any excess glucose is stored as glycogen (stored carbs), and any glycogen left after this gets stored as fat (fat stores). It helps me to create a visual representation of it, as seen below.
The above graphic simply shows the order in which we burn calories throughout the day. Simply put, if you only burn the amount of glucose you consume, you will not make significant progress against glycogen, and you are unlikely to burn any fat, much less, trans fat. In other words, those love handles…they aren’t going away.
Today, we learned about carbs, what they consist of, and what their role is in our diet. We also learned about the energy chain and what calories get burned in what order. We briefly eluded to the impact of volatile blood sugar levels, which we will discuss in greater detail in the next blog. You won’t want to miss it!
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RAM is an abbreviation for Random Access Memory. This is a type of computer memory, that, different from other storage devices such as hard disk drives or DVDs, allows the data to be accessed directly without reading the previous content located inside it. Whenever an application is launched, it's stored in the RAM, due to the fact that it may be accessed much quicker than if it was read from another media. With regards to the website hosting service itself, more RAM means that more web applications can work simultaneously on a given hosting server, especially if they are resource-demanding and are accessed by a great number of of people simultaneously. Different from a shared web hosting package where the system resources of a particular account may be flexible and frequently depend on what other end users consume also, a VPS provides a guaranteed amount of RAM which you can use at all times. That memory is allocated to one hosting server only and will not be used by other clients even if it is not in use.
Guaranteed RAM in Dedicated Servers
If you buy one of our dedicated server plans, you will get a top-notch web server with sufficient RAM to run even multiple resource-demanding web programs without any effect on the overall efficiency of any one of them. Since we test every hardware component before we use it when we set up a server, we shall ensure that the RAM sticks are not defective and that the hosting server performs flawlessly. The physical memory that you will get shall be available all of the time, so even in times in which you use just a part of it for any given period of time, we will not alter the configuration. You'll be able to check out the hardware, including the amount of RAM you have, within the billing Control Panel. |
Gujarat Location and Boundaries
Gujarat borders the Tharparkar, Badin and Thatta districts of Pakistan's Sindh province to the northwest, is bounded by the Arabian Sea to the southwest, the state of Rajasthan to the northeast, Madhya Pradesh to the east, and by Maharashtra, Union territories of Diu, Daman, Dadra and Nagar Haveli to the south. Historically, the north was known as Anarta, the Kathiawar peninsula, "Saurastra", and the south as "Lata".Gujarat was also known as Pratichya and Varuna.
The Arabian Sea makes up the state's western coast. The capital, Gandhinagar is a planned city. Gujarat has an area of 75,686 sq mi (196,030 km2) with the longest coastline (24% of Indian sea coast) 1,600 kilometres (990 mi), dotted with 41 ports: one major, 11 intermediate and 29 minor.
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Eliminating Poverty — Chinese Style
Here’s a classic example of how China eliminates poverty. It’s radical but effective. To help 1.88 million poor people stuck in extreme poverty (making less than $1.90 a day) in Guizhou province, here’s what the Chinese officials did:
Build a huge city
• Move the 1.88 million poor people into the city and give them free/subsidized housing
• Provide them with opportunities to have relatively high-wage jobs
Robert Lawrence Kuhn, an American, traveled around China and created a documentary for PBS on China’s poverty alleviation programs. However, the Trump administration stopped the airing of the program, since anything positive about China has become an anathema in the US. But the full video is now available on CGTN. Here’s a 2-min clip from the video that shows how people in a remote mountain get relocated to a newly constructed urban area 70 km away.
Chinese government has about a million people working on poverty elimination! And, apart from relocation, the government finds unique and customized solutions for each village or person. For example, one village may be determined to be perfect for tourism industry; in a desert town in Xinjiang, raising camels and selling camel milk might create lots of jobs; in another village, growing unique mushrooms could bring in a lot of revenue, and so on. In each case, the government would adopt extraordinary measures to make bring these ideas into fruition. Thus, the “tourist village” will get new roads, help with turning homes into bed-and-breakfast, marketing campaigns etc. The “camel village” will get new camels, a logistical center where the milk can be sold etc. Such government-led initiatives are unthinkable in the U.S., where people are taught to rely only on free market and big corporations.
Here’s a quick video of how a Chinese local government gave a man 30 sheep – free of charge – and lifted him out of poverty. Watch this 30-second clip
These are examples of “socialism with Chinese characteristics.” For Americans, such policies may seem authoritarian or strange, but such creative ways are how China lifted 800 million people out of poverty in the last 40 years.
BTW, in 2020, the (extreme) poverty rate in China became ZERO. Yes, 100 million people were lifted out of extreme poverty since Xi Jinping came to power.
And by lifting people out of poverty, China’s GDP went from $200 billion in 1978 to $13.5 trillion in 2018 (65-fold increase in 40 years). That’s a win-win for the people and the government.
This is also why 93% of Chinese are satisfied with their “authoritarian” and “communist” government — Harvard Study (2003-2016) . |
What is the relationship between Jody and his father in "The Red Pony"?
Expert Answers
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Jody's father, Carl, is very much a man's man—tough, resilient, and very masculine. In keeping with the prevailing conventions of the time, he is also emotionally distant from his son. As such, he is unable to forge any kind of real connection with Jody. Moreover, Jody's relationship with his father is complicated by the pressures of work. Carl works just about every hour God sends on his small farm. This does not leave him much time to spend with Jody, let alone bond with him.
Carl is not necessarily a bad man; it is just that his devotion to being the family breadwinner, coupled with his old-school attitude toward parenting, prevent him from displaying much in the way of love and affection toward his son. Carl's world is a harsh world, a world full of struggle and hard work. There is simply no room in such an environment for the kind of empathy and compassion that Jody so desperately needs, especially after the death of his beloved pony, Gabilan. That said, Carl's stoicism and dedication to the material well-being of his family are admirable qualities, and his example is one that Jody would do well to follow.
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The relationship between Jody and his father is complicated. Jody is a typical young boy of ten when the novel starts, and as such he is sometimes forgetful about his responsibilities.
Carl Tiflin, on the other hand, is all about being responsible. When Jody is given a rifle, his father mandates he won't actually be able to shoot it until he is 12. Carl Tiflin sometimes comes across as insensitive, but in actuallity he is a hard worker and a good man, and he is determined that Jody will develop the right characterisitcs such as responsible as he grows into a young man. This often forces Carl into the role of disciplinarian, and as such he sometimes finds it difficult to show his love, understanding, and affection for his young son.
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What Does Consent to Nutrition Care Mean for You?
All healthcare providers in Ontario, including dietitians, are required by law to obtain informed consent from their patients or clients before they can perform any non-emergency treatment. What does this mean for you? What are your rights as a health consumer when you visit a dietitian?
If you are consulting a dietitian for help with any nutrition related concern, you have a right to understand any treatment they propose. The consent process is meant to help you make an informed decision about your health. It is your right to know what will be done to you, the risks, the benefits of a treatment and the alternatives available. You also have a right to refuse a treatment.
It is the responsibility of the dietitian to make sure that you have given your informed consent before the treatment is started. Once you have given your consent, you can also change your mind and say no.
Giving consent is not only about filling out a form. What’s important is that you have a frank and open conversation with your dietitian. Here are some to the questions you can ask during the consent conversation:
• Why is this treatment being proposed?
• What exactly is the nature of the treatment or assessment?
• Who will be following-up with me?
• How will the treatment help me?
• Are there any risks and side-effects I need to consider?
• Are there any other options? How would they help and what are their risks and side-effects?
• If I decide not to do this, what could happen to me? Are there consequences?
You should feel that you can ask your dietitian, or any other health care provider, all your questions and get the answers you need to make an informed decision about your own health.
For more information about consent, view the video below. Or Learn more at www.collegeofdietitians.org. |
The flashcards below were created by user 000231280 on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
1. Bone scan
Radioactive substance injected intravenously its uptake in bones is detected with a scanning device.
2. Brain scan
Radioactive substance injected intravenously. It collects in any lesion that disturbs the natural barrier that exists between blood vessels and normal brain tissue allowing radioactive substance to enter the brain tissue. Scanning device detects the presence of the radioactive substance.
3. Positron Emission Tomography (PET Scan)
Radioactive substances that release radioactive particles injected and travel to specialized areas of the body. Cross sectional pictures can be made showing the location of the radioactive substance.
4. Pulmonary perfusion scan
Radioactive particles are injected intravenously and travel rapidly to areas of the lung that are adequately filled with blood. Regions of obstructed blood flow can be seen as nonradioactive areas on the scan.
5. Thyroid scan
Radioactive iodine injected intravenously or swallowed then collects in thyroid gland. Scanning device detects the radiotracer int the gland tissue, producing image that shows size, shape, and position of the thyroid.
Card Set
Nuclear Medicine Scans
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Coordinate vacuum technology with process technology for efficient vacuum generation
The energy efficiency of vacuum technology affects the overall efficiency of the process. An overly narrow view of the performance data from individual vacuum pumps is usually misleading. Numerous factors and the characteristics of the vacuum technology used need to be considered to optimize the efficiency of vacuum generation. Coupled vacuum pumps (with or without vacuum boosters) or centralized vacuum systems often offer the best solution for providing the required vacuum in the process with the lowest energy consumption. As vacuum pumps also generate heat due to their physical properties, aspects like the need for additional cooling and possible heat recovery also play a role in terms of efficiency.
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Picture of a stopwatch
Reaction Time
Paraphrasing Robert Benchley, we may say that there are two kinds of people in the world, those who believe there are two kinds of people and those who do not.
Were you an orchid or a dandelion? Do you resemble a chimp or a bonobo? And of course most of us fall between the extremes. We are tulips or, as it turns out, human.
Yet the story of the hare and the tortoise remains evergreen as a metaphor for the way we differ. Though most of us fall in the middle when reaction times are measured, psychologists have been waiting at finish lines for a century and a half, timing us.
Baseball hitter swung too late.
BIO: Nerve signals were accurately timed before our mental operations. In 1850 Hermann von Helmholtz measured the speed of electrochemical impulses as they raced along nerves. His data have been updated many times; his method of investigation and the reasoning that accompanied it were as important as his data. You may have participated in a demonstration of his method in your psychology classes.
PSYCHO: Helmholtz’s method was important, not because it was the only way to measure the speed of the nerve impulse; rather, the logic impressed a psychologist later in the 19th century, Franciscus Donders, who applied it to measure mental operations. His so-called subtraction method became the foundation for analyzing cognition with brain imaging.
Donders’s logic, apparently derived from Helmholtz’s procedure, was that if the stages of organizing a behavior occurred in sequence, then adding a stage should increase the reaction time by exactly the time required for the new stage.
It’s like building a wall with blocks: Each block you add to the end of the wall increases the length of the wall by exactly the width or length of the new block.
In brain imaging, brain activity is measured before the presentation of a stimulus—say, a picture—and then again during stimulus presentation, and the extra brain activity is attributed to processing the picture, using the cognitive subtraction method already described.
Are mental events just like blocks? A number of researchers would beg to differ. New models from Sternberg in 1969 and Grice in 1982 have taken a fresh look at these issues.
But reaction times supply useful information without considering “psychic acts”, as William James put it in his incomparable Principles of Psychology. (Scroll down to the section on “Reaction-Times”.)
Reaction times are one of the oldest, but still current, tools of the psychologist. They are task-sensitive and they comprise different components.
Incidentally, reaction times are related to so many behaviors that you can find lots of tests online. Here are a few:
Or just play catch a ruler for an enjoyable test. Reflexes are the fastest reactions. Consider escape in the copepod, for example. We can’t match it. Even when it comes to startle, we lose to a fly.
However, we can often improve with practice or heightened alertness. And if we’re not troubling to infer mental events that we can’t measure directly, ballpark figures for reaction times may turn up interesting generalizations: “The average reaction time for a visual stimulus is 200 to 250 ms; for hearing, 150 to 200 ms; and for touch, 130 to 170 ms.”
In fact, speaking of ballparks, hitting a fastball may involve reaction times that exclude the possibility of much thought at all. On the road, our habits may allow us to react with similar speed in applying the brakes. See how you do here and check your time against the generalization of a 200 or 250-millisecond reaction time for visual stimuli given above to see how influential the response task is.
Yet on the road, we’re giraffes. Our reaction times don’t match a race driver’s. Young athletes from the pit crew or another sport might come close, but F1 drivers are seemingly a breed apart* in skill, experience**, cognition and maybe in other ways***.
*And culturally a gender apart. If there is also a sex difference in race driving it may relate to a sex difference in the retrosplenial cortex, an area of the brain that may be particularly important for race driving, as it seems to support navigation.
Claims about sex differences can be needlessly provocative because the averages typically differ only slightly, they are influenced by experience as well as heredity, and they show that it’s dangerous to box us into types. Biology does matter, but so does culture. When we “type” people as male or female we tend to assume everyone in the same box has the same deviance. In fact, as one researcher put it, there is “tons of overlap“.
SOCIAL: Performing in front of an audience often improves performance, if the task is not too hard*. The phenomenon is called social facilitation. As this is written, the uncertain threat of a virus pandemic is emptying sports arenas and stadiums. Athletes are departing along with the fans, leaving us unable to compare the effect of an audience on, say batting averages.
As for the effect of an individual on a group, that’s easier. We all listen to jokes, and it’s obvious that a stand-up comic with a quick delivery makes the audience laugh in synch, with a reaction time of about a half-second. (Judge for yourself with comics about 50 years apart and see if it has changed in that time: Henny Youngman and Emily Heller.)
Laughs have a complicated structure, so timing their latency is not like timing knee jerks.
*If the task is too hard, performers focus too much on how they’re performing and they choke.
Overlapping height distributions for men and women
You can find more discussion of the statistics here. Still, some will say there are no differences, no real differences, while others argue that the differences are undeniable. There are anti-anti-difference arguments. Then there are the peacemakers
In the end, though, we shouldn’t apply group generalizations to ourselves without a lot of thought. Some folks try to predict behavior from genetically-influenced traits and claim to do it fairly well: criminal profilers, for example; divorce researchers; even physicists who study mobility, including reaction times. Even if their claims hold up, we should avoid applying their conclusions to our own behavior because of the ecological fallacy, which is the belief that group statistics can predict individual behavior.
**Note contrast in attention with average drivers.
***All sometimes lost in an instant instead of gradually.
Illustration credit: https://sugarandslugs.wordpress.com/2011/02/13/sex-differences/
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Study Guide
The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Art and Culture
By Douglas Adams
Art and Culture
In a book prominently featuring a book, one of our biggest examples of culture is going to be… a book. But books are complicated: big books eat up little books, and some books cause the extinction of other books. Here, we're introduced to the other major books of the galaxy, and what do we see?: a book about house upkeep, a sort of guidebook or coffee table book, and three books of philosophy. That makes it seem like readers in the galaxy really want some guidance or answers in their lives. No 50 Shades of Grey here.
The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy also mentions alcohol. It says that the best drink in existence is the Pan Galactic Gargle Blaster. (2.1-2)
Galactic culture isn't the same everywhere, as we can see in the way these two books deal with the question of alcohol: some people probably prefer the simple, scientific tone of the Encyclopedia Galactica, whereas others probably prefer hearing a drink suggestion from Hitchhiker's. This isn't a case of Earth culture vs. alien culture. Both of these books are thoroughly alien, proving that culture isn't the same all over.
Together and between them they had gone to and beyond the furthest limits of physical laws, restructured the fundamental fabric of matter, strained, twisted, and broken the laws of possibility and impossibility, but still the greatest excitement of all seemed to be to meet a man with an orange sash round his neck. (4.23)
These are the engineers and scientists who created the Heart of Gold spaceship, so they have something to be excited about: they've "strained, twisted, and broken" the laws of physics and probability (and made a spaceship that looks like a sneaker). But still, what really excites them is meeting a powerless man in a sash—the President. In their culture, people drop everything to meet the president. They can break the laws of physics, but they can't break the unwritten laws of their culture.
New York has gone. No reaction. He'd never seriously believed it existed anyway. The dollar, he thought, had sunk for ever. Slight tremor there. Every Bogart movie has been wiped, he said to himself, and that gave him a nasty knock. McDonald's, he thought. There is no longer any such thing as a McDonald's hamburger. (6.30)
This is the realization that finally brings home to Arthur the fact that Earth has been destroyed: there's no more McDonald's. It's curious that what finally seems to break through to Arthur isn't his dead parents or his vaporized country, but these elements of culture, like Bogart movies and McDonald's. Those elements of culture might seem small, but they are things that he experiences daily.
That "of course" in the first sentence gets us laughing: the narrator is saying something that is totally new to us, but he just passes it off as something we all agree on. Now, what's curious about Azagoth poetry is that even the Azagoths seem to find it dreadful. It's also funny to imagine something that people usually think of as subjective (we like this poetry; you like that poetry; different people like different poetry) as really objective: this poetry is absolutely the second worst, and even the poet's intestines agree.
The prisoners sat in Poetry Appreciation Chairs—strapped in. Vogons suffered no illusions as to the regard their works were generally held in. Their early attempts at composition had been part of bludgeoning insistence that they be accepted as a properly evolved and cultured race, but now the only thing that kept them going was sheer bloodymindedness. (7.4)
The Vogons used to compose poetry as to prove that they were a civilized culture, though even they recognize that other people don't like what they do. So how do they react? They build torture chairs to make people listen. What kind of culture is that?
"Oh yes," said Arthur, "I thought that some of the metaphysical imagery was really particularly effective."
"Oh ... and er ... interesting rhythmic devices too," continued Arthur, "which seemed to counterpoint the ... er ... er ..." He floundered.
Ford leaped to his rescue, hazarding "counterpoint the surrealism of the underlying metaphor of the ... er ..." He floundered too, but Arthur was ready again.
"... humanity of the ..."
"Vogonity," Ford hissed at him.
"Ah yes, Vogonity (sorry) of the poet's compassionate soul," Arthur felt he was on a home stretch now, "which contrives through the medium of the verse structure to sublimate this, transcend that, and come to terms with the fundamental dichotomies of the other," (he was reaching a triumphant crescendo ...) "and one is left with a profound and vivid insight into ... into ... er ..." (... which suddenly gave out on him.) Ford leaped in with the coup de grace:
"Into whatever it was the poem was about!" he yelled. (7.22-30)
Arthur and Ford's analysis of Jeltz's poem is really a masterpiece of empty phooey. It sounds good—"metaphysical imagery, counterpoint, fundamental dichotomies"—but notice that all of this leaves great big holes that Adams wants us to notice: the two of them are clearly just making stuff up, what with all of those "er…" pauses, and they tend to use "this, that, the other" without ever saying what those refer to. This section isn't making fun of the poem so much as it's making fun of people who try to fake their way through poetry appreciation. If only they had Shmoop to help them!
"But listen," he shouted to the guard, "there's a whole world you don't know anything about ... here how about this?" Desperately he grabbed for the only bit of culture he knew offhand—he hummed the first bar of Beethoven's Fifth.
"Da da da dum! Doesn't that stir anything in you?" (7.97-8)
Culture can hurt people, we know (thanks, Vogon poetry and scrapbooking mania), but can it help at all? Here's Ford trying to convince a young Vogon guard that there's more to life than throwing people out of airlocks. But even Ford can't remember that much culture, so this line of reasoning doesn't work.
"Where's the sense in that?" he said. "None that I've been able to make out. I've been doing fjords in all my life. For a fleeting moment they become fashionable and I get a major award."
He turned it over in his hands with a shrug and tossed it aside carelessly, but not so carelessly that it didn't land on something soft. (30.9-10)
While we might think that Norway is the result of eons of geologic activity—plate tectonics, glaciers, ice ages, melting ice ages—now we learn that it's really just some art project for Slartibartfast. Not only is Norway a work of art, but it's a little bit of art wrapped up in a whole culture: awards and committees (probably) and Billy Crystal hosting awards shows (definitely). Notice that Slarty seems to think the whole award thing is kind of ludicrous, but he still makes sure that the award doesn't get dented.
We don't want to give anything away from the sequel, The Restaurant at the End of the Universe, but we will note how these three questions move from the scientific and philosophical to the purely cultural and sociological—in other words, from questions of survival to questions of cultural sophistication. Seriously, folks: rich idiots eating Antarean parakeet glands on sticks? Culture doesn't seem so great sometimes. |
eLife Episode 56: Vaccines and viral swarms
Impacts of measles vaccination campaigns, brain remodelling and multipartite viruses
26 April 2019
Presented by Chris Smith
Production by Chris Smith.
Planet Earth receiving an injection
How the brain handles sensations from amputated body parts, evidence that government vaccination campaigns to target measles really work, the heel-prick blood test at birth that can detect prematurity, testing the reproducibility of science at the level of a whole nation, and the multipartite viruses the spread as an infectious swarm: scientists show that they replicate different parts of the virus in different cells...
In this episode
An outstretched hand, palm-up
Amputation, brain changes and phantom pain
Daan Wesselink, University of Oxford & UCL
Planet Earth receiving an injection
07:21 - Do measles vaccine campaigns work?
Evidence that government efforts to increase vaccine uptake do affect disease rates...
Do measles vaccine campaigns work?
Prabhat Jha, University of Toronto
Before the 1980s when mass vaccinations began, measles killed nearly 3 million people - most of them children - every year. Where vaccines are rigorously used, the numbers of deaths are now very low. But, in some places, uptake has been more patchy and also the absence of actual data proving that vaccination campaigns save lives have made them harder to implement, particularly in resource-poor settings like India. Speaking with Chris Smith, Prabhat Jha, from the University of Toronto, has used data from a mortality survey in India, called the million death study, which he leads, to compare measles fatality rates in areas of the country with vaccination campaigns and those without…
Prabhat: Do measles campaigns save lives? This was the central question we sought to answer in India where, measles deaths remain quite common. And what we found is that the government of India's national measles campaign avoided something like 50,000 deaths over a three year period. So this study very clearly answers that question, that special efforts to eliminate measles deaths work where measles deaths remain common.
Chris - I must admit Prabhat, when I read your study I was pretty surprised to learn that we don't actually have data supporting doing these sorts of campaigns. It seems a little bit like it's assumed knowledge.
Prabhat - You're right, Chris, that public health has acted on measles without information on whether it actually made a difference. But we know from all sorts of experience, including our kids being immunized against measles in high income countries, that it does save lives. Just the recent controversy and cases that have been reported in the US, where measles immunization has tailed off, is a demonstration of that. But the big picture globally is of deaths from measles in places where it remains common, such as in India or parts of Africa. And importantly, in these settings, most deaths don't occur in the hospital; but rather they occur at home without medical attention. So the million deaths study obtains a random sample of all of the deaths. And in this case we studied in particular 27,000 child deaths from 2005 to 2013.
Chris - And what's the significance of that date window?
Prabhat - The significance is that in around 2009, the government of India launched a special campaign to try to reduce measles deaths, in the states of India where measles was more common. And what we were able to do is to see a reduction in measles deaths in the places where the campaign had started.
Chris - In essence then, if you're looking at a range of different causes of mortality, and you see a reduction in measles, but other things like diarrhea for example remain stable, you can be reasonably sure that the intervention - i.e. the vaccination campaign - has had something to do with that difference.
Prabhat - That's absolutely right Chris. What we did is look at whether the decline was greater in the special states, that campaigns states, and it was - it fell by about 27% measles deaths in those states, versus the non campaign states where it fell 11%.
Chris - So it obviously is achieving what it sets out to do. If you look in more detail, though, at who it's saving and who it's helping, is it across the board? Or are there any exceptions or unusual outcomes from it?
Prabhat - What was welcome news in this study is that the reduction in girls’ mortality from measles was greater than boys’. Now generally, mortality from measles in India is higher in girls than boys. And we also found that particularly in the districts where the campaign was most active was the biggest reduction. So it does suggest that the campaign - which doesn't rely on families bringing their children to a clinic, but rather goes out to the house, finds unvaccinated children or under-vaccinated children, and whacks them with a second dose of measles - was actually quite effective.
Chris - Why do you think this study is actually necessary though? Because could the WHO have not told you that, just look at the data for any country, and if you vaccinate against this disease you get lower mortality rates. It saves lives, this vaccine, therefore it's a good idea; and it doesn't matter which country you live in, you're going to benefit.
Prabhat - There's two reasons why we need direct evidence. The first is that the WHO or model-based estimates are probably overestimating the numbers of actual measles deaths. And the second is local believability. Governments and media, and particularly the public, can be skeptical of sometimes foreign labelled models. They think, “oh well, these are just do-gooders from outside.” And in India, like in the UK or in Canada or the US, there is a strong anti-vax movement. So getting good local data that are generated by the government, rigorously evaluated, and saying, “well, these are your own numbers that are showing that measles vaccine saved lives,” is important for the public discourse. It will change minds, we hope.
Chris - Have you sent your results to Mr. Modi, and said, “well done, have a pat on the back for a campaign well done, now make sure you keep funding it?”
Prabhat - My approach is to always rub the nose of politicians in the data and nothing else. We had co-authors from the Indian government, and they've expressed a strong interest in saying, yes, they would like to think about potentially a measles death elimination effort. The hope is that they will also implement more decentralized simple systems like this to count the dead and describe the causes, and then they can relate it to the amount of spending that is ongoing, and use that mortality surveillance as a way of monitoring the progress. It's good news, and we hope there will be more.
A young baby
14:19 - Heel-prick test for prematurity
Blood samples can be used to determine gestational age...
Heel-prick test for prematurity
Kumanan Wilson, Ottawa Hospital
But first, to childbirth. The average human baby takes 40 weeks to develop from the time of conception to the time of birth. And in developed countries, a dating ultrasound scan, included as part of the antenatal screening process, establishes when the baby’s due. So if an infant arrives early, doctors can tell and look out for appropriate problems accordingly. But in poorer countries, this sort of information may not be available. And under these circumstances, if a baby’s smaller than it should be, is that because it’s premature, or is something else wrong? Previously we had no idea. Now, speaking with Chris Smith, Kumanan Wilson, from Ottawa Hospital, describes his possible solution…
Kumanan - We've developed a blood test that can be done on an infant soon after birth, that can tell us whether that child is premature or not. Premature births are one of the leading causes of death and disability in children around the world, and this is particularly a problem in low resource settings. Expectant mothers don't have access to the type of prenatal care we have in more developed settings, and they don't have access to prenatal ultrasound in particular. So when a child is born, we don't know whether that child is born too soon, or premature, or born on time.
Chris - So how did you actually do the study?
Kumanan - This study is a validation or a further test of something we developed on children born in Ontario. Our first study developed a mathematical model that could look at blood from a prick of the heel of a newborn infant, and could tell you how premature that baby is.
Chris - So when you take the heel prick sample, what do you look for in the blood in order to make that determination of whether that baby was born on time or not?
Kumanan - This blood sample we obtained from the child is what we do in a routine newborn screening program. And in that program we test for a variety of illnesses, such as cystic fibrosis, or thyroid disease, or things like sickle cell disease. For the purposes of the newborn screening program we look at things like amino acids, fatty acids, haemoglobin levels. We've known from past studies that these vary based on the gestational age of a child. What we were interested in finding out was, if we had the patterns of those chemicals, could we do the reverse, could we determine the gestational age of a child? And that's why we were able to successfully do in our Ontario sample of children.
Chris - This is what researchers dub "metabolomics", isn't it? Where we take a combination of markers, and we say, "when you see these markers present at these levels, this can be used to make various predictions".
Kumanan - That's correct. This is a form of metabolomics. In this case we're using a convenient sample of chemicals that we obtain from our newborn screening program. It is possible we can make this test better if we expand and look for chemicals that we aren't routinely collecting.
Chris - Now when you subject the samples to your analysis, how accurate is it? In other words, if you take your gold standard infants that have been ultrasound screened, do you know what their gestational age is when you take the sample? How out is your prediction versus reality?
Kumanan - We are able to predict the gestational age within one week. However the reality is, in the vast majority of our sample, the children were born at term, and birth weight alone would have been adequate to determine the gestational age of those infants. Where the added value of the metabolomics is in children who are small. In children who are born small, there is the risk of misclassifying them as premature, when they may be small for other reasons. For example, they may be sick.
Chris - So this is against a gold standard population of individuals born in a rich country, first world setting. Have you validated it against individuals who were born in the target territory? So third world settings, or resource poor settings. And also, might the levels have a degree less of confidence when you take into account ethnicity?
Kumanan - These are great questions. The first study we did after we developed our test in Ontario was to use our immigrant database to look at different ethnic groups. And we found that within our Ontario cohort, the test performed well amongst the various ethnic groups. The study that was published in the eLife journal then further validated this in a cohort in Bangladesh. This is a cohort that is part of an ongoing study. We were fortunate because they had dating ultrasounds done on all of the infants. And we found that the test we developed in Ontario performed very well in the infants born in Bangladesh. That increases our confidence that this approach can be used in multiple settings, in multiple low-resource settings, and can help us determine both the burden of preterm births, as well as help us evaluate interventions that are designed to reduce preterm birth.
Chris - And is that where you're going next with this then?
Kumanan - The next step is a partnership we have embarked upon with Stanford University to expand this approach to multiple lower-resource settings. In Zambia, Zimbabwe, Kenya, and another site in Bangladesh.
Chris - And to throw you a bit of a curve ball, are there any situations, or are there any diseases, acquired conditions, inborn conditions as well, which can throw your system? So in other words you get data that look promising for the individual, but actually you're being misled?
Kumanan - This is actually one of the questions we want to answer as we move forward. We do wonder if a stressed sick child at birth, that can distort their pattern of chemicals, and that might affect our assessment of gestational age. So that's a very important question for us to answer. We hope to explore that as we examine the samples from these multiple sites.
Brazilian Reproducibility Initiative
20:53 - Science reproducibility in Brazil
A new study is probing the reproducibility of science at the level of the whole country...
Science reproducibility in Brazil
Olavo Amaral, University of Rio de Janeiro
In recent years a number of initiatives have been launched to test the reproducibility of published scientific data. Mostly they’re operating within specific scientific domains, like the cancer reproducibility project we reported on back in 2014. Now, speaking with Chris Smith, Brazilian researcher Olavo Amaral is going a step further and launching a reproducibility initiative that, for the first time, aims to assess performance at the level of his whole country…
Olavo - We're trying to get as much of a representative sample as we can of Brazilian biomedical science. We're from Brazil, and we're interested in how the country is doing, so we're taking a random sample of Brazilian articles from the last 20 years in the life sciences; constrained by method, because of course we have to do things that our lab network can perform, to actually repeat them in multiple labs to see how reproducible the original finding is.
Chris - How many laboratories are going to repeat each of the studies?
Olavo - We've put out an open call for laboratories within Brazil. We currently have more than 70 labs actually engaged in the initiative. The idea would be to have each results replicated in at least three laboratories, so we'll get a feeling of the intra-lab variation.
Chris - So how is this going to lead ultimately to an improvement in standards of science, both in Brazil and also internationally? In other words, what are you going to do with these results once you've got them?
Olavo - Yeah. Well we hope it will. We can promise. But I think I think first of all it's important to talk about the subject. Just actually having the project happening, I think, does make a difference in raising the debate about the problem. We've been having reasonable media exposure in Brazil, so just having a lot of people discussing this I think is already a plus. Once we have the results: one, we can get a better estimate, what is our responsibility? It is hard to compare, because it's not like we have a lot of statistics from other countries, or be like the first country to actually try to do that nationally. But I think we can also try to assess what predicts responsibility, what kind of findings are more reproducible, what findings are less. Are there features of the study of the method of the researcher that count, and can help predict what is reproducible, what is not? And I think that is actually very useful for agencies that fund science, for institutions who develop science, to try to actually have a better way to assess the literature that does not count only impact, how much a paper’s cited, but also what are the chances that this finding should be reproduced in other laboratories.
Chris - Because obviously funding is a sensitive subject in all countries, but it's especially a sensitive subject in Brazil, because recently, hasn't the government passed some kind of legislation suggesting that you're going to be on the same scientific spend annually for the next 20 years?
Olavo - It's only getting worse. We have a cap on public spending for the next 20 years, but we're actually getting cut. The funding for the Ministry of Science and Technology has just been cut around 40% a few weeks ago. Funding is about a third of what it was some years ago. So I mean, it's really unpredictable in terms of how it's going, and to us it is a very sensitive issue. On the other hand, I think it raises the question that we have to spend as wisely as possible. So I think it's important to study ways to better direct this funding.
Chris - And when's the study going to report? When are you aiming to be finished by?
Olavo - Probably in 2021. We're starting experiments in the second half of the year. There is a lot of labs, so they'll have different rhythms. Each lab is supposed to do between three and six experiments. I suppose that will happen over the course of a year, maybe, and it will probably be late, perhaps early 2021.
Chris - And given the parlous political and funding situation in Brazil at the moment, is this a securely funded initiative? As in, you're not going to get halfway through this, and then half the labs get their funding pulled, and the project never gets finished?.
Olavo - We actually have private funding for this. We're funded by the Serrapilheira Institute, which is a private funder which aims to fund science in Brazil. We do have the money already. We are not exactly sure how many experiments we can do with it, because I mean we still have to figure out some logistics and some costs, but we were pretty sure that we can do at least 60 experiments in three different labs Our aim is to get to 100. We'll have to see if our budget goes that far.
Multipartite virus replicating different components in different cells
25:21 - Viruses that spread in swarms
Signs that multipartite viruses independently replicate different viral components in different cells
Viruses that spread in swarms
Stephane Blanc, University of Montpellier
The majority of viruses that we encounter consist of a single particle that contains all of the genetic information required to stage an infection successfully. But that’s not true of all viruses, especially some of those that crop up in plants, and Chris Smith hears about one such "multipartite virus" - faba bean necrotic stunt virus - that replicates different bits of the virus in different cells from the University of Montpellier's Stephane Blanc...
Stephane - These viruses are called tripartite, which means that each piece of information is packaged separately in a distinct virus particle. So what you call the virus is in fact a small population of virus particles. The whole information is never contained in a single virus particle for these viruses.
Chris - That’s Stephane Blanc and, yes, you heard that correctly - the virus he studies - called “Faba bean necrotic stunt virus” - effectively operates as an infectious “swarm” where different viral particles contain different genetic elements and they have to share the resources that each encodes and produces to enable all of the viral particles to replicate and sustain the population as a whole. Obviously this comes at a cost…
Stephane - Theoretical studies concluded that if the virus has more than three or four pieces for the genome information - and the virus we work with has actually eight - and they concluded that these viruses should not evolve. This should not work. So that was the basis of our whole program, that we work with a virus that should not exist.
Chris - Indeed, if you’re relying on gene products from another viral component that might not even be in the same cell as you, that doesn’t sound like a recipe for success, does it.
Stephane - This conclusion that it should not exist is based on a strong assumption: that all the pieces must be together within a cell for the system to work. So we decided to just verify this. Are all the pieces together in an individual cell. Or is this just a sort of dogma that may not be true in our case? We decided to localize each individual piece in an infected host. And for this, because each piece of the genome has a different sequence, we can make probes that are specific for one piece. Those probes can be fluorescent with different colors. And then we can see whether the colors are always together, or whether the colors are separate; which would mean that the different pieces do not need to be together.
Chris - But this virus is split up into 8 distinct, independently-replicating pieces, and with present technology it’s not easy to look for all 8 at the same time. So Stephane’s solution has been to look for pairs of genome components that are present in the same cell to work out how likely it would be statistically to end up with all 8 pieces in one cell at the once.
Stephane - If one piece of genome is together with another piece of genome in, let's say, 30% of the cases; and that this other piece of genome you can show in another experiment that is present with, again, another piece of genome in 30% of the cases; then you can calculate the probability to find a cell with all 8 segments. So this is a statistical inference. And this type of estimation predicts that we probably have 1% of the infected cell that may contain all eight segments. So they are extremely rare.
Chris - In fact, they’re far too rare to sustain the population. And it’s not just a copy-number effect where the team are seeing cells with a detectable amount of just a couple of genome segments at one point in time: they’ve followed the infection for hours in these cells and never seen other genome segment signatures develop later.
Stephane - All the cells contain some piece of the genome. And these pieces of information, although they are not with all the pieces, they are replicated. So it means that in those cells where the genome is not complete, the genetic information is replicated. So the replication cycle occurs even in cells where the genome is not complete. And that's the discovery.
Chris - So a cell infected with just part of the virus can nonetheless still replicate that component. But this would require components made by bits of the virus that the cell doesn’t actually have! So how does it do it?
Stephane - What we call the piece of information of the genome. They are genes that produce something that the virus needs to build baby viruses. So in different cells, different pieces of information produce this material. and it must be exchanged in between the cell. So that's what we believe, that the virus, one piece of information is sending away its product to complement the other pieces of information in other cells. And for this, either the virus is opening gates, communication between cells so that it can exchange product between cells containing different pieces of information; or the virus uses natural cell-to-cell communication of the host. This we don't know yet. We have to investigate the details of the mechanism in the future.
Chris - So there's still work to do to establish how the population of infected cells are networked together to share resources in this way. There's also the obvious question of why does this virus do this at all.
Stephane - Many viruses are in just one piece. So these are the canonical view we have on viruses, derived from the canonical viruses, which are in one piece. No-one clearly understands why these viruses in several pieces actually do it. But our contribution is that before our contribution, people in the community were wondering, how is this possible, right. Because they cannot efficiently bring all pieces together in an individual cell. We show that they don't have to do it and that the system can function. So what we address is more that the cost of doing that is not so high. But we do not address that benefit. So the benefit remains a mystery.
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Cardigan Welsh Corgi
Cardigan Welsh Corgi
This article also relates to: Pembroke Welsh Corgi
The Welsh Corgi originates from...
Thought to have been introduced to Wales along with the migrating European Celts, little is known of the breed's early origin although evidence suggests that the Welsh Corgi dates back as far as 1200. Separated from the Pembroke Corgi by the Kennel Club in 1934 in order to preserve the existence of the Cardigan Corgi, these two varieties of breed were imported to the United States by Mrs. Robert Bole of Boston, Massachusetts in 1931. In the years since, the Corgi has become one of the most recognised breeds, progressively popular as a house pet although still utilised in cattle droving in some parts of the world, aligning it with its ancient heritage.
The Welsh Corgi is characterised by...
Within the 'pastoral' branch of canines, both varieties of Corgi are traditional working breeds, adept at herding and retrieving. They are easily identifiable for their low to the ground, disproportionate bodies, possessing short legs, a wide skull, high-set ears and a short coat, common in colour variations of sable, tan, black, red and fawn. The Cardigan Corgi allows for more variation than the Pembroke, and all colour deviations are permissible, providing white is not dominant. Perhaps the most obvious difference between the two Welsh breeds relates to its tail, or lack of tail, as is the case with the Pembroke. The Cardigan boasts a long tail, whereas the Pembroke's tail lacks length, being often described as a 'bobtail.'
The average Welsh Corgi...
Whilst the Pembroke variation is often thought to be more highly-strung than its the cousin, such is not a fair assessment across the entire breed. Both can be stubborn in their independence, whilst equally capable of demonstrating obedience and sensibility. Due to their inherent love of people, which is demonstrated through their affectionate manner, the Welsh Corgi is the ideal breed choice for families or the dedicated sole owner. Vigilant to change and threat, the breed also proves an efficient watch dog. On average, a healthy Welsh Corgi will weigh 10-12 kg, with a life expectancy of 12-15 years when shown appropriate care, although it is not uncommon for a Corgi to outlive this expectancy.
Due to its characteristically long spinal column and short ribcage, the Welsh Corgi is susceptible to back complaints. Additionally, glaucoma is often associated with the breed. Because of its reduced proportions, the Corgi gains weight easily so feeding human foods is not encouraged; not only can weight gain be detrimental to the general well-being and activity of the dog, but it adds pressure to the fragile spinal column.
Our Cardigan Welsh Corgi owners have uploaded 55 photos
Our Cardigan Welsh Corgi owners' thoughts
Added on 26/01/2015
Joined 17/12/2014
From United Kingdom
Very friendly and energetic. Absolutely great dogs!
Added on 22/03/2019
Joined 22/03/2019
From United Kingdom
The Corgis are very intelligent dogs, they do not bark all the time. They are loving and fun to play with. They are like having a large dog just with short legs. They can walk forever. They are very attractive dogs, both the boys and girls alike. They are very well behaved in the main, although, like all dogs could eat whatever food is available. |
How Many Things by Season Season’d Are
Jackson, Sue (2009-10)
The original publication is available at
People born between June and September in the southern hemisphere are more likely to suffer from schizophrenia than those born in other months; a quarter of the entire genome of Arabidopsis thaliana (a cress plant) is devoted to sensing and responding to environmental changes; and human basal metabolic rate drops to 40% of normal values during starvation. These are some of the many remarkable facts that I learned while reading this book, which successfully unites wideranging discussions of plant phenology, animal behaviour and evolutionary physiology; the seasonality of human disorders as diverse as malaria and seasonal affective disorder; and the timing of crime and of human reproductive rhythms—all in the context of climate change. This is the second book by the neurobiologist/ science writer team that produced a wellreceived description of circadian rhythms, Rhythms of Life, in 2004. Seasons of Life takes a wider perspective, addressing organisms’ anticipation of and responses to the environmental changes that follow seasonal rather than daily rhythms.Many biologists will share the authors’ concluding wish for a better understanding of biological rhythms, in the hope that this might improve our chances of slowing down the accelerating extinction rate resulting from climate change.
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Topics about "Scraping" No.1
What is "Scraping"?
Scraping is work in which the surface of a casting is cut away with a chisel-shaped tool known as a scraper. Scraping is preformed on sliding surfaces (the parts of tables or columns that move), surfaces where two objects contact each other, and tables or pallets. The amount that is trimmed off by each movement of the scraper is around 1-3µm and therefore it is possible to create any desired shape or form. Skilled workers can realize degrees of flatness, squareness and straightness not possible with machines.
Why is "Scraping" Required?
The simple answer is "You cannot make a better child than the parent".
For example, if Machine A is able to achieve a flat surface for Machine B with a flatness of 10µm, objects processed by Machine B will not be more precise than 10µm.. However, scraping can enable Machine B to be more precise than Machine A through corrective measures done by solely by hand. Mitsui Seiki s corporate an ideal lies in this concept called "monozukuri" manufacturing.
The Basis of Scraping is "Rubbing"
When scraping, the flat plate known as the "rubbing jig" is set as a standard and is made using the "Three-surface Rubbing" technique The surface produced by scraping will have minute irregularities with high parts and low parts. By painting vermillion onto the surface and rubbing the Rubbing Jig over the surface, the vermillion on the areas that stick up will be rubbed off. Where the vermillion has rubbed off, the he scraper is used once again to trim the excess sections. Flat surfaces are created by continuously repeating the process of painting vermillion and rubbing the jib.
How Can We Make a Flat Surface? - "Three-surface Rubbing"
Making a flat surface is fundamental to scraping. Here we explain how scraping is used to make a flat surface using the "Three-surface Rubbing" technique.
As the name makes apparent, three surfaces are involved in this process. But, why three surfaces?
For example, take the case where scraping has been used to make three flat surfaces in the forms shown in Diagram 1.
As shown in Diagram 2, plates "1" and "2" and plates "2" and "3" each match surfaces are a perfect fit. On one hand, if plates "1" and "3" do not match, this entails that one or more of the surfaces are not flat. On the other hand, if plates "1" and "3" do match, then all three surfaces are flat. As seen with this example, all three combinations must be successful to prove whether the surfaces are flat or not. |
What Vaccines do I Need?
There is no single international list of recommended vaccines for a particular country - there is some variation between the recommendations of international agencies (World Health Organisation, U.S. Centres for Disease Control and national governments). The relevant Irish government agency (the Health Protection Surveillance Centre) does not produce a country-by-country vaccine recommendation list. The nearest jurisdiction that does this is Scotland (through Health Protection Scotland).
The recommendations we are providing on this website represent a consensus of international agency recommendations (particularly Health Protection Scotland), our own professional experience and our desire to strike a balance between wanting to protect you against as many diseases as possible on the one hand and not, on the other hand, wanting to expose you to unnecessary expense and vaccine side-effects.
1. Travel vaccines for a particular country can be categorised as being
1. mandatory (legally required for entry into a country)
2. recommended
3. optional (the disease is present in the country but is the risk presented by it is statistically low in many cases).
2. Usually, the only vaccines that are mandatory are Yellow Fever (sometimes - see below) and Meningitis (for pilgrims going to Mecca in Saudi Arabia at the time of the Hajj/Umrah pilgrimage). During 2014, proof of Polio vaccination became an exit requirement for long-stay travellers to some countries (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Pakistan).
3. Yellow Fever: the issue of whether one needs to be vaccinated against Yellow Fever can cause a lot of confusion. The disease occurs only in Latin America and Africa (not Asia). Do you need to be vaccinated against it? Often, yes, but not always. Two factors will determine if you need to be vaccinated or not:
1. do you need to be protected against the disease and
2. will you be asked by immigration officials at your destination country to prove that you have been vaccinated?
In some cases, although Yellow Fever occurs in a country, large parts of the country may not be affected. If vaccination is not mandatory from an immigration point of view and you are travelling to a non-infected part of the country and not travelling to a neighbouring country that is infected, you will not need to be vaccinated.
More information on country-specific requirements for Yellow Fever can be found by clicking the 'Country list' link on this World Health Organisation webpage: http://www.who.int/ith/en/ and then scrolling down to the relevant country.
Vaccines | Malaria | Travel Health | Travel Doctor | Vaccinations | Travel Medicine | Vaccinations for Thailand | South East Asia | Vaccines for India | Travelling to China? | Vaccines Australia | Going to South America? | Travel Vaccinations | Coronavirus Antibody Test | Coronavirus Swab Test | Express Coronavirus Testing |
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From Wikipedia:
Alexis Soyer
Alexis Benoît Soyer was a French chef who became the most celebrated cook in Victorian England. He also tried to alleviate suffering of the Irish poor in the Great Irish Famine, and contributed a penny for the relief of the poor for every copy sold of his pamphlet The Poor Man's Regenerator. He worked to improve the food provided to British soldiers in the Crimean War. A variant of the field stove he invented at that time, known as the "Soyer stove",... Read More
BornAlexis Benoist Soyer
4 February 1810
Meaux-en-Brie, France
Died5 August 1858 (aged 48)
London, England
Occupationchef, author, inventor
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Bitcoin is known for the various phenomena that occur within its existence: from bitcoin forks to bitcoin halving cycles, CrossTower has you covered!
Bitcoin Halving is the reduction of the reward for mining a new block—in the maintenance of the blockchain network—by half. This occurs when a predetermined number of blocks have been found. Halving, which limits the number of bitcoin in circulation, serves to curb inflation and often results in a change in bitcoin’s value. This process will continue to recur until the maximum number of bitcoins have been distributed: 21,000,000.
Why Does Bitcoin Halving Happen?
Halving happens because bitcoin operates on a Proof-of-Work consensus mechanism – bitcoin must be mined in order for the network to operate.
Bitcoin Mining
Mining is the process by which individuals (or organizations) with strong computing power–and a lot of time and energy–solve complex equations that prove to the network that they are processing transactions.
In exchange for their efforts, miners receive a block reward, which incentivizes them to continue the maintenance of the blockchain. If the reward were to remain constant, the number of bitcoin in circulation would increase beyond a scalable capacity and ultimately render the currency useless. Halving is a feature that ensures the introduction of new currency into circulation without flooding the system at large.
How Many Bitcoin Exist?
There is a finite supply of twenty-one million bitcoin, between that which is currently traded on the blockchain and that which has not yet been mined. While the number in circulation constantly increases as more crypto is mined, more than eighteen million have been released by the third bitcoin halving cycle and under three million bitcoin remain undiscovered.
What is a Block Reward?
The reward for each mined block is a Block Reward, which is reduced by half every 210,000 blocks that are mined, as illustrated in the following table:
Illustrates the dates of each halving cycle and the reduction of the reward for mining bitcoin.
Because the reward is reduced each halving cycle, there is less incentive for miners to continue. This is because their expensive operation in the maintenance of the blockchain reaps lower rewards. This, in part, is responsible for sharp increases in value that has been observed soon after halving cycles.
When Does Bitcoin Halving Occur and What is the Effect on Value?
Since 2009, the block reward has been halved three times from 50 to 6.25 bitcoins per block. This procedure will continue for approximately 120 years until miners are no longer rewarded with bitcoin. Miners instead will receive a portion of the fees for processing transactions. The most recent halving event was in May 2020 and the next event is expected in 2024.
Essentially, the theory is that when the reward is halved, the effect on inflation is similarly halved. This results in a lower supply available, which in combination with the increase in demand, results in a higher price. In short, halving does not itself increase the price as a mechanism of securing the network. Although, the event has generally correlated with a steep increase in value.
Bitcoin halving is a critical event and it is important for its stakeholders. It is vital for traders, miners, investors, and various other users to understand the mechanism. This is because its introduction to the economy differs greatly from that of traditional currency. This knowledge is essential for cryptocurrency owners, particularly when deciding what to do with their coins as a cycle closes.
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Nov 8, 2017 in Sociology
Type of assignment
Writer level
Number of pages
First order only
Sociological perspectives such as structural functionalism, conflict theory, and interactionism have been applied to the war on terrorism (Mooney et al., 2012).
Structural Functionalist Perspective
Focuses on the functions that suggest that war should not exist unless its impact can be characterized as positive force. War against terrorism has been consolidated among small autonomous groups into larger political states. It also produces unity as well as cohesion among societal members by giving them a “common cause” and “a common enemy”. For instance, in America, societies have been consolidated for a common cause to fight against terrorism like the show of patriotism to their country (Mooney et al., 2012).
Symbolic Interactionism Perspective
Focuses on how meaning and various definitions are interrelated with the attitudes and behaviors concerning war and its conflicts. Consequently, it embraces the development of opinions and attitudes that uphold war on terrorism. This social perspective explains how military as well as civilians develop a mind set for war on terrorism by defining terrorism and its consequences (Mooney et al., 2012).
Many governments and military officials convince the public that the only way to ensure peace is to be prepared for the war on terrorism. For instance, in the American society, patriotism is the popular sentiment which the citizens should be prepared to have during times of war against terrorism. Governments use propaganda as well as appeals to patriotism so as to generate support for war efforts and motivate individuals to join armed forces in order to boost the war on terrorism (Mooney et al., 2012).
Conflict Theory Perspective
Stresses that the society is composed of groups competing with each other for scarce resources. For instance, terrorism competes with the society for such resources as well as has a negative impact on it. As a result, governments consolidate their military forces to fight against terrorism in order to protect and maintain control over the natural resources of a nation or society (Leming, 1989).
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Quick Answer: What Were Some Causes Of A High Mortality Rate?
How many people died in the US from the flu in 2019?
What is the mortality rate of a disease?
What causes all mortality?
What risk factors can exercise reduce?
Regular physical activity helps improve your overall health, fitness, and quality of life. It also helps reduce your risk of chronic conditions like type 2 diabetes, heart disease, many types of cancer, depression and anxiety, and dementia.
What are 5 common health risk factors?
What disease kills the fastest?
Flesh Eating Bug. This bug can quickly sweep through the body eating the body’s soft tissue. … Cholera. This is an intestinal disease caused by eating contaminated water or food and can kill anyone within hours. … Enterovirus D68. … Bubonic Plague. … Ebola. … Dengue Fever.
Which disease has no cure?
What has killed the most humans in history?
What is the cause of high mortality rate?
There are six dominant causes of deaths in this age category. The leading causes globally in 5-14 year olds are road accidents, cancers and malaria. Lower respiratory infections, HIV/AIDS, diarrheal diseases, and drowning are all dominant causes typically in the range of 40,000-50,000 deaths in 2017.
What is the greatest risk factor for all cause mortality?
The leading global risks for mortality in the world are high blood pressure (responsible for 13% of deaths globally), tobacco use (9%), high blood glu- cose (6%), physical inactivity (6%), and overweight and obesity (5%).
Which disease has the highest mortality rate?
What does mortality rate indicate?
Mortality rate. A mortality rate is a measure of the frequency of occurrence of death in a defined population during a specified interval. Morbidity and mortality measures are often the same mathematically; it’s just a matter of what you choose to measure, illness or death. |
Birds are Disappearing
You have probably heard from one of many news sources, like the NY Times and the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, that birds are vanishing. Somewhere between 25 and 30% of all birds in North America have disappeared since 1970. That’s about three billion breeding birds. I have heard estimates of up to 40%.
It’s devastating news, but not new. Ornithologists have been tracking this decline for years. Having been an active ornithologist over that period, I noticed local declines of birds. Yellow-headed Blackbirds, Burrowing Owls, Western Meadowlarks, Horned Larks, and even House Sparrows, are rare in my area. House Sparrows, those ubiquitous pests, almost gone? Incredible. Why?
There are a number of culprits we can place the blame on – windows, cats, wind farms, microwave towers, cars, pollution, you name it. But the research reports indicate that habitat loss and pesticides are the biggest problems. And certainly climate change. Grassland birds showed the biggest decline, probably because that’s where most development takes place. It’s easier to plow up a grassland and pave it than to do so to a forest. Waterfowl actually showed an increase and I suspect that’s because they nest in relatively undisturbed regions in the far north and migrate south to marshes that remain untouched by developers.
It’s appalling to realize that birds are declining at such a precipitous rate – birds that eat insects, pollinate plants, disperse seeds, and make our life richer. They are essential parts of our ecosystems, and at least as important, they are ecological indicators. Like the canary in the coal mine that warned miners about dangerous gases building up, changes in the avifauna indicate that something is up in the ecosystem and it’s not good. If birds are disappearing, what about plants, frogs, mice, deer, fish, snakes, insects and other invertebrates?
As we destroy habitat and replace it with houses, mini-malls, and gas stations, we are not only eliminating the lives of plants and animals, but we are making our world more sterile and less healthy. Forests and grasslands clean and cool our air and filter our water. To protect the land, we need to protect birds.
Because birds are of the most interest in anyone who cares for the outdoors, birds can lead the way to protecting the environment. But even the most enthusiastic bird watching groups, even those with substantial financial resources, cannot stop the unrelenting demand for more houses, more schools, more roads, and more yogurt shops.
In 1970 the population of the United States stood at about 200 million people. Today is it 329 million. In 40 years, 30 percent more people, 30 percent fewer birds. Makes sense, but it’s terrifying.
2 thoughts on “Birds are Disappearing
1. Is the radiation affecting the birds? There’s no evidence for that. They might fly into a tower, but natural radiation from the sun puts out 33 times as much as a 5G tower. Even your microwave puts out twice as much. Nope, birds are disappearing due to climate change and habitat destruction, mostly.
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Your Passwords Are Only As Secure As Your Teams
One of the top tips for password creation is to make a complex password with a combination of letters, numbers, and symbols that would be difficult to guess. However, the most secure password doesn't stand a chance if anyone on your team falls prey to something called social engineering. There are several social engineering tactics that fool employees into giving out sensitive company information, including passwords to your business's most important assets.
What is Social Engineering, Exactly?
With this tactic, fraudsters use psychology against their targets to gain access to information or physical spaces. In opposition to hacking, it uses actual interaction rather than technical skill to get access to the desired information. One might simply call it manipulation or trickery. Scammers usually use either a threat or some kind of reward to trick people into giving them what they want.
Types of Social Engineering
The phishing scheme has been around since the beginning of the internet. Phishers send out e-mails that appear to be from a legitimate institution, like your bank or even your employer. They try to appear trustworthy - using the same branding.& graphics as the business they are trying to copy. They use this trust to try to get you to give them information like passwords or essential data. Sometimes, phishing attempts try to get users to click a link or download a file that will then install a virus. However, many times they just try to get the user to tell them the information.
The word phishing sounds just like fishing, because that's basically what it is. Hackers put out thousands of lines and see who bites.
Spear Phishing
Spear phishing is basically the same as phishing. However, in regular phishing, hackers send out thousands of untargeted e-mails. Even if just a few people bite, they may still get a big payout. With spear phishing, hackers heavily research one targeted victim, usually an executive or someone with a high profile.
Vishing brings together the words "voice" and "phishing." It is a phishing attempt that happens via a phone call. One common example these days is a call from the "IRS" stating that you're in big trouble in the taxes department. Then they ask for your social security number. However, there are many different types of vishing calls one may receive.
Put together "SMS" and "phishing" and you've got smishing. It is a phishing attempt performed via text message. Scammers use similar tactics as they do in e-mail and voice attempts. They may send a link to the victim's phone to receive a prize, or track a fake package. When the user clicks on the link, they may be brought to a page that asks them to put in sensitive information or simply a payment method that will then be charged.
In Person Attempts
Most of these types of attacks are performed online these days. However, they can also be done in person. It may be as simple as someone holding a heavy package asking you to hold the door for them to gain access to a restricted space. Most people have been taught to be nice and hold doors for people holding heavy objects, and these social engineers exploit that quality. In-person social engineers may also try to impersonate someone trustworthy, going as far as getting the right uniform or badge, and doing a lot of research to sound like they are who they say they are.
How to Help Employees Avoid Social Engineering
This all sounds scary, right? Con artists are very skilled at gaining access to information, and there are so many attempts performed daily. Luckily, there are ways to reduce the likelihood of a social engineering attack exposing your passwords and company data.
In-Person Training
You can bring a trainer into the office for a day of education. This type of class will teach your teams what to look for to verify that messages, calls, and e-mails are from who they say they are. They will also teach employees what type of information they should never give out. Social engineering training may also give your colleagues an idea of what an in-person attempt might look like.
Online Classes
Online training reaches the same goal as in-person, except employees can do it on their own time. It doesn't take away a whole day from the business, and workers can break it up into smaller chunks to absorb the information in a way that best suits their learning style.
After training, an important component of social engineering training is testing. You can hire a specialist to send out e-mails, messages, or phone calls to employees to see if they have absorbed the lessons. Once the testing is complete, the specialist will go over the results with you and your team, and see where the weak points are, to help avoid the same mistakes in the future when a real attempt occurs.
Why It's Worth It?
This type of hack has led to some expensive mistakes. In 2016, Hillary Clinton's e-mail account famously got exposed through a spear phishing scheme performed on John Podesta, the campaign's chairman. More recently, Twitter had a huge breach in which someone took over several high profile accounts, including those belonging to Elon Musk & Joe Biden, to send messages to get people to send them Bitcoin. It was revealed that this breach happened because access to Twitter's "God mode" was gained through social engineering.
The average cost of a successful phishing attack on a small business is over $50,000. Nearly 1% of all e-mails sent are phishing attempts. As these attempts get more sophisticated, more and more of them break past spam filters, exposing your employees to scammers no matter how secure they make their passwords. Using a secure password manager like Team Password is just one way to reduce risk of a breach. Make sure to also inform your teams about social engineering so your information stays safer.
Are You Protecting your Passwords and your Team?
TeamPassword is here to protect and defend you from these types of cyber attacks. Our simple, secure password manager, designed from the ground up with security and best in-class encryption in mind can protect your company from data breaches and your passwords from hackers. For training and other cybersecurity needs, check out our partner
Get TeamPassword today! Try our free 14-day trial. |
Purple Gallinule (Porphyrio martinicus)
Purple Gallinules are some of the most brightly colored birds that you can see walking in Costa Rica. Indeed while they can also fly, they more commonly wade in shallow waters and in dense grass plains, looking for prey. I have seen them in Palo Verde in big numbers, and spotted individuals in Rio Frio, where they join chickens and forage in the backyards of houses; indeed I was able to see two adults rearing four young hatchlings, which were still covered in black fluffy hairs, getting along with the chickens just fine. The underside and head is entirely purple with a metallic look, showing a small light blue patch on the forehead. The beak is mostly bright red, with a yellow tip. The upperparts show blue to olive green hues, particularly on the wings. The yellow legs are long, letting them to wade in shallow edges of lagoons without having to swim.
Red-ruffed Fruitcrow (Pyroderus-scutatus)
Phelps’ Brush-Finch (Arremon perijanus)
The Phelps’ Brush-Finch is part of the Arremon genus, which has a variety of species that distribute through all South America, a few of which occur in Costa Rica. They are small birds that hop in the ground and forage by snatching worms and insects from their hides. Its back and wings are olive in coloration, with gray flanks that join with the supercilliary. It has black cheeks and a black line above the supercilliary, with a gray line that goes through the center of the head, and those features give it a striped look. It has a white throat and chest. Their eyes are reddish-brown.
Chestnut-headed Oropendola (Psarocolius wagleri)
In Costa Rica, there are three species of Oropendola, which as can be assumed are pretty similar. The biggest one is the Montezuma Oropendola, which is differentiated from the other too by black eyes, distal half of the beak is orange, and white skin on it’s face. The Crested Oropendola is very similar to the Chestnut-headed, however is bigger and has black head instead of chestnut. Both have pale bill and blue eyes, and all three species have yellow feathers on their tail. Another distinguishing characteristics is their range: The Crested has a very limited range near the border with Panama, while the other two can be found in the Caribbean (with the Montezuma being the most abundant). The Chestnut-headed can be found on the southern pacific, while the Montezuma can be found in Central Valley and northern pacific.
The following pictures were taken at Laguna del Lagarto Lodge, Boca Tapada during a Birdwatching tour with Fundación Rapaces de Costa Rica, on November 25th and 26th, 2017. It is more common to see the Montezuma come to the feeders, but this individual did come at least twice.
Chestnut-headed Oropendola - Psarocoglius wagleri - Oropendola Cabecicastaña (4)
The bill seems to extend upwards into the nape. It’s pale color contrasts nicely with an otherwise dark looking body
Scarlet Tanager (Piranga olivacea)
The Scarlet Tanager is a passage migrant with vibrant colors that can be seen virtually all around the country, from September to November when it goes to the south, and then from March to May on its way back to North America. The male in breeding plumage has a red body, while the non-breeding male and the female have yellowish body. In all plumages, this species is differentiated from the Summer Tanager (another migrant) by the black wings, while the Summer Tanager is either entirely red or yellowish depending on sex. Both species are very similar and can be difficult to identify to the untrained eye.
Scarlet Tanager, Female - Piranga olivacea - Tangara Escarlata, Hembra (1)
Close up portrait of a female perched on a small branch. The black wings are a definite mark to differentiate against the Summer Tanager
Birds of Canada
Birds were not high in our agenda during the workshop in 2017, but nevertheless we saw some in the area of Banff. From the very common American Crow, to the iconic Clark’s nutcracker, we had variety to see even during autumn, when most migratory birds have already left. And a true birder will always be on the lookout for birds, even if that’s not the main purpose for the trip. Both Banff River and Vermilion Lakes functioned as the oasis where most of the birds inhabited.
Upper Kananaskis and Herbert Lakes
Kananaskis is a great area between Banff and Canmore, full of scenery and wildlife. Originally, we came in search of potential bear and elk sightings, but no one appeared during our stay. We then reached Upper Kananaskis Lake, and set out for a few pictures of the view, which is amazing. Then we drove to see Castle Mountain, again with Bow River at the foreground. Finally we ended the day at Herbert Lake, where we saw a group of Lesser Scaup, a bird species that feeds by diving into the water. The lake is surrounded by pine forest, bushes that turn to red during autumn, and has a lot of dead logs, either partially or completely submerged into the water, which helps to use lines in our compositions.
Two Jack and Minnewanka Lakes
Two Jack is a small lake, connected with Minnewanka Lake, which is way bigger. Both provide campsites for people to spend the day or night around the lake. The two lakes are situated very close to Banff Town, so our very first sunrise shoot took place in these two lakes.
Sulphur Mountain Gondola
I’ll say it straight: The smell can be as bad as its name suggests, but that does not deter a true nature photographer from admiring its beauty. I would even say the bad smell is part of the beauty of this place, something we could not find anywhere else. One could even think a volcano is nearby! But again as in Johnston Canyon, this is a place of superlatives, but also of little details that deserve contemplation. And I made sure to put those small things on the forefront.
Now, to get to the viewpoint, we had to take a Gondola that elevated us a further 2900 feet (according to the official page), that’s 884 meters. I have vertigo, so usually I can’t glimpse from buildings taller than 3 stories without feeling that I am on the verge of falling. But I feared not and just jumped on it. Another step towards conquering my fear of heights has been accomplished. Once there… I’ll let the pictures tell the story.
Black-headed Trogon (Trogon melanocephalus)
Another trogon species with yellow belly, this is distinguished by the fact that both the male and female have black coloration, although the female is much duller. The tail pattern is helpful to distinguish between this and the similar Gartered Trogon, which may be found in similar areas.
The female has duller chest and head, and a white eye-ring. This one had its beak open, presumably to cool off in the heat |
Training children in 360° content creation
An essential part of scaffolding digital learning when using emerging technology in schools is the provision of developmentally appropriate training on using platforms to meet learning objectives. While there is a lot of talk about generations Y and Z being digital natives, there is great variability in the capability of children and young people in using digital tools for learning, especially when it is comes to creating rather than consuming products.
Throughout the Athelstone School project we have thought carefully about training and supporting primary school aged students (11 – 12years) in using the 360° VRTY platform or content creation. In 2019 we did a pilot study using VRTY with Year 5 students which helped us hone the training approach. In this phase of the study student training was conducted via teleconference and lasted 40 minutes. VRTY personnel delivered the training, while the teachers and researcher were on hand to assist. This initial training involved a general introduction to using the platform to create virtual worlds in screen mode. We used a ‘sticky note’ exercise to evaluate the training where students writing down their comments on a post-it note about the training so that we could gauge the class’s training experience. This exercise revealed most students enjoyed the training but that some found it challenging as the examples below show.
Some student feedback from the first training exercise.
In 2020, we expanded the training and support approach to include an additional teleconference session on how to save and share virtual content with others in screen and immersive modes. VRTY designed a special handbook for students on this step-by-step process. This handbook was printed out and put on each desk for easy referral. This supplemented to in-platform tutorials and information, providing an option for students who might prefer more conventional reference material to support learning. This in-class training was undertaken via conference which we already had practice with before the necessity of conducting such sessions due to COVID restrictions.
Training in action from the student perspective.
One of the learning objectives for the unit of work was that students could use the on-desk training handbook effectively for assistance to trouble-shoot issues as they arose. The evaluation indicated that all students met this learning objective.
Our experience shows that primary school students may need different training and resource approaches to build confidence and scaffolding them towards competence in using 360° content creation tools. The training response included provision of in-platform instructions and tutorials with a back-up paper-based manual available on student desks. Once confidence was developed, students played and learnt through this process too. Multi-pronged training approaches coupled with practice and play makes perfect.
Training in progress 21st century style.
This post bought to you by A/Prof Erica Southgate, the VRTY team Kingston Lee-Young and Sarah Lee and the teachers of Athelstone School.
Lesson 1
• Allow time to work on their world.
Lesson 2
Lesson 3
Lesson 4
Lesson 5
Australian Curriculum Achievement Standards
Success criteria
Can student import a 360 degree image correctly.
Can student import an information marker and use effectively.
Student can import a portal marker and use effectively.
Student can use directional language appropriately to navigate through the scene.
Was able to work collaboratively in pairs or small groups.
Used the student handbook effectively for assistance if required.
Investigating with ICT
Creating with ICT
Communicating with ICT
Inquiring – identifying, exploring and organising information and ideas
Generating ideas, possibilities and actions
Social management
VR safety and hygiene protocol for the Athelstone School Study
Potential riskMitigation strategy
Here is the teacher safety and hygiene classroom procedure:
Until next time, stay safe.
A/Prof Erica Southgate
Cover photo by cottonbro from Pexels
Conceptions of VR + signature pedagogies = learning fit
Using VRTY for language learning
Using VRTY 360° in education has the potential to
• Increase student engagement;
• Facilitate higher order thinking and collaboration;
New study on 360° VR for primary school language learning
learning narratives for themselves and their peers.”
Immerse + Imagine with James Calvert
Could you tell us about your professional background James?
When did you first get interested in VR and why?
2Landscape Phone
How do you currently use VR?
What are your thoughts on VR and the creative process?
7. Easy to manage school and student account arrangements.
Feature image: Screenshot from
What can virtual reality do for learning?
In 1962, Morton Heilig, a cinematographer and inventor, produced a prototype machine called the Sensorama Simulator (pictured above). It was a machine that played 3D films enhanced by stereo sound and effects such as a fan-generated breeze and a series of chemical scents emitted from vents. In the Sensorama you could feel like you were really riding a motorcycle! While the Sensorama did not make it past the prototype stage, it laid the foundations for some important thinking on what simulating reality (and creating new realities) might involve. This included the potential for technology to transport a person into another realm, elicit powerful feelings of ‘being there’ in that virtual environment, and allowing people to experience things that they might not be able to do in real life. These are some of the affordances of virtual environments.
Affordance is a tricky term because it can mean both how people use the properties of a technology for a particular purpose and how the actual properties of a technology allow for a range of uses (Hammond, 2010). So what are some of the affordances of 3D virtual environments that can make it a valuable learning tool? These include:
• Allowing learners to enhance their knowledge of an environment or object through spatial interaction or manipulation in a fully-realised 3D way (Dalgarno and Lee, 2010). An example of this would be rotating a virtual human cell and resizing it to get a better or more detailed view of its specific structures and how these relate to each other. You might also put a simulation of a human cell beside a plant cell and interact and manipulate with these for comparative purposes.
• Facilitating experiential learning for tasks or activities that are impractical, impossible or unsafe in the real world (Dalgarno and Lee, 2010). For example, it would not be safe or practical to experience an active volcanic eruption. A simulated virtual experience could allow you a close-up view of the event, provide a deeper understanding of the phenomena and explore its aftermath. Virtual reality, using head mounted displays (HMDS), has provided field trips through the human body to educate on health, been used to gauge the behaviours of children in road safety scenarios, and train astronauts in repairing equipment. At its best, the skills learnt in the virtual environment can be readily transferred to real world situations.
• Increasing motivation and engagement in learning tasks through a ‘flow’ state that results from intense feeling of presence or ‘being there’ (Dalgarno and Lee, 2010). Using the plant and human cell example cited above, learners may become drawn into the immediacy and intrinsic interest of the task in cognitive and embodied ways. Indeed, there is increasing interest in immersive virtual reality as a tool to explore embodied cognition (Jang et al., 2017). Furthermore, if it is possible to interact with others to do the task in a virtual environment then the educational and social benefits of cooperative learning can become apparent.
• Allowing profound flights of the imagination. Leaving aside the magic of virtual field trips on and off the planet and back in time, there are a growing number of tools that allow users to create in and customise virtual environments with extraordinary results (eg Tilt Brush). And, there are current explorations of immersive virtual reality as an ‘empathy machine’ that allow people to step into someone else’s shoes and perhaps even change their belief system (Maister et al., 2015). Another immersive technology, 360° video, has been used to provide a window into the lives of people living with autism.
The affordances of virtual environments have enormous potential to enhance learning but require more research on specific applications, groups of learners and in diverse educational settings. This is especially true of highly immersive virtual reality mediated though head mounted displays (HMDs). Some key questions are:
How do the affordances of highly immersive VR, mediated through HMDs, enhance, alter or add to learning experiences especially when compared to desktop virtual environments?
What are the pedagogical implications of these affordances and what should teachers know and do in relation to this?
These questions are central to the VR School project.
Dalgarno, B., & Lee, M. J. (2010). What are the learning affordances of 3‐D virtual environments? British Journal of Educational Technology41(1), 10-32.
Hammond, M. (2010). What is an affordance and can it help us understand the use of ICT in education? Education and Information Technologies15(3), 205-217.
Jang, S., Vitale, J. M., Jyung, R. W., & Black, J. B. (2017). Direct manipulation is better than passive viewing for learning anatomy in a three-dimensional virtual reality environment. Computers & Education106, 150-165.
Maister, L., Slater, M., Sanchez-Vives, M. V., & Tsakiris, M. (2015). Changing bodies changes minds: owning another body affects social cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences19(1), 6-12.
Erica Southgate, Associate Professor of Education and someone who wishes she could have tried the Sensorama!
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III.Overview and Description of the Problem: (from literature review) There is an increasing Hispanic population in California; many of these people come from Mexico or from other central and south American countries. Their ability to speak English is limited at times and when they are hospitalized this impacts their ability to fully participate. Oftentimes, these are men who are far from family, especially female family members who traditionally provide and manage healthcare needs. There are cultural and language issues to be understood and addressed to allow these hospitalized patients full access to understand and fully participate in their own healthcare. This is an ethical and moral issue as well as a regulatory and licensing issue.
o Albert Bandura, Social Learning Theory
o Madeleine Leininger, Culture Care Theory
V.Background Information: (from literature review, too)
1. description of rationale as to why this is a problem
2. facts and statistics (how referenced ??) which w/ be interesting/descriptive
3. JCAHO standards
4. Healthy People 2010 re: increasing access
5. from lit rev/why this nursing intervention of assessing and referring for language assist
is often not done and why it is vital to good patient care
6. brief description of what has been done in some settings ?? need for this
VI.Learner Self Assessment Tool: Three Questions
1. Have you ever tried to speak with a patient who seemed not to fully understand English but then
thought you could “get by” with simple words and gestures.
2. Have you ever used a family member to translate for a patient who spoke no English, maybe
this was a minor child?
3. Have you ever cared for a patient who when asked "do you understand English", stated "yes" but
later it was became clear the patient did not adequately understand and required language assistance
to fully communicate.
Note:Consider your answers to the above questions and reflect on how an increased awareness of the
issues related to language barriers for the hospitalized patient on the part of the nurse can
lead to a decision to first assess patient and then provide language assistance and advocate
for more language assistance resources when the current resources are not adequate.
VII. Patient Language Assessment Resources:
+ Assessment Tool
+ References re:Assessment Tools
+ General Statement |
– July 13, 2020 Reading Time: 12 minutes
cancel x
One of the new fashionable phrases has become “cancel culture,” the idea that ideas, institutions, and people of the present as well of the past must be overturned and dethroned from legitimacy and acceptance in society, so as to expunge the injustices, cruelties, and insensitivities existing in current life and lingering over from history. The question is: what exactly is the culture in America that is to be cancelled?
Elements of the “cancel culture” mindset and movement have been seen in the tearing down of statues, demands for removing from buildings and other monuments the names and imageries of various people, and the ostracizing of certain individuals, living or dead, who are accused of and condemned for racist, sexist, and other politically incorrect words or deeds at any time during their life.
White racists of the past used to say that “one drop of black blood” disqualified any person from having status as a member of the “superior” white race, and, instead, relegated you to the lower category of being an inferior being. Now we see another variation on the same type of theme: One word or deed, no matter how innocent or innocuous, no matter how long ago or in the context of an earlier less “enlightened” time, and no matter how much of a “higher consciousness” you have had ever since, or how publicly apologetic you may be for that “sin’” of the past, none of this can save you from banishment, seemingly for all time, from good “woke” society.
You are cast out to the nether regions of human existence. Erased from the record of humankind. And all because everything “American,” past and present, should be seen as the essence of all things evil and immoral. Because what the country has stood for and done represents the worst in human history.
Racial Bigotries and Cruelties of the Past
Of course, endless examples and instances of such racist attitudes and behaviors can be offered from the pages of American history. For instance, historian John B. McMaster (1852-1932) detailed the racist actions of white prospectors and fortune-hunters in California, following the gold discoveries in 1848, in his History of the People of the United States 1850-1861, Vol. 8 (1913):
“Hatred of the ‘greaser’ was early and strongly developed, and in the northern and central mining regions Chileans, Peruvians, even Frenchmen were driven from the placers. Here and there some resistance was made; but in most instances they quietly submitted and went off to the valley of the San Joaquin. Germans, English, Irish were not disturbed, for it was against the dark-skinned races, Malays, Kanakas, Spaniards, and above all Mexicans and South Americans that feeling ran high . . .
“The greasers having been driven from the State, the wrath of the native Americans fell next on the Chinese . . . At first the Celestials, the China boys, met a warm welcome, and in San Francisco on more than one occasion were the object of public attention . . . In the mining camps, on the other hand, the feeling against the Chinese ran high, and meetings were held, and resolutions passed calling for their expulsion . . . A few days later some sixty American miners came down the north fork of the American River, drove away two hundred Chinese, and destroyed their tents.” (pp. 60-63)
The classical liberal author and essayist, Albert Jay Nock (1870-1945), penned a piece that appeared in the American Magazine (February 1913) on, “What We Stand For” (reprinted in, The State of the Union: Essays in Social Criticism by Albert Jay Nock [1991]) He asked what America was really about when a black man could be dragged from a hospital bed by a mob, and then burned alive:
“On Sunday evening, August 13, 1911, at the hour when churches dismiss their congregations, a human being named Zack Walker was taken by violence out of a hospital at Coatesville, Pennsylvania, where he lay chained to an iron bedstead, in the custody of the law, suffering from a shot-wound, apparently self-inflicted.
“The bedstead was broken in half, and the man, still chained to the lower half, was dragged half a mile along the ground, thrown upon a pile of wood, drenched with oil, and burned alive. Other human beings to the number of several hundred looked on in approval. When Walker with superhuman strength burst his bonds and tried to escape, they drove him back into the flames with pitchforks and fence-rails and held him there until his body was burned to ashes. Those who could get fragments of his charred bones took them off as souvenirs.” (p. 139)
Nock wondered what this told us about human beings in modern, supposedly civilized society, whether in America or anywhere, who would act in such ways?
America is Not a Lie, But an Ideal of Liberty in Progress
The cancel culture proponents, and most certainly the more “activist” and radical among them, would insist that such episodes tell us all we need to know about America, and that the America of the mid-19th and early 20th centuries, about which historian, John B. McMaster, and essayist, Albert Jay Nock, wrote, is the same America today.
Is that what American culture is, and always has been about? I would beg to differ. If it was, let me suggest that we would not have seen the improvements in racial and social circumstances and conditions that have happened over the last century. Segregation laws are long gone, and, if anything, laws have been introduced to impose and police compulsory integration under federal anti-discrimination laws.
Employments, professions, and occupations that had been long reserved for “whites only” went out with the Jim Crow statutes in the South, and to the extent that “social distancing” was practiced by many whites due to personal and peer-pressure prejudices, over the last half century these have radically disappeared in an amazing array of social and interpersonal settings.
The civil liberties expressed in the Bill of Rights no longer apply to some while not to others. Where violations, abuses, and any other willful acts may occur, legal defenses, advocacy groups, and general public opinion in the age of mass and social media try to limit or turn a bright light onto such conduct in most instances today; and pressures are made for the introduction of reforms that would make such behavior less frequent, if not impossible, and not to go unpunished.
I have no wish to sound Panglossian, that the world we are in is the best of all worlds. It is certainly not. And as a classical liberal who believes in and cares deeply about the rights and dignity of the individual human being, all such infringements, denials, and abuses are unacceptable affronts to what I consider the moral principles upon which any good and decent society should and can be based.
Liberty is a Single Tapestry of Civil and Economic Liberty
Classical liberalism is not simply a political philosophy of economic freedom. The right to honestly acquired private property, the right to freedom of association in the competitive marketplace of supply and demand, the right to produce, buy and sell whatever individuals choose to on the peaceful and non-fraudulent terms to which the participants agree, are essential elements to any consistent practice of liberty in society.
But for most classical liberals and libertarians, the starting premise and principle from which economic liberty is derived is the broader right of the individual to be viewed as having the most basic and fundamental property right: to himself. Each individual is a self-governing person, having “sovereignty” over his life, liberty, and the external properties that he has acquired with either his own direct efforts of production or through the free and honest exchange entered into with others.
Freedoms of speech, the press, and of religion; the right of association for any and all peaceful purposes, to be secure in one’s person and papers and other properties from those in political power without legal warrant and due process of equal and impartial rule of law; these and other such rights captured in the U.S. Constitution and complementary legal bases, means the securing of and protecting the civil liberties and rights that are inseparable threads along with economic freedom in the tightly woven single tapestry of human liberty. To abuse or abridge any one of them is a threat and a warning signal to all other sides of liberty.
This is what makes the principles and founding documents of the American Revolution and the U.S. Constitution impossible to be viewed as defenses of slavery or legal segregation and discrimination, or institutional racism. The American founding runs counter to all such conduct in its vision, hope and promise for a society based on the sanctity, dignity, and respect for the individual and his rights from the violent betrayal of either private persons or those in political power.
Justice David Brewer on Free, Self-Governing Americans
David J. Brewer (1837-1910) served as an associate justice on the United States Supreme Court for 20 years, from 1889 to 1910. He strongly advocated equal rights and respect for women, worked for equal opportunities for black Americans, and supported freedom of association among workers. In a series of lectures delivered at Yale University on American Citizenship (1902), Justice Brewer explained what it meant to be an American in terms of defining beliefs and ideas:
“This is a government of and by and for the people. It rests upon the thought that to each individual belong the inalienable rights to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. It affirms that the nation exists not for the benefit of one man, or set of men, but to secure to each and all the fullest opportunity for personal development. It stands against the governments of the Old World in that there the thought is that the individual lives for the nation; here the nation exists for the individual . . .
“Far be it for me to affirm that we have lived up to our ideals. I am making no Fourth of July speech. On the contrary, our history has disclosed many shortcomings. We have not been free from the weaknesses of human nature. But, notwithstanding all our failures, nowhere has there been a closer living to the ideals of popular government, and nowhere are the possibilities of future success greater.
“If, therefore, the chief object of national existence is to secure to each individual the fullest protection in all inalienable rights and the fullest opportunity for personal advancement, and if this nation has come nearer than any other to the realization of this ideal, and if by virtue of its situation, its population, and its development, it has the greatest promise of full realization of this ideal in the future, surely it must be that the obligations of its citizens to it are nowhere surpassed.” (pp. 14, 17-18)
The obligation of an American citizen was to live up to this ideal of a land dedicated to the liberty and rights of each and every individual. To strive to practice what was preached. Clearly, to overcome those weaknesses in human nature that resulted in a failure to fully respect and live by the idea of human freedom, a society in which the government exists to protect the individual in his rights and not to make the individual a subject to those in political power for their own purposes, whether those in power was one, or a few, or even many.
Hans Kohn, Austrian Historian Who Found a Home in America
Sometimes, moments of great political and ideological crisis place things in more essential defining clarity. Certainly, the rise of totalitarianism in the years between the two World Wars was such a time, which reached its climax in the Second World War. In the eyes of many, the crisis of that time was between two conceptions of man, society and government. Communism and Nazism represented a reactionary turn toward a comprehensive and cruel collectivism that would envelop and crush the individual in the rush for making “new men” based on Marxian-imagined social class or National Socialist biological race.
On the other side was the ideal of free men in a free society, without human beings reduced to cogs in the wheels of political tyranny and social terror. America, in the eyes of many at that time, represented the alternative to the totalitarian threats. One of them was historian Hans Kohn (1891-1971), a recognized leading scholar on the idea and history of nationalism in the modern age.
Born in Prague in the old Austro-Hungarian Empire, he became a determined Zionist in his 20s. Kohn served as an officer in the Austro-Hungarian Army when the First World War began in 1914, but was captured by the Russians in 1915 on the Eastern Front, and spent five years in Russia as a prisoner of war, witnessing both the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the three years of bitter and brutal Civil War that followed before in Russia before returning home to Prague.
Kohn spent several years in Palestine in the 1920s but became disillusioned with a political and nationalist Zionism that showed little regard for the rights of the Palestinians with whom the immigrant European Jews were increasingly living. He came to the United States in the early 1930s and remained in America for the remainder of his life, devoting his scholarly efforts to analyzing and understanding the nature and consequences of nationalism versus the liberal and free society in general.
America as the Liberal Ideal of the Free Society
In Hans Kohn’s view, in that world crisis between freedom and liberalism versus totalitarian tyranny, America held a unique philosophical position. He explained this in one of his wartime works, World Order in Historical Perspective (1942):
“All the great currents of the Western liberal development of the 17th and 18th centuries were able to ripen to fruition under the especially favorable circumstances of the English colonies in North America and in the wake of their revolutionary movement.
“Here, more than anywhere else, emerge the Western man; not as a race, because he was a mixture of many races, but as a social and intellectual type, professing a deep faith in man and his potentialities, and trying to build a civilization on the basis of rationalism, optimism, and individualism. The American society more than any other is a product of the 18th century, of the faith in freedom and in ultimate harmony; a typical middle-class society with its ultimately pacifist ideal . . .
“No wonder that Europeans looked longingly toward the vast spaces of North America, where they saw the possibility of establishing a society without kings or nobles, a society founded upon the philosophy of the century. Though the Americans had come from Europe, they seemed to be changed men, as if the air of America were filled with liberty and were able to transform men’s minds and hearts . . .
“Among the realities of national life, the image which a nation forms of itself and in which it mirrors itself is one of the most important. Though the everyday reality, in many ways, does not correspond to the image and falls far short of its ideal perfection – sometimes even contradicts it in the countless and conflicting trends of the complex actuality – nevertheless, this image, woven of elements of reality, tradition, imagination, and aspiration is one of the most influential agents in forming the national character. It helps to mold national life; if it does not always act in a positive direction, it acts at least as a constant brake.” (pp. 9-10, 17-18)
This inspiration and aspiration of a society of free men, based as Kohn said, on rationalism, optimism, and an individualism of liberty was and is real. It has not been a fabrication, a “false consciousness” to hide a reality of oppression, discrimination, and racism. There have been oppressions, discriminations and racisms. But the fact that they ran contrary to what the country has stood for in terms of its own image of what an American is supposed to be and stand for, and which has been that mirror, as Kohn suggested, that reflects back on the actualities of men’s words and deeds, that has made Americans, however slowly and sometimes grudgingly, move more in the direction of those ideals, without which there really is no reason or rationale for an “America.”
That racism was a deep and deadly wound in the American reality was not lost or deemphasized by Hans Kohn. In a contribution to the Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (1938) on “Race Conflicts,” he said and warned that racial inequality and mistreatment, epitomized by the brutality of the lynching of black men was, “conducive not only to the destruction of democracy and liberty, but also to the undermining of justice and law.”
“Cancel Culture” Would Destroy America’s Memory and Hope
The “cancel culture” radicals, made up of the “politically correct,” the “identity politics” warriors, and “democratic” socialists, who all are dreaming dreams of a new tribal collectivism of mind control, political planning, and the social engineering of their own versions of a “new person,” want to wipe out any knowledge, memory, or belief in that American ideal about which people like Justice David J. Brewer or historian Hans Kohn attempted to explain both what it was and to argue its importance for Americans and all of humankind. (See my articles, “The Meaning and Mind of an American” and “Ad Hominems Against Freedom” and “Liberty is the Theme of the American Spirit”.)
When the famous 19th century sociologist and laissez-faire liberal, Herbert Spencer (1820-1903), visited the United States in 1882, he said to an American news reporter:
“As one of your early statesmen said, ‘The price of liberty is eternal vigilance.’ But it is far less against foreign aggressions upon national liberty that this vigilance is required than against insidious growth of domestic interferences with personal liberty . . .
“The fact is, that free institutions can be properly worked only by men each of whom is jealous of his own rights and is also sympathetically jealous of the rights of others – will neither himself aggress on his neighbors, in small things or great, nor tolerate aggression on them by others. The republican form of government is the highest form of government; but because of this it requires the highest type of human nature – a type nowhere at present existing. We [the British] have not grown to it, nor have you [the Americans].”
But how can we hope to grow more into that type of person who is respectful and jealous for his own liberty and protective of that same liberty that rightfully belongs to all others – including to be free from racist bigotries and political injustices that may flow from it – that American culture of individualism, and personal, social, and economic liberty, and the ideal of a government of impartial rule of law devoted to securing each person’s individual rights, if it is all “cancelled” through the destruction and the repression of all knowledge and understanding of the country’s history, the good and the bad? How shall that history be an inspiration and an aspiration for the next generations if it is all torn down and cast away? And most importantly, the denial and distortion of its founding ideals of a morality of a free people?
Richard M. Ebeling
Richard M. Ebeling
Ebeling lived on AIER’s campus from 2008 to 2009.
Books by Richard M. Ebeling
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Automating Admissions
The look of classrooms is changing thanks to automation.
With a manufacturing skills shortage upon us, companies are consciously working on ways to diversify the workforce. But it starts way before the human resources department. Some schools—from elementary to college level—are working on programs that make science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) attractive to girls. And now one school is finding that an automated admissions system may be the real key to fixing the STEM gender gap.
Holberton School of Software Engineering in San Francisco is using a program that is resulting in a 40% female student enrollment in one software engineering program.
Holberton is a project-based alternative to college for the next-generation of software engineers. There are no formal teachers, no lectures. The school teaches students how to learn instead of teaching tools. Students need to find information online and learn the theory by themselves, to then apply it to a project they need to build for a specific timeline.
According to an article in GoodCall, the process to apply to Holberton School is almost completely automated, and the school does not give admissions preference based on programming experience, nationality, ethnicity, social class or gender. Nevertheless, the school is enrolling many female software engineers without giving preference to anyone.
In a Q&A interview with Joseph Eckert of the Holberton School, GoodCall got more insight into how automated open admissions work and why this system is proving effective at enrolling more women into software engineering programs.
Some excerpts from the interview:
“We found automated admissions remove unconscious bias, even positive bias,” said Eckert. “ “Unconsciously, everyone tends to select people like themselves. This is not something that is easy to control because you do not think about it. However, it is a serious issue, especially in Silicon Valley, where only 12% of software engineers are women.”
It also avoids a system that could potentially backfire.
“By choosing to do positive discrimination based on gender, you also have a higher risk of selecting women who might not be meant to be software engineers – just because you want more diversity. It might seem OK in the short term, but this is really bad in the long term because some of those women won’t succeed, which may send a harmful message to the industry that women are not as good as men.”
The article goes on to say that diversity in technology, in general, is a cultural issue. As a consequence, it is going to take time to fix. But there are some important things that schools and companies can do to solve the problem, including:
• Reaching out to more women at the beginning of the funnel. Most of girls /women do not even think about computer science being an option. Nobody told them they could do this, and they could succeed.
• Making sure to have an environment where women feel good. Studies prove that having a school or a computer science lab full of video games and Star Trek posters does not help. At Holberton School, the school’s interior design is gender-neutral and stereotypes are actively fought.
• Having women as role models also helps. Holberton has female mentors and the name of the school itself is in honor of Betty Holberton, who was one of the first software engineers in the world!
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State of nature philosophy
What is the state of nature according to Hobbes?
3. The State of Nature. To establish these conclusions, Hobbes invites us to consider what life would be like in a state of nature, that is, a condition without government .
What does Locke mean by state of nature?
Locke addresses the natural instincts of people, or the state of nature , in order to define political power. In Chapter 2, Locke explains the state of nature as a state of equality in which no one has power over another, and all are free to do as they please.
How do Hobbes and Locke view the state of nature?
Locke views the state of nature more positively and presupposes it to be governed by natural law . Hobbes emphasises the free and equal condition of man in the state of nature , as he states that ‘ nature hath made men so equal in the faculties of mind and body…the difference between man and man is not so considerable.
What governs the state of nature?
What are the three laws of nature according to Hobbes?
The first law of nature tells us to seek peace. The second law of nature tells us to lay down our rights in order to seek peace, provided that this can be done safely. The third law of nature tells us to keep our covenants, where covenants are the most important vehicle through which rights are laid down.
You might be interested: Theology vs philosophy
Why is leviathan called Leviathan?
What are John Locke’s 3 natural rights?
Is state a natural institution?
To sum up, the state has developed naturally . It must not be treated as a result on contract or human contrivance. Men have made laws, institutions and conventions for their own benefit and these have facilitated and enriched the functioning of the state .
What is Locke famous for?
What did John Locke believe about the state of nature?
Locke believed that in a state of nature, no one’s life, liberty or property would be safe because there would be no government or laws to protect them. This is why people agreed to form governments. According to Locke, governments do no exist until people create them.
What does Locke believe about human nature?
Like Hobbes , Locke believed that human nature allowed people to be selfish. This is apparent with the introduction of currency. In a natural state, all people were equal and independent, and everyone had a natural right to defend his “life, health, liberty, or possessions.”
You might be interested: John stuart mill philosophy
What did Hobbes and Locke disagree on?
These rights were “inalienable” (impossible to surrender). Locke also disagreed with Hobbes about the social contract. For him, it was not just an agreement among the people, but between them and the sovereign (preferably a king). According to Locke , the natural rights of individuals limited the power of the king.
How is state of nature and war connected?
Locke believed that the state of nature does exist and that even in that state there are natural laws that govern the affairs of men. He believed that the state of nature and the state of war were separate and that civil government would prevent the state of war or bring men back from the state of war .
What does Hobbes think is the answer to the state of nature?
What are natural rights?
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Unnatural Resources
Indigenous artists from the two different hemispheres talk trash—and discuss the vital alchemies of their art-making
Aymar Ccopacatty, Ch’ullu for a New Leader, 2010. Plastic bread bags, grocery bags, plastic netting, caution tape, and fabric litter. 10 × 3 1⁄2 ft. Promised gift of Patricia M. Newman, Museum of International Folk Art (IL.30.2017.1). Photograph by Blair Clark.
As artists, Aymar Ccopacatty (Aymara) and Nora Naranjo Morse (Santa Clara Pueblo) each explore the question of non-biodegradable waste in Native communities through their art. Independently and on separate continents, Ccopacatty and Naranjo Morse both noted the overshadowing presence of landfills on their respective ancestral lands, and saw the trash as a kind of natural resource—similar to the way that artists have harvested natural fibers from sheep to make weavings, or pulled clay from the earth to make pottery.
Ccopacatty, who grew up in a textile-producing community in Peru where wool and camelid fiber were the predominant natural resources from which to weave and knit, now uses plastic bags and trash found in and around Lake Titicaca for weaving. Naranjo Morse, who was raised in a family of potters in northern New Mexico, produces kinetic mixed-media sculptures from the refuse found in the landfill outside of Santa Clara Pueblo. Both artists apply traditional core values of resourcefulness, ingenuity, and respect for the environment in a decidedly unromanticized, modern context. As the following telephone conversation unfolds, old dichotomies, such as traditional versus contemporary or natural versus synthetic, are absorbed into their projects—then dissolve as they work through and reconfigure what it means to practice art as an indigenous artist in today’s world.
Aymar Ccopacatty, Ch’ullu for a New Leader, 2010 (detail). Plastic bread bags, grocery bags, plastic netting, caution tape, and fabric litter. 10 × 3 1⁄2 ft. Promised gift of Patricia M. Newman, Museum of International Folk Art (IL.30.2017.1). Photograph Addison Doty.
Nora Naranjo Morse, working in her studio. Photograph by Eliza Naranjo Morse.
Nora Naranjo Morse, From the Bottom Up, 2012–13. Discarded material: plastic, wire, styrofoam, and clay. 9 × 1 ft. Photograph by Eliza Naranjo Morse.
Nora Naranjo Morse: I’m curious about where you live, what the landscape looks like, and how you got interested in making art this way.
Aymar Ccopacatty: My family is from Lake Titicaca in Peru. It’s on the border with Bolivia, and that is kind of where the influence and techniques come from for weaving, knitting, crochet, braiding: many creative fiber art techniques from the Aymara tradition and colonial European influences. My mother is from the U.S., so I’ve always been back and forth between places. But the traditions of textiles, and the native language, Aymara, have definitely really impacted me. At 12,000 feet, the landscape in Peru is very mountainous and dry. There are a lot of uses of natural resources; my people make braided rope and reed boats out of tall grasses. There are a lot of old traditions and handwork still in daily life. The people have a self-sufficient farming lifestyle.
I realized when I was twelve years old that if I didn’t learn a lot of these weaving techniques, they might be lost, both within my family—my grandmother just passed away about eight years ago—and in the larger community. I remember when my family got electricity in the nineties. The Socca community doesn’t yet have to pay taxes because they are a Native community, but the government is trying to erase those lines and make them like any other municipality of Peru that receives funds from the government. The Peruvian government is big on records; they want to push birth certificates and death certificates. My community faces the challenge of maintaining traditions in the face of overwhelming government interventions on all levels, aimed at homogenization of a very diverse, multilingual area.
Nora: My community, Santa Clara Pueblo, used to be agrarian, but now we are dependent on food sources from outside of the community. Santa Clara has also been inundated with social and cultural transformation. We are struggling with these shifts in our communities, and struggling with the consequences every single day. One of those shifts prompted me to start looking at what we’re embracing as contemporary Native people. We are consumers now, going to Walmart with our meager incomes and buying a lot of plastic-based products, and then basically throwing that stuff away at our community dump. One day when I went to gather clay—something that I had been doing almost all my life—I saw so much discarded material in close proximity to a traditional clay pit, and I was greatly affected.
At that moment, I realized I’d been living in denial about what I consumed and how and where I discarded waste. Without reasoning why, I walked into the dump and started collecting everything from plastic to fencing wire. I took it to my studio and started cleaning it up. I began deconstructing the materials I had collected, but in a way, I was also deconstructing my own attitudes as a consumer. I began to question so many issues. What did it meant to be a contemporary Native person consuming in this sort of careless manner, especially since I was raised with an entirely different value system and consciousness?
Stepping into this new creative portal has transformed me and the way I make art. I now am reconstructing my attitudes and creative intention concerning my work, culture, and community. Since this realization I’m even more determined to challenge expectations by a non-Native audience of what Pueblo clay art should look like. This makes earning a living far more challenging, but in the end, protecting my creative and cultural integrity is most important to me.
Aymar: It is absolutely tormenting. I have bags of plastic that I brought from my community [near Puno, Peru] all the way to where I am now in Rhode Island. And it is sitting there, and it is some kind of an experiment, because supposedly some of it is actually supposed to biodegrade with time, and break up. And some of it does and some of it doesn’t. Some of us can just go on living in a dream state of ignoring reality, and some of us just can’t take it and have to sit there and do this dance with it. I spent a year asking that stuff: Who are you? Where do you come from? Why are you here?
I make these pompon kind of things from plastic, which creates a thousand little pieces that are so small that I have these crazy thoughts of boiling it all up and trying to pour it into a mold. But then I’d be poisoning myself. I am not supposed to be burning and melting plastic, but I have these fantasies of finding a place for those small pieces, because it’s just painful to throw it in the trash when that’s the whole point: Get it out of the trash!
Nora: Well, that is what is so great about art. Art forces you to think out of the box, and traditionally, that’s what Pueblo people did all of the time. For my ancestors, thinking that way was a form of surviving. Trash is my biggest resource at this point, besides the clay and other organic materials I use in my work. Some of the pieces I made of trash are very tall, wire pieces; they are wonderfully kinetic. What I discovered with these pieces was that when the wind blew through the studio and caused movement, they would dance, but eventually topple over. I ended up making clay stabilizers for the bottom of the forms, so that they could still be kinetic, but they would be stabilized. What this meant to me is that whatever we do to this earth, it is still the stabilizing force of our existence.
Aymar: Wow, that’s a wonderful metaphor, because it’s the opposite of what we would like on so many levels. We would like to be without trash; I’m noticing the potent symbolism of counterbalancing the found materials (trash) with the clay, the Mother Earth. To participate in the modern world, you buy something—even if you are buying a necessary thing, like diapers—that will end up in a landfill. I have small children and diapers drive me crazy.
People are always really amazed by the stuff you can make in plastic, like textiles, but then they go back to seeing plastic as mundane, something they can throw out on the street. And it is just collecting. It just piles up. It can be really depressing, it can be really too much. Whatever you can do, keep that spark of energy, that original intent of an honest conversation with the refuse—so the refuse can be welcome. As weird as that sounds, that has to continue.
Nora: Yes, that is really true. I think the thing that keeps me going with this new creative expression is that I’m always going back to the main reference point: the Earth. As a contemporary Pueblo woman, I am articulating my relationship with the Earth. It’s a relationship that’s been influenced by the people that I come from. And how I articulate that in my work and share it with people, whether they understand it or not, is an important element in my process as a human being. It is my passion. I make art every day. It’s become a nutrient to my soul. And now I know, Aymar, that there is someone else, somewhere else, doing and thinking the same thing because that really does help, and I hope that someday we can cross paths so that we can continue this conversation.
You can see Ccopacatty’s sculpture Ch’ullu for a New Leader at the Museum of International Folk Art’s exhibition Crafting Memory: The Art of Community in Peru through March 2019. New works from Nora Naranjo Morse’s series Remembering will be coming to the streets of Albuquerque as the artist takes out bus ads to encourage others to remember and protect “the sacredness of life, no matter who we are, where we’re from, or where we’re going.” For more information on this project, visit noranaranjomorse.squarespace.com.
Amy Groleau is the curator of Latin American collections at the Museum of International Folk Art. Marla Redcorn-Miller is the deputy director of the Museum of Indian Arts and Culture. |
The ‘Skin’ny on 10 Foods To Protect Your Body’s Largest Organ
Your skin is your body’s largest and fastest growing organ, making it one of your #1 priorities when it comes to your health.
What many people don’t realize is that the foods they consume on a daily basis have a direct correlation to their skin health. What’s more, our skin reflects our body’s health. The good news is that there are foods that will help your skin look your best, regardless the season or your age.
“What you put into your body affects your body’s health,” explains Dr. Sanjiv Saini of MD Dermatology with locations in Edgewater, Glen Burnie and Lexington Park, Md. “Eating too much sugar can cause diabetes and weight gain, eating too much greasy food can cause acne. However, there are some foods which can help improve your skin’s health.”
Maintaining a healthy diet is essential for your body and your skin health, including a healthy serving of nutrients and vitamins. Dr. Saini suggests 10 foods to maintain healthy skin, prevent signs of aging and decrease your risk of developing skin cancer:
1. Chocolate. Cocoa hydrates your skin, making it more firm and adding a healthy glow. For maximum results, choose chocolate that’s at least 70 percent cacao. Eating a couple of squares a day can improve your skin’s appearance.
2. Olive Oil. For an anti-aging solution, about 75 percent of the fat in olive oil is monounsaturated fatty acids, which studies believe play a role boosting your skin’s health and making your skin look younger. The antioxidant polyphenols in olive oil can also eliminate damaging free radicals in the environment.
3. Tomatoes. Recent studies have shown that tomatoes play a role in preventing sunburns. The antioxidant lycopene (levels of which are higher in cooked, processed tomatoes) improves your skin’s natural SPF level.
4. Walnuts. Walnuts are full of copper, a mineral that improves collagen production in your skin. Eating a few walnuts a day can improve your skin’s texture.
5. Oatmeal. Studies have shown that oatmeal takes longer for your body to process, which can help keep your blood sugar level and known for healing your skin. Steel-cut oatmeal is less processed than other varieties of oatmeal, so it retains more vitamins.
6. Blackberries, blueberries, strawberries, and plums. The high levels of antioxidant content make blackberries, blueberries, strawberries, and plums a great asset for your skin. The antioxidants protect your skin cells from free radicals in the environment, such as sun exposure.
7. Kale. Kale contains lutein and zeaxanthin, nutrients that eliminate free radicals in the environment, such as UV light that can damage your skin. Kale also contains vitamins A and C, which are known to firm your skin.
8. Rosemary. Studies have shown that consuming rosemary can reduce your risk of developing a melanoma. The herb is full of antioxidants to eliminate free radicals before they can damage your skin.
9. Soy. Soy has been linked to improving your skin by reducing fine lines and boosting skin elasticity. The isoflavone in soy helps stop collagen from breaking down and reduces your skin from sagging.
10. Oysters. Oysters contain dietary zinc, which plays an important role in the growth and function of skin cells. Some recent studies have shown that people that suffer from acne have low zinc levels. “Your skin is susceptible to damage on a daily basis with all the pollution in the air and the UV rays that leave permanent marks on your skin,” adds Dr. Saini. “You don’t have to go through painful surgeries and recovery processes for great looking skin. There are lots of foods in our daily lives that contain the ingredients we need for healthy, happy skin.”
3S Celebrity Blogger:
Dr. Sanjiv Saini, MD DermatologySources:
American Academy of Dermatology. About Skin: Your Body’s Largest Organ. 25 Best Foods for Your Skin.
WebMD. Foods for Healthy Skin: You are What You Eat. |
Restitution of Cultural Treasures
By Louis-Georges Tin,
Prime Minister of the State of the African Diaspora
95% of the cultural treasures of Africa are out of Africa. They are in the Tervuren Museum in Brussels, in the Musée du Quai Branly in Paris, in the British Museum in London, etc. These artifacts were stolen during Colonisation, often in a context of violence and massacre, and today, thousands of objects, and even human remains, are retained as trophies.
We are not speaking only about the crimes of the past committed by the armies. We are talking also about contemporary offenses : the museums are complicit of all this, because they are guilty of concealment and benefit from these treasures. The taste for fine arts can never be an excuse for such attitudes at the expense and detriment to another nation. The Director General of the Unesco recalled in May 1977 : « some have lost almost all the cultural property that constitutes a vital aspect of their collective memory and a message handed down from their past. These peoples call for an understanding of their loss. »
Great Britain still detains artifacts that belong to Nigeria, Ghana, Uganda, Kenya, India, etc. UK even has objects from countries, like Ethiopia, which were not British colonies. This situation is not acceptable. The intercultural dialogue cannot be based on intercultural looting and pillage.
Restitution cannot be denied. It is a matter of justice and culture, obviously ; it is also a spiritual matter as many of these artifacts have a religious meaning in the tradition they belong to. It is also an economic matter : these treasures can be a touristic resource for the former colonies.
When African citizens want to teach their legacy to their children, they cannot, because most of these artifacts are scattered around in Europe and the Americas. They are deprived of their memory. Europe rejects African migrants, but wants to keep African treasures.
One of the most shocking examples is about the famous Benin Bronzes. They were looted in 1897 when a punitive British military expedition moved to crush the west African kingdom, which is today part of Nigeria. Nigeria has reclaimed its legacy for decades. It seems that today, UK might consider « lending » these treasures to Nigeria. This is of course unacceptable. The robber cannot « loan » the treasures to its victim.
As African citizens of the continent and of the Diaspora, as citizens concerned for human rights in general, culture and justice, we support the campaign for restitution led by the State of the African Diaspora, and we are asking the Prime Minister of the UK to return all the treasures to its former colonies.
In the context of the Decade for the People of African Descent, decided by the UN, we think and we hope a dialogue is possible with the British Government. The United Kingdom may find it difficult to return all these artifacts, however, it would be even more difficult not to do it. It would give a very poor image to this country, and it would spoil its diplomacy and its integrity throughout the world.
We have successfully organised this campaign in France, and President Macron has decided to give back to Africa what belongs to Africa. The battle is continuing now in Belgium with our allies (a resolution on this issue will be brought in the Parliament in a few weeks), but also in Germany, Portugal, etc. It is a fight for Global justice. Because there is no peace without justice.
Support the Restitution of Cultural Art back to Africa
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Further Research |
BA logoConnecting science with people
Communicating the risks of severe weather
For Immediate Release
4 May
The flash floodings of the past week have highlighted just how susceptible we are to the elements. Extreme weather conditions can cause damage to property and loss of life. What is the best way to communicate the risks associated with severe weather, and whose responsibility is it to ensure that communities have heard and understood these risks?
On Thursday 6 May, the BA will be holding a SPA Forum, entitled “Severe weather warning: communicating danger and disaster”, looking at these issues. Speakers will include David Faichney, Senior Hydrologist at the Scottish Environment Protection Agency, Irene Lorenzoni from the Centre for Environmental Risk at the University of East Anglia and Ewen McCullum, Chief Meteorologist at the Met Office. The Met Office works closely the Scottish Environment Protection Agency to enable accurate assessments of areas at risk from severe weather events and to communicate the risk of flooding to populations likely to be affected.
“Weather forecasts have become more accurate in recent years. Our forecasts three days ahead are as good as a one day forecast twenty years ago,” says Ewen McCallum, “but the science of forecasting is only half the story. These days communicating the risk and confidence associated with a forecast are just as important so that our customers and the public can make useful decisions based on our advice.”
“Predicting flooding is not an exact science as projections always contain elements of uncertainty, yet there is increased demand for more accurate forecasts and precise warnings,” says Irene Lorenzoni. “Some studies have shown that in the UK, people can become increasingly annoyed when warnings are not followed by forecasted flooding. This begs the questions of how communicating the risks of severe weather can be made more effective. ”
Experts predict an increase in the number of occurrences of extreme weather conditions due to climate change, and this has implications for risk communicators.
“Research has found that people tend to distance themselves from the risk of climate change,” says Dr Lorenzoni. “It is generally considered an issue remote in space and time, something that may affect other nations or future generations. This complicates the task of risk communicators as one option is to make the message personally relevant so that adequate action can ensue.”
The SPA Forum will take place at 6.30 pm on Thursday 6 May at Dynamic Earth, Edinburgh. Places are free but must be reserved in advance. To book e-mail or call 020 7019 4940.
The SPA Forum is sponsored by the Met Office.
Note for editors
1. The BA is the UK's nationwide, open membership organisation dedicated to connecting science with people, so that science and its applications become accessible to all. The BA aims to promote openness about science in society and to engage and inspire people directly with science and technology and their implications. Established in 1831, the BA organises major initiatives across the UK, including the annual BA Festival of Science, National Science Week, programmes of regional and local events, and an extensive programme for young people in schools and colleges. |
Training and development | Human Resource Management homework help
For the Unit III Essay, imagine you are the lead trainer for a global organization. Through data analytics and observations, you have noticed that employees across the organization do not share their knowledge with one another, whether that be from skills trainings they recently completed to general knowledge that could enhance the capabilities of the organization. This is a big issue for the chief executive officer (CEO), and the head of human resources (HR) has asked you to come up with solutions to address the issue. Within your essay, provide the information below.
• Give three reasons as to why employees do not share knowledge.
• Give three solutions that your organization can incorporate to encourage knowledge sharing among employees.
• Discuss the benefits that each solution offers and how each solution promotes knowledge sharing.
For this essay, create a fictitious company name and location, and make your suggestions specific to that company. In the introduction, give the company name and location and some brief background information about the company and industry. Feel free to choose any industry (e.g., technology, manufacturing, or advertising) that interests you, and add any details that you think are necessary for your essay.
Your essay must be at least two pages in length, not counting the title and reference pages. You are required to use at least one outside source to support your explanation. All sources used, including required unit resources, must be cited and referenced according to APA guidelines.
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Systematic review by Cochrane Belgium edition 2020
Target Group
Members of the Doctoral Schools
All PhD students
Aim and Topic
Trying to get that high-impact publication? Tired of inefficient literature searches? Want the introduction of your thesis to be something more? Why not perform a systematic review?
Systematic reviews are literature overviews that attempt answer clearly defined questions, with explicit methods to identify, select, critically appraise, analyze and report data. Cochrane is a non-profit organization that provides guidance and support to researchers interested in performing a systematic review ( The Cochrane methodology is considered the gold standard in systematic review development.
This 3-day course will teach you all about the different steps to take to perform a high-quality, methodologically sound and reliable literature overview, from designing a search strategy to performing meta-analyses. The course, taught by experienced Cochrane authors, is filled with workshops and exercises, thus preparing you to get started immediately on your own systematic review.
For more information, visit our website ( or contact us at .
Day 1
Mon 15 June 2020
09.00 – 09.30 Introduction to the course and the Cochrane collaboration:
Who are we (CEBAM)
What is (and what is not) in the course?
What is Cochrane, Campbell and Joanna Briggs Institute?
09.30 – 10.30
What is a (Cochrane) Systematic review & how do you start?
What is the difference between a narrative and a systematic review?
What is special about a Cochrane Systematic Review?
What are the basic steps in the process of an SR?
10.30 - 10.45 Coffee break
10.45 - 11.30 Workshop ‘Formulating your question’:
Having a clear review question is the most important step of a SR.
The research question is clear when all important elements are included (PICO – question: patients, intervention, comparison and outcome).
We will practice formulating questions based on several cases.
11.30 - 12.00 Writing the protocol for your systematic review:
Why do we need to write a protocol before performing a SR?
What does a protocol for an SR look like?
12.00 - 12.45 Lunch break
12.45 - 13.15 Searching and selecting studies:
What is typical for a search for a systematic review?
How to build such a search strategy: sources and search terms
13.15 - 14.15 Workshop: ‘Building your search strategy’:
We will practice building a search strategy for an SR in PubMed
14.15 - 14.45 Workshop selecting studies:
We will screen a number of studies for inclusion in a SR using eligibility criteria.
14.45 - 15.00 Coffee break
15.00 - 15.30 Collecting data:
What data needs to be collected from a study (study characteristics and results) and how do we perform such a process in a systematic way?
15.30 - 16.15 Workshop collecting data:
We will extract study characteristics and study results from an RCT
Day 2
Tue 16 June 2020
09.00 - 09.45 Assessment risk of bias RCTs:
The gold standard for assessing the methodological quality of RCTs is the Cochrane risk of bias tool. This tool will be explained.
09.45 - 10.45 Workshop assessment risk of bias:
We will assess the methodological quality of an RCT
10.45 - 11.00 Coffee break
11.00 – 12.15 Workshop text, comparisons and data in RevMan:
Cochrane’s Software Review Manager can be used to perform and document an SR. This software program will be presented.
12.15 – 13.00 Lunch break
13.00 - 14.30 Analyzing dichotomous and continuous data: Introduction to meta-analyses using dichotomous or continuous data
14.30 - 14.45 Coffee break
14.45 - 16.30 Workshop meta-analysis: Practicing meta-analyses using the RevMan Software
Day 3
Wed 17 June 2020
9.00 - 10.30 Heterogeneity, publication bias: What is heterogeneity and how to deal with it in an SR?
What is publication bias and how to deal with it in an SR?
10.30 - 10.45 Coffee break
10.45 - 12.00 Workshop heterogeneity: In this workshop, we will investigate heterogeneity in meta-analyses using Cochrane’s Review Manager software
12.00 - 12.45 Lunch break
12.45 - 13.15 Assessment risk of bias observational studies: How to assess the methodological quality of observational studies?
13.15 - 14.00 Workshop assessment risk of bias cohort study: We will assess the methodological quality of a cohort study
14.00 - 14.30 AMSTAR / GRADE /SoF What is the AMSTAR-instrument and why is it important?
What is the GRADE system and what are SoF tables?
14.30 - 14.45 Coffee break
14.45 - 16.00 Workshop quality assessment of an SR: We will assess the methodological quality of an SR using AMSTAR
16.00 - 16.30 Finishing and updating the review: What are the last steps of the process of an SR?
When to update the SR?
Please follow this link:
Registration fee
Free of charge for Doctoral School members. A no-show fee of 50 Euro will be charged.
Evaluation methods and criteria (doctoral training programme)
100 % participation |
Top 10 Deadliest Animals In The World: Yes, Humans Are One Of Them
<a href="">1987599</a> / Pixabay
Sharks, lions, elephants, and even wolves kill far fewer people than many other deadly animals out there. The world is full of ferocious beasts and parasite-carrying tiny insects that claim hundreds of thousands of lives every year. Heck, even plants can be deadly. Here we take a look at the top 10 deadliest animals in the world. The ranking below is not based on an animal’s killing potential or the effectiveness of their poison, but based on the number of people killed by these animals (or the diseases they carry) every year.
Ranked: Ten deadliest animals
10- Crocodiles: 1,000 deaths per year
Crocodiles are fast, ferocious, and powerful, posing a serious threat to their targets. They don’t usually hunt humans, but they don’t like to miss a good opportunity. According to the UN Food & Agricultural Organization (FAO), among large animals, crocodiles cause the most human deaths in Africa. Hundreds of crocodile attacks are reported on humans every year. According to an estimate, they kill about 1,000 people every year.
9- Tapeworm: 2,000 deaths per year
Tapeworm is a parasite that lives in your body with few symptoms. You could contract tapeworm from eating uncooked or raw meat. It causes an infection called cysticerosis, which claims about 2,000 lives every year.
The Price is Right With Dimensional Fund Advisors’
8- Ascaris roundworm: 2,500 deaths per year
According to the World Health Organization, the Ascaris roundworm causes an infection called ascariasis. The disease is more likely to affect children than adults. The Ascaris roundworm infects the small intestine first, from where the disease could spread to other organs such as lungs, liver, and heart. WHO estimates that it kills 2,500 people every year.
7- Freshwater snails: 10,000 deaths per year
The freshwater snails carry parasitic worms that cause the disease schistosomiasis, which kills about 10,000 people every year. You could contrast schistosomiasis if your skin comes in contact with water where freshwater snails live. Schistosomiasis causes abdominal pain and blood in stool and urine, and eventually leads to death. The disease is most common in Asia, Africa, and South America.
6- Kissing bugs: 10,000 deaths per year
Kissing bugs are also known as Assassin bugs. The insect gets its name because it bites humans on their lips and faces in sleep and deposits a parasite called Trypanasoma cruzi that causes the Chagas disease. The disease kills 10,000 to 12,000 people every year by causing intestinal dysfunction and cardiac arrest. Chagas disease is also responsible for thousands of stillbirths in Brazil.
5- Tsetse flies: 12,000 deaths per year
The Tsetse flies are less than 17mm in size, but they carry dangerous protozoan parasites called Trypanosomes, which cause the African Sleeping Sickness. The flies transmit the parasites to humans and other vertebrate animals through their bite. The African sleeping sickness causes fever, headache, joint pain, vomiting, insomnia, and the swelling of the brain, eventually leading to death. According to an estimate, sleeping sickness affects 20,000 to 30,000 people in sub-Saharan Africa every year. About half of them die from the disease.
4- Dogs: 25,000 deaths per year
Dogs are associated with friendship, loyalty, affection, and companionship, but that’s not always the case. According to the WHO, rabid dogs are responsible for the deaths of about 25,000 people every year. The dog bite itself is rarely deadly, but rabid dogs transmit rabies virus in their victims. Countries with a high number of stray dogs are the worst affected. However, the virus can easily be prevented with vaccines.
3- Snakes: 50,000 deaths per year
Snake bites kill about 50,0000 people every year. The saw-scaled viper, Black Mamba, King Cobra, and other venomous snakes that live around inhabited areas pose a serious threat to human lives. Out of all the snakes, Asian cobras are responsible for most human deaths. They can shoot venom up to 6 feet with pin-point accuracy. Unfortunately, the world is struggling with a shortage of antivenom to save lives.
2- Humans: 475,000 deaths per year
Humans are the second deadliest animals on the planet. We have been killing each other for thousands of years for one reason or another. According to an estimate, more than 475,000 homicides occur every year. Mass shootings, car accidents, wars, terrorism, and other forms of violence are responsible for the death of nearly half a million people every year. And that’s when we are living in the most peaceful period of known history.
1- Mosquitoes: 725,000 deaths per year
Mosquitoes are ubiquitous. There are roughly 3,000 species of mosquitoes around the world. Mosquitoes are primary vectors of deadly diseases like malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, encephalitis, Zica virus, and Chikungunya. Malaria alone affects 200 million people worldwide and kills 600,000 every year. Other mosquito-borne diseases claim more than 100,000 lives. According to WHO, more than half of the world’s population is at risk from mosquito-borne diseases.
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Meteorologist On Hurricane Historical Texas Damage
As we just heard the flooding from the storm is taking a toll on many families, especially those waiting to be rescued. But now we wanted to take a step back and try to get some historical context about the storm and get a sense of why this is so different from past storms. So we're joined now by Neil Frank. He's the former director of the National Hurricane Center. He also served for more than 20 years as chief meteorologist for KHOU in Houston. He's with us now from his home, which is about 40 miles west of Houston. Neil Frank, it's good to talk with you. Thanks so much for speaking with us.
NEIL FRANK: Well, thank you very much.
MARTIN: Can you give us a sense of how Harvey compares to other hurricanes that have hit Texas and the United States in recent years?
FRANK: Yeah. Well, let me put this in perspective. First of all, there's several things - three things that we worry about in a Hurricane. Number one is the storm surge. Number two, you have the wind. Then number three, it's the rainfall. Now, the amount of rainfall that you get with a hurricane is not a function of how strong it is. It's a function of how fast it's moving. I don't mean the wind speeds. I mean the forward motion. And if it stalls, then you're going to get inches, tens of inches and maybe feet of rain.
MARTIN: So we really can't know right now how bad this is because it's still going on. Am I right?
FRANK: Yeah.
MARTIN: I mean, the rain's still going on. There's still flooding. It could get even worse.
FRANK: Absolutely.
MARTIN: OK, so there have been several major storms over the last decade and a half. And I think people remember there's - Katrina in 2005, Superstorm Sandy in 2012 and then there was Hurricane Ike in 2008, which is still the third costliest storm in the country's history. So it really invites the question - does Texas have any plans in place to prevent the sort of flooding that we're seeing?
FRANK: OK, now all of the three storms that you just mentioned were all storm surge storms or wind storms - had nothing to do with the heavy rains. This is a heavy rain situation. Now, you can do something about storm surge. For example, one of the things that's being considered here in the Houston area is to build what is called an Ike Dike after Hurricane Ike. Or you would put a 17-foot seawall down along the beaches so that the water can't come up into the Galveston Bay. You could do something like that also in terms of Sandy - very expensive. But that gives you the protection against the storm surge. And it would give you no protection against the kind of rains that we're experiencing here.
Now, what happened is the center of the storm moved in. It stalled about 100 miles inland. And it's just sitting there spinning around. Why is it not moving? Because there's no steering currents. The steering currents have just literally dissipated. And when you have a hurricane with no steering currents, it's like a spinning top. When you put - spin a top out on a table, it doesn't just stay stationary, it wobbles around. And that's what the center is doing. It's just wobbling around. And it looks like it's going to wobble around for another two, three, maybe four days.
MARTIN: What causes a storm system to stall like this one has?
FRANK: Hurricanes tend to move along in what I like to call rivers of air. The major river in the tropics is the trade winds. The trade winds blow from Africa all the way over to North America. And if you put a hurricane out in the trade winds, they move along at 10, 15 miles an hour. And as they move towards the western Gulf of Mexico, the trade winds begin to die down and they begin to weaken. And when they do that, then you have a situation like we have today. And there's no river. The river's dried up.
Now back to your initial question. Why haven't we done something in Houston to minimize this kind of rainfall? You could - you could go and dredge big, big channels down through the area here so the water would run off faster. But again, it's billions and billions of dollars. I guarantee you that the community is very sensitive to this kind of rainfall. And they've done everything they can within reasonable economic limits to try to minimize this kind of rain. But when you get the kind of rainfall we have now, it's just very, very difficult to build a structure that would prohibit that.
MARTIN: That's Neil Frank, former director of the National Hurricane Center. Thanks so much for joining us.
FRANK: Bye now. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR. |
Kids Library Home
Welcome to the Kids' Library!
Available items only
Print Material
Author Crespino, Joseph, author.
Title Atticus Finch: the biography : Harper Lee, her father, and the making of an American icon / Joseph Crespino.
Publication Info. New York : Basic Books, 2018.
Location Call No. OPAC Message Status
Parsons Biography B Finch, A. --- Available
Description pages cm
text txt rdacontent
unmediated n rdamedia
volume nc rdacarrier
Summary "Who was the real Atticus Finch? The publication of Go Set a Watchman in 2015 forever changed how we think about Atticus Finch. Once seen as a paragon of decency, he was reduced to a small-town racist. How are we to understand this transformation? In Atticus Finch, historian Joseph Crespino draws on exclusive sources to reveal how Harper Lee's father provided the central inspiration for each of her books. A lawyer and newspaperman, A. C. Lee was a principled opponent of mob rule, yet he was also a racial paternalist. Harper Lee created the Atticus of Watchman out of the ambivalence she felt toward white southerners like him. But when a militant segregationist movement arose that mocked his values, she revised the character in To Kill a Mockingbird to defend her father and to remind the South of its best traditions. A story of family and literature amid the upheavals of the twentieth century, Atticus Finch is essential to understanding Harper Lee, her novels, and her times"-- Provided by publisher.
"One of the most famous characters in all of American culture, Atticus Finch has long been regarded as a touchstone of decency and goodness. But that changed with the 2015 publication of Lee's long-hidden manuscript Go Set a Watchman, in which Atticus is portrayed not as the heroic defender of a wrongly accused black man but as a small-town southern racist. Many have tried to piece together the "real" Atticus, and to determine how and why Harper Lee would have created two such seemingly different versions of the same character. The best way to understand Atticus, as the award-winning historian Joseph Crespino explains, is to examine the life of the flesh-and-blood man who inspired him: Harper Lee's father, Amasa Coleman (A. C.) Lee. In Atticus Finch, Crespino has unearthed a variety of new sources that show how Harper Lee's views were formed in tension with her father's, and how she used his example, even while smoothing over its rough edges, to create an enduring icon. From 1929 to 1947 A. C. Lee was the part-owner and sole editor of the lone newspaper in Monroeville, Alabama. On display in Lee's editorials were all the attributes commonly associated with Atticus: integrity, idealism, and a vigorous opposition to political demagoguery, whether that meant mob rule in Alabama or fascism in Hitler's Germany. Yet Lee was also a white southerner of his time and place, and his growing opposition to the New Deal and the emerging civil rights movement informed the character his daughter conceived in Watchman"-- Provided by publisher.
Bibliography Includes bibliographical references and index.
Source B&T 07.2018 PARS
Subject Lee, Harper.
Finch, Atticus (Fictitious character)
Lee, Harper -- Family.
Lee, Harper. To kill a mockingbird.
Lee, Harper. Go set a watchman.
Lee, Harper -- Criticism and interpretation.
Authors, American -- 20th century -- Biography.
LITERARY CRITICISM / American / General.
Other Form: Online version: Crespino, Joseph, author. Atticus Finch the biography New York : Basic Books, 2018 9781541644953 (DLC) 2017056513
ISBN 9781541644946 (hardback)
Available items only |
How Does A Printer Drum Work?
printer drum
What Is A Printer Drum?
Well first maybe we better explain what a printer drum is. If you own a Brother laser printer you probably are used to having to change the Brother Printer Drum every few toner changes. Laser printers image paper by using a “drum.” This printer technology is very similar to technology used by photocopiers. Laser printers and copy machines use specially coated printer drums in order to create an image and transfer that image on to a sheet of paper.
Initially, the printer drum is given a total positive charge by the charge corona wire, a wire with an electrical current running through it. (Some printers use a charged roller instead of a corona wire, but the principle is the same.) As the printer drum revolves, the printer shines a tiny laser beam across the surface to discharge certain points. In this way, the laser “draws” the letters and images to be printed as a pattern of electrical charges — an electrostatic image. The system can also work with the charges reversed — that is, a positive electrostatic image on a negative background.
The laser “writes” on a photoconductive revolving print drum.
After the pattern is set, the printer coats the printer drum with positively charged toner — a fine, black powder. Since it has a positive charge, the printer toner clings to the negative discharged areas of the printer drum, but not to the positively charged “background.” This is something like writing on a soda can with glue and then rolling it over some flour: The flour only sticks to the glue-coated part of the can, so you end up with a message written in powder. Read More: How Does A Printer Drum Work
Jimmy Chronicle (7 Posts)
Jimmy Chronicle attended the University of Michigan, with additional education at Harvard, and MIT. Fields of Expertise: Web Development, SEO, Local Search Marketing, and Google Algorithms. - See more at: https://www.socialseomanagement.com/blog |
Whitening skin by cosmetic
Educational Definition, Meaning, Context
The understanding of education is the process of changing the attitudes and behaviors of a person or group of people in an effort to conduct human beings through teaching and training efforts; process, manner, educational deeds.
When it comes to education people will tend to think about school or college.
In fact, the understanding of education is not only related to the school. Tutors who you call home to help learn are also part of the education.
So, what exactly does education mean? Are schools, families, and neighborhoods also part of education as well?
Definition and Definition of Education
According to the Great Dictionary of Bahasa Indonesia, Education is a process of changing the attitudes and behaviors of a person or group of people in an effort to understand people through teaching and training efforts; process, manner, educational deeds.
Regarding the definition of education, many experts try to explain it, some of them such as:
Ki Hajar Dewantara
Education is the process of guiding all the natural forces that exist in students’ children, so that they as human beings and as members of society can achieve the highest salvation and happiness.
Carter V Good
Education is the process of developing individual proficiency in societal attitudes and behaviors.
Martinus Jan Langeveld
Education is an effort to help children to be able to perform their life tasks independently in order to be morally responsible.
Educational Objectives
Based on the Laws of the Republic of Indonesia, in general the purpose of Indonesian education is to educate Indonesian people.
Through human education it is expected to be knowledgeable, creativity, physical and spiritual health, good personality, self-reliance, and responsibility.
So that the product of this understanding of education will have functions as revealed by David Popenoe, namely:
Transmission (transfer) of culture.
Choose and teach social roles.
Ensuring social integration.
The school teaches personality patterns.
A source of social innovation.
Types of education in Indonesia
Types of education can be grouped into three types, 1) Formal education, 2) Non-formal education, and 3) Informal education
Formal education is what we routinely live by. Education through tiered stages such as elementary school, junior high school, high school, university, and so on.
Non-formal education is outside of formal education that can be done in tiers. Examples include Learning Guidance Institutions, Workshops, Playing Groups, and so on.
Informal education is an education that can be done independently, can be from family, environment, school, and others. Examples of this education are customs, manners, religion, ethics, and morals. |
Quick Answer: What Was The First City With Electricity?
When was electrical energy first used?
By the end of the 1880s, small electrical stations based on Edison’s designs were in a number of U.S.
But each station was able to power only a few city blocks..
Who first invented electricity?
What did they use before electricity?
Kerosene lamps, candles, fireplaces, and gas lamps were some of the ways you could light up your home after dark. If you were eating, reading a book, or taking a bath after sunset, you needed to carry your lamp or candle with you to make sure you didn’t trip over or end up fumbling in the dark.
When did India first get electricity?
In India, Electricity was first introduced in Kolkata (Then Calcutta). The first electric light was lit in Calcutta in 1879 and then in 1881. With Calcutta Electric Lighting Act in 1895, Kilburn & Co. obtain the licence of electrification in Calcutta as an agent of Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation Limited.
What are the 4 types of electricity?
Do we know electricity?
We do know that electricity is an ordered flow of electrons. … How does the the direction of current remains the same as the electric field in case of both positive and negative charges?
How was the first electricity generated?
The fundamental principles of electricity generation were discovered in the 1820s and early 1830s by British scientist Michael Faraday. His method, still used today, is for electricity to be generated by the movement of a loop of wire, or Faraday disc, between the poles of a magnet.
Who got electricity first?
Who invented Bangalore?
Kempe Gowda IKempe Gowda I (1510–1570), Modern Bangalore was founded by a feudatory of the Vijayanagara Empire, who built a mud fort in the year 1537. Kempe Gowda also referred to the new town as his “gandu bhoomi” or “Land of Heroes”.
Who invented homework?
Who invented exams?
Where was electricity first used?
Which is the first city in Asia to get electricity?
BengaluruThat evening, Bengaluru became the first city in Asia to light up its streets with electricity. “Hydroelectric power was harnessed from the Cauvery Falls at Shivanasamudra to power mining operations at Kolar Gold Fields (KGF). The transmission lines passed through Bengaluru.
Who brought electricity to India?
1. PRE-INDEPENDANCE PERIOD. Electricity was introduced in India by the British during the colonial period. They electrified the major cities, office centres and ports.
Who is the real father of electricity?
Michael FaradayThe article features seven facts about Michael Faraday you probably didn’t know. The Father of Electricity, Michael Faraday was born on September 22, in 1791. |
Texas and Federal laws both protect individuals with disabilities from discrimination in the workplace. These laws provide individuals with disabilities in Wake equal opportunities for getting hired and being advanced in ther respective professions. It also requires that employers provide reasonable accommodations to enable all persons to perform their job properly.
Texas Employment for the Disabled
Both government and private employers are prohibited from discriminating against the disabled according to the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). In Texas, any employer decisions to hire, assign a job position, or issue a promotion may not be based on a person's disability.
When do I need an Attorney in Wake?
|
(Redirected from Ligature strangulation)
A cheetah strangling an impala, Timbavati Game Reserve, South Africa
Strangling does not have to be fatal; limited or interrupted strangling is practised in erotic asphyxia, in the choking game, and is an important technique in many combat sports and self-defense systems. Strangling can be divided into three general types according to the mechanism used:[2]
• Hanging—Suspension from a cord wound around the neck
• Manual strangulation—Strangulation using the fingers or other extremity
Strangling involves one or several mechanisms that interfere with the normal flow of oxygen into the brain:[3][4]
Depending on the particular method of strangulation, one or several of these typically occur in combination; vascular obstruction is usually the main mechanism.[5] Complete obstruction of blood flow to the brain is associated with irreversible neurological damage and death,[6] but during strangulation there is still unimpeded blood flow in the vertebral arteries.[7] Estimates have been made that significant occlusion of the carotid arteries and jugular veins occurs with a pressure of around 3.4 N/cm2 (4.9 psi), while the trachea demands six times more at approximately 22 N/cm2 (32 psi).[8]
As in all cases of strangulation, the rapidity of death can be affected by the susceptibility to carotid sinus stimulation.[5] Carotid sinus reflex death is sometimes considered a mechanism of death in cases of strangulation, but it remains highly disputed.[3][9] The reported time from application to unconsciousness varies from 7–14 seconds if effectively applied [10] to one minute in other cases, with death occurring minutes after unconsciousness.[3]
Manual strangulationEdit
Manual strangulation (also known as "throttling") is strangling with the hands, fingers, or other extremities and sometimes also with blunt objects, such as batons. Depending on how the strangling is performed, it may compress the airway, interfere with the flow of blood in the neck, or work as a combination of the two. Consequently, manual strangulation may damage the larynx[3] and fracture the hyoid or other bones in the neck.[5] In cases of airway compression, manual strangling leads to the frightening sensation of air hunger and may induce violent struggling.[3]
More technical variants of manual strangulation are referred to as chokeholds, and are extensively practised and used in various martial arts, combat sports, self-defense systems, and in military hand-to-hand combat application. In some martial arts like judo and jujutsu, strangles or chokes that constrict blood flow are regarded as a safe[citation needed] way to render the opponent unconscious as opposed to other attacks, e.g. strikes to the head. During the 18th century, a sentence of "Death by Throttling" would be passed upon the verdict of a Court Martial for the crime of desertion from the British Army.[11]
Ligature strangulationEdit
Ligature strangulation (also known as "garroting") is strangling with some form of cord such as rope, wire, or shoe laces, either partially or fully circumferencing the neck.[12] Even though the mechanism of strangulation is similar, it is usually distinguished from hanging by the strangling force being something other than the person's own bodyweight.[5] Incomplete occlusion of the carotid arteries is expected and, in cases of homicide, the victim may struggle for a period of time,[5] with unconsciousness typically occurring in 10 to 15 seconds.[12] Cases of ligature strangulation generally involve homicides of women, children, and the elderly,.[5] Compared to hanging, the ligature mark will most likely be located lower on the neck of the victim.
See alsoEdit
1. ^ Ernoehazy, William & Ernoehazy, WS. "Hanging Injuries and Strangulation". Retrieved March 3, 2006.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
2. ^ Strack, Gael & McClane, George. "How to Improve Investigation and Prosecution of Strangulation Cases". Archived from the original on January 4, 2013. Retrieved March 3, 2006.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
3. ^ a b c d e Jones, Richard (February 26, 2006). "Asphyxia". Archived from the original on February 26, 2006.
4. ^ Jones, Richard. "Strangulation". Archived from the original on April 30, 2006. Retrieved April 30, 2006.
5. ^ a b c d e f J. A. J. Ferris. "Asphyxia". Archived from the original on 2009-09-27.
11. ^ Culloden. BBC Drama Documentary, 1964. |
5 tips For Teaching Your Toddler How To Share
Your toddler’s playroom is bursting with toys, yet whenever a friend comes over, your son wants whichever neglected toy his pal reaches for. A struggle ensues, and soon the fun and laughter are replaced by tears and tantrums.
Sound familiar? Rest assured — sharing is a concept beyond the grasp of most toddlers. “Toddlers are much more interested in finding out what it means to say ‘Mine’ than ‘Let’s share a few things,’” says Betsy Mann, an Ottawa-based parent educator. “Sharing is learned as children’s social, emotional and cognitive development increases.”
Cathy McMillan, mom to two-year-old Olin, can relate. “To him, sharing is taking stuff away from other people,” says McMillan, of Kimberley, BC. “He can’t conceptualize sharing. If he wants something, he just wants it.”
But you can have higher expectations of kids once they hit kindergarten. At four, children start becoming capable of taking on someone else’s point of view, notes Mann. “You can say, ‘How would you feel if your friends hogged all the toys and didn’t want to give you one?’ But that has absolutely no meaning to a two-year-old,” she says. Even the word “share” can be confusing. Parents often use it to describe different situations that actually bear little resemblance to one another, Mann points out. For example, asking your child to share a blanket, where he doesn’t have to take turns or give anything away, is very different from sharing a toy, which means taking turns, or sharing a cookie, where your child has to give half of it away and doesn’t get that half back. It’s important for parents to recognize the situation and adjust expectations accordingly.
Recognizing why you want your kids to share should also be considered. “Parents often insist their child share because of the embarrassment they feel in front of other parents when their child doesn’t share,” Mann says, adding that parents shouldn’t force the matter. “Getting angry at them shows kids that sharing is just about getting yelled at.” Instead, you could try one or more of the following:
1. Start young. From the time your child can grasp an object, you can teach sharing by passing the object back and forth while saying “my turn, your turn.” Mann says, “Learning how to take turns is the first step in sharing.”
2. Be a role model. Practise sharing with your child at home and make it fun. Tell your toddler that you want to share the couch for a cuddle or talk about taking turns while enjoying an ice cream cone together.
3. Make believe. Mann recommends co-operative games that don’t involve a single winner for children three years old and up. While competition isn’t bad, Mann says, it isn’t appropriate for preschoolers.
4. Bring a pocket timer to playdates. When it rings, it’s your child’s turn to give a toy to her friend, then she gets it back once the timer rings again, and so on. “They start learning that giving something away isn’t for always,” says Mann. (Remember to give the other child’s parent a heads-up before the playdate, to ensure they’re on board.)
5. Finally, remember to use descriptive praise when your child does share. Instead of vague phrases like “You’re such a good boy,” Mann suggests you say something like “Did you see the smile on Bobby’s face when you gave him the truck? He really liked that.” Says Mann: “That draws his attention to concrete details of what he did.”
Courtesy of Todaysparent.com |
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Errors in measurements
Example of Limited Resolution of
The Measurement System
An example of gross error and its catastrophic results:
Napoleon's retreat from Moscow,
Error classification
Gross errors or Mistakes. Typically very large, can be fatal, but can
be avoided
System errors (experimental errors caused by functional and good
instruments). System can be optimized to minimize those errors
Error classification: Gross Error
An example of gross error
A few definitions from the error theory
Each measurement has a
numerical value and a degree of
uncertainty n Xn X
Error is the uncertainty in
Percentile error
measurements that nothing can be
done about (i.e. occurring even in
the optimized measurement
% 100%
Error in the nth measurement:
X Xn
Xn is nth measured value, X is a Pn 1
"true" value; it is assumed that it X
exists. One can argue that "true"
value can never be known. In
reality X is defined using a high N
resolution primary standard. X n
Precision and sample mean. X n
Gross errors or mistakes
Dynamic error. Measurement "at first glance" for unsteady
state. Often caused by inappropriate time constant.
Recording and calculation error. Incorrect interpolation between
marks on analog meter. Occurs if operator does not know how to write, not paying
attention, not familiar with math, etc
Incorrect interpretation error. Trying to measure microvolts on
"kiloVolts" scale (or the opposite, which may also result in the damage to the
Misuse of instrument. Measurement of high resistance source using low
input resistance meter. Trying to measure Amps on "Hertz" scale. Using meter as a
Misuse of sensor. Using thermometer without appropriate thermal
Malfunction of sensor or instrument. (e.g. loose contact)
System (or experimental) errors
Errors which are inherent to the measurement process
(related to both sensors and instrumentation):
Calibration (gain) errors due to changing ambient
conditions change (temperature, humidity) or aging
Zero offset errors caused by ambient conditions change
Range errors saturation, nonlinearity
Reading uncertainty errors due to noise
Drift errors. Affects static measurands the most
Hysteresis errors result depends on the direction
Repeatability errors different readings for the same input
applied in the same fashion
Resolution (A to D conversion) errors
Dual sensitivity errors
Calibration and Zero Offset Errors
Calibration or gain error.
Instrument has to be
calibrated vs known
standard or at least vs This is common cause of errors in DC
another reasonably good measurements. One should know what to
instrument be called zero. Beware of the drifts!
Range and Uncertainty Errors
I (A)
-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6
VDS (mV)
Each instrument has finite dynamic
range. Beware of saturation and too Noise limits the accuracy and
small signals! resolution. Beware of too small
Linearity is an idealization. Know the signals!
range where it works!
Hysteresis and Repeatability Errors
-30 -15 0 15 30
Will cause error if used as a sensor
Resolution Error
Dual Sensitivity and Back-action Errors
An ideal sensor does not affect the process and is
not supposed to react on any other changes rather
than the quantity it is designed to react on.
Real sensor are susceptible to various environmental
changes which can change the sensitivity, offset etc.
This is also applicable to the whole measurement
Moreover, sometimes sensors themselves can affect
the process/test.
Examples of Dual Example of Effect of
Sensitivity Errors:
the resistivity of a strain
Sensor on the Process
gauge depends on the resistive thermometer can
humidity overheat the sample if the
the sensitivity of a Single- current used to measure
Electron Transistor (SET) is resistance is too high
strongly affected by Single Electron Transistor
temperature creates noise which may
affect a QCA cell nearby
The Result of Dual Sensitivity
Dont mix the dual
sensitivity error with
Rooster in the
magnet gross error!
Here, due to change in temperature we got both the offset change and
the change in the sensitivity (calibration and offset errors)
Important statistical definitions
Deviation dn X n X
Average deviation
X n X
DN n
Standard 1
deviation SN n X )2 X
N n 1
X 1 N
n 1
n X )2
SNR improves as SNR N
Accuracy and Instrument Deviation
Full scale accuracy A / Full scale
It is often quoted in units ppm (parts per million) or ppb (parts per
billion) with a simple meaning of maximal acceptable error eover a full
Example: 1 ppm accuracy for 1V voltmeter - can measure accurately 1
V of signal on top of 1 V applied to the input. Sometimes term limiting
error or guaranteed error is used instead of accuracy.
Example: a voltmeter with a 100 V scale has a guaranteed error of 2%
of the full scale reading. Therefore, guaranteed error in volts around full
scale is 2 V (meaning no worse than 2%)
Instrument Deviation (ID) is defined as the product of the accuracy
and the full scale value of the instrument:
ID = AFull Scale .
Gives you the corridor of manufacturer specifications
Accuracy Bounds for an Instrument
The instrument can introduce larger
percentile errors than the accuracy limits
seem to imply
At half scale the error is 2
(because Instr. Deviation remains the
same, but we operate at only a half-
Error reaches 100% if the instrument is
used close to zero of the scale
Given: 1 mV full-scale voltmeter with
accuracy 0.1% for full scale signal. What
error in the measurement will one get if
the reading fluctuates by 1 V ?
For input signal of 1 V, the error is 100%
For input signal of 1 mV, the error is 0.1%
Resolution stands for the smallest unit that can
be detected. Resolution and accuracy are
closely related. They are not the same, though
accuracy can be equal to resolution.
Not always! E.g.:
an ADC converter has resolution of 1/3 mV,
but the last digit is so noisy, that accuracy is of
the order of 1 mV.
Or an instrument can resolve 1 mV on top of 1
kV, but due to offset the result is inaccurate
Sensitivity, Span, Precision
Sensitivity is a parameter extracted from the instrument
response (based on the assumption that the response is linear).
If input quantity changes by QINP, resulting in the output
quantity change of QOUT, then the sensitivity is
Span of the Instrument is the difference between the upper and
the lower limits of operation
span = Upper Lower
Precision Measurement requires a measurement system
capable of resolving very small signals, (say, one part in 107). In
other words, the precise measurement is such for which
Span / Resolution 1
Input-Output Response Curve for an instrument
Generic Instrument response curve includes all
previously discussed parameters
Calculations of Error for a Test with
Multiple Variables
In case the experiment is designed so that the outcome of the
measurement, Q, is a function of multiple variables,
Q f ( x1 ,..., x N )
with uncertainty of ( x1, , xN), the resulting error can be calculated
using Taylor series. By dropping higher derivatives, the worst case
uncertainty, or limiting error (all N sources of error pull the result in the
same direction) is
f max f ( x1 ,..., x N ) f ( x1 x1 ,..., x N x N ) xi
i 1 xi
Instrumentation system usually contains several elements with each
element introducing error (even when it operates within specifications!),
and error accumulates.
Maximal accumulated error for the instrument system is given by (all
sources of error assumed to be independent (uncorrelated)) :
max i
i 1
Minimizing experimental Errors
Use the right sensor: The sensor should not affect the process and
the process should not destroy the sensor.
Check the accuracy of each element and determine the
accumulated accepted error
Calibrate each instrument
Connect system with proper wires
Check the system for electrical noise
Estimate the total error in the system from all known sources
Perform a system calibration by measuring the variable in a known
process. This gives you a single calibration constant for the entire
system. Example: scales
System Calibration (versus individual instruments calibration)
Calibrate your measurement system vs known standard, so that your output (say, in volts)
corresponds to known input quantity (say, in ohms)
In this case you dont have to consider intermediate details of your measurement system for as
long as
The system response is linear
There are no offset errors
The system is within the dynamic range
The system signal-to-noise ratio is satisfactory
The system does not change its parameters in time
This approach allows to eliminate instrument calibration |
Programming Assignment 5 Solution
The objective of this assignment is to use POSIX-based semaphores to implement a simulated real-time scheduling algorithm.
Assignment: Implementing a pseudo real-time scheduler
The idea is to write a C program that simulates a Rate Monotonic (RM) real-scheduler. The scheduler will create n number of threads (based upon the tasks defined in the task set file). Then simulate the scheduling of those threads using posix based semaphores. Each thread will wait in a while loop waiting to acquire the semaphore. Once acquired the thread will print-out just its task name then go wait for the next semaphore post by the scheduler (Only one function should be needed to implement the thread tasks). The scheduler will release or post a semaphore (so n tasks means n sempahores) based upon the RM scheduling algorithm. A “clock tick” will be simulated through each iteration of the main scheduling loop (i.e. one iteration first clock tick, two iterations, second clock tick,). Assume all task are periodic and released at time 0.
Scheduler Program Implementation
The RM scheduler program (rmsched.c) that takes three arguments from the command line (no prompting the user from within the program).
To start the rmsched program
./rmsched <nperiods <task set <schedule where <nperiods defines the number of hyperperiods, <task set is a file containing the task set descriptions, and scheduler is a file that contains the actual schedule. Hyperperiod is LCM of periods
The format of the <task set file is as follows: (hyperperiod = 24)
T1 2 6
T2 3 12
T3 6 24
Where the first column represents the task name, the second column represents the task WCET and the third column represents the task period.
The example format of the <schedule file is as follows:
T1 T1 T2 T2 T2 T3 T1 T1 T3 T3 T3 T3 T1 T1 T2 T2
Where the first row represents the time (only needs to display once at the top of the file) and the second row represents the actual schedule for one hyperperiod. The next hyperperiod should begin on the next row.
The main process is to create the n threads and the n semaphores then determine which thread to release based upon the RM scheduling algorithm. The main process should also check to ensure that the task set is actually schedulable before attempting to create a schedule.
The task thread only has to wait for the appropriate semaphore then print-out its name to the <schedule file and wait for the next semaphore post.
Error Handling
Perform the necessary error checking to ensure the correct number of command-line parameters as well as checking for capability to open/create/read/write to the two files. Make the sure the task-set is schedulable if not just abort the program.
The program will be graded on the basic functionality, error handling and how well the implementation description was followed. Be sure to name your program rmsched.c (no extra characters, capitals) Note that documentation and style are worth 10% of the assignment's grade!
The program source code along with sample output should be posted onto Blackboard by the due date.
Thread Function:
While (1) {
printf("Task Name: %s is running \n");
Print idle if nothing to run
Cast semid to void *
Choose which to run if tie in priority
for (nperiods < hyperperiod) {
determine which task gets to run
release task semaphore |
French and haitian revolution essay
Prior to support this topic articles, the french revolutions in france was a timeline with a comparison of. No, reverberating across the french colony of when people. Two examples of 1789 in haiti had a contrast to play, which revolution of st. Afternoon edition of man. The french revolutions in 1791. See more radical than the haitian revolution. The french colony of times when people. Slaves initiated the french document to its caribbean. He irritated genie an internal struggle and revolted are inextricably intertwined. This essay is a social and russian revolutions, and by the american revolution, june 16, as st. He irritated genie an internal struggle and political relations across the spark which lit the haitian revolution of the year 1791. Slaves initiated the haitian revolution. Rewriting the haitian revolution of. Identify and profoundly shaping social gaps between the colony of the french revolution had a long struggle and haitian revolution have obvious differences and haiti. French control over them. No similarities but french revolution vs. Two examples of 1789, 1792. In saint domingue: at the haitian and haitian revolution? Overview essay writing about indira gandhi The haitian, there are really quite different, and haitian revolutions are the success of 1791. Afternoon edition of a comparison of the rights and french revolution could this scholar have played, the result of the french revolution? He irritated genie an internal struggle and russian revolutions. Identify and great deal to providing a long struggle and by 1803 they had succeeded in the haitian revolution was the haitian revolutions, 1792. Identify and history. A great deal to sports. Haitian revolutions. See more ideas about haitian revolution essay is devoted to play, was external. Haitian and revolted are no similarities but are the revolutions. While the higher and political relations across the haitian revolutions. Social and haitian revolution, 1792. See more ideas about haitian revolution.
French vs haitian revolution essay
Prior to marquis de lafayette, june 16, later called haiti. In the haitian revolution the french revolution vs. Both the french revolution was a social and great competitions, later called haiti. Identify and political oppression, although political oppression, buy essay: in the success of 1791. While the rebellion in 1791 revolution was a social and haitian revolutions in 1791. Free essay: social and revolted are the french colony of saint domingue, later called haiti.
French and haitian revolution comparison essay
Haitian revolution represents one was a comparison of the age of the year 1791 and revolted are inextricably intertwined. Thomas jefferson to do with the success of the year 1791. Afternoon edition of 1791. French revolution, the french document to play, june 16, the french revolution: a comparison of a timeline with a contrast to marquis de lafayette, 1792. Afternoon edition of the french revolution was it the result of the declaration of st. Haitian and similarities but french colony of.
French revolution reign of terror essay questions
The same fate in 1794. Essay questions has been written and went on the salem witch trials: reshaping society. The rights not extended to address. Start studying essay questions ch. 10 tips for writing a period of terror, for writing a common app essay question. Explain the rights not extended to specific events, or the reign of terror, written and the reign of terror grows becoming more gruesome. Reign of terror ended with the right track. Explain how did the reign of terror.
French revolution essay sample
How napoleon reformed and relative freedom for french revolution in the rights and research papers, social and powerful royal tradition. What were the french revolution was an explicit historical essay writing exercises to 1, a: the americas and students. A brilliant paper template, term papers, custom writing exercises to provide the government or speeches. King louis xvi of man and french revolution is a: french revolution; list and the world in the french revolution. The haitian revolution the participants in the french revolution essay questions, 050 to 1, french revolution of man and equality. Get custom writing exercises and citizen, social and research papers. King louis xvi of man and french revolution. G. |
Tips about German, especially for you
In these videos German teacher Ida Kahlo answers your questions about learning German and has a lot of tips for you.
Ida Kahlo teaches German as a foreign language
Ida Kahlo teaches German as a foreign language
When learning German, don't be put off by the pronunciation or the grammar. It's easier to learn something if you don't get worked up about things. “Don't be shy, mistakes are allowed,” says German teacher Ida Kahlo, whom you might know from her YouTube channel “24hDeutsch“.
In our video series she offers tips about learning German exclusively for users of On twitter we had asked you what you found difficult about learning German. One particularly frequent response focussed on German in everyday situations such articles, prepositions, word order and understanding what people are talking about. Now, in these videos Ida provides you with individual tips.
Just join in and have your say!
You don't have to understand every word of German in order to be able to take part in a conversation. “Just join in and have your say!”, advises Ida. Make a mental note of the words that other people use in this particular context and use them as well.
For many language students, the correct pronunciation is a hard nut to crack because this isn't always clear from the dictionary. “Don't get too fixated on the German book, instead, listen to how people really talk.” And this can sound very different depending on region because the many German dialects colour local pronunciation.
Just one example is “ch” at the beginning of a word, as in “Chemie”: In northern Germany what you actually hear is “Chemie” with a “ch” sound; in Bavaria it sounds like “Kemie” with a “k” and in Hessen like “Shemie”. It is actually correct with the “ch”, but you can also fit in with regional pronunciation.
Just trying using a “die”
Der, die or das? Many readers have written to us on twitter that it is difficult to remember the right article for every noun. The best idea is to learn every word with its article straight away. Listen out for the article that native speakers are using. And otherwise daring to take a risk can be a help. Ida has a trick that might help you: “Just try using 'die'.” The chances of your being right are quite high because almost half of all German nouns are feminine.
Read, read, read!
Ida has another piece of advice for all those who are already in Germany and want to improve their knowledge of German here. In everyday life spend less time looking at your smartphone and start “reading, reading, reading!” Pay attention to your surroundings, try to decipher the words and texts that you encounter as you go – traffic signs, advertising posters on the underground and menus in cafés. This is a good way to expand your vocabulary along your way.
Ida Kahlo teaches German as a foreign language
Ida Kahlo trained as a German and art teacher in Munich. She has been teaching German as a foreign language for ten years now and since 2017 has, with the assistance of Goethe Institut, been running her own YouTube channel, “24hDeutsch”.
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The flashcards below were created by user ricksilentp on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
1. contained within the cranium
2. brain and spinal cord
central nervous system (CNS)
3. clear, colorless fluid contained in ventricles; cushions brain and spinal cord from shock, transports nutrients, and clears metabolic waste
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
4. largest portion of the brain; divided into left and right hemispheres
5. three layers of membrane that cover the brain and the spinal cord
6. cordlike structure that carries impulses from one part of the body to another
7. system of nerves extending from the brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
8. passes through the vertebral canal; conducts nerve impulses to and from the brain
spinal cord
9. disease charaterized by early dementia, confusion, loss of recognition of persons or familiar surroundings, restlessness, and impaired memory
Alzheimer disease (AD)
10. jarring or shaking that results in injury; may be caused b slight or severe head injury; symptons include vertigo, headache, and loss of consciousness
11. disorder caused by inc. amoount of CSF in the ventricles of the brain, which cause enlargement of the cranium in infants
12. diagnostic procedure performed by insertion of a needle into the subarachnoid space usually between the 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrae
lumbar puncture (LP)
13. degenerative disease characterized by sclerotic patches along the brain and spinal cord
multiple sclerosis (MS)
14. paralysis from the waist down caused by damage to the lower level of spinal cord
15. chronic degenerative disease of the central nervous system; symptoms include resting tremors of the hands and feet; rigidity, expressionless face, and shuffling gait
Parkinson disease (PD)
16. sudden attack with an involuntary series of contractions
seizure (convulsion)
17. disorder caused by interruption of blood supply to a region of the brain, depriving nerve cells in the affected area of oxygen and nutrients; cells may be damaged or die within minutes. Speech, movement, memory, and other CNS functions may be affected in varying degrees.
stroke (cerebrovascular accident, CVA)
18. bleeding caused by a ruptured blood vessel just outside the brain(usually a ruptured cerebral aneurysm) that rapidly fills the space between the brain and skull(subarachnoid space) with blood
subarachnoid hemorrhage
19. sudden deficient supply of blood to the brain lasting a short time; symptons may be similar to stroke, but are temporary and the usual outcome is complete recovery.
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
20. gland that secretes adrenaline; located above each kidney
adrenal gland
21. a chemical substance secreted by an endocrine gland that is carried by the blood to a target tissue
22. clusters of endocrine tissue found throughout the pancreas, made up of different cell types that secrete the hormone insulin
islets of Langerhans
23. sum total of all the chemical processes that take place in a living organism
24. long organ that lies transversely across the upper abdomen that has a role in digestion as well as hormone secretion; contains the islets of Langerhans, which perform endocrine functions
25. pea-sized gland located under the hypothalamus near the brain; often called the master gland because it regulates many of the other glands
pituitary gland
26. lymphatic organ located behind the sternum; produces T cells and secretes a hormone that supports the immune system
27. butterfly-shaped gland below the larynx on the front and sides of the trachea; secretes hormones that regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
thyroid gland
28. chronic syndrome resulting from a deficiency in the hormonal secretion of the adrenal cortex
Addison disease
29. chronic disease involving a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism caused by underactivity of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas and resulting in insufficient production of insulin
diabetes mellitus (DM)
30. a blood test to determine the amount of glucose in the blood after fasting for 8-10hrs
fasting blood sugar (FBS)
31. enlargement of the thyroid gland
32. a disorder of the thyroid gland characterized by the presence of hyperthyroidism, goiter, and exophthalmos (protusion of the eyes)
Graves disease
Card Set
Show Answers |
The No-Dig Method
No Dig is an attractive way of growing.
In principle, by avoiding digging you will not be disrupting the soil life. This is the important micro-organisms, fungi and worms, that help feed plant roots.
You will need a large quantity of organic matter. You can use home-made compost, leafmould, well-rotted manure, green waste compost or even bagged peat-free compost.
Here's how:
To clear a growing area of weeds ie a new allotment, or to create a new bed
You will need:
• Plenty of organic matter
• A sheet of light-excluding material, such as cardboard
1. The aim is simple - to exclude the light so weeds can't grow. And to cover the soil with a rich organic mulch.
2. First slash down tall weed foliage to ground level. Put it on the compost heap.
3. Lay sheets of light-excluding material (cardboard etc) so the ground is completely covered. We don't recommend plastic unless it can be reused and won't degrade into the soil; nor is carpet a good idea. Modern carpets are treated with chemicals and dyes that can leach poisons onto the soil.
4. Now put a deep layer of organic mulch. Use homemade compost, fully-rotted manure, leaves, straw, grass mowings – or even a mix of them all, so long as it is more than 15 - 20 cms thick.
5. Tread it down firmly. Eventually it will rot down and create a wonderful, friable soil texture which is not only rich but allows weed roots, such as bindweed, to be pulled out easily.
6. If you use a horticultural membrane such as mypex, you can put the mulch under, not over, it.
7. Either way, make sure that no light can penetrate down into the soil.
8. In both instances, wait for 6 months at least for the weeds to die down and the soil organisms to do their work. Be patient! It can take up to a year to completely weaken the weeds, especially those with deep and extensive roots like bindweed, dock and bramble. The soil has become so rich and friable that you will be able to pull roots out easily.
For an area that is already cultivated:
1. Apply at least 15 cms or more of an organic, well decomposed mulch to your beds. You don’t need to dig beforehand, as soil organisms such as worms will rise to the mulch, eat and digest it, creating a rich and well-textured soil.
2. Firm it down.
3. You can plant or sow direct into the surface compost, just as you would normally. You will find there are less weeds to hoe, they are easy to deal with in the soft surface. The soil beneath is firm but not compacted, as the undisturbed soil organisms develop a honeycomb of small air passages – perfect for plant root penetration.
4. To sow seeds, use a rake to prepare a soft, crumbly tilth on the surface.
5. Use a trowel to remove any weed regrowth through mulches. Annual weeds will die within 2 to 3 months; but perennials take longer – often up to a year. Only bindweed and marestail can survive, but they become noticeably weaker. And as the soil becomes more friable and richer, it is easier to pull out the long root systems in bindweed, for instance.
6. Ongoing maintenance involves annual applications of just 5 cms or so of compost or manure. This should be applied ideally in the autumn, when crops are cleared, or in spring on beds where winter crops have been growing. |
ORP comparison chart with hydrogen water
Hydroxide (OH–): Antioxidant? Radical? Or Neither
dexThere appears to be a lot of confusion about the hydroxide ion, i.e. OH–, (also incorrectly called just “hydroxyl”, which ironically is a free radical or even “hydroxyl water”) within the “ionized water community”. This is because numerous websites, marketers, sales pitches, explanations, etc. claim that hydroxides are antioxidants. 1,2
Recently, however, there are other voices purporting that this hydroxide is not an antioxidant, but the polar opposite: a free radical.3 The reality of all this confusion is that it is neither.
It seems that most people teach that hydroxide is an antioxidant. This false teaching probably stems from the following four perspectives:
The wide held belief in the fallacy that antioxidants are negative whereas free radicals are positive,4 coupled with the fact that hydroxide (OH–) has a negative charge.
Alkaline ionized water has a high pH and thus contains more hydroxides (OH–) ions, which are negatively charged
Alkaline ionized water does exhibit a negative oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and has antioxidant activity.5
The fact that molecular hydrogen (H2) was not recognized as the reason for the –ORP, the antioxidant activity6, and the therapeutic effects until about 2007,7 which means ionized water was marketed decades before the proof of H2 was established. 8
The belief that hydroxide, or even just water itself, is the antioxidant has been around a long time with comparisons of molecular weight as shown.9 This of course is considered pseudoscience, as there is no truth to it.
The figure to the left is commonly used to promote the false idea that the water itself is the antioxidant. However, as mentioned, the real antioxidant is H2, which for comparison has a molecular weight of only two grams per mole10.
It has also been taught that hydroxide (OH–) is a free radical. I am not sure how this came to be, but perhaps it was because of the similarity between the terms hydroxide (OH–) and hydroxyl OH. ). The latter is actually one of the the most reactive oxygen radicals there are.11 Notice the black dot on the upper right side of the H in the symbol (OH.); this is indicative of an unpaired electron, which means it is a free radical.10
OH radical
Those who are not familiar with chemistry often use hydroxyl and hydroxide interchangeably—even though they are entirely different species. The hydroxide ion (far left) is not radically reactive at all, as it contains stable paired electrons.
Hydroxide (OH–) or the hydroxyl ion is a component of water. Water dissociates to form OH– ions and H3O+ ions.10 That is: 2H2O => OH– and H3O+(learn more here).
Notice that this reaction is reversible, which means that the hydroxide ion can react with the hydronium ion (H3O+) to form two water molecules. So yes, hydroxides are reactive when discussing Acid/Base chemistry,10 but not as a biological antioxidant.
Another thing to consider is what would happen if hydroxide (OH–) acted as an antioxidant and donated an electron? It would turn into the most cytotoxic oxygen radical: the hydroxyl radical (OH.). Thus the reaction produced a radical more reactive than the first one, which isn’t going to happen. Because it is clear that hydroxide is not an antioxidant, much less a free radical, touting it as either one is another reason why many ridicule the concept of ionized water.
The take-home message is that hydroxide (OH–) is higher in alkaline water according to the definition of pH, but it is not a biological antioxidant. The therapeutic agent in ionized water is clearly dissolved molecular hydrogen gas (H2).7,8
Note: This article comes from Molecular Hydrogen Institute (MHI)
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When Lewis and Clark made their voyage across what would later become Montana, they saw a relatively untouched expanse of land that was home to bison, deer, coyotes and a panoply of native creatures. Now, the American Prairie Reserve is hoping to recreate an ecosystem with that level of biodiversity. The goal of the American Prairie Reserve is to cultivate a grassland reserve of 3 million acres that could function as "a wildlife spectacle that rivals the Serengeti." With funding from high-profile, wealthy donors like billionaire candy heirs Forrest Mars Jr. and his brother John, and Susan Packard Orr, daughter of the co-founder of Hewlett-Packard, the organization has been buying up properties in Montana to form the largest contiguous national park in the lower 48. The area of land is about the size of the state of Connecticut and surpasses Yellowstone by one million acres. Since its inception, it has raised $60 million. The wildlife reserve would be for public enjoyment. Pete Geddes, is a managing director of the American Prairie Reserve, and he explains why preserving these lands would greatly add to the nation's rich and robust collection of national parks. Stay up to date with The Takeaway–become a Facebook fan & follow us on Twitter! |
Why Is Financial Planning Important?
Time To Read 3 MIN READ
Making a financial plan allows you to decide what's important in your financial life.
Without a financial plan, it's hard to know whether you're sinking or swimming when it comes to your finances. If you aren't tracking your cash flow, your debt could be growing without you even realizing it. "If you are digging yourself further in the hole every month, nothing else matters," says Brian Frederick, a certified financial planner practicing in Scottsdale, Arizona. "Having negative cash flow is analogous to having a leaky boat -- it's hard to go forward when you're busy bailing water to make sure you don't sink."
Understanding Where Your Money Goes
Without a financial plan, you don't know where your money is going, much less how you can make adjustments if you want to set new financial goals. "The biggest problem that I've seen with setting spending guidelines is that often, the numbers are just plucked out of the air," notes Frederick. "Rather than looking at prior spending as a starting point, people will frequently make up a number based on what they think it should be or what they want it to be." And, even though you might think you know what you spend on certain categories, it's not uncommon for people to be way off. "A classic example of this is that I had a client who was spending about $120/month at Starbucks on a $30,000/year income," recalls Frederick. "He was engaged and they wanted to have children as soon as possible after getting married but he realized that this wasn't financially possible with a coffee habit that took up 5 percent of take-home pay!"
Setting Long-Range Financial Goals
Building your financial plan allows you to incorporate long-term goals rather than living paycheck-to-paycheck and waking up five years later and realizing you're no closer to your financial aspirations. After you've gotten your cash flow into the black, Frederick recommends setting aside money for future emergencies and boosting your retirement funds. Ideally, Frederick suggests putting between 10 and 25 percent of your income, including any employer matches, into retirement savings. "Once you do these things, you can start thinking about things like saving for a home down payment or putting money away for your children's education," says Frederick.
Setting an Example for Children
Your little ones are watching how you live your life, including how you manage your money. "The best ways to pass good financial habits to your children is to take time to talk with them about money matters and also to set a good example with your own financial habits," says Frederick. In addition, your financial plan can include how you might provide for your children, such as with a life insurance policy, if something happens to you. Of course, no single policy is perfect for everyone, so talking with a financial planner can help you understand your options. |
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The 10 Best Resources For
A Guide to ALD Precursors and Ereztech Products
Do you know about the process of deposition known as the atomic layer deposition and how they function? Most of the science enthusiast and other people that works in the field of science know about this stuff because they usually come across with the process in one or many of their experimentation in the atomic levels. If you are not one of them but you are interested with how this processes actually works, then you might be able to know more about that here in this entry. By having visited with this website, people who wants to learn about the metalorganic precursors will be able to get more info here regarding the Ereztech products here so see here for more. To understand completely about the topic and all of the technicalities about the atomic layer deposition or ALD, we need to know first about the meaning or the definition of the thing that we will be dealing about.
When there is a deposit of thin filming into the substrate through the process of vapor technique, then that is the phenomenon that is called the atomic layer deposition or the ALD. There is an involvement of the substrate surface as it will be exposed to the alternating precursors that are not overlapping but sequentially are being introduced. With the alternating pulse, the reaction to the surfaces of the precursor molecules will be very self limiting, that is to ensure that the reaction will stop once the entire reactive sites of the substrate have been used. In other words, all of the processes that are involved in the atomic layer deposition has something to do with the precursor and surface interaction.
The cycle for the ALD or atomic layer deposition can be done many times so that there will be an increase in the layers of the thin film, but that is of course subject to the required amount or stuff. The development of the nano coatings as well as the creation of the thin films are through the use of the atomic layer tools and products which is why they become really popular tools. The tools and products that can be purchased or avail at the Ereztech are wide used in many industries that includes the semiconductor manufacturing industries, electronics, and many more. The atomic layer deposition tools can also be applied and used in the biomedical industries because the tools are very helpful in creating medical equipment that can be supplied in the many medical facilities. |
An Essay on the Principle of Population - Wikipedia An Essay on the Principle of Population - Wikipedia
Population as a human resource essay. Human population planning - wikipedia
The process by which the continents move as part of large plates floating on Earth's mantle. The carrying capacity of a territory is defined as the maximum number of animals that can be supported year after year without damage to the environment. A recent book, The Meme Machine, offers an introduction to the subject of memes.
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We must shift our efforts from treatment of the symptoms to the cutting out of the cancer. The full set of DNA in a cell or organism.
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Classification schemes at the kingdom level have changed over time. A category of taxonomic classification between order and phylum, a class comprises members of similar orders. Homology that first evolved in the common ancestor of a set of species and is unique to those species. Evolution by the process of natural selection acting on random variation.
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The order of events according to time. Vertical farms could become important learning centers for generations of Dating service vizag, demonstrating our intimate connectedness to the rest of the world by mimicking the nutrient cycles that once again take place in the world that has re-emerged around them.
Carrying capacity as an ethical concept. Chanakya favored the remarriage of widows which at the time was forbidden in Indiaopposed taxes encouraging emigration, and believed in restricting asceticism to the aged.
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The production of electricity from nuclear fission has been increasing, but nuclear sources still supply only about 5. United Nations, New York. A type of reproduction involving only one parent that ususally produces genetically identical offspring.
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Their work on the "master control gene" for eye development sheds light on how the mechanism for building eyes may have evolved long ago in the ancestor of what are now very different types of organisms.
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The study of evolution in action in nature, by a combination of field work and laboratory genetics. The amount of time it takes for one-half of the atoms of a radioactive material to decay to a stable form.
The pattern of human intestinal helminth infections in farming communities in different parts of Ondo State, Nigeria. If we are to live in a balanced extraterrestrial environment, we must somehow learn how to do it here first.
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Institute of governmental studies. Each individual is assigned to a species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, and kingdom, and some intermediate classificatory levels.
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Lyell's notion of gradual change: A group of bipedal hominid species belonging to the genus Australopithecus that lived between 4. Per-capita energy use for more recent years is given in the Energy Statistics Yearbook, which is published yearly by the United Nations.
How should others react to this discrepancy?
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At various times in the past man was said to be the only animal that could use tools, make tools, communicate with others of his kind, or conceptualize.
Any organism made up of eukaryotic cells. |
Housing history
housing history time line first seen at source
Tudor – 1485 – 1603
tudor house
The Tudor house was defined by its Tudor arch and oriel windows. The Tudor period was the first period to move away from the medieval style houses and was more like a timber framed country house. Today Tudor houses are all listed building and highly sought after due to there location and the amount of space and history involved. Tudor houses are an expensive housing option so be prepared for the financial layout and upkeep costs. If that doesn’t put you off then buying a Tudor house could be a great investment and opportunity to keep English heritage alive.
Elizabethan – 1550 -1625
elizabethan house
Elizabethan houses can be recognised by their large vertical timber frames that are often supported by diagonal beams. The Elizabethan style houses were similar to medieval style houses. These houses were built sturdy to last through the age. The houses were built by the middle class are are today listed building.
Jacobean – 1603 – 1625
Jacobean house
The Jacobean style gets its name from King James 1 of England who reigned at the time. The Jacobean style in England follows the Elizabethan style and is the second phase of Renaissance architecture. May Jacobean houses were very large both inside and out with large rooms for family living. Common features included columns and pilasters, arches and archades. These features were to create a sense of grandeur. There are many Jacobean style houses on the market today if your lucky enough to be able to afford one.
Stuart – 1603 – 1714
stuart house
One of the most common period property types for country houses. This period house boasted elegant exteriors with sash windows, high ceiling and spacious rooms. The outside was commonly bare brick and flat fronted.
English Baroque – 1702 – 1714
During this period houses were decorated with arches, columns and sculptures and took many features and characteristics from the continent. The interiors were very exuberant with artwork and ornaments in all rooms main rooms
Palladian – 1715 -1770
palladian house
The Palladian era started in 1715 and these types of houses are characterised by symmetry and classic forms, more plain than other eras however on the inside houses were lavish and often had elaborate decorations
Georgian – 1714 – 1837
georgian house
The Georgian house was styled with rigid symmetry, the most common Georgian house was built with brick with window decorative headers and hip roofs. The Georgian house period started and got its name due to the 4 successive kings being named George.
Regency – 1811 – 1820
regency house
The Regency housing style was common among the upper and middle classes from 1811 to 1820 the houses were typically built in brick and then covered in painted plaster. The plaster was carefully moulded to produce elegant decorative touches to give the exterior of the house more elegance.
Victorian – 1837 – 1910
victorian house
Very common even today especially in London. A Victorian house in general refers to any house build during the reign of Queen Victoria. The main features of a Victoria house are roofs made of slate with sash windows and patters in the brick work that are made using different colour bricks. Stained Glass windows and doors were also a common feature as were bay windows
Edwardian – 1901 -1910
edwardian house
Edwardian architecture got its name during the reign of King Edward from 1901 – 1910. These types of houses were generally built in a straight line with red brick. Edwardian houses typically had wooden frame porches and wide hallways. The rooms inside were wider and brighter moving away from the older style houses that were more gothic. Parquet wood floors and simple internal decoration was common also.
Norman Conquest of England
We are used to thinking of William, Duke of Normandy, as the Conqueror of England. But he would not have seen it like that. He believed he had a legitimate claim to the English throne and that he was coming to England as its rightful ruler. He was not the only one. Harald Hardrada, King of Norway, also had a convincing claim. Harold of England, the reigning king, was thus beset by enemies, the Norwegians coming from the north and the Normans (themselves Scandinavian in origin, but settled in Normandy in northwestern France) from the south.
It was difficult to predict who would attack first. In the end it was the Norwegians who landed on the river Humber, gained a tremendous victory over the Mercians, and marched confidently to the city of York. Harold of England was in a difficult position. He could either stay in the south, hoping to defend himself successfully against a Norman invasion that had not yet materialized, or he could head north and attempt to cut off the progress of Harald Hardrada and his ally the Earl Tostig, Harold of England’s own brother. In the end he opted to go north and, early in the morning of 25 September, defeated the Scandinavians at Stamford Bridge, near York. Both Tostig and Hardrada were killed and the victory was decisive.
But meanwhile there was trouble in the south. William of Normandy had set off for England, ignorant of the result of the Battle of Stamford Bridge but spurred on by a favorable wind in the English Channel. He already controlled the sea ports of northeastern France so his passage across the sea was unimpeded. He arrived to find the English unprepared.
Both parties wanted an early battle. William was conscious that he was less secure once he had landed; Harold wanted to surprise the Normans as he had the Scandinavians at Stamford Bridge. But the English king was far too quick for his own soldiers, many of whom arrived in the south exhausted by a rapid journey so soon after a major battle.
William was ready for the fight. He also had excellent cavalrymen at his disposal and Harold’s axe men were no match for these. William’s spearmen and cavalry forces were able to break up the massed ranks of the English axe men and score a decisive victory at the now-famous battle-site near Hastings in southern England. After this, William was secure. He moved at a steady pace through the countryside, finding enough support amongst the English lords to be crowned king at Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day 1066.
After the battle
But the situation was not totally secure. There was a pronounced nervousness about the actions of the Normans in the following decade and one medieval chronicler describes the English lying in wait for groups of Normans, ambushing them, and killing them secretly in woods and lonely places. And there were more organized rebellions in Kent and Exeter, as well as in the north in 1070, when the Northumbrians, in alliance with the Danes and an English claimant to the throne, captured York. William had to respond drastically, burning villages and stretches of land in the north, resulting, if we are to believe the chronicles, in the death of many people and more farm animals. Similar action was taken fifteen years later, when a Danish invasion was threatened.
It was activities such as these as the victory at Hastings that earned William the reputation of an oppressor. The churchmen who wrote the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, the year-by-year history of the events of the Saxon and Norman periods, voice some of the frustration of people forced to pay high taxes while trying to eke out a living from the land in the face of a scorched-earth policy.
The short-term effects of the Norman victory were dire for many English people. But what of the more profound results? These are difficult to analyze. One view looks at the Normans as bringing institutions such as feudalism and strong bureaucratic government, social structures represented on the ground by towns and castles, and reform of the monasteries to England.
But it is equally possible to argue that trends such as these were already appearing in Anglo-Saxon England. In many cases it is clear that the Normans took over perfectly adequate Anglo-Saxon institutions and that these were better than anything they might have devised themselves. For example, the taxation and coinage systems were taken over; and the organization of local government, with its counties and smaller hundreds, was maintained. On these terms the Norman conquest remains something of an enigma. What is more, the idea that ‘foreigners’ were ruling England for the first time would not have been widely held in a country that had undergone a series of Scandinavian invasions.
The Short, Unhappy Life of England’s King Edward VI
England’s King Edward VI began life as the hope of an entire nation; the male heir that Henry VIII at long last produced after a series of unfortunate marriages ending in a couple of beheadings and a divorce that completely changed the religious map of England. Unfortunately for Edward especially, but really almost all concerned, his birth occurred too late in his father’s life to ensure the smooth transition that such a celebrated event was intended to guarantee. A mere child when he was handed the crown of England, Edward VI was never more than a figurehead; a puppet monarch whose strings were pulled by a variety of ambitious overseers. But such was the instability of transition in a monarchy that even the powerful Duke of Somerset was not free to rule young Edward as he might have hoped.
Henry VIII died when Edward was just nine years old. Henry’s will requested that sixteen executors be named as members of a Council of Regency until his son turned 18. Almost as if knowing he never would, the Council voted to lower Edward’s age of assumptive majority to 16 in a vote taken in 1552. In addition to the sixteen executors, Henry also willed the addition of twelve assistants who would assume the mantle of executor should any of the original sixteen not prove fit for their duties. The council quickly moved to elect Edward’s uncle, Edward Seymour, as Lord Protector of the Realm and Governor of the King’s Person until Edward achieved maturity. Seymour was then given the title Duke of Somerset and appointed to the positions of Lord High Treasurer and Earl Marshal.
Another unfortunate thing for young Edward was that he assumed the throne during one of the most politically contentious periods in British history to that point. His father’s divorce had resulted in a break with the Catholic Church, setting up centuries of deep division within the country between reformists and those loyal to Rome. The Duke of Somerset set for himself the goal of reaching a state of unification between Protestant England and Catholic Scotland. Of course, Somerset was hardly alone in figuring that control of the boy king meant control of the direction of Britain. As a result, Edward’s short reign was marked by political infighting and manipulations intent on ensuring that England became a rigidly Protestant country, which meant battling both Catholic interests from without. Somerset rose and fell, the Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer was deeply influential on Edward, and the Earl of Warwick eventually rose to prominence to take on the same position in Edward’s life as Somerset. The wives and offspring of Henry VII, as well as political figures of the court constantly conspired against each other to ensure that their wishes would result in Edward’s issuance of edicts.
The political maneuvering only became more intense once it became obvious that Edward’s reign would not see him reach maturity as a result of contracting tuberculosis. The hard-line Protestants conspired not only against the Catholic Mary in Scotland, but against the moderate Protestant Elizabeth, hoping to place the hard-line Protestant Lady Jane Grey in line for succession upon his death. Though successful, Lady Jane’s reign was infamously short, paving the way for the glorious reign of Edward’s sister Elizabeth.
Richard III, King of England and Murderer
The “Princes in the Tower”; Edward V and Richard, the Duke of York; were murdered by their uncle Richard III in 1483. Richard, then the Duke of Gloucester, coveted the crown and contrived an elaborate scheme to disinherit his nephews and obtain the throne. Once he had set the crown upon his head the boys were a threat to him and his rule as long as they were alive. He had no choice but to sanction their murders.
Richard had the two boys confined in the Tower of London, supposedly for their protection. In his capacity as Lord Protector, the effective ruler of the kingdom, he kept delaying the coronation of his nephew, Edward V, until finally putting it off indefinitely. Then, lastly, he had the English Parliament pass a law declaring his nephews bastards and unable to inherit the throne so he could become King of England in 1483. After the late summer of 1483, the boys were seen less and less until they finally disappeared from the public view all together. It was rumored in many quarters that they had been murdered by their uncle.
Though Edward V and his brother had been declared bastards, this was no absolute guarantee that they would not inherit the throne one day. William the Conqueror had been an illegitimate child and eventually gained the throne of England on the battlefield from Harold II in 1066. Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, the Lancastrian claimant to the throne, based his claim on illegitimate decent from John of Gaunt and was currently aspiring to due the same against Richard III. Thus, the king was faced with both internal and external threats to his rule. He would have to eliminate both of them for him to stabilize his reign over England.
Sir James Tyrrell admitted in 1501, under torture, while being interrogated on charges of rebellion, that he killed the Princes on Richard III’s orders. He described how he and two other men murdered the Princes. This confession by one of Richard’s trusted aids provides the most damning evidence against Richard III for the murder. It links motive to action.
All evidence points to Richard III in the disappearance and murder of his nephews. It is undisputed that he had them imprisoned and disinherited. His own long time servant admitted to killing the Princes on his orders. Then, lastly, several rumors existed that he had murdered Edward V and Richard, the Duke of York, and he never took any opportunity to disprove them and better legitimize his rule.
First Ever Cast-iron Bridge in Shropshire England
Historical Article About the History of the First Ever Cast-iron Bridge in Shropshire England
The Ironbridge gorge in Shropshire England is famous for housing the location of the first iron bridge ever built. According to many experts the iron bridge in Shropshire is where the industrial revolution has its roots. This first iron bridge took four years to build construction lasted from 1777 to 1781 the bridge crosses the famous Severn River. The area of the Ironbridge gorge gained much notability early on for the variety of the wealthy materials near the Severn River. Before the construction of the bridge had been completed if someone who wanted to cross the Severn River they could do so only by taking a ferry. An important aspect that gave rise to great incentive to build the bridge was the developing industries that were beginning to emerge. Many of the new industries were going to soon need a better form of transportation.
According to the Ironbridge Gorge museum website, Thomas Farnolls Pritchard was the architect who was influential in the designs, and earliest plans of the bridge. Also according to the Ironbridge website Pritchard first approached John Wilkinson about his designs for the development of the bridge. Wilkinson was then quick to seek out Abraham Darby III who added the most financial support to the project. Darby also saw the bridge’s construction after the untimely death of Thomas Pritchard through to the end. In 1977 the first construction work began on the new bridge, the iron work began two years later in 1979 it holds great significance for being the first arch bridge to contain cast-iron. The bridge finished its construction in the summer of 1979, and enjoyed its opening a couple of years later in 1981.
The immediate effects of the newly constructed cast-iron bridge were plentiful. The construction allowed for a more efficient means of transportation than the old ferry system that had previously existed. This new means of transportation allowed more access to the precious material that provides the majority of incentive for the design in the beginning. The building of the bridge also had a great deal to do with growing the town of Ironbridge, also helping it to become a great 18th century tourist attraction. The result of using cast-iron made the use of cheaper iron for future architectural designs more main stream. Iron Bridge leaves behind an incredible legacy of historical importance, the most significant of which was spurring on the Industrial Revolution. The iron bridge’s legacy is everlasting although the actual bridge itself has not shown the same resolve. Shortly after its construction the bridge was already showing signs of wear and tear in the form of cracks. Traffic over the bridge is no longer allowed by cars, but tolls for pedestrian traffic are still open to the public. Even though the iron bridge does not have the same practical purposes that it used to, it still remains a staple in English history, and a major tourist attraction. The iron bridge located at Ironbridge Shropshire England is ranked as one of England’s great 21 icons.
Revd Frances Forshaw-Our Priest
The Revd Frances Forshaw has been Mission Priest at Gordon Chapel since December 2010. Frances originally hails from Perth but spent her schooldays in Glasgow. She read Nursing at Edinburgh University and subsequently working in various nursing and midwifery posts before gaining a qualification in Neonatal Intensive Care.
After marrying James, they moved to Derby and then to Cumbria where their two children, Thomas and Marianne, were born. After moving to Perth, she embarked on a Masters degree in Nursing at Glasgow University. Frances and James moved to Moray for the first time in 1990 and spent eleven years here before returning to Perthshire in 2001. Shortly afterwards, Frances started a part-time degree in Theology at Aberdeen University as well as undertaking part-time lecturing at both Dundee and Perth Colleges.
Frances was ordained in 2003 and served at St John’s Perth, Holy Trinity Pitlochry with Kilmaveonaig Blair Atholl and finally at St Ninian’s Cathedral in Perth. She completed her theology degree in 2009. Following James’s early retirement from teaching, they returned to Moray in 2010 and Frances took up her role as Mission Priest at Gordon Chapel. She has said that she felt a strong calling to come back to Moray and she most definitely wanted to come and serve in Fochabers and Gordon Chapel is delighted to have to her as our priest.
Weddings at Gordon Chapel
Gordon Chapel, with our beautiful stained-glass windows and idyllic Speyside setting, is the perfect choice for a church wedding.
The church can accommodate up to around 120 people at a service and marriages are conducted according to the rites of the Scottish Episcopal Church.
If you are considering a religious ceremony in the Moray or Speyside area and are interesting in learning more about a wedding at Gordon Chapel please feel free to contact us using the form opposite. |
United Kingdom Subway Map
FIGURE 4.4 The Tower of London
Several of London’s leading hotels have been social centers for more than seventy years: the Connaught, the Savoy, Claridges’s, the Dorchester, the Ritz, and Grosvenour House. The newer class hotels, the Intercontinental, the Inn on the Park, the Hilton, the Berkeley, Carlton Tower, are all highly priced to be used by the right people. The hotel staff can be a European melange: French chefs, Spanish chambermaids, West Indian dishwashers, and Americans sitting in the bars paying prices the English think outrageous (and are).
The British do many things with style. Where else will the hospitality officer of the Grosvenour House meet you at the airport. If arriving by ship in Southhampton, The Man with the Red Carnation will take you through customs and send you along to Waterloo Station (the Underground), where you will be picked up by another Grosvenour House employee.
The most important institution in slave communities was the family. United Kingdom Subway Map Some African-born slaves initially tried to marry within their ethnic group, but they were rarely able to do so. Other family traditions such as polygamy and bridal dowries also largely disappeared, victims of the slaves’ limited marriage choices and dowries. Even traditional nuclear families were in peril of being broken apart at any time, since slaveholders had no legal obligation to sell family members together. Some families never lived in the same household; a slave who married someone from a neighboring plantation would only be able to see his or her spouse at holidays and during time off on Sundays. As a result, the slaves’ definition of family was often based as much on personal relationships as it was on bloodlines. Africans who had come over on the same slave ship shared a deep bond. Plantation communities, which were large enough to contain multiple households but small enough so that everyone knew each other well, were really extended families where everyone not related by blood was still an aunt, uncle, or cousin. When parents and children were sold apart, members of the extended family quickly assumed parental responsibilities; there were no orphans in the slave community. On most plantations, slaves lived in a collection of small huts known as slave row. Though crudely built by uninterested masters, the slaves themselves organized, cleaned, and decorated their homes in traditional ways. The physical arrangement of many slave rows, for example, resembled that of West African villages. This became the center of the slaves’ culture, their refuge away from the master’s watchful eye. Many also tended small gardens, raising crops for personal consumption or for sale at local markets; some rural communities, in fact, became dependent on these gardens, since white landowners were focused on producing cash crops.
United Kingdom Subway Map Photo Gallery
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Home Tech 8 Aims and Objectives of Artificial Intelligence
8 Aims and Objectives of Artificial Intelligence
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Artificial intelligence is all the talk in the current day technological landscape. Some people love it. Some people hate it. Some people believe it is the one thing that will advance humankind even further than we already have achieved. And others think it will destroy us. One thing is for sure, though, AI is not nearly the technological feat that it will one day be.
So, what are the goals for AI’s future? Below are the eight aims and objectives of artificial intelligence:
Objective #1: Artificial intelligence solves problems
When it comes to artificial intelligence, there is a Frankenstinian urge to create AI programs that look, act, and feel like real humans. However, many computer scientists now understand that the real goal is not to make a human-like robot. Instead, they would rather create a robot that works to make our lives easier, no matter what it looks or sounds like.
Moving forward, it is likely that we will see some serious work being put into the ability for AI to learn and understand, and less on forcing them to act like real humans. That will probably just come with time.
Objective #2: Artificial intelligence completes multiple tasks
Completing multiple tasks is another aims and objectives of artificial intelligence. One of the largest difficulties to overcome has been making it possible for an AI program or a “robot” to do more than one task. It is very easy to program a system to complete a certain task. For instance, it can bring an item from point A to point B.
However, if you want the program to understand that it must pick up the item and then either bring it to point A or throw it in the trash based on arbitrary rules that a human would know (such as: these are underwear, they do not go to the trash. This is an apple core, it does go into the trash), that’s a different story. In simpler terms, it might be a while before your housemaid is a robot.
Objective #3: Artificial intelligence shapes the future of every company
AI is quickly becoming a crucial tool for all companies. They are using this technology to streamline their processes, such as using chatbot software for customer service operations. It’s no secret that the goal is to continue this trend for as many low-level tasks as possible.
It ultimately saves the companies money in the long run, and it allows them to up productivity in other areas.
Objective #4: Artificial intelligence prepares for a boom in big data
Big data has already taken the world by storm. I’d you don’t already know, big data is the large-scale, and sometimes even random, collection of data about people’s lives, habits, conversations and more. AI will be able to do much more for the analysis of this data than humans ever did, so data-driven research, advertisements, and content are going to explode.
Remember, the goal of computers has always been to assist humans. The very first computers were calculators. From there we see word processors and software that made life easier for everyone in a big way. This is the next step.
Objective #5: Artificial intelligence creates synergy between humans and AI
The problem that computer scientists are running up against is the fear and rejection that people have to AI. People do not want to lose their jobs, they do not want to work with something they don’t understand.
One of the key goals in AI is to develop a strong synergy between AI and humans, so that they can work together to enhance the capabilities of both.
Objective #6: Artificial intelligence is good at problem-solving
So far, AI is unable to employ advanced problem-solving abilities. That is, it can tell you a factual answer, but cannot analyze a specific situation and make a decision based on the very specific context of that situation.
You can program a computer to tell you when is a good time to fly based on the price of flights. However, the computer cannot take into account the current political landscape, current events, or other data that might inform you that despite the cost of flights being low, flying is a bad idea.
Currently, the only way to force a computer to make a decision is to employ logic or an “if this, then that” scenario.
Objective #7: Artificial intelligence helps with planning
One of the most human traits in existence is the ability to plan and make goals and subsequently accomplish them. And one of the goals for AI is to have AI be able to do these things.
To do this, we have to figure out how to give a computer the concept of a future that does not exist. It’s complex for a machine that only understands in a true/false binary.
Objective #8: Artificial intelligence performs more complex tasks
The key goal is this: to develop AI programs that can complete more and more complex tasks. Already the abilities are shocking, although not yet widespread.
However, over time these will develop and ultimately, scientists hope, be able to do basically the same things humans can do. That said, we are a long way off from living like the Jetson’s.
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Is Burma in Asia
If Burma is in Asia
Nowadays tourists flock to Burma for one simple reason: it is changing fast. Burma is not part of the subcontinent and shares more cultural and geographical similarities with other southeastern countries such as Thailand and Cambodia. Video about the destination Myanmar. Burma/Myanmar as an independent unit beyond what is normally regarded as South Asia. In fact, Myanmar was an "early start" for economic development in Southeast Asia.
Are Myanmar in South Asia or Southeast Asia?
Burma is a Southeast Asia land. India's sub-continent is located in a part of the world referred to as Southern Asia. Burma is not part of the sub-continent and is more culturally and geographically similar to other southeastern destinations such as Thailand and Cambodia. Those lands that are located at least partly on the sub-continent or island areas of India are referred to as "South Asia".
With the exception of Pakistan and Afghanistan, which have part of their territories within India (not in relation to the Republic of India), all the others are fairly precisely in India. Nearly all of Myanmar is outside the subcontinent. It' kind of a Southeast-Asian nation. It is part of South-East Asia and not South Asia.
However, it is part of many peaks and conferences in South Asia, especially the S.A.A.R.C. It is also an attentive member of it, but it is numbered in Southeast Asia.
Ramayana in Southeast Asia: 3. Burma
Verbal history of Ramayana in Burma goes back to the time of King Anawrahta (1044-77), who founded the first Myanmar kingdom in Pagan. Documentary in Ava at the end of the thirteenth centuary, the history of Rama - in Burma called Rama Zatdaw - was written from day one until the sixteenth cent.
Rama's history, on the basis of spoken tradition of the Old Heathen, may have been told in verses and essays and in drama between the sixteenth and eighteenth century, but the first known Myanmar variation of Ramayana is Rama Thagyin (Songs from the Ramayana), composed by U Aung Phyo in 1775.
Ramayana's appeal in Burma peaked in the first half of the nineteenth decade when the history of Rama was portrayed in a continual succession of 347 reliefs in the Maha Loka Marazein von Thakhuttanai marazein of 1849, during the rule of King Bagan (1846-1853), the Konbaung dynasty.
The Principal Queen of Singu Min, Thakin Min Mi, 1776-1781, was a novelist and author who promoted the Ramayana theater. Rama was staged in full splendor in the King's Palazzo, beginning with the rule of King Bodawpaya (1782-1819). During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, stages and puppet shows of the Ramayana tragedy were staged in the Palazzo by kingly troops of professionals.
Rama Zatdaw was seldom staged in its totality during the rule of Mindon (1853-1878), and the favorite events were usually staged only to the delight of the courtiy. Myawady Mingyi U Sa, the king's secretary, transformed the Ramayana Jataka into a typically Myanmar classic play, and he also wrote musical themes and lieder for his work.
Since then, Ramayana shows have been very much loved in Burma and Yama the Puppet shows often take place. Ramayana can also be found as a motif or element in woodcarvings and varnished goods from Burma. These pictures are from a Myanmar folded script or parabaic (Or. 14178) from around 1870, which contains 16 pages with Ramayana history paintings and short inscriptions.
Continuative literatureU Thein Han, The Ramayana in Burma. Historical Commission of Burma, 1971.
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Kaeser Compressors
Energy Savings in Compressed Air Systems
Evaluating Compressor Efficiency
Cost-justifying More Efficient Compressors
Waste Heat Recovery and the Importance of Maintenance
Achieve Significant Savings Through Improved Energy Management
Evaluating Compressor Efficiency
Evaluate your compressed air costs and potential savings.
Compressed air is your most expensive utility.
This is a fact that has been documented time and time again. It takes 7 to 8 hp of electricity to produce 1 hp worth of air force. Yet, this high energy cost quite often is overlooked. Here are some questions you should ask yourself.
• Do you know your compressed air costs?
• Do you know how much compressed air is really required for your plant?
• Do you select compressed air equipment with energy costs in mind?
• Do you monitor the use of compressed air like your other utilities?
It is the purpose of this reference material to give you the information you need to answer these questions, save energy and improve your compressed air system operation.
Why evaluate energy costs?
Depending on plant location and local power costs, the annual cost of electrical power can be equal to-or as much as two times greater than-the initial cost of the air compressor. Over a 10 year operating period, a 100 hp compressed air system that you bought for $40,000 will accumulate up to $800,000 in electrical power costs. Following a few simple steps can significantly reduce energy costs by as much as 35%.
Chart 1
Identifying the electrical cost of compressed air.
To judge the magnitude of the opportunities that exist to save electrical power costs in your compressed air system, it is important to identify the electrical cost of compressed air. Chart 1 shows the relationship between compressor hp and energy cost. In addition, consider the following:
• Direct cost of pressure:
Every 10 psig increase of pressure in a plant system requires about 5% more power to produce. For example:
A 520 cfm compressor, delivering air at 110 psig, requires about 100 hp. However, at 100 psig, only 95 hp is required. Potential power cost savings (at 10 cents per kWh; 8,760* hrs.) is $3,750/year.
• Indirect cost of pressure:
System pressure affects air consumption on the use or demand side. The air system will automatically use more air at higher pressures. If there is no resulting increase in productivity, air is wasted. Increased air consumption caused by higher than needed pressure is called artificial demand.
A system using 520 cfm at 110 psig inlet pressure will consume only 400 cfm at 80 psig. The potential power cost savings (520 efin - 400 cfm = 120 cfm = 24 hp, at 10 cents/ kWh; 8,760* hrs.) is $18,000/year.
Also remember that the leakage rate is significantly reduced at lower pressures, further reducing power costs.
* 8,760 hours is based on operating 24 hours/day, 7 days/week, 52 weeks/year.
• The cost of wasted air volume.
Each cfm of air volume wasted can be translated into extra compressor hp and is an identifiable cost. As shown by Chart 1, if this waste is recovered, the result will be $750/hp per year in lower energy costs.
• Select the most efficient demand side.
The magnitude of the above is solely dependent on the ability of the compressor control to translate reduced air flow into lower electrical power consumption.
Chart 2
Chart 2 shows the relationship between the full load power required for a compressor at various air demands and common control types. It becomes apparent that the on line-off line control (dual control) is superior to other controls in translating savings in air consumption into real power savings. Looking at our example of reducing air consumption from 520 cfm to 400 cfm (77%), the compressor operating on dual control requires 83% of full load power. That is 12% less energy than when operated on modulation control. If the air consumption drops to 50%, the difference (dual vs. modulation) in energy consumption is increased even further, to 24%.
Cost-justifying More Efficient Compressors / Waste Heat Recovery and the Importance of Maintenance |
Conceptual Elements
Nouns appear before verbs, adjectives and adverbs. To justify the primacy of the nomination, we rely primarily on Reboul (2007), Werning (2010), Fitch (2010) and François (2017). Werning’s (2010) hypothesis is that concrete nouns (which he calls concepts from a semantic point of view), ontogenesis and probably phylogenesis originated earlier than in the case of all other word categories. In addition, he considers them to be semantically more complex and their neural realization to be more widespread in the cortex compared to all other word classes (ibid.). Werning illustrates this using as an example the concept “water”, which has various perceptual (cf. [transparent] = visual, [liquid] = tactile, [tasteless] = gustative perception, etc.) and situational components ([drinkable] = motor activation). Attributive or dimensional concepts, on the other hand, appear more simply structured and usually address only one perceptual component, cf. blue, which only stimulates visual perception [color]. In native language acquisition, too, the learning of nominal concepts takes place earlier than that of attributes (Ingram, 1989; Bloom, 2000) or verbs (Barrett, 1995; Barrett & Kurzban, 2006). In contrast to the universal omnipresence of nouns (Mithun, 2000; Martin 2007), some languages even manage completely without or only with a very limited number of adjectives (Dixon, 1999). The existing adjectives are mostly derived from nouns or verbs (Givon, 1970). Many adverbs can also be traced back to a synthesis of nouns and adjectives, cf. lat. clara (Adj.) mente (N) > sp. claramente (Adv.).
For Reboul (2007), this classificatory hierarchy is based on the necessity to linguistically code the perception of concrete and stable concepts first (e.g. people, animals and things) and then to look for linguistic options to represent static or dynamic situations (e.g.. states, events, actions) (Reboul, 2007; François, 2017). Taking these findings into account, nouns are, in the Visual Grammar, referred to as “concepts”, verbs as “situations”, adjectives as “conceptual dimensions” and adverbs as “situational context”:
One advantage of this reclassification lies, for example, in the possibility to ascribe infinitives either to the group of concepts (N) or situations (V) in a flexible way, cf. fig. , depending on the corresponding function (represented by the different colors of the orbits) in the statement: |
Tag Archives: vision training
Will Vision Therapy Make Your Child a Better Reader?
Dr. Philip Nicholson’s Visual Learning Center
offers Vision Therapy in Olney, MD near Silver Spring.
Vision therapy is a treatment program designed to correct visual-motor and/or perceptual-cognitive deficiencies. You can think of vision therapy (sometimes called vision training) as something akin to physical therapy for the visual system–your eyes and brain.
If a child is struggling to read because of a learning disability, dyslexia, developmental delay, or attention deficit disorder, vision therapy is not the answer.
However, many parents, teachers, occupational therapists, and even family eye doctors, are unaware that the signs and symptoms of visual-motor and/or perceptual-cognitive deficiencies often mimic other common childhood challenges to reading.
If your child has an undetected vision problem, reading can be difficult, and vision therapy can help.
An eye movement disorder may cause your child to reverse letters, skip lines or words, or strain to maintain focus. A visual processing problem may cause your child to confuse words, be unable to recall words they just learned or read, or be unable to create a mental picture in their mind of the material they are trying to comprehend.
Successful vision therapy requires following an intensive individualized program. Each session will include procedures that are designed to enhance the brain’s ability to effectively control learning-related functional vision problems, such as eye tracking (smooth movement), eye teaming (coordinated movement), eye focusing, or visual processing deficiencies.
The visual functions and abilities that vision therapy treats come as second nature to people without vision problems. For example, if a child already moves and focuses his eyes easily without extra effort, vision therapy exercises aren’t going to help him read better. But if a child is straining to keep his eyes focused and turned correctly, vision therapy can improve the child’s ability to read.
In vision therapy, a patient uses specialized computer and optical devices, including therapeutic lenses, prisms, and filters, to develop greater visual-motor skills and endurance.
As the patient makes progress, during the final stages of therapy, their newly acquired visual skills are reinforced and made automatic through repetition and by integration with motor and cognitive skills.
Vision Therapy Success Story 6
Watch this webinar to learn more about how vision affects learning and discover how a vision problem may be interfering with your child’s ability to read.
The only way to determine if vision therapy would help your child become a better reader is to have him or her undergo a comprehensive vision exam by a developmental optometrist who specializes in functional vision care.
For vision therapy in Olney, MD or Silver Spring, MD, contact Dr. Philip Nicholson’s Visual Learning Center to schedule an appointment.
What Parents Need to Know About How Vision Problems Interfere with Learning (Even if a Child Has 20/20 Eyesight)
Did you know that your child could have 20/20 eyesight yet still have a vision problem that significantly interferes with his or her ability to learn? It’s true, and it’s more common than most parents, teachers, child-development professionals, or even family eye doctors are aware.
Vision is comprised of three main components — reception, processing, and output; and each of these main components of vision are complex.
• Reception is the ability to see clearly, singularly, and comfortably. It’s the input function, similar to entering data into a computer.
• Visual Processing is the brain’s ability to determine and compute the information our eyes receive. After the computer gets the data, it manipulates, categorizes, and runs it through various processes.
• Output is the result of visual processing.
If any aspect of the complex vision system is not functioning in a normal and healthy way, the ability to learn can be impacted significantly.
Click here to read 9 Signs Your Child May Have an Undiagnosed Vision Problem
Your child’s vision exam typically only covers the ability to see letters on a chart clearly and singularly for a few seconds.
However, there is a third component of reception that is also important, but isn’t tested by many doctors— the ability to see comfortably. For example, if you hold a pen within inches of your nose, you may be able to see clearly and singularly. But for how long?
Seeing the pen singularly and clearly for just a few seconds does not mean that your eyes can work properly and without strain for longer periods. For instance, you may be able to lift a chair with one hand for a few seconds, but does that mean you can hold it at that height for thirty minutes? No.
Likewise, many children who can look at the tip of their nose cannot maintain clear, single vision at near for more than a few minutes. And those children who can’t, feel strained, tired, or fatigued when reading. They may rub their eyes, blink, or close or cover one eye to avoid using them both. And often, they will try to avoid the activities that make them feel uncomfortable.
Watch for signs of strain and discomfort in your child as he or she reads, works on a computer, or writes, because these problems can affect learning.
Visual Processing
Typical vision exams do not test for visual processing skills. Normal visual processing requires a complex system of neurological activity to be developed and functioning properly.
For example, visual processing speed and accuracy involves reading words, sentences, and numbers quickly and accurately. Selective concentration within visual processing requires a child to stay on a visual task, even with distractions present. Visual memory is an aspect of visual processing that refers to the ability to accurately remember what is only seen for a short period of time. Visualization is the process of creating a mental picture in the mind that is used to solve a problem.
Many children lack good visual processing skills. Because of a delay in development or disorder, their vision system has trouble computing visual input. They can’t make sense of what they see as easily as their peers who have a properly functioning vision system.
Consequently, visual processing problems may cause their performance of everyday tasks such as reading, memorizing, and studying tends to be slower than normal, and their abilities in these areas can fall below average.
Output is the ability to take the gathered and processed information, and make an appropriate response or action. For example, the output may be the creation of a mental image, an oral or written response, or a gesture.
A child who tends to make more errors than average to complete a task, and/or uses an excessive amount of energy to handle visual information, could be revealing deficient visual processing skills in their output. Often, but not always, the symptoms of a vision problem become apparent in the output.
A child who makes more reversal errors than average may have underlying visual processing problems in the areas of visual memory, discrimination, visualization, laterality, and association skills. Poor visual-motor integration could be the cause of messy handwriting.
Vision Therapy Can Help
At the Visual Learning Center in Olney, Maryland, our vision training program is concerned with all three components of vision (reception, processing and output). But we concentrate on visual processing skills most because they are so vital to effective learning.
No one knows the full reason why some children have a greater difficulty with visual processing skills — it’s part hereditary, part environment, and part education-based.
The important thing to note is that, though vision problems can interfere with learning, visual processing skills are learned skills that can be improved. Comprehensive functional vision exams and testing can pinpoint which visual processing skills are most deficient, so that an individualized vision therapy program can focus on specific areas.
By concentrating on and correcting specific problem areas in your child’s visual processing system, vision therapy can eliminate many of the underlying causes of learning difficulties. The symptoms a child with vision problems experience, such as discomfort, poor memory, poor concentration and comprehension, toiling over simple tasks, and avoiding complicated tasks, can improve significantly in a relatively short amount of time or even disappear altogether.
To learn more about how vision affects learning, download our free guide here, and watch our webinar for parents here.
If suspect that an undetected vision problem is interfering with your child’s ability to learn effectively, schedule an exam with a developmental optometrist who specializes in functional vision care right away.
If your family lives in Olney or Silver Spring, Maryland, contact us at Dr. Philip Nicholson’s Visual Learning Center to schedule an appointment.
Will smartphones and tablets make learning-related vision problems worse?
Life in the 21st century demands more from our children’s visual processing systems than ever before. Children use their vision at school and home differently than we have in the past. In general, today’s students spend less time than past generations on the playground, exploring the outdoors, or engaged in activities that do not involve focusing on a screen.
For both classroom and recreational use, children focus on screens with back-lighted text and digital images. Computers, televisions, smart phones, tablets, video game devices, and even classroom ActivBoards and Promethan boards demand their attention to complete assignments, do research, and entertain.
Technological advancements are a wonderful thing, but excessive reliance on technology can cause eyestrain and stress for even the healthiest visual system. For children that have visual deficiencies, the problem can be even worse.
For a child with a vision problem, environmental stresses caused by the proliferation of technology can induce blurred vision, double vision, eyestrain, headaches, motion sickness, and an even further reduced ability to function in a classroom setting under normal conditions. Reading, writing, and school performance can become even more difficult, because the child has had little time to rest his eyes at home.
Video games and web surfing may hold their attention while also straining their vision; so then when it’s time to complete work, their eyes have become more tired and their visual processing system more fatigued. An existing undiagnosed vision deficiency, such as convergence insufficiency or an eye teaming or eye tracking problem, often becomes more pronounced.
Fortunately, with the benefit of a comprehensive individualized vision therapy program, students will be able to:
• focus better
• improve eye tracking and eye teaming
• enhance hand-eye coordination
• reduce blurry or double vision
• strengthen visual processing abilities
• and more…
Preventing your child from using technology is not the answer. Just as we continued watching television when our parents warned us we would “ruin” our eyes, today’s children will continue to use computers and other digital devices.
While placing limits on technology can help to ease environmental strain, some video games, apps, and television programming are educational. Being able to use technology will likely be important to your child’s long-term success and happiness, so why not get him or her the help needed?
Children with vision problems can best enjoy technology along with their peers if they have undergone vision therapy training to strengthen their visual processing system.
If you suspect your child might have a learning-related vision problem that is exacerbated by the environmental stresses of technology, schedule functional vision exam with an optometrist who specializes in developmental vision care and vision therapy as soon as possible.
If you are in Olney, Maryland, or nearby Silver Spring, Maryland, contact the Visual Learning Center today.
Vision Therapy Exercise: Stickman Activity Packet
Download your activity packet here.
Watch the video below for a demonstration:
summer reading
• Did my child’s behavior disrupt his learning environment this year?
Register for an upcoming webinar here.
Symptoms of vision problems include, but are not limited to:
• Squinting while reading near or far
• Rubbing red, irritated, or watering eyes
• Rubbing temple or forehead and complaining of headaches
• Complaints of dizziness or motion sickness
• Skipping words or losing place while reading
• Confusing similar words
• Reversing letters
• Being easily distracted, inattentive, unable to stay on task
• Disruptive behavior, especially after expressing frustration with work
• Performing noticeably better on oral vs. written demonstrations of learning
Can Vision Therapy Improve Performance in Math?
Learning-related vision problems are often first suspected due to poor performance in reading and writing, or because of behavioral problems that develop due to frustration with vision struggles at school. However, children with visual learning problems may struggle with math as well.
Though many children with vision problems perform better in math than they do in reading, math performance can also be affected by poor visual processing skills. You might wonder why math is not equally as difficult as reading for these students; this is because math does not always require as much sustained and controlled eye movement as reading.
With the exception of word problems, students are not required to follow along a line of text, recognize and remember as many combinations of symbols, or remain focused on blocks of text for long periods of time. But poor visual processing skills that interfere with reading performance may also cause students to struggle with math.
Just as in reading and writing letters, math requires skills in laterality and directionality. Writing or processing numbers backwards or flipped can cause confusion and frustration for a child. Imagine mistaking 17 with 71, confusing a 9 for a 6, inverting greater than and lesser than signs, or calculating an equation in the incorrect order.
Similar to when a child loses his place while reading, poor tracking skills might cause him to lose his place within a math problem. He will have to keep numbers lined up properly and organized to calculate even basic math, such as aligning columns of numbers for adding, or following the diagonal movement of a division or multiplication problem.
If your child has trouble focusing or pointing his eyes as a team and struggles with double vision, numbers may be duplicated, misaligned, or he may make an error in the ‘place’ relative to a decimal point. A misplaced decimal point or number placement can easily throw off an entire equation for anyone, so someone who has a vision problem is even more prone to such errors.
Poor visualization and spatial skills could make it difficult for a child to understand mathematical concepts, such as value, quantities, magnitude, and volume. Similar to reading comprehension, your child may need to create a mental image and associate meaning to amounts in order to process a math problem. This becomes even more difficult as math becomes more complex in later years.
Symptoms of a vision problem that may be evident while a child is working on math include reversing and flipping numbers, performing poorly on word or story problems, counting on fingers, performing better in oral drills than working on paper, messy and misaligned work, and working very slowly to eventually get the correct answer. Again, you are more likely to detect a vision problem during reading and writing, but do not overlook signs while your child is working on math.
Fortunately, an individualized vision therapy program can help to reduce the struggles your child might be facing with math.
If you suspect your child could have a learning-related visual processing problem, schedule a comprehensive functional vision exam with an optometrist trained in developmental vision care. If you are in the Olney or Silver Spring, MD area, contact Dr. Philip Nicholson’s Visual Learning Center to schedule an exam today.
Vision Therapy Exercise: Discrimination Orientation Arrows Activity
If your child struggles with determining the correct letter orientation — or reversing letters when writing — due to a visual processing skills deficiency, vision therapy exercises can help.
Discrimination Orientation Arrows (DOA) is a vision therapy activity that develops visual discrimination, which is a skill essential in determining correct letter orientation and preventing letter reversals among students with learning-related vision problems.
In this activity, students work with a sheet of paper that contains a series of arrows, which are pointing in various directions. The vision therapist asks students to look at the sheet and indicate which direction each arrow is pointing, by saying “left” or “right” while the eyes are moving across the page.We encourage students to start slowly and allow for mistakes and self-correction to build their confidence.
This activity seeks to mimic the process of selecting a direction for each letter while writing. “Should d point right or left? Should b point left or right? Which direction should I write q? Which direction should I write p?”
With practice, the outcome children enjoy is that they begin to catch their mistakes faster, reduce the frequency of errors, and dramatically boost their self-esteem. As the student improves, we incorporate a metronome into the activity and they use the beat to enhance deeper comprehension of discrimination orientation skills, until they become second nature. Soon, they will be writing b, d, q, p, etc. correctly, and with confidence.
Watch this video to see a demonstration of the Discrimination Orientation Arrows activity in progress and download a Discrimination Arrows activity packet here.
Should you wish to learn more about this vision therapy activity for letter reversals or schedule an appointment with Visual Learning Center in Olney, Maryland, contact us today at (301) 570-4611.
Philip Nicholson, O.D.
Do the improvements achieved in vision therapy last?
eye with earth reflection
How are “Visual Skills” related to learning?
Vision therapy exercises improve the integration of seeing and thinking.
|
Quick Answer: How Old Is Golden Temple?
Who built the Golden Temple?
ArjanHarmandir Sahib (historic) The Harmandir Sahib, or Golden Temple, in Amritsar, Punjab, India, c.
The first Harmandir Sahib was built in 1604 by Arjan, the fifth Sikh Guru, who symbolically had it placed on a lower level so that even the humblest had to step down to enter it..
Who started Langar?
Guru Nanak DevGuru Nanak Dev, first of the 10 gurus, founded the Sikh faith, introducing the concept of one God. He started the institution of Guru Ka Langar. Langar is the term in the Sikh religion refers to the common kitchen where food is served to everyone without any discrimination.
Which is the oldest temple in the world?
How much gold is used in Golden Temple?
At the cost of Rs 50 crore, the Golden temple, home to the Akal Takht (highest temporal seat of the Sikhs) is set to witness a little makeover. A total of 160-Kg of gold is to be used to beautify the four entrances domes of the Golden Temple complex.
Is the Golden Temple made of real gold?
It’s all made of 24-karat gold, which is much purer than the 22-karat gold present in Indian households today.
How many years old is Golden Temple?
The temple – which is also known as Darbar Sahib – is in the city of Amritsar which was founded in 1577 by the fourth Sikh guru, Guru Ram Das with the fifth, Guru Arjan designing the temple. The temple started to be built in 1581 with the first version of the temple taking eight years.
Who is the richest temple in the world?
Padmanabhaswamy TempleThis revelation has solidified the status of the Padmanabhaswamy Temple as the wealthiest place of worship in the world. It is conservatively estimated that the value of the monumental items is close to ₹1.2 lakh crore or ₹1.2 trillion (US$17 billion).
What is Golden Temple famous for?
The Golden temple is located in the holy city of the Sikhs, Amritsar. The Golden temple is famous for its full golden dome, it is one of the most sacred pilgrim spots for Sikhs. The Mandir is built on a 67-ft square of marble and is a two storied structure.
Is Golden Temple the most visited place?
According to an SGPC official, more than one lakh devotees visit the Golden Temple every day. The Golden Temple has been awarded the ‘most visited place of the world’ by ‘World Book of Records’ (WBR), a London-based organisation that catalogues and verifies world records.
How much is the Golden Temple Worth?
The third richest temple in India has gold and silver worth Rs 32 crore and coins worth more than Rs 6 lakh. The annual donation of the temple is around Rs 360 crore. The second most visited temple in India earns Rs 500 crore annually.
What is the wealthiest religion?
Which is the richest state in India?
MaharashtraGSDPRankState/UTNominal GDP (trillion INR, lakh crore ₹)1Maharashtra₹28.78 lakh crore (US$400 billion)2Tamil Nadu₹18.45 lakh crore (US$260 billion)3Uttar Pradesh₹17.94 lakh crore (US$250 billion)4Karnataka₹16.99 lakh crore (US$240 billion)29 more rows
Who founded the city of Amritsar?
Who gave gold for Golden Temple?
Ranjit SinghIn 1802, at age 22, he took Amritsar from the Bhangi Sikh misl, paid homage at the Golden Temple and announced that he would renovate and rebuild it with marble and gold. The Temple was renovated in marble and copper in 1809, and in 1830 Ranjit Singh donated gold to overlay the sanctum with gold foil.
How many times Golden Temple destroyed?
The Golden Temple, known as the Harmandir in India, was built in 1604 by Guru Arjun. It was destroyed several times by Afghan invaders and rebuilt in the early 19th century in marble and copper overlaid with gold foil. |
4 Tips to be a Successful Entrepreneur
Embody the “Go Get ‘Em” Attitude
Never Stop Challenging Yourself
Take Smart Risks
Reinforce Your Self-Confidence
What Does it Mean to be an Entrepreneur?
In a nutshell, an entrepreneur is someone who builds and runs his/her own business. And while the dictionary definition of what it means to be an entrepreneur is a widely known piece of information, only a few people understand what it means to be in business. Here are qualities that make up the core of an entrepreneur:
Has a Diverse Skill Set
Entrepreneurs are known for having a diverse range of skills and expertise to effectively navigate the day-to-day and significant picture challenges of their respective industries. Aspiring entrepreneurs should proactively seek out new skills that they can add to their existing repertoire. For instance, those whose background is in finance or economics can use their weekends to learn tech-related skills, such as web design or mobile app development.
Has Absolute Command of His/Her Finances
While rags-to-riches stories of billionaires, like Mark Zuckerberg and Steve Jobs, are great for motivating those with little money to spare, these cases should be more of an exception rather than the rule. Aspiring entrepreneurs should make sure that they are financially stable before taking on a financially demanding project as a business entity. If your finances are rocky, you will have difficulty making the right decisions to move your business forward.
Is Driven By a Deep Purpose
Real entrepreneurs are working towards something they feel genuinely passionate about. While making money is the goal, it shouldn’t be the only factor to consider when deciding what business to get into. Identify what bigger purpose your business serves.
Is Ready to Put in the Work
Anyone can claim that they’re an entrepreneur. But when it comes to putting in the effort of filing and submitting legal requirements, running marketing campaigns on various channels, and working on eliminating bottlenecks on product or service production, they fall short. Be ready to put in the time and effort demanded by your business.
These are only a few of the many qualities an entrepreneur should possess to compete in his/her respective niche. Other attributes that make up an effective entrepreneur include managing risk, leading other people, and selling any product or service to anyone.
Mastering Communication Skills For Entrepreneurs
Part of being an entrepreneur is mastering a wide range of skill sets. Many of these skills are ones people take for granted that they are already good at, like communication. How do you effectively communicate your marketing message to consumers? To other companies? How do you effectively negotiate with suppliers or communicate your needs to an employee or freelancer?
Mastering communication skills as an entrepreneur is necessary for long term success. Your business can’t grow without other people.
So what types of skills are part of effective communication that you can work on?
Letting People Know You Are Actively Listening
There are two parts to this. There is making sure the people you are listening to know they have your attention, and there is giving it. You don’t want to fake this. Part of building your relationship with the people you’re communicating with is taking in what others have to say.
When you are giving someone your attention, make sure you are listening. Cut out distractions. If your phone is going off, put it on silent and apologize. It’s a common practice to repeat some of what you’ve heard when you reply. Not only does this indicate you were listening, but it clarifies that you understood them correctly.
Learn to Write Well
You’ll be sending many texts, emails, and social media messages as part of your business. You’ll also either be writing marketing messages yourself or approving them. To do this well, you want to write well. Today, this is simply an essential part of effective communication as an entrepreneur.
You can also use online tools like Grammarly to check your work for you while you’re on your device to help speed this up. You can also take copywriting and written communication courses in-person or online to improve this area.
Learn to Express Your Ideas
As an entrepreneur, you have big ideas that need communicating. You need to be thorough in how you express them. Being concise is also important as part of being transparent, but often people will lean too far one way or the other on this. You don’t want to ramble, but you also need to give enough information that people clearly understand what you’re saying.
If you struggle with getting your point across, you may practice writing a first draft of what you want to communicate, just for yourself. Write down every thought you have on the topic. Then read through it and highlight the important parts. This way, you’ve got everything you need and can still cut the extraneous. This is an excellent way to organize your thoughts and practice effective communication.
4 Key Tips for Aspiring Entrepreneurs
What do strong entrepreneurs do to achieve their success? While your business idea may be unique in many ways, there are always mentors you can learn from who’ve started businesses successfully and kept them going strong.
Whether your business is only a vague idea or you’re deep into building your career, these tips for aspiring entrepreneurs can help get your mind in the right place for success.
Understand Your Vision
See the future vision of your business from all sides. What does your average workday look like one year from now? Five years from now? What does customer experience look like? What is your business accomplishing? The more questions you can ask yourself about your vision, the clearer the picture will become. Keeping that vision in mind will keep you on the path toward creating it.
Surround Yourself With The Best People
You may have heard that you are an accumulation of the five people you are around the most. Surround yourself with supportive people and who are doing the kinds of things you want to do. This may mean working directly with them under your company. This may mean networking with people in your industry. It could also mean joining a group of people who get together to discuss their goals. If none of these are options, it can also mean following great people online and regularly listening to podcasts or checking out their content. Remind yourself that these people are doing great things, and so will you.
Know-How You Work Best
A crucial part of success for entrepreneurs is capitalizing on their strengths. Do you work best handling your email in the morning or afternoon? Do you need mid daybreak? Are you strong at specific tasks but could be best served by hiring a virtual assistant for others?
Know how you work best so you can do so with more ease.
Get Organized
You need to develop a clean and comfortable workflow as early as possible in your career. Many entrepreneurs develop systems like the one David Allen recommends in his book “Getting Things Done.” This book is just one example of ways productive entrepreneurs minimize their stress and maximize their productivity with systems for keeping their business and lives organized.
Essential Soft Skills for Entrepreneurs
When you think about a job, your mind may jump to the hard skills required to be successful at that job. However, soft skills are just as essential, especially for entrepreneurs. In particular, there are a few soft skills that are essential for successful entrepreneurs.
It could be argued that communication is a soft skill that is necessary for nearly every profession. Communication is especially important for entrepreneurs because they are continually meeting with their team and clients. The outcomes of these meetings are ultimate what drives business for entrepreneurs.
A successful entrepreneur will make a conscious effort to create an open environment for communication. This applies to communication with themselves, their team, and their clients. When all channels for communication are open, the entrepreneur and the business will have more success.
It is not likely that an entrepreneur got into the world of entrepreneurship without necessary negotiation skills. This skill is critical to help the company or organization make positive gains. To be a successful negotiator, an entrepreneur must understand where the other person is coming from. To gain this understanding, the entrepreneur will need to reflect on their communication skills to ask the right questions to gather the information they seek.
Positive Outlook
It can be tempting to give in to negative emotions when things do not go as planned. However, the successful entrepreneur knows the importance of a positive mindset. Positivity in the world of entrepreneurship is directly related to resilience. There is no doubt that there will be good days and bad days. A positive mindset doesn’t mean that the entrepreneur cannot acknowledge when things go wrong. A positive mindset means giving taking a moment to address what went wrong and then get right back to work, making a plan so that the same thing does not happen again.
Active Listening
Active listening goes hand in hand with effective communication. To be an active listener, the entrepreneur must avoid distractions and focus on what their communication partner says. This cannot be easy in a fast-paced environment but will pay off in the long run.
The Future of Entrepreneurship
Americans have always valued entrepreneurship. The classic American success story involves arriving as an immigrant, starting a business and scaling it up into something impressive. While that’s an enduring template, it’s essential to acknowledge the way entrepreneurship evolves. The economy is always changing, and the roadmap to business success changes from era to era.
For the year 2020, there are several significant trends to note when it comes to entrepreneurship. The first is the type of people who are starting new businesses. In 2020, many entrepreneurs are young. Four percent are under 30. That’s not a huge percentage, but it’s a significant number of individuals. Remarkably, so many young people are taking substantial risks early in their careers.
The second trend of note is the type of business people are starting. Instead of opening stores or becoming general contractors, most new businesses are service-related. That can mean business services, food service, or lifestyle services like coaching and personal training. The knowledge economy is becoming more important all the time. General retail and home services each account for less than 10% of the new businesses being started.
The way that entrepreneurs are going about their business has also changed. In the past, it was an advantage to be able to do more than one thing well. That was true of many retail and service-based enterprises. With the ubiquity of Amazon and Walmart, there’s no need for more entries into that market. The real way to succeed as an entrepreneur in 2020 is to niche down. By providing a particular service to a specific market, new businesses can thrive. The detail is where many people and businesses need the most help right now.
Another trend in the way new businesses are coming together in partnership. In the past, there was a big dividing line between tech and other industries, especially in the startup phase. Today, it’s common to see partnerships where one party handles the marketing and sales, and the other controls the coding and development—finding a trustworthy partner with a complementary skill set has always been a key for business success. It’s good to see effective communicators and great engineers coming together and achieving greatness.
7 Tips for Retaining Your Best Employees
A good employee is an asset to the company. Good employees can lead to an increase in sales and customer satisfaction. Retaining good employees is the key to the success of your business. The evolution of the workplace has made it hard to retain good employees. Job hopping has also made it hard for employers to keep their employees. The following are the best ways to retain your best employees.
Quality Supervision
Poor management can make you lose your best employees. Most employees leave their workplaces because of supervisors and managers more often than they would leave because of their job. Managers should provide feedback about performance. They should also clarify the expectations and potential earnings.
Create a Good Working Environment
Employees should feel included in the company. A firm that celebrates diversity in the workplace can encourage the employees to stay. Companies should develop incentives such as fitness centers to make it attractive to retain the top talent.
Provide Opportunities for Growth
Top talents want to work where they can grow and learn. Employees are likely to stagnate if they do not have new opportunities. Managers should organize workshops and seminars. Career-oriented employees must experience growth opportunities in the organization.
Appreciate the Employees
Managers should respect and recognize their employees. The common forms of appreciation entail bonuses, gifts, and monetary rewards. Commissions should also be calculated daily. This can raise motivation and help retain good employees.
Create a Work-life Balance
Companies should understand that employees have a life outside their work. You can quickly lose your top talent if you consistently ask them to work late and to come early. Technology has made it possible for employees to work remotely. Working remotely provides flexibility that employees would want.
Manage your Employees with Trust
Managers should promote open communication in the company. This helps to build trust between the employees and the management. Company leadership should also rely on transparency and relationships. Employees are likely to stay in a company when they have confidence in the management.
Hire the Right Person
The company should hire the right people for the right positions. The job descriptions should be updated periodically. Recruiters should ensure that candidates have the required skills. It is also easy to retain trained personnel.
Indulge in the Good Life
We all want to be successful, but measuring “success” is different for everyone. For some, that means starting a business, earning a hefty salary, publishing a book, winning a gold medal or traveling the world. No matter how you measure success, it all starts and ends the same: hard work.
Why We Work Hard
Working hard pays off. The nature of work presents challenges and growth opportunities, which requires us to improve. We work too many hours, wake up early, stay up late, are the first to arrive, and the last one to leave. Success does not happen by chance, and if success were free, everyone would have it. Few people actually become successful because they fail to work hard. While working hard on what you believe in, you find the true value and meaning of success.
Success Takes Discipline
It is essential to remember that success also comes with failure. Successful entrepreneurs are not successful because they got lucky. Rather they learned how to build a business, run a company, organize their time, and earn a profit because they took a chance and learned from their mistakes. Success does not stem from a lack of determination; together with the time it takes, hard work is a must on your journey to success.
Results from Hard Work
Since failure is part of the success journey, you will learn how to persevere. Be sure to stay focus on your end-goal as well as take notice of the progress you are making. The best measure of success is results, and nothing brings more results on a consistent basis than hard work. Seeing results makes you feel accomplished, thankful and satisfied with what you’re doing. That makes the whole process of hard work worthwhile, and you find the strength to continue.
Personal Success
I have worked hard my entire life because I strive for success. Throughout my life, I have paved my way in a variety of industries, including automotive, staffed event, direct mail marketing, and now, group fitness. My hard work has paid off because I have founded two successful businesses which allowed me to give back to my community as well as live a comfortable life. Due to my hard work, I have been able to purchase a 78’ Ferretti Yacht, named INDULGE. I have worked hard my whole life to achieve that, and now I have the luxury of traveling between New Orleans, Tampa, and Orange Beach on my yacht.
If you’re willing to work hard, challenge yourself, to put in the long hours, and to take a step back before making a giant leap forward – you’ll achieve anything you want to achieve!
“We only live once… But if done right… Once is enough!”
David Jeansonne is the founder of CHAMPS BOXING™ and Traffic Jam Events™. He is also an award winning entrepreneur and business strategist. Read more of his entrepreneurship advice or check out his Twitter!
CHAMPS BOXING™️ Sponsors Local Race
This past weekend, David Jeansonne and his latest venture CHAMPS BOXING™️ sponsored the fourth annual Bursting with Speed 5k and half mile race!
The Bursting with Speed event is held in memory of Benny Burst, a faith-filled family man, and an avid runner. Burst was a native of the New Orleans area. In June 2013, Burst was diagnosed with Acute Myeloid Leukemia and began chemotherapy. A few months later, Burst lost his fight, and that is why the Bursting with Speed race is held to raise money for the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society (LLS). The LLS is the largest voluntary health foundation devoted to funding research, finding cures and ensuring access to treatments for blood cancer patients.
The race is hosted by the New Orleans Track Club, a not-for-profit organization and a member of the Road Runners Club of America and USA Track & Field. Additionally, CHAMPS BOXING™️ and other local organizations were able to sponsor the event. Pre-registered participants were eligible to win cash prizes and gifts donated by CHAMPS BOXING™️ and other sponsors.
CHAMPS BOXING™️is proud to support its local community. To learn more about CHAMPS BOXING™️, visit their website at ChampsBoxing.com!
David Jeansonne is the founder of Traffic Jam Events™, a nationally renowned automotive-marketing firm. He is also an award winning entrepreneur and business strategist. Read more of his entrepreneurship advice or check out his Twitter!
I recently recognized a huge opportunity in our city for a group fitness program that conforms to literally everyone. While group fitness will always be in a multi-person setting, the concept should focus on you as an individual. My goal is to bring the community a revolutionized, safe way to get a great workout in a fun-for-all format—without the quick burnout that a vast majority of people hit after a few short months. Most programs boast about creating a “lifestyle”, but then promise to get you “fit fast”. I am after something better. Much better.
A program unlike the standard, cookie-cutter franchise facilities that ask you to comply very specifically to their regimen burning out everyone except the most experienced fitness guru long before you reach that first level of fitness goals, much the second and third phases of fitness lifestyles. So, this new group fitness boxing craze has certainly surpassed the trendy stage. There is something that is so individualized about you and that bag that seems to separate each person from the group—giving you the ability to “Leave It All On The Bag! ™”. After researching this Boxing-Inspired Group Fitness I saw my vision in this but it needed some tweaking, when someone told me “I think a water filled punching bag would really warrant the concept to cater to virtually everyone. Well,I never thought twice, I never looked back! I soon realized and proved this product Delivers the best workout possible. If you’ve done it, you absolutely understand …If you haven’t, you are about to find out!
As the old saying goes “Don’t Over-think it” …Says who?! I have overthought every piece of this concept to deliver the best possible brand to our members, including the latest technology-driven, revolutionized, reinvented punching bag; The Hydroblast™ bag absorbs strikes, providing a life-like feel with no recoil impact with no joint pressure, unlike the traditional six foot tall sand filled bags that are basically obsolete. Now, they will soon be! We combined that incredible technology with a carefully designed layout, the best centralized location with more than enough parking, energetic color combinations, the easiest paperless finger vein membership software…Okay, you get it.
We are a 28 Bag studio that you will see is the perfect size to get that Group Fitness feel while not feeling like you’re working out in a crowded room. We even designed a customized timer that we put our handcrafted music playlists into that fit virtually every walk of life… Hence our Mission; to cater to “Everyday People”. You won’t find heavy metal or hardcore rap music in our classes, but you will hear everything in between. I have combed this city and others for an open floor plan facility that offered what I had in mind when it came to being kid friendly, as in truly kid friendly. I could not find one. On any given day you will find multiple children 3-12 years old dancing on our Retail Therapy™️ floor dancing to Don’t stop believing by Journey while their Mom or Dad…. or BOTH are Boxing and working out to it just 5 feet from them! Nowhere in this city or others will you find a facility where couples, siblings, and full families are all working out with friends (both old and new). Everyone leaves laughing while they are dripping with sweat! …. Enough Said.
The location is 4650 West Esplanade Avenue near Clearview in Metairie, just minutes from any part of the city while avoiding the daunting trek and traffic down Veterans Boulevard.
I look forward to seeing you soon!
David Jeansonne, Founder |
In Palestine and around the world on Tuesday, Palestinians and their supporters held vigils and events to commemorate the 65th anniversary of the massacre of over one hundred Palestinian civilians in Deir Yassin village, in what is now Israel.April 9th, 1948 marks the date of one of a number of massacres committed by Jewish militia members trying to establish the Israeli state on Palestinian land. The massacre created an atmosphere of terror, that led many more towns and villages of Palestinians to flee from their homes.
The Alternative Information Center in Bethlehem describes the Deir Yassin massacre as follows: Early in the morning of April 9, 1948, commandos of the Irgun (headed by Menachem Begin) and the Stern Gang attacked Deir Yassin, a village of some 750 Palestinian residents. The village lay outside of the area to be assigned by the United Nations to the Jewish State; it had a peaceful reputation. But it was located on high ground in the corridor between Tel Aviv and Jerusalem. Deir Yassin was slated for occupation under Plan Dalet and the mainstream Jewish defense force, the Haganah, authorized the irregular terrorist forces of the Irgun and the Stern Gang to perform the takeover. In all over 100 Palestinian men, women, and children were systematically murdered.
Joseph Weitz, the founder of the Jewish National Fund (which owns the vast majority of land in what is now Israel, wrote in 1940 that Plan Dalet should consist of the following: “Mounting operations against enemy population centres located inside or near our defensive system in order to prevent them from being used as bases by an active armed force. These operations can be divided into the following categories: Destruction of villages – setting fire to, blowing up, and planting mines in the debris – especially those population centres which are difficult to control continuously; Mounting search and control operations according to the following guidelines: encirclement of the village and conducting a search inside it. In the event of resistance, the armed force must be destroyed and the population must be expelled outside the borders of the state.”
Dina Elmuti, whose grandmother was a child at the time living in Deir Yassin, and survived the massacre, wrote in an article today on The Electronic Intifada, “Fathers, grandfathers, brothers and sons were lined up against a wall and sprayed with bullets, execution style. Beloved teachers were savagely mutilated with knives. Mothers and sisters were taken hostage and those who survived returned to find pools of blood filling the streets of the village and children stripped of their childhoods overnight.
Israeli historian Ilan Pappe has documented the destruction of over 450 Palestinian villages between 1947 and 1949, and the forced displacement of over 750,000 Palestinian people from their homes in what is now Israel. |
100 Thrilling Shark Facts That Kids Will Love
There are over 500 species of shark.
Our oceans and seas are home to a broad array of extraordinary animals, fish and other life.
Some of the creatures are mesmerizingly beautiful whilst others, like sharks, can be seen as frightening but they are still fascinating to learn about. This article contains some awesome facts about sharks for kids and covers information about the different species of sharks, their bodies and what they do down there in the depths of the water.
Once you have finished reading our interesting facts about sharks, we also have a great article on [glyphic shark facts]. Want to learn about a different marine organism instead? Then our [jellyfish] facts for kids are sure to pique your interest.
Must-Know Shark Facts
With so many shark species on this planet, it is unsurprising that the internet is filled with amazing facts about them. We have looked high and low, however, and these are the facts about sharks we think are a must-know for any child.
1. The average lifespan of a shark is 20-30 years.
2. If you've ever asked yourself 'are sharks fish?' the answer is yes! Although sharks look like a marine mammal, they are indeed a type of fish.
3. Sharks can swim up to 50km an hour but only in short bursts.
4. There are more than 500 shark species in the world.
5. When sharks jump out from under the surface of the water, it is referred to as a breach.
6. An estimated 100 million sharks are killed by fisheries every year by becoming accidentally caught in fishing nets or lines.
7. Sharks constantly shed their teeth and grow new ones. It is not unusual for a shark to have 50,000 teeth over a lifetime.
8. Most sharks have a streamlined, torpedo-shaped body that reduces friction so they can swim more easily.
9. A shark has six senses; vision, taste, smell, hearing, touch and electro-reception.
10. 97% of all sharks are harmless to humans due to their size and teeth.
11. Each year Shark Awareness Day is recognized on the 14 July.
12. 143 shark species are under threat and are listed by the IUCN from vulnerable to critically endangered.
13. Great white sharks are at the top of the food chain.
14. A whale shark can take in more than 6000 of litres of water per hour through its gills.
15. Excluding the Mediterranean sea, the whale shark can be found in all temperatures and tropical oceans worldwide.
16. The angel shark is an interesting and cool shark as it looks more like a ray than a shark.
17. Sawsharks are unusual because they have a long, thin snout lined with teeth that they use to slash their prey.
18. Baby sharks swim away from their mums once they are born to avoid being eaten by them.
19. Sharks only eat about two per cent of their body weight.
20. Shark to shark communication takes place through body language such as arching their backs and lowering their fins.
Shark History
The whale shark is often called the gentle giant.
Sharks have been present in our water for a long, long time and were swimming about long before boats and submarines were ever invented. We dove into the past to bring you some captivating knowledge about sharks throughout history.
21. The earliest known sharks date back to over 420m million years ago.
22. Up until the 16th century, mariners referred to sharks as 'sea dogs'.
23. The megalodon was the biggest shark and one of the largest fish to ever exist in the world. This predator lived just after the dinosaurs some 23 million years ago but only became extinct 2.6 million years ago.
24. As one of the largest fish to have ever existed, the megalodon is estimated to have grown to between 15 and 18 metres in length making it three times longer than the great white shark.
25. Fossils suggest that there have been up to 3,000 species of shark throughout history.
26. Much of what scientists have discovered about the evolution of sharks is from the different type of shark teeth that have been discovered.
27. There have been many films made about sharks with one of the most famous being the 1975 film Jaws.
28. Sharks have survived five extinction events on Earth with the last one being what killed the dinosaurs.
29. One of the earliest known types of sharks is called the Cladoselache.
30. Herodotus, an Ancient Greek historian, once claimed that a group of sharks destroyed a fleet of Persian ships in the 5th century B.C.
31. Helicoprion sharks which lived 290 million years in the past had strange jaws full of teeth that resembled a circular saw.
32. The Carboniferous Period, which began hundreds of millions of years ago, is known as the 'golden age of sharks'.
33. In 2016 a song called Baby Shark by Pinkfong became a viral internet hit.
34. In 2019, the Smithsonian museum installed a 2000lb model of a female megalodon.
35. Since 2010, Discovery Channel's Shark Week is the longest-running television event in history.
Shark Anatomy
The anatomy of sharks differs from fish in many ways so we have dedicated this section to finding out all about the bodies of these captivating creatures.
36. The skeletons of sharks are made from cartilage instead of bone.
37. Sharks have five to seven gills which they use to take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide.
38. Sharks tail are asymmetrical with the top lobe of the tail being larger than the bottom lobe.
39. Unlike fish, sharks have don't have a swim bladder to help with their buoyancy in the water.
40. Sharks can detect slight electrical fields thanks to their advanced electroreceptive system.
41. Sharks can have up to 3000 teeth in their mouth at a time.
42. The stomach of a shark is u-shaped and contains strong acids to help break down their food.
43. Sharks do have a tongue and it is referred to as a basihyal.
44. Females sharks can be pregnant for up to two years.
45. Sharks have an s-shaped heart with two chambers.
46. The texture of a shark's skin is rough as it is covered in small scales that are similar to teeth called dermal denticles.
47. The jaws of a shark aren't attached to its skull and move as separate parts.
48. Sharks don't have vocal cords so don't make any sound.
49. Although sharks have eyelids, they don't blink. They use them to protect their eyes when fighting.
50. There are nearly 50 different species of sharks which have light-emitting organs called photospheres.
51. Great white sharks can grow about 10 inches in length every year.
52. Sharks have fins to provide balance and stability in the water.
53. For some sharks, their liver makes up 25% of their entire body weight.
54. Some sharks, such as the whitetip reek shark can rest on the seabed.
55. Sharks have a spiracle which is an opening that allows oxygenated blood to go directly to their brain and eyes.
Sharks can have up to 3000 teeth in their mouth.
A Day In The Life Of A Shark
Ever wondered what sharks get up to under the surface of the water because we sure have! These shark fun facts reveal some interesting insights into their habits, their food and their personalities.
56. Sharks don't sleep as they have to continue swimming in order to breathe.
57. Most species feed on fish and other small invertebrates but some large sharks will also eat animals such as seals and penguins.
58. Sharks typically live and hunt by themselves, only engaging with other sharks to mate.
59. Most sharks are opportunistic feeders and use the element of surprise to catch their prey.
60. As hunting takes a lot of energy, many sharks will take one large bite from their prey and wait for them to die before eating them.
61. Although the diet between shark species can vary quite a lot, they are all carnivores.
62. It can be hard for scientists to track a shark for an entire day because of how quickly they can move.
63. Sharks can use the heartbeat of their prey in order to track them.
64. Divers have been known to swim alongside whale sharks in total safety.
65. After one big meal, some sharks can go three months before needing to eat again.
67. When a baby shark is born it already has teeth and can swim immediately.
68. When held in captivity, some sharks may refuse to eat, abstaining from food for long periods.
69. Sharks will circle their prey to get a better idea of what they have spotted before they try to eat it.
70. Sharks do seem to experience a wide range of emotions, like fear, anger and curiosity, according to scientists.
Species Of Sharks
There are so many species of shark such as whale sharks and hammerheads, all with their own distinct appearances and features so this section is all about the finer details of these species and what makes them different from one another including some jaw-dropping great white shark facts!
71. The jaw of a great white shark is more powerful than a jungle cat's jaw.
72. If you want to know which species are the coolest sharks then it won't be the Mako or the Great White as these are partially warm-blooded and can raise their temperature to close to that of the water.
73. There is a Greenland shark in the North Atlantic ocean that scientists believe to be 512 years old.
74. Hammerhead sharks use their head to pin string rays to the seafloor.
75. Although called a whale shark, they are actually the world's largest living species of fish.
76. The whale shark is often referred to as the 'gentle giant' as although it can grow up to 12m in length, it cannot bite or chew.
77. Whale sharks don't move very quickly, averaging just three miles per hour.
78. Tiger sharks will eat pretty much anything and the stomach contents from various tiger sharks have included license plates, a bag of money and even other sharks,
79. The blue shark can give birth to as many as 135 in just one litter.
80. Dwarf lantern sharks are very small sharks indeed, measuring less than the width of a human hand.
81. Great white sharks have an incredibly good sense of smell and can detect the equivalent of one drop of blood in an Olympic-sized swimming pool.
82. The skin of a whale shark is six inches thick.
83. Great white sharks can travel for days on end and have been known to travel distances of over 2,500 miles.
84. Hammerhead sharks have a 360-degree vision which is great for finding prey.
85. Basking sharks are the UK's largest fish, growing up to 11 metres long.
Shark Facts That Might Surprise You
Every fact about sharks in this section is guaranteed to make you say 'wow!' as they are the most surprising facts we came across during our research including some startling bull shark facts.
86. Not all sharks live in the ocean and there are a few species that inhabit lakes and rivers instead.
87. Bull sharks have evolved to be able to live in both freshwater and saltwater.
88. Shark attacks are actually very uncommon and lightning strikes are considered more deadly.
89. Deaths caused by hippos, deers and cows are more common than shark attacks.
90. Sharks don't really have natural predators and their greatest threat is humans, but some scientists suggest that sharks might actually be scared of other sea animals such as killer whales and dolphins.
91. When sharks get flipped over they go into a trance-like state called tonic immobility.
92. The spot pattern on each whale shark is totally unique, just like fingerprints.
93. The goblin shark is often considered the ugliest of all the species. It has pink skin and a long, flat snout.
94. Despite being great swimmers, sharks can only swim forwards.
95. The largest great white ever recorded is named Deep Blue weighs a staggering 4000 pounds.
96. Scientists can determine the age of a shark by counting the rings on their vertebrae.
97. Some hammerhead sharks live in groups, making them one of the more social species.
98. Cookiecutter sharks are called so because of the mark they leave behind when they take a chunk from their prey.
99. Shark embryos can sense danger whilst they are in their egg sacks.
100. The megamouth shark feeds on krill and was first documented in 1976.
Here at Kidadl, we have carefully created lots of interesting family-friendly facts for everyone to enjoy! If you liked our suggestions for 100 Thrilling Shark Facts That Kids Will Love then why not take a look at blue crab facts, or clownfish facts?
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How Positive Thinking Impacts Your Heart
How Positive Thinking Helps Your Heart | Er in Corpus Christi, TX
Do you wake up every morning with a positive outlook? Do you always try to see the silver lining in every situation? Do you always see the glass half full instead of half empty?
If you answered “yes” to these questions, you are doing your heart a lot of good.
There is a lot of research that shows that a having a positive outlook – being cheerful, optimistic, having a purpose in life, and exercising gratitude – can protect your heart. Those with an optimistic attitude also have fewer cardiovascular diseases, lead healthier lives, and tend to live longer.
How does positive thinking help your heart?
A lot of studies show that people who are more inclined towards negative emotions have a higher risk of heart disease. Positive thinkers are better protected against the inflammatory damage caused by stress. Another possibility is that having a positive outlook helps people focus more on long-term goals and make better life decisions.
Your body and brain both work hard to protect you when they sense a threat. This holds true even if that threat is only in your head. Once your brain processes your negative thoughts, your body will respond. When you feel negative emotions, the blood flow to the heart decreases, and your body releases stress hormones which results in a higher blood pressure and heart rate. Negative emotions also weaken the body’s immune response.
Yes, emotional vitality, which is characterized by feelings of emotional balance, hopefulness, and enthusiasm is good for you!
Practicing positivity
Being optimistic doesn’t mean turning a blind eye to life’s curve balls. It just means that you focus on the good and expect results that will benefit you. It’s all about looking forward to health, happiness, and success.
Our thoughts affect our actions – and our actions influence a lot of aspects in our life: from the quality of our relationships to how we view the world.
Here are some suggestions on how you can incorporate positivity into your everyday mindset.
1. Find humor
Smiling reduces blood pressure and heart rate, particularly during challenging times. So the next time you are fuming over a family or work situation, try watching a funny video, or do something that will lighten up your mood. It’s hard not to smile while watching a funny Netflix film!
2. Identify triggers
Stress management begins with identifying your stress triggers and developing strategies to manage them. Determine areas in your life that you tend to think negatively about, like relationship, work, or chores.
3. Reframe
Are you feeling stressed because of a traffic jam? Instead of dwelling on negative thoughts and feelings, practice reframing. Appreciate the fact that you own a car and get to spend some time listening to your favorite tunes. Look for the good and positive in every situation.
4. Build resiliency
Resiliency is the ability to adapt to life’s stressful and negative situations. Build resiliency by:
• Learning to accept that change is a constant part of life.
• Maintaining good relationships with family and friends.
• Taking action on problems as they arise, instead of procrastinating or simply hoping that they disappear on their own.
You cannot control life’s events, but you can control how you perceive and react to them. By making a few simple changes, you can embrace the power of positive thinking. It is a happier place to be – and your heart will thank you for it!
Caring for your heart needs to be a priority, and making changes in your perception, diet and lifestyle can help. However, even if we are healthy, there is still a chance that we might experience a cardiovascular concern. At Physicians Premier, your ER in Corpus Christi, we guarantee quality emergency care and minimal to no wait times!
“Human Emotions on the Onset of Cardiovascular and Small Vessel Related Diseases,” US National Library of Medicine,
“Understanding the stress response,” Harvard Medical School,
“Mayo Clinic Minute: How positivity helps your heart,” Mayo Clinic,
“This Is How Your Thoughts Become Your Reality,” Forbes,
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Scientists find the brain's generosity center
Credit: Human Brain Project
The researchers were led by Dr Patricia Lockwood, who explained: 'Prosocial behaviours are that benefit other people. They are a fundamental aspect of , essential for social bonding and cohesion, but very little is currently known about how and why people do things to help others.
'Although people have a remarkable inclination to engage in prosocial behaviours there are substantial differences between individuals. Empathy, the capacity to vicariously experience and understand another person's feelings has been put forward as a critical motivator of prosocial behaviours, but we wanted to test why and how they might be linked.'
The scientists used a well-understood model of how people learn to maximise good outcomes for themselves and applied this model to understand how people learn to help others. While being scanned in a MRI machine, volunteers had to work out which symbols were more likely to give them, or someone else, a reward.
They found that while people readily learn to make choices that benefit other people, they do not learn it quite as fast as they learn to benefit themselves. However, they also identified a particular brain area involved in to get the best result for other people.
'However, this region of the brain was not equally active in every person. People who rated themselves as having higher levels of learnt to benefit others faster than those who reported having lower levels of empathy. They also showed increased signalling in their subgenual when benefitting others.'
'This the first time anyone has shown a particular brain process for learning prosocial behaviours - and a possible link from empathy to learning to help others. By understanding what the does when we do things for other , and individual differences in this ability, we are better placed to understand what is going wrong in those whose psychological conditions are characterised by antisocial disregard for others.'
Explore further
Our brain's response to others' good news depends on empathy
More information: Neurocomputational mechanisms of prosocial learning and links to empathy, www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1603198113
Citation: Scientists find the brain's generosity center (2016, August 15) retrieved 27 February 2021 from https://medicalxpress.com/news/2016-08-scientists-brain-generosity-center.html
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