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Why Industrial Agriculture is Unsustainable
Fresh: Sustainable Food Production in America
Directed by Ana Sofia Joanes (2009)
Film Review
This documentary examines why industrial agriculture is inevitably doomed to failure. After detailing numerous financial, environmental, and human health crises linked to factory farm systems, the filmmakers explore the growing family farm movement. The latter seeks, above all, to re-localize US food production. The issue of local food production is especially relevant in 2020 with the current breakdown (thanks to COVID19 lockdowns) in globalized industrial food production.
In addition to profiling various family farmers who have abandoned factory farming, the film features Michael Pollan (author of The Botany of Desire and the The Omnivore’s Dilemma); the 2009 president of the National Family Farm Coalition; the manager of an independent farmer-supported supermarket in Kansas City; and Will Allen, former pro basketball star and founder of Growing Power (a community-supported urban farm and training center in Milwaukee).
The film explodes a number of corporate myths about industrial agriculture. First and foremost is the claim that we can’t feed a global population of seven billion without factory farming. There are now three decades of yield research revealing that traditional multi-species farming methods (still practiced by 80% of the world) are far more productive (in calories per acre) than industrialized monoculture. As several farmers in the film reveal, traditional farming methods are also more financially sustainable. Farmers employing traditional methods spend far less on pesticides, herbicides, synthetic fertilizers, antibiotics, and vet bills because their soils, plants, and animals are much healthier.*
The second major myth the film debunks is that factory farming lowers the cost of food by replacing human labor with technology. While Food Inc CEOs and shareholders pocket their profits, society as a a whole pays the cost of industrial agriculture with increased unemployment, environmental degradation, and health care costs. The latter stems from an epidemic of food contamination (with toxins and harmful pathogens) and chronic illness (obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer).
*Two distinct effects are described: 1) The avoidance of herbicides and pesticides allows soil organisms essential for plant health to thrive and 2) Ruminant livestock thrive on the natural grasses their digestive systems evolved for, in contrast to the grains they are fed on factory farms.
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Pegasus Bridge: Operation Deadstick’s Glider Assault
by Christopher Miskimon
On a darkened airfield at 2230 hours on June 5, 1944, a reinforced company of British gliderborne infantry, D Company of the Second Battalion, Oxford & Buckinghamshire Light Infantry (Ox & Bucks), boarded gliders, prepared to start the invasion of France. Their commanding officer, Major John Howard, watched them in the night’s dim, shuffling forward under the heavy load of their weapons and equipment, bound for what would become known as “Pegasus Bridge” across the Caen canal. He recorded, “It was an amazing sight. The smaller chaps were visibly sagging at the knees under the amount of kit they had to carry.” Operation Deadstick was underway.
There was more to their burden, however, than just Sten guns and spare ammunition. On their shoulders rested responsibility for securing the left flank of the entire Allied D-Day invasion force. A pair of small bridges was situated south-southeast of Sword Beach, the easternmost of the five landing points. If they remained in Axis hands, they provided fast access for German armored units to counterattack the beaches. If taken by the British, they could be used for the advancing British ground units. The mission of these glider troops was to seize the bridges in question. Major Howard’s orders weighed heavily on his mind as they set out on their monumental mission: “Your task is to seize the [bridges] over R. Orne and canal … and to hold them until relief….”
The Plan to Take Pegasus Bridge
The preparation for this attack had been in the works long before Howard and his men boarded their gliders. Once the Allied command decided on the Normandy coastline for the invasion of France, planning began on how to secure the beaches and pave the way for the advance inland. On the invasion’s left flank, attention quickly focused on a pair of bridges just a few miles northeast of the French city of Caen. The bridge over the river Orne allowed fast access for the invasion force to move east after landing. Conversely, it could allow German units to quickly move toward Sword Beach and attack the British 3rd Infantry Division as it struggled to get ashore. Just 470 meters west of the Orne Bridge sat Pegasus Bridge over the Caen Canal, a manmade waterway that flowed directly to Sword Beach. Together these crossing points were vital avenues to whichever army held them.
The east-west road that crossed the bridges led east to the village of Ranville, roughly 1,000 meters away, and then out to the countryside. To the west, the road crossed the canal bridge and came to a crossroads around 260 meters distant. This crossroad led north to Sword Beach or south toward Caen. On the west bank of the canal sat the village of Benouville.
Over time a plan formed to seize of the bridges using gliderborne infantry. There were certain advantages to using gliders for such an assault. They were quiet and would be towed by transport aircraft; the German occupation force was by now used to hearing Allied planes overhead and hopefully would not pay much attention to them. This would provide a cover for the incoming gliders and help achieve surprise. Also, using gliders kept the attacking force concentrated. Paratroopers could be scattered by wind or varying speed, altitude, and direction of their aircraft. Even a good airborne drop would require time for the parachutists to concentrate and move on their objective. A glider force could touch down already concentrated with one planeload of soldiers ready to move upon landing. If the gliders could land close together a large force could be quickly brought to bear.
“The First British Fighting Force to Land on the Continent”
The British 6th Airborne Division was charged with landing to the east of Sword Beach on D-Day and capturing the vital bridges. Like any airborne unit, it was not heavy enough to resist the sort of determined counterattacks the Germans could be expected to make and would need the more heavily equipped regular infantry and armored formations coming from the beaches to arrive as quickly as possible. The division contained two parachute brigades and one air landing (glider) brigade.
The force for the bridge assaults was drawn for the 6th Air Landing Brigade commanded by Brigadier H.K.M. Kindersley. The division commander, Maj. Gen. Richard Gale, went to his brigade commanders with the plan for the bridges, explaining to one of them, “The seizing of the bridges intact is of the utmost importance for the conduct of future operations … the speedy overpowering of the bridge defenses will be your first objective and it is therefore to be seized by the coup de main party. You must accept risks to achieve this.”
Gale asked Kindersley which of his company commanders might be up to the challenge. Kindersley chose Major John Howard, the commander of D Company.
Howard, a former enlisted man, had risen quickly through the NCO and officer ranks after the war began because of his ability and professionalism. He had completed one enlistment during the 1930s and was a policeman until recalled to duty after the war started. He impressed superiors with his skill and subordinates with his willingness to share their difficulties.
Two weeks prior to D-Day, Field Marshal Erwin Rommel, commander of the German defenses in Normandy, inspects troops of the 21st Panzer Division. This inspection took place in the vicinity of the landing zone of the British 6th Airborne Division.
To see if Howard and his men had what it took, a three-day exercise was conducted, with the troops required to seize three bridges intact and hold them until relief arrived. They succeeded and ensured their place in the vanguard of the entire invasion force. After the exercise Howard was told what his mission would be and that D Company would certainly be “the first British fighting force to land on the continent.”
They would not be alone, however. Gale wanted the coup de main effort to be reinforced, so Howard was told he could choose any two platoons from his regiment to be attached to his company. Also, a detachment of Royal Engineers from the division’s 249th Field Company would provide the expertise needed to disable any demolitions placed on the bridges by the Germans. Howard chose two platoons from the Ox & Bucks B Company to join his unit.
Six Horsa Gliders
The detailed plan for the attack came together over the coming months as the troops trained hard for their task, even though due to secrecy needs they did not know their exact mission. They would embark aboard six Horsa gliders that would each hold a platoon plus a small group of engineers. Howard wanted flexibility in his plan and equipped his platoons so each could attack a bridge by itself if necessary. During training he envisioned the different ways things could go wrong and tried to compensate. Also, each platoon cross-trained so it could perform in another’s role as needed. The training was arduous, but it bonded the men together. Howard also had good officers who shared hardships with their men and were aggressive and capable.
Along with their training, the glider troops benefited from access to constantly updated intelligence estimates. Photo reconnaissance flights provided timely images of the bridges and their defenses; over time the British noted improvements being made, such as the installation of an antitank gun and the construction of bunkers. Another invaluable source of information was the local French Resistance network. This included Madame Vion, who ran a maternity hospital on the south end of Benouville. She collected information from resistance operatives and passed it on to her contacts in Caen during her periodic trips there for medical supplies.
One of her primary sources of information was the conversation at the Café Gondree, located on the west bank of the canal near the bridge. The owners, Georges and Therese Gondree, simply kept their ears open and listened to the conversations of the various German soldiers who frequented the establishment. Therese was from Alsace and spoke German, while Georges spoke some English.
The intelligence effort gave them a fairly accurate picture of the bridge’s defenses. About 50 troops guarded the two spans, drawn from the 736th Grenadier Regiment of the 716th Infantry Division. This unit was composed largely of conscripted men from German-occupied nations, such as Poles and Russians with some, mostly older, Germans mixed in. German NCOs and officers led the formation. The bridge defenses were commanded by Major Hans Schmidt.
From the layout of the defenses, the Germans expected any concerted attack on the bridges to come from the east. Most of the machine guns at each bridge were oriented to the east while the single antitank gun installed at the canal bridge was located on the east side as well. Several bunkers were also constructed, and trench systems radiated around the bridges for riflemen and machine gunners. Barbed wire entanglements were also emplaced, but these were mounted in such a way as to be easily movable.
Horsa gliders that transported British airborne troops to their D-Day objective, the bridge over the Caen Canal, lie broken in a field adjacent to the bridge. The glider pilots made their landings with pinpoint accuracy.
Preparations had been made to destroy the bridges if necessary, but the explosives themselves had not been installed. This was due to fear of raids by the French Resistance which might try to blow up the bridges anyway. Some of these defenses, such as the antitank emplacement and the bunkers, were begun only the month before on orders of Field Marshal Erwin Rommel, who toured the coastal defenses and found them wanting. He ordered a number of improvements throughout the area, including the upgrades to the bridge defense network.
The Night of the Drop
Now, on the night of June 5, the six gliders hung from tow lines attached to Handley Page Halifax bombers, the whole group making its way across the English Channel. Three platoons would land at the canal bridge in a field to its southeast: 25 Platoon, led by Lieutenant “Den” Brotheridge, would lead off with three men detailed to throw grenades through the embrasures of the bunker on the east bank, thought to be where the demolition controls were kept. The remainder of 25 Platoon would cross the bridge itself and seize the western side. Lieutenant David Wood’s 24 Platoon would remain on the east side and clear all the German positions there. Finally, in the last glider to land, Lieutenant R. “Sandy” Smith’s 14 Platoon would follow Brotheridge’s men across to the west side and reinforce them.
The other three platoons would land near the river bridge to its northwest. Lieutenant Tony Hooper’s 22 Platoon was tasked to overrun the defenses and swarm the east side of the bridge. The men of 23 Platoon under Lieutenant H.J. “Todd” Sweeney would stay on the west side and take hold of the defenses there while Lieutenant Dennis Fox’s 17 Platoon in the last Horsa would reinforce the first two groups.
The sappers attached to each platoon would disable any explosives on the bridges while the glider pilots would unload and distribute the extra ammunition and equipment. Once taken, the code words “Ham and Jam” would be sent to confirm the seizure of the bridges. With both in British hands, the glider infantry would hold until relieved by the 7th Battalion, 5th Parachute Brigade, whose commander would take over when he arrived.
As the platoons sat in their gliders, the soldiers tried to pass the time by singing. Private Wally Parr led the group with a song called “Abby, Abby, My Boy.” Parr had been in the company practically since the beginning and was once almost RTU’d (Returned To Unit) for a disciplinary infraction. Howard had personally intervened on Parr’s behalf, believing the man would be an asset once in action. Parr stayed in the company but lost his corporal’s stripes. Now, with his loud, cockney-accented voice, he sang one song after another.
A Rough Landing
In the front of the glider, Staff Sergeant Jim Wallwork concentrated on piloting the aircraft once it was free of the bomber. A series of turns had to be made during the descent, exactly on time, or the glider could wind up miles off course. Next to him co-pilot Staff Sergeant John Ainsworth held a stopwatch to time each turn and phase of the landing. The other glider pilots likewise prepared for their landings.
Seated nearby, Private Willy Gray had a much more serious problem. Before taking off he helped himself to plenty of tea and a bit of rum and now had to urinate badly. With nothing to do for it, he joined in the singing. Taking a break from his own singing, Parr asked loudly, “Has the major laid his kit yet?” On every training flight, Major Howard had suffered from airsickness and experienced the natural result. For whatever reason, this time his troubled stomach was calm, and its contents remained in his belly. Howard took the joke well and laughed with the rest of the glidermen.
Finally, at 0007 hours, June 6, 1944, it was time to cast off the tow line. The bombers roared off for their diversionary attack on Caen, and the gliders began their descent toward the bridges. At three minutes and 42 seconds, Ainsworth said simply, “Now!” and Jim Wallwork turned the glider to starboard. The glider lost altitude rapidly, and seconds later Ainsworth gave the signal for a second right turn that brought the glider onto course for the landing field next to the canal bridge. At first they could see nothing ahead of them, only the antiaircraft searchlights and tracer fire behind them in Caen, firing on the bombers.
Hamilcar gliders of the British 6th Airborne Division land near the town of Ranville, France, on June 6, 1944. These gliders are carrying Tetrarch light tanks to support the offensive operations of the airborne troops.
Then, just as in their training, there it was. The bridge with its distinctive shape, the bunker, the antitank gun, and fields around it all were clearly visible. The barbed wire sat on the north side of the landing strip. During training Howard told Wallwork he wanted the nose of the glider right against the wire. The pilot was dubious as to whether it could be done but promised he would do his best. At 0016 hours, he did just that. The glider touched ground and skidded across the landing field, coming to a halt right at the wire.
The aircraft stopped so suddenly both pilots were thrown out the front, crashing through the windscreen and landing in front of the glider. In the rest of the glider, 25 Platoon sat stunned for a few seconds. Major Howard was unconscious for just a moment. His seatbelt had broken, throwing him forward where he hit his head on the ceiling. The impact forced his helmet down over his eyes. When he came to, he thought he was blind for a moment.
“Gun Out!”
Behind him, Lieutenant Brotheridge opened the glider’s door and told a nearby Bren gunner, “Gun Out!” The platoon quickly recovered and got out. The bridge was a mere 30 yards away. Private Gray, also carrying a Bren gun, charged toward the bridge; his mission was to clear a barn on the west side. As he neared the span he saw a German soldier and fired a burst at him. The enemy soldier went down, and Gray carried on across the bridge, firing as he went. He reached the barn and tossed in a grenade before emptying the rest of his magazine into the structure. When he went inside to check, it was empty.
Meanwhile, Wally Parr’s mission was to knock out the machine-gun bunker with grenades. His had gone so dry that his tongue stuck to the roof of his mouth. He finally freed it by shouting, “Come out and fight, you square-headed bastards!” By the time he got onto the bridge, he had recovered. Now shouting “Ham and Jam!” he went to the bunker, opened the door, and threw in a grenade. When he heard someone still alive inside, Parr pulled the door open again and sprayed the interior with his Sten gun.
As Wally Parr was clearing his bunker, Lieutenant Den Brotheridge was leading his platoon across the bridge. Someone on the German side fired a flare which now hung over the scene. Perhaps the flare’s light exposed the young officer to enemy view or it may have been simple bad luck, but just then a burst of machine-gun fire lashed out across the bridge. A bullet hit Brotheridge in the neck, and he fell to the ground mortally wounded. So intent were his men on the attack no one noticed he had fallen until moments later.
Wally Parr later recalled just reaching the café when someone called out, “Where’s Denny?” He looked around and saw someone lying in the roadway. Running back to him, Parr discovered it was Brotheridge. The private was struck by the idea of his lieutenant spending so much time preparing for this night only to die in the first minutes. “My God!” he thought. “What a waste!”
German Sentries Overwhelmed
To the German sentries guarding the bridge that night, the attack was overwhelming. Private Vern Bonck, a young Polish conscript, had just turned over his post to Private Helmut Romer, an 18-year-old from Berlin. Bonck ran into another Polish draftee, and the two headed off to visit a late-night bar. Romer and the other sentry now on duty were to face the British attack. The antitank gun was unmanned, and the soldiers in the bunker and trenches dozed at their positions. They had ignored the antiaircraft fire and distant bombing; such things were commonplace by now. They had dismissed the noise made by the glider landing as falling wreckage from a bomber, again not uncommon.
There was no mistaking what they saw next. Dark, screaming figures raced out of the darkness, faces blackened, firing automatic weapons. The young Romer did the only thing he could; he turned and ran the other way, shouting “Paratroopers!” as he ran past the other sentry, who apparently fired the flare before being shot down, possibly by Brotheridge. The soldiers in the bunker and trenches were quickly overwhelmed.
The coordinated attack by elements of the 6th Airborne Division in the predawn hours of D-Day was intended to take the German defenders of Pegasus Bridge by surprise. The seizure of the bridge was accomplished according to plan and in no small part due to the accuracy of the glider landings.
A short distance up the road leading west, veteran German paratrooper Sergeant Heinrich Hickman heard the weapons fire and recognized it as British. He had been out collecting some soldiers on guard duty and was on his way back to his unit. He told two of the soldiers to get out of their car and take the right side of the road while he and the other two took the left. They had crept to within 50 meters or so of the bridge when Hickman spotted the British soldiers advancing toward him. What he saw frightened even him. He remembered that it was “at nighttime when you see a Para running with a Bren gun, and the next with a Sten, and no cover round my back, just me and four youngsters who had never been in action. So I could not rely on them—in those circumstances, you get scared…. So I pull my trigger, I fire.”
His first target was Billy Gray, who was just reloading after spraying the barn. Gray fired back, but neither hit the other. The British soldier ducked back into the barn, so Hickman shifted his fire toward the bridge. Inside the barn, Gray finally took a moment to empty his bursting bladder. Outside, Hickman expended the rest of his ammunition and realized it was time to go. Motioning to the four privates, they all got back into their car and raced off toward Caen. With the bridge in British hands his 15-minute trip back to his unit would now take six hours as he diverted around Caen.
At the bar, Vern Bonck rushed out into the street with his fellow Pole when the firing started. They ran up the street to the intersection west of the bridge. They took one look at the pitched battle and ran south on the road toward Caen. After running a while they stopped and talked about what to do. Their conclusion was simple; the pair fired all their cartridges and ran back into Benouville. There, they reported to their superiors that enemy paratroopers had attacked the bridge and that they had fought until running out of ammunition before retreating to make their report.
Two More Gliders Land
By now the other gliders had landed and more British troops surged onto the bridge. The second glider, containing Lieutenant David Wood’s 24 Platoon, skidded to a halt mere yards from the first. It broke in two pieces, and Wood was thrown out onto the ground, though he managed to keep a grip on the bucket of hand grenades he was carrying. On the ground next to him were Private Harry Clark and several others. Fortunately, none of the grenades detonated. They moved off, and Clark remembered helping to clear the trenches. He ran past an abandoned MG34 machine gun, an unfired belt of ammunition hanging from its feed tray.
“There was a lot of firing going on and a lot of shouting,” Clark said. “We cleared the trenches on the other side very quickly … nothing really in the way of strong opposition.”
The third glider, carrying Lieutenant Sandy Smith’s 14 Platoon, had a hard landing as well. It bounced heavily and sent Smith flying through the cockpit Perspex. He landed in front of the glider, stunned. Luckily, Lance Corporal Madge came up to him and said, “Well, what are we waiting for, Sir?” Somehow, that snapped Smith back into focus, and he led his able men toward the bridge. Several of his men were injured and stayed in the glider for the time being, including Captain John Vaughan, the group’s medical officer. Tragically, Lance Corporal Greenhalgh, likely out of his senses as well, wandered into an undetected marsh pond near the glider and drowned.
As Smith moved onto the bridge limping from an injured knee, a German threw a grenade at him. A fragment from the blast struck the officer in the wrist, and the German tried to flee. “I saw him climbing over the wall … I shot him as he was going over—I made certain too. I gave him quite a lot of rounds, firing from the hip—it was very close range,” Smith recalled. Madge ran up and asked if he was all right. Smith inspected his torn wrist and replied. “Christ! No more cricket!”
Champagne at the Café
Smith moved on and was soon outside the Café Gondree. Upstairs, Georges poked his head out to see what was happening. Smith saw him and in the heat of the moment fired at him. Luckily, the fire went high and the Frenchman ducked in time. He took his wife and daughters to the cellar to await the battle’s conclusion. A short time later there was a knock at the café door. Georges opened it and saw two British soldiers in black face paint. They asked in French if there were any Germans in the building. After telling them there weren’t, the café owner beckoned them inside. There, he took the apprehensive men toward the cellar, using gestures to convey his family was down there.
Finally, one of the Englishmen must have realized what Georges meant, because he told his comrade, “It’s all right, chum.” When the Frenchman realized they were speaking English, he began crying for joy. His wife and children began kissing them until their faces were smudged with the black camouflage paint. Wally Parr recalled later giving one of the daughters, five-year-old Arlette, a chocolate bar. It was the first she had ever had.
Within a short time the café was converted into an aid station. Casualties were brought into the main room while the dining table became a makeshift operating table. Captain John Vaughan would practice his skills here aided by Therese Gondree, who was a trained nurse. Out in the yard Georges grabbed a shovel and dug up some 90 bottles of champagne he had buried when the German occupation began in 1940. This he began giving out to whichever British troops came to the café. As the day went by many of the glidermen found an excuse to go to the café and get their free drink.
“To Hell With it, Let’s Get Cracking”
Meanwhile, Lieutenant Wood thought his platoon had finished clearing the buildings near the bridge and had started back to report to Major Howard with his platoon sergeant and batman. As they moved off, a hidden German fired a burst of submachine gun fire that managed to hit all of them. Wood collapsed with a wound to the leg. Luckily, the platoon medic, Lance Corporal Harris, came along quickly and treated him. Wood recovered, but the injury left him with one leg slightly shorter than the other.
Howard, who had set up a command post in the trenches near the bridge, initially was unaware he had lost two of the platoon commanders so early in the fight. His radioman, Corporal Tappenden, was with him. Howard first learned of the loss of Den Brotheridge. The loss of a key leader was only exacerbated by the fact the lieutenant’s wife Margaret was pregnant and due to deliver any day. Before long he learned all three of his officers were wounded or injured to some degree. Still, the canal bridge was in British hands.
Glider troops of the 6th Airborne Division assemble near their wrecked glider in a field outside the town of Ranville. Moments earlier, the glider had careened through a stone wall during landing. Many of the casualties sustained by the glider troops were due to rough landings.
At the Orne River Bridge, the first glider to land carried 23 Platoon under Lieutenant “Todd” Sweeney. Unfortunately, the glider had struck an air pocket on the way down and landed hundreds of yards from the bridge, perhaps as many as 1,300 yards by one account. Its occupants had no choice but to unload and make for the bridge as quickly as possible. The glider with Lieutenant Fox’s 17 Platoon had better luck, at least in the landing. The touchdown was smooth, and Fox jumped up to open the door but it would not budge no matter how hard he pulled on it.
Then, Sergeant “Wagger” Thornton came up beside him and said, “You just pull it forward, Sir.” In his excitement Fox had been tugging the wrong way. With the door now open the soldiers poured out, but another problem arose. A soldier, Tommy Clare, did not have the safety properly engaged on his Sten gun. When he hit the ground the weapon was jarred and fired a burst into the air. Quickly the platoon formed up under the wing of the glider and listened.
Quiet greeted them and Fox said simply, “To hell with it, let’s get cracking.” The platoon moved out, and almost immediately a German machine gun opened fire from the far bank. Wagger Thornton was thinking ahead, however. He had already set up a 2-inch mortar. He put two bombs on the machine-gun position, and the crew fled into the dark as British soldiers sprinted across the bridge. One of them took over the now abandoned weapon and started firing at its former crew. Within a matter of seconds, the river bridge was also in British hands, this time without any casualties.
Minutes later, Sweeney and 23 Platoon arrived. The two lieutenants gathered to confer. Sergeant Thornton recalled Sweeney asking Fox what was happening. Fox, recalling their training back in England, replied, “The exercise went very well, but I can’t find no bloody umpires to find out who’s killed and who’s alive!” A message was sent to Howard via radio reporting the seizure of the bridge intact.
“Ham and Jam”
There was still no sign of the third glider, however, and ultimately there would not be. Carrying Lieutenant Hooper’s 22 Platoon along with the mission’s second-in-command, Captain Brian Priday, the last glider flew off course. It landed some eight miles away at the Varaville Bridge. So now Howard and his men had completed the first part of their mission. They had seized the bridges. Now they had to hold them with one platoon missing and several of their officers wounded, missing, or dead.
Considering this, Howard modified his plan. He felt the biggest threat to his position came from the west. The British 6th Airborne was landing in the area to the east of the river bridge and would soon saturate it, providing a level of protection. Indeed, at 0050 hours, the first wave of paratroopers flew overhead and dropped to the east around Ranville. The men of Company D had a front row seat as tracer fire and searchlight beams mixed with the descending parachutes. Meanwhile, radioman Corporal Tappenden started sending the signal, “Ham and Jam,” signifying both bridges were captured intact. After frustrating minutes of transmission, finally an acknowledgement was received. Howard ordered 17 Platoon to the canal bridge to bolster the defense.
When they arrived, Howard pushed them to the road intersection west of the bridge, where armored vehicles had been heard moving. Each glider carried a PIAT antitank weapon, but at the time only one could be found in working order. It was given to 17 Platoon with a few rounds of ammunition. Sergeant Thornton took the weapon and made ready. It was now about 0200 hours.
German Armor Meets PIAT
As the British soldiers took cover around the intersection, three German armored vehicles rumbled down the road in the darkness. Thornton took a position 30 yards from the T-junction and watched as the armored vehicle began moving cautiously toward the bridge. The Englishman later reported he was “shaking like a leaf” and it was hard to see. Nevertheless, he took careful aim and fired at the looming black shape. The spring-loaded spigot in the PIAT launched its bomb straight into the side of the enemy vehicle. Immediately, an enormous explosion shattered the night air and flames rose into the gloom. Four crewmen bailed out of the vehicle, and Wagger’s assistant on the PIAT opened fire on them. A fifth man was apparently trapped inside the flaming wreckage. The other two vehicles beat a hasty retreat the way they had come as the wreck continued to burn for over an hour.
Later reports variously identified the armored vehicle as a PzKpfw. IV tank, a captured French Char B1 tank, or a half-track. The unit identified as the first to reach the bridge in these vehicles was probably Panzer Pioneer Company 1. Such a unit would probably not have had tanks, but easily could have had halftracks. If they were loaded down with explosives and mines, as an engineer vehicle would be, it would explain the pyrotechnic display of burning and exploding ordnance. Whatever the case, the Germans made a mistake trying to advance with armor unsupported by infantry.
Partially concealed in a ditch, glider troops of the 6th Airborne Division guard a crossroads near Ranville on June 7, 1944. Their glider is seen across the road where it landed the previous day.
To the east at the river bridge, the glidermen were also meeting the Germans. Some of Sweeney’s 23 Platoon spotted a group of soldiers moving along the riverbank toward the bridge. Since the British 6th Airborne had landed, a challenge was given since it was expected the paras would gather at the bridge. A reply was heard, but it was in German. The defenders opened fire, wiping out the whole group. Sadly, when the platoon checked after daylight, one of the dead was found to be a British Para, a pathfinder apparently captured and brought along.
Capturing Major Schmidt
Shortly after the German patrol was wiped out, the sound of an armored vehicle was heard approaching from the east. An armored attack was of great concern to Sweeney. Like his comrades at the canal bridge, he had only a single PIAT. Within moments a German half-track came down the road followed by a motorcycle. Sweeney’s troops were hidden in the ditches alongside the road and watched as it approached. As it passed, the British opened fire, peppering the vehicle, but it continued across the bridge. The British troops on the other side also opened fire, and a Corporal Jennings threw a grenade into the open topped half-track as it passed him. The German vehicle veered, crashing into the ditch.
With the action over, the British checked the vehicle and found a wounded German, none other than the commander of the bridge defenses, Major Schmidt. Wounded in the leg, he was taken for medical attention by Captain Vaughan. Schmidt spoke good English and proceeded to harangue the doctor with threats of Hitler throwing the Allies back into the sea. Afterward, he begged to be shot for having failed in his duties. Finally, Vaughan gave him a shot of morphine; within minutes Schmidt was much calmer and even thanked the doctor for treating him. An alternate version of the story had Schmidt arriving at the bridge in a staff car after a night with his mistress, but that version turned out to be untrue.
Prisoners of War
Starting at 0300 hours, paras of the 7th Battalion, Parachute Regiment began trickling in to bolster the defenses. One of them was Lieutenant Richard “Sweeney” Todd, like the earlier mentioned Sweeney also nicknamed for the murderous barber (at the time, any British soldier named Todd or Sweeney seemed to earn the sobriquet). He and his paras began to relieve the glider troops, many of whom were sent to reinforce elsewhere. A number of them were sent to man the German antitank gun mounted in its defensive emplacement, called “Tobruk,” on the east side of the canal bridge.
Wally Parr was one of those on the gun. Quickly they discovered a warren of tunnels. Using a flashlight, Parr searched the tunnel under the gun and found a shaking, frightened German soldier hiding under a blanket. Nearby, Sergeant Thornton found three German soldiers sleeping in an underground barracks, rifles stacked nearby. Thornton removed the rifles, and Lieutenant Fox went to rouse the captured Germans. He pulled the blanket off the first man and said repeatedly in German, “Komm!” The sleepy German, thinking it was a friend joking with him, responded with an expletive.
Wagger Thornton collapsed in laughter at the spectacle, while Fox, taken aback, left the job to his amused sergeant. Thornton alerted the Germans to the seriousness of their plight with a short burst from his Sten gun. One German prisoner could not believe what had happened but eventually wound up sharing pictures of his family.
With sunrise, enemy snipers began firing on anything that moved around the canal bridge. A medic attending to Lieutenant Smith was shot through the chest as he stood up, crying “Take my grenades out!” He was worried another shot might explode the deadly little bombs on his chest harness. Thornton found two more prisoners, who turned out to be Italian slave laborers. Howard ordered them released and given food. To the surprise of the British, the two Italians went out to the landing field, now littered with Horsa gliders, and began putting up the antiglider poles they had been ordered to install by the Germans.
Overhead, a pair of Spitfire fighters flew by at 0800 hours, their pilots seeing the recognition signals the British laid out to show they had seized the bridges. One of the fighters dropped a package of the early edition newspapers from England. None of them mentioned the landings, but Howard recalled his men being more interested in the comic strip adventures of the character Jane. An hour later, Maj. Gen. Gale came walking down the road with two of his brigadiers, Nigel Poett of 5th Parachute Brigade and Hugh Kindersley of 5th Air Landing Brigade.
Dangers from the Water and the Air
Minutes after the officers arrived, Howard’s men faced their next threat, this time from the water. A patrol boat approached down the canal from the north, armed with a 20mm cannon. When it got within 50 yards, Corporal Claude Godbold fired a PIAT round striking the boat behind the wheelhouse. It slewed over to the bank, and the crew, including its fanatical Nazi commander, an insult-spewing teenager, was taken prisoner. Eventually a fed-up British soldier shut the boy up by hitting him in the shoulder with a rifle butt.
As the German boat crew was marched off to captivity, a second boat advanced from the south. Parr and the men manning the antitank gun were trying to get it operational. They had figured out how to load it but were still having trouble with the firing mechanism when one of the men simply tried a button and sent a round downrange. Reloading, they turned the gun on the boat but missed with their first shot. Adjusting, they fired a second round, which hit the boat now some 300 yards distant. The enemy craft turned around and withdrew, but not before Parr and company gave it a parting shot, another hit.
The airborne troops holding Pegasus Bridge were instructed to hold until relieved. These Royal Marine Commandos march through the town of Colleville-sur-Orne en route to the bridge and the relief of the lightly armed airborne soldiers.
Now the newly formed gun crew was getting used to its weapon. Parr spotted a water tower he thought was a perfect spot for the enemy to observe the bridges. He put two rounds through it to the cheers of his fellow soldiers. Water gushed from the four small holes left by the round’s entry and exit; they had fired armor-piercing shot, which held no explosive filler. Parr next turned his attention to a chateau to the south. Suspecting it as well, he shouted “Number 1 gun, fire!” and proceeded to put three rounds into the building’s roof.
Howard was nearby and heard the shout, which he found odd considering there was only one gun in the area to begin with. Quickly he ordered Parr to cease fire; the chateau was actually the maternity hospital run by the local resistance leader, Madame Vion. After a while his fellow soldiers became annoyed with Parr for all his shooting; each time the cannon fired it attracted a swarm of bullets in return. Howard ordered him to stop firing.
At 1000 hours, the men of D Company saw a rare occurrence on D-Day, the appearance of a German aircraft overhead. The fighter roared down toward the bridge, sending the infantrymen scrambling for cover. The German pilot released a bomb that soared down, hit the bridge, bounced off, and splashed into the canal. Howard, having taken cover in the pillbox, was very impressed by the pilot’s accuracy but relieved his ordnance had been a dud.
Greeted by the Sound of Piper Bill Millin
Midday came and went, and D Company grimly held onto the bridge despite the incoming fire. Still, no concerted attack by forces materialized. With the airborne landings, the beach assaults, and everything else being thrown at them on June 6, mounting an attack to retake the bridges proved beyond the Germans that day. At 1330 hours, a few of the glidermen heard bagpipes. When they said so, several of their comrades scoffed at them, but after a few minutes the sound grew louder and closer. It was the 1st Special Service Brigade commanded by Lord Lovat. Since radio communication was spotty at best, he had posted piper Bill Millin at his side, knowing the bagpipe would be a good recognition signal. Lieutenant Sweeney recalled a D Company man standing up and playing a bugle in return. (Read more about other audacious heroes that changed the course of history inside WWII History magazine.)
Within minutes Lovat was shaking hands with Howard, who apologized for the incoming mortar fire. Apparently Howard thought it was coming from the area of the maternity hospital but had orders not to fire on it. The commandos began running over the canal bridge, where several were hit by the ever-present snipers. It was a hard crossing for the commandos, but at least now the linkup between the landing forces and the glider troops had taken place. Howard’s force would remain at the bridge, but the pressure had slackened somewhat with the arrival of Lovat’s troops.
Royal Marine Commandos dig trenches and prepare defensive positions near Pegasus after relieving the glider troops who had taken Pegasus Bridge across the Caen Canal hours earlier. Several of the gliders used by the airborne troops are visible in this photo, and the damage to the nose of one of the aircraft is prominent.
As afternoon turned to evening, German sniping and indirect fire were still coming in but lacked the strength to threaten D Company’s position. Just before nightfall, a massive British glider drop occurred, hundreds of them landing nearby. The bombers towing them dropped supply canisters from their bomb bays. Soon afterward, friendly soldiers riding in jeeps came pouring down the road and crossed the bridge on their way east. It was all a welcome sight.
Even more welcome was relief, which came a few hours later, not long before midnight. The 2nd Battalion of the Royal Warwickshire Regiment marched up to the bridge, and Howard turned the defense over to them. Company D had completed its mission. They were among the first Allied soldiers to land in France on D-Day and the first to enter combat with the Germans. It was a very impressive job for the company’s first time in combat. In their honor, the canal bridge was renamed Pegasus Bridge in recognition of the unit’s shoulder patch, while the river bridge became known as Horsa Bridge. Major Howard was awarded the Distinguished Service Order for his actions and leadership.
The Glider Infantry of Pegasus Bridge Remembered
Months after the battle, Wally Parr was reading an American magazine that contained an article about the battle for the bridge. It mentioned how the dastardly Germans, in their cruelty, had shelled the local maternity hospital during the battle. He would later say, “This was the first and last time I had shelled pregnant women and newborn babies.”
The seizure of the bridges was featured in Cornelius Ryan’s postwar book The Longest Day, widening publicity of this action. When the film version of the book was made in 1962, the role of Major Howard went to actor Richard Todd, the former para lieutenant who was at the bridge on June 6.
The Gondrees continued to run their café and served free drinks to veterans of D-Day each year on June 6. The café and bridge area are now considered national monuments, and a museum is nearby. The bridge itself was replaced when the canal was widened postwar, but the original bridge sits at the museum. Also on display are a Horsa glider and Major Howard’s beret along with various weapons and relics related to the battle. It is a fitting honor to the memory of a small group of men who risked so much doing their part to liberate France from the Nazi yoke.
1. A very interesting and concise report of the capture of both the Pegasus and Horsa bridges. My Father was one of 6th Air landing Brigade who crashed in a Horsa glider on landing near the bridge. He injured his back on impact, he was also a veteran of Dunkirk with the B.E.F. His army number was 7592937 Richard George Wilkinson. R.E.M.E. and finished the war as a sergeant. I hope to visit the site of the landings and the museum in April 2021.
My father died in 1975.I am an 83 year old who is v ery proud of what he did in the cause of freedom.
Reg Wilkinson.
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The Background Of The East Timor Conflict
1464 Words6 Pages
This paper aims to lay down the background of the East Timor conflict and explain how the lingering historical sources when added to the recent issues led to an environment where the national capacity and institutions of the country were demolished. While the history of the conflict is vast but here the conflict has been divided into two phases, i.e., 1999-2002 and 2006-2008. Furthermore, the peace-building efforts and security initiatives carried out by multiple Actors shall be critically examined. Peace-building is an umbrella term that constitutes of construction of security in every aspect. So, moving forward it is vital to point out the intersection between Peace-building, humanitarian, development and military approaches. The paper concluded by elaborating both the achievement and challenges faced by local, national and international actors in peace-building mechanisms.
Introduction: History of the Conflict
Timor-Leste is a country in maritime Southeast Asia, which comprises the eastern land of Timor island and to the East of Indonesia. East-Timor has a long lineage of accepting descendants of migrants from the three waves of migration comprising of Australoids, Austronesians and Proto- Malayas from Indo-China. From the 16th century, Dutch and Portugal exploited the natural resources of the island and gradually established administrative control. In 1769, Portugal invaded East-Timor for its sandalwood and coffee. The territorial division between Dutch colonised
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Amr Ibn Al Aas Biography
1802 Words 8 Pages
Amr ibn al-aas belonged to the Banu Sham[1] clan of the Quraysh. He was born in Arabia in the city of Makkah. His father’s name was Al Aaas Ibn Wa’al who owned a perfume business. He was very rich and had an importance in the clan of Banu Sham. He was a chief of his clan. Amr ibn al aas joined his business at a very young age and had an opportunity to visit neighboring countries and deal with different people. He established personal friendly relations with many governors and kings both in Arabia and beyond.
Amr ibn al-aas was educated in his childhood. He was known for his intelligence and sharp mind and possessed high mental capabilities. He also received military training and was always ready to fight to protect the interests of his tribe.
…show more content…
But deep inside in his heart he knew that eventually Muslims would triumph over their enemies. Knowing this, he decided to leave Makkah before Muslims over took it. He left for Abyssinia hoping to live under the protection of king Najashi. He thought that if Muslims established an oppressive government in Makkah, he would be saved from it and if Muslims rule was favorable, he would return to Makkah. Amr along with his companions arrived with expensive gifts to soften the heart of king. When they were entering the court of Najashi, they saw the ambassador of the Prophet leaving. Amr fired up, for vendetta, and requested the king to let him kill the ambassador. At this Najashi not only rebuked him for his anger, but even asked Amr to embrace Islam. In disbelief, Amr asked him if he really believed that Muhammad (s.a.w.w) was a true Prophet. After the king confirmed he become ready to embrace Islam, became a Muslim and pledged allegiance to Islam in at the hands of the Najashi[4]. After this, Amr left for Madina so that he could pledge allegiance to the Prophet himself. On his way to Madina he met Khalid bin Waleed and Uthman Ibn Talhah who were also going to Madina for the same purpose. After all they had done to extinguish the light of Islam, Amr embraced Islam in the presence of Holy Prophet (s.a.w.w). He recited kalmia and asked Holy …show more content… Archived November 2, 2007, at WebCite
2. Andrew Beattie, Cairo: A Cultural History, p. 94
4. Sahih al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah, p. 494; Siyar A`lam al-Nubala’, 3/60; Ibn Hisham: Al-Sirah, 2/276
5. Muslim: Kitab al-Iman, no. 121
6. Al-Tabaqat, 11262; Ibn Hazm: Jawami` al-Sirah, p. 24, 29
7. ltmam al-Wafa’ bi Sirat al-Khulafa’, p. 55
8. Al-Azdi: Futuh al-Sham, p. 48-51
9. Tarikh al-Tabari, 3/605; Ibn al-Athir: al-Kamil, 2/498
10. Siyar A`lam al-Nubala’, 3/70
12. Marsham, Andrew (2012). "The Pact (Amāna) Between Muʿāwiya Ibn Abī Sufyān And ʿamr Ibn Al-ʿāṣ (656 Or 658 CE): ‘Documents’ And The Islamic Historical Tradition"
13. Ayoub, Mahmoud. The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam.
14. Al-Tabari. The History of Al-Tabari. Trans. G.R. Hawting. Vol. 15=== Holt, Peter Malcolm, etal., eds. The Cambridge History of Islam.
15. Holt, Peter Malcolm, et al., eds. The Cambridge History of Islam.
16. Tadhkirat Al-Qurtubee, p.19
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2021-02-21 ศัพท์ น่าสับสน ชุด U – upward & upwards
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Revision M-Z
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ความหมาย อาจผันแปร ตาม ตำแหน่ง/หน้าที่ ในประโยค
ออกเสียง upward = ‘UHP-werd’
ออกเสียง upwards = ‘UHP-werds’
ออกเสียง upmost = ‘UHP-mohst’ – British = ‘UHP-muhst
Collins COBUILD English Usage
upwards & upward
1. 'upwards'
In British English, if you move or look upwards,
you move or look towards a place that is higher
than the place where you are.
She stretched upwards to the curtain pole.
He had happened to look upwards.
Upwards is always an adverb.
2. 'upward'
Speakers of American English
usually say upward instead of 'upwards'.
I began to climb upward over the steepest ground.
In both British and American English, upward is an adjective.
An upward movement or look is one
in which someoneor something moves or looks upwards.
...a quick upward flick of the arm.
He would steal upward glances at the clock.
When upward is an adjective,
you can only use it in front of a noun.
Common Errors In English Usage Dictionary
Upmost & utmost
The word is “utmost,” and is related to words like “utter,”
as in “The birthday party was utter chaos.”
Upmost” may seem logical,
but it’s a sure sign of a person
who knows spoken English better than written English.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Usage Notes
'Utmost' vs 'Upmost': Utter Confusion Resolved
What does "ut" mean anyway? We explain.
What to Know
Utmost describes something that is of the highest degree,
and often modifies importance and respect.
Upmost describes something in the highest possible position
both literallyand figuratively.
Upmost is usually used mistakenly in place of utmost,
as up occurs much more commonly in the language.
Utmost and upmost are words with close spellings and pronunciations.
They are also both adjectives with slightly similar meanings, which we will discuss.
Given these similarities, the words are occasionally confused in writing and speech. Specifically, upmost is mistakenly used in contexts in which utmost is wanted.
This is somewhat understandable
—though we don't endorse the misuse
—since "up" is a much more common sound picture than "ut."
If you have found yourself using "upmost importance" or "upmost respect,"
this article should be upmost on your "things to do" list.
Helping readers differentiate utmost from upmost is our utmost concern.
'Utmost' Meaning and Usage
Utmost communicates that
something is of the greatest or highestin degree, number, or amount.
In this sense, utmost is commonly found modifying words like importance, concern, and respect, among others.
Apply these chemicals with utmost care, because any herbicide that will kill poison ivy also will kill any other plant it touches.
— Beth Botts, The Chicago Tribune, 16 July 2020
The public can be assured that under her stewardship, the office will be led with the utmost integrity and competence.
— Douglas M. Parker, quoted in The New York Times, 10 July 2020
Utmost also indicates that something is, literally or figuratively, farthest or most distant—or that it is outmost. (Utmost, incidentally, traces back to Old English ū tmest, a superlative adjective formed from the adverb ū t, meaning "out.")
We know that it is a three stage rocket that's capable, maybe, if they have it and if they can make it work, of going possibly very far—the utmost range, we believe, would be as much as 9,000 miles.
— Tom Foreman, quoted on CNN, 15 Dec. 2010
No matter how trained, confident, or practiced a runner is with managing pain, pushing oneself to the utmost limit still hurts—a lot.
— Zach Batt, The DePauw (DePauw University), 2 Oct. 2018
Additionally, utmost is used as a noun
to refer to the highest attainable point or degree,
as in "The hikers pushed themselves to the utmost to get to camp before dark" or"The inn provides the utmost in comfort and luxury."
The noun also often occurs in phrases such as
"to do one's utmost" or "to try one's utmost," meaning "to do one's best."
'Upmost' Meaning and Usage
The adjective upmost is a combination
of the adverb up with the adjective suffix -most,
meaning "most" or "to the greatest or highest degree."
It denotes being situated in the highest or most prominent position
and is synonymous with uppermost.
It gets no sweeter than a penthouse-type vista, so you can imagine my surprise when I found myself stationed on an upmost floor in a condo-suite, showcasing a 180 degree panorama of the Atlantic.
— Regina Lynch Hudson, The Atlanta Tribune, 1 September 2015
Upmost is thus the correct word for describing things
in the highest position where, on the other hand,
utmost signifies the greatest degree or amount of something.
Upmost is also sometimes applied figuratively
to suggest that something is ranked highestespecially in the mind.
The safety of the children was upmost in her mind.
The economy remains upmost in the minds of voters.
In its dictionary sense, upmost is infrequently used in current English; uppermost is preferred. But upmost is frequently used as a mistaken spelling of utmost in its adjective and noun forms.
Carter said two issues of upmost concern are the city-parish's traffic woes and litter issues.
The Advocate (Baton Rouge, Louisiana), 24 July 2020
Forest Supervisor Kelly Russell is appreciative that community members and visitors were supportive of the restrictions and did their upmost in preventing human-caused fires.
The Grant County Beat (Silver City, New Mexico), 10 July 2012
The mix-upof upmost for utmost was part of a 2017 episode of the TV sitcom New Girl.
In the show, students of the character Jess give her a gift card
(secretly bought by Nick) as a present.
One of the students then says that they have the "upmost" respect for her.
The use of upmost catches Jess' attention and she calls out Nick.
Here's the dialogue that ensues on the two words.
NICK: "Utmost"? "Utmost." Agree to disagree. But the good news is my writer's block is gone, and that is thanks to you. You always come through for me, Jess, to the upmost.
JESS: I assure you, it's "utmost."
NICK: What's an "ut"?
JESS: Come on, you're a writer.
NICK: It's "up." Up to the most. Not ut to the most. I assure you.
JESS: Okay, sweetie.
Uppermost is also a word that has been erroneously used to mean "utmost." This occurrence is seldom, but evidence can be furnished.
Professional child actors will not be asked to appear on Kids Say the Darnest Things. The casting will be across the country (and not just in Los Angeles). And diversity will be of the uppermost importance.
— Marc Berman, Forbes, 5 Aug. 2019
In sum,
utmost is the adjective that indicates
that something is of the greatest degree, number,
or amount or farthest or most distant.
Upmost is the adjective for conveying
that something is at the highest or in the most prominent position.
As its spelling suggests, upmost describes things that are up high.
This notion of being the highest may be confused by some with being the greatest, which, in turn, leads to erroneous use of upmost when utmost is called for.
Utmost is the correct word in phrases like "utmost importance"
or "utmost respect."
Utmost concernsdegree;
upmost concernsposition.
Dictionary of Problem Words and Expressions
upward & upwards
As an adverb or adjective,
upward means “toward
a higher amount, degree, place, level, or position”:
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Share dealing is perhaps the most orthodox form of investing, allowing businesses to capitalise while providing private investors and funds with the chance to get involved in some of the world’s biggest companies. The global equities markets exchange billions on a daily basis between a diverse collection of traders and investment funds, and the countless tales of stock market hotshots hitting the big time apparently overnight continue to attract new blood to the markets in droves. But what exactly is share dealing, and how do share transactions generate value for the companies and traders involved?
Share dealing is for most intent and purposes the default in financial trading, and certainly most people tend to think of shares when they think about playing the financial markets for profit. For those looking to get in to financial trading for the first time, share dealing might seem like an obvious route, but it’s not without its difficulties and those that don’t understand the mechanism of share trading and the purposes of it are unlikely to be able to progress to the level of sophistication required to trade successful. But what is share dealing in concept, and how exactly does it work in practice?
Companies are capable of delivering large projects and expansion to improve the prospects of returns from their shareholders, but this inevitably requires a source of funding to finance development. Shares are the main mechanism through which companies raise private capital, and having the ability to call on funding from the markets when necessary is an important part of listing on and trading securities in stock markets. Share dealing is the process of speculating on changes in the value of underlying shares, and it can be possible for traders to deliver substantial returns through shrewd investment in the capital markets.
Share dealing relies on an understanding of a few fundamental trading concepts – from what a share actually is to how and why it is traded. As part of the ongoing need for research and knowledge development, it’s important to look at share dealing at its most basic, to get a better feel for how the markets might behave and why they might behave in that way.
What Are Shares?
Shares are units of ownership in companies that allow proportionate ownership to be bought and sold fluidly. Traded on stock markets, shares allow the bearer to have a proportionate say in the company’s management through voting rights at general meetings, in addition to a proportionate share of company profits. Shares enable companies to be bought and sold, an essential economic function, in addition to affording speculators a basis on which they can trade for profit. But shares also help companies raise private capital to fuel their growth and corporate development, and in this sense equity financing can become something of a self-fulfilling prophecy, with capital used to fuel growth with in turn drives up the value of company shares.
How Are Shares Traded For Money?
Shares are bought and sold in publicly traded markets, such that amateurs are rubbing shoulders with professionals and even large investment funds and banks when trading in these markets. On the buy side, share prices rise to reflect the growing demand that comes from each incremental sale. On the sale side, this effect is reversed, which depresses the market value according to the proportion of the total issued shares that are sold. For traders looking to make money, the most significant returns are to be found in speculating on these price fluctuations, which have the capacity to deliver capital growth proportionate to the size of the investment.
In addition to capital returns, shares can also be traded for dividend returns, which represent shares of the profits of the companies held in ownership by a trader. These ongoing yields are declared at different points throughout the year based on company performance, and so traders can look to find higher paying shares as part of their investment research in order to find the best and most profitable positions to trade.
Are There Risks?
Share dealing is not without its risks, and traders should be prepared to lose the money that they invest in companies. While appropriate research and analysis can help prevent total disaster trades, they can happen and traders need to be aware that they are liable to the full extent of their investment for losses and well as gains in positions. Fortunately, share dealing enjoys less severe financial consequences for getting it wrong than other styles of investment (where traders can be liable to infinity beyond their original capital exposure), however it’s still important that traders take measures to deal with risk and counteract the threats to their trading capital by trading more shrewdly.
Trading Shares for a Living
Understanding the share trading basics is only half the battle. Once you’ve got to grips with how markets work, the function and behaviour of shares and how pricing responds to different quirks and market outcomes, you’re still only getting started, with much more to learn before you’re ready to take on the markets.
share dealing for a livingAside from the obvious starting points and information you’ll find in any share trading guide, there are also a number of techniques and strategies for share trading success that are seldom shared. These tend to be figured out by a minority of astute traders after a while, but to begin with those that don’t know these trade secrets are at a significant disadvantage.
The first so-called trade secret, which also doubles up as simply prudent portfolio management, is diversification, or spreading your investments across a broad portfolio of assets. The best way to think about diversification is to consider it in the context of putting all your eggs in one basket – if you drop that basket, you’ve pretty much ruined your chance of an omelette.
If instead you choose to spread your eggs, the chances of any singular collapse having a detrimental or damaging effect on your capital are far less significant. This is the premise underlying diversification – that by spreading the risks of a portfolio collapse across additional positions, traders can minimise the potential damage to their capital from any one rogue position or market.
Diversification spreads the market risk, i.e. the ever-present risk that arises by virtue of being exposed to a financial market. Generally, fewer positions equal higher risk, while a greater number of positions represents a lesser individual risk to each capital portion. That said, diversification isn’t an infinite game, and boundaries need to be drawn to ensure you’re not managing too many positions at once, or tying up too much of your capital at any one time. The notion of capital allocation and position sizing is a topic all in itself, suffice to say it’s vital that traders stick to an approach that presents ample opportunity for profit without being spread unmanageably thinly.
While diversifying your portfolio is an important part of building a sustainable, secure trading account, it cannot alone bring success without further proactive measures. Containing risk on the whole is just as important as identifying opportunities for a profit, and the trader that’s looking for optimum results will cater to both ends of this spectrum for best effect. Diversification merely spreads risk around – it does not eliminate risk, and therefore you should continue to trade in a cautious, prudent manner at all times as far as possible, to ensure you are both offsetting risk while ensuring your chance of a profit.
Recap: What Share Dealing (Stock Trading) Is
Shares are bought and sold largely as investments, in the hope that the ongoing dividend yield (i.e. the money paid by the company to its shareholders) will deliver a better return than other forms of investment. However, it is also possible to make money on sheer speculation, buying shares at a low price and selling when they reach a higher price. Indeed, it is often the case that share traders have no concern in exercising their rights as share holders in voting at company AGMs and choosing the board of directors, but are solely involved in buying to sell at a future date when the price of the shares rises.
Share transactions were originally formulated to give businesses the ability to raise capital, in order to fund large projects or, of increasing prevalence in more recent times, to provide the owners with the lucrative exit of which they’ve always dreamed.
A share, being at its most basic level a share in the profits of the company, is valuable to an investor, and effectively allows the business to raise money today against the security of future profits, simply by selling a proportion of its ownership. For the buyer, this share of ownership allows them to take an active role in the direction of a company, and with scale, affords a mechanism through which entire organisations can be bought and sold.
Today, the markets are largely automated, and publicly traded companies seldom know the details of individual shareholders, let alone scrutinising their credentials for ownership. Rather, shares are something of a commodity that are traded widely amongst faceless investors and funds the world over, who rely on the desire of businesses and other stakeholders to buy up successful companies in order to realise their profit.
In a nutshell, share dealing is the process of trading shares in large businesses, which have a value related directly to the market’s perception of the underlying value of the business. While traders are seldom concerned about directing and guiding the company in which they invest, shares provide a viable mechanism through which investors can trade off the back of corporate success, while having their own say in future corporate governance. |
Debunking 8 Common Christmas Story Myths
Debunking 8 Common Christmas Story Myths December 17, 2016
Around this time of year, many Christians take time specifically to celebrate the birth of Christ. Yet a number of myths have arisen around the story, ones with no actual basis in Scripture. Without further ado, here are eight of them.
Myth 1: “There were 3 Magi”
In actuality, we don’t know how many magi there were. Everything we know about the magi comes from Matthew 2:1-12, and it does not tell us how many there were. All we know is that there was more than one (μάγοι is plural) and that they brought three gifts – but that does not tell us how many there were, there could have been 2 or 14 for all we know.
Myth 2: “The Magi were kings”
Matthew doesn’t tell us whether or not the magi were kings but in all likelihood they weren’t. The word variously translated “wise men” (ESV) or “magi” (NASB) is μάγος, the same word used for Elymas the magician in Acts 13 and in Daniel 2 for “magicians.” The magi were probably some sort of eastern astrologers, but beyond that, we don’t have any specifics.
Myth 3: “The Magi arrived when Jesus was an infant”
This myth, propagated by nativity scenes that show the shepherds and magi at the manger at the same time, fails to read Matthew 2 closely. We know that Herod made a point of finding out when the star first appeared from the magi (2:7), and that later he ordered the slaughter of every male child in Bethlehem two years and under, “according to the time that he had ascertained from the wise men” (2:16). It would appear then, even if Herod had played it safe and ordered more children slaughtered than he needed to (which he probably did), that Jesus was somewhere between 1 and 2 years old, but not a newborn.
Myth 4: “Jesus was born the same night Mary and Joseph arrived in Bethlehem”
Luke 2:6 says, “And while they were there, the time came for her to give birth.” The beginning of this verse contains a phrase (Ἐγένετο…ἐν τῷ εἶναι) used three other places in Luke (5:12, 9:18, and 11:1) and it always carries the idea of duration. The idea is that during Mary and Joseph’s stay in Bethlehem the time came for Jesus to be born.
Myth 5: “Jesus didn’t cry as a baby”
This myth is definitely the one I dislike most. It comes from the third verse of the sentimental Christmas song, “Away in a Manger,” “But little Lord Jesus, No crying He makes.” There is nothing in the Bible that even remotely gives this impression and this verse leads in a docetic way that downplays the true humanity of Christ.
Myth 6: “It was unusually quiet the night Jesus was born”
Like the previous myth, this also comes from a sentimental Christmas carol, “Silent Night.” Again, this myth has no basis in the accounts in Scripture. Given that Jesus was born during a census when everyone needed to travel to his place of origin, Bethlehem was probably rather crowded at that time and not too quiet. In addition, births are generally not silent, peaceful endeavors.
Myth 7: “It was snowy when Jesus was born”
This myth has probably arisen because in much of Europe and North America (the centers of the Christian west), it is very snowy around December 25th. However, we don’t know that Jesus was born in December and even if he was, Palestine is much warmer than most of North America and Europe given its southern latitude and proximity to the Mediterranean sea. Short story: there probably wasn’t a whole lot of snow around Bethlehem.
Myth 8: “Jesus was born in a random stable because the hotel was full”
This myth is different from the rest in that it is partially true. Jesus was laid in a manger, but probably not a manger in a random stable because a mean innkeeper turned Joseph and Mary away. The word translated by the ESV, NASB, and KJV as “inn” is κατάλυμα. This word is used two other places in the New Testament (Mark 14:14 and Luke 22:11) both with the meaning of “guest room.” In addition, elsewhere when Luke clearly refers to an “inn” he uses a different word (Luke 10:24, πανδοχεῖον). Kenneth Bailey argues for this understanding in his book, Jesus Through Middle Eastern Eyes. He shows a diagram the layout of typical Palestinian house with a guest room:
Bailey marshals much more evidence to support his view in the first chapter of his book, which can be found online here. The gist is that Jesus was laid in a manger “in a warm and friendly home, not in a cold and lonely stable” (Bailey, p. 36).
Let these myths teach us to read the birth narratives of Christ closely and carefully, being cautious to neither overlook what is actually there nor to read in to them what is not there. Simply put, let us read them as we should read any passage of the Bible, as God’s word and worthy of our attention and obedience. When we do this the message of the Scriptural accounts shines clear: Christ, the Son of God, has condescended and taken on human flesh in order that He might redeem a people for Himself; let us respond with the angels, “Glory to God in the Highest.”
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The military dress cords, also called aiguillettes, are cords with metal tips. The army forces wear them as a decoration with the ceremony uniforms. They usually wear them with the ceremony uniform between the chest and the shoulder. The military dress cords are also called “aiguillette”, “aglets” or “aiglets”. The origin of this word is French (aiguille). Aiguille means needle. Military dress cords were popular in the 16th and 17th centuries as functional items or only decorative fasteners of silk cord with metal tips.
Today, the military dress cords are ornamental plaited cords with decorative metal tips. Soldiers wear them with military uniforms as part of other costumes such as an academic dress or a military ceremony uniform. This use of the “aiguillette” is derived from the lacing used to fasten plate armor together. A knot or loop arrangement was used as such. They hung from the shoulder sometimes. The military cords are made of ripstop. Ripstop is highly resistant to abrasion and distortion. We also use gabardine fabric. The gabardine fabrics are little wrinkles and give rise to a discreetly waterproof result.
The cords are generally used passing under the epaulette, encircling the shoulder, and joining together with the buttons. The military dress cords can be placed on the right and the left side of the uniform. There is another form to place the military dress cords. In this case, the cords can pass through the armpit. This is also common in some different armies around the world. The position of the military dress cords will depend on the way the country’s army has done before. For example, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) have two meanings for the red military dress cords. If a soldier uses the cords on the left side, it means that it is part of the IDF Orchestra. But if the cords are placed on the right side, mainly, the soldier is part of the Senior Navy Instructors.
Raff Military Textile is one of Turkey’s leading Military Textile manufacturers. We produce, wholesale, export, and provide a variety of military and police uniforms, clothes, boots, and equipment. Our goal is to provide the best military and police products at the best prices without losing quality. As the manufacturer of a military product, we know how to produce the best quality military dress cords. It doesn’t matter if it’s about military dress cords or military uniforms; the military material has to be resistant. The materials and fabrics that we use need to be able to last in any kind of situation.
Our company has a long history of producing and exporting military and police uniforms and equipment. We wholesale military products and military dress cords to various countries. We primarily export our products to Africa, Europe, and Latin America. Raff Military Textile is a company that has been in the military apparel market for over 50 years. For us, both fabric and material must be bacteria resistant. This is indeed the case for the materials uncovered by us. The materials and fabrication quality are an essential part that any military textile manufacturer has to keep in mind. We use very modern technology and the latest model overlocker sewing machines. We can design and produce customized products for each customer.
You can see the military dress cords at any military ceremony event. However, every country in the world has its own style to wear military ceremony uniforms. Generally, military dress cords are in colors like gold and silver. Aglets can also be in other types of colors. In different countries, military dress cords have contrasting uses, colors, and significations. For example, in Spain, it is common to see the military dress cords in the red color for cadets. In Israel, the IDF uses the red color for Senior Navy Instructors and the Orchestra. They prefer to reserve the golden color for the Military Attaché.
In Singapore, they choose to use military dress cords on the right side and only for specific appointments. For example, in this country, only the Chief of Defense Force, Commissioner of Police, Commissioner of the Singapore Civil Defense Force, Aides-de-camp to the President, Honorary aides-de-camp to the President, Military attachés and assistant military attachés, and MA/SA/NA to the Chief of Defense Force and service chiefs can use military dress cords.
Musicians of the Singapore Armed Forces Band and the Singapore Police Force Band wear military dress cords on the left shoulder. U.S. Army Service military dress cords are carried on the left shoulder only by Army Attachés, Assistant Army Attachés, and Aides-de-Camp. Assistants appointed to the President, First Family, White House, and Foreign Heads of State with Class A Uniform or Army Service Uniform wear the military cords on the right side. |
DEAR ABBY: I appreciate your concern for children’s safety and your dedication to getting helpful information out to the public.
In a recent column, you printed a letter regarding a young man who was hit and killed by a car. My sympathies to the parents and family for their loss. That letter raised a question in our household. If you are walking, and no sidewalk is available, on which side of the road should you walk?
When I was involved in scouting, the rule was to walk facing traffic. However, I recently heard that pedestrians should walk “with” the traffic. Can you please address this issue and let everyone know what is the correct side of the road to walk on? It may also be appropriate to mention the side of the road bicyclers should travel. Thanks! – CONCERNED PARENT, FAYETTEVILLE, N.C.
DEAR CONCERNED PARENT: What’s probably causing your confusion is that the rules are different for bicycle riders and pedestrians. People on bikes are required by law to “go with the flow” of traffic. However, according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration:
(1) If you must walk on a roadway and sidewalks are unavailable, always walk FACING the oncoming traffic. This will allow you to take evasive action if a vehicle comes into your path.
(2) Before stepping into the street, always stop and look left, right and left again. This will ensure that you see all oncoming traffic.
(3) Make full eye contact with the driver before stepping in front of his or her vehicle. Many people falsely assume that if they can see a vehicle, the driver can see them as well. Not true!
(4) Even when you have a green light or a “walk” signal permitting you to cross the street, always watch for inattentive drivers. Many drivers simply fail to stop for pedestrians. (And sadly, many drivers fail to stop for red lights, too, these days, and the results have been tragic.)
(5) Dress to be seen by drivers. During dusk and later evening hours, wear reflective clothing and carry a flashlight.
(6) Exercise caution in parking lots and garages. Vehicles may be backing up without the driver realizing that you are attempting to pass. (Watch for backup lights and listen for engine noise.)
(7) Always remember that many drivers fail to yield to pedestrians in a crosswalk, even though they’re required to do so. Walk defensively!
DEAR ABBY: My condolences to the family who lost their 16-year-old son because he was hit by a car while walking at night. That letter struck a nerve with me because I am a taxi driver. Every night I’m driving, I see anywhere from 30 to 100 people cross the street after dark wearing dark clothing, and in many cases without looking for oncoming traffic. For all intents and purposes, people are invisible when they wear dark clothing at night.
I narrowly missed one pedestrian one night because the area was poorly lighted, he was wearing dark clothes, and he walked out from between two parked cars without looking.
The only reason I can think of to explain why I missed him is that he had a guardian angel with the wings of a B-52. – DAN L., LONG BEACH, CALIF.
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The Counters Blog
Formica® Laminate
Viscose is often touted as a sustainable alternative to cotton or polyester and is popular in the fashion industry as a cheaper and more durable alternative to silk. This cellulose material is then dissolved in a chemical solution to produce a pulpy viscous substance, which is then spun into fibres that can then be made into threads. As a plant-based fibre, viscose is not inherently toxic or polluting. This is a highly polluting process and releases many toxic chemicals into the air and waterways surrounding production plants. The production of viscose is contributing to the rapid depletion of the world’s forests, which are being cleared to make way for pulpwood plantations. Fast-fashion giants are placing pressure on manufacturers to produce and distribute clothes at ever-increasing speeds and cheaper costs. Big brands have the money and power to step up and encourage responsible and sustainable manufacturing, but we are yet to see enough meaningful action. Keep in mind that some natural materials such as regular cotton and wool have their own ethical issues regarding environmental sustainability, labour rights and animal welfare. When you do want to add to your wardrobe, buying secondhand is a great way to form your own unique style! Download our app to discover ethical brands and see how your favourites measure up. It’s a semi-synthetic fibre that is made from trees – but that doesn’t necessarily mean it’s any better for the environment, or for you. The wood pulp that viscose is made from is manufactured by treating it with sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) and carbon disulphide, which is then filtered and spun into a fine thread. What’s more, dissolving-pulp wastes approximately 70% of the tree and is a chemically intensive manufacturing process. Concerns have also been raised regarding the devastating impact of wood pulp production on forests, people and vulnerable animal populations. It is estimated that around 30% of rayon and viscose used in fashion is made from pulp sourced from endangered and ancient forests. This encourages these unsustainable social and environmental practices.
Red Sparrow Red Sparrow Trilogy Series 1 By Jason Matthews Paperback by
The familiar fear of failing, of not excelling, disappeared. Ignore the cold that wraps around your chest, pushing tight. He smelled the bitterness of diesel fumes and burning coal in the air and, from some unseen exhaust vent, the loamy aroma of beet soup cooking. Nate rounded the corner and started down the narrow street, apartment buildings on either side, the uneven sidewalk lined with trees now bare and blown with snow. And one or two had displayed a terrifying langueur, a potentially fatal disinterest in being professional. There was something, an edge, a focus, an aggression in pursuit of doing the thing correctly. He had bushy white eyebrows, which matched his full head of wavy white hair, giving him the appearance of an elegant boulevardier. This was as much a conversation between two human beings as a debriefing. They both knew there could be no contact, a bitter necessity, for fear of contamination with metka, spy dust. They used covcom to transmit fast-breaking news and to keep contact warm during the gaps between personal meetings. It was natural for an agent to think about retiring, to dream about the end to the danger and the double life, to stop listening for the knock on the door. The older man looked down at the sidewalk as they walked along the darkened street. The only thing remaining was to schedule the next personal meeting three months from now. Nate had banged his knee on the pavement when he rolled, and it had stiffened up in the first hours, but now it was as numb as the rest of him. When he was on the street working against them, there was no doubt, no introspection. Focus on the middle distance, look for repeat pedestrians and vehicles. The zing of the electric buses running on the overhead wires, the hiss of car tires on wet pavement, the crackling of coal dust underfoot. He did not delude himself as to the nature of the system he was serving, and he had grown to loathe the charade, but he was a professional and loyal. At the far end of the street, silhouetted in the light from the intersection beyond, a familiar shape turned the corner and began walking toward him. Nate was average height and thin-framed, with straight black hair over a straight nose and brown eyes that kept moving, glancing over the older man’s shoulder as he approached, watchful rather than jittery. He had begun using the familiar “uncle,” part tradecraft to show respect, part a display of real affection. The two began walking together in the shadows cast by the trees along the sidewalk. But these brief encounters, mortally risky, were infinitely more productive. I have also included a new office directory in the second disc.
How To Clean Marble Stains Fast And Easy | Duration 8 Minutes 57 Seconds And a schedule of my foreign travel plans for the next year. Inexorably, problems in a case always rebounded to the handling officer, problems he didn’t need. Batteries passed, discs received, summary included, foreign travel schedule.
Athens by
Athens has been continuously inhabited for at least 7000 years. Athens’ climate is alternation between prolonged hot and dry summers and mild winters with moderate rainfall. Rebetiko is admired by many, and as a result rebetadika are often crammed with people of all ages who will sing, dance and drink till dawn. The zoo is home to around 2000 animals representing 400 species, and is open 365 days a year. In the 1980s it became evident that smog from factories and an ever-increasing fleet of automobiles, as well as a lack of adequate free space due to congestion, had evolved into the city’s most important challenge. Damage to the park has led to worries over a stalling in the improvement of air quality in the city. Metaxourgeio is frequently described as a transition neighborhood. Local efforts to beautify and invigorate the neighborhood have reinforced a sense of community and artistic expression. This is often regarded as one of the more prestigious areas of the capital. Hiking and mountain-biking in all four mountains are popular outdoor activities for residents of the city.
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This is an artist's rendering of Waterotor, a technology being developed by a couple of Hamilton entrepreneurers Kenneth Spurling and Jim Unsworth.
Finding electricity in water waves
You've heard about wind turbines, those big propellers that whir away in the countryside generating electricity.
But what would happen if you used slow water currents instead of air to drive them?
Imagine being able to generate electricity from trickling water at an economical cost with virtually no impact on the environment.
That's the goal behind new technology that two Hamilton businessmen are raising capital for on behalf of Ottawa-based Waterotor Energy Technologies Inc.
Ken Spurling of Blazon Co. Ltd., and board member of Waterotor, with associate Jim Unsworth are pounding the pavement to raise $6 million in capital to move the technology closer to market.
They argue the Waterotor technology is an affordable, environmentally friendly way to generate electricity, especially in developing countries that have no electricity or rely on expensive fossil-fuel driven generators. They say early testing has shown the Waterotor can generate electricity at a cost of 5 or 6 cents per kWh. That compares to the 6.7 c/kWh to 12.4 c/kWh that electricity users pay in Ontario. Elsewhere in the world it can be more than 40 cents.
Engineers have been drawing power from fast-moving waterways for eons, but slow moving water is only more recently being seen as a potential power source
Air turbines are criticized for harming birds and bats as well as being noisy. But Unsworth says the Waterotor blade is much smaller and moves much more slowly than wind-powered turbine blades. Unlike propeller-style air turbines, the Waterotor unit turns like a sideways barrel.
He says fish and other marine life either move over or under the unit without being harmed, and the blade moves so slowly, that virtually no noise is created.
Hamilton environmentalist and Green Party member Peter Ormond says the technology appears to be low-impact renewable energy. "However, appropriate sites must be reviewed and monitored to ensure that impacts on the local habitat are minimized.
Bryan Karney, chair of the division of environmental engineering and energy systems department at the University of Toronto, says he feels the kW/hr cost estimate "seems a bit like wishful thinking before one knows the installation environment, generation details, mounting challenges, stability issues, transmission issues, hydraulic capacity, and the role of introducing a significant resistance element into the flow."
But he feels the technology shows promise and believes water turbines could play role in supplying future energy needs.
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According to popular stereotype, fighting a limited war is a recipe for defeat. The limited war in Vietnam is as notable an example as the Korean War of studied application by the United States of ascending gradations of limited force toward the achievement of a negotiated settlement on limited terms. A reconsideration of the old strategy in light Edwin E. Moïse Limited War The Stereotypes. Limited war strategy and the Vietnam war should be examined, not because any political leader or soldier in the 1960s explicitly invoked the names of Osgood or Schelling, but because they often wrote and acted as if they had. The United States consistently misjudged the nature of the Vietnam Warâit was a total war for both South Vietnam and North Vietnam, but Washington often behaved as it if were a limited campaign. Vietnam War. Limited war is what we are now seeing in various degrees in Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya, Kashmir, the Arab-Israeli conflict and wars in Africa. The War in America One of the greatest ironies in a war rich in ironies was that Washington had also moved toward a limited war in Vietnam. Political goals, strategic requirements, and political-military effects should be understood as interdependent in practice. The nature of Cold War required types of behavior appropriate for a ⦠The mistaken understanding of "limited war theory" 7 by American leaders explains the character of Vietnam conflict and the reasons for its outbreak. In total war the goal of the government has been to bring about the surrender of the enemy; Although there were aerial bombings of the North, President Johnson wanted the fighting to be limited to South Vietnam. Abstract. Vietnam: Limited War Posted on September 13, 2013 February 25, 2020 Conventional wars fought on the European models developed by Napoleon involve the leadership in writing and training troops for rules of engagement (ROE). Among the most commonly heard generalizations about the Vietnam War is that it was a limited war--that the United States did not devote its full resources to the struggle, imposed very narrow ⦠Until 1991 the theory of limited war was shaped by the experience of two critical conflicts â Korea and Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh set out with the total war objective to conquer South Vietnam, while President Kennedy, and later President Johnson, in accordance with the Flexible Response doctrine regarded the conflict as limited, and they answered Hoâs total war with limited war subject to a gradual escalation. From 1965 to 1969, the U.S. was involved in a limited war in Vietnam. The concept of limited war was also used in the Vietnam War by the United States under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson as part of a strategy to contain the spread of Communism without provoking a wider confrontation with the Soviet Union. Korea was responsible for a concept geared to an east-west confrontation and dependent on the limitation of objectives in order to have any realistic hope of limiting means. It was even more notable, however, for evoking widespread popular approval of and insistence upon such ⦠Limited War: Korea, Vietnam, Gulf War I, Gulf War II, Afghanistan were all characterized by the restrained use of weapons and military options. |
It cannot be guaranteed through medical research that surviving a bout of coronavirus will prevent a re-infection or provide automatic immunity. This is the official position of World Health Organization. In a statement shared in Friday April 24, the international health agency said that though there are suggestion the detection of antibodies could serve as the basis for an “immunity passport” or “risk-free certificate”, it will however continue reviewing the evidence on antibody responses to the infection.
It read;
“Most of these studies show that people who have recovered from infection have antibodies to the virus. However, some of these people have very low levels of neutralizing antibodies in their blood, suggesting that cellular immunity may also be critical for recovery.
“Laboratory tests that detect antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in people, including rapid immunodiagnostic tests, need further validation to determine their accuracy and reliability. Inaccurate immunodiagnostic tests may falsely categorize people in two ways.
“The first is that they may falsely label people who have been infected as negative, and the second is that people who have not been infected are falsely labelled as positive. Both errors have serious consequences and will affect control efforts.
“These tests also need to accurately distinguish between past infections from SARS-CoV-2 and those caused by the known set of six human coronaviruses. Four of these viruses cause the common cold and circulate widely. The remaining two are the viruses that cause Middle East Respiratory Syndrome and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. People infected by any one of these viruses may produce antibodies that cross-react with antibodies produced in response to infection with SARS-CoV-2.”
The WHO stated that some governments who want a gradual return to work and the resumption of economic activity, have put forward the idea of issuing documents attesting to the immunity of people on the basis of serological tests revealing the presence of antibodies in the blood. It however added that the serological tests currently used “need additional validation to determine their accuracy and reliability”.
The International health agency also stated that though it supports studies that will provide data on the percentage of people with detectable COVID-19 antibodies, however most of them are not designed to determine whether those people are immune to secondary infections. |
Live Long with Loganberries
The Loganberries are so called because they are the creation, an accidental creation of James Harvey Logan. These are the crossbreeds of raspberries and blackberries but slightly bigger than both of them. Their deep red colour is fascinating, so is its sweet and tart taste. These can be found in late spring or early summer. Its taste is perfect for making desserts and things like jams, jellies pies, etc. These usually grow in thorny bushes and have oval leaves.
Loganberries are not only delicious, but also healthy. Its taste clearly defies the saying that delicious is harmful. It is loaded with-
24_mainVitamin C: Which helps the body to develop resistance against some diseases like scavenges infections and free radicals. It also prevents respiratory problems such as lung cancer and asthma. It also lessens the chances of hypertension by keeping the blood pressure in check.
Manganese: Manganese helps in functioning of nervous system and metabolism of food. It also works as antioxidant and prevents cancer and heart disease.
Vitamin B1: Also known as Thiamine, it breaks down sugar in the body and helps in working of nervous system and heart.
Vitamin B6: It boosts the immunity and breaks down carbohydrate, fats and amino acids. It also regulates the glucose level in blood and maintains lymph-node’s health.
Vitamin B9: Folate helps in functioning of liver.
Vitamin B12: Folic acid plays a key role in functioning of nervous system and DNA synthesis. It also maintains the health of red blood cells and working of neurological system.
Dietary Fibres: They help in digestion and peristalsis this helping in indigestion and constipation.
Loganberry is also full of other nutrients such as Calcium, Zinc, Fluoride, Iron, Phosphorus, Sodium, Selenium, Magnesium, Copper, Potassium, Vitamins A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Vitamin K, Protein, Carbohydrates and Antioxidants etc. In 1 cup or 147 grams of Loganberries, there are 81 kilo calories, 2.23 grams of protein, 0.46 grams of total fat, and 19.14 grams of carbohydrate and 7.8 grams of fibre.
24_rasberyBefore buying the Loganberries, make sure they are firm to touch and are unblemished. You can store them in refrigerator up to four days. You can add it to your daily diet in any way you wish.
Here is the recipe of Loganberry Jam that you can take every morning in breakfast.
• 4 cups Loganberries
• 4 cups of granulated sugar
Wash the berries and remove any green bush. Prick them and place them in a pan. Squeeze gently to release some of the juices. Cook on a low flame until the fruit starts coming apart. This takes almost 2-3 hours. Add sugar and bring it to boil stirring constantly so that it does not stick to the pan. Place a small amount on the plate. If it retains its shape and wrinkles when you push it with your finger, your jam is ready. Transfer the mixture in a sterilized jar and leave it undisturbed for an hour in a cool dry place.
Now that you know the benefits of Loganberry, deliver fruit basket loaded with these awesome berries to your loved ones.
Is the fruit basket the perfect gift?
For ages, people have been sharing gifts with each others as a token of gratitude or love. The packages that are commonly sent are gift cards, flowers, alcohol, etc. However, for many people, selecting these gifts can be really a tedious task, especially if they are not aware of the recipient’s preferences and tastes. Sending the wrong gift or type can leave a bad impression on the person or the gift might simply be kept aside. This means that if the gift is not selected right, then it would not be well received or meets its objective. It is the fruit basket that is considered to be a common gift which can be shared with anyone and on any occasion. It is noticed that the sales of fruit hampers have gone very high in the recent years and gift shops and online stores that keep a collection of the different varieties witness huge sales.
Why deliver fruit basket?
Fruits are quite nutritious for people of all ages and are strongly recommended by health practitioners and fitness experts. They have their own benefits. Unlike other gifts, they are easy to choose and also very much affordable. Although there are thousands of gifts ranging from electronics, toys, fashion apparels, perfumes, etc. available in the market, it is fruits that score much higher over them and are popular. Being affordable, they were found to be the most in demand even during the economic recession. It is a great way to take care of others and to show that the sender does remember them and wish them good health.
Importance of fruit baskets
Vegetable and fruit baskets are adaptable, versatile and also customizable, with other types of products. They do carry plenty of meanings to those receiving it. It also can serve effectively as an apology or a message in the form of get well soon or congratulations, anniversaries, celebration, birthday or just about anything. It can also be given just out of love and for no reason. Fruits have rather brought a unique way to bring out the messages and get them across to the recipient who can have 100% positive feeling.
Nutritious and health benefits
Fruits do have plenty of health benefits, and there is no denying this fact. These are less grouchy, ill and lethargic. They do assist in boosting the immune system of the individual in a natural way, and being organic, do not have any side effect. Instead, they strengthen the body and mind of the person who consumes them and make him strong and resistant towards different types of illness and diseases.
Delivering the fruit hampers in a fresh state
Every reputed online gift store makes it a point to store only farm fresh fruits that are completely hygienic in nature. They ensure that the ordered hamper reaches its destination in a fresh state along with the message and retains its nutritious properties. This is the reason why the sales of fruit hampers have increased over a period of time. |
MSX Home Computer
By Xah Lee. Date: .
MSX home computer, began in 1983.
It's a standardized home computer Microsoft defined. Popular in 80s in Japan, S Korea, Argentina, Brazil. It's made by different companies. The keyboards are standardized in layout but varies in shapes quite a bit.
Panasonic FS-A1 MSX 83b67
Panasonic FS-A1 MSX
MSX is a standardized home computer architecture, first announced by Microsoft on June 16, 1983,[1] and marketed by Kazuhiko Nishi, then Vice-president at Microsoft Japan and Director at ASCII Corporation. Microsoft conceived the project as an attempt to create unified standards among various hardware makers of the period.[2]
They were popular in Japan and several other countries. It is difficult to estimate how many MSX computers were sold worldwide, but eventually 5 million MSX-based units were sold in Japan alone. Despite Microsoft's involvement, the MSX-based machines were seldom released in the United States.[3]
Before the great success of Nintendo's Family Computer, MSX was the platform for which major Japanese game studios, such as Konami and Hudson Soft, produced video games. The Metal Gear series, for example, was originally written for MSX hardware.[4]
2018-09-30 Wikipedia MSX
Talent MSX computer 369f6
TALENT TPC-310 MSX2 computer, made in Argentina by Telematica (1988), based in Daewoo design, In Spain were sold as Dynata brand (White case). MSX Talent DPC-200 in other hand, the most popular computer in Argentina trough the '80 and early ´90. image source
Canon V-20 MSX computer 2fff0
Canon V-20 MSX image source
Sharp HotBit MSX computer 04d6c
Sharp HotBit MSX. Brazilian Z80 MSX computer from the 1980s. image source
Sony HitBit HB-10P MSX c6645
MSX Sony HitBit HB-10P keyboard b709e
sony home computer hb 101 keyboard 96349 s289x217
Sony Home Computer HB-101
YAMAHA AX150 MSX 1f794
Japan keyboards
Japan FKB8579 661 thumb shift keyboard 45474 s335x187
Thumb-Shift, 1980
NEC PC 8801 K1 keyboard bj3qh-s333x188
NEC PC-8801-KI, 1983
NEC mini7 mqjdk-s306x204
NEC 文豪 Mini7, 1985
TRON Keyboard Unit TK1 s1520x831
TRON, 1986
nec m-type keyboard 1990 36618-s278x225
NEC M-system, 1990
NEC mini7rm 48190-s306x204
NEC 文豪 Mini7RM, 1992
NEC M-shiki keyboard NEC PC98 1992-s333x188
NEC PC-9801, 1992
NEC keyboard pk-kb015 2-s320x195
NEC Ergofit, 1998
scythe ergo diver keyboard left s289x217
Scythe Ergo Diver, ~2003
utron keyboard 02-s289x217
μTRON, 2007
Esrille keyboard 40445-s289x217
Esrille New
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Question: What Are The 8 Principles Of TQM?
What are the three principles of total quality?
TQM is based on three principles: continuous quality improvement (CQI), customer focus, and teamwork..
What are 4 types of quality control?
What is importance of TQM?
What are the principles of TQM?
8 principles of Total Quality ManagementCustomer focus. … Total employee commitment. … Process approach. … Integrated system. … Strategic and systematic approach. … Continual improvement. … Fact-based decision-making. … Communications.
What are the 8 principles of ISO 9001?
The eight principles are:1 Customer focus. … 2 Leadership. … 3 Involvement of people. … 4 Process approach. … 5 System approach to management. … 6 Continuous improvement. … 7 Factual approach to decision making. … 8 Mutually beneficial supplier relationships.
What are TQM tools?
What are the new 7 QC tools?
The New seven toolsAffinity Diagram [KJ method]Interrelationship diagram.Tree diagram.Prioritization matrix.Matrix diagram or quality table.Process decision program chart.Activity network diagram.
What are the 6 Sigma tools?
Six Sigma Articles Overview of the Seven Lean Six Sigma Tools (Webcast, ASQ member exclusive) This series provides an overview of seven common Lean Six Sigma tools: 5S system, the seven wastes, value stream mapping, kaizen, flow, visual workspace, and voice of the customer.
What are the 7 basic quality tools for process improvement?
What are the 7 basic quality tools?Stratification.Histogram.Check sheet (tally sheet)Cause and effect diagram (fishbone or Ishikawa diagram)Pareto chart (80-20 rule)Scatter diagram (Shewhart chart)Control chart.
What are the benefits of TQM?
How does Ford use TQM?
What are food quality principles?
Principles, management systems and certification schemes around food safety and quality are discussed. Hygiene, prevention and risk reduction, reliability, consistency, traceability, customer and consumer relevance, and transparency and accountability are the driving principles.
What Is TQM?
What are the two core principles of TQM?
p 528 TQM has two core principles A employee commitment and customer | Course Hero. You can ask !
What companies use TQM?
What is TQM vehicle?
Share this article: Total Quality Management (TQM) describes the culture, attitude, and organization of a company striving to produce high quality products and services that meet or exceed customer expectations.
What are seven tools of TQM?
What is TQM example?
How TQM improves quality?
TQM leads to better products manufactured at lower cost. The focus on using high quality information to improve processes reduces waste and saves time, leading to reduced expenses that can be passed along to clients in the form of lower prices.
What is a quality policy ISO 9001?
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MeSign Forum
SMF - Just Installed!
Why do we need to sign and encrypt all emails?
Read 12360 times
* October 23, 2019, 07:35:52 AM
Since 1965 when the first email appeared, email has had a history of 53 years. Since its popularization was from 1997 when Microsoft acquired Hotmail, the first free email service provider, there has been 21 years passed.
Email was once the most popular application with largest data flowing on the Internet, but as http, the data transmitted though email is also plain-texted, which is so much like the postcard in real world. We send postcard in real world too, but we never write confidential information on the card. However, it's quite incredible that we writes almost all information on an plain-texted email, such as information related to work, family and ourselves.
International Standard Organization has published S/MIME protocol for email encryption in 1995, in support of signing and encrypting email using PKI digital certificates. Popular email clients support signing and encrypting emails under this protocol.
To protect commercial and personal confidential information from intercepting(e.g.Find back the forgetten password), the email must be encrypted so that the security of the email content can be guaranteed. If the email is signed, the recipient can be sure that the email is not tampered, which enhance trust online and facilitate further commercial cooperation.MeSince helps implement automated email signing and encryption.
So far, the Internet security industry promotes HTTPs Only. That's because http is plain-text, which is not secure too. We believe, by the effort from MeSince, which automates and simplifies the S/MIME, an age of "S/MIME all email encryption" will come, with all the message being encrypted in whole channels, and security of users' information being protected completely. |
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Red-backed fairywren facts for kids
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Red-backed fairywren
Red-backed Fairy-wren.jpg
Female Red-backed Fairywren samsonvale.JPG
Female at Samsonvale, SE Queensland
Conservation status
Scientific classification
• M. m. melanocephalus
• M. m. cruentatus
Red backed fairywren rng gnangarra.png
Red-backed fairywren range
M. m. melanocephalus; M. m. cruentatus; broad hybrid zone
• Muscicapa melanocephala
• Sylvia dorsalis
• Malurus brownii
• Malurus cruentatus
• Malurus pyrrhonotus
The red-backed fairywren (Malurus melanocephalus) is a species of passerine bird in the Australasian wren family, Maluridae. It is endemic to Australia and can be found near rivers and coastal areas along the northern and eastern coastlines from the Kimberley in the northwest to the Hunter Region in New South Wales. The male adopts a striking breeding plumage, with a black head, upperparts and tail, and a brightly coloured red back and brown wings. The female has brownish upperparts and paler underparts. The male in eclipse plumage and the juvenile resemble the female. Some males remain in non-breeding plumage while breeding. Two subspecies are recognised; the nominate M. m. melanocephalus of eastern Australia has a longer tail and orange back, and the short-tailed M. m. cruentatus from northern Australia has a redder back.
The red-backed fairywren mainly eats insects, and supplements its diet with seed and small fruit. The preferred habitat is heathland and savannah, particularly where low shrubs and tall grasses provide cover. It can be nomadic in areas where there are frequent bushfires, although pairs or small groups of birds maintain and defend territories year-round in other parts of its range. Groups consist of a socially monogamous pair with one or more helper birds who assist in raising the young. These helpers are progeny that have attained sexual maturity yet remain with the family group for one or more years after fledging. The red-backed fairywren is sexually promiscuous, and each partner may mate with other individuals and even assist in raising the young from such pairings. Older males in breeding plumage are more likely to engage in this behaviour than are those breeding in eclipse plumage. As part of a courtship display, the male wren plucks red petals from flowers and displays them to females.
Taxonomy and systematics
The red-backed fairywren was first collected from the vicinity of Port Stephens in New South Wales and described by ornithologist John Latham in 1801 as the black-headed flycatcher (Muscicapa melanocephala); its specific epithet derived from the Ancient Greek μέλας, melas 'black' and κεφαλή, kephalē 'head'. However, the specimen used by Latham was a male in partial moult, with mixed black and brown plumage and an orange back, and he named it for its black head. A male in full adult plumage was described as Sylvia dorsalis, and the explorers Nicholas Aylward Vigors and Thomas Horsfield gave a third specimen from central Queensland the name Malurus brownii, honouring botanist Robert Brown. John Gould described Malurus cruentatus in 1840 from a short-tailed scarlet-backed specimen collected in Northwestern Australia by Benjamin Bynoe aboard HMS Beagle on its third voyage. The first three names were synonymised into Malurus melanocephalus by Gould who maintained his form as a separate species. An intermediate form from north Queensland was described as pyrrhonotus. Ornithologist Tom Iredale proposed the common name "elfin-wren" in 1939, however this was not taken up.
Like other fairywrens, the red-backed fairywren is unrelated to the true wren family, Troglodytidae. It was previously classified as a member of the old world flycatcher family, Muscicapidae, and later as a member of the warbler family, Sylviidae before being placed in the newly recognised Australasian wren family, Maluridae in 1975. More recently, DNA analysis has shown that the family Maluridae is related to both the Meliphagidae (honeyeaters), and the Pardalotidae (pardalotes, scrubwrens, thornbills, gerygones and allies) within the large superfamily Meliphagoidea.
It is one of eleven species in the genus Malurus and is closely related to both the Australian white-winged fairywren, and the white-shouldered fairywren of New Guinea. Termed the bicoloured wrens by ornithologist Richard Schodde, these three species are notable for their lack of head patterns and ear tufts, and solid-coloured black or blue plumage with contrasting shoulder or wing colour; they replace each other geographically across northern Australia and New Guinea.
George Mack, ornithologist of the National Museum of Victoria, was the first to classify the three forms melanocephalus, cruentatus and pyrrhonotus as one species, although Richard Schodde reclassified pyrrhonotus as a hybrid from a broad hybrid zone in North Queensland; this area is bounded by the Burdekin, Endeavour and Norman Rivers. Breeding males of intermediate plumage, larger and scarlet-backed, or smaller and orange-backed, as well as forms that resemble one of the two parent subspecies, are all encountered within the hybrid zone. A molecular study published in 2008 focusing on the Cape York population found it was genetically closer to eastern forest populations than to those from the Top End. The Cape York birds became segregated around 0.27 million years ago, but gene flow still continues with eastern birds.
Two subspecies are currently recognised:
• M. m. cruentatus - Gould, 1840: Originally described as a separate species, the specific epithet cruentatus (bloodstained) is derived from the Latin verb cruentare 'to stain with blood'. It is found across northern Australia from the Kimberleys to northern Queensland and is smaller than the nominate subspecies with males averaging 7.1 g (0.25 oz) and females 6.6 g (0.23 oz) in weight. Males in breeding plumage on Melville Island have a deeper crimson colour to their back.
• M. m. melanocephalus - (Latham, 1801): The nominate subspecies, it has an orange back and longer tail and is found from northern coastal New South Wales through to northern Queensland. This form has previously been called the orange-backed fairywren.
Evolutionary history
Ornithologist Richard Schodde has proposed that the ancestors of the two subspecies were separated during the last glacial period in the Pleistocene around 12,000 years ago. Aridity had pushed the grasslands preferred by the wren to the north, and with subsequent wetter warmer conditions it once again spread southwards and met the eastern form in northern Queensland and intermediate forms arose. The distribution of the three bi-coloured fairywren species indicates their ancestors lived across New Guinea and northern Australia in a period when sea levels were lower and the two regions were joined by a land bridge. Populations then became separated as sea levels rose, and New Guinea birds evolved into the white-shouldered fairywren, while Australian forms evolved into the red-backed fairywren and the arid-adapted white-winged fairywren. A 2017 genetic study using both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA found the ancestors of the red-backed and white-shouldered fairywrens diverged from each other around 3 million years ago, and their common ancestor diverged around 5 million years ago from a lineage that gave rise to the white-winged fairywren.
Red backed wren male (14126134426)
Male in flight
The smallest member of the genus Malurus, the red-backed fairywren measures 11.5 cm (4 12 in) and weighs between 5–10 g (0.18–0.35 oz), averaging around 8 g (0.28 oz). The 6 cm (2 14 in) long tail is black in the breeding male, and brown in eclipse males, females and juvenile birds. Averaging 8.6 mm (0.3 in), the bill is relatively long, narrow, pointed and wider at the base. Wider than it is deep, the bill is similar in shape to those of other birds that feed by probing or picking insects off of their environs.
Like other fairywrens, the red-backed fairywren is notable for its marked sexual dimorphism; the male adopts full breeding plumage by the fourth year, later than all other fairywrens apart from the closely related white-winged fairywren. The male in breeding plumage has a black head and body with striking red back and brown wings. At other times it has a brown upper body and white underparts. Some males, mainly younger, remain in eclipse plumage while breeding. The female looks remarkably similar with a buff brown body and a yellowish spot under the eye. The female of this species differs from those of other fairywren species in that it lacks a blue tint in the tail. Geographically, it follows Gloger's rule; female birds have whiter bellies and paler brown upperparts inland in sunnier climates. Juveniles of both sexes look very similar to females.
The typical song used by the red-backed fairywren to advertise its territory is similar to that of other fairywrens, namely a reel made up of an introductory note followed by repeated short segments of song, starting weak and soft and ending high and shrill with several syllables. The call is mostly made by the male during mating season. Birds will communicate with one another while foraging with a soft ssst, barely audible further than 10–15 m (33–49 ft) away. The alarm call is a high-pitched zit.
Distribution and habitat
Imperata cylindrica spikes
Imperata cylindrica,
a preferred habitat
The red-backed fairywren is endemic to Australia and can be seen along rivers and the coast from Cape Keraudren in northern Western Australia through the Kimberleys, Arnhem Land and the Gulf Country and into Cape York, with the Selwyn Range and upper reaches of the Flinders River as a southern limit. It is also found on the nearby offshore islands Groote Eylandt, Sir Edmund Pellew, Fraser, Melville and Bathurst Islands. Its range extends all the way down the east coast east of the Great Dividing Range to the Hunter River in New South Wales, preferring wet, grassy tropical or sub-tropical areas, with tall grasses such as bladygrass (Imperata cylindrica), species of Sorghum, and Eulalia. It is not a true migrant, although it may be locally nomadic due to changes in vegetation, and may leave its territory after the breeding season. The species will retreat to fire-resistant cover at times of fire.
The red-backed fairywren avoids arid habitats, and is replaced to the south of its range by the white-winged fairywren.
Behaviour and ecology
The red-backed fairywren is diurnal, and becomes active at dawn, and again in bursts throughout the day. When not foraging, birds often shelter together. They roost side-by-side in dense cover and engage in mutual preening. The usual form of locomotion is hopping, with both feet leaving the ground and landing simultaneously. However, a bird may run when performing the rodent-run display. Its balance is assisted by a relatively long tail, which is usually held upright and is rarely still. The short, rounded wings provide good initial lift and are useful for short flights, though not for extended jaunts. Birds generally fly in a series of undulations for a maximum of 20 or 30 m (66 or 98 ft).
In dry tall grasslands in monsoonal areas, the change in vegetation may be so great due to either fires or wet season growth that birds may be more nomadic and change territories more often than other fairywrens. They form more stable territories elsewhere, such as in coastal areas. Cooperative breeding is less common with this species than with other fairywrens; helper birds have been sporadically reported, but the red-backed fairywren has been little studied.
Both the male and female adult red-backed fairywren may utilise the rodent-run display to distract predators from nests with young birds. The head, neck and tail are lowered, the wings are held out and the feathers are fluffed as the bird runs rapidly and voices a continuous alarm call.
Courtship and breeding
Red-backed fairywren 7684-4x3
Female (left) and male in Cairns, Queensland.
During the mating season, the male moults its brown feathers and displays a fiery red plumage. It may fluff out its red back and shoulder feathers so that they cover part of the wings in a puffball-display. It will fly about and confront another male to repel it, or to assert dominance over a female. It also picks red petals and sometimes red seeds and presents them to other birds. Ninety percent of the time, this is presented to a female in what appears to be a courtship ritual. In the remaining ten percent of instances, it presents to another male as an apparent act of aggression.
Over half the red-backed fairywrens in an area can be found in pairs during the mating season. This is apparently a defence against the resource-limited nature of the environment. It is more difficult to maintain a larger interdependent group during dry spells, so the birds try to stay in pairs or smaller groups, which include adults that help parents look after young. Paternity tests have shown that an older male with bright plumage has much more success in the mating season and can mate with more than one female. Accordingly, it has higher sperm storage and makes more mating overtures towards females. A male with browner and less bright plumage or a younger male with bright plumage has a much lower success rate than a bright, older male for mating. Further, an unpaired male serves as a helper to a mated pair in feeding and care of young. After the male pairs, his bill darkens within three weeks. This is much easier to control than plumage, as moulting takes time and is controlled by seasonality. The bill is vascular and much easier to change in response to the pairings.
The mating season lasts from August to February, and coincides with the arrival of the rainy season in northern Australia. The female does the bulk of the nest building, although the male does assist; this is not typical for other birds of the genus Malurus. Concealed in grass tussocks or low shrubs, the spherical nest is constructed of dried grasses and usually lined with smaller, finer grasses and hair. Nests examined in southeast Queensland tended to be larger and untidier than those in northern Australia; the former measured 12–15 cm high by 9–12 cm wide and bore a partly covered 3–6 cm diameter entrance, whereas the latter average around 10–13 cm in height by 6–8 cm wide with a 2–4 cm entrance. Construction takes around one week, and there may be an interval of up to another seven days before eggs are laid. The eggs produced are white with reddish-brown spots in clutches of three to four, and measure 14.5–17 × 10–13 mm; those of M. m. melanocephalus are a little larger than those of M. m. cruentatus. The eggs are incubated for two weeks by the female alone. The nestlings are hidden under cover for one week after hatching. The juveniles depend on parents and helpers for approximately one month. They learn to fly between 11–12 days after hatching. Broods hatched earlier in the season will help to raise the broods hatched later on. They will stay as a clutch group for the season after hatching.
Like other fairywrens, the red-backed fairywren is predominantly insectivorous; they eat a wide variety of insects, including beetles such as weevils, leaf-, jewel-, flea- and ground-beetles, bugs, grasshoppers, moths, wasps and cicadas. Insect larvae and eggs are eaten as well as spiders. Seeds and other plant material make up only a very small proportion of its diet. It can be found hunting for insects in leaf litter, shrubbery and on the edges of bodies of water, mostly in the morning and late afternoon. Adults of both sexes as well as helper birds feed the young.
Predators and threats
Adults and their young may be preyed upon by mammals such as the feral cat and red fox, reptiles such as goannas, rodents, and native predatory birds, such as the Australian magpie, butcherbird species, blue-winged kookaburra, crows and ravens, and shrike-thrushes.
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Red-backed fairywren Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia. |
Coronavirus: Oxford vaccine triggers immune response
By | July 20, 2020
A coronavirus vaccine developed by the University of Oxford appears safe and triggers an immune response.
The findings are hugely promising, but it is still too soon to know if this is enough to offer protection and larger trials are under way.
The UK has already ordered 100 million doses of the vaccine.
How does the vaccine work?
The vaccine – called ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 – is being developed at unprecedented speed.
It is made from a genetically engineered virus that causes the common cold in chimpanzees.
What are antibodies and T-cells?
Neutralising antibodies can disable the coronavirus.
Read More: Two healthcare workers in the UK diagnosed with coronavirus
“We don’t know the level needed for protection, but we can maximise responses with a second dose,” Prof Pollard told the BBC.
Is it safe?
Yes, but there are side-effects.
There were no dangerous side-effects from taking the vaccine, however, 70% of people on the trial developed either fever or headache.
The researchers say this could be managed with paracetamol.
What are the next steps in the trial?
The results so far are promising, but their main purpose is to ensure the vaccine is safe enough to give to people.
The study cannot show whether the vaccine can either prevent people from becoming ill or even lessen their symptoms of Covid-19.
Read More: Why it's crucial to remember that healthcare is not a typical business
When will I get a vaccine?
“We’re not there yet.”
What progress is being made with other vaccines?
The Oxford vaccine is not the first to reach this stage, with groups in the US and China also publishing similar results.
The US company Moderna was first out of the blocks and its vaccine can produce neutralising antibodies. They are injecting coronavirus RNA (its genetic code), which then starts making viral proteins in order to trigger an immune response.
The companies BioNtech and Pfizer have also had positive results using their RNA vaccine.
A technique similar to the Oxford one, developed in China, also seems promising.
However, all these approaches are at the absolute boundary of science and have not been proven to work before.
More traditional methods of vaccine development are also being investigated. The company Valneva is taking the whole coronavirus, inactivating it and then inject it.
In total there are 23 coronavirus vaccines in clinical trials around the world and another 140 in early stage development.
Read More: The Key Elements of Great Homes
Will the UK get a coronavirus vaccine?
The UK government has struck deals for 190 million doses of different vaccines.
This includes:
• 100 million doses of the Oxford vaccine made from a genetically engineered virus
• 30 million doses of the BioNtech/Pfizer vaccine, which injects part of the coronavirus’ genetic code
• 60 million doses of the Valneva inactivated coronavirus
These have been paid for even though it is uncertain which, if any, of the vaccines may prove effective for immunising a nation with 66m people.
Kate Bingham, chairwoman of the UK Vaccine Taskforce, told the BBC: “What we are doing is identifying the most promising vaccines across the different categories, or different types of vaccine, so that we can be sure that we do have a vaccine in case one of those actually proves to be both safe and effective.
“It’s unlikely to be a single vaccine for everybody.
“We may well need different vaccines for different groups of people.”
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What questions do you have about vaccines and the coronavirus?
Use this form to ask your question:
BBC News – Health |
Anterior pelvic tilt is one of several types of postures that many manual therapists and personal trainers may have learned and tried to “correct” during their career—along with the posterior pelvic tilt, lateral pelvic tilt, forward head posture, upper cross syndrome, etc.
Its well-known characteristics are described in almost every personal training certification, basic massage therapy education, and physical therapy schools. Many therapists and trainers believe that postures that deviate from the “neutral” spine and pelvis orientation can cause or increase the risk of joint pain, musculoskeletal pain, limitations of movement, and movement dysfunction. And so, they recommend a treatment plan or exercise program that is supposed to “fix” these “abnormal” or “dysfunctional” postures and put the body to neutral as close as possible.
On the surface, these ideas seem reasonable and intuitive, but scientific evidence indicates that anterior pelvic tilt and other types of posture may not be as important as many therapists and trainers believe.
What is anterior pelvic tilt?
In the anterior pelvic tilt, the pelvis is rotated forward in the sagittal plane, causing an increase of the lumbar spine curvature. This position tilts the gluteal muscles upward, exaggerating its round appearance for some people. Sometimes the pelvic tilt decreases the upper spine curvature, making the person appear to have a flatter upper back.
A 2003 French study from Centre des Massues in Lyon, France, gathered data from 160 healthy, asymptomatic subjects and classified lordosis into four types (1-4). The anterior pelvic tilt would fit into Type 4 where the sacral slope is greater than 45 degrees while 35 to 45 degrees is considered a “well-balanced” range for the spine.
Because of pelvis’ orientation, some believe that this is caused by short, tight muscles—such as tight hip flexors and superficial abdominal muscles—which causes the gluteal muscles and hamstrings to be “weak” or “inhibited.”
Anterior pelvic tilt origins
Czech neurologist Vladimir Janda (1928-2002) is often given credit to popularize the concepts of pelvic tilts. Based on his research on motor control and his studies on previous research on pain and movement by earlier scientists, Janda described overactive and underactive muscles of the spine, shoulder girdle, and pelvis can cause “muscle imbalances.” This idea brought forth “Janda’s Postural Syndromes,” which include upper cross syndrome and lower cross syndrome.
In a 1978 paper published in The Neurobiologic Mechanisms of Manipulative Therapy, Janda wrote that there are enough observations in research that muscles “respond to a given situation by tightness,” such as pain, while other muscles react by “inhibition, atrophy and weakness.” Some examples can be found in the hips, knees, hamstrings, and trunk erectors. These patterns can also be found in the upper body, such as tightness in the upper trapezius, levator scapulae, and pectoralis muscles with “weak” deep neck flexors and lower stabilizing muscles of the scapulae.
“Whatever the physiological basis for these changes of muscle function, the clinical fact remains that a developed muscle imbalance should be treated and that muscles in which we find a predominantly static or postural function and which show a tendency to get tight are activated in various movement patterns relatively more than muscles with a predominantly dynamic, phasic function, which show a tendency to get weak,” Janda wrote.
So if you were to have anterior pelvic tilt, your abdominal muscles—particularly the rectus abdominis—and hip flexors (iliopsoas) would be “tight,” pulling your pelvis forward and “inhibiting” your glutes. Thus, exercises that you should do would be to stretch the hip flexors and abs while strengthening the glutes and reducing the curvature of the lumbar spine.
However, pain research at least since the 1980s finds that there is more to pain and treatment than just “stretch what is tight, strengthen what is weak” paradigm.
Does anterior pelvic tilt cause low back pain?
While many therapists and trainers believe that the anterior pelvic tilt increases the risk of low back pain and movement “dysfunction” or believe that there is a cause-and-effect relationship between posture and pain, most of the research since the 1980s do not validate these ideas.
First, shortened or tight hip flexors do not necessarily mean that they are a cause of low back pain, and neither are weak or inhibited hips muscles. A study of 600 young men in the Swedish military fails to find a positive relationship between psoas muscle tightness and back pain. Physical therapist Anna-Lisa Hellsing stated that having tight muscles is the result of “both positive and negative factors.”
“Heavy muscular work or strength training, long-standing pain or a poor movement pattern can all result in muscle tightness, probably also depending on genetic factors,” she wrote. Hellsing also noticed that each subject experienced pain in the tight muscles (psoas) differently, but she did not record it.
“The results in this study can also seem contradictory to clinical experience, i.e. that back pain is diminished by the stretching of tight muscles. It does not actually have to be contradictory however, because more flexible muscles probably alter the load from the painful sites,” she concluded.
In 2002, another study with 600 civilians in Tehran, Iran, found no association between low back pain and various structural factors, such as pelvic tilt, foot arch, leg length discrepancy, lumbar lordosis, and the length of muscles (iliopsoas, abdominals, triceps surae, hip adductors). Physical therapists Mohammad R. Nourbakhsh and Amir M. Arab from the University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences randomly recruited men and women in their twenties to fifties from five hospitals in Tehran and were categorized into four groups, separated by existence of symptoms of low back pain and gender with exactly 150 people in each group.
They measured the lengths of various muscles, pelvic tilts, feet arch, and muscle strength in the hip flexors, hip abductors and adductors, and abdominals. Although their results found abdominal strength was weaker among those who had low back pain, pelvic tilts and the size of the lordosis showed no association with low back pain. Likewise, there was no association between the size of the lordosis and pelvic tilts and the length of the iliopsoas.
Nourbakhsh and Arab started this study based on the arguments about the cause of low back pain from Robin McKenzie and Paul Williams. McKenzie associated a lower curvature of the lumbar spine and a herniated disc while Williams argued that increased lordosis from weak abdominals and sitting too long are the causes.
Read more: A Disc Bulge Does Not Always Correlate to Back Pain
In 2014, a systematic review and meta-analysis of 43 qualified studies, led by Dr. Robert Laird formerly of Monash University in Frankston, Australia, found no difference in lordosis angle, pelvic tilts in a standing position, and usage of the lumbar spine or hip flexors during a forward bend between people with low back pain and those without.
Another thing to consider is that pelvic tilt and pelvic anatomy varies among each person. In a 2010 study that was conducted at the University of Salford in Manchester, England, researcher and physical therapist Lee Herrington examined 120 healthy, asymptomatic men and women from ages 18 to 44 by measuring their pelvic tilts.
Among the men, he found that 85% of the 65 subjects had an anterior pelvic tilt, while 75% of the 55 women had the same pelvic tilt.
“It would appear that a degree of anterior pelvic tilt is typical within asymptomatic individuals and that asymmetry of pelvic angle is also not unique finding confined to symptomatic individuals alone,” Herrington wrote. He cautioned clinicians that “care should be taken when applying cause and effect” when they meet a patient with anterior pelvic tilt or hip asymmetry.
The anterior pelvic is measured by identifying the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and the posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) and measuring the angle between the two points with an imaginary horizontal line starting at the PSIS as a reference point.
For pelvic anatomy, a 2008 study of 30 cadaver pelvises found variations in pelvic tilt angles and anatomical landmarks “may result in weaker correlations between pelvic tilt and other clinical measurements” than measuring actual muscle and ligament forces. Lead esearcher Stephen Preece and his colleagues from the University of Salford in Manchester, England, warned that pelvic tilt angle measurements “should not be used in isolation.” He suggests that clinicians should consider various factors when measuring, such as the curvature of the lumbar lordosis and hip joint angle in a standing position.
Detail image of the pelvic landmarks and measurements.
Finally, posture assessments in general are unreliable and poorly reproducible, according to a 2018 study from the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin in Berlin, Germany. The research team, led by Dr. Hendrik Schmidt, performed six standing posture assessments to each of the 332 subjects after each person performed a series of torso-bending exercises.
After the exercise sequence is done, the researchers measured their pelvic tilts. Not only did they find any differences between those with back pain and those without, joint angles in the sacrum and lordosis also vary and overlap between both groups.
“An irreproducible standing posture can lead to false radiological measurements, incorrect diagnoses and possibly unnecessary treatment,” they wrote.
Corrective exercises for anterior pelvic tilt and back pain
Some physical therapists and personal trainers recommend corrective exercise as a way to “fix” the anterior pelvic tilt and other types of postures by bringing the pelvis and spine back to “neutral” position (as least as close as possible).
Because the premises behind corrective exercises are based on Janda’s postural syndromes and structural and biomechanical factors, there is likely little or no need to do them—unless you actually enjoy doing them.
Research that compares different types of exercises for chronic low back pain found that no exercise type is superior than another, and nearly all types of exercise can reduce low back pain.
In 2012, a Chinese systematic review of five randomized-controlled trials with more than 400 subjects total found that core exercises “more effective in decreasing pain and may improve physical function” than general exercise in reducing low back pain in the short-term. However, in the long run, there was no difference between the groups.
In 2014, an Egyptian systematic review of 34 trials (with nearly half of them being randomized-controlled trials) with more than 2,500 subjects total found that the quality of the evidence that favors core exercises over manual therapy and general exercise for low back pain was “low.” The data is similar to the Chinese review where core exercises seem to be better general exercise in the short run but not the long run.
Since more systematic reviews (one in 2016 and 2019 (with 89 trials and more than 5,000 subjects total)) also found similar results, it is likely that specific exercises would not be necessary to reduce low back pain.
Although there is a lack of sufficient evidence to support the premises of corrective exercise for pain relief and structural alignment, personal trainer Nick Tumminello said corrective exercises might be useful for providing a “framework for exercise prescription” or for clients who want to be evaluated to a specific program.
“There’s nothing wrong with this approach as long as professionals don’t make claims for injury prevention or athletic performance that the scientific evidence doesn’t support,” Tumminello wrote. “Using corrective programs as a start point or template would be perfectly defensible if the trainer acknowledges the problems with identifying ‘dysfunctions’ and sticks to the science when it comes to claims of prediction and performance.
Because chronic low back pain stems from multiple causes (biopsychosocial), exercise in general can be one economic and plausible way to reduce and manage the pain symptoms, likely even among those with an anterior pelvic tilt.
Anterior pelvic tilt exercises
Since the body of research indicates that nearly all types of exercises can provide some degree of back pain relief, perhaps some of the anterior pelvic tilt exercises that are often recommended could still be of some benefit.
Although there are no specific exercises that should be followed to the rule, you can still explore different exercises to see which works for you. If you are unsure about how to do some of these exercises correctly and safely, consult with a qualified personal trainer.
Kneeling hip flexor stretch
Glute bridges, pelvic thrusts
Video via Sohee Fit.
Deadlifts target your glutes as well as strengthening your torso. Nick Tumminello offers tips for non-athletes and non-powerlifters to do a basic deadlift.
Various single-leg exercises ideas (intermediate to advanced levels)
Unilateral leg exercises
Single leg training offers many unique benefits compared to bilateral leg training and biomechanically single leg squats are very different. I recommend doing unilateral training to develop more balanced and functional leg musculature. The exercises are easy to modify to target different parts of the legs which is why they are great for fixing muscular imbalances in the hips and legs.Single leg exercises also require balance and stabilization and as a result there will be a great carryover to athletic movements. You can start by adding a couple of variations to your routines and progress from there.For more information, here is a comprehensive single leg squat video (6 best single leg squat exercises) ➞
Posted by VAHVA Fitness on Friday, April 7, 2017
Should I still learn how to fix anterior pelvic tilt?
With the existing evidence, you probably do not need to learn how to fix your anterior pelvic tilt. In some cases, it is a normal variation of the human body and most people can adapt to different demands that their body undergoes.
Like the shape of the pelvis and its bony landmarks, each person’s pain experience differs because it is shaped by biological, psychological, and sociological factors. An alternative to fix the anterior pelvic tilt is to focus on doing exercises and activities that you can do well and enjoy consistently.
Related stories: Does Narrative Medicine Have a Place in Massage Therapy?
Why Massage Therapists Should Understand How Pain Works
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In his spare, Nick enjoys weightlifting, hiking, and leading a party of adventurers to save a town from the undead. |
This is a question and answer forum for students, teachers and general visitors for exchanging articles, answers and notes. A mature ovum is a rounded cell with a large nucleus, and its cytoplasm is full of yolk granules. Welcome to BiologyDiscussion! Chill for about 30 minutes. The names "shrimp" and "prawn" are often used interchangeably, and understandably so. Difference # Male Prawn: 1. The many-jointed elongated feelers of the antennules and antennae are solely used for this purpose. Pill bugs have 18 legs. Vascular System of Prawn: The best answers are voted up and rise to the top. Arachnids vs Crustaceans Arachnids and Crustaceans are two major groups of invertebrates found in Phylum Arthropoda that have some unique features which are common to both, arachnids and crustaceans, and that make it difficult to discern the difference between these two groups of creatures. These are Crab and Prawn Sandwiches with a difference – they are a layer of crab, sandwiched between two prawn sheets. The spermatozoa are stored within the seminal vesicle which finally opens into the male gonopore of the side. Before sharing your knowledge on this site, please read the following pages: 1. The oviducts are shorter in length -but broader than the vasa deferentia; they plunge vertically downwards to the female gonopores. Females carry fertilized eggs on the under surface of her abdomen, in the egg-carrying basket formed by the interlocking of the appendices internae of the second, third, fourth, and fifth pleopods. Breeding and Life-History. Answer Now and help others. In the marine prawn, Penaeus, and in most other crustacea, the development is indirect. Prawn have 20 legs. There is a zoea larva which undergoes metamorphosis and ultimately develops into an young individual resembling its own species. Descending, Biodiversity > Marine Life > Crustaceans > Crabs, Prawns, Shrimps and Lobsters. The olfactory setae are concerned with the perception of smell. While the skeleton protects the creature inside, it must be periodically discarded to allow the animal to grow. I got the idea from the excellent Ideas in Food blog, where they posted about making prawn noodles, using transglutaminase to bind the prawn meat together in sheets. Habitat and External Feature of Prawn 2. The free ends of the setae point towards the centre of the sac and are covered with fine bristles. Yeast: Origin, Reproduction, Life Cycle and Growth Requirements | Industrial Microbiology, How is Bread Made Step by Step? The first time I saw them I thought they were shrimp. (Fig. Reproductive System 11. How the vascular cambium is responsible for secondary growth? Their gills are lamellar, i.e. Besides these, the borders of the flattened appendages, such as the rami of the pleopods, are covered with tactile setae. Prawns are dioecious, that is, the sexes are separate. 5 mm. Actually, if we place them side by side, most people will never tell the difference between a lobster and a crayfish, except for the difference in size and water preferences. Explain its significance. Second walking leg is strongly developed […] (For those unfamiliar with it, transglutaminase is an enzyme used to bond proteins together). Crustaceans (Crustacea / k r ʌ ˈ s t eɪ ʃ ə /) form a large, diverse arthropod taxon which includes such animals as crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimps, prawns, krill, woodlice, and barnacles. The tactile organs are concerned with the perception of touch and contact. 100 B). Crabs have wide, flat bodies, and their head and chest are joined together. Each olfactory seta consists of two segments, but the distal segment is not barbed as in a tactile seta (Fig. The first pair of legs is usually modified for feeding and/or defence, and has a claw. prawns, salt, crab meat, chilli flakes, turmeric, mustard oil and 8 more Creamy Crab and Prawn Risotto Little Sunny Kitchen olive oil, lemon juice, onion, sea bream, lemon zest, stock, crab meat and 6 more If freshly molted prawns are kept in an aquarium in which sand grains are replaced by iron filings, then lacking anything else, the animals put fine iron dust within their statocysts. |
Comets or Contagions?
Throughout history, philosophers believed that comets were “harbingers of doom, disease, and death, infecting men with a blood lust to war, contaminating crops, and dispersing disease and plague.”
Comet or Contagion?
A Chinese textbook known as the Mawangdui Silk details twenty-nine different types of comets, dating back to 1500 BC, and the disasters that followed each one. “Comets are vile stars,” wrote a Chinese official in 648 AD. “Every time they appear in the south, they wipe out the old and establish the new. Fish grow sick, crops fail. Emperors and common people die, and men go to war. The people hate life and don’t want to speak of it.”
In Medieval Europe and even in colonial America, observers associated the appearance of comets with the onset of disease.
In the summer of 536 AD, a mysterious and dramatic cloud of dust appeared over the Mediterranean and for eighteen months darkened the sky as far east as China. According to the Byzantine historian Procopius, “During this year a most dread portent took place. For the sun gave forth its light without brightness. . . and it seemed exceedingly like the sun in eclipse, for the beams it shed were not clear.”
Analysis of Greenland ice that was deposited between 533 and 540 AD shows high levels of tin, nickel and iron oxides, suggesting that a comet or fragment of a comet may have hit the Earth at that time. The impact likely triggered volcanic eruptions, which spewed more dust into the atmosphere. With the darkened sky, temperatures dropped, crops failed and famine descended on many parts of the world.
In 541 AD a mysterious illness began to appear on the outskirts of the Byzantine Empire. Victims suffered from delusions, nightmares and fevers; they had lymph node swellings in the groin, armpits and behind their ears. The plague, named after the reigning Emperor Justinian, arrived in Constantinople, the capital of the empire, in 542 AD. Procopius noted that bodies were left stacked in the open due to a lack of space for proper burial. He estimated that in the city at its peak, the plague was killing ten thousand people every day.
The current explanation for the correlation of comets and disease is that of “panspermia.” We now know that outer space is populated by clouds of microorganisms, and the theory holds that comets are watery bodies—dirty snowballs—which rain new microscopic forms on the earth, to which humans and animals have no immunity.
However, recent evidence indicates little if any water on comets. Rather, they are asteroids that have an elliptical orbit and become highly charged electrically as they approach the sun, an exchange that creates the comet’s bright coma and tail. Their surfaces exhibit the kind of features that happen with intense electrical arcing, like craters and cliffs; bright or shiny spots on otherwise barren rocky surfaces indicate areas that are electrically charged. Comets contain mineral alloys requiring temperatures in the thousands of degrees, and they have sufficient energy to emit extreme ultraviolet light and even powerful x-rays. Moreover, as comets approach the sun, they can provoke high-energy discharges and flare-ups of solar plasma, which reach out to the comet.
Not a dirty snowball! Electrical activity photographed on a comet.
Solar discharge toward a comet
Thus, comets can create electrical disturbances in the atmosphere even more powerful than those created by man-made electrification—and this radiation includes demonstrably dangerous ionizing radiation. No wonder the ancients were afraid of comets!
The conventional view holds that the Plague of Justinian was a case of bubonic plague. Researchers analyzed the remains from graves of the period and detected DNA from the organism Yersinia pestis. Rats and other rodents carry Yersinia pestis, so the thinking goes, and pass it along to fleas. When rats die, the blood-sucking fleas leave them to prey on other rats, dogs or humans. The bacteria then enter human beings via fleabites. Researchers believe that during the time of Justinian, rats on merchant ships carried the microorganism to the other Mediterranean ports.
The classic sign of bubonic plague are buboes, badly swollen lymph nodes. These often appear in the groin region because most fleabites occur on the legs. Those infected will first experience fevers, chills and muscle pains before developing septicemia or pneumonia.
The plague reappeared at periodic intervals over the next three hundred years with the last recorded occurrence in 750 AD—possibly explained by still-orbiting cometary debris. It eventually claimed 25 percent of inhabitants in the Mediterranean region. Then the plague disappeared from Europe until the Black Death of the Fourteenth Century–also presaged by a comet.
“In France. . . was seen the terrible Comet called Negra. In December appeared over Avignon a Pillar of Fire. There were many great Earthquakes, Tempests, Thunders and Lightnings, and thousands of People were swallowed up; the Courses of Rivers were stopt; some Chasms of the Earth sent forth Blood. Terrible Showers of Hail, each stone weighing 1 Pound to 8; Abortions in all Countries; in Germany it rained Blood; in France Blood gushed out of Graves of the Dead, and stained the Rivers crimson; Comets, meteors, Fire-beams, coruscations in the Air, Mock-suns, the Heavens on Fire.” – A General Chronological History Of The Air, Weather, Seasons, Meteors, & Comets by Thomas Short
According to textbooks, it was the same bubonic plague of Justinian’s time that caused the Black Death in Europe, 1347-1350. However, some investigators have pointed out flaws in this theory. Although researchers found evidence of Yersina pestis in dental pulp from a mass grave of the period in France, other teams of scientists were unable to find evidence of the pathogen in five other gravesites of the period from other parts of Europe.
Sociologist Susan Scott and biologist Christopher J. Duncan claim that a hemorrhagic fever, similar to the Ebola virus, caused the Black Death. Others blame anthrax or some now-extinct disease. They note that Medieval accounts don’t square with modern descriptions of the illness. Witnesses describe a disease that spread at great speed with very high mortality, unlike the plague, which moves slowly and has a death rate of about 60 percent. Accounts describe boboes covering the entire body rather than limited to the groin area as in the case of plague. Symptom descriptions mention awful odors, splotches resembling bruises, and delirium and stupor–none of which happen with modern-day bubonic plague. Some critics have embraced the theory that a virus caused the disease, but this premise hardly provides a better explanation than bacteria to explain the disease’s rapid spread and high mortality.
Then there is the rat problem. No written documents from that time describe vast piles of dead rats required to explain the plague. The Black Death killed over half of Iceland’s population but rats didn’t reach Iceland until the nineteenth century. And the Black Death continued to kill people during the winter months in northern Europe despite the fact that the plague organism requires relatively warm temperatures to survive.
In his book New Light on the Black Death: The Cosmic Connection Professor Mike Baillie argues that a comet caused the pandemic. He points out that witnesses of the period describe a significant earthquake on January 25, 1348, with other earthquakes to follow. “There have been masses of dead fish, animals, and other things along the sea shore and in many places covered in dust,” wrote a contemporary observer. “And all these things seem to have come from the great corruption of the air and earth.” Other documents describe tidal waves, rains of fire, foul odors, strange colors in the sky, mists and even dragons, in addition to earthquakes.
Baillie believes that the atmospheric phenomena were caused by fragments from Comet Negra, which passed by earth in 1347. Some fragments descended and injected huge amounts of dust into the atmosphere. Tree ring analysis indicates that as the material descended from space, it injected large amounts of chemicals based on carbon and nitrogen into the stratosphere. According to Baillie, illness and death resulted from poisoned air and drinking water as the comet flew overhead. But the symptoms—especially bruise-like blotches on the skin and high fatality rate–are highly indicative of radiation poisoning. probably rendered even more deadly by dust and ammonia-like compounds in the atmosphere. Imagine a large comet passing near the earth, crackling with intense electrical arcing, pelting the earth with x-rays and casting off fragments that fall to the earth and spew up toxic clouds of dust, followed immediately by horrible death, sometimes wiping out whole towns. This is not the kind of catastrophe that we can blame on microbes.
Perhaps our solar system is calming down—mankind has not seen such violent celestial phenomena for centuries. But smaller electrical disturbances, ones that can’t be seen, are still likely to promote outbreak, albeit less disastrous. And if radiation poisoning—whether ionizing or non-ionizing—provokes disease, there are obvious co-factors. Poisons in air, water and food, toxins from insect bites, deadly fungi on grains during wet harvests, exposure to filth, malnutrition and starvation, even fear and despair—and add to that the growing electrical pollution of the Earth with the installation of 5G. We don’t need to resort to the notion of contagion to explain outbreaks of disease.
PS The next visible comet to pass the Earth will arrive in late May.
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Author: Sally Fallon Morell
6 thoughts on “Comets or Contagions?”
1. Thanks, interesting article.Truth always dispels falsehood. It sometimes doesn’t come to light until the end.
2. Hello Sally,
What a well-founded piece. I did not know this information.
Are you familiar with the work of Gill Broussard and planet7x?
your dates different somewhat however the information is of the same order.
Wow, now i have more than 2 witnesses
Thank you for the time and effort you put into informing people like me.
God bless you.
3. Not too many people understand the electric comet hypothesis. People can look up the Thunderbolts Project on Youtube and their website. They have long debated the snowy iceball legend. Also, we have had an increase in cosmic rays as the magnetic field of the earth has weakened, along with the Sun, which is allowing more cosmic rays into our atmosphere. This also can increase moisture and cause great flooding. The Earth’s magnetic field is also possibly flipping and has accelerated in the last few years (see Could these electrical changes contribute to plagues?
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Java Language The Lambda operator ( -> )
From Java 8 onwards, the Lambda operator ( -> ) is the operator used to introduce a Lambda Expression. There are two common syntaxes, as illustrated by these examples:
Java SE 8
a -> a + 1 // a lambda that adds one to its argument
a -> { return a + 1; } // an equivalent lambda using a block.
A lambda expression defines an anonymous function, or more correctly an instance of an anonymous class that implements a functional interface.
(This example is included here for completeness. Refer to the Lambda Expressions topic for the full treatment.) |
What Do You Call A Tax On Goods?
How many times can an item be taxed?
So spending your money can hit you a couple more times.
So, even at the basic level you can be taxed up to six times on a dollar earned and spent the normal way.
But you can’t complain about your taxes..
What are 5 types of taxes?
Here are five types of taxes you may be subject to at some point, along with tips on how to minimize their impact.Income Taxes. Most Americans who receive income in a given year must file a tax return. … Excise Taxes. … Sales Tax. … Property Taxes. … Estate Taxes.
What are the two types of tax?
Direct Taxes vs. There are basically two types of taxes – direct and indirect taxes. The following are the differences between the two: Direct taxes refer to taxes that are filed and paid by an individual directly to the government. Indirect taxes, on the other hand, are taxes that can be transferred to another entity.
What taxes do you pay?
Taxes you have to payIncome taxes: Your “earned” income — that which you make by working — will be taxed on a graduated scale.Social Security and Medicare taxes: Payroll taxes — or FICA taxes as they’re also called — are intended to fund the two biggest U.S. safety net programs.More items…
How many types of taxes are there?
There are mainly two types of Taxes, direct tax and indirect tax which are governed by two different boards, Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) and Central Board of Excise and Customs (CBEC). Let’s discuss the two types of taxes in detail.
What are the basic concepts of income tax?
Taxes are broadly divided into two parts namely, Direct Tax and Indirect Tax. Direct Tax is levied directly on the income of the person. Income Tax and Wealth Tax are the part of Direct Tax. Whereas, in indirect taxes, the person who pays the tax, shifts the burden to the person who consumes the goods or services.
Who pays VAT buyer or seller?
Value Added Tax (VAT) is charged on most goods and services sold in the UK, which means for marketplace retailers you’ll pay VAT on seller fees, and may also be required to charge VAT. With the standard VAT at 20%, it’s important that you fully understand your VAT obligations.
Which is better GST or VAT?
Cost Reduction. The introduction of GST law will ultimately result in cost reduction of goods as there will be a single tax levied that is goods and service tax. While under VAT law a trader cannot utilize credit of other indirect taxes like service tax credit etc.
What items are excluded from sales tax?
What are 4 types of taxes?
Types of TaxesConsumption Tax. A consumption tax is a tax on the money people spend, not the money people earn. … Progressive Tax. This is a tax that is higher for taxpayers with more money. … Regressive Tax. … Proportional Tax. … VAT or Ad Valorem Tax. … Property Tax. … Capital Gains Taxes. … Inheritance/Estate Taxes.More items…•
What is a good tax system?
A good tax system should meet five basic conditions: fairness, adequacy, simplicity, transparency, and administrative ease. Although opinions about what makes a good tax system will vary, there is general consensus that these five basic conditions should be maximized to the greatest extent possible.
Is sales tax better than income tax?
What are 3 types of taxes?
Tax systems in the U.S. fall into three main categories: Regressive, proportional, and progressive. Two of these systems impact high- and low-income earners differently.
What is an example of a tax?
Examples include general and selective sales taxes, value-added taxes (VAT), taxes on any aspect of manufacturing or production, taxes on legal transactions, and customs or import duties. General sales taxes are levies that are applied to a substantial portion of consumer expenditures.
Why are goods taxed?
What is the best tax system?
Tax Competitiveness Index 2020: Estonia has the world’s best tax system – no corporate income tax, no capital tax, no property transfer taxes. For the seventh year in a row, Estonia has the best tax code in the OECD, according to the freshly published Tax Competitiveness Index 2020.
Is cash payment an example of tax?
What is tax and it types?
Tax in India. … Now, taxes can be collected in any form such as state taxes, central government taxes, direct taxes, indirect taxes, and much more. For your ease, let’s divided the types of taxation in India into two categories, viz. direct taxes and indirect taxes.
How is the VAT calculated?
VAT calculation formula for VAT exclusion is the following: to calculate VAT having the gross amount you should divide the gross amount by 1 + VAT percentage (i.e. if it is 15%, then you should divide by 1.15), then subtract the gross amount, multiply by -1 and round to the closest value (including eurocents).
What is a tax on goods and services called?
Is GST the same as VAT?
In many ways, GST and VAT are simply two words for the same tax. You can think of VAT as a type of Goods and Services Tax or GST as a type of Value Added Tax, but they essentially mean the same thing. |
Why there are holes on edge of the pcb?
2016/5/20 8:34:13
I have seen a board that the edge of the pcb has many tiny holes. What is the benefit of them? The edges are V cut, is it something to do with it?
2016/10/31 18:50:22
The name of the holes is via stitching, a via fence or a picket fence. It is used to control EMI at very high RF frequencies, such as getting in or getting out, and can also reduce the resistance of the connections at DC.
2016/7/16 7:54:48
The holes on the edge are vias. They are connecting that one piece of ground plane to another one on another layer. The reason of using it are various, for increasing current carrying ability, thermal transfer, EMI reduction, and any number of other reasons.
2016/5/22 8:34:13
My favorite psot here. Its very impressive and helpful.
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A+ Answers
1) What is the minimum gauge pressure needed in the water pipe leading to a building if water is to come out of a faucet on the 12th floor, 41 m. above the pipe?
2) Estimate the pressure exerted on the floor by a 55 kg. store clerk standing momentarily on a single heel of their shoe, where the heel area = 8 cm2.
3) A 3 Kg. balloon is filled with 10 m3 of helium. How much force is needed to hold it down? (Don’t forget the weight of the balloon.)
4) The lift used in an automotive garage consists of a piston exerting a constant pressure of 200 kpa. (kilopascal) on a hydraulic reservoir. The output piston connected to the lift has a diameter of 40.0 cm. What is the maximum force that can be exerted by this lift ?
5) In 2012, the movie director James Cameron descended in a custom build submarine to a depth of 10,920 metres in the Pacific ocean near Guam into the Marianas Trench. Neglecting the increase in water density with depth:
1. Find the increase in pressure on the Trieste at the bottom of its dive (assume the interior is maintained at normal surface atmospheric pressure).
2. What is the pressure, at this depth, in atmospheres ?
6) A rectangular wooden draft 3m by 4m in size and of weight 10,000 N is floating in fresh water lake. What is the minimum depth of fresh water required to float this raft?
7) A water hose of internal diameter 12.5 mm is used to fill a bucket it is noted that 8L of fresh water (about 2 gallons) is collected in 1 minute.
1. what is the volume equivalent of 8L expressed in m3 (cubed)? (5 points)
2. What is the rate of flow expressed as m^3/s? (5 points)
3. What is the velocity of water flow from the hose, expressed as m/s? (10 points)
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Cancer And Stem Cells
We already know that cancer and aging share, effect and stem from many of the same biochemical and cellular processes. Now it appears that there may also be a significant overlap between stem cell repair and cancer mechanisms. "There is growing evidence that stem cells gone awry in their efforts to repair tissue damage could help explain why long-term irritation, such as from alcohol or heartburn, can create a breeding ground for certain cancers. ... If these stem cells are the starting point of some cancers, multiple genetic and other changes may be required to trap the stem cell during chronic irritation, and perhaps many more changes to get the rapid growth of cancer. We need to figure out what those changes might be."
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Artificial Sweeteners and How they Affect our Bodies
Most people on the diet avoid or at least decrease the amount of sugar they consume and substitute it with artificial sweeteners. Some fitness “gurus” are against artificial sweeteners because they believe in their harmful effects. As for me, I think moderation is the key. Ideally, you should stick with natural calorie-free alternatives like Stevia and Monk fruit, but consuming “artificial sweet” few times a week is better, in my opinion, that consuming an all natural sugar, and definitely not going to kill you.
Let’s take a look at some facts
This compound was found in 1878 by researcher Constantin Fahlberg. In 1978 studies in rats linked this sweetener to a bladder cancer in rodents. For a while, saccharine was claimed to be harmful to humans but numerous human-based studies have shown that cancer in rodents doesn’t translate into cancer in humans. In 2000, FDA cleared saccharine as a generally safe substance to consume within daily dosage limits.
While saccharine is a calorie-free sweetener, it does raise blood glucose levels to some degree. It can also cause GI distress in some people, allergic reactions and headaches.
Despite the loud claims of the opponents of aspartame who claim it causes cancer, there is no actual evidence to support such a conclusion. To this date, the only “evidence” we have is several studies in rats showing that in some cases, extremely high dosages of aspartame were linked to the development of the brain tumors. That being said, there is no evidence that supports such claims in humans. Agencies in the US and in Europe evaluated aspartame and found it safe for use.
There is only one case in which aspartame presents a risk to health, Phenylketonuria is a rare genetic disorder (present at birth) in which the body can’t break down phenylalanine (one of the amino acids that make up aspartame).
The most well-known brand that uses sucralose is Splenda. Sucralose is a zero calorie, artificial sweetener. Over 100 studies have been analyzed by FDA and European Union Scientific Committee on Food, no evidence of carcinogenic properties was found in the process. Sucralose is safe for consumption by humans.
These are just a few, most common artificial sweeteners that we can find in almost any processed food. While I always support the idea of eating whole foods, I also support the notion of not being paranoid about small things.
When it comes to artificial sweeteners it’s worth to note that while they don’t have any calories they do give a signal to brain similar or in some cases, identical, to the one that is produced by sugar or other carbohydrates. This sometimes translates in craving extra portion of calorie dense food later throughout the day. That all being said, I don’t see anything wrong with enjoying occasional diet soda here and there as long as you are mindful of your overall dietary targets.
Have a beautiful week, my friends!
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Dealing with international machinery can be difficult because of all the varying components and usage instructions required for proper functionality. However, there are typically international standards for the various excavator types, which have universal terms that allow operators worldwide to utilize them efficiently.
Working with different types of excavation equipment might vary in terms of their degrees of complications, but instructions are similar when the terminologies are studied. Operators typically have their own names for these as they become more familiar with the equipment handed to them, known by various teams that work around a job site. If you’re wondering about the basics, here are some of the popular terms that surround the use of different excavator types:
1. Backfill Blade
This term is similarly known as the dozer blade, which is a blade that doubles as an anchor for wheel-based excavators to remain in-place. This component can also help push excess material and flatten it out to ensure that the unit can move freely and effortlessly in uneven terrain.
2. Boom Arm
The term “boom” involves the angled arm that connects the excavator to the component used to clear out debris. The cockpit usually controls these to extend and raise to move material from one side to another. Some workers refer to this piece as the “dipper” or a “stick.” Knuckle boom arms can move left and right alongside the machine, which puts them at an advantage over the traditional variant that only moves up and down.
3. The Bucket
The bucket is typically an attachment at the end of the boom arm of some excavator types. The different types of excavation equipment can have buckets mounted to the arm and even on the front to push debris out of the way. There are also variants for special uses, such as general-purpose buckets and those made for rocks or mud for more efficient usage.
4. Ground Weight Pressure
Since the different types of excavation equipment have varying weights and movement methods, their ground weight pressure matters. Subsequently, ground weight pressure is a measurement of the weight an excavator has spread through the undercarriage.
5. Ground Clearance
In terms of vehicles and other machines, ground clearance matters because this affects excavator types’ movement and navigation. Some excavators like tread-based ones will have little to no lift with the ground between the treads, while wheel-based ones will have a slight distance between these. Choosing the right equipment for the job depends on the site, as some will require a machine with higher ground clearance to solve the problem.
6. Grousers
Excavators that run on tracks will typically be built with rib-like protrusions called grousers to provide grip and traction on unstable terrain. These are essential in most job sites, as mud and gravel can quickly shift and cause instabilities.
7. The House
If you’ve ever seen an excavator’s cockpit, this is usually called the unit’s house. Not only does it house the operator, but it is home to the fuel tank, hydraulic fluid tank, engine, and even the counterweights. The house is commonly known as the cab, which sits above the undercarriage where visibility and operation are improved.
8. Maximum Bucket Forces
Not all excavator types are created equal, as some have a maximum bucket force that is lower than others, meaning less pressure can be applied to excavate heavy materials. There is a recommended range of use for each machine, and overexerting the maximum forces can cause issues, accidents, or other damages to the equipment.
9. Operating Weight
The different types of excavation equipment’s operating weight are the machine’s total weight with an operator and a full set of fluids like fuel and hydraulic fluids. This measurement will determine what excavator type is right for a job site or construction environment.
10. Swamp Pads
During operations, when the job site’s ground is soft, a swamp pad will be used to keep the tracks or wheels of an excavator from sinking into the ground and getting stuck. These pads are typically made of wood and are large enough to fit the machine.
International machinery may come in many variants, but similar terms bring them together. The different types of excavation equipment are easily used with the right knowledge and the best operators handling the machines. Study these terms to determine what you need for the job site at hand.
Heavy Duty Direct is a premium supplier of excavators, trucks, trailers, heavy machinery, and industrial operations equipment. With a wide variety of different kinds of excavators and international machinery in Canada, there is always something ready for all entities who wish to get into industrial work. Contact us to learn more about our products and services. |
What Saddle types are there? English and Western!
A Saddle Is A Saddle Is A Saddle – Not!
There are many types of saddles. Why? They all are designed and manufactured to do specific things and are matched for specific riding activities.
There are also two main categories of saddles – English Style and Western Style. The English style has many different forms and is used all over the world. Western Style riding came from necessity and evolved from the ranching and herding professions. The two styles differ in the type of horse, equipment, gait, and attire.
These two categories have tons of sub categories that vary pretty wildly depending on their intended use. Some of these I hadn’t even known about before doing some research for this article!
Quickly gaining in popularity across the united states. Riding English is a much more elegant style of ride over its western counterpart.
• General Purpose: This is the most common type of saddle primarily used by beginners and intermediate riders. This is a great choice for first-time horse owners because it is forgiving and fits most types of riding and horses. There are flaps cut forward to accommodate all riding, jumping, dressage, or hunting purposes.
• Youth: These saddles are exactly as the name suggests – for young, lighter-weight riders. The saddles are made from pieces of cotton or synthetics and shaped for smaller frames. These give the rider better balance and sometimes have handles to steady unsure riders.
• Jumping: The jumping saddle pushes the rider slightly forward into the two-point jumping position. This is achieved by having a flatter seat, which appears more like a mellow “C-shaped” curve when viewed from the side. The saddle flaps have padding in the front of the flaps. Their purpose is to provide more protection when jumping fences or other obstacles.
• Hunting: As the name suggests, this saddle is primarily for hunters who track their prey on horseback. The most common species sought after are foxes – most popular in England. Most of the time, these hunts require jumping fences or hedges and have deep inclines after the obstacle.
For that reason, the saddle is shaped to push the rider’s weight back in the saddle and their feet forwards in the stirrups. This puts the rider in a safer position being farther forward for better control, balance, and comfort. These are primarily made of leather and strong metal fasteners.
• Dressage: This saddle is for an experienced rider. Dressage saddles main use is for competing in flat-work competitions. They have a deeper seat for greater balance resulting from a U-shaped curve. A big giveaway to this saddle is that it has straight flaps made from lightweight, thin materials for closer leg contact to the rider to perform precision moves better.
• Side Saddle: While most think this is more a form of riding, there is actually a side-saddle. Women began riding horses in Europe during the middle ages and wore long skirts. It was deemed not proper for a woman of that time to straddle horses – forget the fact the long skirts would make it almost impossible.
The side saddle protects attire and ensures the rider stays on the horse. There are two horns to hold the rider’s legs in place – on one side of the horse with the right leg resting on top of the top pommel with the left thigh placed under the lower pommel. Surprisingly this saddle is stable enough to make small jumps.
• RacingAs the name quantifies, these are small saddles used for racing. They are small (as are the jockeys) and little more than small blankets for the rider. Lightweight is the key benefit of racing saddles. The goal is to put the least amount of resistance for the horse running at top speed.
Since a jockey spends most of his time hovering over the saddle, there is little material and no metal harnesses or a horn to ensure its lightweight.
• Australian Stock: Made for comfort on long rides, the Australian Stock saddle is very popular in many parts of the world whose residents depend on horses for work and pleasure. Its history comes from the English saddle but differs because the main seat is much deeper with extra padding around the knees.
For most Americans, this is the most commonly known and recognized saddle because it was the staple of the American cowboy. Because of its heritage, the western saddles are made from thick leather and normally have intricate but ornamental designs on them.
A large leather handle or “horn” is at the front of the saddle, which aids the rider with balance since he/she is holding reins to steer the horse with the other hand. Because of the long hours in the saddle going up and down hillsides, this type of saddle has wide sides and padding for extra comfort. There are ten basic styles of western saddles.
• Roping: Roping saddles are designed specifically to support the weight of a full-grown cow tugging at the saddle. They feature a very large pommel and horn to provide massive strength. The saddle tree has been wrapped with leather or metal to provide enough strength so that the entire saddle does not break in half. They are generally quite a bit heavier than any other western saddles due to their oversized construction.
Primarily, a roping saddle is used during a show or rodeo when lassoing both adult cows and calves. These animals have tremendous strength and it’s no surprise that they do not in fact want to be tied up like a pig at a luau.
• Ranching: A ranching saddle is quite similar to its slightly heavier roping counterpart. The ranching saddle also features a wrapped tree for strength and a larger than average pommel and horn. This is because the ranching saddle is designed for just that, Ranching. This often includes lassoing cattle! Unlike its counterpart, the ranching saddle has a few more creature comforts built-in for the rider.
The seat on these is relatively flat with a slight rise towards the cantle. This is to provide some added comfort for a long day in the saddle. Typically these will have what is known as a roughout seat. which means that they use the rough side of the leather. This gives some added grip to your seat when traversing hills or roping cattle.
Additionally, ranching saddles often have leather strings. The untrained eye may simply view these as decorative adornments. However, these are actually used as straps to tie down gear such as a canvas tent and sleeping bag for long cattle drives of old.
• Trail/pleasure: Trail/pleasure saddles are designed to provide the rider with a light and comfortable ride. These are going to be one of the lighter styles of western saddles. This is not only for the sake of the horse, traversing all kinds of nasty terrain; but for the rider as well. The lighter weight makes tacking up and travels that much easier.
These saddles almost always include a back cinch. This cinch helps to keep the saddle on the horse while traveling around steep terrain.
Additionally, these often include d-rings for hooking up saddlebags to carry drinks and even your lunch.
• Barrel Racing: Barrel Racing saddles are easily one of the lightest styles of western saddle available. This is to help reduce weight allowing increased speeds in the arena. Additionally, they have a very deep seat designed to help hold the rider in place.
As you ride barrels you experience huge amounts of movement, not only your own butt in the saddle but the horse as well. Because of this riders have that deep seat but the saddle also is designed on the underside to allow the horse to move as freely as possible.
• Endurance: These saddles are designed to provide the rider with the best comfort possible. They are often used by trail riders and endurance racers alike.
Aside from tons of padding for the rider, these saddles also include plenty of saddle stings and rigging so that saddlebags can be affixed for these long rides. During some endurance events, riders will travel up to 100 miles in a single day!
Since there is no real need for it these saddles also have no horn. This seems quite odd to me as I’ve only ever seen horn-less saddles in the English saddle space.
• Show: Show saddles are beautiful works of art. Designed to take to specific events and perhaps even distract the judges away from your mistakes so that you can take home the gold!
There are not generally any special features of these saddles. In fact, many of these saddles will look quite different depending on the popular style of when it was made.
You can tell these apart from other saddles because of their “over the top” adornments.
• Youth: Much like their bigger counterparts, youth saddles come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes. Youth saddles can be found made to look like any of the other saddles in this list, only smaller. Most often these are found in the 10″ to 14″ sizes. However, the most common I found for sale was 13″. Often times when buying these they will come with a matching bridle as a set. Make sure this bridle will fit your horse!
• Reining: Reining is by far one of my favorite horseback activity to watch. Like many of the other saddles in this list, a reining saddle is designed specifically for that activity. Given the quick starts, stops, and spins that often occur in reining, the seat is set low and the stirrups are set a little bit forward to help the rider stay in the saddle.
With these same activities, your horse will be asked to perform quick, drastic movements. Because of this the skirts on reining saddles are often short to allow for better movement.
• Cutting: Full disclosure, before writing this article I had no idea what cutting was but I did some research and found out. Cutting is a sport in which you are asked to split, or cut, a herd of cattle. Given this the saddle is mostly designed so that the horse has the most possible movement. They will need to be able to move quickly so some changes are made such as a roughout seat to help the rider maintain their seat in the saddle.
• Treeless: Usually made with leather and a small horn, the treeless saddle is a cross between riding bareback and a full western saddle. In fact, this saddle looks like a smaller version of the western saddle with half the seat and smaller stirrups. This size and balance put the rider in much more contact with the horse with great freedom but much less balance and stability.
There are tons of different styles of saddles. Some of which I may not even know about! These, however, should be at least the majority of available saddles on the market. Hopefully this will help make your purchasing decision pass with ease.
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Atmospheric Water Generation
Why the need
The need for clean and safe drinking water is ever-increasing. Groundwater, currently the main source of drinking water, is being depleted at an alarming and unsustainable rate. So we decided to adopt an effective and efficient alternative to benefit the masses at large.
Brief of the project
To mitigate the problem of erratic water supply in rural areas, we have adopted SkyWater’s patented technology to make the most out of atmospheric water generators.
Technology Use/ Collaboration with
SkyWater’s cutting edge technology converts atmospheric moisture content into clean drinking water. These units work anywhere as long as they are exposed to fresh air, and make reasonable quantities of clean drinking water based on a wide variety of temperature and relative humidity conditions.
How it functions
Typical working conditions include a temperature range of 20-45 degrees celsius and a relative humidity range of 30% or higher.
The water produced by these generators is safe and clean. When tested for quality by government-recognized labs, the water showed absence of organic and other dissolved impurities. It is an environment-friendly technology that does not waste large quantities of water, unlike reverse osmosis and desalination systems. An added advantage is the minimal maintenance required when compared to other water filtration systems. SkyWater’s systems require only a simple cleaning of the storage tank and air/water filters every few months. |
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The Advantages of Solar Powered Road Stud Light Compared With Reflective Studs
The original reflective stud was invented by Yorkshire man Percy Shaw in the 1930s, when he was inspired by the car headlights reflected in the cat's eyes. Traditional reflective studs use reflectors or retroreflective materials that rely on the headlight beam for illumination.
solar powered road stud
Unlike traditional reflective road studs, the new road solution solar powered road stud light can function effectively without relying on headlights. Active solar road stud light use internal light-emitting diodes (LED) as the light source, so they can provide ten times greater visibility than traditional "cat eyes" , So that the driver can clearly see the road 800m ahead.
These types of road stud light work in a good way above the road surface. Since solar powered road stud lights are light emitting devices, these solar road studs light come in many different colors, such as green, red, and amber. They are embedded in the road surface. These devices convey information about the direction of the road to the driver even in severe weather conditions. The traditional reflective studs have little effect in rainy weather.
Solar powered road stud light can help improve road capacity. They have made tremendous contributions in improving traffic safety. These road studs are usually the highest way to obtain the highest reliability on roads with heavy traffic. Mr. Li, an experienced driver, said: "When using road stud light, the pressure when driving is much less, because I can see farther ahead."
These solar powered road stud lights only need to be charged for four hours to work for up to 10 days, and the cost of life is the same as traditional reflective studs.
Mr. Qin, the company's president, said: "We hope that they will become the norm, solar powered road stud light have clear road safety benefits and other benefits for the driver. This is why we are enthusiastic about this. |
The History of Mathematics
Greek and Roman Mathematics
What Greek mathematician made major contributions to geometry?
The Greek mathematician Euclid (c. 325-c. 270 B.C.E.), contributed to the development of arithmetic and the geometric theory of quadratic equations. Although little is known about his life— except that he taught in Alexandria, Egypt—his greatest contributions to geometry are well understood. The elementary geometry many of us learn in high school is still largely based on Euclid. His thirteen books of geometry and other mathematics, titled Elements (or Stoicheion in Greek), were classics of his day. The first six volumes offer elementary plane geometry; the other books present the theory of numbers, certain problems in arithmetic (on a geometric basis), and solid geometry. He also defines basic terms such as point and line, certain related axioms and postulates, and then a number of statements logically deduced from the definitions, axioms, and postulates. (For more information on axiom and postulates, see “Foundations of Mathematics”; for more information about Euclid, see “Geometry and Trigonometry.”)
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What are assault charges?
| Sep 14, 2018 | Criminal Defense |
For individuals who have been charged with assault charges, they may wonder what they are facing. Assault charges are serious criminal charges that accused individuals should understand and also be familiar with how to respond to them.
Assault charges typically accompany battery charges. Assault is essentially when an individual acts in a manner that is threatening and places another individual in fear of immediate harm. Battery charges refer to when an individual attempts to or does strike another individual. Assault usually refers to allegations that the accused individual attempted to injure someone else or engage in threats or threatening behavior against another individual. A common definition of assault includes an intentional attempt to injure or harm another individual using violence or force.
The definition of assault varies by state, making it important for accused individuals to be familiar with what the definition is in their state so they fully understand what they are being charged with to develop a strong criminal defense. Any criminal charge an accused individual is facing, including assault or battery charges, deserve a strong criminal defense. A criminal defense response is tailored to the unique circumstances and can be based on disputing the facts as alleged by police or challenging police conduct, among other options as well.
Because assault charges can carry significant potential penalties and consequences for the accused individual, it is important to understand what they are and be familiar with criminal defense options which will apply to each unique situation differently. Understanding criminal defense options is one important way of protecting yourself from assault or other criminal charges. |
• Danny Camm
The attribute of persistence
"Nothing in the world can take the place of persistence. Talent won’t; nothing is more common than unsuccessful men with talent. Genius won’t; unrecognised genius is practically a cliche. Education won’t; the world is full of educated fools. Persistence and determination alone are all powerful. " - Ray Kroc
Defining persistence
The Oxford dictionary definition of self-awareness is:
Persistence is an attribute that was mentioned in a conversation that I had with Jason Olaofe as part of an interview recording that has not yet been released. In referring to persistence, Jason was reflecting on his first attempt to move into a business partner role. At this point he didn’t really have the right experience to make him a good fit for these roles, which meant that he suffered a number of rejections. Jason continued his pursuit of a Business Partnering role and eventually succeeded.
Why is persistence important?
My old maths teacher, Mr Forbes, used to tell me that maths was “99% perspiration, 1% inspiration”. What he meant by this was that, in order to succeed at something you find difficult, you have to persist.
It’s very easy to give up when you repeatedly fail and things get difficult. However, the attribute of persistence enables you to achieve when the odds are stacked against you.
I don’t know for a fact, but I’m willing to bet that there aren’t many successful people in this world that haven’t faced setbacks at some point in their career. The attribute of persistence, to keep going when things got tough, is what allowed them to push through and make a success of themselves.
What does persistence look like?
To answer your question, “who is Ray Kroc?”, the man behind the quote that this article opened with, he was the founder of McDonalds.
The film, The Founder, tells Ray Kroc’s story far better than I can, but to Ray, persistence looked like this; it looked like a man who, diabetic, arthritic and having lost his thyroid gland and gallbladder to illness, continued to travel North America selling milkshake makers to fast food restaurants. A man who, at 52, might well have chosen to accept his lot in life. But no, Ray continued to work hard and continued to search for his big break. At 52, Ray discovered McDonalds, and with some hard work and even more persistence, the foundations were laid for what is (in my opinion) the greatest fast food chain in the world.
To Jason, persistence was refusing to accept no for an answer after repeated unsuccessful job applications. In receiving an offer for a Finance Business Partner role within a listed business, Jason’s persistence was repaid.
For me, persistence was struggling to match those classmates who were naturally adept at maths. With application, extra hours and determination, I was rewarded with the A* that I was looking for on results day.
Become persistent
Persistence, for me, isn’t really a skill that needs to be developed. I believe it is a decision; the decision being that you make a conscious choice to apply it. Everybody is capable of persisting.
I do agree that some people have natural character traits that make the decision to persists easier and that some people, in the face of adversity, have no option but to persist. Those that are competitive by nature, are more likely to exhibit a stubbornness to not be beaten. Others will have no choice but to succeed in order to feed their family.
So how can you make sure that you are best placed to apply the choice of persistence?
1. Direction - Establish where you want to get to and what you need to do in order to get there. If you know that what you are doing now is going to get you to where you want to be, you will have a much better chance of sticking at it.
2. A long-term lens - A good friend of mine has had to resit a number of exams throughout the course of his accountancy qualification, and is still going. He has been close to giving up a couple of times, but knowing his long term goals and the regrets he would have in future if he didn’t finish, has enabled him to persist until he passes. And he will pass.
3. Positivity - When things are difficult, it is easy to focus in on the negatives and develop a defeatist attitude. We are literally programmed to be negative from an evolutionary perspective, so that we can better identify risks and avoid them. Make sure that you always make time to focus on what you have gained from your hard work, rather than what isn’t going your way.
Let me know your thoughts
If you found this article useful, or felt that there was something missing, go ahead and leave a comment!
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4.6 billion years. That’s a number that we can hardly even imagine. Yet, scientists reckon that our Sun is about halfway through its lifecycle.
Give it another four billion years and it will, like all stars do, ultimately ‘die’ – changing from a main sequence star into a supernova or into what is known as a planetary nebula. We ain’t gonna be alive to see any of this happen – and, by we, we mean planet earth.
Here, we’re going to be talking about the life of a star. We’re going to be talking about the forces that bring it together and that force it ultimately apart. And we’re going to be talking about the things that help it keep its shape and size for the unimaginably long time that occurs in between.
We’ll be talking about those things with which you’ve probably heard in passing: the red giant, neutron stars, black holes – and white dwarfs and supernovas.
All of these things make up phases in the life of a star. But let’s take a closer look.
In the meantime, find out everything about astronomy, and the differences between astronomy, astrophysics, and cosmology.
What is a Star?
Now we’re all quite familiar with the Sun – from a distance at least. And, unless you live in the biggest of cities and have never looked up, it is pretty likely that you will have seen some stars in your life too.
But do you know what a star actually is? Apart from the fact that it ‘twinkles’ and is in ‘the sky’.
the sun
The sun is the centre of our solar system - not the Earth
A star is a massive object in space, held together by gravitational forces, that is distinguished from a planet by its luminosity – or the fact that it produces light.
That’s the short answer. Now to the long answer.
A star is a ball of plasma and gas that radiates energy in the form of heat and light. This radiation is due to the thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium that occurs at its core.
All this wouldn’t happen if stars weren’t so big. But, under the force of gravity, and under all sorts of other molecular forces, atoms are smashed together, and new elements are formed. All of this releases energy. This process, which we call nuclear fusion, is, incidentally, something we hope to replicate on Earth – because of the sheer amount of energy that it produces.
But no, stars aren’t really ‘burning’ or ‘on fire’ or any of these words we use to describe them. Rather, the processes that are happening mean that the sun is much hotter and much more energetic than any fire we’ve ever seen.
Learn more about our solar system!
How is a Star Formed?
But why does all this happen? One of the most amazing things about our universe is that there is anything at all in it. As the philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz once asked, how come there is something rather than nothing? This question is a little relevant when it comes to thinking that stars produce the very conditions that support life.
Imagine an empty, desperately cold space filled with dust and gases that are the debris of old planets and stars. Star formation begins when, in this intense cold, all of this interstellar dust and gas slowly starts to clump together. Gases reach higher densities in the cold, whilst the atoms bind together.
This is the first step in the life cycle of stars: the planetary nebulae, these molecular clouds that drift across the universe.
As soon as higher densities are reached, the gravitational forces get stronger, meaning that all of the gases and particles in the nebula slowly start coming together. These great big molecular clouds then start collapsing and, as they start moving in on each other, the heat increases.
With all this stuff clumping together, the core becomes what will later be the star – or often even two or three stars known as star clusters. Meanwhile, different parts of the cloud might become planets or might just stay as dust – as in our solar system.
(All of this, by the way, takes about ten million years. As a comparison, humans have been about for only two hundred thousand years.)
Learn about some of the major astronomical discoveries.
What are the Seven Stages in the Life Cycle of a Star?
So far we have seen how stars are created – from the big messy clouds of dust and gas in the universe. But what these nebulae create are hardly even stars just yet. Rather, they are protostars, which are the very beginning of the star life cycle.
planetary nebula - astronomy
Nebulae are some of the most beautiful things in the universe.
After the initial phase as a nebula, the start of stellar evolution is in the protostar. This is when the star is essentially still growing – when it is still gathering dust and material from the cloud that formed it.
The protostar begins with only one percent of the mass of its future self. But, with all of the mass that is ‘infalling’ due to the core’s gravity, it builds up relatively quickly.
Only when thermonuclear fusion begins at the core does the star stop being a protostar and becomes instead a main sequence star. At this point the star’s mass is stable – as it produces a ‘stellar wind’ that prevents the infall of further mass.
The T-Tauri Phase
As the stellar winds blow, they push away any lingering molecules and gases leaving the newly-formed star spinning rapidly. A full rotation takes only about 10-12 days; compared to the sun's rotation, which takes a full month to execute one complete spin.
At this stage of a star's life, it is still young; only about 10,000 years old. Its temperature is too low; it doesn't generate enough heat for hydrogen fusion so it relies on its gravitational pull to contract into itself.
After about 100 million years, a star will conclude its T-Tauri phase, moving towards its 'main-sequence' phase.
Main-Sequence Stars
Main sequence stars are identified by their colour and brightness and where they fit on the Herzsprung-Russell Diagram. We'll talk more about this diagram in the next section.
Most of the stars in the universe are main-sequence stars; our sun is one, too.
At this point in a star's life, it has achieved stability: pressures on the star's core due to gravitational collapse of its outer layers is balanced against its internal thermal pressure. This balancing act is called hydrostatic equilibrium and it is what gives stars their shape.
This stage comprises roughly 90% of a star's life, during which it will continuously fuse hydrogen and form helium to feed its core.
Main sequence stars are also called dwarf stars for their relatively small size and low luminosity.
Note: the word 'dwarf' is used to designate small stars; besides the dwarf stars we just explored, we have white and red dwarf stars, as well as...
What Are Brown Dwarfs?
If protostars don’t become big enough – and by that we mean about eight percent of the size of the sun – they never really become stars at all. Instead, they become brown dwarfs, sort of failed stars in which thermonuclear fusion does not take place.
Find and take classes with a maths physics tutor here.
The HRD allows the charting of a star's life
This diagram allows astrophysicists and astronomers to plot the life cycle of a star Source: Wikipedia Credit: Richard Powell
Understanding the Herzsprung-Russel Diagram
Before moving any further along a star's evolutionary path, we have to understand how its growth, evolution and demise are presented - or, more specifically, how those processes are tracked.
• Ejnar Herzsprung was a Danish chemist/astronomer who worked at the Leiden Observatory.
• Henry Norris Russell was an American astronomer who worked at the Cambridge Observatory and later took a post at the Princeton Observatory
• Mr Russell is also known for his collaboration with Canadian-American physicist Frederick Saunders which resulted in the Russell-Saunders Coupling, also known as the LS Coupling.
Photographic spectroscopic surveys of stars had been ongoing - on a large scale at Harvard College Observatory since the 19th Century. These large-scale depictions showed spectral classifications for thousands of stars, a collection eventually to become known as the Henry Draper Catalogue.
It didn't take too long for astronomers to note the width of the spectral lines the catalogue displayed.
Herzsprung concluded that those with narrower lines have smaller 'proper motions', which he interpreted as being far brighter than wider-lined spectra.
Independent of the Danish scientist's work, Mr Russell plotted a diagram of stars' apparent magnitude against three standard spectrum line emissions to reveal stars' approximate temperature.
The two astronomers' diagrams put together became a plot diagram of luminosity versus temperature of stars.
Today, the Herzsprung-Russell Diagram continues to help astronomers calculate the age of a star and where it is in its life cycle by plotting its relationship between luminosity and temperature.
This diagram is known by many other names: The H-R Diagram, the HR Diagram or simply HRD and, just as there are several names for these diagrams, there are several forms but all roughly follow a specific layout.
The horizontal axis displays the spectral 'type' of stars and values indicating the brightness or visual magnitude on the vertical axis.
Thus we understand that very bright stars will find their place towards the upper left-hand corner of the diagram while older, dimmer stars will be found toward the lower-right side.
Now that we have a rough understanding of how stars' evolution is tracked, let's see what happens after dwarf stars (main-sequence stars) change.
The Red Giant Phase
By the time a star becomes a red giant, it has a large radius and a relatively low temperature. Its outer atmosphere is substantially inflated and weak, unable to resist the core's expansion. Such stars are typically very large and very bright.
Before exploring the life of stars any further, let's review what we've learned so far:
• As previously discussed, stars form in molecular clouds. These clouds consist mainly of hydrogen and helium but also other elements in trace amounts.
• Science defines these elements as anything other than hydrogen and helium; in other words, anything with an atomic number greater than two (2).
• These trace elements are blended in equally throughout the star in part because of the star's gravitational pull and in part because of its rotation.
• When the star's core reaches a temperature hot enough to begin hydrogen fusion, it is said to have attained its main-sequence phase.
This phase lasts as long as the star continues to convert its hydrogen into helium. Once its hydrogen stores are nearly used up, the star's inability to feed the fusion process that would stave off the weight of its outer layers, it loses its hydrostatic balance.
The star's core starts to contract under its own weight, aided by gravity.
Counter-intuitively, the star does not shrink during this process; rather, it undergoes a phase described as 'the mirror principle'.
As the star's core collapses, it creates room to let more hydrogen in. However, the core is very dense at this point so the fusion process starts up in the shell surrounding the core. As this progresses, the outer layers grow in diameter while the core, now under tremendous external pressure, shrinks even further.
This process of simultaneous cooling and expansion is what makes stars at this stage in their life so very bright; this is when they become sub-giant stars.
As the fusion process continues in the shell, pushing the star's outer edges out, those outer reaches become cooler, setting up a convective process - effectively turning the heat of fusion inward. The star stops expanding and gets yet more bright.
Where these red giants fit on the HRD - and what happens at the next stage of their evolution depends on their mass.
If it is not particularly massive - say about twice the mass of our sun, the electrons in its core will degenerate so much that further collapse is prevented. The core will continue heating up, though, until it gets hot enough to fuse helium, a process known as helium-flash.
Stars with more massive cores will degenerate more slowly but will attain temperatures high enough to fuse helium before degeneration is complete. Such massive stars do not undergo helium-flash; their burn is much smoother.
Note: You can find an Physics tutor online on Superprof.
Astronomers believe our galaxy is full of red dwarfs
The Milky Way is suspected of a vast red dwarf population Image by Hans Braxmeier from Pixabay
Does Every Star Become a Red Giant?
Stars with smaller-mass cores are totally convective, meaning they will burn for possibly a trillion years.
They increase in temperature and luminosity just like more massive stars do but because they burn for so long, their temperature only increases by about 50% and the light they emit only increases by a factor of ten.
Such stars can become hotter than our sun but still never achieve that level of brightness, even though they are more luminous at that stage than when they formed.
Over the course of billions of years, their light will dim and they become cooler, eventually earning the classification of 'white dwarf'.
What Happens Next?
It depends on the size and mass of the star.
As we just mentioned, the nature and processes of a star’s life cycle depends on the particular star’s mass. And so we’ll split this here into two separate streams.
There are those stars that have roughly the mass of the Sun – the sun being fairly ‘normal’-sized as far as stars go. Then there are those that are much bigger. The bigger stars are, the quicker they burn. So, whilst Sun-sized stars remain as main sequence stars for about ten billion years, a massive star would not live as long.
As mentioned above, about ninety percent of a star’s life is as a main sequence star – in which it will continuously fuse hydrogen into helium. When the hydrogen in its core runs out, the core will begin to collapse and will get much hotter.
As the core increases in temperature, it pushes the rest of the star outwards, causing its outer edges to cool.
Stars the Size of the Sun – Roughly
The most commonly sized stars are stars the size of the Sun. After about ten billion years, once they have run out of hydrogen, they slowly become white dwarfs.
White Dwarfs
White dwarfs are cool little things that have perplexed scientists despite their commonness. Imagine the mass of the sun all in the space of the earth and you’ve got yourself a white dwarf. And bizarrely, they are denser the smaller they are – meaning the bigger stars would form the smallest white dwarfs.
They are hugely dense things that keep themselves from collapsing further due to the activity of electrons. However, with no way of producing energy, there is nothing really that keeps them together. So, gradually cooling, they just tend to fade away.
Red Dwarfs
These stars are the smallest and coolest of all. They are also the most common star in our galaxy. They are very hard to see because they are not very bright but one example, in particular, Proxima Centauri, hangs very near to our sun.
So do about 50 other such dwarfs.
You can't see these dwarfs with the naked eye but some astronomers suspect that fully three-fourths of the Milky Way is made up of red dwarfs.
Red and brown dwarf stars - especially massive brown dwarfs with low metallic properties share a few characteristics such as temperature ranges and spectral types. This blending of classification is not an accident; the term 'red dwarf' is a catch-all name for stars that do not have an obvious, definite classification.
In its earliest use, the 'red dwarf' label was used to distinguish between hot, bright 'blue dwarfs' and those stars that are substantially cooler and less luminous. Defining stars in such a manner is a vague way to go about things in such a disciplined field but, when it comes to red dwarfs, vagueness persists to this day.
Massive Stars
Massive stars have a different end in store for them.
If a star is about eight times bigger than the sun, you can expect it to end in a massive explosion known as a supernova.
Remember that the bigger the star the quicker they burn through hydrogen. And when they have run out of hydrogen, they produce iron as the result of a long series of chemical reactions. When that happens, the core collapses in a matter of seconds from five thousand miles across to just twelve.
Temperatures reach a hundred billion degrees and the supernova becomes brighter than a whole galaxy.
first image of black hole
This is the first picture ever taken of a black hole.
What is a Black Hole?
Particularly dense stars produce one of the most fascinating phenomena in the universe when they die. They become black holes.
Rather than exploding outwards, these stars implode, collapsing into themselves to form an object so dense that nothing – not even light – can escape it.
These 'holes' pull everything around them into themselves whilst emitting huge amounts of radiation. The boundary that marks black holes are called the event horizon.
The greatest astrophysicist of our times, Sir Stephen Hawking, was not immune to the pull of black holes. As far back as 1974, he postulated that quantum effects near a black hole horizon must emit radiation - what we identify today as Hawking Radiation.
Although modern-day astrophysicists speculate - indeed, some dedicate their entire career to studying this phenomenon, the hypothesis is not new. As far back as the 18th Century, keen minds grappled with the possibility of objects whose gravitational fields were too strong to permit light to escape.
The postulate merited varying degrees of attention from then until 1967, when astrophysicist Jocelyn Bell Burnell discovered neutron stars - collapsed cores of super-giant stars. Suddenly, gravitationally-collapsed, supremely dense celestial bodies moved from the realm of the possible into probable reality.
Discoveries such as these invariably lead to more profound questions such as: is there life in the universe?
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Charles Darwin
Timeline created by L M G
• Birth
Charles Robert Darwin was born in Shrewsbury, England, UK. His father was a wealthy physician. He had hopes that Charles would become a doctor when he grew up. Unfortunately, Charles couldn't stand the sight of blood. He did however, love nature and science. He would go on to attend schooling at Cambridge and advance his studies of Botany and Zoology.
• Voyage of HMS Beagle
Charles Darwin set sail on the HMS Beagle as a naturalist on the recommendation of his mentor John Henslow. The survey trip was planned to take 5 years to travel around the world in order to collect data and create more accurate maps. It is on this trip that Darwin advanced his understanding of geology and even theorized on how atolls formed. More famously, this survey trip is when Darwin collected his research samples that would be used in his therory of evolution.
• Arriving in the Galapagos
Arriving in the Galapagos
Darwin spent 5 weeks in the Galapagos studying the different species of animals. While there, he noted how some species of birds where similar to, but different than the ones from nearby South America. He theorized that they must've come from the same ancestors, but some how changed over time. He took many samples while on the islands and had them shipped back to England for further study when he returned.
• Darwin publishes his book "On the Origin of Species"
Darwin spent the next few decades reviewing his samples and talking to fellow naturalist researchers. He came to the conclusion that all biological life originated from common ancestors that transmuted (evolved) over time. This was contradictory to current belief that animals were all created at some point exactly as they were.
Darwin, Charles, 1809-1882. On The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. London :John Murray, 1859.
• Darwin releases his book "The Decent of Man"
Initially, in order to avoid backlash, Darwin left Homo-Sapiens out of his original book. However, He would later go on to release "The Decent of Man" which stated that we evolved from apes. This was met with great opposition and some even voiced that it should be banned.
Darwin, Charles. The Descent of Man. London: Murray, 1871.
• Death
Darwin died in his family home at the age of 73. He died o fa heart failure. His health had significantly declined the last years of his life due to stress from over working.
• Citations
“Charles Darwin.” A&E Networks Television, August 28, 2019. “Home.” Famous Scientists. Accessed January 24, 2021. National Geographic Society. “Charles Darwin.” National Geographic Society, August 22, 2019. |
The current pandemic has disrupted the lives of adolescents in a variety of ways, not the least of which has been the delay or even the cancellation of key milestones. For high school seniors, most of the traditional events signaling the end of their high school careers – such as prom, spring vacation, graduation week festivities, and ceremonies were canceled.
Plans to visit college campuses so essential in helping seniors to make choices for their futures have been eliminated. For the athletes, season after season just never happened. And for those in music and theater, there were no final performances.
Milestone birthdays like quinceañeras, sweet 16s, and the all-important 18th have been relegated to quarantine along with the traditional celebrations celebrating those events. Critical summer internships, jobs, and programs for the most part didn’t happen due to social distancing restrictions.
While the disappointment and aggravation are palpable, the exact impact upon our youth of missing these milestones is still unknown. Researchers and psychologists are currently working to predict these effects, and thereby be in a better position to help and support teens and families with the potential fallout.
You may ask, “aside from missing the event itself, why are these milestones such a big deal?” To answer this question requires an understanding of how participation in activities such as prom, graduation, sports competitions, and theater/musical performances are so pivotal in adolescents’ development.
First of all, they provide opportunities for teens to build and cultivate peer relationships which are invaluable as the adolescent shifts from social interactions being family-focused to peer-focused.
Secondly, it’s through involvement in these milestones that teens develop independence and further their cognitive, academic, social, and emotional, skills in their march towards adulthood.
And finally, playing on sports teams, participating in extracurricular activities, or holding a job teaches teens about responsibility, cooperation, planning and organizing their time, and how to resolve conflicts outside the home.
Even without missing important milestones, adolescents are already experiencing other significant changes in their lives because of COVID-19. These include financial stress, safety concerns for themselves and their families, educational changes, as well as social distancing.
These changes and their accompanying stress, coupled with disrupted milestones, will very likely lead youth to experience feelings of loss, disappointment, sadness, anger, frustration, and anxiety. And those feelings will most certainly be echoed by their family members who were also looking forward to sharing with them in those events.
It must be kept in mind that teens dedicate time and energy to perform academically and graduate from high school, to compete in sports, and to create or display their art, and now when they have nothing to show for it, they may perceive that their hard work will see no reward. This may impair their motivation and cause them to question whether they should continue on their current path.
Missing out on a summer job may impact the financial stability of their household, and missing out on playing sports may put them at a deficit regarding their college recruitment.
For youth already experiencing behavioral health problems, or vulnerable to those problems, the cancellation of activities can reinforce symptoms of depression, such as prolonged sadness, low motivation, and social withdrawal which can result in lowered educational, social, and behavioral health functioning into adulthood.
1. Explore creative ways to celebrate milestones and connect with peers (e.g., hosting a virtual prom, organizing a drive-by party).
2. Give them ample space while monitoring concerning symptoms or behaviors.
3. Find ways in which your teen can still work towards their activities and goals. For example, continue doing exercises associated with their sport, creating art, or studying to take a driver’s permit test.
4. Validate their feelings, acknowledge their pain, be genuinely compassionate, and encourage the expression of the fullness of their emotions even though they may seem overly dramatic to you. For many seniors, this is a time of grief, akin to losing a family member or close friend. And they don’t know how to process it.
5. It is essential to realize that there will be ups and downs. There is nothing linear about this entire experience. Just when you think that they are “getting over it,” the grumpiness and frustration may return with a vengeance. The key is to be overflowing with sensitivity and empathy for all of those “last times” that will never happen. And recognize that your more “rational” response in the place of what you consider to be their more “irrational” one will only serve to separate them from you.
Continue to follow research about how missing milestones impact teens and their well-being, and the possible short-term and long-term consequences. |
Trees & Electricity
When planting trees on your property, always remember to watch for overhead power lines (and remember to call before you dig to locate underground utilities). The tree you plant now could grow into nearby power lines in the years to come, and become not only a potential hazard to the energized lines, but to children and tree trimmers as well.
When planting new trees, keep in mind how tall the tree will grow at maturity, and plant accordingly to keep them well away from power lines.
For existing trees, Yellowstone Valley Electric Cooperative (YVEC) has a tree trimming crew to trim or remove trees that pose a current or potential future problem to the electric system. If you notice trees in your area that are becoming a potential hazard, give us a call and our tree trimmers can be scheduled to safely correct the problem. |
Trees as part of nature-based water management
• Trees link local to regional and global water cycles through their modification of infiltration, water use, hydraulic redistribution of soil water and their roles in rainfall recycling
• Nature-based water management is complemented by technical interventions for water retention, redistribution, flow regulation and recycling, but it generally is more resilient and adaptive than concrete and steel structures
• Understanding forest (and tree) water relations can be characterized by three paradigms: ‘paradise lost’, ‘blue-green water competition’ and ‘full hydrological cycle’
• Agroforestry can contribute to enhancing nine specified ‘ecosystem services’ that relate to water, with priorities depending on context and ten prototypes for coinvestment
• Four types of ‘boundary work’ are recognized at the governance level, to link local solutions to global and (sub)national problems
Water has been explicitly (or sometimes implicitly in its climate relationships) discussed in nearly all preceding chapters. Water links the plot, landscape and governance scales of the three agroforestry concepts (Chapter 1), it is a key determinant of tree growth and adaptations (Chapter 2), relevant traits can be a target of tree domestication (Chapter 3); water is an important component of soils (Chapter 4) and treesoil-crop interactions (Chapter 5). The pantropical analysis of agroforestry (Chapter 6) found climate (and specifically the ratio of rainfall and potential evapotranspiration) to be a major determinant of tree cover on agricultural lands. All the landscape examples dealt with water, through restoration and modification of microclimate (Chapters 7, 8 and 12), through contested land use rights and watershed functions (Chapters 9, 10 and 11). One of the key features of small islands (Chapter 13) is a shortage of freshwater storage, while excess and deficits of water are at the basis of many disasters (Chapter 14). In this chapter we will discuss how the shift in agroforestry concepts (from field/farm-level AF1, to landscape level AF2 and governance level AF3, as detailed in Chapter 1) has interacted with research and contributed to an increased understanding of the way all water-related aspects are interlinked, urgent in the current sustainable development discussion, and open to a wide range of tree and agroforestry- based interventions (with several examples of how such interventions have backfired where understanding was incomplete). Hydrological, ecological, social, economic and policy aspects of trees as part of various land uses in relation to water, are tightly linked (a Gordian knot?). Yet, the relationship between tree cover and human water security is strongly contested1 (Fig. 17.1), with ‘pumps’ versus ‘sponges’ as key features of forests2 and atmospheric recycling as arena of debate3.
Policy discussions on forest, trees, water and rights to land have changed over time, but with only a limited role for science-based understanding. In the colonial period presumed hydrological functions that can only be provided by ‘forest’ became a major rationale for the state’s claims on any land not yet converted, for example in Indonesia6. Ecohydrological discussion in the 1930’s focussed on unique functions of forests as sponge (retention) versus an appreciation of multiple land uses that secure infiltration (dependent on terrain, geology and surface conditions) and allow soils to act as sponge7. The debate tried to reconcile practical experience with mechanistic understanding of the water balance, with important implications for the types of forests to be conserved and/or restored. The debate was left unfinished at the end of the colonial period and replaced by other priorities. Space for agroforestry and partial tree cover, and for the agroforesters whose livelihoods depends on ‘state forest land’ had to be created by tackling both the scientific understanding of hydrology, and the power relations between national and local stakeholders of well-functioning landscapes (compare Chapter 9). Elsewhere, colonial policies to enforce soil conservation became part of the struggle for independence in East Africa, and it took long before the negative stigma of top-down prescribed solutions could be replaced by bottom-up initiatives, adjusted to local context. Currently, three forest-water paradigms coexist1 (Figure 17.3). They have been labelled ‘Paradise lost’ (line A in figure 17.1), ‘Blue-green water trade-off’ (line B in Figure 17.1) and ‘Full hydrological cycle’ (Area C in Figure 17.1). The latter includes the concept of an intermediate tree cover optimum at landscape scale, but also ‘rainbow water’ (atmospheric moisture) as part of the wider feedback system, and attributes hydrological impacts to at least five aspects of land cover (Leaf Area Index, surface litter layers, rooting depth, soil structure and specific effects on downwind rainfall). Agroforestry, seen as land use with intermediate tree cover or as a continuum between agriculture and forestry is closely associated with the latter paradigm. This aligns with a recent UN Water report8 on ‘Naturebased solutions’ that seeks a more coherent approach to the various aspects of water flows (availability, quality, avoiding disasters) and storage that matter to large numbers of people around the world (Box 17.1).
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Native to southwestern U.S. and Mexico, these seedless trees are a favorite in a wide range of landscapes from residential, to commercial and lawn applications. The Arizona ash is a very fast-growing tree, typically reaching a height of about 40 feet (12 m), although some might reach 80 feet (24 m). Page 1 of 128. It can also be used in large residential settings in combination with other evergreen plants. When the Arizona ash reaches a large size, severe breakage is common because multiple trunks often form on the tree which weaken the tree's base and cause a split to occur. Native to southwestern U.S. and Mexico, these seedless trees are a favorite in a wide range of landscapes from residential, to commercial and lawn applications. They are a good choice if you want a variety that will grow fast, and they grow to between 30 and 50 feet. Perfect for xeriscaping, the Arizona ash tolerates drought conditions and provides exceptional shade for hot desert locations. Related searches: Narrow your search: Vectors | Black & white | Cut Outs. It can live up to 50 years with the right tree maintenance and care. The tree often thrives in less then ideal situations such as drought, urban pollution and poor draining soil. Additionally, the majority of ash tree varieties will produce seedlings one time per year (in large amounts), or throughout the year. The male flowers drop in the spring in large quantities, that can be composted rapidly. Below the photos is information on different types of ash trees, including facts about the ash tree species, planting information, and close up colorful ash tree images.. Black ash– Growing to between 50 and 55 feet, the black ash is native to Eastern Canada and northeastern regions of the United States. Arizona Ash is a fantastic desert shade tree and has an enjoyable shape and a (relatively) cool shade in summer. Arizona ash (Fraximus velutina) is an upright, stately tree with a rounded canopy of deep green leaves. Black Ash (Fraxinus nigra) The wood structure of black ash makes it a great choice for weaving, as … Despite the seeming multitude of problems that plague the Arizona ash, the tree is widely grown and coveted for its ability to provide quick shade and beautiful green foliage for gardens. Ash trees are particularly vulnerable to Verticillium wilt, which is a soil-borne fungus. It is found mostly in the United States (SW) and Mexico. Insect enemies of the Arizona ash, such as borers, feed on the tender vascular system of the tree, causing sudden death. The Arizona ash is native to California, Texas, and Arizona. As one of the most popular desert garden trees, the Arizona ash is grown for its very fast growth and lush, thick canopy. Derbyshire UK. The Blue Ash and Black Ash trees are considered rare. Ash Tree Photo Gallery; Ash Tree Images; Ash Tree Picture Gallery; Ash Tree Photos; Tree Pictures - Recent Additions. In autumn, the deciduous Arizona ash turns yellow and drops its overflowing abundance of leaves. The male and female flowers are on different trees. The Arizona ash tree (Fraxinus velutina) is commonly called the velvet ash and can reach 50 feet in height. Grown from seed, the Arizona ash reaches maturity quickly, towering over most desert ranch buildings and spreading a profuse network of intertwined branches. Close up of Ash tree leaves (fraxinus excelsior) emerging … Other common names for this tree include velvet ash, desert ash tree, leatherleaf ash and smooth ash, and in some places, it is known as the Modesto ash, Toumey ash or Fresno ash. Along with descriptions of the bark and leaves, pictures of ash trees will help identify varieties of trees in the Fraxinus genus. Of course, many tree varieties are considered to be a messy tree, but the positive side is that the majority of ash trees only shed leaves for a couple weeks. Velvet ash– Native to north and southwestern regions of the United States, this species is also known as Arizona ash or Modesto ash. Thickly growing branches grow too quickly, promoting fungal diseases such as anthracnose and frustrating gardeners who are unable to keep up with the constant need for pruning. Arizona ash reaches heights of 40 to 50 feet (12-15 m.) and widths of 30 to 40 feet (9-12 m.). It is relatively short-lived, but may survive 50 years with proper care. Ash Trees, More pictures, images & photos of Ash. With tender care and constant pruning, the Arizona ash can provide decades of relief from the harsh desert environment. The Arizona ash tree is a stout, majestic tree with deep green leaves and a rounded canopy. Shallow roots permeate the surface of the ground, destroying sidewalks, curbs and home foundations. Arizona Ash Tree Information. It is relatively short-lived, but may survive 50 years with proper care. An Arizona ash tree (Fraximus velutina) is known by a few different names including Fresno ash, velvet ash, leatherleaf ash, smooth ash, and desert ash. Arizona Ash trees, Fraxinus velutina, are deciduous so that they can let the warmth of the sun in during the winter and cast a wide umbrella of shade just in time for the summer! The Arizona ash tree sheds leaves after the growing season is over, making them deciduous. |
types of quenching in fluorescence
TYPES OF QUENCHING Concentration quenching: At low concentration linearity is observed. 2 3. Figure 1: Stern-Volmer plot for fluorescence quenching. Static and Dynamic Quenching: Two types of quenching mechanisms are commonly found. Fluorescence quenching can be defined as a bimolecular process that reduces the fluorescence quantum yield without changing the fluorescence emission spectrum (Table 1); it can result from transient excited-state interactions (collisional quenching) or from … Quenching of fluorescence Quenching refers to any process that reduces the fluorescence intensity of a given substance. Fluorescence quenching can also take place by the formation at the ground state of a non-fluorescent complex. As said in the section on the Stokes shift, fluorescence is a very sensitive method for studying the local environment around the fluorophore. The extent of quenching depends on the nature of the quencher molecule (fluorophore or non-fluorophore), the type of interaction, and the wavelength of energy that is emitted by the fluor. Thioamides quench tryptophan and tyrosine fluorescence in a distance-dependent manner and thus can be used to monitor the binding of thioamide-containing peptides to proteins. QUENCHING It is a process that decrease the fluorescence intensity of given substance. Effect of Binding and Conformation on Fluorescence Quenching in New 2‘,7‘-Dichlorofluorescein Derivatives. Seidel et al. A second type of quenching mechanism, termed static or complex quenching, arises from non-fluorescent complexes formed between the quencher and fluorophore that serve to limit absorption by reducing the population of active, excitable molecules. For example, high optical densities or turbidity can result in decreased fluorescence intensities. Rational design of novel photoinduced electron transfer type fluorescent probes for sodium cation. Fluorescence Quenching and Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer. When this complex absorbs light, it immediately returns to the fundamental state without emitting any photons. [3] found that photo-induced electron transfer plays an important role in this type of quenching. 4 Dynamic quenching is described by the Stern-Volmer mechanism and results by collisions of the excited state molecule with the quencher. In this review, the experimental set-up and functional characteristics of single-wavelength and broad-band femtosecond upconversion spectrophotofluorometers developed in our laboratory are described. Static quenching involves the interaction of the ground Fluorescence quenching is a physicochemical process that lowers the intensity of emitted light from fluorescent molecules. It may occur due to various factors like pH, temperature, viscosity, complex formation. In addition to the processes described above, apparent quenching can occur due to the optical properties of the sample. Methods of fluorescent quenching include fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), collision quenching and contact quenching, which are diagrammed below. Fig: Quenching of quinine fluorescence in presence of chloride ions Since thioamide analogs of the natural amino acids can be synthetically incorporated into peptides, they can function as minimally-perturbing probes of protein/peptide interactions. This type of complex is called static quenching and it can be described with the following equations: This is a trivial type of quenching which contains little molecular information. This may occur due to various factors like pH, concentration, temperature, viscosity, presence of oxygen, heavy metals or, specific chemical substances etc. Quenching of 2 -aminopurine fluorescence in DNA is dominated by distance-dependent electron transfer from 2 -aminopurine to guanosine [2]. The order of quenching efficiency is G
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Wu Xing is most commonly translated as ‘The Five Elements’. Xing has many translations, but the most fitting would be ‘element’ because of their dynamic nature.
The Aristotle elements include water, fire, air and Earth because of their qualities hot, cold, dry and wet; The concepts of Yin and Yang are being explored through their oppositions.
The popularity of the Five Elements constantly fluctuated, gaining recognition during the Warring States in science and even songs, but losing exposition from the Han Dynasty forward. It resurfaced in the Song Dynasty as a theory to diagnose and treat with Chinese medicine, but lost tract from the Ming Dynasty onward.
The Five Elements in Nature
The Five Elements started in the Zhou Dynasty, receiving the title of the ‘seats of government’ meaning a place of storage. They included water, fire, metal, wood, earth and sometimes even grain.
The theories of Yin and Yang and The Five Elements were the catalyst for turning Shamanism into medicine and understanding the patterns found in nature.
Philosophers of the Yin and Yang school were considered powerful in their political involvement because they predicted the proximate ruler and naming the emperor as an element, choosing color and season they represented from phenomena occurring at the time.
Qualities of the five elements
The qualities of these elements refer to processes, rather than its materialization:
• Water: liquidity
• Fire: heat, combustion
• Wood: solidity, flexibility
• Metal: congelation, mouldability
• Earth: nutritivity
The Xing in Wu Xing represents movement, so each element has its own direction:
• Firstly, Wood can be bent and can be straightened, moving flow freely
• Representing the blood relative to the body or the Liver-Qi
• Secondly, Fire from the flame burns up
• Representing the redness in the face
• Thirdly, Earth is associated with making and growing, the center
• Representing balance and stability
• Fourthly, Metal could be melted, reconstructed and hardened, going inward
• Representing the skin that contains the body
• Lastly, Water moistens down
• Representing the excretion within the body or the Kidney Qi
The Five Elements pertain to seasons; wood is the spring, fire is the summer, metal would be autumn and water would be winter, while the Earth pertains to none. The Earth is the center, since it encompasses all of the seasons mentioned.
Interrelationships in sequences
In the Cosmological Sequence the elements are arranged numerically in order of importance: Water, Fire, Wood, Metal, Earth
Generation sequence, Controlling sequence in The Five Elements
This diagram shows the generating and controlling sequence, where the elements control and generate each other in order to maintain a balance. For instance, fire controls metal, but metal controls wood which creates that fire.
The overreacting or the insulting sequence starts if there were an unnatural balance. In the overreacting sequence, they over control each other, whereas the insulting sequence reverses the controlling sequence.
The Five Element Correspondences
Within Chinese medicine, two organs pertain to an element with the balance of Yin and Yang. However, Fire contains four the Minister Fire whose purpose is to serve the Emperor Fire’s organs
1. Wood: Liver(Yin) and Gallbladder (Yang)
2. Emperor Fire: Heart(Yin) and Small Intestine (Yang)
1. Minister Fire: Pericardium(Yin) and Triple Burner(Yang)
3. Earth: Spleen(Yin) and Stomach (Yang)
4. Metal: Lungs(Yin) and Large Intestine (Yang)
5. Water: Kidneys(Yin) and Bladder (Yang) |
Students and protesters are driven off from the Hong Kong Polytechnic University by riot police. Photo: The Yomiuri Shimbun / AFP
This year’s long-lasting and still ongoing social turbulence in Hong Kong, a special administrative region of the People’s Republic of China, reminds me the Crimea crisis in 2014. There are indeed several similarities between the two events.
First, relatively small issues sparked large-scale protests. Hong Kong’s protests were triggered in June by the Fugitive Offenders and Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Legislation (Amendment) Bill 2019. The bill was largely designed to extradite certain criminal suspects to mainland China but was criticized for likely undermining Hong Kong’s judicial independence and endangering dissidents under the “one country, two systems” arrangement. The bill was subsequently withdrawn in September, but demonstrations have continued to this day, and have become increasingly violent.
The Crimea crisis started in November 2013, when then-Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych rejected a pending agreement on association with the European Union and chose closer ties with Russia. That led to a series of protests including the occupation of Kiev’s Independence Square (Maidan Nezalezhnosti) and pushed Ukraine on to the brink of civil war.
Second, big powers were behind both scenes. In Hong Kong’s recent unrest, the two leading political rivals apparently are the pro-establishment (or pro-Beijing) camp and the pro-democracy camp, but the defining powers are in fact China and the West, especially the US. Hong Kong has become a geopolitical pawn of power struggles between Beijing and Washington.
Similarly, in the Crimea crisis, the two domestic factions within Ukraine – one inclined toward the EU and the other toward Russia – were the main fighters on the stage, but the big bosses behind the scenes were actually Russian and the West, including the US. Ukraine eventually became a victim of cataclysmic geopolitics.
Third, public opinion was against the central government. On March 16, 2014, the Crimean status referendum was held and led to the independence of Crimea from Ukraine and its request to join the Russian Federation. The Hong Kong District Council elections held on November 24 this year were also considered a de facto “referendum,” with a landslide victory for the pro-democracy movement, showing deep distrust in and dissatisfaction with Beijing.
During the Occupy Central movement in Hong Kong in 2014, I published the article “Central is not Tiananmen, thankfully,” saying, “Of course, it is also a good thing that Hong Kong’s Central is unlikely to be another Tiananmen, given the tragic events that unfolded on June 4, despite the apparent potential for violent conflict between the authorities and Occupy protesters.” Similarly, I would like to say today that Hong Kong is not Crimea, thankfully.
One key difference between Hong Kong and Crimea is the people’s will for independence. During the Hong Kong protests there were indeed some banners and posters advocating independence, but most Hongkongers have never sought to break away from China. The illusion of Hong Kong independence is not realistic and in fact quite silly, because the city cannot survive without the support of mainland China, and no Western country will take it over. The US has made the Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act into law, but it would be foolish for Hong Kong people fully to trust and rely on American intervention.
Another key difference between Hong Kong and Crimea is that China is not Ukraine. Ukraine could not control its own fate among big powers and had no capacity to prevent the annexation of Crimea by Russia. In contrast, powerful China is directly struggling with the West and has firm control over Hong Kong. Just as former Singaporean foreign minister George Yeo said in July, “Like the Monkey King, Hong Kong cannot leave the Buddha’s palm.”
Tragically, the 2014 Crimea crisis resulted in many deaths and injuries. Although in recent months Hong Kong has experienced unprecedented violence and chaos, large-scale casualties are unlikely, as both China and the West have no plan to intervene physically with military forces. That is the luck of Hong Kong.
Hong Kong was seen as a successful business hub and mature society based on the rule of law, but recently it shocked the world by showing how violent and chaotic it could be. Hong Kong should regain its good reputation, but its future stability and prosperity ultimately lie in its own hands.
This article was first published by the Business Times.
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Recent studies have revealed that sugar is a deadly toxin to the human body. While we need some sugar in our diet for energy to our cells, muscles, and brain, excessive sugar consumption is responsible for increasing rates of obesity, diabetes, insulin resistance, heart disease, kidney and liver disease, other chronic illnesses, mood disorders and even cancer!
But the real culprit is fructose. High fructose consumption is the NUMBER 1 cause of health concerns in the United States! Unlike glucose and other sugars, fructose interferes with the body’s natural hunger and satiation hormones, beginning a downward spiral of health problems.
What is fructose? Fructose is a monosaccharide sugar that occurs naturally in most fruits, some vegetables, and honey. In some cases, it’s a very useful thing, particularly for high-intensity athletic training or workouts. In other cases, too much simply adds to insulin resistance and other health problems. Limiting natural fructose can reset your metabolic system, help you lose weight and have more energy.
The real danger, however, isn’t this natural fructose, but high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), a cheap, “fake sugar” that is made from (usually GMO) corn, and is twice as sweet as sucrose (table sugar) and twice as deadly. It’s widely used in processed foods — sodas, vitamin waters, cereals, baked goods, peanut butters, jams, tomato sauces, and condiments. Basically, in anything in a box, can or jar!
Many Americans consume more than 100 grams of fructose daily. The recommended amount is under 25 grams a day. Even if you eat a “healthy” diet, you are probably consuming more fructose than you think.
Reducing your intake of HFCS is the first step on the path to becoming FoodFIT ™. While I don’t advocate counting grams, I do recommend that you begin to read labels of all processed foods. If a product you usually buy has high fructose corn syrup in the ingredients or a high number of sugar grams in the informational list, PUT IT BACK ON THE SHELF! Gradually, you will discover that much of what you have been eating is filled with deadly fructose.
You should also learn which fruits have less fructose than others. A glass of orange juice has almost 5 times the amount of fructose as a whole orange! Dried fruits have more fructose than fresh, and the lowest fructose content can be found in lemons, limes, cranberries and cantaloupe. Beware of bottled “smoothies” and juices, which can have a whole day’s worth of fructose in them (and none of the helpful enzymes). Also, be wary of “fruit juice sweetened” natural foods — they also have high fructose content!!!!
If you just need a little sweetness, you can satisfy your craving for sugar in other ways: If you usually use table sugar (which is a combination of glucose and fructose) in your coffee, tea, cereal or baking, try using real maple syrup or Stevia, a natural, safe South American herb that is available in powder or liquid forms. Avoid artificial sweeteners like Splenda, which are filled with toxins. Honey, while natural, is very high in fructose. Agave, the new “natural” sweetener, is even higher in fructose than HFCS!
If you begin to reduce the amount of fructose in your diet, you will soon discover the natural sweetness of foods, just as they are!
Lauryn Axelrod, CHHC
HealthSPORT Nutrition Coach |
Impact of computer technology on modern society and culture
Blackouts of long-distance telephone service, credit data systems, electronic funds transfer systems, and other such vital communications and information processing services would undoubtedly cause widespread economic disruption.
Mobility may be very important these days, however, in the new century, the need to travel physically is decreasing significantly, instead of flying to a meeting in New York one can just attend the meeting virtually and save a lot of time and money and protect the environment [5].
Time to time incorporation of the latest technical achievement has made the use of computer easier. Also the global communications have become unbelievably quick through email services. Starting in the United Kingdom in the 18th century, the Industrial Revolution was a period of great technological discovery, particularly in the areas of agriculturemanufacturingminingmetallurgyand transportdriven by the discovery of steam power.
By reducing the fixed cost of employment, widespread telecommuting should make it easier for individuals to work on flexible schedules, to work part time, to share jobs, or to hold two or more jobs simultaneously. As it is widely known to perform a calculation of any type manually is very cumbersome and time consuming.
The society in the developed countries will be divided into two major groups: Other economic considerations[ edit ] Appropriate technologysometimes called "intermediate" technology, more of an economics concernrefers to compromises between central and expensive technologies of developed nations and those that developing nations find most effective to deploy given an excess of labour and scarcity of cash.
They have often supposed that technology is easily controllable and this assumption has to be thoroughly questioned. No more face-to-face chit-chat or human interaction. They suggest that the inevitable result of such a society is to become evermore technological at the cost of freedom and psychological health.
Many countries have workplace regulations to prevent problems such as repetitive strain injury or eyestrain, but lack of physical exercise is rarely addressed as a specific health hazard [6].
Impacts of Information Technology on Society With the development of computer industry and internet networks during the last three decades things have changed and global communication has reached an unprecedented height [11].
Since changing employers would not necessarily require changing one's place of residence, telecommuting should increase job mobility and speed career advancement. Obviously, because digital ones are reproducible, portable and free.
How Does Technology Impact Your Daily Life?
These concerns are shared by other philosophers, scientists and public intellectuals who have written about similar issues e. His thesis appears to be a third way between optimism and skepticism. Computers are being used for research space.
The most important role of information technology in a commercial business, however, is to provide a commercial advantage. As a setting for democratic culture, Barney suggests that technology tends to make ethical questions, including the question of what a good life consists in, nearly impossible because they already give an answer to the question: It does not replace a dentist appointment.
Foods for whiter teeth - the top five collection
But if we could develop efficient programs written in many languages and get them thoroughly tested for every function it is expected to perform before putting to use could save lot of efforts and time. People often use these mediums as tools to tune out much of the external world, while reinforcing and further rationalizing overblown esteem for their own mundane opinions, tastes and lifestyle choices.
Kurzweil is also known for his history of the universe in six epochs: Essentially, he stands for a neutral approach of the linkage between technology and American issues concerning unemployment and declining wages.
This has a mixed effect on the provision of content. Which can even act as a natural brightener. The Internet has bred many unethical practices like hacking, spamming and phishing. So easy and so cheap. The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw a revolution in transportation with the invention of the airplane and automobile.
A third negative effect of ICT is that user may adopt a more sedentary lifestyle. Technology has a serious effect on youth's health. Technology Has Improved Transportation Technology has improved transportation: The invention of polished stone axes was a major advance that allowed forest clearance on a large scale to create farms.
For example, (POSITIVE IMPACT) we can use corn to make ethanol. Coursera provides universal access to the world’s best education, partnering with top universities and organizations to offer courses online.
Technology, Software & Culture. The CD got rid of the so-called tape hiss with the thin aluminum foil that can store all the information in bits and is then read by a laser.
Technology and society
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Technology And Society – Impact of Technology On Society
Positive and Negative Impact of Computer in Society Application of computer or Where computer are being used in Modern Days Uses of Computer in Science and field Uses of Computer in Educations field Uses of Computer in Communication Uses of Computer Engineering and an individual gets benefited with computer technology.
“You will find the future wherever people are having the most fun,” Johnson argues. He chronicles how, throughout history, world-transforming innovation emerges from the endless quest for novelty in seemingly trivial entertainments--fashion, music, spices, magic, taverns, zoos, games.
Impact of computer technology on modern society and culture
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Information Technology, Its Impact on Society and Its Future |
Paul MacCready
Paul MacCready (born 1925), known as the "father of human-powered flight," first gained fame when he won the Kremer Prize for inventing an aircraft powered solely by human effort. He went on to develop a solar-powered plane and car and a radio-controlled replica of a giant pterodactyl. MacCready helped develop the Impact demonstrator electric vehicle, which, in 1991, inspired California's zero-emissions mandate.
Paul MacCready was born in New Haven, Connecticut, on September 29, 1925. His father was a doctor, and his mother was a nurse. MacCready had a learning disability, dyslexia, about which he later said in an interview with Discover magazine, "It keeps my mind jumping. It also gives me a short attention span, which forces me to really focus on things that are important." Small, shy, and a poor athlete as a child, MacCready collected moths and butterflies and built model airplanes. "I think kids do better if they have a hobby, a topic they know better than anybody else," he noted.
By the age of 13, MacCready was building flying machines, including autogiros, helicopters, and ornithopters. Three years later he had a pilot's license. "That really gave me confidence in myself," he recalled. At age 20, MacCready took up glider plane flying, called soaring. "Unlike with conventional aircraft, this was pure, quiet, birdlike flight. It was my first insight into how technology could be combined with the natural world," he explained to Discover.
At the end of World War II, MacCready trained as a Navy pilot. He completed his bachelor's degree in physics from Yale University in 1947. At the California Institute of Technology, he earned a master's degree in physics and a Ph.D. in aeronautics in 1952. While still in school, MacCready continued to practice soaring. He won the U.S. National Soaring Championship in 1948, 1949, and 1953. In 1956, he became the first American to win the World Soaring Championship. MacCready pioneered wave soaring, in which a sailplane uses strong lifting currents of air to reach extreme heights. He also invented the MacCready speed ring, an instrument still used by glider pilots to select the best flight speed between updrafts. MacCready stopped competing in 1956, after realizing the dangers of the sport.
Marriage and a Career
In 1957, MacCready married Judy Leonard, the daughter of one of his soaring friends. They later had three sons, Parker, Tyler, and Marshall. MacCready was ready to begin his career as an engineer but was not impressed by the way standard aerospace firms got things done. "Such places foster by-the-book thinking, a lockstep way of approaching a problem," he said in Discover. MacCready founded his own company, Meteorology Research Inc., a business specializing in flying small planes into clouds to try to affect the amount of rainfall they produce. He was the first to use small aircraft to study storm interiors. "We got pretty good at creating lightning, but there wasn't much of a market for it," he noted.
MacCready sold Meteorology Research Inc. in 1971. He soon founded AeroVironment in Monrovia, California, to develop renewable energy sources (like wind and solar power) because he was concerned with how quickly people were using up the planet's resources.
A Bad Loan Leads to Great Discoveries
In 1976, MacCready found himself $100,000 in debt after guaranteeing a loan in 1970 to his brother-in-law, who had developed a scheme for manufacturing fiber glass catamaran sailboats. Wanting to get out of debt, MacCready remembered an 18-year-old challenge conceived by British industrialist Henry Kremer. The first person to take off using only the muscle power of the pilot, clear a 10-foot hurdle, and complete a 1.15-mile-long figure-eight course using human-powered flight would win $100,000. When his family was driving across the country on vacation MacCready watched hawks and turkey vultures soaring in circles overhead, using updrafts. He calculated a bird's flight speed and its turning radius by estimating its banking angle and using a watch to time how long it took to make a 360-degree turn. He then realized that as long as the weight stayed the same, an airplane's wings could get bigger and bigger. The flight speed would decrease, but so would the power needed to make the plane fly. In this way a trained athlete could power the plane.
In 1977, MacCready and his colleagues at AeroVironment created the Gossamer Condor, with 96-foot wings of aluminum tubing, corrugated cardboard, and balsa wood, made rigid with piano wire, and covered with a thin layer of Mylar (polyester film). MacCready used his sons, then teenagers, as test pilots. Bryan Allen, a bicycle racer and hang-glider pilot, flew the Condor around the Kremer course, earning MacCready a place in history. The Condor won Kremer's prize and earned MacCready the nickname "the father of human-powered flight." The craft is now displayed in the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C. "I think it was a milestone, leading toward what I still don't know. But Charles Lindbergh's flight didn't add anything to the knowledge of aviation. It made other things happen, but it was really just a symbol," noted MacCready in an interview with Science '86.
In 1979, the Gossamer Albatross flew across the English Channel to earn MacCready a second Kremer prize of $213,000. The following year he constructed the Gossamer Penguin, which made the first climbing flight using solar cells.
MacCready had already been named Engineer of the Century by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers when, in 1981, his Solar Challenger reached 11,000 feet and flew 163 miles from France to an air force base in England, powered only by the 16,128 solar cells attached to the wings. He had invented the first piloted sun-powered plane.
In 1983, MacCready designed and built the 70-pound Bionic Bat, a 22-mile-per-hour plane that won two Kremer speed prizes the following year for flying a one-mile course in less than three minutes. Its propeller was driven by the pilot, with help from an electric motor that ran off 16 rechargeable flashlight batteries; the pilot charged them before takeoff by pedaling a generator.
A Dinosaur Flew
In 1986, another MacCready creation flew high over Death Valley, California, while being photographed for the Smithsonian Institution's IMAX film On the Wing. It was a realistic, radio-controlled, computer-brained replica of the largest creature ever to have flown, the pterodactyl, which became extinct, along with the dinosaurs, about 65 million years ago. MacCready had been commissioned by the Smithsonian Institution and the Johnson Wax Company to bring it back at a cost of $500,000. Considering the practicality of QN, the name for the model, MacCready noted in Science '86, "Sometimes if you're lucky and you choose the right goals, it's enough just to know that something worked. I am not a philosopher, nor am I intellectually gifted. There are lots of people around with more talent. You can do all kinds of things if you just plunge ahead. It doesn't mean you're any good at them, but you can be good enough. It's really pretty absurd. People look at me like I am some kind of genius."
A Solar-Powered Car
MacCready designed a solar-powered car, the Sunraycer, for General Motors. In 1987, the Sunraycer won the first Solar Challenge race, crossing Australia, (a distance of 1,867 miles), and winning against 23 competitors, on the equivalent of five gallons of gasoline. The sleek, teardrop shaped General Motors Sunraycer averaged 41.6 miles per hour to finish two and a half days ahead of the second-place entry. GM showed the Sunraycer at 269 events before turning it over to the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History. GM was so happy with AeroVironment's performance that it bought 15 percent of the company.
MacCready convinced GM that it would be possible to make a practical electric car. GM then asked MacCready's firm, AeroVironment, to build a concept electric car for the company. The Impact was an experimental, battery-powered two-seater with the pickup of a sports car and the driving range to satisfy most urban commuters. In 1991, it stimulated California's zero-emissions mandate. The Impact later became available to consumers as the EV1.
In the mid-1990s, MacCready felt that people needed to take control of technology by setting goals to produce economical, energy-efficient vehicles. He also felt it important to explore the effects of the rapidly expanding human population on the world's resources and creatures.
AeroVironment Worked with NASA
AeroVironment developed the remote-controlled, 120-foot-span, solar-powered Pathfinder Plus, which reached 80,000 feet, far higher than any previous propeller aircraft. Pathfinder Plus was one of a number of vehicles developed with NASA support by AeroVironment. Another, the 206-foot Centurion, started test flights in late 1998. Though MacCready had little involvement with these vehicles, his vision and persistence made their success possible. His company also created Helios, a regenerative-fuel-cell-powered aircraft that could stay up at altitudes of 50,000 to 70,000 feet for months at a time. Helios could perform stratospheric communications relay functions and monitor global climate change. The Helios could be used for communications, imaging, reconnaissance, and positioning. The AeroVironment team is also working on micro air vehicles, palm-size battery-powered crafts equipped with tiny video cameras that could provide real-time reconnaissance for the military.
"I may have found a way to make exercise addicting," MacCready told Discover, in 1999, describing his Micro Gym, a pocket-sized exercise machine with a pulse meter that vibrates when the user reaches an optimal heart rate. "Just enough exercise to get that rush of endorphins that will make you want to do it again," explained MacCready. "Wouldn't that be a great service to humanity?"
Concerned With the Environment and Technology
In the late 1990s, MacCready cut back on his direct involvement with AeroVironment's projects. He spends much of his time speaking to the public about issues that concern him. He tells schoolchildren to search for the answers themselves and to trust only their own conclusions. He lectures adults about technology and the need to protect the environment. He has been studying bird flight with soaring enthusiasts in an organization called TWITT (The Wing Is the Thing) and has been working on placing a two-gram video camera on the head of a pigeon or a parrot to view the Earth from above. MacCready has also been working on the Owl, his design for an affordable two-seater plane, allowing commuters to fly to work instead of drive.
As early as 1986, MacCready lamented people's reliance on technology. "People leave everything to this growing technology they think is going to solve all their problems. They lose motivation and imagination. The world is full of so many interesting things, I can't understand why kids just sit around bored all the time watching TV."
MacCready still has mixed feelings about technology, although he has devoted his life to it. "Technology can disconnect us from life. E-mail lets us work faster, but somehow we have less time to sit, digest, and enjoy. Cars give us wonderful mobility while they erode our motivation to walk, exercise, and meet our neighbors," he lamented in a 1999 interview with Design News. Of the human mind, MacCready says that right now it is "the most powerful force on earth," but admits that the number of things people can do that computers cannot do is shrinking. "Technology in perspective and under control is great, but as a master it's worrisome," he admonishes.
MacCready encourages students to develop thinking skills. "They don't have the limiting factor of expertise," he says. "I encourage them to unleash their minds." Concerning education MacCready points out, "Students are rewarded for the right answer, not for learning from mistakes, nor for seeing multiple sides to an issue and comprehending the big picture, and definitely not for asking a new question. We need people able to perceive reality and contemplate our future options as civilization changes faster and faster. We need a nation of wolves and revolutionaries, but the schools are giving us sheep."
Further Reading on Paul MacCready
Taylor, Richard L., The First Human-Powered Flight: The Story of Paul B. MacCready, Jr. and His Airplane, the Gossamer Condor, Watts Franklin, 1995.
Design News, March 1, 1999.
Discover, September 1999.
Popular Science, March 1986.
Science '86, April 1986.
Time, June 11, 1990.
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Lesson 17
Writing Inverse Functions to Solve Problems
Lesson Narrative
In this lesson, students continue to expand their capacity to work with and interpret inverses of linear functions in various situations. Previously, students found inverses of functions that were defined using two variables. Here, they find inverses of functions given in function notation.
In earlier lessons, students worked with functions in which the quantities and the relationship between them were straightforward and well defined. In this lesson, students still engage with such functions, but they also work with a relationship that is less well defined. In the last activity, students analyze a data set, write a linear function to model the data, and use the model (including writing an equation that represents the inverse function) to solve problems. Along the way, students engage with different aspects of modeling (MP4).
Note that notation of the form \(f^{\text-1}\) is intentionally not used to denote inverse function at this point. This is so that students can focus their attention on the meaning of an inverse function rather than on learning a new notation. It is also to discourage students from thinking of finding an inverse function as a procedure.
Technology isn't required for this lesson, but there are opportunities for students to choose to use appropriate technology to solve problems. Consider making technology available.
Learning Goals
Teacher Facing
• Find the inverse of a linear function given in function notation.
• Write a linear function and an inverse function to model data and solve problems.
Student Facing
Let’s use inverse functions to solve problems.
Learning Targets
Student Facing
• I can write a linear function to model given data and find the inverse of the function.
• When given a linear function defined using function notation, I know how to find its inverse.
Glossary Entries
• inverse (function)
Two functions are inverses to each other if their input-output pairs are reversed, so that if one functions takes \(a\) as input and gives \(b\) as an output, then the other function takes \(b\) as an input and gives \(a\) as an output.
You can sometimes find an inverse function by reversing the processes that define the first function in order to define the second function. |
What is a computed column in SQL Server?
Asked By: Yevgen Geehrken | Last Updated: 21st May, 2020
Category: technology and computing databases
4.4/5 (68 Views . 38 Votes)
A computed column is a virtual column that is not physically stored in the table, unless the column is marked PERSISTED. A computed column expression can use data from other columns to calculate a value for the column to which it belongs.
Click to see full answer
Simply so, is persisted in SQL computed column meaning?
Computed columns can be persisted. It means that SQL Server physically stores the data of the computed columns on disk. When you change data in the table, SQL Server computes the result based on the expression of the computed columns and stores the results in these persisted columns physically.
One may also ask, what does persisted mean in SQL? PERSISTED. Specifies that the Database Engine will physically store the computed values in the table, and update the values when any other columns on which the computed column depends are updated.
Secondly, how do you make a calculation in SQL?
When you need to perform calculations in SQL statement, you use arithmetic expression. An arithmetic expression can contain column names, numeric numbers, and arithmetic operators.
Operator Description
+ Addition operator
- Minus operator
* Multiplication operator
/ Division operator
Which comparison operators can you use in a where clause?
Comparison operators are used to test the equality of two input expressions. They are typically used in the WHERE clause of a query. a is equal to b .
30 Related Question Answers Found
How do you sort data in SQL?
SQL | ORDER BY. The ORDER BY statement in sql is used to sort the fetched data in either ascending or descending according to one or more columns. By default ORDER BY sorts the data in ascending order. We can use the keyword DESC to sort the data in descending order and the keyword ASC to sort in ascending order.
What is a subquery When is a subquery executed?
When is a subquery executed? Subquery is a query placed within another query. A subquery may return either one ormultiple rows. When a query with subquery is executed, first the sub query is executed then the outer query is executed.
How do you use division in SQL?
Divide(/), Modulo(%) Operator. Multiply Operator (*)
Arithmetic Operators.
Operator Meaning Operates on
* (Multiply) Multiplication Numeric value
/ (Divide) Division Numeric value
% (Modulo) Returns the integer remainder of a division. For example, 17 % 5 = 2 because the remainder of 17 divided by 5 is 2. Numeric value
What are the SQL built in functions?
In SQL a built-in function is a piece for programming that takes zero or more inputs and returns a value. An example of a built-in functions is ABS(), which when given a value calculates the absolute (non-negative) value of the number.
What does generated mean in MySQL?
MySQLMySQLi Database. Basically generated columns is a feature which can be used in CREATE TABLE or ALTER TABLE statements and is a way of storing the data without actually sending it through the INSERT or UPDATE clause in SQL. This feature has been added in MySQL 5.7. A generated column works within the table domain.
What is SQL in w3school?
SQL is a standard language for storing, manipulating and retrieving data in databases. Our SQL tutorial will teach you how to use SQL in: MySQL, SQL Server, MS Access, Oracle, Sybase, Informix, Postgres, and other database systems.
What does count (*) do in SQL?
COUNT(*) returns the number of rows in a specified table, and it preserves duplicate rows. It counts each row separately. This includes rows that contain null values.
How do I sum a column value in SQL query?
The SUM() function returns the total sum of a numeric column.
1. COUNT() Syntax. SELECT COUNT(column_name) FROM table_name. WHERE condition;
2. AVG() Syntax. SELECT AVG(column_name) FROM table_name. WHERE condition;
3. SUM() Syntax. SELECT SUM(column_name) FROM table_name. WHERE condition;
Can a database do calculations?
Database formula field calculations. Field calculations can be performed in a database by adding a formula field. Field calculations allow you to perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division operations on any numeric fields in your database. Operations can also be grouped using parentheses (ie.
How do you multiply in SQL?
Steps to Multiply in Access using SQL
1. Step 1: Create the Table in Access. To start, create the table in Access.
2. Step 2: Open the Query Design. To open the Query Design in Access:
3. Step 3: Add the Table and Fields.
4. Step 4: Switch to the SQL View.
5. Step 5: Multiply in Access using SQL.
6. Step 6: Run the Query in Access.
What is cumulative total?
The adjective cumulative describes the total amount of something when it's all added together. The cumulative snowfall for the whole winter isn't just the amount of snow that fell in one month, but rather the number of inches that fell every month that winter to get the total, cumulative, amount.
How do you calculate GST in SQL?
GST Calculation Formula (India) using SQL Server
1. Hi, friends GST is now start in INDIA.
2. The basic calculation is Amount Excluding GST = (100*MRP (With GST))/ (100+GST (%))
3. For Example MRP Rate = 105 (N.B. MRP is include with GST)
4. That price has included GST 5%.
5. Amount Excluding GST = (100 * 105) / (100 + 5)
6. That will give Amount Excluding GST = 100 Rs.
How do you find the length of a string in SQL?
Well, you can use the LEN() function to find the length of a String value in SQL Server, for example, LEN(emp_name) will give you the length of values stored in the column emp_name.
What is minus operator in SQL?
The SQL MINUS operator is used to return all rows in the first SELECT statement that are not returned by the second SELECT statement. Each SELECT statement will define a dataset. The MINUS operator will retrieve all records from the first dataset and then remove from the results all records from the second dataset.
How do you divide two numbers in SQL?
if you divide 2 integer values then you use integer division. So to get the answer you want then you use FLOAT or DECIMAL/NUMERIC types which result in non integer division. so if you wanted to divide 2 integers from variables or column values you need to CAST or CONVERT one of the values to a FLOAT or DECIMAL.
What are SQL functions?
SQL functions are simply sub-programs, which are commonly used and re-used throughout SQL database applications for processing or manipulating data. All SQL database systems have DDL (data definition language) and DML (data manipulation language) tools to support the creation and maintenance of databases.
What is cast in SQL?
In SQL Server (Transact-SQL), the CAST function converts an expression from one datatype to another datatype. If the conversion fails, the function will return an error. Otherwise, it will return the converted value. TIP: Use the TRY_CAST function to return a NULL (instead of an error) if the conversion fails. |
Sea Wings 2000 - A Unique Airshow
1 Conversation
A seaplane flying over a map of the UK with where Southampton Water is supposed to be, an inlet north of the Isle of Wight, highlighted
On Sunday 4 June, 2000, the 60th Anniversary of the start of the Battle of Britain, one of Britain's largest ever free air displays took place both on and over Southampton Water, near Southampton, Hampshire, UK. This, called Sea Wings 2000, was not only an air display with flypasts, but also included flying boats and seaplanes landing on and taking off from Southampton Water itself, in front of the watching crowd.
Sea Wings 2000 was marketed as the largest free air show in the United Kingdom in the year 2000 and is the only large air show of its kind ever to take place in south Hampshire1.
The Role Of Southampton In The Development Of The Aircraft
Sea Wings 2000 was a Millennium celebration display commemorating Southampton's role in aircraft development in the previous century, in particular celebrating Southampton's association with flying boats and the most famous plane of all time, the Spitfire.
Southampton was the birthplace of the Supermarine Spitfire, which along with the Hurricane, was the saviour of Britain during the war.
On 5 March, 1936 the first Spitfire flew from Eastleigh (now Southampton) Airport. The aircraft had been constructed a few miles south, in Supermarine's Headquarters on the Itchen River at Woolston, Southampton. This is where the first Spitfires were built. RJ Mitchell, Supermarine’s chief designer, was determined to design and construct the greatest fighter aircraft in the world, drawing on his impressive Schneider Trophy2 experience. The first Spitfire was delivered into service with the Royal Air Force in August 1938. The Spitfire was so advanced it was used not only by Britain’s Royal Air Force, but also in the air forces of Australia, Egypt, France, Greece, Portugal, Canada, New Zealand, the Soviet Union and United States of America. During the Battle of Britain, when on 1st September 1940 Reichsmarschall Goring asked Ace Adolf Galland if there was anything he needed in the battle of Britain, he famously replied 'A squadron of Spitfires'.
In contribution to this, a gathering of Spitfires took place as part of the Sea Wings 2000 celebration. Almost 23,000 Spitfires were built during the Second World War in 36 different marks, although only 200 Spitfires are known to have survived, with less than 50 airworthy. Assembling in Southampton Airport, the location of the first flight, were sixteen Spitfires, including the oldest airworthy Spitfire in the world. Due to the turbulent weather conditions, sadly not all the Spitfires were able to fly in the display, however a formation of thirteen Spitfires and one Hurricane flew over Southampton Water for the Sea Wings 2000 crowds.
Flying Boats
Southampton was also the world's home of the Flying Boat. The very first scheduled international seaplane service began in Southampton with British Marine Air Navigation, a company which in June 1922 began regular services from Southampton to Le Havre and Cherboug and as well as to the Channel Islands from July 1923. This company in 1924 became Imperial Airways3. Many flying boats4 were built in Southampton and Southampton Water was the home to several aircraft manufacturers. These included Supermarine at Woolston, Folland and Fairey Aviation5 at Hamble, May Harden & May6 at Hythe with another, Saunders-Roe7, nearby on the Isle of Wight. Supermarine even named a flying boat after Southampton. The Supermarine Southampton was designed by R. J. Mitchell and built in 1925, and were the first aircraft to fly from Britain to Australia and Hong Kong.
Britain's main military flying boat base was on Southampton Water at Calshot and it was from there that Britain successfully won the Schneider Trophy with Southampton-built aircraft in 1922, 1927, 1929 and 1931. Flying boat service continued from Southampton until the world's last major flying boat airline, Aquila Airways, ceased services due to lack of aircraft in 1958.
Southampton is also home to Solent Sky, the renamed Southampton Hall of Aviation aircraft museum, which is well worth a visit.
To commemorate both its connections with Spitfires and Seaplanes, Sea Wings 2000 was a free show and air display performed for the people of Southampton.
Sea Wings 2000 - Flying Boats and Seaplanes
Several flying boats and seaplanes took part, and actually landed on Southampton Water, for the first time since 1958. Although water conditions were not ideal and prevented the mass landings of flying boats that had originally been planned, several aircraft did in fact land on the water and taxied in front of the waiting crowds. This was the largest number of aircraft on Southampton Water and flying boats in Hampshire for five decades.
Grumman Albatross
The Grumman Albatross is a twin-engined flying boat, and the one taking part was built in 1955, and is a short wing Albatross. It flew search and rescue missions for the American Navy until 1967, and was used in both the Korean and Vietnam wars. When in use by the Navy, the Albatross aircraft had an aircrew of 24.
Grumman Goose
Older than the Albatross, the Goose is a twin-engined flying boat first built in 1937, designed as a six-seat commuter aircraft. The Grumman Goose that took part in Sea Wings 2000 was built in 1945 and saw action at the very end of the Second World War, when it was used by both the American Coastguard and Navy. Of the 345 built, only a few have survived and are airworthy, with this example flying mainly over Ireland and Scotland.
Piaggio Royal Gull
Known in Italy as the Piaggio P136, the Royal Gull is an Italian a twin-engined flying boat, was first built in 1949, but the one at Sea Wings 2000 was built in 1956. Only 63 Royal Gulls were built, yet owners of the plane included King Farouk and Aristotle Onassis. The Italian Air Force had 14 for coastal patrol and air-sea rescue, although these were replaced in 1961 by Grumman Albatross. Of the 63 built, the one at Sea Wings 2000 was at the time the only airworthy one in the world, and was on display in Italian Aeronautica Militaire air-sea rescue service colours. Six other Royal Gulls are known to have survived and are being restored.
De Havilland DHC-2 Beaver
The Beaver first flew in 1947, and almost immediately proved successful, and was one of Canada's most successful planes. Over 1,600 planes were built between 1947 and 1967, and exported to over 62 countries, used for a variety of roles from Military and ambulance duties to transport, spraying insecticides and aerial photography. Many were used as seaplanes, although wheeled versions were also possible. The one at the air-display was built in 1958 and equipped with 'wiplane' floats that allow it to land on water or land. It had also seen service in Vietnam for transport and communication duties for the US Army.
Twin Bee
Another plane at the display was the United Consultants Twin Bee - a very unusual 1960s flying boat with twin engines. Based on the single-engined Republic Sea Bee, the Twin Bee's extra engine gave it more power and stability, as well as a short take-off and landing capability. The small, narrow hull also means that when on water, only the cabin, wings and tail are visible above water.
Lake Renegade
Another flying boat that landed on Southampton Water was a Lake Renegade, an amphibious American pusher-engine flying boat from the 1980s that can seat up to five passengers.
As well as standard flying boats, a hovercraft, which is quite literally a boat that flies, or hovers, over the waves, was on display as well. The hovercraft, a British Hovercraft Corporation AP1-88 built in East Cowes, was one owned by Hoverspeed that regularly takes up to 100 passengers on the Southsea to Ryde, Isle of Wight route. The hovercraft, an unannounced addition to the programme, flew up Southampton Water close to the Weston Shore where the assembled crowds were watching.
Changes to the Flying Boat programme
The Catalina that had been used in 1998 to promote the planned upcoming Sea Wings 2000 event did not attend, following its sinking in Southampton Water.
A Canadair CL4158 fire fighting flying boat had been expected to perform a water-bombing display over Southampton Water, but sadly water conditions prevented it. The water bombing display was cancelled, however had it taken place it would have taken nine seconds to fill the aircraft with 6,137 litres of water and just three seconds to drop the water back in front of the waiting crowd. The CL415 was one of the most modern aircraft booked for Sea Wings 2000; the first flight was in December 1993.
Similarly two Russian amphibious aircraft, the Beriev Be-12 and Be-200, had been expected to take part. They were originally expected to visit Southampton as part of a sales drive in Europe, with the Beriev Be-12 never been seen before outside the former soviet bloc. Like the Canadair CL415, both the Beriev aircraft are fire-bombers, and had been expected to demonstrate their water bombing capabilities during the show.
The Sea Wings organisers stated:
'It is with regret that we announce the withdrawal of the Beriev aircraft from the display. We have been in negotiation with Beriev for over two years but have just been informed by the company that these two aircraft have failed to achieve the necessary certification to operate outside Russia. We apologise for any disappointment, but hope that you will still enjoy the other rare and exciting seaplanes that will be appearing at Sea Wings 2000.'
Fly Pasts and Air Displays
In addition to the flying boats, there were scheduled flypasts taking place, as well as air displays by the Red Arrows and Diamond Nine Tiger Moth. This included the highlight of the day, the fly past of 13 Spitfires in formation, however there were several other aircraft flying over Southampton Water. The flypasts and air displays were timed to not interfere with civilian air traffic flying from Southampton Airport.
Hawker Hurricane
Part of the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight, the Hawker Hurricane is the second most famous British fighter aircraft of the Second World War. Although Hurricanes were more numerous than the Spitfire and scored more kills during the Battle of Britain, they never quite caught the imagination in the way that the more graceful Spitfire could. The Hurricane could out-turn a Spitfire and able to withstand greater enemy fire, but was slower and had poorer acceleration. Of the 14,000 Hurricanes built, only 12 flying examples survive worldwide.
English Electric Canberra WK163
This British aircraft in August 1957 took the world altitude record to 70,310 feet. Built in 1954, the Canberra was a superb high-altitude bomber and reconnaissance aircraft and highly manoeuvrable. The Canberra first flew in 1949 and has served with several different air forces as well as NASA. They have taken part in both the Falklands and Vietnam9 Wars. This particular Canberra was heavily modified and had special wings, engines and undercarriage fitted to allow its record attempt, and as such was the only Canberra B2/6 ever built.
The Canberra also flew in formation with the Hurricane.
Fairey Swordfish II W5856
The Fairey Swordfish was a biplane torpedo-bomber that, despite being outdated by the start of the Second World War, was used to great effect by the Fleet Air Arm of the Royal Navy. Nicknamed the 'Stringbag', the Swordfish's finest hour was perhaps the attack on the Italian Navy' at the Battle of Taranto, which inspired the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour. Although several swordfishes were seaplanes and had floats rather than wheels, the swordfish that took part in Sea Wings 2000, W5856, was one used by the Mediterranean fleet onboard aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal.
The Fairey Swordfish first flew in 1934, however the one that took part in the Sea Wings 2000 event first flew in 1941 and was a 'Blackfish', one manufactured under licence by the Blackburn Aircraft Carrier. It was painted in the pre-war colours of 810 Squadron and flies with the Royal Navy Historic Flight.
Tornado F3
The British, German and Italian Panavia Tornado F3 was a long range twin-engined interceptor jet aircraft that first flew in 1985 and entered service with the RAF in 1986. Its wings were able to sweep back into a delta position for greater speed. Several flew during the 1991 Gulf War, although the Tornado has since been replaced by the Typhoon Eurofighter.
Westland EH101 Merlin
The Westland EH101 Merlin was designed as a replacement for the Westland Sea King which was manufactured by Westland Helicopters in the UK and Agusta10 in Italy. It entered RAF service in 1997, and is named after the famous British Rolls Royce Merlin engine that powered several aircraft during the Second World War11.
Hawker Sea Fury FB11
The Hawker Sea Fury was the last propeller-driven aircraft developed for the Royal Navy. Intended to serve in the Second World War, the prototype was undergoing testing at the time the war ended. The Sea Fury was intended as a replacement for the Supermarine Seafire, and the FB11 was a fighter-bomber version, of which 650 were built. Despite being piston rather than jet powered, the Sea Fury served with distinction during the Korean War and even shot down a MiG-15 jet fighter in air-to-air combat.
The Sea Fury on display at Sea Wings 2000, WH588 'Baby Gorilla', was transported to Australia in 1952, where it served with the Royal Australian Navy. Between 1972 and 1997 this Sea Fury raced at the Reno Air Races in Nevada12, in 1997 it was purchased by PJ Morgan Aviation and returned to Southampton.
Hawker Harrier GR7
The Harrier is the world's only Vertical/Short Take Off and Landing aircraft capable of hovering that saw service in both the RAF and Royal Navy, in particular onboard the Invincible class aircraft carriers. McDonnell Douglas have made versions under licence for America. The Harrier was first made in 1973 by Hawker Siddeley, which later became part of British Aerospace, and have served in the Falklands War and the Gulf Wars of 1991 and 2003, where its agility and manoeuvrability have made it formidable in air-to-air combats. The GR7 version first flew in 1990.
At Sea Wings 2000 the Harrier hovered about 10 feet above Southampton Water, creating a giant water bubble.
De Havilland Tiger Moths - Diamond Nine Display Team
The De Havilland Tiger Moth biplane was designed in 1931 as a development of the De Havilland Gipsy Moth, and was used as a flight training aircraft with the RAF until 1952. Over 7,000 were built and, as a cheap and easy aircraft to use, many still remain in service today. A Tiger Moth even became Thunderbird 6 in a film spin-off of the 1960s puppet television series, Thunderbirds.
The Diamond Nine Tiger Moth Display Team are a group of pilots who pilot nine Tiger Moths in a series of flying circus aerodynamic displays.
Hawker Nimrod MR2P
The Hawker Siddeley Nimrod is one of the longest-serving aircraft in the RAF, whose development was based on the Comet 4 airliner, the first ever jet airliner. The Nimrod first flew in 1967 and has been used in a maritime patrol role, for anti-submarine, anti-shipping and search-and-rescue roles. Despite being a four-engined aircraft it can operate and climb using only one. The MR2P version was modified as a result of lessons learnt during the Falklands War, and has a refuelling probe to allow it to stay airborne for up to 16 hours and carried defensive air-to-air missiles.
CG Sikorsky S61N Helicopter
The Sikorsky S61N helicopter is an all-weather amphibious helicopter capable of landing on water. The prototype first flew in 1959.
Westland Sea King HAS6
The Westland Sea King is a British licensed version of the Sikorsky S61, but with considerable differences. The HAS6 version was an anti-submarine version, although Sea Kings are being replaced in the Royal Navy by Merlin helicopters. They frequently can be found off the coast in a search-and-rescue role with the coastguard.
Grumman FM2 Wildcat
The American Wildcat was the US Navy's first monoplane and their only aircraft carrier aircraft until the Hellcat arrived in 1943, and from 1940 was also used in the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm. The Wildcat fought throughout the Second World War. The Wildcat that flew at Sea Wings 2000 is the only one flying in Europe and is decorated in the colours of 846 Squadron, which operated from HMS Tracker.
Grumman F6F Hellcat
The Hellcat was responsible for 75% of America's carrier aircraft kills during the Second World War and replaced the Wildcat as the US Navy's premier fighter. As well as used by the US Navy, the Marine Corps and Fleet Air Arm also used the Hellcat. The Hellcat at Sea Wings 2000 is the only airworthy one outside America and dates from 1943.
Grumman F7F Tigercat
The Tigercat was the United States Navy's first twin-engined fighter and entered service in 1945. They missed combat during the Second World War as, despite a fast top speed, they had poor performance, especially on one engine, and were not considered suitable for operations from aircraft carriers and were withdrawn from service in 1954.
Grumman F8F Bearcat
The Bearcat was introduced near the end of the war and again operated with the US Navy. Like the Sea Fury, it served alongside early jet aircraft. The one on display at Sea Wings 2000 dates from 1945.
Red Arrows
The RAF's display team. The Red Arrows have performed at many air displays worldwide since 1964. They performed a short display.
Jaguar GR3
The Jaguar is an Anglo-French long-range jet aircraft capable of supersonic flight. The prototype first flew in 1968, and entered service with the RAF in 1974. It was intended for use in the Cold War, however they saw service in the 1991 Gulf War. The Jaguars were replaced by Tornados.
Westland Lynx HAS3
The Westland Lynx is a fast and agile British multi-purpose helicopter that first entered service in 1977. The HAS3 is the Royal Navy variant, used in anti-submarine and shipping roles (the HAS stands for Helicopter, Anti-Submarine). The Lynx was a development of the Saunders Roe Wasp and Scout helicopters. These had become Westland helicopters when Saunders-Roe was forcibly merged with Westland to form Westland Helicopters in 1961.
Tribute To Flight Lieutenant James Eric Brindley Nicholson
The only RAF pilot during the Battle of Britain to receive a Victoria Cross, in a dogfight battle over the city of Southampton, James Nicholson had a solo Spitfire flight over Southampton Water in his honour. Southampton was the ninth most bombed city in Britain during the Second World War. Over 1,500 Air Raid Warnings were broadcast in Southampton during the Second World War, with 57 heavy bombing attacks inflicted on the city. The worst raid was on the night of 30 November and 1 December, 1940. The Town Centre was virtually destroyed, 630 Citizens died, nearly 1,900 were injured 3,589 buildings were destroyed and over 40,000 damaged, 2,631 high explosive bombs and 30,652 incendiary bombs were recorded as having been dropped.
On 16 August 1940, at the age of 23, Nicholson was flying his Hurricane when he was attacked by German Messerschmitt BF110 fighters. He was hit by four cannon shells, two of which wounded him. His foot was badly wounded and almost blinded when a shard of plexiglass impaled in his eye, and his plane caught fire when a shell set fire to his fuel tank.
As he struggled to bale out, an enemy ME110 fighter came into his gunsights. Nicholson climbed back into his burning plane, shot the enemy, although as a result of staying in his burning aircraft he sustained serious burns to his hands, face, neck and legs, then bailed out again and parachuted to safety. Sadly, however, on landing he was shot by a member of the Home Guard who was on the way home from the pub. A crowd of people then attacked the drunken Home Guard man, breaking his arm and several ribs, so that when the ambulance arrived it was the Home Guard man who was taken to hospital in it. Nicholson was forced to endure an excruciatingly painful ride on the back of a lorry.
Fortunately by September 1941 he recovered and in 1942 Nicolson was posted to India, where he flew Bristol Beaufighters over Burma. During this time he was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross, although he died in an air accident in 1945. His Victoria Cross, the highest award that can be given to British and Commonwealth servicemen, is on display at the Royal Air Force Museum in Hendon.
Sea Wings 2000 was dedicated to the memory of Councillor Mike Andrews, Mayor of the City of Southampton and Airline Officer Peter Shave, an employee of Southampton Airport. During the initial planning of the Sea Wings 2000 event a publicity demonstration had been arranged to take place on 27 July 1998 showing how Southampton Water could still be used as a runway for flying boats. A Consolidated Catalina, an American flying boat of the 1930s and 40s, used by the US Navy during the Second World War, flew to Southampton Water for a publicity tour.
Tragically, the Catalina amphibian flying boat plunged into Southampton Water on take-off, and although the majority onboard survived, the two men drowned. Although there were brief calls to cancel the demonstration, instead it became a tribute to the tragedy.
1Although at Farnborough in north Hampshire the Farnborough International Air Show has been held since 1948. Since 2008 there has also been held the Bournemouth Air Display in nearby Dorset.2An international prize for aeroplanes capable of taking off and landing on water between 1913 and 1931. Britain won the contest in aircraft designed by RJ Mitchell at Supermarine in 1922, 1927, 1929 and 1931.3This happened after a merger with Daimler Airway, Handley Page Transport Ltd and Instone Air Line. Imperial Airways later merged with British Airways to become British Overseas Airway Corporation (BOAC), later to become British Airways after a merger with British European Airways in 1974.4A Flying Boat was originally conceived to be a boat that flies, and therefore different from a seaplane, which is an aeroplane that can land on water. In practical terms, a seaplane has floats instead of wheels to prevent the body of the plane touching the water, whereas a flying boat's fuselage is shaped like the hull of a boat and floats in the water. A flying boat is often, but not always, larger than a seaplane. Seaplanes were originally known as 'hydro-aeroplanes' until they were renamed 'seaplanes' by the then First Lord of the Admiralty and later Prime Minister, Sir Winston Churchill. Confusingly, in America, flying boats are known as seaplanes, and seaplanes are known as 'floatplanes'.5Although Fairey Aviation's main headquarters was at Hayes near London, with a large division in Manchester. Like Saunders-Roe, Fairey Aviation was later forcibly merged with Westlands in 1961.6May Harden & May were manufacturers of flying boat hulls.7Saunders-Roe were a company ahead of their time, going on to invent the hovercraft, build the world's largest flying boat, the first jet-powered flying boat and also rockets capable of launching satellites into space. They were forcibly merged with Westland Aircraft in 1961 to form the British Hovercraft Corporation.8The Canadair CL415 is nicknamed in America 'The Superscooper'. It is also known as the Bombardier 415 as Bombardier Aerospace purchased the Canadair company in 1986 and have since replaced the Canadair name. It was a modernised replacement for the Canadair CL215.9The US Air Force Canberra replaced the B-26 Invader with Canberras built under licence by Martin as the B-57 Canberra.10Westland and Agusta later merged in 2001.11Merlin engines powered aircraft including the Spitfire, Hurricane Boulton Paul Defiant, Fairey Battle, De Havilland Mosquito and North American Mustang fighters as well as the Wellington, Halifax and Lancaster bombers.12The Reno National Championship Air Races take place at the Reno Stead Airport in Nevada, America since 1964
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Stanford scientists advance thought-control computer cursor movement
On each side of the screen, a monkey moves a cursor with its thoughts, using the cursor to make contact with the colored ball. On the left, the monkey’s thoughts are decoded with the use of a mathematical algorithm known as Velocity. On the right, the monkey’s thoughts are decoded with a new algorithm known as ReFITT, with better results. The ReFIT system helps the monkey to click on 21 targets in 21 seconds, as opposed to just 10 clicks with the older system.
After those signals have been decoded through a mathematical algorithm, they can be used to control the movement of a cursor on a computer screen – in essence, the cursor is controlled by thoughts.
The work is part of a field known as neural prosthetics.
A team of Stanford researchers have now developed a new algorithm, known as ReFIT, that vastly improves the speed and accuracy of neural prosthetics that control computer cursors. The results were published Nov. 18 in the journal Nature Neuroscience in a paper by Krishna Shenoy, a professor of electrical engineering, bioengineering and neurobiology at Stanford, and a team led by research associate Dr. Vikash Gilja and bioengineering doctoral candidate Paul Nuyujukian.
In side-by-side demonstrations with rhesus monkeys, cursors controlled by the new algorithm doubled the performance of existing systems and approached performance of the monkey’s actual arm in controlling the cursor. Better yet, more than four years after implantation, the new system is still going strong, while previous systems have seen a steady decline in performance over time.
The system relies on a sensor implanted into the brain, which records “action potentials” in neural activity from an array of electrode sensors and sends data to a computer. The frequency with which action potentials are generated provides the computer important information about the direction and speed of the user’s intended movement.
The ReFIT algorithm that decodes these signals represents a departure from earlier models. In most neural prosthetics research, scientists have recorded brain activity while the subject moves or imagines moving an arm, analyzing the data after the fact. “Quite a bit of the work in neural prosthetics has focused on this sort of offline reconstruction,” said Gilja, the first author of the paper.
To test the new system, the team gave monkeys the task of mentally directing a cursor to a target – an onscreen dot – and holding the cursor there for half a second. ReFIT performed vastly better than previous technology in terms of both speed and accuracy.
Critical to ReFIT’s time-to-target improvement was its superior ability to stop the cursor. While the old model’s cursor reached the target almost as fast as ReFIT, it often overshot the destination, requiring additional time and multiple passes to hold the target.
The key to this efficiency was in the step-by-step calculation that transforms electrical signals from the brain into movements of the cursor onscreen. The team had a unique way of “training” the algorithm about movement. When the monkey used his arm to move the cursor, the computer used signals from the implant to match the arm movements with neural activity.
Next, the monkey simply thought about moving the cursor, and the computer translated that neural activity into onscreen movement of the cursor. The team then used the monkey’s brain activity to refine their algorithm, increasing its accuracy.
The team introduced a second innovation in the way ReFIT encodes information about the position and velocity of the cursor. Gilja said that previous algorithms could interpret neural signals about either the cursor’s position or its velocity, but not both at once. ReFIT can do both, resulting in faster, cleaner movements of the cursor.
Early research in neural prosthetics had the goal of understanding the brain and its systems more thoroughly, Gilja said, but he and his team wanted to build on this approach by taking a more pragmatic engineering perspective. “The core engineering goal is to achieve highest possible performance and robustness for a potential clinical device,” he said.
But the individual neuron approach has its drawbacks, Gilja said. “From an engineering perspective, the process of isolating single neurons is difficult, due to minute physical movements between the electrode and nearby neurons, making it error prone,” he said. ReFIT focuses on small groups of neurons instead of single neurons.
By abandoning the single-neuron approach, the team also reaped a surprising benefit: performance longevity. Neural implant systems that are fine-tuned to specific neurons degrade over time. It is a common belief in the field that after six months to a year they can no longer accurately interpret the brain’s intended movement. Gilja said the Stanford system is working very well more than four years later.
“Despite great progress in brain-computer interfaces to control the movement of devices such as prosthetic limbs, we’ve been left so far with halting, jerky, Etch-a-Sketch-like movements. Dr. Shenoy’s study is a big step toward clinically useful brain-machine technology that has faster, smoother, more natural movements,” said James Gnadt, a program director in Systems and Cognitive Neuroscience at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, part of the National Institutes of Health.
“We think we have a good chance of giving them something very useful,” he said. The team is now translating these innovations to people with paralysis as part of a clinical trial.
This research was funded by the Christopher and Dana Reeve Paralysis Foundation, the National Science Foundation, National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowships, Stanford Graduate Fellowships, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (“Revolutionizing Prosthetics” and “REPAIR”) and the National Institutes of Health (NINDS-CRCNS and Director’s Pioneer Award).
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Table of Contents -- hostile
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Noun hostile has 1 sense
Adjective hostile has 5 senses
hostilea. [L. hostilis, from hostis enemy: cf. F. hostile. See Host an army.].
Belonging or appropriate to an enemy; showing the disposition of an enemy; showing ill will and malevolence, or a desire to thwart and injure; occupied by an enemy or enemies; inimical; unfriendly; as, a hostile force; hostile intentions; a hostile country; hostile to a sudden change.
Syn. -- Warlike; inimical; unfriendly; antagonistic; opposed; adverse; opposite; contrary; repugnant.
An enemy; esp., an American Indian in arms against the whites; -- commonly in the plural. P. H. Sheridan. [1913 Webster]
hostile, adj.
1 of an enemy.
2 (often foll. by to) unfriendly, opposed.
hostile witness Law a witness who appears hostile to the party calling him or her and therefore untrustworthy.
hostilely adv.
F hostile or L hostilis (as HOST(1))
N contrariety, contrast, foil, antithesis, oppositeness, contradiction, antagonism, clashing, repugnance, inversion, the opposite, the reverse, the inverse, the converse, the antipodes, the antithesis, the other extreme, contrary, contrarious, contrariant, opposite, counter, dead against, converse, reverse, opposed, antithetical, contrasted, antipodean, antagonistic, opposing, conflicting, inconsistent, contradictory, at cross purposes, negative, hostile, differing toto coelo, diametrically opposite, diametrically opposed, as opposite as black and white, as opposite as light and darkness, as opposite as fire and water, as opposite as the poles, as different as night and day, Hyperion to a satyr, quite the contrary, quite the reverse, no such thing, just the other way, tout au contraire, contrarily, contra, contrariwise, per contra, on the contrary, nay rather, vice versa, on the other hand, all concord's born of contraries, Thesis, antithesis, synthesis.
N disagreement, discord, discordance, dissonance, dissidence, discrepancy, unconformity, incongruity, incongruence, discongruity, mesalliance, jarring, dissension, conflict, bickering, clashing, misunderstanding, wrangle, disparity, mismatch, disproportion, dissimilitude, inequality, disproportionateness, variance, divergence, repugnance, unfitness, inaptitude, impropriety, inapplicability, inconsistency, inconcinnity, irrelevancy, misjoining, misjoinder, syncretism, intrusion, interference, concordia discors, fish out of water, disagreeing, discordant, discrepant, at variance, at war, hostile, antagonistic, repugnant, incompatible, irreconcilable, inconsistent with, unconformable, exceptional, intrusive, incongruous, disproportionate, disproportionated, inharmonious, unharmonious, inconsonant, unconsonant, divergent, repugnant to, inapt, unapt, inappropriate, improper, unsuited, unsuitable, inapplicable, not to the point, unfit, unfitting, unbefitting, unbecoming, illtimed, unseasonable, mal a propos, inadmissible, inapposite, uncongenial, ill-assorted, ill-sorted, mismatched, misjoined, misplaced, misclassified, unaccommodating, irreducible, incommensurable, uncommensurable, unsympathetic, out of character, out of keeping, out of proportion, out of joint, out of tune, out of place, out of season, out of its element, at odds with, at variance with, in defiance, in contempt, in spite of, discordantly, a tort et a travers, asinus ad lyram.
N opposition, antagonism, oppugnancy, oppugnation, impugnation, contrariety, contravention, counteraction, counterplot, cross fire, undercurrent, head wind, clashing, collision, conflict, competition, two of a trade, rivalry, emulation, race, absence of aid, resistance, restraint, hindrance, opposing, opposed, adverse, antagonistic, contrary, at variance, at issue, at war with, unfavorable, unfriendly, hostile, inimical, cross, unpropitious, in hostile array, front to front, with crossed bayonets, at daggers drawn, up in arms, resistant, competitive, emulous, against, versus, counter to, in conflict with, at cross purposes, against the grain, against the current, against the stream, against the wind, against the tide, with a headwind, with the wind ahead, with the wind in one's teeth, in spite, in despite, in defiance, in the way, in the teeth of, in the face of, across, athwart, overthwart, where the shoe pinches, in spite of one's teeth, though, even, quand meme, per contra, nitor in adversum.
See related words and definitions of word "hostile" in Indonesian |
The sensitivity to x-ray and ultraviolet light of a thymine-requiring mutant of Escherichia coli, grown in the presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine, was determined after different periods of thymine starvation. The effect of previous irradiation of the cells with either x-ray or ultraviolet light on thymineless incubation was also observed. It was found that the bromodeoxyuridine-induced radiosensitization (both to x-rays and to ultraviolet light) could be reversed by previous thymine starvation. The bromodeoxyuridine-substituted cells preirradiated either with x-ray or with ultraviolet light showed a great percentage of cells which were more resistant to the lethal action of thymineless incubation than the unirradiated population.
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You are here: HomeToolkit › Nurture Nature (Resource ID 129)
Nurture nature
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Purpose: This resource will help 7-11 year olds understand the need to care for the environment
Duration: Four to five weeks
Category: The world and me
If you are a SAGALA leader who wants to order this badge contact The Mission Team
Category: Life Skills
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Average Total Assets
Average Total Assets
average total assets
While the ratios for Linda’s Jewelry company may seem positive, we would need to compare this number to the asset turnover ratio of other companies in the jewelry industry to be sure. Shareholders’ equity is the net of a company’s total assets and its total liabilities.
These investments might include things such as building facilities, land, machinery and fleet vehicles. Managers and analysts use the return on assets ratio as a measure of performance. Comparisons between industrywide and internal prior year ratios might indicate a need for a company to use its assets more efficiently. The first key measure is the Return on Assets ratio, also known as ROA.
Average Total Assets Formula
average total assets
Finally, increasing financial leverage means that the firm uses more debt financing relative to equity financing. Interest payments to creditors are tax-deductible, but dividend payments to shareholders are not.
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Liabilities are what a company owes, such as taxes, payables, salaries, and debt. The shareholders’ equity section displays the company’s retained earnings and the capital that has been contributed by shareholders.
If the firm takes on too much debt, the cost of debt rises as creditors demand a higher risk premium, and ROE decreases. Increased debt will make a positive contribution to a firm’s ROE only if the matching return on assets (ROA) of that debt exceeds the interest rate on the debt. The assets on the balance sheet consist of what a company owns or will receive in the future and which are measurable.
Since a company’s assets are either funded by debt or equity, some analysts and investors disregard the cost of acquiring the asset by adding back interest expense in the formula for ROA. Average total assets is defined as the average amount of assets recorded on a company’s balance sheet at the end of the current year and preceding year.
It’s the most commonly used benchmark for bank profitability since it measures the company’s return on investment in a format that is easily comparable with other institutions. ROA is a ratio of net income produced by total assets during a period of time. In other words, it measures how efficiently a company can manage its assets to produce profits. Return on equity (ROE) is a measure of financial performance calculated by dividing net income by shareholders’ equity.
Essentially, ROE will equal the net profit margin multiplied by asset turnover multiplied by financial leverage. Splitting return on equity into three parts makes it easier to understand changes in ROE over time. For example, if the net margin increases, every sale brings in more money, resulting in a higher overall ROE. Similarly, if the asset turnover increases, the firm generates more sales for every unit of assets owned, again resulting in a higher overall ROE.
This figure is most commonly used in comparison to the total sales figure for the current year, to determine the amount of assets required to support a certain amount of sales. This is a useful comparison, since a low asset level in comparison to sales implies that the management team is making highly efficient use of its assets in running the business. But if that company takes on financial leverage, its ROE would rise above its ROA. By taking on debt, a company increases its assets thanks to the cash that comes in.
ROE is a metric of how well the company utilizes its equity to generate profits. When a company consistently produces a low return on assets percentage, it may indicate a problem with its strategic management. If it purchases too much land, buildings and equipment, its assets and capital expenditures rapidly increase.
• The primary differentiator between ROE and ROA is financialleverage or debt.
Essentially, ROE only measures the return on a company’s equity, leaving out the liabilities. The more leverage and debt a company takes on, the higher ROE will be relative to ROA. Return on assets (ROA) is an indicator of how profitable a company is relative to its total assets.
The primary differentiator between ROE and ROA is financialleverage or debt. Although ROE and ROA are different measures of management effectiveness, the DuPont Identity formula shows how closely related they are. The DuPont formula, also known as the strategic profit model, is a common way to decompose ROE into three important components.
How do you calculate average total assets?
Average total assets can be calculated by using total assets value at the end of the current year plus total assets value at the end of the previous year and then divide the result by two.
Thus, a higher proportion of debt in the firm’s capital structure leads to higher ROE. Financial leverage benefits diminish as the risk of defaulting on interest payments increases.
Interpreting Asset Turnover Ratio
As with return on capital, a ROE is a measure of management’s ability to generate income from the equity available to it. ROE is also a factor in stock valuation, in association with other financial ratios. While higher ROE ought intuitively to imply higher stock prices, in reality, predicting the stock value of a company based on its ROE is dependent on too many other factors to be of use by itself. Net revenue is taken directly from the income statement, while total assets is taken from the balance sheet. If a company is in operation for more than one year, the average of the assets for each year must be calculated.
In corporate finance, the return on equity (ROE) is a measure of the profitability of a business in relation to the equity. Because shareholder’s equity can be calculated by taking all assets and subtracting all liabilities, ROE can also be thought of as a Return on Assets Minus Liabilities. ROE measures how many dollars of profit are generated for each dollar of shareholder’s equity.
Shareholders’ equity represents the net worth of a company and helps to determine its financial health. Shareholders’ equity is the amount of money that would be left over if the company paid off all liabilities such as debt in the event of a liquidation. ROE and ROA are important components in banking for measuring corporate performance.
What is included in average total assets?
To calculate the average total assets, add the total assets for the current year to the total assets for the previous year,and divide by two.
average total assets
This might backfire if actual sales and income do not meet management’s growth projections. Management may also use the company’s assets poorly if it inappropriately disperses its production facilities and responsibilities. Consolidation or the integration of several functions, such as warehousing and order fulfillment, may be a more efficient solution. Companies use the return on assets (ROA) ratio to determine whether they are earning enough money from capital investments.
How to Calculate Asset Turnover Ratio: Formula & Example
But since shareholder equity equals assets minus total debt, a company decreases its equity by increasing debt. The way that a company’s debt is taken into account is the main difference between ROE and ROA. In the absence of debt, shareholder equity and the company’s total assets will be equal. ROE is especially used for comparing the performance of companies in the same industry.
Because shareholders’ equity is equal to a company’s assets minus its debt, ROE could be thought of as the return on net assets. Both ROA and return on equity (ROE) are measures of how a company utilizes its resources.
For the balance sheet to balance, total assets should equal the total of liabilities and shareholders’ equity. Remember total assets is also the sum of its total liabilities and shareholder’s equity. Both of these types of financing are used to fund the operations of the company. |
An Explanation Of How Apple's Mac Book Was A Revolutionary Device School Essay
1355 words - 6 pages
It has been years since we have been introduced to Apple’s spectacular Macintosh
computer. Each year, Apple makes changes to the computers, delivering a better and better
experience. They have come to a computer like no other: one with an improved design, while
still holding up a beautiful display. The keyboard is completely reimagined for a smoother typing
experience. The interior of the computer is smaller, but new breakthroughs in hardware have
made it do much more. And finally, this hardware is topped off by beautiful, seamless software.
This is the future of technology, one of Apple’s most
reinvented computers: the MacBook.
Display and Design
The MacBook has a sleek outside that makes it
thinner and lighter, only weighing a record-breaking amount of two pounds (2.03). It is only 13.1
millimeters thick, and has a 12-inch retina display. Made from completely eco-friendly
materials, this MacBook earned the highest rating of Gold from EPEAT. This computer had
three colors: Space Gray, Gold, and Silver. In early 2016, Apple added a new color: the currently
popular Rose Gold. The computer’s extra charging ports were
removed so that the computer could be thinner as a whole. The new
USB-C port, a thin, small port, is the only port on the computer.
The USB-C is only one third of the size of the standard USB-3 port.
This doesn't mean that the USB port and headphone jack are gone. They are now part of an
adapter that you can plug on to the USB-C port.
The MacBook’s 12-inch retina display is like nothing we have ever seen before. A higher
quality screen than most high definition screens bring crisp, colorful images to life. Most high
definition computers have a 1920 by 1080 display, while the MacBook’s display is at an amazing
2204 by 1440. There is a larger aperture in each pixel, making it more energy efficient. There is
also a reduced space between display components for a tighter design. The display is extremely
high quality, but that is not the only breakthrough. The display is also the thinnest display ever
on a Mac, at 0.88 millimeters. This computer has the thinnest and highest quality display ever on
a Mac.
The display and new exterior are not the only components of
the reimagined design. Apple went as far as to reimagine the
trackpad of the computer. People have faced the problem of wanting
to click somewhere at the top of the trackpad, but instead having to click on the bottom left
corner. With the MacBook, this is no longer a problem. With the new Force touch trackpad, it is
clickable everywhere. However, that is not the most important change that the force touch
trackpad provides. It also introduces the new “secondary click”, an action that is activated by
pressing harder on the trackpad. The amount of force used to press the trackpad would be sensed
by a taptic engine, which would transmit it into an action.
The MacBook’s keyboard was to be almost entirely redesigned. The keys were made
17% larger, and there was a change...
how stalingrad was a major turning point of ww2 - judd school - research paper
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Explanation essay of survicing a boiler - writing 110 uaa - essay
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How was the Industrial Revolution a big part of History?
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Donnie Darko - Detailed Summary/Explanation And Analysis Of Themes & Film Techniques. 'How Is Donnie Darko Relevant To An Imaginary/Inner Journey?'
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1338 words - 6 pages lives of many families. Anything within a Hurricane's path will be torn into pieces. I made decision like an unpredictable hurricane. The amount of devastation caused by my actions were increased by the bad environment that I surrounded myself during my high school years. My peer’s that surrounded me in high school help generated the hurricane I was. The choices I made created a big impact in my life because it had the same cause and effect just
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607 words - 3 pages ] peas the size of beets..." (106). This has come true to some extent; we can now genetically engineer fruits to suit our needs, or even splice different genes and make new fruits.However, the article does generalize too often. It states that "the visionaries predicted a benevolent bureaucracy on an unprecedented scale". Those "visionaries" were obviously American or European. During that particular time the industrial revolution was strong and
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875 words - 4 pages . Under Kings order Beowulf was told to defeat Grendel’s mother. It is believed that Grendel is the outcome of an affair between the King and Grendel’s mother, scandal. When Beowulf “defeats” Grendel’s mother, King Hrothgar passes his power down to Beowulf. Decades have passed and a dragon now attacks the kingdom and Beowulf being thy king must defend his kingdom. Beowulf completes a hard fought victory between himself and the dragon almost costing |
Rhizomes Basics
Rhizomes of Mexican American Art since 1848 is a digital portal that will aggregate Mexican American art and related documentation from dozens of digital collections in libraries, archives, and museums located throughout the United States. The free portal will provide access to Mexican American art and material culture, from 1848 to the present, via any networked computer in the world, including smartphones! Once operational, Rhizomes will allow single-search access to an exponentially richer collection of Mexican American art and relevant materials than could ever be made available through a single library or museum. This means that Rhizomes will especially benefit users without in-person access to major art history libraries or museums, and expand the capacity for more researchers at all levels to do comparative research between institutions and across disciplines without the need for extensive travel for preliminary investigations.
National Museum of Mexican Art (Chicago, IL)
An interdisciplinary and cross-institution tool is necessary since Mexican American art encompasses the pre-modern, modern, and post-modern, and engages in a visual and ideological play of cultures. For instance, New Mexican santeros (sculptors) employ styles and woodcarving techniques of the Spanish colonial period in their saints but also appropriate imagery relevant to the present. Meanwhile, conceptual artists forego the universal to advocate politically pointed declarations, while installation artists present and critique current issues in their altares while visually integrating 500 years of sacred representation and tradition. Although the earliest studies of Mexican American art focus on 1960s and 1970s prints and murals, recent scholarship also considers contributions of installations, new media, and what has historically been dubbed “folk art.” Rhizomes showcases the artistic innovations and traditions of art-making not considered by mainstream American art history.
Mexic-Arte Museum (Austin, TX)
On a more practical level, Rhizomes will address factors that hinder full consideration of Mexican American art within mainstream art histories and teaching. At the most basic level, access and discoverability have been and remain issues, while isolation of art collections at museums and libraries has impeded research and public access. Although state-based aggregating portals, such as Calisphere, have improved discoverability and access, they are limited by geography. Additionally, small arts collections and organizations remain obscured from the broader public. Finally, site-based and online cataloguing systems are inconsistent in how they use search terms as well as how they segregate between “folk” and “fine” art. Rhizomes employs culturally-informed descriptors that enhance discoverability across geographic regions since 1848, the moment when Mexicans living in the American Southwest were ratified as United States citizens with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
The Bancroft Library (Berkeley, CA)
According to the US Census, the Mexican-origin community comprises 11% of the nation’s total population, making it the second largest ethnic or racial group in the country. Mexican Americans now live in all fifty states. With this demographic shift, the Humanities, at both K-12 and university levels, have witnessed significant growth in the study of Mexican American history, culture, and art. Rhizomes will thus allow that growing population, and the general public, to explore an emerging area of cultural and intellectual inquiry. Once operational, Rhizomes will facilitate this evolving field—across time and geography—and make possible new research yet unimagined.
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Industrial PCs For Dusty Environments
Industrial Computers For Dusty Environments
While some industrial spaces restrict the amount of dust circulating throughout the facility, the matter of the fact is that most industrial facilities harbor dust and other pollutants. While workers can easily avoid this dust, their industrial computers may not be as lucky. Typical industrial computers require outside air be brought into the case in order to cool off the delicate central processing units (CPUs), normally via a fan based cooling system. Without proper cooling, CPUs can overheat, rendering the entire industrial computer useless.
However, the very same system that preserves the integrity of the CPU can actually cause long term harm as well. Fan based cooling systems excel in environments where air is filtered on a regular basis, such as in offices or at home, but falter when used in dusty environments. CPUs are cooled when their fans pass cool air through what is known as a heat sink, which appears as a metal comb elongated so that it’s teeth are inches wide. Typically, heat transfers from the CPU to the teeth of the heat sink, where cool air circulated by the fan removes the heat from the heat sink to the outside of the case.
In a dusty environment, the air brought in by the industrial computer’s fan slowly builds up along the channels between the heat sink’s teeth. Overtime, the heatsink’s channels begin to be impassable to fresh air, and the heatsink has no way of expelling heat. The heatsink continuously heats up, and eventually the excess heat begins damaging the CPU.
Fanless Computers: Working Where Others Can’t
Fanless computers are an elegant solution to this conundrum, circulating no air throughout the body of the industrial computer. Without a fan, no dust builds up in the industrial computer and it remains functional even in the dustiest of environments. Fanless computers function in the same way traditional industrial computers operate, except that they feature a passive cooling system.
This passive cooling system is just as, if not more, reliable than fan based cooling systems without opening up the industrial computer to the dusty environment it exists in. The industrial PC fanless solution solves one of the biggest problems for industrial computers, opening them up to a wider range of use.
Industrial PC Fanless Solution: Rugged Mini E3
The Rugged Mini E3 Is One Industrial PC Fanless Solution
The Rugged Mini E3 Is One Industrial PC Fanless Solution
Without a fan, the Rugged Mini E3 from Tangent makes full use of the industrial PC fanless solution. Capable of working environments where temperatures can reach up to a scorching 158°F, the Rugged Mini E3 is one fanless computer that proves fans are not necessary to maintain proper cooling. With up to 32 gigabytes of RAM and a 6th Intel processor, the Rugged Mini E3 fanless computer can easily handle any industrial program you throw at it.
Industrial PC Fanless Solution: Rugged Mini S
The Rugged Mini S Is One Industrial PC Fanless Solution
The Rugged Mini S Is One Industrial PC Fanless Solution
Proving that industrial computing power does not have to be limited to a desk, the Rugged Mini S from Tangent is built to be used on the go. As an in-vehicle computer, the Rugged Mini S is capable of utilizing a wide range of voltages starting as low as 9 VDC and up to 28 VDC. With this kind of versatility, the Rugged Mini S fanless computer is the perfect companion for nearly every worker in a vehicle. With built-in Wifi and Bluetooth, the Rugged Mini S is capable of being used anywhere in a facility, and especially while on the move.
Industrial PC Fanless Solution: Rugged Mini G
The Rugged Mini G Is One Industrial PC Fanless Solution
The Rugged Mini G Is One Industrial PC Fanless Solution
Whether it’s in a mill, foundry, or factory, the Rugged Mini G Fanless Computer from Tangent is ready to excel. With an operating temperature range of 14° to 131°F, the Rugged Mini G is capable of handling life in facilities with wide fluctuations in temperature with ease. This fanless computer comes with either Wall Mount, VESA 75/100, or DIN Rail mounting systems, making it a flexible addition to your industrial computer fleet.
Industrial PC Fanless Solutions: The Right Choice
While every facility has its own unique needs, there is not a single one that won’t benefit from the introduction of fanless computers. With fanless computers, your industrial computers can operate longer with less maintenance and perform in environments where their fan based peers simply cannot.
Fanless Industrial PCs For Every Sector
Industrial PCs have come a long way since their original implementation, and the rise of the internet has made these Industrial PCs both invaluable and necessary tools for every industrial sector. In a time where productivity is falling in the factory setting, the concerted use of industrial PCs to create smart factories is proving to be even more necessary, and may very well help save U.S. manufacturing. One of the biggest problems with creating a smart factory is the very same thing that makes them possible: the implementation of industrial PCs in nearly every aspect of a factory.
Simply put, not every Industrial PC is capable of being deployed in any location in a facility. While many Industrial PCs do just fine sitting in the office or above a conveyor belt, they may falter in environments where actual production occurs. Fanless Industrial PCs offer a compelling solution to this conundrum, surviving and thriving in the bowels of chemical, automotive, and even material industrial facilities.
Rugged Mini E3 Industrial Computer
Fanless Industrial PCs Go Where Others Cannot
Transforming your industrial facility into a smart factory requires much more than giving all your employees the latest smartphone. A smart factory requires a network of sensors, microcontrollers, trackers, and most importantly Industrial PCs across the entire facility to truly make the differences seen by the early adopters of such strategies as previously described. Fanless industrial PCs help achieve this goal by going where other industrial PCs cannot. Fanless industrial PCs, like the Rugged Mini E3 from Tangent, feature a passive cooling system devoid of openings. Without a gaping opening that constantly circulates air through their enclosures, fanless Industrial PCs are able to operate in environments where dust, liquids, and metal shavings are a fact of life.
Rugged Mini O
Rugged Mini O
Less Maintenance, More Productivity
Keeping your Industrial PCs up and running is crucial to the smart factory mission, and the longer it takes to maintain your industrial PCs the less productive they are. Fanless Industrial PCs, like the Rugged Mini O from Tangent, require significantly less maintenance than their fan-based counterparts as their solid enclosure does not let pollutants in, keeping their delicate components safe. What’s more, dust build up promotes component overheating, leading to a decrease in Industrial PC lifespan and in severe cases can fry the CPU, rending the entire Industrial PC useless. Fanless Industrial PCs bypass this problem entirely, letting your IT staff worry about the big picture, not dusting schedules.
Mini C1 Industrial Computer
Fanless Industrial PCs: No Compromise
Fanless Industrial PCs may lack fans, but they make no compromises when it comes to surviving the most extreme temperatures. Whether near a forge or in a refrigerated facility, fanless industrial PCs like the Rugged Mini C1 from Tangent are capable of withstanding temperature ranges from as cold as -40°F to as hot as 144°F with ease. Truly, fanless industrial PCs are the glue that can hold your burgeoning smart factory together, going where other industrial PCs cannot. |
Since advertisements pertaining to alcohol are one of the major sources of revenue for the print media this might place them in a tight spot
Considering the immense damage that alcohol consumption is doing to the health of those who partake of it and society as a whole the government has brought out a new policy on the sale and distribution of alcohol. The Cabinet approved the “National Alcohol Control Policy, 2073” Monday. From now on, as per the policy, alcohol bottles should display the pictures of damaged livers and hearts from alcohol consumption. This should cover 75 per cent of the bottle and also include prominently the message that “alcohol is harmful to health”. Excessive drinking of alcohol can cause a number of diseases which are non-communicable. Prominent among these are diseases of the heart, kidney and liver. Alcohol abuse is also responsible for road accidents through drink driving and also domestic violence. According to a health survey carried out in 2011, about 70 per cent of the spouses of inebriated husbands suffer from physical violence. Consumption of alcohol is also the cause of many serious crimes, including murder. The policy envisages that no alcohol would be served at public functions like marriage parties. The sale of alcohol by retailers would be prohibited from 5am to 7pm. Moreover, it is not permitted to buy more than one litre of alcohol at one time. The World Health Organization has put forth several strategies to reduce deaths caused by alcohol consumption and Nepal has officially adopted it. Minors should also not be sold alcohol. The retailers selling alcohol should have special permits. In case the alcohol they sell is adulterated or whose date is expired they should face the music. The WHO states that 25 per cent of the deaths of those aged between 20 to 39 are due to alcohol. Worldwide 3.3 million deaths every year are attributed to alcohol abuse. This is a staggering 5.9 per cent of all deaths. There is already a government policy to deal with tobacco products as well to control the tobacco related diseases. Although the government makes a lot of revenue through their sales, it has to pay more for the treatment of the diseases blamed on tobacco use and alcohol consumption. Now the advertisement of alcohol, like tobacco, will no longer be permitted in the print media too. Earlier they were banned only in the electronic media. The policy bans the alcohol companies from using actresses of films, tele-dramas, news and also entertainment programmes. The display of the brand logo of alcohol production would also not be entertained at any cost. Since advertisements pertaining to alcohol are one of the major sources of revenue for the print media this might place them in a tight spot. But this is justified considering the enormous damage that excessive consumption of alcohol is doing. Moreover, that workers spend 15 per cent of their earnings on alcohol is another food for thought. Overall, the new government policy on the sale and distribution of alcohol should therefore be taken up positively as it would be doing more good than harm. However, the implementation should be strict and there should be no room for exceptions and loopholes.
Oil theft The oil tanker drivers’ protest programme has disrupted the supply of petroleum products in the Kathmandu Valley, triggering a panic among vehicle owners who have been lining up at the petrol pumps fearing shortages. This has artificially hiked the demand, making it difficult to provide diesel and petrol according to demand despite the fact that the Nepal Oil Corporation has doubled their supply to the petrol pumps. The oil tanker drivers’ organization has put forward several demands, and to address some of them it would be necessary to amend the petroleum products transportation regulations. The NOC is reported to have agreed to address their demands. For example, the drivers’ complaints that the dealers they work for do not give them salaries or give a very low amount should be seriously investigated and the NOC should ensure that they get their due. But the regulation that requires a penalty of double the price of the oil stolen is fair, and has also been applied in many other cases. Its withdrawal would only encourage oil theft. In this case, the NOC must stay firm. Allowing anybody to disrupt essential services also exposes the government’s weakness because disruption of essential services is prohibited and punishable. |
Saturday, September 3, 2016
DSP on an Embedded Processor
Doing digital signal processing on a teeny weeny Arduino processor requires some trade-offs, since it is slow and doesn't have much memory. However, bear in mind that today's embedded processors are faster than yesteryear's DSPs, so all you need to do, is use yesteryear's methods!
What it mostly amounts to, is careful use of integers and shifts, instead of floating point numbers and multiplies. If you can, limit multiplies, divides and buffer sizes to powers of 2. That affords enormous speed optimizations.
Circular Buffers
For example, let's filter input from an 8 or 10 bit A/D on a little 16 bit embedded processor. This usually requires a low pass filter. A simple low pass filter is a moving average and to do that, you need to keep a buffer of old data values.
If you are smart, then you will set up a circular buffer with 10 values, but if you are smarter, then you will use a buffer with 8 or 16 values instead - why?
If the buffer size is a power of 2, then you can make the index wrap around automagically with a simple bit wise AND function, thus making management of the circular buffer quite trivial.
Say the data buffer size is 16, with a read and write index r and w:
unsigned int buffer[16];
unsigned int r = 0;
unsigned int w = 0;
Then you can post increment the index with w++ and make it wrap with AND 0x000F, like so:
buffer[w++] = data;
w &= 0x000F;
The index w will then wrap around to zero when it reaches 16, without the use of any complicating ifs, thens elses or buts!
Do the same thing when you read from the buffer.
How do you know when the buffer is full/empty?
Easy, when r == w, then you are in trouble and the buffer is either full or empty, depending on what you are doing. As easy as pi...
Maintaining Precision
When doing mathematics in integers, the fractional amounts that you can lose during calculations can add up over time and cause wild inaccuracy. You can mitigate this problem by scaling.
Simply multiply the A/D input value by 16 immediately and eventually when you output a result, divide by 16. That provides 4 fractional bits for precision on the bottom end and you still have a few bits on the top end for overflows.
The above example then becomes:
buffer[w++] = data << 4;
w &= 0x000F;
Hanning Filter
Everybody uses some sort of moving average low pass filters, so just to be different, I'll describe a Hanning filter instead.
y[k] = (x[k] + 2x[k-1] + x[k-2]) / 4
This filter only needs 4 variables, and you can multiply with one shift and divide with two shifts:
y[k] = (x[k] + x[k-1]<<1 + x[k-2]) >>2
You can use a 4 long data buffer and rotate the index through it in a circle, same as above:
Save new data, pointer++, pointer & 0x0003
Read old data, pointer++, pointer & 0x0003
Read older data, pointer++, pointer & 0x0003
You are now ready to save new data again.
So with a little bit of head scratching you can implement a Hanning filter very efficiently.
Moving Average
A rolling mean can be calculated on the fly without a buffer:
Take 1/8 of the current input data x(k) and add it to 7/8 of the previous output data y(k-1).
This yields the new output data y(k).
y[k] = (7 * y[k-1] + x[k]) / 8
Now how do you do that on a small processor that cannot multiply and divide efficiently?
Divide by 8 is easy:
y = x >> 3
Multiply by seven? Multiply by 8 and subtract again
y = x << 3
y -= x
The result has similar complexity to the Hanning filter above.
GPS Position Filter
To use a GPS receiver in a toy, one needs to stabilize the received position data. The cheap toy GPS data typically varies by +-7 meters or worse. Considering that a typical backyard is not much bigger, this makes it hard to use GPS for navigation of a model car or airplane.
A toy car moves slowly, so you can use a heavy handed low pass filter on the latitude and longitude as above, but it really is only useful when you play in a large park and you have a large battery and good obstacle avoidance sensors, since GPS alone won't keep your toy on a pathway.
La voila!
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Law of Leptines
ancient Athens
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Law of Leptines, (354 bc), ancient Athenian tax measure, subject of an early speech of the orator Demosthenes. The law, named for the man who proposed it, was backed by the Athenian statesman Aristophon; it sought to raise money for the state by eliminating hereditary tax exemptions granted to certain families for their public services. Demosthenes opposed it in his oration “Against the Law of Leptines.”
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Behavioural activation for depression
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 January 2018
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A formal therapy for depression, behavioural activation focuses on activity scheduling to encourage patients to approach activities that they are avoiding and on analysing the function of cognitive processes (e.g. rumination) that serve as a form of avoidance. Patients are thus refocused on their goals and valued directions in life. The main advantage of behavioural activation over traditional cognitive–behavioural therapy for depression is that it may be easier to train staff in it and it can be used in both in-patient and out-patient settings. This article describes the theory and rationale of behavioural activation, its evidence base and how to develop a formulation that guides the strategy.
Research Article
Copyright © The Royal College of Psychiatrists 2008
Over three decades ago, Reference FersterFerster (1973) developed a model of depression based on learning theory: it stated that when people become depressed, many of their activities function as avoidance and escape from aversive thoughts, feelings or external situations. Depression therefore occurs when a person develops a narrow repertoire of passive behaviour and efficiently avoids aversive stimuli. As a consequence, someone with depression engages less frequently in pleasant or satisfying activities and obtains less positive reinforcement than someone without depression. Reference Lewinsohn, Biglan, Zeiss and DavidsonLewinsohn et al (1976) developed the first behavioural treatment of depression, in which patients increased the number of both pleasant activities and positive interactions with their social environment. Several promising trials were conducted but these were forgotten with the emergence of cognitive therapy for depression in the 1980s.
Reference Jacobson, Dobson and TruaxJacobson et al (1996) set up an important study to assess the value of the components of cognitive therapy. They randomised 150 people with depression to three groups: activity scheduling; activity scheduling plus cognitive challenges to automatic thoughts; and activity scheduling plus cognitive challenges to automatic thoughts, core beliefs and assumptions (full cognitive therapy). They found no statistically or clinically significant differences between the groups and concluded that the cognitive component was redun dant. This outcome remained at 2-year follow-up (Reference Gortner, Gollan and DobsonGortner et al, 1998). Subsequent meta-analyses of 17 studies involving over 1000 participants (Cuijpers et al, 2006; Reference Ekers, Richards and GilbodyEkers et al, 2007) found no difference in efficacy between behavioural approaches and cognitive therapy in the treatment of depression in adults. Activity scheduling has also been used with success in people with dementia, after the training of their caregivers (Reference Teri, Logsdon and UomotoTeri et al, 1997), and in psychiatric in-patients with depression (Reference Hopko, Lejuez and LepageHopko et al, 2003a ).
In a literature review Reference Longmore and WorrellLongmore & Worrell (2007) found little evidence that challenging the content of thoughts significantly increased the effectiveness of cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) and little empirical support for the causative role of cognitive change in the symptomatic improvements achieved in the therapy. The review did not, however, include some of the more recent studies in anxiety disorders, which have found cognitive approaches to enhance graded exposure and response prevention.
Theory and rationale of behavioural activation
Behavioural activation is a development of activity scheduling, which is a component of cognitive therapy. Introduced by Reference Martell, Addis and JacobsonMartell et al (2001), it has two primary focuses: the use of avoided activities as a guide for activity scheduling and functional analysis of cognitive processes that involve avoidance (a glossary of terms appears in Box 1). A simpler version of activity scheduling without a functional analysis of cognitive processes is described by Reference Hopko, Lejuez and RuggieroHopko et al (2003b).
Box 1 Glossary of terms
Activity scheduling
In behavioural activation, this a way of structuring one's day according to activities that are avoided and which is consistent with one's valued directions
Behavioural activation
An evidence-based treatment for depression by Reference Martell, Addis and JacobsonMartell et al (2001). One of the family of behavioural and cognitive psychotherapies
Cognitive fusion
Ways in which thoughts, images or associations from the past become fused with reality and guide one's behaviour
Contextual functional analysis
Analysis of the function of typical cognitive processes and behaviours: a way of identifying antecedents and consequences of a response, used to determine the factors that maintain depressed mood (see Box 3)
Box 3 Contextual functional analysis: the ABCDE
The following questions might be asked of a patient who believes they are worthless.
Antecedents or context
In what situations in the past have you thought that you were worthless?
Behaviour and cognitive processes in response
What do you do next when you think you are worthless? Does your way of responding include a pattern of avoidance (e.g. staying home, not answering the phone, going to bed and ruminating)?
What immediate effect does this activity have? Does it make you feel more comfortable? Does it stop you feeling or thinking something painful? What unintended effects does this activity have? Does it make you feel more hopeless, tired or depressed? What effect does this activity have on others? Do they get annoyed and critical?
What alternative activities could you choose that are in keeping with your goals and valued directions?
What effect did following your goal or valued direction have?
Development formulation
Similar to a standard psychiatric formulation, but with the emphasis on the social context – factors such as loss, interpersonal conflict or changes in role – and the way in which these factors have led the patient to cope
Valued direction
What is important in one's life. Values are not goals – they are more like a guiding compass and must be lived out by committed action
Behavioural activation is grounded in learning theory and contextual functionalism. It is not about scheduling pleasant or satisfying events (as in the first stage of cognitive therapy). It does not focus on an internal cause of depression such as thoughts, inner conflicts or serotonergic dysfunction. The focus is on the whole event and variables that may influence the occurrence of unhelpful responses – both overt behaviour and cognitive processes. Contextualisation takes a pragmatic approach, looking at what predicts and maintains an unhelpful response by various reinforcers that prevent the person from reaching their goals.
During their first sessions the rationale behind the therapy is outlined clearly for the patient. The therapist gives positive explanation for the patient's symptoms and seeks feedback to illustrate how the patient's solutions are the problem, maintaining their distress and handicap. For example, a patient might be told that their depression is highly understandable given the context in which they find themselves (perhaps a conflict in a relationship or a significant loss). The experience of depression is regarded as a consequence of avoiding or escaping from aversive thoughts or feelings (called ‘experiential avoidance’). It is emphasised that this, too, is an entirely understandable and natural response.
As therapy progresses, patients are taught how to analyse the unintended consequences of their ways of responding, including inactivity and ruminating (e.g. trying to find reasons for the past or attempting to solve insoluble problems). They are shown that the effect of their ways of coping is that they become withdrawn and avoid both their normal activities and social interaction. This in turn leads to deeper depression, more rumination and missing out on experiences in life that normally bring satisfaction or pleasure. Furthermore, the way they act affects their environment and other people in a way that can aggravate the depression.
Assessment and formulation
A development formulation (Box 2) is made that focuses on social context and the way in which this has shaped the patient's coping behaviours. In each session, the therapist tries to determine what contextual factors are involved in the way the individual is thinking and feeling and how that person responds to whatever factors seem to be maintaining their depressed mood. The key issue in the formulation is determining the nature of the avoidance and escape, and using this to guide the planning of alternative ‘approaching’ behaviours.
Box 2 Examples of avoidance in depression
Social withdrawal
1. Not answering the telephone
2. Avoiding friends
Non-social avoidance
1. Not taking on challenging tasks
2. Sitting around the house
3. Spending excessive time in bed
Cognitive avoidance
1. Not thinking about relationship problems
2. Not making decisions about the future
3. Not taking opportunities
4. Not being serious about work or education
5. Ruminating on trying to explain the past or solve insoluble problems
Avoidance by distraction
1. Watching rubbish on television
2. Playing computer games
3. Gambling
4. Comfort-eating
5. Excessive exercise
Emotional avoidance
1. Use of alcohol and other substances
Figure 1 shows the formulation for a 45-year-old married man who has been made redundant and is avoiding seeking a new job and making any decisions. His depression is explained as a consequence of his avoidance or escaping from thoughts of failure and feelings of shame. Avoidance leads to low levels of positive reinforcement and a narrowing of his normal repertoires. The diagram highlights the various secondary coping strategies that maintain the experience of being depressed. These appear in the circles surrounding the central, shaded circle, much as petals on a flower. Behavioural activation aims to break off each of these ‘petals’, to help the individual to use approaching rather than avoiding behaviours and to become active despite their negative feelings or lack of motivation.
Fig. 1 A formulation of depression in a married man who has been made redundant and is avoiding seeking a new job and making decisions.
Secondary coping behaviours are targeted in all types of depression, but especially when the individual is unaware of precipitating factors or, in chronic depression, when there is no obvious trigger or onset. In individuals who have a biological vulnerability, whose depression may come ‘out of the blue’ (without any apparent context), the formulation still focuses on their reaction to the experience of being depressed and their escape from aversive thoughts and feelings, which are the immediate reinforcers of their illness.
An activity log may be kept to assess the individual's pattern of responding and the link with alterations in mood. It may also be used to assess the breadth or restriction of activity, which can then be discussed during sessions. Avoidance can take many forms (Box 2) and the Cognitive– Behavioural Avoidance Scale (Reference Ottenbreit and DobsonOttenbreit & Dobson, 2004) can help in assessing the degree of avoidance across different domains. Any activity may be subject to a contextual functional analysis, and individuals are taught to conduct their own analysis of their way of coping with a situation to determine whether it is helpful and what is being avoided. They are shown that they do have a choice. If they choose to use avoidance, they should monitor its effect on their mood. They can be encouraged to conduct a behavioural experiment to compare the effect of avoidance or rumination with that of approaching behaviours, perhaps on alternate days, and to record the effect on their mood and distress.
Goals and valued directions
All patients should have clearly defined goals in the short, medium and long term that are related to their avoidance and can be incorporated into activity scheduling and regularly monitored. Sometimes the goals will compete and then only some of them will be met. Goals should include a return to normal work and social roles as soon as possible. For those who have been out of work for a long period, part-time work in a voluntary capacity or retraining might be appropriate.
A feature borrowed from acceptance and commitment therapy (Reference Hayes, Strosahl and WilsonHayes et al, 1999) is to identify the individual's valued directions and what they want their life to stand for. The activity schedule that they draw up can then be focused not only on what they are avoiding but also on what is important to them (although the two often overlap).
The Valued Living Questionnaire (Reference Hayes, Strosahl and WilsonHayes et al, 1999) is a useful instrument for helping individuals identify their valued directions. It offers prompts for different types of value (‘areas’), about which the individual writes a brief statement. Patients should be warned not to follow values simply because others will approve.
Values (valued directions) are not goals – they are more like a compass and must be lived out by committed action. Thus, getting married is a goal, but being a good partner is a value: you never reach your destination as there is always something more you can do. If a valued direction in life is to be a good parent, then the first goal for a depressed patient might be to spend a specified time each day playing, reading or talking with their child.
Like standard CBT, a typical behavioural activation session has a structured agenda to review the homework and the progress towards the goals, to discuss feedback on the previous session and to focus on one or two specific issues. The number of sessions to treat depression would be between 12 and 24. Homework is more likely to be carried out if the individual is actively engaged in setting it and if there are agreed times or places when it will be carried out. Sessions are collaborative and the patient is expected to be active and to try to generate solutions. Like CBT, behavioural activation is not didactic but takes the form of a Socratic dialogue. Sessions are best video- or audio-taped for the patient to listen to again and for therapist supervision.
The context of the relationship with the therapist is important. Techniques of functional analytic psychotherapy (Reference Kohlenberg, Kanter, Bolling, Hayes, Follette and LinehanKohlenberg et al, 2004) introduce learning theory into the therapeutic relationship, showing how it can enhance change towards the goals. It brings the patient's attention to what they are currently thinking, feeling and doing about the therapist and the therapeutic relationship. The therapist identifies behaviours within the session that are examples of the patient's problems and uses their own behaviour to decrease these; likewise, the therapist identifies improvements in the patient's daily life and responds to reinforce these. The effect of the therapist's behaviour on the patient would be observed and the reinforcement adjusted as necessary.
Activity scheduling
The core of behavioural activation is gradually to identify activities and problems that the individual avoids and to establish valued directions to be followed. These are set out on planned timetables (activity schedules). Individuals are encouraged to start activity scheduling with short-term goals and to treat their timetables as a series of appointments with themselves. A major mistake is for a patient to try to tackle everything at once. The aim is to introduce small changes, building up the level of activity gradually towards long-term goals. Days should not be filled with activity for activity's sake. The activities chosen must relate to what the individual has been avoiding and help them to act in accordance with their valued directions. Individuals are, however, encouraged to include activities that are soothing and pleasurable, as rewards.
Individuals should monitor the effect of their scheduled activities (and deviations from their plan) on their mood. They should also evaluate whether what they did was in keeping with their goals and valued directions. They are encouraged to note, and the therapist should assess, areas that are still avoided and activities that are overused to avoid problematic or painful thoughts and feelings. The therapist might assist with problem-solving or use role-play to practise activities during a session.
What does one do with cognitions?
In behavioural activation, therapists tend not to become engaged in the content of the patient's thinking. Instead they use functional analysis to focus on the context and process of the individual's response (Box 3). The most common cognitive responses are rumination, fusion and self-attack.
Rumination frequently involves trying to answer questions that cannot be answered, constantly seeking reasons for the depression, fantasising (‘If only I'd found a way to make him different’) or self-pity (‘What have I done to deserve being treated this way?).
Individuals with chronic depression and low self-esteem may attack themselves verbally (‘You fat, useless piece of shit’) or frequently compare themselves to others.
Both rumination and self-attack serve to avoid aversive situations such as silence or provide escape from thinking about interpersonal problems or feelings. The therapist encourages the individual to be aware of the context (the antecedents) in which these responses occur and the consequences of engaging in them. These consequences usually involve some form of avoidance and non-goal-directed activity. Individuals are helped to turn ‘Why’ or ‘If only’ questions into ‘How’ questions that relate to attaining their goals and following their valued directions and that can be incorporated into their activity schedules.
Cognitive fusion describes the way in which thoughts or images from the past become fused with reality, and information about the world is obtained from this revised internal reality. Patients are taught to become more aware of their surroundings and to see events for what they are, rather than what their mind is telling them. This process is akin to mindfulness and involves separating the thought of an event from the experiencing of it. Patients are taught to distance themselves from thoughts and no longer to engage with or ‘buy into’ them. A metaphor for thoughts and urges that I like is traffic on a road. Engaging with thoughts is akin to standing in the road and trying to divert the cars (and getting run over) or trying to get one and find a parking space for it. However, even if one manages to divert or park one car there are always more to be dealt with. The goal is to acknowledge the thoughts but not to attempt to stop or control or answer back at them. The aim is to accept fully aversive thoughts and to ‘walk along the side of the road’, engaging with life despite the traffic, which one can quietly ignore (Reference WellsWells, 2006; Reference VealeVeale, 2007).
Obstacles to activity scheduling
The most common obstacle to implementing behavioural activation are the individual's beliefs about avoidance: people tell themselves that they will engage in a particular activity when they feel motivated or when they ‘feel like it’. The solution is that they should always act according to the plan or activity schedule – not according to how they feel at the time. Individuals are told that the longer they wait, the greater the likelihood that they will become even less motivated: if necessary, the task should be done now, even in an unmotivated way. ‘Just doing it’ leads to differences in the way the individual thinks and feels, which in turn increases motivation and changes the way others view them.
Other approaches consistent with behavioural activation
A number of approaches recommended by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence for mild to moderate depression (National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health, 2004) are consistent with behavioural activation and can, if needed, be woven into therapy (Box 4).
Box 4 Approaches complementary to behavioural activation
1. Exercise and healthy eating
2. Problem-solving therapy
3. Sleep management
4. Counselling
5. Family or couple therapy
6. Compassionate mind training
7. Acceptance and commitment therapy
Exercise and healthy eating
Becoming fitter is not important in behavioural activation but increasing activity levels is. A key issue is trying to find an activity that fits the individual's personality, for example their degree of competitiveness or sociability (Reference Veale and WillsonVeale & Willson, 2007).
People with depression may also eat chaotically, neglect to eat or live off junk food. The function of this may be to numb themselves emotionally. Eating healthily can be incorporated into activity scheduling (e.g. growing and buying food, preparing meals, eating at set times and occasionally eating out).
Problem-solving therapy
Problem-solving therapy (Reference D'Zurilla and NezuD'Zurilla & Nezu, 2006) identifies the problems to be solved and the steps a person might take to try to solve them. Most people do not lack problem-solving skills, but they may be avoiding their problems. This is where the therapy becomes integral to behavioural activation. For example, a woman who is being physically abused by her partner can be given information on a women's shelter and could be encouraged to do a cost–benefit analysis on using it.
Problem-solving should not be used with nonexistent problems or worries of the ‘What if’ type, as it would merely generate further questions and worry.
Sleep management
Sleep management (Reference Wilson and NuttWilson & Nutt, 1999) is integral to behavioural activation. Many individuals with depression have a chaotic sleep pattern or use sleep to avoid activity. It is important to do a functional analysis on the pattern of sleep and, if necessary, integrate a sleep routine into an activity schedule.
Counselling is consistent with behavioural activation provided that it is supportive in helping people to move on in their lives and solve their problems. Analytical counselling, trying to find reasons in the past for current problems – ‘getting to the bottom of it all’ – may be counterproductive and can encourage rumination and further depression.
Family or couples therapy
Sometimes partners and other family members reinforce an individual's avoidance; they can be overprotective, aggressive or sarcastic; they may minimise the problem or avoid the individual. Different members of the family may use different ways of coping with a depressed relative, leading to further discord on the ‘best way’.
Assessment should focus on the way different members of the family cope with the patient's depression, their attitudes to treatment and how their response affects the patient. Behavioural activation might be used to help the family to be consistent and emotionally supportive, perhaps helping the individual to follow their activity schedule.
Compassionate mind training
Compassionate mind training (CMT; Reference GilbertGilbert, 2005) is a newer development that can be integrated into behavioural activation with individuals who have chronic problems associated with shame, self-criticism or self-attacking. Like behavioural activation, CMT is based on a functional analysis of the self-directed behaviour and teaches individuals to develop self-compassion and soothing behaviours.
Acceptance and commitment therapy
Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT; Reference Hayes, Strosahl and WilsonHayes et al, 1999) is another newer development within the family of behavioural and cognitive psychotherapies and it has an increasing evidence base. Its principles overlap with those of behavioural activation, and its focus is on the way individuals perpetuate their difficulties through the language they use and on how they can learn to act in a valued direction despite their feelings. There is rich use of metaphors and detached mindfulness of one's thoughts without challenging their content.
In-patients and day patients with depression
Behavioural activation programmes can be developed for in-patients and day patients with more severe depression but they will depend on the enthusiasm and leadership of a psychiatrist and supervised staff trained in the technique (Reference Rogers, Curran and GournayRogers et al, 2002a ,Reference Rogers, Curran and Gournay b ). Patients' actual and planned goals and activity levels, their avoidance profile and valued directions might be reviewed by nursing staff in a group or individually at the beginning and end of each day. In their daily interactions with patients, nursing staff would discourage avoidance and reinforce approach behaviours.
Creativity may be required to ensure that individuals act in their valued directions during their in-patient stay. In tackling avoidance of friends, for example, the patient might first be encouraged to make contact by text message, followed up by telephone calls or a meeting and making plans for the future. A valued direction for friendship that is honest and caring might be explored by sharing with a friend what it is like to be depressed and asking about the friend's experience of the depression; this might open up the opportunity to give and receive emotional support.
Antidepressant medication
It is more scientifically correct to tell patients that neurotransmitter abnormalities are not causes of depression so much as associations with it, and that an antidepressant may enhance neural transmission rather than correct a defect. Antidepressant medication can be combined with behavioural activation in moderate to severe depression, although no data exist on whether the combination increases efficacy or cost-effectiveness of treatment, especially in the long term.
It can sometimes be helpful to consider identifying the function of psychotropic medication for a patient and whether they are seeking medication to avoid aversive thoughts and feelings. It might be said that the goal of antidepressant medication is to feel better, whereas the goal of behavioural activation is to help the individual both to develop better feelings and to do the things they value in life – including whatever they are avoiding – despite the way they feel. Philosophically, behavioural activation teaches patients that depression is a natural response to an aversive environment, rather than a brain dysfunction, although it does accept that there is a stronger biological component in some forms of depression.
A big problem is patient choice and access to evidence-based psychological therapies: individuals are more likely initially to be offered medication, whereas they would have been more likely to have chosen an evidence-based psychological treatment, had it been offered (Reference VealeVeale, 2008).
The evidence base for behavioural activation
A key evaluation of behavioural activation as a treatment for depression occurred in a randomised controlled trial in which it was compared with standard CBT, an antidepressant (paroxetine) and a drug placebo in 214 out-patients (Reference Dimidjian, Hollon and DobsonDimidjian et al, 2006). Participants receiving behavioural activation or CBT attended a maximum of 24 × 50-minute sessions over 16 weeks. Depression, therapist adherence, therapist competence, response and remission were measured. In the participants with more severe depression, behavioural activation was found to be as efficacious as paroxetine and more efficacious than CBT. Compared with paroxetine, behavioural activation brought a greater percentage of participants to remission and retained a greater percentage in treatment.
Thus, behavioural activation is effective across the spectrum of illness severity, as a low-intensity treatment for mild to moderate depression in the community up to intensive treatment for day patients and in-patients with severe depression. It is therefore a very suitable therapy for use in stepped care. (Stepped care is a way of using limited resources to greatest effect. For most people, complex interventions are given only when simpler and cheaper ones have been shown to be inadequate.) Behavioural activation lends itself to manualised self-help although the long-term cost-effectiveness of self-help books for the intervention (Reference Addis and MartellAddis & Martell, 2004; Reference Veale and WillsonVeale & Willson, 2007) with or without the support of a low-intensity worker has yet to be evaluated. Another potentially fruitful possibility would be computerised behavioural activation with minimal support for mild depression.
Why choose behavioural activation?
Behavioural activation may be currently unpopular because it lacks the complexity of other psychotherapies (e.g. cognitive therapy's challenging of core beliefs and schemas). For some, it has associations of reward and punishment or a therapist who is cold and unresponsive. Some think it a simple therapy suitable only for mild illness. The principles may be relatively simple but it is still hard for the patient to carry out. Furthermore, the therapist must still make an individual formulation of the factors maintaining the patient's depression and must have good supervision and training. Complex problems often require the therapist to carry out simple procedures well – rather than undertaking ever more complex ones.
An advantage of behavioural activation over traditional cognitive therapy for depression is that it may be easier to train staff in its use. And as discussed above, it may have greater efficacy in severe depression. Among its advantages over antidepressants is that patients may find it more acceptable and it may be more cost-effective in the long term.
The priority for research is to determine the cost-effectiveness of behavioural activation for both mild to moderate depression with low-intensity workers in stepped care and for severe depression either alone or in combination with antidepressant medication.
Declaration of interest
1. 1 Functional analysis:
1. a ignores cognitive processes such as rumination
2. b cannot be used for the therapeutic relationship
3. c cannot be taught to patients
4. d is concerned with challenging the function of an activity
5. e aims to determine whether an activity is immediately reinforcing and more likely to occur again and the unintended consequences in the long term.
2. 2 Cognitive processes in depression include:
1. a thought dissociation
2. b rumination to find reasons for being depressed
3. c over-inflated sense of responsibility for harm
4. d cognitive fission
5. e self-compassion.
3. 3 Activity scheduling involves:
1. a scheduling only pleasant and satisfying activities
2. b scheduling activities that have been avoided
3. c negative reinforcement
4. d buzzers to prompt the patient
5. e starting an activity only when a person feels motivated.
4. 4 Assessment for behavioural activation in depression involves:
1. a beliefs about the self, world and the future
2. b types and degree of avoidance
3. c countertransference
4. d understanding a detailed developmental history and the causes of depression
5. e ignoring the context of interpersonal relationships.
5. 5 Behavioural activation:
1. a should be used only for simple cases of depression
2. b is linked to operant conditioning of rewards and punishments
3. c has, for some, an incorrect association of reward and punishment or a cold, unresponsive therapist
4. d is a preliminary to cognitive or ‘deeper’ therapy
5. e can be used in people with severe depression as an alternative to antidepressants.
MCQ answers
1 2 3 4 5
a F a F a F a F a F
b F b T b T b T b F
c F c F c F c F c F
d F d F d F d F d F
e T e F e F e F e T
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Warning: It’s the First Amendment Right of Politicians to Lie
The Truth about Propaganda- The mere mention of the word propaganda evokes thoughts of totalitarian governments and third world countries. Wikipedia says “propaganda is information that is not impartial and used primarily to influence an audience or further an agenda. Propaganda can be used as a form of ideological or commercial warfare.”
There exists political propaganda and commercial advertising. Political propaganda can come from the government but most comes in the form of political advertising that seeks to move the population towards a particular point of view. This form of propaganda is in full swing as we prepare for the November elections.
Advertising is the commercial form of propaganda that seeks to encourage behavior that is profitable for the advertiser. We have become used to all the brands of a product telling you how much better their product is than the competitive brand without actually explaining the difference between the products. We listen and react, often without thinking about what was actually said.
We assume that something said in advertising is generally truthful but we also know that advertising is generally a self-serving promotion for the advertiser. We therefore consider the source and make decisions with a cautious eye. We generally expect political advertising, because of its potential impact, to have a higher degree of truth than commercial advertising. This is where the problem begins.
No form of advertising contains greater distortions than political ads. We assume that one of the two sides is lying about the other in politics. This is the nature of politics. In commercial ventures there is some protection against blatantly false advertising. The competitive market will provide some protection against wildly false statements by challenging these claims in their advertising. In commercial advertising the government will step in to control blatant lies told in advertising. The advertising of prescription drugs requires a disclosure of potential negative side effects. The use of propaganda in the advertising of prescription drugs was deemed too dangerous for the general public.
In political advertising, the courts have held that politicians may not be limited in the distortions and lies that they can tell. It is the First Amendment right for politicians to tell lies. There are only two major political parties and this has been the same since the nation was created. Commercial competition, in most areas, continues to expand but the political system in the U.S. is still two major competitors. They both find it beneficial to their goals to continues to deceive the public with scare tactics.
The news media is now the machine allowing government to say anything that they please without much concern for accuracy or truth. Government press releases of information are treated as gospel by media today. The government also controls most electronic media and will allow access only to those aligned with one of the major political parties. Encouraging flu shots without discussion of the potential negative effects is in fact propaganda. Blind repetition of government assertions of a specific point about the intent of a foreign government, without verification or challenge, is far more dangerous. Allowing the government to frighten its citizens in order to gain support for war has led to dire consequences.
We often hear of the mistreatment of citizens by their governments in foreign countries. We rarely hear the fact that the United States incarcerates a higher percentage of its population than any other country in the world. Instead we hear from politicians about the need to incarcerate more citizens for more time. The cost of this incarceration madness is born by the taxpayer at the expense of education and medical care. Is it any wonder we are falling behind all other developed nations in these areas?
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Almost every government uses propaganda in order to get their citizens to support the actions taken by the leadership of that government. It is a natural part of government. The ability to criticize this behavior is part if what make this a great nation. The news organizations that used to hold such a critical eye on government have abdicated their responsibility for higher profits and bigger salaries for their executives.
It would be unrealistic to think that any government will stop using propaganda. In a free society, it is the responsibility of the informed citizen to critically evaluate the statements of government, business and politicians. Do not blame someone else for the lazy citizen who refuses to make the effort to find both sides of the story. The inconvenience of having to search for additional information is the price that must be paid to protect the freedoms that we hold.
Vol 12 Issue 85
Pub: Oct 21, 2014 |
What is a Knowledge Base?
Page Coleman
A knowledge base (KB) is a repository of information that is used in an organization’s knowledge management operations. These operations include functions such as customer support or product development. The information is usually stored in an electronic data base.
Analysis of the knowledge base usage might show a need for improved instructions or additional training.
A knowledge management system must allow for information to be collected, organized and retrieved. Within an organization, subject matter experts and technical communications staff members typically create the knowledge base information and enter it into a system. A robust system will provide a means for the information to be tagged with keywords and categorized for retrieval. People might do the tagging and categorizing of the information.
Software tools can aid in this process. Text mining, enterprise bookmarking and semantic web tools can make the process of categorizing the information — and thus retrieving the information — more efficient. The information might be tagged by product number, error message number, task, user type or other elements and then shared appropriately.
Some typical types of knowledge base information include frequently asked questions (FAQs), how-to articles, troubleshooting tips, white papers, user manuals and installation guides. Common-sense knowledge bases are types of knowledge bases that could be used for artificial intelligence (IA) purposes. These types pull together all of the information that a typical person could be expected to know on a topic. This knowledge can then be used to program a machine to resolve issues that formerly required a person.
Implementation of a knowledge base offers numerous benefits to an organization. It can reduce training time of new employees. The tool can increase employees’ job satisfaction, because it can make their work easier. Customers also will be more satisfied in several ways, because they will deal with employees who are better able to help them. In addition, web-based customer self-service allows the customers to resolve their issues at their convenience and not just during the company’s business hours.
Along with supporting customer service functions, a knowledge base can provide a source of information that allows the company to improve its products and services. Analysis of the knowledge base usage might highlight needs for added product functionality or enhanced usability. It also can show a need for improved instructions or additional training.
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Ways You Can Help Prevent and Treat Kidney Stones
Ways you can help prevent and treat kidney stones
Even if you know little about kidney stones, you’ve probably heard that they hurt. That’s why it is important to know how to prevent and treat them. Lifestyle changes and medication can help in preventing the occurrence of kidney stones. Treatment depends on how big they are and how serious your symptoms appear to be.
Kidney stones defined
The kidneys filter waste from the blood and in the process, they create urine. Stones can form when salts and other minerals in the urine stick together. Some can be as small as a grain of sugar while others are much larger. You won’t know they’re there unless they cause a blockage. According to WebMD, if they come loose and get into the ducts leading to the bladder, you may experience a lot of pain.
Treating kidney stones
Your doctor will determine the best treatment for your kidney stones based on the type of stone and what caused it. Some small stones can be passed by drinking lots of water and taking a pain reliever like ibuprofen or acetaminophen. The Mayo Clinic says doctors may also prescribe alpha blockers to relax the muscles in the ureter and help the kidney stone to pass quickly and with less pain.
Other methods may have to be explored if your kidney stones are too big or they are causing bleeding, kidney damage or urinary tract infections. Your doctor may use extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy or sound waves to break up your stones. ESWL creates strong vibrations which break the stones into several pieces. This procedure is done under sedation or light anesthesia. It takes about 45 minutes to an hour.
Surgical removal
Another option is a procedure called percutaneous nephrolithotomy which involves the surgical removal of a kidney stone through a small incision in your back. Your doctor may suggest this surgery if ESWL did not work. It is carried out under general anesthesia and you will have to stay in hospital for a day or two.
Smaller stones in the ureter or kidney can be removed with a thin tube equipped with a camera. It is inserted through your urethra and bladder to your ureter. Tools are used to grab the stone or break it up.
The final option we will mention here is parathyroid gland surgery. Some stones are caused by overactive parathyroid glands, which are located at the corners of your thyroid gland. Calcium levels that are too high can lead to the formation of kidney stones.
Since hyperparathyroidism can sometimes be due to a small, benign tumor on one of the parathyroid glands, removing the tumor can halt the development of kidney stones. If another condition is causing the glands to produce more parathyroid hormone, treating the condition may be the answer. The United Kidney Stone Research Council has extensive information on remedies for kidney stones.
Preventing kidney stones
You may be able to prevent kidney stones through lifestyle changes and medications. People with a history of kidney stones are usually advised to drink enough water during the day to pass about 2.5 liters of urine each day. Your urine should be light and clear. You may also want to restrict foods rich in oxalates. These include sweet potatoes, tea, spinach, beets and soy products. Opt for low-salt diet with minimal amounts of animal proteins.
Kidney stones can be difficult and painful to pass. If you are unsuccessful in preventing them, know that there are several treatment options which your doctor can explore.
Image Credits: Wikimedia |
29/04/2015 07:22 BST | Updated 29/04/2015 07:59 BST
Has NASA Accidentally Invented The Warp Drive?
Let's make one thing very clear, this is not confirmed. In fact, it's about as confirmed as the title of the next Star Trek film which is, as you may know, unconfirmed.
According to the NASA Space Flight forum it was discovered that when lasers were fired into the EmDrive's resonance chamber, some of the beams were travelling faster than the speed of light.
If true, then it would mean that the EmDrive is producing an actual warp field or 'warp bubble'. Now it's important to remember at this stage that this is simply a prediction.
The team who have built the EmDrive are still working on a method to categorically prove that this is true. However, if true it'll be a small but significant step in the long road to interstellar travel.
No, we won't be saying 'engage' anytime soon, but what this news tells us is that at some point in the future someone just might. |
The principle "Ethical principles and democratic prerequisites" has mentioned the topic "for human" in the following places:
(e) Democracy
The principles of human dignity and autonomy centrally involve the human right to self determination through the means of democracy.
(f) Rule of law and accountability
(f) Rule of law and accountability
This includes protections against risks stemming from ‘autonomous’ systems that could infringe human rights, such as safety and privacy.
(g) Security, safety, bodily and mental integrity
All dimensions of safety must be taken into account by AI developers and strictly tested before release in order to ensure that ‘autonomous’ systems do not infringe on the human right to bodily and mental integrity and a safe and secure environment. |
Definitions for "Diatonic scale"
Keywords: octave, semitones, whole, scale, tones
a scale with eight notes in an octave; all but two are separated by whole tones
a mixture of half steps and whole steps
a modern major or minor scale
Keywords: largos, tonic, diet, mass, measures
Measures the mass (q.v.) of largos (q.v.) after a diet of tonic water. |
Question Description
Can you help me understand this question?
what is computer
Final Answer
"A computer is a general purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a set of arithmetic or logical operations" -Wikipedia
I will answer it simply. It is basically an electronic device made to store and process data, sometimes huge quantities. Computers are mostly used in hospitals, offices, homes, basically everywhere needs a computer. It is not necessarily related to mouse, keyboard and monitor and all those basic stuff. There are highly complexed computers used in hospitals and government offices to store huge amounts of data; mostly concerning important things.
You are using a computer right now, I hope. You can surf the web, browse photos and videos, play games and use softwares with your computer provided you have the correct peripherals. The function of computers is just to broad to cover completely.
I hope that gives you a brief idea of what a computer is :)
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Curculio betulae (Stephens, 1831)
POLYPHAGA Emery, 1886
CURCULIONOIDEA Latreille, 1802
CURCULIONIDAE Latreille, 1802
CURCULIONINAE Latreille, 1802
CURCULIONINI Latreille, 1802
Curculio Linnaeus, 1758
This species is locally common from the Mediterranean north to the UK and middle provinces of Fennoscandia, it extends east through the entire northern Palaearctic region to the far east of Russia and Japan but is generally absent from southern regions including China and North Africa. In the UK it occurs sporadically across central and southeast England and Wales and there are scattered records from western Ireland; adults may sometimes occur in numbers where found but it is otherwise very local and scarce. Adults occur from June until (exceptionally) October, peaking in abundance during July, but specimens occasionally occur following mild spells in January or February, typical habitats include wet forest margins, carr, peat bogs and drier parts of fens and marshes. In the UK the usual host plant is Birch, Betula pendula Roth, and it is only occasionally found on Alder but through much of northern Europe the usual hosts are Grey Alder, Alnus incana (L.), and Black Alder, A. glutinosa (L.) and it only occasionally occurs on Birch and, much less frequently, adults are sometimes found on willows, Salix L., and various species of Prunus L. including Blackthorn and cherry. Mating occurs early in the season following a period of feeding on host foliage and females lay groups of three or four eggs in developing female catkins. Larvae feed into the summer, passing through three instars and completely hollowing-out the catkins, when fully-grown they leave the catkin, fall to the ground and burrow a few cm into the soil where they construct a pupal chamber; the pupal stage is probably brief as adults are sometimes found during the winter but the majority will remain in situ until the late spring, emerging when the catkins are at the right stage of development for oviposition. Adults are usually found by chance sweeping or beating suitable foliage.
Curculio betulae 1
Curculio betulae 1
© Lech Borowiec
Curculio betulae 2
Curculio betulae 2
© Mark Gurney
3.0-4.3 mm. Distinguished among our UK species by the form of the scutellum and femora; body pale to dark red or reddish-brown with decumbent yellowish or pale grey scales, pronotum with lateral and medial lines of broader and paler scales, and elytra with patches of pale scales that tend to be confused about the base and form a more-or-less complete transverse band at the apical third, legs pale brown, often yellowish, rostrum and antennae reddish-brown. Head transverse, almost semi-circular from above, with weakly convex eyes that follow the outline and rather long diverging temples, surface evenly convex and without impressions, rostrum long and slender, female antennae inserted behind the middle, male in front of the middle. Antenna; scape abruptly thickened just before the apex, funicular segments elongate and club elongate and narrow. Pronotum transverse, broadest towards the base and narrowed to a weak sub-apical constriction, apical margin weakly curved, basal margin bisinuate and surface evenly convex. Scutellum quadrate or nearly so and clothed with dense pale scales. Elytra broadest just behind the shoulders and narrowed to a continuously curved apical margin, striae narrow and punctured, usually obvious among the scales, and interstices broad and flat. Legs long and robust, all femora broadened about the middle; front femora without a ventral tooth, middle femora with a fine ventral tooth and hind femora strongly toothed. Third tarsomere strongly bilobed, claws free, smooth and with a distinct basal tooth.
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Curculio betulae 2
© Mark Gurney |
Oil shale has received many different names over the years, such as cannel coal, boghead coal, alum shale, stellarite, albertite, kerosene shale, bituminite, gas coal, algal coal, wollongite, schistes bitumineux, torbanite, and kukersite. The United States, however, has the most shale resources. These resources, or plays, are found in about 30 states. TY 4 the answer I was looking all over the web and I couldnt find anything really pinpointed. Shale oil comprises more than a third of the onshore production of crude oil in the lower 48 states. Shale oil and gas reservoirs are becoming an important target for the petroleum industry as the switch to unconventional reservoirs. Most of the current drilling and production activities are occurring in northeast British Columbia in the Montney and Horn River shale basins. Approximately 60 to 90 percent of oil shale consists of mineral deposits, including silicates, aluminosilicates, and carbonates. This year’s survey found the world had 7,576 trillion cubic feet (TCF) of ‘unproved technically recoverable’ shale gas reserves. Shale is a type of rock that can be found underground and occasionally above ground. Scientist with beakers Shale oil can refer to two types of oil. Budd also was in attendance at the … Emeralds are mined throughout the world (Pakistan, Afghanistan, Russia, Australia, United States) but these are the three major sources. Colombia arguably produces the finest Emeralds. Miranda Kerr was recently a part of The Drew Barrymore Show and the supermodel spoke about various things in her personal life on the talk show.She expressed how she is grateful that her ex-husband Orlando Bloom met Katy Perry and is happy with her, and also spoke about Bloom and her relationship with their son Flynn. The mineral constituents of oil shale vary according to For drilling on land, where most shale‐gas deposits are, the casings have been around for decades with a good track record. Shale definition is - a fissile rock that is formed by the consolidation of clay, mud, or silt, has a finely stratified or laminated structure, and is composed of minerals essentially unaltered since deposition. 4) US: 665 tcf - The US shale gas boom has undoubtedly impacted on the entire global gas industry. Shale is a fine-grained, sedimentary rock formed as a result of the compaction of clay, silt, mud and organic matter over time and is usually considered equivalent to mudstone. As a result, the United States became the world’s largest crude-oil producer, according to the Energy Information Administration. Some of these names are still used for certain types of oil shale. Oil shale deposits range from small presently economically unrecoverable to large potentially recoverable resources. Where are emeralds found? In fact, Australia’s shale deposits are large enough to potentially free Australia from expensive gas imports for several years, at least. Along with Sandstone, it is one of 2 rocks that can be broken by players at the start of the game with a Stone Pickaxe and no Mining talents.. Shale seems to be most commonly found in the Rainforest biome, but may be found in other biomes. The United States is not alone in having massive shale gas resources: shale formations rich in gas can be found all over the world. Countries such as Argentina and China are said to have large potential shale reserves. Around the world, below the gravel, rocks, and deposits of crude oil that helped build oil-rich nations like Saudi Arabia, sits the shale layer. Low shale porosity and permeability make recovering natural gas in tight reservoirs challenging, especially in the late stage of well life. Paleontologists. Shale standing frozen in Honnleath. Shale gas has grabbed much attention, and rightly so. The US is in the midst of an oil boom. Australian shale use has historically been limited, but recent studies show that Australia is home to one of the largest remaining shale deposits in the world, surpassing even South Africa in untapped energy. A 2005 estimate put the total world resources of oil shale at 411 gigatonnes. Shale gas has become an increasingly important source of natural gas in the United States since the start of this century, and interest has spread to potential gas shales in the rest of the world. A sedimentary rock, oil shale is found all over the world, including China, Israel, and Russia. That’s where we come in. Since 2014, U.S. shale oil has created a boom in domestic crude oil production. These oil shale deposits are also associated with natural gas reserves. Shale Oil. When it comes to environmental risks, critics do have a point: They say drilling for shale gas runs a risk to groundwater, even though shale is generally found thousands of feet below the water table. Shale forms in very deep ocean water, lagoons, lakes and swamps where the water is still enough to allow the extremely fine clay and silt particles to settle to the floor. Spanning the U.S. states of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming, the Green River formation is an underground oil shale formation that contains as much as 1.8 trillion barrels of shale oil. The Pierre Shale Group is found in eastern South Dakota and western Wyoming in the United States of America. Clay forms from the decomposition of the mineral feldspar. Shale is a fine-grained sedimentary rock, which is commonly found in most countries, and the rapid increase in US shale production has created hope for the extraction of oil and gas from shale deposits in other countries. Earlier Burgess-Shale-Type Fossils Found in Greenland. Other then this the best answer I found was "Shale is found in many places in the world". This will require new science, technology and public policy innovations. Over the coming decades the world must make fundamental transformations in how energy is used and produced. Shale is a very common form of sedimentary rock found in deposits all over the world. Where most modern oil deposits average depth of around 6,000, the shale layer can range as deep as 9,000 feet. Shale natural gas resources are found in shale formations that contain significant accumulations of natural gas and/or oil. Shale has a number of ornamental and practical uses, in addition to being a rich source of fossil depositions which can provide information about different eras in Earth's geological history.. The primary distinction between crude or conventional oil and shale oil is the way it collects. Shale oil is an unconventional oil produced from oil shale rock fragments by pyrolysis, hydrogenation, or thermal dissolution.These processes convert the organic matter within the rock into synthetic oil and gas.The resulting oil can be used immediately as a fuel or upgraded to meet refinery feedstock specifications by adding hydrogen and removing impurities such as sulfur and nitrogen. Oil shale is found in many places around the world with more than 600 known deposits in more than 30 countries on all continents. To put this shale gas resource estimate in some perspective, world proven reserves [5] of natural gas as of January 1, 2010 are about 6,609 trillion cubic feet, [6] and world technically recoverable gas resources are roughly 16,000 trillion cubic feet, [7] largely excluding shale gas. Oil shale reserves refers to oil shale resources that are economically recoverable under current economic conditions and technological abilities. Article continues on next page It was added with the Return to Jurassic Park DLC. As a general rule, Brazilian Emeralds tend to be darker in tone and more heavily included. Other minerals present in shale are quartz, mica, pyrite, and organic matter. Oil Shale Rock Characteristics. The largest single source of oil shale in the world is located across Colorado, Utah and Wyoming. The depths vary from near surface to several 1000 feet underground, whereas the thickness varies from tens of feet to several hundred feet. Shale oil and gas account for a large majority of the remaining oil and gas resources in the world. In Canada, potential and producing shale gas resources are found in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Pierre Shale is a dig site in Jurassic World Evolution. Mineral content. It may be more common around freshwater rivers. Even India has been assessed to have modest shale reserves. Oil shale that originated in saline lake environments, such as the GRF shales of the western United States, tends to be nitrogen-rich, whereas marine oil shales such as those found in Morocco, Egypt, Israel, and Jordan are sulfur-rich. These fossil sites show where dinosaurs lived, during different periods that lasted millions of years. The Pierre is formed out of shale, sandstone, and bentonite. Shales were deposited in ancient seas, river deltas, lakes and lagoons and are one of the most abundant sedimentary rock types, found at both the Earth’s surface and deep underground. 342 Wasfi Al Tal Street, Second Floor, Khalda Amman Jordan E-mail: jose@enefit.com. The United States, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, is the top natural gas producer and consumer in the world, and with its 273 trillion cubic feet of proven reserves, the Shale formations are ubiquitous in sedimentary basins and, as a result, the main organic-rich shale formations have already been identified in most regions of the world. The Barnett Shale in Texas has been producing natural gas for more than a decade. As well as moving towards self-sufficiency, the US’ new found abundance of shale gas has radically altered export targets for countries like Qatar who had previously planned on selling their gas to the US. Fossils are usually found in sedimentary rock, which formed near prehistoric rivers. Wednesday, January 31, 2018 . Graham Budd has been critical of associations between Ediacaran fauna and Cambrian animals, and has also debunked alleged Precambrian animal ancestors such as Vernanimalcula (Stephen Meyer, Darwin’s Doubt, pp. The principal Emerald deposits are currently mined in Colombia, Brazil, and Zambia. Fossil hunters have found dinosaur fossils all over the world. Exploring Prehistoric Life. The geochemistry of the shales is an important aspect to understand. Shale Oil: A type of unconventional oil found in shale formations. Eventually, in 8:93 Blessed, a deactivated Shale and its control rod were found by Wilhelm, a mage who trying to escape from shrieks in the Deep Roads. This number has … Shale gas is natural gas that is found trapped within shale formations. 85, 90-91). During the Cretaceous period, this area would have been part of the Western Interior Seaway, a marine environment. Shale is a sedimentary rock composed of very fine clay particles. It is distinguished by being soft and highly fissile. |
Source: Michael Latner/UCS
November Elections and the Art of Voter Suppression
, Kendall Science Fellow | October 15, 2018, 9:00 am EST
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Voting rights violations are emerging across several states with less than a month before the conclusion of midterm elections in the United States. As a result of discriminatory election laws and procedures, representation and policy making power could be distorted in favor of powerful, entrenched interests, against the will of a majority of the electorate. The threat of such democratic dysfunction illustrates the need for meaningful electoral reform and the protection of voting rights for all citizens.
Early voting is underway in seventeen states, including at least two states where voting rights have already become a flashpoint in pivotal elections.
In North Dakota, Senator Heidi Heitkamp and challenger Kevin Cramer is in a race that Cook Political Report rates as a “toss up.” The election could determine control over the US Senate—but the Supreme Court of the United States just refused to block the state’s discriminatory practice of requiring voter identification from a residential street address.
Because the US Postal Service does not provide delivery to rural reservations in North Dakota, most Native American tribal members use P.O. Boxes, which is listed on their identification. The state’s voter identification law specifically requires a street address for valid identification. Earlier this year a district found that nearly 5,000 members of North Dakota tribes lack valid identification, and many of them also lack supplementary documentation that allow them to cast a provisional ballot. Senator Heitkamp won her last election by fewer than 3,000 votes.
In an even more egregious smear on democracy, Georgia gubernatorial candidate and current Secretary of State Brian Kemp has frozen over 50,000 registration applications, most of them from African-American voters, according to an AP analysis. Kemp claims “voter roll maintenance” is necessary to preserve the integrity of elections and ensure that only legal citizens are voting. However, previous scientific and legal challenges have shown that voter impersonation is nearly non-existent.
Moreover, Kemp’s “exact match” tactic used to remove unvalidated voters from the state registration file was already prohibited as a violation of voting equality in a previous lawsuit, but the law was reinstated by the state legislature to allow for a “curing” of unmatched voters records within, wait for it, 26 months. Kemp has chosen to keep using this method despite scientific studies that show there are far superior methods for record matching.
Even though he knows about the disproportionate, discriminatory impact these laws have on African-American voters in Georgia, Kemp maintains that he is a defender of electoral integrity. His opponent Stacy Abrams, who would become the first African-American woman elected governor in the United States if she won, has a different title for Kemp: a “remarkable architect of voter suppression.”
Earlier this year, a Brennan Center analysis estimated that the purging of registered voters from state files has increased by approximately four million people since 2008. Much of the increase is attributed to states that were previously covered under the 1965 Voting Rights Act preclearance provisions.
The Mississippi governor’s race in 2019 may similarly turn on Jim Crow era electoral restrictions. Popular Attorney General Jim Hood has an opportunity to be the state’s first Democratic governor in nearly two decades. However, the state constitution requires that the governor win not just a majority of the popular vote, but a majority of state House seats, which are heavily gerrymandered in favor of the incumbent party.
These and other restrictive election laws are distorting the representation of voters across the country, weakening the ability of already under-represented groups to protect their own health and safety. This is just one of many reasons why it is so important that citizens exercise their voting rights and mobilize communities to elect candidates that will advance effective electoral reforms before 2020.
Be sure to check your voter registration status at
If you or anyone you know believe that their voting rights are being denied, you can call the following numbers for legal assistance:
Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights Election Protection Hotline: 866-OUR-VOTE
American Civil Liberties Union Voter Protection Hotline: 877-523-2792
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Load Balancing
This blog always talks abt things at very basic level. This is one such post on basics of Load Balancing. During my college days, I have wondered how sites run 24*7 without any downtime. I also wonder how sites like google, yahoo handle so much traffic(Add facebook and quora to that list now).
One of the key contributor for this awesomeness is load balancer. In simple terms, there are many hosts ready to serve the incoming request. So the questions are
1)how one routes traffic to any one of the host(such that they are not unfairly skewed)?
2)how to make end users unaware of server(s) crashes in our datacenter?
3)how to make cookie based transaction possible if each request hits different server?
4)how to make https transaction possible(as they are tightly bound to hostname)?
Lets see the different kinds of solution available and the way they solve the above problems
1)DNS Load Balancers:
In this method we have to associate two or more A records to same domain name. Traffic will be routed randomly to one server as for each dns request the ips are sequentially permuted. But hosts may cache a ip address for a host name and try to contact them even if they are down. This makes downtime transparent to end users. DNS changes take time to sync. So host can not be removed too easily.
Sometimes say a client requests a transaction, the server (say A is reached) performs the work and cached some data for faster access for next req and if next req hits B, it may have to do the job all over again and may not be able to reproduce the tasks. In general session is lost and there is no broker in the middle to route traffic. There are ways to counter this. This question sheds light on the same
SSL connection requires certificates to match the hostname. For ex if I have two A records for which actually corresponds to, The ssl certificate returned by any of the real nodes for the request will not match the hostname 'server'(it will be node1 or node2). So the private and public keys, certs have to be synced across node1 and node2 which should decipher hostname to be "server" when client decodes with the public keys
2)Software Load Balancers:
There are lot of software load balancers available (open source :P). HAProxy is one of the load balancer I worked on(not adept though). Say we have 10 servers. HAProxy will run any one of 10 servers or on a separate box. The request will first reach HAProxy. It will schedule requests to difeerent webservers behind it (round robin, weighted round robin are commonly used). If a backend web server is down, the HAProxy should not send request to that box. The health checks are done periodically using a technology called 'heartbeat'. Its basically like every server at the backend should periodically say to the HAProxy "Iam alive" or else they will not be considered healthy and request wont be forwarded to them. Regarding session maintenance, the load balancer will add a session cookie to each response as a part of HTTP header so that (if necessary) it will send incoming requests with cookie set to same backend server.
The TCP connection usually terminates at the load balancer and load balancer forwards requests to the backend servers with the source IP being the load balancer. So the backend server sends response to load balancer which inturn uses the tcp connection with the client to send the response back. Since TCP connection ends at the load balancer, SSL will also be striped at the load balancer as backend servers will be in private ips and security wont be a big issue. So one need not want to sync certs as in DNS load balancing.
The usecase required one more change. People wanted servers to send response directly without forwarding via loadbalancer. This is called Direct Server Routing(DSR). In this when a request hits load balancer, the load balancer does not terminate TCP, it just forwards packet to any one of the server via ARP. Now the server will accept packet only if its IP matches with the Dest IP in the packet. So each server will have an interface like lo(localhost) which will the ip of loadbalancer(Dest IP). Now the server can process the packet and send response to client (Source IP in the packet) directly.
A team in my company uses a loadbalancer(cannot be called exactly loadbalancer) called Varnish. This apart from load balancing helps one to cache frequent request, response which are suitable for static requests.
3)Hardware Load Balancers:
I doubt the name Hardware Load Balancers, its best suited if we call them efficient and costly load balancers. These load balancers usually come installed on their hardware. It provides UIs to create multiple virtual servers and nodes behind those servers. To explain what a virtual server is, a company maps mail account to ip A and other webservers to ip B. Requests to A and B will hit same load balancer box but different virtual server( a process that accepts request based on IP) . This virtual server distributes request to real nodes behind it.
Less work force is needed as making changes in the configuration are smooth and one can drag the vendor if something goes wrong as we pay for it. This is useful for a architecture experiencing very heavy loads of input traffic.
BIGIP from f5 Technologies is one such load balancer
PS: There might be multiple ways to implement things. The things mentioned here are based on the implementations at my workplace
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Lessons from Memory
Started debugging an issue where Linux started calling OOM reaper despite tons of memory is used as Linux cached pages. My assumption was if there is a memory pressure, cache should shrink and leave way for the application to use. This is the documented and expected behavior. OOM reaper is called when few number of times page allocation has failed consequently. If for example mysql wants to grow its buffer and it asks for a page allocation and if the page allocation fails repeatedly, kernel invokes oom reaper. OOM reaper won't move out pages, it sleeps for some time and sees if kswapd or a program has freed up caches/application pages. If not it will start doing the dirty job of killing applications and freeing up memory. In our mysql setup, mysql is the application using most of the Used Memory, so no other application can free up memory for mysql to use. Cached pages are stored as 2 lists in Linux kernel viz active and inactive. More details here
The server, me and the conversation
We were moving a project from AWS to our co-located DC. We have setup KVMs scheduled by Cloudstack for each of the component in the architecture. The KVMs used local storage. The VMs are provisioned with more than required resources because we have the opinion that in our DC scaling during peak load and then downscaling doesn't offer much benefits financially as we are anyways paying for the hardware in advance and its also powered on. Its going to be idle if not used. Now we found something interesting our latency in co-located DC was 2 times more than in AWS. The time for first byte at our load balancer in aws was 60ms average and at our DC was 112ms. We started our debugging mission, Mission Conquer-AWS. All the servers are newer Dell hardwares. So the initially intuition was virtualisation is causing the issue. Conversation with the Hypervisor We started with CPU optimisation, we started using the host-passthrough mode of CPU in libvirt so VMs dont see QEMU emulated CPUs, |
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the sun. This was the third form, known by political writers under the name of Democracy. Here the people transacted all public business, or the greater part of it, in their own persons: their laws were made by themselves, and, upon any failure of duty, their officers were accountable to themselves, and to them only. In all appearance they had secured by this method the advantages of order and good government, without paying their liberty for the purchase. Now, my Lord, we are come to the masterpiece of Grecian refinement and Roman solidity, a popular government. The earliest and most celebrated republic of this model was that of Athens. It was constructed by no less an artist than the celebrated poet and philosopher, Solon. But no sooner was this political vessel launched from the stocks, than it overset, even in the lifetime of the builder. A tyranny immediately supervened ; not by a foreign conquest, not by accident, but by the very nature and constitution of a democracy. An artful man became popular, the people had power in their hands, and they devolved a considerable share of their power upon their favourite; and the only use he made of this power was to plunge those who gave it into slavery. Accident restored their liberty, and the same good fortune produced men of uncommon abilities and uncommon virtues amongst them. But these abilities were suffered to be of little service either to their possessors or to the state. Some of those men, for whose sakes alone we read their bistory, they banished; others they imprisoned ; and all they treated with various circumstances of the most shameful ingratitude. Republics have many things in the spirit of absolute monarchy, but none more than this. A shining merit is ever hated or suspected in a popular assembly, as well as in a court; and all services done the state are looked upon as dangerous to the rulers, whether sultans or senators. The Ostracism of Athens was built upon this principle. The giddy people whom we have now under consideration, being elated with some flashes of success, which they owed to nothing less than any merit of their own, began to tyrannize over their equals, who had associated with them for their common defence. With their prudence, they renounced all appearance of justice. They entered into wars rashly and wantonly. If they were unsuccessful, instead of growing wiser by their misfortune, they threw the whole blame of their own misconduct on the ministers who had advised, and the generals who had conducted, those wars ; until by degrees they had cut off all who could serve them in their councils or their battles. If at any time these wars had a happier issue, it was no less difficult to deal with them on account of their pride and insolence. Furious in their adversity, tyrannical in their successes, a commander had more trouble to concert his defence before the people than to plan the operations of the campaign. It was not uncommon for a general, under the horrid despotism of the Roman emperors, to be ill received in proportion to the greatness of his services. Agricola is a strong instance of this. No man had done greater things, nor with more honest ambition. Yet, on his return to Court, he was obliged to enter Rome with all the secrecy of a criminal. He went to the palace, not like a victorious commander who had merited, and might demand, the greatest rewards, but like an offender who had come to supplicate a pardon for his crimes. His reception was answerable. Exceptusque brevi osculo et nullo sermone, turbæ servientium immisctus est. Yet in that worst season of this worst of monarchical tyrannies, modesty, discretion, and coolness of temper formed some kind of security even for the highest merit. But at Athens, the wisest and best studied behaviour was not a sufficient guard for a man of great capacity. Some of their bravest commanders were obliged to fly their country, some to enter into the service of its enemies, rather than abide a popular determination on their conduct, lest, as one of them said, their giddiness might make the people condemn where they meant to acquit,—to throw in a black bean even when they intended a white one.
The Athenians made a very rapid progress to the most enormous excesses. The people, under no restraint, soon grew dissolute, luxurious, and idle. They renounced all labour, and began to subsist themselves from the public revenues. They lost all concern for their common honour or safety, and could bear no advice that tended to reform them. At this time truth became offensive to those lords, the people, and most highly dangerous to the speaker. The orators no longer ascended the rostrum but to corrupt them further with the most fulsome adulation. These orators were all bribed by foreign princes on the one side or the other. And, beside its own parties, in this city there were parties, and avowed ones too, for the Persians, Spartans, and Macedonians, supported each of them by one or more demagogues pensioned and bribed to this iniquitous service. The people, forgetful of all virtue and public spirit, and intoxicated with the flatteries of their orators (these courtiers of republics, and endowed with the distinguishing characteristics of all other courtiers),- this people, I say, at last arrived at that pitch of madness, that they coolly and deliberately, by an express law, made it capital for any man to propose an application of the immense sums squandered in public shows even to the most necessary purposes of the state. When you see the people of this republic banishing and murdering their best and ablest citizens, dissipating the public treasure with the most senseless extravagance, and spending their whole time, as spectators or actors, in playing, fiddling, dancing, or singing, does it not, my Lord, strike your imagination with the image of a sort of complex Nero? And does it not strike you with the greater horror, when you observe, not one man only, but a whole city, grown drunk with pride and power, running with a rage of folly into the same mean and senseless debauchery and extravagance? But, if this people resembled Nero in their extravagance, much more did they resemble and even exceed him in cruelty and injustice. In the time of Pericles, one of the most celebrated times in the history of that commonwealth, a king of Egypt sent them a donation of corn. This they were mean enough to accept; and, bad the Egyptian prince intended the ruin of this city of wicked bedlamites, he could not have taken a more effectual method to do it than by such an ensnaring largess. The distribution of this bounty caused a quarrel ; the majority set on foot an inquiry into the title of the citizens, and upon a vain pretence of illegitimacy, newly and occasionally set up, they deprived
of their share of the royal donation no less than five thousand of their own body. They went further; they disfranchised them; and, having once begun with an act of injustice, they could set no bounds to it. Not content with cutting them off from the rights of citizens, they plundered these unfortunate wretches of all their substance; and, to crown this masterpiece of violence and tyranny, they actually sold every man of the five thousand as slaves in the public market. Observe, my Lord, that the five thousand we here speak of were cut off from a body of no more than nineteen thousand; for the entire number of citizens was no greater at that time. Could the tyrant who wished the Roman people but one neckcould the tyrant Caligula himself have done, nay could he scarcely wish for a greater mischief, than to have cut off at one stroke a fourth of his people? Or has the cruelty of that series of sanguine tyrants, the Cæsars, ever presented such a piece of flagrant and extensive wickedness? The whole history of this celebrated republic is but one tissue of rashness, folly, ingratitude, injustice, tumult, violence, and tyranny-and, indeed, of every species of wickedness that can well be imagined. This was a city of wise men, in which a minister could not exercise his functions; a warlike people, amongst whom a general did not dare either to gain or lose a battle; a learned nation, in which a philosopher could not venture on a free inquiry. This was the city which banished Themistocles, starved Aristides, forced into exile Miltiades, drove out Anaxagoras, and poisoned Socrates. This was a city which changed the form of its government with the moon; eternal conspiracies, revolutions daily, nothing fixed and established. A republic, as an ancient philosopher has observed, is no one species of government, but a magazine of every species : here you find every sort of it, and that in the worst form. As there is a perpetual change, one rising and the other falling, you have all the violence and wicked policy by which a beginning power must always acquire its strength, and all the weakness by which falling states are brought to a complete destruction.
In some respects this early composition may stand a comparison with anything its author ever afterwards wrote. In free and musical flow his style had already nothing further to acquire; and we have also here not a little of the fulness and hurry of illustration, the splendour of colouring, and the impassioned fervour of his latest eloquence. In its next stage his manner became rather less brilliant and impetuous; what he now for a time chiefly aimed at appears to have been precision and force. The following is from his admirable exposition of the principles of his political party, entitled Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents, published in 1770, or fourteen years after the Vindication of Natural Society :
The House of Commons was supposed originally to be no part of the standing government of this country. It was considered as a controul,
issuing immediately from the people, and speedily to be resolved into the mass from whence it arose. In this respect it was in the higher part of government what juries are in the lower. The capacity of a magistrate being transitory, and that of a citizen permanent, the latter capacity it was hoped would of course preponderate in all discussions, not only between the people and the standing authority of the crown, but between the people and the fleeting authority of the House of Commons itself. It was hoped, that, being of a middle nature between subject and government, they would feel with a more tender and a nearer interest every thing that concerned the people than the other remoter and more permanent parts of legislature.
Whatever alterations time, and the necessary accommodation of business, may have introduced, this character can never be sustained unless the House of Commons shall be made to bear some stamp of the actual disposition of the people at large. It would, among public misfortunes, be an evil more natural and more tolerable that the House of Commons should be infected with every epidemical frenzy of the people, as this would indicate some consanguinity, some sympathy of nature, with their constituents, than that they should in all cases be wholly untouched by the opinions and feelings of the people out of doors. By this want of sympathy they would cease to be a House of Commons. For it is not the derivation of the power of that House from the people which makes it in a distinct sense their representative. The king is the representative of the people; so are the Lords ; so are the Judges. They all are trustees for the people, as well as the Commons; because no power is given for the sole sake of the holder; and, although government certainly is an institution of divine authority, yet its forms, and the persons who administer it, all originate from the people.
A popular origin cannot therefore be the characteristical distinction of a popular representative. This belongs equally to all parts of government, and in all forms. The virtue, spirit, and essence of a House of Commons consists in its being the express image of the feelings of the nation. It was not instituted to be a controul upon the people, as of late it has been taught, by a doctrine of the most pernicious tendency. It was designed as a controul for the people. Other institutions have been formed for the purpose of checking popular excesses ; and they are, I apprehend, fully adequate to their object. If not, they ought to be made so, The House of Commons, as it was never intended for the support of peace and subordination, is miserably appointed for that service; having no stronger weapon than its mace, and no better officer than its sergeant-at-arms, which it can command of its own proper authority. A vigilant and jealous eye over executory and judicial magistracy, an anxious care of public money, an openness, approaching towards facility, to public complaint ; these seem to be the true characteristics of a House of Commons. But an addressing House of Commons and a petitioning nation—a House of Commons full of confidence while the nation is plunged in despair-in the utmost harmony with ministers whom the people regard with the utmost abhorrence-who vote thanks, when the public opinion calls upon them for impeachments
who are cager to grant, when the general voice demands account—who, in all disputes between the people and administration, presume against the people—who punish their disorders, but refuse even to inquire into the provocations to them; this is an unnatural, a monstrous state of things in this constitution. Such an assembly may be a great, wise, awful senate ; but it is not, to any popular purpose, a House of Commons. This change from an immediate state of procuration and delegation to a course of acting as from original power is the way in which all the popular magistracies in the world have been perverted from their purposes. It is indeed their greatest and sometimes their incurable corruption. For there is a material distinction between that corruption by which particular points are carried against reason (this is a thing which cannot be prevented by human wisdom, and is of less consequence), and the corruption of the principle itself. For then the evil is not accidental but settled. The distemper becomes the natural habit.
At a later date, again, although he could when he chose confine himself to a haughty severity of diction, in which few figures and little visible flame of passion were suffered to relieve the hard native force and impressivness of the matter-as, for instance, in the Address to the King on the War with America, which he proposed that the opposition should present in 1777, --his style in general returns to a richer and warmer character, both in his speeches and his writings. The following is from his famous Speech delivered at Bristol previous to the election in September, 1780, at which he was rejected by the constituency he had represented during the preceding six years, for the part he had taken in the recent mitigation of the penal laws against the Roman Catholics :
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Quick Answer: Can Giardia Come Back Months Later?
When should I retest for Giardia after treatment?
It is important to have your pet’s stool recheck after treatment is completed to ensure that the giardia have been removed.
Most commonly, this is done 3 weeks after treatment, but this may vary in some cases..
How do humans get Giardia?
Anything that comes into contact with feces (poop) from infected humans or animals can become contaminated with the Giardia parasite. People become infected when they swallow the parasite. It is not possible to become infected through contact with blood.
How did my dog get Giardia?
Can giardia be treated naturally?
Instead of relying on conventional medication, I treated my last 2 giardia cases using natural approaches I learned from Ayurveda. I used food, herbs and lifestyle adjustments to manage my symptoms. It took about a week and involved 100% dedication to the lifestyle and dietary protocols –but it worked. No side effects.
What color is Giardia poop?
Giardiasis Symptoms of giardiasis may include: foul-smelling diarrhea that is often yellow.
Can you get over Giardia without medication?
Children and adults who have giardia infection without symptoms usually don’t need treatment unless they’re likely to spread the parasites. Many people who do have problems often get better on their own in a few weeks.
Can Giardia lead to IBS?
People with Giardia infections appear to have an increased risk for irritable bowel syndrome and chronic fatigue lasting as long as 6 years after the infection, according to data published in Clinical Infectious Diseases.
Can you see Giardia in stool?
Giardiasis can be transmitted by eating or sniffing the cysts from contaminated ground, or by drinking contaminated water. When Giardia cysts are found in the stool of a healthy adult dog without diarrhea, they are generally considered a transient, insignificant finding.
Can humans get giardia from dog saliva?
The risk of humans acquiring Giardia infection from dogs or cats is small 4-7. The exact type of Giardia that infects humans is usually not the same type that infects dogs and cats 5-7. Note: If you own other household or exotic pets, please contact your veterinarian.
Can you reinfect yourself with Giardia?
Recurrent giardiasis is not uncommon – one third of infected patients may develop recurrent or chronic symptoms. When assessing a patient with on-going symptoms following confirmed G. lamblia infection, consider whether it could be: a) post-infectious sequelae, b) reinfection, or c) resistance to treatment.
Will probiotics help with Giardia?
Based on the studies examined herein, we conclude that probiotics have a beneficial effect on the modulation of giardiasis. Giardiasis, an intestinal infection caused by the protozoan Giardia lamblia (synonyms – G. intestinalis and G. duodenalis), is considered the most common human intestinal parasitosis in the world.
Can Giardia go away on its own in dogs?
Dog strains of Giardia are not known to infect cats, and cat strains are not known to infect dogs. In most cases the infection goes away on its own. But if diarrhea is severe or becomes chronic, then medical attention is required.
Can Giardia come back years later?
Long-term complications of giardiasis may present 2 to 3 years following the infection. In some cases, they may last for a few weeks, and may be eliminated with anti-parasitic treatment, observations that have been reported for example in cases of myopathy and skin allergies.
Can Giardia come back after treatment?
Recurrence of symptoms — After being treated for Giardia and seeing symptoms improve, some people experience a relapse. This can happen because people are still infected with Giardia or because of changes in the intestine that cause heightened sensitivity to certain foods.
Can Giardia lay dormant in the body?
How is giardiasis spread? Giardia forms spore-or egg-like cells called cysts, which can survive outside the body for long periods of time. The cysts are a resting or dormant stage that helps the organism survive in unfavorable environmental conditions.
Does Giardia ever go away?
In otherwise healthy people, giardiasis generally goes away completely within weeks, with or without treatment. In some cases, Giardia can be a long-term problem if it is not treated.
Can Giardia cause long term problems in dogs?
Will vinegar kill giardia?
Exposing Giardia cysts to diluted vinegar (acetic acid) had not affect their viability but exposing to un diluted vinegar for 60 min had significantly reduced the viability [19] .
Can Giardia last for months?
If left untreated, the symptoms can persist for around one or two months before gradually improving. A small number of people develop long-term (chronic) giardiasis, which causes persistent or repeated bouts of diarrhoea that can last for up to two years.
What does giardia poop look like?
Do Giardia symptoms come?
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Why do things expand when heated?
Answer :
When you heat solids, liquids or gases, they expand because the molecules start moving faster. To move fast, they need more space, so they expand.
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Elevator Repair and Replacement The Ups and Downs of Elevators
Any building in New York City taller than, say, five stories usually has an elevator—and often, new buildings of even three stories have one. If you live in a New York-area co-op or condo apartment building, chances are that you use an elevator every day.
Chances also are that you don’t give much thought to it, and when you look at the inspection report posted inside the elevator cab, you don’t spend much time analyzing it. Yet, elevators are essential to any mid-rise or high-rise apartment building. See how upset people are when their elevator is out of service for even a few hours!
In the Beginning
There have been elevator-like hoist devices throughout history, but in 1853, American inventor Elisha Otis invented a freight elevator equipped with a safety device to prevent the elevator from falling in case a cable broke. This increased the use of elevators. Other improvements followed, such as telephone communications between the operator and an “elevator supervisor” and signal-controlled elevators.
Before World War I, elevators were still fairly rare and confined by upscale apartment houses in neighborhoods like the Upper West Side, prestigious office buildings and fancy department stores. Many of the elevators of that period resembled luxurious, miniature drawing rooms, with small couches, wood paneling and uniformed operators. When New York City finally allowed the use of self-service elevators in apartment buildings in the 1920s, as opposed to those run by elevator operators, the number of apartment houses built with elevators grew dramatically. It wasn’t only luxury buildings anymore.
How They Work
Today, there are basically two types of elevators in use—hydraulic and “rope-driven.” Chains or cables loop through the bottom of the counterweight to the underside of the car to help maintain balance by offsetting the weight of the suspension ropes. Guide rails that run the length of the shaft keep the car and counterweight from swaying or twisting during travel. Rollers are attached to the car and the counterweight to provide a smooth ride along the guide rails. An electric motor then turns the sheave. These motors are able to control speed and allow for the elevator's smooth acceleration and deceleration. Signal switches also stop the cab at each floor level.
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Boards Have a Range of Options
• We are putting new controllers and new motors on our 9 story bldg. elevators. Present old motors go at 200 feet per minute and take about a minute to travel the 9 floors, should new motors go faster and if so how much faster
• It's interesting to learn a bit about the his on Tuesday, May 26, 2015 1:02 PM
It's interesting to learn a bit about the history of elevators. It's true that people do rely on them pretty heavily. If people couldn't count on elevators, moving up floors of apartment buildings would be a pretty tough challenge. Thanks for the article! |
Fortifications Of The Isle of Wight - Overview
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During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the Isle of Wight was one of the strongest defended areas of the world. The close proximity to Portsmouth, home of the Royal Navy, as well as the major port of Southampton, have meant that whoever controlled the Isle of Wight could control the English Channel and prevent the Royal Navy from leaving port.
Early Raids And Invasions
In 1336, the French Fleet was poised on the other side of the Channel, ready for a full-scale invasion. Although this did not happen, the French ships preyed on English vessels anchored off the Isle of Wight in the Solent, boarding many, scuttling some, and capturing the others. In 1337 the French raided, and all but destroyed, Portsmouth, leaving only a church and the hospital standing. Portsmouth and the Isle of Wight were attacked in March 1338, and, in September, Guernsey was captured. In October 1338, they attacked Southampton, causing Edward III to order the building of its town walls.
In 1330, the French invaded Yarmouth and St. Helens on the Island, but were defeated by Sir Theobald Russell, the King's Warden of the Island, who was mortally wounded in the battle. In 1340, despite Edward III's a spectacular victory against a far larger and superior French fleet at the Battle of Sluys, which gave England control over the Channel, Portsmouth was again raided in 1342, and later in 1370 and 1377.
Henrician Castles
The first attempt to seriously defend the Isle of Wight from invasion was during the reign of King Henry VIII, when four castles were constructed on the Island. These were Yarmouth Castle, Cowes Castle, East Cowes Castle and Sandown Castle, constructed in the 1530s-40s. These were constructed at the principle landing points on the Island, Henry fearing an invasion attempt by France at the time. This fear was well justified as a full French invasion of the Island took place in 1545, the same battle in which the Mary Rose sank.
These Henrician castles were the start of the end of the castle era in Britain, and the beginning of the era of forts. Despite a newer Sandown Castle and earth forts being constructed during the Napoleonic War, the defence of the Isle of Wight was all but ignored for three hundred years.
Later Threats
The Forts
The Isle of Wight Forts From West to East:
FortDate BuiltOpen To The Public?Protected Status
Freshwater Redoubt1855-56No - Private flatsGrade II Listed
The Needles Old Battery1861-63Yes - National TrustGrade II Listed
New Needles Battery1893-95Yes - National TrustGrade II Listed
Hatherwood Battery1865-69Yes - National TrustNone
Fort Albert1854-56No - Private flatsGrade II* Listed
Cliff End Battery1862-77As part of Brambles Chine Holiday CampNone
Fort Victoria1852-55Yes - Isle of Wight CouncilGrade II Listed
Warden Point Battery1862-63No - Private flatsGrade II Listed
Bouldnor Battery1937-38No - In Forestry Commission managed woodlandScheduled Ancient Monument
Nodes Point Battery1901-04As part of the Nodes Point Holiday CampNone
Steynewood Battery1889-94No - Private AccommodationNone
Culver Battery1904-06Yes - National TrustNone
Redcliff Battery1861-63No longer existsNo longer exists
Sandown Granite Fort1861-64Yes - now the Isle of Wight ZooNone
Horse Sand Fort1865-80No - Private AccommodationScheduled Ancient Monument
The Forts' Aims
The aims of the forts built on the Island were to:
• Protect Portsmouth and Southampton from bombardment by enemy ships.
• Close the passage of the Solent to enemy ships.
• To sink enemy ships within range by
• Attacking both armoured and unarmoured parts of the ship
• Attacking the decks with plunging fire ie, from mortars
• Attacking small, fast torpedo boats.
The First Victorian Invasion Panic
From the start of his political career Lord Palmerston, later Prime Minister 1855-1858 and 1859-1865, was determined to ensure that Britain would be better defended. In 1845 stated 'Steam navigation has rendered [the English Channel] which was before impassable by a military force nothing more than a river passable by a steam bridge.' New technology, such as shell artillery, more accurate weapons and ironclad warships led to the fear of invasion.
In 1804 work prematurely began on building a column to celebrate the success of Napoleon's intended invasion of England, an invasion which never actually took place. Work on this ground to a halt after the invasion was called off, however the column was completed with a statue of Napoleon on top in August 1841. Although it was claimed that this column now celebrated the French Grande Armée and Napoleon Bonaparte himself, it was seen by some in Britain as Louis-Philippe stating his intention to invade.
The first panic was caused by the publication of General Sir John Fox Burgoyne, Inspector General of Fortifications, who in November 1846 published Observations on the possible results of a war with France under our present system of military preparation'. This stated that if France was able to control the English Channel long enough to land a large invasion in Britain, Britain's defences were so out of date that the French would likely succeed. This came at a time when King Louis Philippe's son, the Prince de Joinville, had published anti-British articles and was in charge of the French navy and had improved significant increases in funds. Palmerston and the Duke of Wellington both agreed with these findings. However in 1848 Louis Philippe and his son fled from France to England to escape the revolution, and the panic abated.
The Second Victorian Invasion Panic
In 1851, three years after the French Revolution of 1848, Louis Napoleon was re-elected President of the French Republic and in 1852 Louis Napoleon was declared Emperor. This sparked another invasion panic, at which time Palmerston insisted the French were prepared to land 60,000 troops in Britain overnight, despite any evidence to this effect. This panic resulted in three forts being constructed on the Island – Fort Albert, Fort Victoria and Freshwater Redoubt. Shortly after this panic Britain and France allied themselves against the common enemy of Russia, which had invaded the Ottoman Empire in the Crimean War (1853-56).
The 1859 Invasion Scare
While France built more and more Napoleon class vessels, Britain kept re-designing and improving her ships. This resulted in the building of the 101-gun ships HMS Duncan and HMS Gibraltar in 1858, and later the 120-gun HMS Victoria, Britain's last, and the largest wooden warship ever in 1864. In 1857 France constructed a new warship, La Gloire. She had a wooden hull armoured with iron clad plating above the waterline. Britain's wooden navy, her first line of defence, seemed challenged, and outdated. This caused the invasion scare of 1858 - 1859. People were afraid that the French Emperor, Napoleon III1 was seriously planning to invade Britain. Despite being Britain's ally during the Crimean War, France now had become allied with Russia. It was feared that France and Russia might jointly attack Britain. Prime Minister, Lord Palmerston wrote to the Duke of Somerset in September 1859:
The British Royal Navy soon built a response to La Gloire - HMS Warrior - the world's first true iron warship. However it was feared that HMS Warrior and her sister ship would not be enough, especially as by 1861 France had fifteen ironclad to Britain's seven. A sailing ship fleet were able to blockade an invasion fleet inside enemy ports indefinitely, but since the introduction of steam power, a Royal Navy fleet could only stay at sea for as long as the supply of coal lasted.
Because of the increased importance of Portsmouth, Portsmouth and the Isle of Wight were to become the most heavily fortified place in Europe. Portsmouth would be defended by a ring of forts, both by land, by sea and by the Isle of Wight, to prevent an invading force from capturing the Isle of Wight and besieging the Royal Navy in Portsmouth Harbour. Of the 70 forts and batteries built in England wholly or in part to the Royal Commission, 19 forts were built on the Isle of Wight and four sea forts built in the Solent, the water between the Isle of Wight and Portsea Island3 and the mainland. The Royal Commission proposals would have needed a totsl of 5,000 men to fully garrison the Isle of Wight's forts and batteries.
Later Invasion Scares
Although the invasion for which the forts had been built had never come, many had served in important roles in Britain's greatest hour of need. Despite this, the forts have acquired the unkind nickname of 'Palmerston's Follies', after the Prime Minister who ordered their construction and both his folly in feeling they were needed as well as referring to the type of garden decorations known as follies. France, the enemy the forts were built to defend against, was utterly defeated soon after the 1859 invasion scare. France lost the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71 and then underwent a Civil War in 1871, and so shortly after the forts were built was in no state to be able to invade Britain in any case. However the main aim of the forts were to be a deterrent to prevent an invasion from occurring. As no invasion of Britain took place between 1850-1910, to that extent many have argued that they can be considered successful and achieved their purpose.
The End Of Fortification
Osborne House - Victoria Fort And Albert Blockhouse
In the Crimean War Britain and France had defeated Russia, but by 1860 Britain feared invasion from France, the traditional enemy. This fear led to the construction of a new breed of warship begun with HMS Warrior, and a national chain of new fortifications around Britain's most important locations. Forts were not merely follies or ornaments, but were Britain's second line of defence. The play fort at Royal Osborne, though quaint looking and small, was built when its earth ramparts were cutting edge technology, similar to the forts not only on the rest of the Isle of Wight but also used in the Crimean and American Civil Wars.
Type Of FortDescription
BarracksBuilding designed for soldiers' accommodation.
Device A name for one of the thirty Henrician castles built after the 1539 'Device By The King' between 1539-43.
FollyOrnamental building, often castle-shaped.
FortressMajor fortified location, often a town, containing a large army.
RedoubtA small fort without bastions
SconceA small detached fort with bastions
Sea FortCircular fort built at sea.
Banquette Infantry firing step
Battery Command PostPlace from where guns of a battery were commanded and directed.
Bombproof Room or building covered with earth or concrete to strengthen it against enemy shell attack.
Bore Inside of gun barrel.
Breech-LoaderGun which can be loaded by opening the breech, or rear, of the barrel.
CalibreThe measure of a gun barrel's diameter and that of the projectile used in it.
Carnot Wall Wall at the bottom of the rampart and separated from it by a sentry path.
Chemin des rondes A path for sentries at the top of the escarp wall. Also called Sentry Path
Crater Circular dip in the ground caused by an exploding shell or bomb.
Embrasure Opening in a parapet or wall through which a gun can be fired.
Emplacement A gun position.
Enfilade Enemy fire across the fort's flank.
Expense Magazine Magazine close to the battery where small supply of ammunition is kept
Expose Turning on a searchlight
Gorge Rear of a fort.
GunLarge artillery pieces, as opposed to small arms fire from rifles and pistols etc.
Magazine Ammunition store.
MilitiaPart-time volunteer reserve force involved in home defence.
Muzzle-LoaderA gun loaded from its front (muzzle).
PalisadeA wall or defensive barrier made of iron or wooden stakes.
Parade Central courtyard of large forts.
Parapet Wall protecting defending troops on the ramparts
Platform Hard surface that guns can be placed on.
Rampart Earth embankment with parapet and gun platforms on top.
Revetment Wall in the side of the ditch
Rifled Gun bore containing spiral grooves to create spin and increase accuracy and range
Salient An outward projecting angle, especially in a bastion
ShellHollow projectile fired from a gun, usually containing an explosive.
ShotSolid projectile fired from a gun
Smooth-Bore Gun that has not been rifled.
Spur Arrow-shaped projection from a defensive wall
Terreplein Where guns are mounted on the the top platform of a rampart behind the parapet.
Work A fort.
Common Abbreviations
AA Anti-Aircraft GunGun capable of destroying aircraft
AONB Area of Outstanding Natural BeautyNationally recognised beauty spot. Most of the Isle of Wight is an AONB
ASDIcAnti-Submarine DivisionSubmarine detection system, sometimes referred to as the Allied Submarine Detection Investigation Committee.
BL Breech Loading GunSee Above
BCP Battery Command PostSee Above
BOP Battery Observation PostPlace from which the observer could observe the range and bearing of a target and how to aim the guns at it.
COCommanding OfficerOfficer in command of a fort
ELDElectric Light DefenceSearchlight
HMS Her/His Majesty's ShipA Ship of the Royal Navy
IOW Isle of WightIsland south of Portsmouth and Southampton, seperated from the mainland by the Solent
IWCC Isle of Wight County CouncilThe Isle of Wight's unified municipal authority
LDVLocal Defence VolunteersInitial name for the Home Guard
MG Machine GunRifled weapon capable of firing frequent rounds in quick succession
MTB Motor Torpedo BoatSmall fast vessel capable of firing torpedoes
NAAFINavy Army & Air Force InstituteAn organisation dedicated to providing servicemen with recreational facilities and shops.
NCO Non Commissioned OfficerMen in the ranks who outrank privates but are not officers
NT National TrustCharitable organisation dedicated to countryside and pretty house preservation
PDR PounderThis relates to the weight in pounds of the projectile that the gun fires.
QF Quick FiringLarge gun capable of rapid fire. Similar to a machine gun, but for a larger calibre
RAFRoyal Air ForceBritain's air force.
RASCRoyal Army Service CorpsArmy division esponsible for transport and supplies except ammunition
RBL Rifled Breech LoaderSee Above
RECorps of Royal EngineersThe Royal Engineers used to provide technical and engineering support to the British Armed Forces.
REMERoyal Electrical & Mechanical EngineersTher Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers is now responsibile for the maintenance of the British Army's equipment
RGARoyal Garrison ArtilleryArmy of the Royal Artillery responsible for the guns within forts, especially coastal defences.
RML Rifled Muzzle LoaderSee Above
ROCRoyal Observation CorpsA volunteer air defence organisation administered by the RAF tasked with detecting and identifying enemy aircraft.
SB Smooth BoreSee Above
SSSI Site of Special Scientific InterestA protected conservation area in the United Kingdom, either for geological or biological reasons.
TATerritorial ArmyPart-time volunteer reserve army, usually involved in home defence. The modern equivalent of the militia.
WTTUWater Transport Training UnitUnit dedicated to train soldiers in water transport
WTUWater Transport UnitUnit dedicated to the transport of goods by water
UXB Unexploded BombA bomb that has not exploded
Fortifications Of The Isle of Wight - Overview
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creativity , design ,
A Drawing Game to Enhance Creativity
Creativity is the artist’s secret weapon. Without it, skill has little use. Although technical skill must be developed and is incredibly important, it is useless without the ability to communicate ideas and problem solve in a creative way. I believe that creativity is much like a muscle. If you work it will grow and develop, becoming stronger with each exercise.
I would like to share with you a drawing exercise that is designed to enhance creativity. It will give you or your students the ability to practice creative thinking skills, in turn making you a stronger artist.
Begin by writing down several nouns on pieces of a specific colored paper.
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Table of Contents -- tribe
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Noun tribe has 4 senses
• A family, race, or series of generations, descending from the same progenitor, and kept distinct, as in the case of the twelve tribes of Israel, descended from the twelve sons of Jacob. Rev. v. 5. [1913 Webster]
"A wealthy Hebrew of my tribe." [1913 Webster]
• A number of species or genera having certain structural characteristics in common; as, a tribe of plants; a tribe of animals. [1913 Webster]
" By many recent naturalists, tribe has been used for a group of animals or plants intermediate between order and genus." [1913 Webster]
• A family of animals descended from some particular female progenitor, through the female line; as, the Duchess tribe of shorthorns. [1913 Webster]
tribev. t.
To distribute into tribes or classes. [1913 Webster]
"Our fowl, fish, and quadruped are well tribed." [1913 Webster]
tribe, n.
1 a group of (esp. primitive) families or communities, linked by social, economic, religious, or blood ties, and usu. having a common culture and dialect, and a recognized leader.
2 any similar natural or political division.
3 Rom.Hist. each of the political divisions of the Roman people.
4 each of the 12 divisions of the Israelites.
5 usu. derog. a set or number of persons esp. of one profession etc. or family (the whole tribe of actors).
6 Biol. a group of organisms usu. ranking between genus and the subfamily.
7 (in pl.) large numbers.
ME, orig. in pl. form tribuz, tribus f. OF or L tribus (sing. & pl.)
age group, animal kingdom, band, battalion, bevy, biotype, blood, body, branch, brand, breed, brigade, brood, bunch, cabal, cast, caste, character, clan, class, clique, cohort, color, company, complement, contingent, corps, coterie, covey, crew, crowd, deme, denomination, description, designation, detachment, detail, division, dynasty, ethnic group, faction, family, feather, fleet, folk, form, gang, genotype, genre, gens, genus, grain, group, grouping, groupment, house, ilk, in-group, junta, kidney, kin, kind, kindred, kingdom, label, line, lineage, lot, make, manner, mark, matriclan, mob, mold, movement, nation, nature, number, order, out-group, outfit, pack, party, patriclan, pedigree, peer group, people, persuasion, phalanx, phratry, phyle, phylum, plant kingdom, platoon, posse, race, regiment, salon, section, seed, sept, series, set, shape, sort, species, squad, stable, stamp, stem, stirps, stock, strain, string, stripe, style, subclass, subfamily, subgenus, subkingdom, suborder, subspecies, subtribe, superclass, superfamily, superorder, superspecies, team, the like of, the likes of, totem, troop, troupe, type, variety, wing
N consanguinity, relationship, kindred, blood, parentage, filiation, affiliation, lineage, agnation, connection, alliance, family connection, family tie, ties of blood, nepotism, kinsman, kinfolk, kith and kin, relation, relative, connection, sibling, sib, next of kin, uncle, aunt, nephew, niece, cousin, cousin- german, first cousin, second cousin, cousin once removed, cousin twice removed, ear relation, distant relation, brother, sister, one's own flesh and blood, family, fraternity, brotherhood, sisterhood, cousinhood, race, stock, generation, sept, stirps, side, strain, breed, clan, tribe, nation, related, akin, consanguineous, of the blood, family, allied, collateral, cognate, agnate, connate, kindred, affiliated, fraternal, intimately related, nearly related, closely related, remotely related, distantly related, allied, german.
N assemblage, collection, collocation, colligation, compilation, levy, gathering, ingathering, muster, attroupement, team, concourse, conflux, congregation, contesseration, convergence, meeting, levee, reunion, drawing room, at home, conversazione, assembly, congress, convention, conventicle, gemote, conclave, posse, posse comitatus, Noah's ark, miscellany, collectanea, museum, menagerie, museology, crowd, throng, group, flood, rush, deluge, rabble, mob, press, crush, cohue, horde, body, tribe, crew, gang, knot, squad, band, party, swarm, shoal, school, covey, flock, herd, drove, atajo, bunch, drive, force, mulada, remuda, roundup, array, bevy, galaxy, corps, company, troop, troupe, task force, army, regiment, host, populousness, clan, brotherhood, fraternity, sorority, association, volley, shower, storm, cloud, group, cluster, Pleiades, clump, pencil, set, batch, lot, pack, budget, assortment, bunch, parcel, packet, package, bundle, fascine, fasces, bale, seron, seroon, fagot, wisp, truss, tuft, shock, rick, fardel, stack, sheaf, haycock, fascicle, fascicule, fasciculus, gavel, hattock, stook, accumulation, congeries, heap, lump, pile, rouleau, tissue, mass, pyramid, bing, drift, snowball, snowdrift, acervation, cumulation, glomeration, agglomeration, conglobation, conglomeration, conglomerate, coacervate, coacervation, coagmentation, aggregation, concentration, congestion, omnium gaterum, spicilegium, black hole of Calcutta, quantity, collector, gatherer, whip, whipper in, assembled, closely packed, dense, serried, crowded to suffocation, teeming, swarming, populous, as thick as hops, all of a heap, fasciculated cumulative, the plot thickens, acervatim, tibi seris tibi metis.
N class, division, category, categorema, head, order, section, department, subdepartment, province, domain, kind, sort, genus, species, variety, family, order, kingdom, race, tribe, caste, sept, clan, breed, type, subtype, kit, sect, set, subset, assortment, feather, kidney, suit, range, gender, sex, kin, manner, description, denomination, designation, rubric, character, stamp predicament, indication, particularization, selection, specification, similarity.
N paternity, parentage, consanguinity, parent, father, sire, dad, papa, paterfamilias, abba, genitor, progenitor, procreator, ancestor, grandsire, grandfather, great- grandfather, fathership, fatherhood, mabap, house, stem, trunk, tree, stock, stirps, pedigree, lineage, line, family, tribe, sept, race, clan, genealogy, descent, extraction, birth, ancestry, forefathers, forbears, patriarchs, motherhood, maternity, mother, dam, mamma, materfamilias, grandmother, paternal, parental, maternal, family, ancestral, linear, patriarchal, avi numerantur avorum, happy he with such a mother, hombre bueno no le busquen abolengo, philosophia stemma non inspicit.
N man, mankind, human race, human species, human kind, human nature, humanity, mortality, flesh, generation, anthropology, anthropogeny, anthropography, anthroposophy, ethnology, ethnography, humanitarian, human being, person, personage, individual, creature, fellow creature, mortal, body, somebody, one, such a one, some one, soul, living soul, earthling, party, head, hand, dramatis personae, quidam, people, persons, folk, public, society, world, community, community at large, general public, nation, nationality, state, realm, commonweal, commonwealth, republic, body politic, million, population, tribe, clan (paternity), family (consanguinity), cosmopolite, lords of the creation, ourselves, human, mortal, personal, individual, national, civic, public, social, cosmopolitan, anthropoid, am I not a man and a brother?.
See related words and definitions of word "tribe" in Indonesian
Also see definition of "tribe" in Bible Study Dictionaries |
Structural Performance of Concrete Buildings
Structural Performance of Concrete Buildings in Low and High seismic zone
One of the major disasters in the world is an Earthquake in which many structures and buildings collapse and most of the damage occurs due to the improper design against the seismic motion. Earthquake also affects the economy of the country so it’s better to take preventions before construction for the development of the country.
When two tectonic plates collide then stress is produced on the lithosphere on natural calamity occur known as “Earthquake”. When there is a high level of earthquake then lithosphere breaks or shifts. The collision in the plates is of two types one is inter-plate which occurs on the boundary of plates and other intra-plate which can occur anywhere in the plate. Most earthquakes occurred in the Himalayans mountain ranges. The risk of earthquakes on current buildings is because of high seismicity due to the age of the structure and the low standard material used in the construction process. As we know that earthquakes are unpreventable and unpredictable so the only option is to design and build the structure which can resist earthquake. The amount of damage can increase in the future because the construction of buildings is increasing due increase in population. During the earthquake behavior of buildings depend upon certain factors like lateral strength, stiffness, and ductility. The buildings which are having regular geometry, stiffness, and mass suffer less damage during an earthquake. When an earthquake occurs then inertia forces generated from the building resist it. The resultant forces in building acts on the center of the mass of the building. Eccentricity develops when the center of mass and the center of gravity do not coincide then it generates torque.
To build a structure that offers resistance to earthquake the most important aspect of the design is the deformation of the structure within the inelastic range. Therefore, effective earthquake resistance in the structure can be obtained only when the design has the capacity for internal damping (energy dissipation within the materials of the structure) and for inelastic deformation. Many buildings are investigated to know the reason of failure so the major failures are due to the soft storey, floating columns, mass irregularities, poor quality of construction material, faulty practices in construction, sound and foundation effect, faulty concrete production, defects in reinforcement details, poor quality of workman ship and pounding of adjacent structures. By detailing the reinforcing steel in reinforced concrete appropriately, increase in the ductility of the R/C concrete is possible. However, this would not prevent dynamic degradation of the R/C concrete under subsequent cycles of harsh inelastic deformation. Another method is by using structural steel members with higher ductility. However, they too would undergo dynamic deteriorations and also reduction in strength due to local buckling. Also, flexible building frames that suffer post-elastic deformations are eventually expensive to fix.
While designing any structure for earthquake zones we have to take under consideration three limit state designs:
Service limit state
In this state building will not face any damage to the structure and important buildings are designed on this state like hospitals, assembly and power plants. If the earthquake takes place these buildings should be serviceable.
Damage control limit state
In this state if earthquake comes there will be less damage to structure, and we can use it after repairing. This state is only for used for permanent buildings.
Survival limit state
In this state if earthquake comes there will be damage to the structure, but support will be able to carry the load and there will be no loss of life.
Earthquakes are having large magnitude and have short duration so buildings must be safe from collapse and there should be no damage to structure elements. Concrete and masonry are the critical parts of structure so special detailing is required to ensure ductility to lateral forces. Ductility can be increased by increasing reinforcement in the structure. Ductility serves as the shock absorber in the structure. Reinforcement also effects the economy also so the correct ratio of steel to be used in the structure. Earthquakes produce forces that act horizontally on a structure and can be characterized into three types:
Type 1
Earthquakes which last a longer duration and have an irregular noise like surface motions.
Type 2
Earthquakes that are one of the most serve in terms of damage done to the ground.
Chandiwala, A. (2012) found that above 500,000 earthquakes occur every year. 1000 of earthquakes people feel and 100 of earthquakes cause damage. Most of the earthquake occurs at the boundary of tectonic plates. Earthquake can be resisted in two ways. First the structure should be made of smaller sections which are subject to plastic stresses. Second the structure should be made of large section which is subjected to elastics stresses. It is observed that steel structures behave well when subjected to earthquake. Steel structures are ductile, so their flexible nature provides good resistance to earthquake. Experience in past earthquake made it clear that buildings construction practice lacks resistance to earthquake. Most of the problems lie in developing countries due to lack of coordination between departments and lack of responsibilities in concerned authorities. About 70% steel structures faced brittle failure and 10% structures collapsed during earthquake. The Most essential features for earthquake are stable foundations, regularity, ductility and toughness, stiffness, redundancies are considered while designing and constructing the structure.
While designing buildings we must check the history of earthquake in the particular area. Building must be regular and foundations must be stable and earthquake resisting devices should be used in the building like base isolators and buildings not to be constructed near to each other in order to avoid the pounding affect. Building should be designed and constructed according to the codes. It is necessary that all are parts of building or structure, including non-structural components must be tied together so they can provide a continuous path that will transfer the forces to the ground. If the components of parts are not tied together so during earthquake there are chances of collapse. In 1971 San Fernando earthquake a collapse occur in the building in which the exterior walls which support structures wooden roof were not connected so during strong shaking walls moved away and roofs collapse. So, if all the components are tied together so it can save the building from collapse. Energy dissipation devices should be used like damper it helps to resist the building during earthquake.
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Where Does The Hepa Filter Go In A Meile Olympus 300 Model
Where Does The Hepa Filter Go In A Meile Olympus 300 Model
Do Air Purifiers Actually Work?
How do air cleansers work?
As air moves through the filter, contaminants and particles are caught and the clean air is pushed back out into the home. Normally, filters are made from paper, fiber (typically fiberglass), or mesh, and require routine replacement to maintain performance.
Most filters on the market are created to capture particles like dust and pollen, however don’t catch gases like VOCs (unstable organic substances) or radon. That would require an adsorbent, like activated carbon. The Environmental Protection Company (EPA) alerts that the functionality of air purifiers is limited in terms of filtering out gases, and that you should regularly replace filters for ideal performance, usually about every three or so months.
Lots of air purifiers are good at filtering contaminant particles out of the air (dust, smoke, pollen, etc.), but they are not always very good at removing gaseous pollutants like VOCs or radon from the air that might collect from adhesives, paints, or cleaning products. Allergens that are embedded into furnishings or flooring are also not caught by them.
If you are worried about mold, we ‘d advise buying a dehumidifier or humidifier to assist keep the appropriate wetness levels in your house and stave off mold growth problems. Air purifiers do not prevent mold development, so it is needed to eliminate the source of moisture that is enabling it to grow.
Can air cleansers filter the outside air that enters your house?
Often, non-organic air pollutants like the VOCs we pointed out previously can originate from outdoors your house. “There are all sorts of situations in structure fires where large dosages of smoke inhalation may cause cyanide toxicity. That would mostly require to be somebody who was standing straight in or near the fire: Those individuals are brought to emergency situation rooms immediately,” Dr. Roten discusses. “Normally, outside contamination or smoke or short-term bad air isn’t a consistent issue for spectators.” The best kind of cleanser can address any environmental air qualities in your locale. Utilizing nearby wildfires as an example, Dr. Roten includes that a HEPA filter-equipped cleanser is your best choice: “Anything that has a real HEPA filter in it is most likely adequate sufficient to filter out most all the big particles that would be worrying,” he states. “The majority of the smoky odor will likewise be resolved also.”
What should I try to find in an air purifier?
For appropriate effectiveness, you require a design designed to work in the room size. Choose a design that is created for a location larger than the one you are outfitting it for if you wish to operate it at a lower, quieter setting.
AHAM (Association of House Device Manufacturers) Verified mark AHAM’s standards are design to guarantee the security, efficiency and efficiency of numerous house care appliances, including air cleansers. The requirements are developed to provide a common understanding between manufacturers and customers to assist make the acquiring procedure simpler. While voluntary, a lot of respectable air purifiers have undergone this certification program, which frequently supplies a CADR ranking and size guidelines.
Real HEPA. Real HEPA filters are effective at getting rid of ultra fine particles (think: dust, dander, pollen, mold and other common irritants in the house). The market standard for such is that the system needs to have the ability to get rid of at least 99.97% of particulates measuring 0.3 micron size in a lab setting. Remember, it is necessary to note that in reality settings, the real efficacy of these devices would be far less as brand-new pollutants are continuously emerging. Note that there is no industry standard for the terms “HEPA-like” or “HEPA-type,” and are mainly used as marketing tactics to get consumers to acquire the product.
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Guatemala was a country on Earth (PROSE: Risk Assessment) in the Americas (AUDIO: The Tactics of Defeat, TV: Four to Doomsday) It bordered Belize and had a population of what Deakin estimated to be 12 or 15 million, at least in the 21st century. (AUDIO: The Tactics of Defeat)
When the xXltttxtolxtol came to colonise Earth, Agnes Havisham planned for them to settle Guatemala, believing that it was closest to their own environment and unproductive already. (PROSE: Risk Assessment)
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January 9 | This day in history
This Day In History
Saturday, February 27, 2021
On This Day
in 1788
Connecticut becomes the fifth...
Connecticut, United States
in 1917
Battle of Rafa.
Battle of Rafa. The Battle of Rafa (also known by the British as the Action of Rafah) took place on 9 January 1917 at el Magruntein to the south of Rafa, close to the frontier between the Sultanate of Egypt's Sinai Peninsula and the Ottoman Empire, and in the area to the north and east of Sheikh Zowaiid. This was to be the third and final battle in the Sinai theatre of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign during the First World War. Here, a British Empire attacking force defeated an Ottoman Empire garrison entrenched in a series of strategically strong redoubts.
Rafa, battle, World War I
in 1941
First flight of the...
First flight of the Avro Lancaster. The Avro Lancaster is a British four-engined Second World War heavy bomber made initially by Avro for the Royal Air Force (RAF). It first saw active service in 1942, and together with the Handley Page Halifax it was one of the main heavy bombers of the RAF, the RCAF, and squadrons from other Commonwealth and European countries serving within RAF Bomber Command. The "Lanc", as it was affectionately known, became the most famous and most successful of the Second World War night bombers, "delivering 608,612 tons of bombs in 156,000 sorties." Although the Lancaster was primarily a night bomber, it excelled in many other roles including daylight precision bombing, and gained worldwide renown as the "Dam Buster" used in the 1943 Operation Chastise raids on Germany's Ruhr Valley dams.
Avro Lancaster, heavy bomber, bomber, World War II
in 1913
Richard Nixon
in 1970
Lara Fabian
Lara Fabian (born Lara Crokaert) is a Belgian-Italian international singer who also holds Canadian citizenship. Multilingual, she sings in French, Italian and English.
in 1873
Napoleon III
Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte was the President of the French Second Republic and as Napoleon III, the ruler of the Second French Empire.
in 1918
Charles-Emile Reynaud
Charles-Émile Reynaud was a French science teacher, responsible for the first projected animated cartoon films. Reynaud created the Praxinoscope in 1877 and the Théâtre Optique in December 1888, and on 28 October 1892 he projected the first animated film in public, Pauvre Pierrot, at the Musée Grévin in Paris. This film is also notable as the first known instance of film perforations being used. |
Quick Answer: Are Lions Happy In Captivity?
Do lions die of old age?
Lions live for a maximum age of 16 years in the wild.
They live longer in captivity as compared to the wild.
A lion starts to become weaker and then die at the age of 10 to 15 years in the wild.
Lions live for up to 20 years in captivity..
Which animal lives the longest?
Are Tigers happy in captivity?
Tigers breed well in captivity; therefore, efforts in this way have been made to help increase their population. Since less than half of the cubs survive in the wild, there are proper techniques in place to help ensure their survival in captivity.
Do animals die faster in zoos?
Animals die prematurely in zoos African elephants in the wild live more than three times as long as those kept in zoos. Even Asian elephants working in timber camps live longer than those born in zoos[5]. 40% of lion cubs die before one month of age.
How long can a lion live?
10 – 14 yearsAdult, In the wildLion/Lifespan
Are zoo animals happy in captivity?
Zoo animals with proper care and enrichment, for example, have similar hormone profiles, live longer, eat better, and are healthier than their wild counterparts. … This means we are able to modify our standards of care to ensure that any animals we place in captivity, domesticated or wild, are as happy as they can be.
What happens if a human and an animal mate?
Humans are animals too. … If a human mates with another species it is very unlikely that there would be any offspring: the egg and sperm would most likely not join together. And even if they did the offspring would probably be infertile. It’s also illegal.
Can a female lion kill a male lion?
“I’ve never heard of a female attacking a male.” He said there have been observations of groups of females attacking strange males if they are seen as a threat, but the females generally just wound and chase away the males, not kill them.
Do lions do well in captivity?
Should Lions be kept as pets?
Tigers and lions are surprisingly easy and inexpensive to purchase as pets. While import and interstate trade are prohibited, they are available in many states from captive breeders. This means it is possible to own a large and powerful carnivore whether or not you are equipped to properly care for them.
Are zoo animals depressed?
Animals suffer in zoos. They get depressed, psychologically disturbed, frustrated, they harm each other, become ill, go hungry, and are forced to endure extreme and unnatural temperatures. These animals cannot live as they would wish to live. … If you care about animals do not go to the zoo.
Should animals be kept in zoos yes or no?
The second reason animals should be kept in zoos is that they are safer in a zoo than if they were in the wild. In the wild, an animal could attack another animal and kill them. … The fourth reason why animals should be kept in captivity is that scientists can do research on different animals.
Can a lioness kill a lion?
In the wild, groups of lionesses do attack lions, typically in defence of their cubs or territory, and such incidents have been filmed at safari parks. However Mr Funston said he has never seen an instance that has ended in a death.
What is the average lifespan of a lion in captivity?
25 years oldLions that live in captivity live to an average age of 25 years old, while the life expectancy of a lion living in the wild is only from 12-16 years of age.
Do male lions mate with their daughters?
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Воскресенье, 28 февраля, 2021
First computer viruses
Должен знать
The first computer viruses, as they were, why were they created?
The first known virus, or rather the file worm, is Pervading Animal. It was created in 1975 for the Univac 1108 computer, as a refinement to the previously created Animal game, which was very popular at the time. Distributing programs and files at that time was a very laborious exercise, since you had to record it from one tape to another. When programmer John Walker was tired of such a long process of copying, he wrote a special subroutine “Pervade”. It was launched into the memory of a computer as an independent subprocess, searched for possible directories for recording and, in the absence of a copy of the game, “Animal” wrote it down there.
However, this innovation brought discord in the work of the program, and it began to append itself to other executable files, copying uncontrollably into all directories until the disk was full. The spread of the game stopped after UNIVAC released a new version of the operating system in 1976, in which the game-virus could no longer work.
One of the first viruses found on the computer of ordinary users, which could spread in other people’s computers, and not in the system where it was developed, is “Elk Cloner”. This virus was written in 1981 by a fifteen-year-old schoolboy Richard Skrent for Apple II computers.
The virus spread, infecting the DOS operating system for Apple II, through floppy disks. After starting the computer from an infected floppy disk, a copy of the Elk Cloner virus was automatically loaded into the computer’s memory. The virus did not affect the operation of the computer and other programs, it could only monitor the disk drives. When access to an uninfected disk or floppy disk appeared, the program copied itself. So he slowly infected more and more computers. And, although the virus did not specifically harm the user, he was able to spoil the disks with a non-standard type of DOS, destroying backup disk tracks without paying attention to the contents. Each 50th download of “Elk Cloner” ended with the output of a short poem on a computer screen.
The first network virus is considered Creeper. In 1973 he infected Arpanet, a military computer network, a prototype of the Internet. The virus was written by an employee of BBN (Bolt Beranek and Newman) Bob Thomas. This program could independently access the network via a modem and leave its copy on a remote computer. He didn’t carry out any destructive actions, only when he got into the computer he displayed on the screen the inscription: “I’M THE CREEPER … CATCH ME IF YOU CAN” (I’m the Creeper … Catch me if you can).
A little later, another BBN employee, Ray Tomlinson, developed the Reaper program, which also moved freely on the network and, if Creeper was detected, deleted it.
The first viral epidemics were held in 1987-1989. At this point, many could afford to purchase relatively cheap IBM PCs, which led to a sharp increase in the scale of infection with computer viruses. It was in 1987 that three major epidemics of computer viruses broke out at once. The virus that caused the epidemic, called Brain (also known as the Pakistani virus), was developed in Pakistan to punish local pirates who steal software from a developer. But, unexpectedly for everyone, it quickly spread throughout the world.
For reference.
A computer virus is a malicious program that can create copies of itself, as well as inject its code into other programs, boot sectors of disks, into system memory. A virus can spread its copies over the Internet. Viruses are created with the aim of disrupting the operation of the computer, deleting data or their theft, blocking the work of users or disabling the computer hardware.
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It is a well-established fact that there is a strong connection between substance use and mental health disorders. This is a bidirectional relationship where each feeds off or predisposes to the other. When a person is found to suffer from both, the substance abuse disorder and mental illness, it is known as a dual diagnosis or co-occurring disorder.
Depression is one of the most commonly occurring mental illnesses and frequently tends to co-occur with substance abuse disorders. People who abuse substances are more likely to suffer from depression, and it is also true the other way around. People who are depressed tend to drink or abuse drugs in an attempt to feel better and break away from depressing thoughts. However, many of these drugs of abuse, such as alcohol, lead to an increase in the feelings of sadness or fatigue after a short burst of euphoria or pleasure.
How can you tell if someone is depressed? It is very important to identify these patients. According to one study, among individuals with recurrent major depression, up to 20% have underlying depression or another mental health issue. The clinical picture of the drug use disorder can mimic that of depression, which can make it difficult to diagnose depression in a patient who is actively using. Typical signs/symptoms of depression include lack of interest in activities, changes in sleep patterns, changes in appetite, feelings of guilt or despair, lack of energy, trouble concentrating, suicidal thoughts, etc.
People who are depressed tend to drink or abuse drugs in an attempt to feel better and break away from the depressing thoughts
Here are the key questions to ask when you need to screen someone for drug abuse:
• Do you use drugs or alcohol for longer or in larger amounts than you anticipated?
• Have you tried to cut back your use unsuccessfully?
• Do you spend a lot of time using, obtaining, or recovering from drugs or alcohol?
• Do you experience cravings to use or drink?
• Does substance use interfere with work, school, or home life?
• Do you continue using even though substance use causes problems in relationships?
• Do you use drugs or alcohol in situations where it is physically hazardous to do so?
• Over time, do you need more of the substance to create the desired effect?
Once the diagnosis is made, the treatment for both depression and substance use should commence. Antidepressants are conventionally prescribed for patients with depression or anxiety disorders along with a substance use disorder. But medication alone is not helpful. It has to be complemented with counseling and behavioral support. Patients with dual diagnosis tend to cope well with counseling, medical support, and group therapy. But in some cases, they may require intensive inpatient or outpatient treatment programs. While relapses are possible, patients undergoing comprehensive treatment have very high odds of achieving full recovery. But it is important to get diagnosed early so that timely treatment may begin, which significantly improves the chances of success. |
The church was first mentioned in 926. Georg Khevenhüller rebuilt it in 1586 as a protestant church according to a sgrafitto. The main gate ist made of Italian marble, with penitent figures, the transept shows the last supper crowned by the resurection.
The main altar is an exquisit work from Michael Bacher, a famous sculptor from South Tyrol. The grave of Franz Khevenhüller, died in 1607, shows his coat of arms in colored marble, probably by the famous sculptor Marin Pocabello.
The churches crypt contains the tombs of the Khevenhüller family.
The bell was donated by Georg Khevenhüller in 1585 and is occasionately used. |
The Age of Experience: The aging workforce in the construction industry
The median age of a construction industry worker is 43 years old. In fact, roughly 40% of all workers in the industry are 45–64. The number of older workers is going up and the number of young workers is going down. According to data from Center for Construction Research and Training, Silver Spring, Md., workers age 55 and over increased from 17% in 2011 to 22% in 2018.
Having an experienced workforce provides significant advantages. Older workers tend to be safer and have a proven track record. These workers also tend to be more skilled and reliable because they have seen a lot. They know what works and what’s efficient. Additionally, baby boomers are often “company first” employees that value hard work. Meanwhile, younger people, while also hard workers, may prioritize having a work-life balance.
Workers younger than age 25 make up only 9% of the construction industry. However, the Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that between now and 2026, the construction industry will see major growth and as many as 747,600 new jobs. This may wreak havoc on the construction industry, which is likely to continue to face an uphill battle in finding future skilled labor positions. It is estimated that by 2030, millennials will make up about 40% of the U.S. workforce and Gen Z about 32%.
According to construction law firm Jackson Lewis, New York, “[The BLS] data suggests that it is not only imperative that employers understand the changing demographics and diversity of the workforce population (which will help in recruiting, training, and retaining new talent) but strategize on how to keep current workers in the industry longer. Employers who fail to address the latter run the risk of losing some of their most senior, skilled and experienced employees sooner than necessary.”
Planning for safety
With increasing demand for skilled labor, many workers are putting off retirement. Despite the physical demands of construction work, proper planning can minimize the impact of certain activities on older workers. While these workers are less likely to be injured by certain job hazards, such as struck-by, they are more prone to slips, trips and falls.
Older drivers at work are more likely to wear a seat belt and abide by speed limits. However, according to the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, “Those age 55 and older have twice the risk of dying in a work-related crash than younger workers do. One possible reason is that older persons are more likely to be injured if they are in a crash, and more likely to die if they are injured.”
Older workers are also more likely to experience repetitive use injuries. Years of strenuous and demanding activities take a toll on joints and muscles.
Employers should implement strategies to mitigate risks to workers and provide incentives to older workers to stay healthy and be active. Minor injuries to older workers such as simple sprains and strains are typically more costly for employers and often require lengthier recovery time.
Employers can decrease the probability of injuries to all workers by establishing rotating schedules, fitness programs, stretching routines and safety programs to train workers. The implementation of disability prevention and management programs can also help assess and reduce the risk of hazards, injuries and illnesses.
Employers can provide a more flexible work schedule to older, skilled workers by offering reduced hours or a part-time role, which can minimize the physical impact on the body. Additionally, when older workers can’t physically do the work anymore, they can step into mentoring or teaching roles to help pass on their knowledge and skills to younger workers.
Finally, employers need to be familiar with the safeguards provided to workers by the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA), the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and all relevant state and local laws and regulations. The ADEA protects employees who are 40 and older from age-based discrimination in the workplace. Similarly, the ADA prohibits discrimination against qualified employees who have a physical or mental disability. The ADA also requires employers to offer reasonable accommodations to those employees, which may include an employer offering reduced or flexible hours or restructuring responsibilities. These modifications can help workers maintain employment without discrimination.
There are many challenges associated with the aging work force and the dearth of young workers in the growing construction industry. At the same time, there are plenty of resources available to help you learn more.
About the Author
Tom O'Connor
Safety Columnist
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New EdTech Tools & Apps that Improve Classroom Management
Good classroom management begins with creating routines and procedures that make the room feel predictable and safe, as well as promote positive relationships between teachers and students.
Good classroom management begins with creating routines and procedures that make the room feel predictable and safe, as well as promote positive relationships between teachers and students. Effective instruction is also an important part of behavior management; engaging students during lessons will reduce problem behaviors. There are many EdTech tools out there that directly address behavior management or focus on increasing engagement.
→ Download our PBIS Toolkit to help implement your PBIS program
Take a look at a few EdTech tools and apps that can improve classroom management.
Google Classroom
Google Classroom allows teachers to make announcements, administer quizzes or surveys, assign classwork and homework and grade assignments. It also gives students access to other Google apps such as Gmail and Google Docs. Using Google classroom can improve management because its helps students stay organized with turning in assignments.
blankStick Pick
Equity sticks are popsiclesticks with each students name written on them. Teachers choose sticks at random to ensure each student gets an equal chance to participate. Stick Pick takes the idea of equity sticks to the next level; this app allows teachers to differentiate instruction and manage student responses. Along with providing a random name generator, Stick Pick also provides differentiated question stems for each student’s level. The app is aimed at improving higher-order skills.
blankToo Noisy
Too Noisy is a noise level meter used to help control the noise level of students in your classroom. Through use of visual cues the noise meter indicates when the noise level in the classroom has increased to an inappropriate level. As the noise level increases graphics change to indicate the difference. This app improves classroom management because it helps students self-monitor what is an appropriate speaking level in the classroom.
Remind is a communication tool that allows teachers to reach parents and students. The easy-to-use app allows teachers to send messages to families that can be received by email, text message or directly through the app. I have used Remind in my own classroom. It is a simple, quick and effective way to communicate with your whole class or to follow up with parents about a specific student. You can use Remind for behavior updates or general school or class information.
Choosing groups can be a great source of tension in a classroom, students often choose to work with their friends even if that may not be the most academically beneficial. GroupMaker allows teachers to create no hassle groups based on various criteria including gender or performance level. This app improves classroom management because it reduces arguments that could occur and it avoids making students feel left out.
blankTime Timer
Time is precious in a classroom. A classroom with good management has routines and procedures to maximize instructional time. The Time Timer app has all of the features of a regular timer plus great visual cues for students.
Socrative is a students response system. The app provides fun and effective classroom engagement. The app provides students with activities, quizzes and games. As students answer questions the teacher receives immediate feedback based on their responses. This app allows you to be responsive to students needs, addressing misconceptions immediately.
Kahoot is a trivia platform for your classroom. It is very simple to use and it is a great way to review concepts with students. Teachers can create a game or use already existing games that align to the content you are teaching. Students compete in teams or individually, answering multiple choice trivia questions about a certain topic. Feedback is immediate so students know exactly how the are doing. My students loved playing Kahoot! They were always engaged and on task when we reviewed concepts using Kahoot!
Sometimes your class or school library does not have the book you are looking for, Epic provides unlimited access to books for students grades K-5. Epic is the leading digital library for children 12 years old and under. The app gives you access to over 20,000 books including audio books and books in Spanish.
Educreations is an interactive whiteboard. This EdTech tools allow teachers and students to capture ideas, use content, share ideas and sync information.
Kathy Schrock’s Bloomin’ Apps
This tool categorizes apps based on Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy: Creating, Evaluating, Analyzing, Applying, Understanding and Remembering. Bloomin’ Apps gathers various apps in one place with clickable links to access all of the apps. This tool is an EdTech differentiation list for your student’s needs.
Each day, the availability of EdTech options are growing and changing, much like the technology outside of education. As educators we must keep up with the current technology offerings, support its implementation in our schools, and advocate for equity and access in all schools. Here at Kickboard, we have seen the impact on the achievement of students when schools effectively use technology as a tool for improving school culture. To learn more about how Kickboard can support the use of EdTech in your school click here. |
Global average temperatures are rising. Arctic sea ice is melting at an escalating rate. Globally 800 million people are vulnerable to climate change impacts like drought and rising sea levels. We just saw the most devastating bushfire season in Australian history – over 18 million hectares of land was burned.
Sounds pretty depressing, doesn’t it? If the state of the world and our environment is sending you into a spiral of doom, you’re definitely not alone. In fact there’s even a term for it. Climate Anxiety.
1. What Is Climate Anxiety?
“Climate anxiety”, a term that’s bandied around a lot lately, is described by the American Psychological Association (APA), as a “chronic fear of environmental doom”. It’s the perfect term to describe the feeling of despair and stress that comes when confronted with the effects of climate change on our environment.
Dr. Patrick Kennedy-Williams and Megan Kennedy-Woodard are psychologists who started Climate Psychologists, an organisation created to support individuals and groups in overcoming climate anxiety. They tell Pedestrian that climate anxiety often manifests in young people as feelings of panic and dread.
“However, it can be broader than this. People may experience other responses such as grief, anger, and powerlessness. These might lead to problems sleeping or eating, or crucially, making people feel less engaged with finding solutions to tackling climate change or reducing their carbon footprint.”
It’s important to note that climate anxiety, or eco-anxiety, isn’t the same as a clinical mental health disorder. But the effects of climate change on our society, particularly among young people, are indisputable. The Australian Psychological Association recognises that “climate change is as much a psychological and social problem, as it is an environmental or ecological catastrophe”.
Many experts have said that climate fears can often worsen pre-existing mental health conditions. It’s not an irrational fear, but rather a very normal response to a very real and present threat.
2. How Is Climate Anxiety Affecting Young Aussies?
Sam Leighton-Dore is a 28-year-old who lives on the Gold Coast – a city with a projected sea level rise of 80 centimetres in the next 80 years, and no new climate change strategy since it expired in 2014.
He says he’s feeling very anxious about the state of the world. “I see a psychologist weekly and honestly, I feel ripped off that I’m having to pay a therapist to discuss the government’s ongoing inaction over a non-disputable epidemic.”
In most cases climate anxiety stems from a low-lying level of fear over the future, which at best is murky and uncertain. According to the UN, we now have less than 11 years to prevent catastrophic climate change. With many world leaders denying the existence of climate change and refusing to introduce measures to protect our planet, Is there any point in making long-term plans if we’re all going to be on fire/underwater in 20 years?
For many millennials, this is being reflected in our choice to have children. More and more, couples are choosing not to have children – partly because of the environmental impact of raising a child, and partly because it’s hard to know what kind of world they’ll be raising them in. A survey of Aussie women found that one-third under the age of 30 were reconsidering their choice to have kids, because of “concern about an unsafe future from climate change”.
Even Prince Harry shared that he and his wife Meghan would have no more than two children, for the good of the planet.
The uncertainty of climate change has Sam and his husband also rethinking their choice to have children. “I’ve been clucky since I was a kid – starting a family has always been something I’ve wanted for myself,” he said.
“My husband and I even bought a baby’s onesie when we first started dating as a corny symbol of our future together. Now that we’re married, it’s getting harder to talk about, especially considering the sluggish pace of meaningful climate action.”
3. How Can We Get Help?
In the last few years, many organisations dedicated to providing help and support for people feeling the mental effects of climate change have been established. Climate Psychologists was born when a couple of psychologists noticed they were seeing more and more patients with anxiety stemming from the threat of climate change.
“A large part of the work we do is around how to communicate about climate change in a way that helps people feel empowered to act, rather than powerless and overwhelmed,” they say.
“We started to run workshops for parents about how to talk to kids about climate change. This then expanded to education departments, government and media organisations. The way we talk and communicate about the climate crisis is such an important aspect of how we feel about the issue, and how empowered we feel as individuals and communities to have a positive impact.”
4. We Need To Take Action
The psychological effects of climate change are undeniable. But perhaps these feelings can be harnessed to help combat the threats we’re all facing.
The overriding message from researchers, psychologists, and people experiencing climate anxiety is that action seems to be the best “cure”. The team at Climate Psychologists note that people can experience positive emotions as a response to climate change, including “hope, connectedness and motivation for change”.
One of the best ways to combat the anxiety and hopelessness that comes with climate anxiety, is to take action, and engage in solutions that can give you a sense of agency.
Helen Berry, a professor and expert in climate change and mental health has spent the last few years studying the intersection between the two. She notes that when it comes to climate anxiety, we tend to feel the emotion collectively rather than in isolation. In an interview on Radio National, she commented on the sense of belonging that can come when individuals unite to fight a common enemy. The feeling of being part of a group, being able to contribute is “both tremendously helpful for mental health [and] tremendously effective as a way of taking action to achieve a goal that we as individuals couldn’t possibly do on our own.”
In the last few years, we’ve seen a surge of action against climate change from the general public. The best example of this can be seen in the global school strikes for climate change. With Greta Thunberg as their poster-woman, hundreds of thousands high school students, in 150 countries across the world, marched in the streets demanding action from political leaders regarding climate change.
Think realistically about what will work for you. Taking practical steps – even just small stuff like teaching your parents how to reduce waste, remembering to take your Keep Cup to work, or attending a local park clean-up can help alleviate feelings associated with climate anxiety.
Some days, it’s going to feel easier to lie on the couch watching Netflix and UberEats-ing Macca’s because we’re all going to die anyway. And that’s fine. But on days when you can, turn that emotion into action. Not to go all ~inspirational Instagram post~ on you, but we really don’t have to be perfect. A million people trying their best is better than one person living like an eco-saint.
Wallow in the anxiety when you need to, but take action when you can.
Jemima Skelley is a freelance journalist. You can find Jemima on here on Twitter and Instagram. |
ESFP Careers
Your Myers Briggs Personality Type and Your Career
Veterinarian doing a check-up on a Viszla
••• Ron Levine/Stone/Getty Images
ESFP is one of 16 types the Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) assigns to individuals after they take this personality inventory. The four letters stand for Extrovert, Sensing, Feeling, and Perceiving and represent an individual's preferences for how he or she energizes, perceives information, makes decisions, and lives his or her life.
Career development practitioners often administer the MBTI to clients who are trying to find a suitable career or make other related decisions. They believe that for someone to be satisfied with their occupation, it must be a good fit for his or her personality type, among other traits.
Katharine Briggs and Isabel Briggs Myers based the MBTI on the 16 unique personality types psychiatrist Carl Jung identified. As an ENFP, you are different from someone who is one of the other types—not better, not worse, just different. Think of each of your four preferences as an ingredient in a recipe. It's not only that each one is different from the other three, the way they combine and interact with one another makes each type unique. Because of the differences between them, particular careers and work environments are more suitable for individuals with some personality types than they are for others.
ESF, and P: What Does It All Mean?
Let's now dissect your MBTI type to try to understand each of your four preferences:
• E (Extroversion): When you read the word extroversion (sometimes spelled extraversion), friendly and outgoing come to mind. While that may be true of many who prefer extroversion, what it means, in this context, is that you get energy from external forces, for example, other people. Those who prefer introversion instead of extroversion have more internal motivations.
• S (Sensing): A preference for sensing means you tend to use only your five senses to decode any information you receive. You don't make assumptions beyond what you can see, hear, smell, taste, and touch.
• F (Feeling): Your decision-making is guided by your feelings and values. You are sensitive to the needs of other people and consider how your actions will affect them. Your beliefs are fundamental to your choices.
• P (Perceiving): Flexibility and spontaneity are hallmark traits of someone with a preference for a perceiving lifestyle. You don't like deadlines and prefer not to have to plan to meet them. You are, however, skilled at dealing with change.
When you think about your preferences, keep the following in mind: Most people do not entirely favor one preference in each pair over the other. While you may prefer to do things a certain way, you can adapt and use the opposite preference, for example, introversion vs. extroversion, when in a situation that requires it. Your preferences may change over time. They are not set for life. Finally, as mentioned before, each preference in your type doesn't operate in isolation. It is affected by the other three.
Making Decisions: What Careers and Work Environments Are a Good Fit for Your ESFP Personality Type?
In addition to using your personality type to help choose a career, it is imperative to consider your valuesinterests, and aptitudes too. Conduct a thorough self assessment to get all the information needed to make an educated decision.
While every letter in your personality type is significant, when it comes to choosing a career, focus primarily on the middle two letters, "S" and "F." Occupations that involve dealing with concrete things will appeal to your preference for sensing, but don't forget that your values and feelings guide your decision-making. Here are some occupations to consider:
When you are deciding whether to accept a job offer, take your preferences for Extroversion( E) and Perceiving (P) into account. They will play a significant role in your success in a particular work environment. You are motivated by external forces, as your preference for Extroversion (E) indicates. Flexibility and spontaneity are important to you. You thrive when you have to adapt to change.
• The Myers-Briggs Foundation Web Site. |
what is correct definition of heredity?
Asked by | 23rd Dec, 2012, 04:54: PM
Expert Answer:
Heredity is the biological process whereby genetic factors are transmitted from one generation to the next.
Answered by | 23rd Dec, 2012, 09:00: PM
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demining process
Locating More than Monuments: Demining with Schonstedt
How the Schonstedt Humanitarian Demining Initiative works—and how you can help.
You know the magnetic locator well, no doubt. Whether yours is a Schonstedt or another brand, geospatial professionals are familiar with these instruments due to their common use in detecting survey markers. Border-marking studs, often sunk by surveyors gone by, are made of the ferrous metals that the magnetic locators are designed to detect.
However, before the 1970s, Schonstedt wasn’t focused on these meat-and-potatoes surveyors’ needs. The company was a space-specialist, hard at work creating instruments for aerospace use. As a developer of magnetic field detectors, they were often in partnership with NASA—a big zoom out from looking for infrastructure hidden underfoot.
Their website says, “Our founder, Erick O. Schonstedt, designed his first instruments for use in the aerospace industry, outfitting over 400 satellites with magnetometers, along with the Hubble telescope.”
His technology was used in satellites for orientation, to measure the magnetic fields for other sciences, and to gauge altitude.
Under the Hood of Schonstedt’s Magnetic Locator
Because buried metal disrupts the direction of the Earth’s magnetic fields, a magnetometer will detect ferrous metals to impressive depths even through the earth. Thus, Schonstedt pushed forward with the development of an earth-bound, hand-held magnetometer that would make underground investigation acceptably ergonomic—and the GA-52 magnetic locator was born.
It was a wild success for the company—“the instrument of choice for surveyors in the 1970s”—and has defined Schonstedt’s direction ever since. (While they no longer manufacture sensors for satellites, their Heliflux magnetic sensor technology is currently on several active satellites and “is unsurpassed for its environmental stability and ability to detect ferrous objects to extreme depths.”)
The GA-52Cx is Schonstedt’s basic model. The GA-72Cd has an LCD meter display reflecting the relative signal strength and polarity of the magnetic field detected; the GA-92XT is a portable, retractable version of the latter, providing one-handed operation and an easily removable battery.
As Schonstedt put it, “The GA-52Cx locator detects the magnetic field of iron and steel objects, with unmatched sensitivity.” Because their detection is of ferrous metals—no cry raised for gold, aluminum, brass, or copper, none for plastic, and so forth—these magnetic locators are great for detecting benign objects such as waste metals and potentially contested ones such as border markers.
They’re also exactly what’s needed to detect the metallic construction of unexploded ordnance (UXO) and explosive remnants of war (ERW). This makes them useful in just about every country in the world—whether or not that country has recently seen war on their soil.
Sales of Schonstedt locators in the U.S. are often to the U.S. military or Department of Defense contractors for the insurance of safety on their training fields and weapons-testing grounds, as well as for use overseas in areas that may be primed against perceived threats.
In the United Kingdom, for example, it’s not uncommon for unexploded World War II mines to still be underground or close to the surface, and each one may or may not be alone. In countries that have seen more recent combat, invasion, or civil war, the UXO and ERW count is much higher, and because of that, there’s a greater demand for locators.
For example, in 2018, the UN’s demining outfit, United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS) managed 18 mine action programs on three continents, clearing large swaths of highly contaminated land and thousands of miles of roads, and they destroyed more than 105,000 ERW and thousands of landmines and IEDs.
Due to Schonstedt’s locator’s ease of use, it’s a tool that’s suitable for international deployment. There are only a few switches, and you can quickly learn to use the instrument. Being designed for one-hand use (a boon for the busy surveyor, who may have to make notes or consult them), it’s also ideal for the nerve-wracking job of demining. Light, no problem to wield. Practical.
Generally, demining initiatives are led by teams of local specialists who survey the land areas that are likely to contain leftover ordnance supply or have been planted with bombs that haven’t been cleared. Their area role is dual: both geospatial task force and bomb squad.
Unfortunately it’s not always possible for countries with UXO or ERW to afford the equipment that their people need to perform in this specialist profession. It’s common for these teams to work with UNMAS—they have a partnership with the Tajikistan Mine Action Center, for example—and it’s through the UN that Schonstedt is able to lend their expertise to the problem, as they do for geospatial professionals every day.
The Demining Initiative
The Schonstedt Humanitarian Demining Initiative is a program that puts Schonstedt magnetic locators in the hands of demining teams in countries that otherwise struggle to afford them.
It also guarantees that Schonstedt will match any GA-72Cd magnetic locator donated to the UNMAS initiative through Schonstedt. Say, your company allots funds for the purchase of one item for the UN to deliver to a specialist team in an underfunded area. Your company buys that from Schonstedt—$1,041 outgoing—and Schonstedt sends two locators to these UXO surveyors, selected and verified by the United Nations.
Daniel Craig, U.N. global advocate for the elimination of mines and explosive hazards, demonstrates the use of the Schonstedt magnetic locator. Credit U.N.Photo/Manuel Elias.
Wendy Hart at Schonstedt has also worked in tool-to-team coordination with the U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Political-Military Affairs, Office of Weapons Removal and Abatement (PM/WRA). The receiving country’s demining team covers the cost of shipping and handling.
Schonstedt started the initiative in 2007 to promote the sales of its pipe and cable locators, which are typically more expensive than a magnetic locator. When a customer purchased a pipe and cable locator, Schonstedt would donate a magnetic locator to an organization doing UXO clearance in that customer’s name.
To their surprise, customers who did not need pipe and cable locators, like surveyor Frank Lenik from New Jersey, approached Schonstedt and wanted to donate locators without purchasing a pipe and cable locator. From there, the matching donation program was born, helping donors who care about this issue to make a greater impact. Buy one of these locators, and the company will match your purchase with a donation of the same detector to be used for locating and detecting UXO by UNMAS-vetted demining teams.
Lenik happened to be involved with a local pacifist community, his Quaker church group in Woodstown, New Jersey. They found that the initiative appealed to their values and asked if they could buy magnetic locators for donation, rather than for their own personal or business use, and have that purchase matched.
From this beginning, Schonstedt developed their current program, and the Woodstown Quaker group set about funding around 30 of Schonstedt’s matched donations. Their efforts lead to notable coverage in print, digital, and video journalism. Lenik’s involvement in the surveying industry and its surrounding community also allowed word to spread; for some time, the majority of the contributions to this program were from Lenik’s area, New Jersey, and West Virginia, where Schonstedt is headquartered.
Far-reaching Benefits of Demining
According to the journal, Landmine Cluster and Munition Monitor, in 2016 at least 8,605 people were killed or injured by landmines, and that includes improvised landmines, unexploded cluster submunitions, and other explosive remnants of war.
It’s clear why the demining initiative appeals on moral or religious grounds, but its value goes further. UXO and ERW are an active strain on the world economy and prevent the expansion of business and industry; land that can’t be marked as safe also can’t be farmed, for example. Agriculture is impossible among UXO or ERW as workers can’t access the fields, and animal stock will be depleted once let loose on unsafe ground.
Active bombs in pedestrian areas or the public way, and even on private land, injure people who then have pressing health needs, including medicine, doctors, hospitals, and prosthetics and ongoing aftercare. These are especially expensive for underserved countries with UXO and ERW and a contributing factor to why they can’t contribute to international marketplaces.
Furthermore, it’s unsafe for existing businesses to expand into countries with undetonated mines, and for work to be delegated or outsourced there because factories and manufacturing plants cannot be built on mined ground.
Refugees cannot be given space to live within the borders of their own countries because there is not enough mine-free land, and as such can be forced to move elsewhere. There is also generational damage to be considered; the loss of children, who are drawn to toy-like items such as partially visible cluster bombs, is hard to recover from.
All this can be combated with the same equipment you use all the time. Next time you’re out in the field with your locator, consider the tremendous potential you’re holding in your hand. It lets you do your job … and it saves lives, every day.
How to Get Involved
If you or your business is looking for a way to make charitable giving a priority in 2020, what better way than through a geospatial program? Even if you’re not thinking about tax deductions and are looking for a way for your local surveyors’ community, Facebook subgroup, or rotary club to come together for team building, consider creating a fundraising challenge that backs the Schonstedt Humanitarian Demining Initiative.
Who can buy units, with purchase to be matched by Schonstedt? Businesses, individuals, and nonprofit organizations, such as church and school groups, trade associations, and service clubs.
The Process
1. Schonstedt will match your donation unit for unit: two donations for the price of one.
2. Schonstedt will ship the units directly to currently under-served countries according to UN priorities; you need not worry about logistics.
3. Donations are made in the name of the donor, which can be registered as a group or an individual.
4. Arrangements are in place to enable tax deductions for the purchase price of the equipment—for full details, call 304-724-4702.
5. Donors will receive frameable Thank You letters from Schonstedt Instrument Company, the United Nations, the U.S. Department of State, and the demining team who receives your instrument, where possible.
6. Public relations assistance will be provided on request at no cost: Schonstedt will help you promote your donation, netting you public or industry attention for your generosity.
If purchasing one whole magnetic locator is beyond your budget, any interested party can also contribute to an aggregate fund that’s on Schonstedt’s website. Once the balance of that fund meets the $1,040 unit cost, that is matched, and any leftover donations go to meeting the next total.
Featured image: UNMAS provides tactical training in explosive detection in support of the Malian Defense and Security Forces. Credit: UNMAS.
Recent Shipments to Somalia
In October, 2019, four magnetic locators from Schonstedt were sent to Somalia for use by a local demining team locating ERW. They’ll be working on ground approximately six miles north of the nation’s capital, Mogadishu. The press release from Schonstedt reads:
“The Daynile district, located in the Banaadir region of Somalia, encompasses the northern outskirts of the nation’s capital, Mogadishu. Approximately six miles north of the central part of Mogadishu also lies a former ammunition storage site.
“At the site, most ammunition bunkers were destroyed, and some of them collapsed inward, leaving approximately 98 acres of land contaminated with explosive hazards.”
Located near an airstrip, the site may also become a relocation site for Internally Displaced Persons.
“Initial clearance operations cleared more than 20,300 ERW, but additional ERW likely remain buried beneath the collapsed bunkers and surrounding areas. With UNMAS-supported demining teams conducting further clearance operations, Schonstedt GA-72Cd Magnetic Locators will aid in the detection and clearance of remaining ERW and other UXO.”
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Locating More than Monuments: Demining with Schonstedt” Comment
1. Great article and sounds like a very worthy program. Congratulations to Schonstedt for trying to help better the world.
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Montville's Rejects
montville-rejectsThe following article was written by Gillie Warren who had kindly given me permission to republish it on our website. Thanks Gillie!
(This is not my story. It was written by a journalist called Bill Simpson and published in the Courier-Mail in June 2003, although many may not have seen it.
I did help with the research, and Bill kindly gave me permission to reproduce the story in “Happenings”, our local newspaper at the time”. (Gillie Warren))
Montville has had a unique Australian attraction for the past century without most people, including locals, having any idea.
Secluded in the village is a war memorial which publicly reveals six Montville men who were rejected for service during World War I. The two-pillar monument at the centre of Montville’s memorial gates, unveiled on Remembrance Day 1921, carries names under three distinct headings: Enlistments (33 names), Fallen (6 names), and, at the bottom, Rejects (6 names); L.Swain, C.Court, T.Smith, J.Smith, C.Vining, D.Vining. Even more astonishing is the expectation by the experts that the six men almost certainly requested to be recorded as rejects.
Researchers agree the Montville memorial is the only one in Queensland, and possibly Australia, to identify rejects. So why were these men recognised publicly?
While no official records are known to exist, Victoria Barracks History Society Queensland curator Leo Walsh provides an account he considers close to the truth. The six men, Walsh says, would have volunteered. It was the Australian thing to do at wartime.
Some would have been rejected on medical grounds. Some would have been rejected because their jobs were essential to the war effort at home. Dairy farming and droving would have been among them. Some would have been rejected because of the number of other family members already enlisted. Whatever the reason, Walsh is certain the six men requested they be recognised as having volunteered. There were extreme social pressures at the time on young men to volunteer, and it was common, both in Australia and the UK, for men who refused to volunteer to receive a white feather from some disenchanted person in the community. The white feather was a symbol of cowardice. It was always presented in a public way so that others knew, and the objector was recognised for the rest of his life as a man not prepared to defend his country. The stigma stuck. To protect men who volunteered but were rejected for legitimate reasons, small communities around Australia formed “associations of the rejected”. They recognised these men in many different ways. One common way was a badge the men could wear to identify themselves as willing, despite their rejection. Walsh says Montville appears to have been unique in recognising its six men by naming them on its memorial. “It’s the only example we have heard,” he says. Interestingly, he says that rather than being disgraced by being publicly identified, the Montville men were given a salute for their willingness to enlist and serve their country.
History professor Ken Inglis also refers to associations of rejected volunteers in his book, Sacred Places: Monuments in the Australian Landscape. He says the associations petitioned committees to put (the volunteers’) names on their tablets (memorials), but with little success.
When the Montville RSL sub-branch disbanded, members joined surrounding branches, mostly Maleny or Mapleton. Mapleton sub-branch secretary Roley Rowsell says his information supports what Walsh says. Elderly Montville residents recalled stories of the six men who volunteered. “The word is that these six men asked to be recorded as rejects on the memorial as a means of showing that they were there (at war) in spirit, if not in person,” Rowsell says. Did he think that, maybe, there should be a more sensitive section for the six men on the memorial? “Hell, no,” he thunders, “That’s history. You don’t change history. It was the language of the day. It’s like, in those days to be gay meant you were happy and carefree. It means something altogether different now. No, damn it, leave it as it is.
Elmslie Vining’s father, Daniel, was one of Montville’s famous rejects. So was his Uncle Charles, Daniel’s brother. Vining, who left Montville at the age of 11 and now lives at Scarborough, says his father told him both he and Charles had volunteered, but were rejected on medical grounds. “Dad told me that he had rheumatic fever at 20 or 21,” recalls Vining, now 74, “But the main thing that kept him out (of the war) was that he had osteoarthritis or osteoporosis, or something like that, of the left heel. The back of the heel had to be removed. So he couldn’t wear boots or shoes without getting horrific blisters. He was disappointed. He didn’t want to be seen to be shirking his share (of war duty).” Vining says his Uncle Charles had a spinal condition from a horse riding accident as a young man and spent the rest of his life “bent almost double”. “I never heard any derogatory remarks about the men who could not serve,” he says, “It seemed to be acceptable to the community.”
One of Montville’s oldest residents, Madge Glover, recalls Thomas and John Smith were brothers from a large family. Four sons were accepted for service, two were of school age, and Thomas and John were rejected, probably because the farming family had already made a big enough contribution.”
Charlie Court was an older brother of Bert Court, a school student for some time at Montville, and later a pupil-teacher. The Courts had moved to Palmwoods in 1909, but possibly Charlie stayed in Montville; there is a Mrs C.Court listed in the 1925 Montville telephone directory. Leslie Swain was a young farmer at Flaxton. His children Janet Swain and John Swain were enrolled at Montville school in 1920 and 1921. Mr Swain was President of Montville Bowling Club in 1939. Recently his granddaughter, child of a younger daughter who attended school in Flaxton, contacted me, wanting information about her grandfather, his farm and life. She was tickled pink to hear that her grandfather was actually a very, very special person, a Reject in fact! (Gillie Warren) |
Retention Mechanisms in Chromatography
The main goals of our research on retention mechanisms in chromatography are to provide microscopic-level insight into chromatographic separation processes and to predict retention times using novel simulation techniques and transferable force fields.
Simulating the Chromatographic Column
This figure shows a snapshot of one of our recent reversed-phase liquid chromatography simulations with a dimethyl octadecylsilane (C18) stationary phase and aqueous mobile phase. This chromatographic system was studied to determine the microscopic-level structure of the bonded phase in contact with the aqueous mobile phase with different type amd amount of organic modifier (methanol or acetonitrile). This study will provide insight into the experimentally observed phenomenon of retention loss when using mobile phases with high water content.
Gas-liquid and reversed-phase liquid chromatography are the principal methods for the analysis and separation of organic and biological molecules, as evidenced by their extensive use throughout the scientific community. In industry alone, more than half the cost of manufacturing arises from separation processes, with chromatography playing a central role, in particular, for high-value-added products like pharmaceuticals. However, despite such wide-spread use, many fundamental questions on the retention process remain unanswered, largely due to the complexity of chromatographic systems and the lack of microscopic-level information. Unanswered questions regarding the theory of retention include:
• What is the relative importance of partition and adsorption equilibria?
• To what extent does the mobile phase alter the structure and properties of the stationary-phase?
• Do dangling hydroxyl groups at the surface of the silica substrate influence retention?
Without these answers, there is great difficulty, first, in predicting the retention properties of any solute and, then, in designing novel stationary phases with improved retention characteristics. In a recent article in the journal, Analytical Chemistry, trying to do so was compared to climbing Mt. Everest:
Retention by theory
"It is considered the 'Mt. Everest' of separation science: Given just a structure and experimental conditions, accurately predict the retention characteristics of a solute molecule. J. Ilja Siepmann and colleagues at the University of Minnesota and Rohm and Haas take on the challenge and, using powerful molecular simulations and transferable force fields, obtain microscopic pictures of the partitioning of 10 alkanes between a helium vapor phase and a squalene liquid phase in gas-liquid chromatography. The analysis is made even more difficult because the alkanes include two sets of topological isomers, such as 2,5-dimethylhexane and 3,4-dimethylhexane, which are constructed from the same set of methyl, methylene, and methine 'building blocks'."
Anal. Chem. A-pages 185A (2000) |
How Public Speaking Can Make You Smarter
Done right, public speaking can make your brain bigger
Done right, public speaking can make your brain bigger
Image Credit: Michael Horton
Nope, I don’t think that there is anyone out there who thinks that despite the importance of public speaking that giving a speech is an easy thing to do. First there is the process that you have to go through to come up with a good idea for a speech, then you have to write the speech and this is followed by countless hours of practicing the speech and finally you have to go through the nerve racking process of actually giving the speech. Not an easy thing to do. However, working out is not an easy thing to do either. Could it be possible that giving a speech is similar to giving your brain a workout?
A Brain Is Either Growing Or It’s Not
In the world of business, we often say that a company is either growing or its shrinking. The concept of just standing still really does not exist. It turns out that when we’re talking about your brain, the same rule applies. Our brains have a very interesting characteristic called neuroplasticity which simply means that they are ever changing. What this means for you is that depending on what is going on in your life your brain will either be getting bigger or getting smaller.
When it comes to giving a good speech, this requires a number of different skills on our part. These skills include such things as being able to be aware of the time, not fumbling our words, etc. These skills don’t just happen, we need to practice giving speeches in order to make sure that our brains get a bit bigger and they record how we are supposed to give a speech. What’s happening is that all of the effort that we are putting into creating, practicing, and delivering a speech results in our brains forming neurons which then grow and form stronger and longer neural pathways.
Giving speeches will cause your brain to grow and will have real benefits for you. What other speakers have found is that by going through all of the effort required to give a speech they were able to do a better job of focusing, paying attention to what was being said, and not being distracted by other things that were going on in their environment were all enhanced by public speaking. Special speaking skills like storytelling can have additional benefits such as allowing us to build bridges between our short term memory and our longer saved memories. Overall, going through the process of creating and delivering a speech will provide us with a boost of intellectual stimulation that will have long-lasting positive effects on us.
The Brain Is In Charge Of Everything
I can only speak for myself, but I tend to view everything that happens in the body as being a part of a separate subsystem. It turns out that I’m a bit off in my thinking. Yes, there may be different parts of the body that control different functions; however, at the end of the day, the brain is in control of everything. The most important things that our brains are able to regulate for us are our emotions..
What regulating our emotions means to a public speaker is that what our brain is going to allow us to do is to reduce the amount of stress that we fell when we are giving a speech. As I’m pretty sure that we’ve all experienced, if we allow negative thoughts to enter our brains as the time to give a speech approaches, then our stress level just very well may go through the roof.
Since we are in charge of how our brain works, this give us the ability to regulate our emotions. When we start to detect the negative voices in our head starting to increase in volume, this is exactly the time that we need to take charge. When this happens, you can do several things. The simplest is to consciously banish the voices – tell them to go away. Another thing that you can do is to start to tell yourself positive things. The volume of your positive messages will grow to such a level inside of your head that you’ll no longer be able to hear the negative voices. Finally, sometimes you just want to remove yourself from the emotional situation that you find yourself in. Switch environments by going outside or taking a walk. This can help allow your brain to quiet your internal voices and thereby get your emotions under control.
What All Of This Means For You
Our brains are a wonderful thing. From the day that we are born to our final day on this planet, our brains are constantly changing. A brain is either growing or shrinking and what you are currently doing is will determine what its doing right now. It turns out that the effort level involved in preparing and delivering a speech in order to share the benefits of public speaking is something that we can do that will cause our brains to grow.
Giving a speech involves selecting a topic, writing the speech, practicing the speech, and then actually delivering the speech. All of these activities can cause your brain to get bigger. As your brain grows in size, you’ll discover that you now have other skills also. These may include doing a better job of focusing, paying attention to what was being said, and not being distracted by other things that were going on in your environment. Your brain is also in charge of your emotions and so this means that by using your brain you can quiet the little voices that show up in your head and start to boost your stress level.
What all of this comes down to is the simple fact that you, and your brain, are in charge of how your next speech is going to turn out. Your brain is an amazing device and you have full control over it. Take the time to understand how you can cause your brain to get bigger as a part of preparing for your next speech and you’ll be able to amaze and wow your audience as you show them just how smart you are!
– Dr. Jim Anderson
Blue Elephant Consulting –
Your Source For Real World Public Speaking Skills™
Question For You: Do you think that working with other people can provide you with a way to get your emotions under control?
What We’ll Be Talking About Next Time
So what’s the hardest part of giving a speech? I think that the most difficult thing to do is to actually create a great speech – one that your audience is going to want to listen to. All of us want to create a great speech, it’s just that we really don’t quite know how to go about doing this. It turns out that what we really should be working on is our own personal creativity. The more creative you are, the better a speech you will produce. |
cables is under heavy development.
WebGL1 and WebGL2
A little overview
The underlying interface that allows 3D graphics on the web to be rendered natively is called WebGL. WebGL was first released in 2011 with WebGL1. WebGL2, the next iteration of WebGL, was made availible in 2017. WebGL2 features new features. If you are interested in the details of the specification & differences, have a look here.
Why would this matter to you, the user?
WebGL2 has been adopted by most of modern browsers (Chrome, Firefox, Opera, Edge).
There are two platforms that still use WebGL1: macOS (Safari) and iOS (every browser). If you plan on making your patch functional for these platforms, there are a few things to keep in mind:
MipMapping & Power of Two Textures
WebGL1 only supports mipmapping for power of two textures. What does that mean?
First off, what is mipmapping?
Put simply, mipmapping saves your texture in different resolutions internally so the graphics card can choose which resolution is optimal to display your texture without artifacts. See the following picture for a visual explanation:
As you can see, there are moiré artefacts in the background without mipmapping. These disappear when mipmapping is enabled.
When using the Texture op, mipmapping is enabled automatically.
Mipmapping in WebGL1
WebGL1 allows mipmapping only for textures that have dimensions that are a power of two.
What does that mean?
Here are the powers of two: 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, 2048, 4096, ...
Mipmap filtering will only work if the dimensions, the width and the height, of the texture are one of these numbers. Width and height do not need to be the same size, but both values need to be a power of two.
Texture dimension examples that work: 1024 by 1024, 256 by 2048, 512 by 128 and so on.
Texture dimension examples that do not work: 1038 by 2030, 540 by 1300, ...
Scaling a texture to the next power of two
Fortunately, cables allows you to resize a texture to the closest power of two within the application:
If you open the file browser and click on the texture you desire to resize, the following options will appear:
If you look at the bottom of the screenshot, you can see marked in yellow the current size of your image. At the bottom right of your dimensions, there are a few buttons that allow you to process your image through cables. The relevant button to resize to the next power of two is marked in bright green.
After clicking it, a dialogue appears and asks you if you want to resize the texture. If you do that, the following dialogue will appear:
Your texture is now resized to the next power of two and usable for mipmapping in WebGL1.
Mipmapping in WebGL2
Mipmapping in WebGL2 works for every resolution.
help cables get better and edit this file on github |
Lessons from Texas Freeze: 5 Ways to Strengthen US Energy Resilience
Even as people are suffering through the harshest winter storm Texas has seen in decades, the reasons for the state’s devastating power grid failure have become a political battleground. While vulnerable people freeze in their homes, pundits snipe about whether wind turbines are to blame.
It’s deeply misguided to blame wind power for the blackouts when the state gets about 75% of its power from fossil fuels and nuclear. In reality, the cold weather in Texas froze infrastructure at natural gas, coal and nuclear facilities, as well as wind turbines.
Blaming renewable energy in this catastrophe diverts attention from the broader and more systemic failures that led to this crisis: inadequate planning, disregard for resource adequacy and a focus on lowest possible cost.
This isn’t a renewable energy problem. This is a resilience and planning problem.
The storm in Texas is as big a wake-up call as recent wildfires in California and crippling floods from Hurricane Harvey in 2017 and Superstorm Sandy in 2011. Climate change will make weather patterns more volatile and extreme — we’re in a new climate world. We must examine our infrastructure, expose its weakest links and act now to make systems-level investments.
So, what can be done to make sure the devastation happening in Texas doesn’t happen again, in that state or anywhere else?
Here are five ways to make our energy systems more resilient so they can withstand extreme weather events in the future:
1. Protect Power Generation and Fuel Supplies
The extreme cold in Texas disrupted all types of power plants. Most importantly, it reduced supplies of natural gas. Previous cold weather events showed the infrastructure was vulnerable, but Texas officials did not make investments to improve its resilience. For example, gas plants in Texas don’t have ice protection. The state has wind turbines, but those aren’t winterized the way they would be in the upper great plains or Canada. These are the types of investments that can keep the power on, thereby saving lives and avoiding millions of dollars in economic damages from outages.
2. Expand the Grid and its Interconnection
An interconnected grid can move power to where it is needed most. As of February 17, roughly 46 gigawatts — about 55% of total installed capacity — was offline in Texas. If there were long-distance transmission lines linked to outside power pools, Texas companies would have been able to import more power from out of state. Unless there are new investments in transmission infrastructure for moving large amounts of power from one place to another, the grid won’t be resilient.
3. Rethink Market Design and Resource Adequacy
Texas is one of seven states or regions that have partially deregulated power generation. In those markets, companies that generate power can compete with one another. In every other state or region, however, the market design ensures “resource adequacy,” meaning that there’s enough energy available 24/7, 365 days per year, to meet the demand. But in Texas, there are no resource adequacy requirements since putting those kinds of requirements in place would add a small cost to power for all customer. Today, the main policy lever when supplies are short is to simply allow prices to rise high enough to reduce demand — which doesn’t work if you don’t have the physical ability to deliver power or import it. Resource adequacy is a critical feature of a resilient system and a sound investment against catastrophic failure.
4. Create Multi-day Energy Storage Systems
Energy storage can play a role in system resilience, but we need technologies that can address extreme weather events. Current batteries, which are being deployed rapidly today, provide only hours of energy storage. That doesn’t address prolonged power outages. It is possible, though, to expand that storage capacity to days. To do so, we need research investments in and commercialization to bring them to market (see this WRI report published in September). Now is the time for the government and the private sector to collaborate to develop workable options for longer-term storage.
5. Modernize Buildings, Infrastructure and Technology
It’s time to update our building energy codes. In Texas, out-of-date codes create a significantly higher demand for heating and electricity in both existing and new buildings. Energy retrofits to upgrade windows and insulation and rebates for efficient appliances will benefit customers and reduce peak demand in both summer and winter. Demand response and smart buildings can be part of a modern energy system.
This crisis in Texas and other Southern states is tragic for the people living there, many of whom have lost heat and access to clean water. But this will happen again. Extreme weather patterns will continue to emerge as the threat of climate change grows, even in places like Texas where serious winter storms are rare.
Clean energy, which emits no greenhouse gases, can help us reduce our long-term risk. Investment in efficient, resilient energy system infrastructure and planning will help us manage the weather and climate impacts we already face. These changes, urgently needed, will help save lives, both now and in the future.
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In Glogpedia
by SM4S11
Last updated 5 years ago
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1. I was making lemonade and it said i needed 5/4 of lemons and 4/3 of sugar. IMPROPER2. I had a night with my family their are five of us, we had pizza. There were 8 pieces a pizza, I had 3 dad had five mum had 2 Macy had 4 and Daisy had 4 that means we had two hole pizzas and there were 6 left over.All together we ate 2 wholes and 2/8, therfore we had 6/8 left over.
Equivalent fractions are fractions that relate to each other for example if i had 1/4 and I times it by two I'd get 2/8 it is an equivalent fractions. In the box above there will be some equivalent fractions. But equvilent fractions also mean one whole so 1/1 is equivalent to 2/2.
Fractions are mathimatical equasions that help us in our everyday lives (eg;) my mum needs to cut up oranges for my sisters netball team she needs to do this equally so evryone gets the same amount, so she cuts them up in quarters, 1/4. There are also inproper fractions that arent equivalent meaning 4/3. Hint there are 3 thirds in whole so that means it would be 1 whole and a third.
What Are Fractions?
Improper fractions are fractions that would not match together (as you can see above) or, dont fit together. You also can't find equivalent matches to them because you can't equally have 5/4 and you can't equally have 10/8.
Inproper Fractions
Equivalent Fractions
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