text stringlengths 144 682k |
|---|
Children's book about dolphins
How does a dolphin swim? How do they give birth in the water? How do they communicate with each other? Young readers will learn all about these intelligent, affectionate and sociable creatures. They will watch them as the dolphins swim in large groups, look after each other when injured and team together to catch their prey. Readers of this beutifully illustrated book will find out the names of different species of dolphins in the oceans around the world and about some of their close cousins. |
Project Description Facebook
Project Description
Facebook is an American social networking service founded 14 years ago that is on February 4th, 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg headquarters in California.
We can create an account in Facebook with email id and password and upload the pictures, videos. Facebook is also linked with other products like Messenger, it’s a messaging application used for chatting. As of June-2018, Facebook had 2.23 billion monthly active users: who have login Facebook for one month. Day to day number of new users are also increasing.
The data which we upload are stored in the database. If a user dies, then that user account and data can be used for their family members for the memories. It is database which contains user personal data and public data.
Background Information and Statement of problem
Suppose a user dies, his/her account can be used by their family members to know how they lived the life, memories can be shared.
Its acts as medium for information transfer between many generations.
We do not know how our ancestors lived many years ago, using applications like Facebook helps us. Some data in the Facebook database like personal basic details and status of the user
can be shared to various other departments which helps for statistics and to find the user personal details id some got caught in any criminal cases and other.
Effective ways to use Facebook data
1. Availability to next generations
As a purpose of making the dead people memories data can be made as available to other generations.
2. Managing dead people data.
To manage dead people separate database servers can be used and it can be update on schedule.
Data is already stored in the Facebook servers and a primary method would be to refrain from deleting the accounts of dead people.
It is also important to get to know about the inactive accounts that are caused due to the death of the account holder. This can be achieved by letting people to declare one more person other than himself who will be notified in case of inactivity and who can let the Facebook team know that the account holder is not alive or just stopped using Facebook.
These data centres can be managed effectively by using the new distributed database concepts and can be distributed globally.
Cloud databases can also be used to store these data and can be utilized effectively.
There is a need to hire some extra staff to manage the datacentre and we need to maintain an administrator so that people are notified in case of inactivity and necessary action can be taken.
Money is required to buy the data centre equipment and its operating costs.
Generally, it costs $420 USD per Month for the following configuration to handle 10 TB of data:
Xeon?® Processor E3-1230 (8M Cache, 3.20 GHz)
Quad Core with Hyper Threading
8-9 GB RAM
12 TB HDD Enterprise Class drives SATAII
12 TB/ Mo. Bandwidth
Based on the usage of data server additional servers can be purchased.
Without deleting the dead people accounts with the help of other database servers data can be moved so that it helps in data mining and analytics as well as it makes many memories for future generations.
Did you like this example? |
A question on a practice test I'm taking is as follows:
By shaking one end of a stretched string, a single pulse is generated. The traveling pulse carries:
A. mass
B. energy
C. momentum
D. energy and momentum
E. mass, energy and momentum
How would one describe the momentum of a wave?
• 6
$\begingroup$ As $p = \frac{E}{c}$. $\endgroup$ – ACuriousMind Apr 12 '15 at 22:17
• $\begingroup$ Please note that "Explain how waves have momentum" is not an English question, so it should not have a question mark at the end. I edited the title to fix this. There are some good tips on writing question titles on this meta post. $\endgroup$ – DanielSank May 17 '15 at 17:15
• $\begingroup$ It is possibly easier to grasp if you think about the momentum transfered by the coupling between elements of a wave medium. Of course that leaves of worrying over how it works in an electromagnetic wave. $\endgroup$ – dmckee --- ex-moderator kitten May 17 '15 at 17:57
This question is actually more complicated than it might seem.
To clarify the problem, let us consider a simplified model of the string: The string extends along the x-direction and is made up of masses connected by springs. For conceptual clarity, suppose these masses can only move up and down (along y; this could be enforced in a mechanical model by having the masses sliding up and down on little wires). In that case, the mechanical momentum is clearly only in the y-direction (all motion is along y), and there is no mechanical momentum in the direction of propagation of the wave (x). Depending on the shape of the wave packet, the total momentum in y-direction might also be zero, if some masses are moving up while others are moving down.
Nevertheless, there is indeed some kind of momentum associated with the motion of the wave along the x-direction, but it is a bit more abstract. To understand this, realize that the model is translationally symmetric along the x-direction, if we neglect the discrete spacing of the masses for a moment. This approximation will be fine in the continuum limit, i.e. for wave lengths much longer than the spacing between masses (and anyway I introduced the discrete model only to be very specific). According to Noether's theorem, (spatial) translational symmetry in a field theory implies conservation of momentum. Let us see how this works out here.
In the continuum limit, the equation of motion of our field theory is just the wave equation ${\partial^2u/\partial t^2} = v^2 {\partial^2u/\partial x^2}$, where $v$ is the velocity of the waves (which could be expressed via the properties of the springs and masses). The corresponding Lagrangian is $(\rho/2) \int (\partial u/\partial t)^2-v^2 (\partial u/\partial x)^2 dx$. Applying Noether's theorem to the translational symmetry of the Lagrangian reveals a conserved momentum density that is proportional to $-(\partial u/\partial t)*(\partial u/\partial x)$. If you integrate this expression over the extent of the wave packet, you get its total "wave momentum" (I am using this term to distinguish it from the simple microscopic mechanical momentum of the masses, mentioned above). And this momentum is indeed associated with the wave propagation along the x-direction (if we consider a 3d wave equation, we would get a momentum vector, pointing along the direction of motion of the wave packet). In a similar fashion, the momentum density of an electromagnetic wave would be derived, and it is proportional to the Poynting vector ${\vec E}\times {\vec B}$.
Whenever you have derived some momentum from the underlying translational symmetry of a field theory, it is then yet another, separate question whether/how that momentum can be converted into other forms of momentum. In the given mechanical example, we have already seen that the microscopic mechanical momentum only points along y, so if (for example) gas molecules collide with our masses, the momentum transferred onto the masses will also only be along the y-direction. However, there are situations where the conservation of the wave momentum is evidently useful. The one I can think of immediately is when the waves become nonlinear, such that wavepackets can scatter from each other (instead of just passing through each other). This could be brought about by springs that do no longer obey the simple linear Hooke's law if stretched too far. In that case, the dynamics of the waves during the scattering might be really complicated, but wave momentum conservation holds and puts a useful constraint on predictions about the end-result of the scattering process.
• $\begingroup$ It seems like the string should carry mechanical momentum. If we add gravity, breaking y-axis symmetry but not x-axis, and put a bead on the string, wouldn't it slide down the wave? The x-axis momentum it gains must come from the wave. $\endgroup$ – qbt937 Oct 29 '18 at 18:17
Without going into wave equations, lets just say the segments of a string does not only move along the vertical direction. There are horizontal movements as well, although to a much smaller amplitude. A segment is being pulled towards the source horizontally when departing the equilibrium position and pulled back when heading back from maximum amplitude. For a segment in the middle of the wave, this makes no net contribution, but at the front of the wave a new segment is always being pulled towards the source, so the advancement of wave front should sustain momentum.
edit: updated sloppy language.
According to quantum mechanics, $p=\frac{h}{2\pi}k$,where $k$ is wave vector and $h$ is Planck's constant. As we know $k={2\pi\over \lambda}$, where $\lambda$ is the wavelength of the wave. So momentum and wavelength are associated to each other. Moreover we can view as the motion of the every particles as well as wave and particle.This is known as duality of the quantum mechanics. The fact is that the wavelength of the macroscopic object is very large. so we use duality in the microscopic particles to describe the quantum mechanics.
• $\begingroup$ I am new in equation writing. Please if there is any mistake in symbols and any errors i highly appreciate for the correction. $\endgroup$ – rajuA1234 Apr 12 '15 at 22:46
• 2
$\begingroup$ Have a look at the MathJax tutorial. Also, note that the question is asking about classical waves, not quantum mechanics. $\endgroup$ – ACuriousMind Apr 12 '15 at 22:50
|
Some languages (Javascript, Python) have the notion that a function is an object:
var fn = console.log;
This means that functions can be treated like any other object (first-class functions), e.g. passed in as an argument to another function:
var invoker = function(toInvoke) {
invoker(fn); //will call console.log
Other languages (C++, C#, VB.NET) do not define functions as real objects:
Type t = Console.WriteLine.GetType();
//This code will not compile, because:
//"'Console.WriteLine()' is a method, which is not valid in the given context"
Rather these languages may have objects which can point to a function (such as C++ function pointers) and can be passed around just like any other object. In the CLI, these wrapper objects are called delegates or delegate instances:
void Invoker(Action toInvoke) {
Action action = Console.WriteLine;
//also valid, and the toInvoke argument will now contain a delegate which points to Console.WriteLine
What differences in capability arise from these two mechanisms -- "function object" vs "pointer-to-function as object"?
• I'm pretty sure you COULD write var f = Console.WriteLine (note the dropped parenthesis), although I'm not sure type inference works here, you might have to specify the type as Action<string>, or similar depending on the overload you want. – sara Mar 29 '16 at 6:59
• 1
update: I checked, and Action<string> f = Console.WriteLine; works just fine. you can also send methods as parameters to other methods like this (a central piece in LINQ). e.g. bool Predicate(A a) { return true; } new A[] {}.Where(Predicate); – sara Mar 29 '16 at 7:04
• @kai The assignment of Console.WriteLine (to either to a variable or a parameter) creates a delegate instance which internally points to Console.WriteLine. The method itself is not being passed. Otherwise, if Action<string> f2 = Console.WriteLine;, why does Object.ReferenceEquals(f,f2); return false? – Zev Spitz Mar 29 '16 at 7:41
• @kai The same is true of .Where -- the Predicate method is being wrapped in a delegate instance which has its own properties and methods. You cannot write var a = Predicate.Target; but you can write Func<A,bool> predicateDelegate = Predicate; var a = predicateDelegate.Target; – Zev Spitz Mar 29 '16 at 7:54
The two pieces of code are not equivalent to each other. A language can be implemented in a way so that each method can be directly used as a first class object. This impacts the ABI, calling convention, and linking mechanism, but is not extraordinarily special. Most modern language implementations already attach a lot of metadata to each function.
However, the meaning of object.method differs substantially between its use in delegate assignment vs its use in simple variable assignment:
• In C#, the code Func<…> m = obj.method; m() is equivalent to obj.method(). That is, a Func<…> some kind of object that knows which object it belongs to (i.e. the method is “bound” to a specific object). This is exactly equivalent to a closure. The resulting Func<…> must therefore remember both the method and the target object. Since a method may be bound to more than one object, each binding results in a new value.
• In contrast, obj.method in JavaScript merely resolves the method without binding it to an object. We have to do that ourselves: obj.method() would be equivalent to var m = obj.method.bind(obj); m(). You will see that binding a method to different objects will result in values that are not equal to one another, while obviously the unbound method is identical.
In general, I prefer the C# approach, where there is equivalent semantics between obj.method() and all available usages of obj.method. On the other hand, in Javascript, obj.method() introduces different semantics from the similar obj.method.
• 2
As much as I like Javascript, I have to agree here. In general I only do obj.method when I know the method is pure/stateless (i.e. has no this references) and thus safe to pass around without anyone having to keep track of what it's bound to. – Ixrec Mar 25 '16 at 10:58
• @ZevSpitz good point, as the semantics of C# aren't quite clear to me. I've edited the sentence to refer to Func instances instead (which are equivalent to delegates? Again, I'm not sure of the implementation details, though I understand and explain in my answer the underlying language design and language implementation concepts.) – amon Mar 26 '16 at 21:05
• @ZevSpitz My answer assumes that your question stems from seeing similar syntax in two languages that actually has dissimilar behaviour. (Also, from different concepts of equality.) It is therefore important that the syntax in question obj.method continues to be mentioned in the answer. Your suggested edit was a good summary of my answer, but removed a couple of important concepts. Incidentally, there is no occurrence of the expression obj.method in a C#-but-not-delegate context in my answer. – amon Mar 28 '16 at 17:53
• @amon My question doesn't stem from syntax; the question is which behaviors arise from different models of first-class functions -- Javascript has one, and C#/VB.NET have another. I have tried to clarify my question; also please see my answer. – Zev Spitz Mar 28 '16 at 20:22
I see two areas of different behavior that arise from the two mechanisms:
1. The pointer object is a separate object from the referenced function, and will have a separate identity from the function, and from other pointers to the function
2. The pointer object can have behaviors beyond that of the original function. For example, in the CLI:
• Delegate instances know about the relevant this (and can bind it to the method)
• Delegate instances can contain pointers to multiple functions
(Note: This is from my experience in C# / VB.NET and Javascript. Other languages may have different variants of either mechanism.)
Object reference equality
If a function is a "real object" then any variables pointing to the function are actually pointing to the same object:
var fn = console.log;
var fn1 = console.log;
console.log(fn === fn1); //prints true
Pointer objects have their own identity, even when both point to the same function:
Action action = Console.WriteLine;
Action action2 = Console.WriteLine;
Console.WriteLine(Object.ReferenceEquals(action, action2)); //prints False
Additional behaviors of the pointer object
Target binding
Function objects have no knowledge of the class to which they are attached:
var a1 = {
data: 5,
writeData: function() {
'use strict'; //otherwise `this` would be the global object; `this.data` would probably return `undefined`
var action = a1.writeData;
action(); //Uncaught TypeError: Cannot read property 'data' of undefined
Therefore, part of calling the function as an instance method, is the implict binding of this within the function to the object:
a1.writeData(); //prints 5
We can also explicitly bind this with bind, apply, or call:
action = a1.writeData.bind(a1);
action(); //prints 5
However (as @amon pointed out in this answer), the delegate instance retains that information:
public class A {
public int Data;
public void WriteData() {
var a1 = new A() {Data=4};
Action action = a1.WriteData;
because action contains knowledge of the target of methods:
Console.WriteLine(action.Target == a1); //prints True
Multicast delegate
Javascript variables / properties that refer to a function object, work just like references to any other object, and therefore cannot refer to multiple function objects simultaneously.
On the other hand, a delegate instance in .NET can point to multiple functions:
public static class Writers {
public static void WriteOne() {
public static void WriteTwo() {
action = Writers.WriteOne;
action += Writers.WriteTwo;
action(); //prints 1, and then prints 2
While there are differences as you note, it is perhaps important to consider that a closure (i.e. a function with captured locally scoped variables, as for example exists in Javascript) is computationally equivalent to an object with a single method. From the perspective of what can be done with them, at least on a theoretical level, there is no difference between them. In practice, there are two categories of actual difference:
• Syntactic differences (i.e. how they interact with language features such as how they are created, whether they need special syntax to invoke, what operations -- such as function composition -- can be performed automatically on them without having to write adapters, and so on)
• Compatibility differences (i.e. whether or not they can interact cleanly with preexisting code).
Both classes of difference can be overcome by writing trivial adapters that convert either between a closure or an object as required.
• computationally equivalent -- except that in Javascript, this is not bound based on the local scope, but rather depends on the form of the invocation. In contrast, a method defined on an object (in C#/VB.NET) has a this binding which derives from the local scope. – Zev Spitz Jul 8 '16 at 11:15
• closure === object with single method -- This is precisely how closures are implemented in .NET -- as instances of internal classes with fields holding the values of the local variables, and the closure as a method on this object. – Zev Spitz Jul 8 '16 at 11:18
• I don't understand the points you are trying to make. Could you illustrate with some example code? – Zev Spitz Jul 8 '16 at 11:21
• @ZevSpitz - right, but this just means that in Javascript, this is simply a parameter that has a different syntax for specifying it from the rest. You can control this to ensure it has whatever value you really want, you just need to do a bit of extra work. Computationally equivalent doesn't necessarily mean that it's as easy to do things, just that you can do them. – Jules Jul 8 '16 at 11:22
• this is simply a parameter that has a different syntax for specifying it -- In other words, you are saying that specifying this is conceptually equivalent to setting the value of the local variable which the function closes over? – Zev Spitz Jul 8 '16 at 11:26
Your Answer
|
fairytales defenition page
card 3
When the princess came up to her balcony to see from whence the brilliance came, the prince put on his cap in a great hurry. But the princess had already seen his golden hair. She called him and asked for a bouquet of flowers.
The story of the Wild Man tells about skills to be mastered before inspiration can be turned into some shape. Transformation (cooking), care taking (gardening) and struggling (guarding the borders, chasing away intruders).
To recognize the royal origin of someone else is not enough to make a king of this other person. Everybody has to reveal himself as king. To be promoted by someone else, means that someone has the power to judge you. Those are the machineries of the dream world. As long as you don't reveal yourself as king, you aren't one. To become king you will have to be able to guard your borders. You have to be able to get rid of whatever doesn't belong to you. |
Coordinates: 45°10′N 15°30′E / 45.167°N 15.500°E / 45.167; 15.500
Republic of Croatia
Republika Hrvatska (Croatian) [a]
Anthem: " Lijepa naša domovino"
(English: "Our Beautiful Homeland")
EU-Croatia (orthographic projection).png Show globe
EU-Croatia.svg Show map of Europe
Location of Croatia (dark green)
– in Europe (green & dark grey)
– in the European Union (green)
and largest city
Official languages Croatian[c]
Writing system Latin[d]
Ethnic groups
(2011 [4])
Government Unitary parliamentary constitutional republic
• President
Zoran Milanović
Andrej Plenković
Gordan Jandroković
Legislature Croatian Parliament
• Duchy
9th century
• Kingdom
• Joined Habsburg Monarchy
1 January 1527
• Secession from
29 October 1918
4 December 1918
25 June 1991
12 November 1995
1 July 2013
• Total
56,594 km2 (21,851 sq mi) (124th)
• Water (%)
• 2020 estimate
Decrease 4,058,165[5] (128th)
• 2011 census
• Density
73/km2 (189.1/sq mi) (109th)
GDP (PPP) 2020 estimate
• Total
$117.928 billion[7] (80st)
• Per capita
$29,207[7] (49th)
GDP (nominal) 2020 estimate
• Total
$63.172 billion[7] (77th)
• Per capita
$15,646[7] (55th)
Gini (2018) Positive decrease 29.7[8]
low · 17th
HDI (2019) Increase 0.851[9]
very high · 43rd
Currency Kuna (HRK)
Time zone UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer ( DST)
Date format (CE)
Driving side right
Calling code +385
ISO 3166 code HR
Internet TLD
Croatia (/krˈʃə/ (About this soundlisten), kroh-AY-shə; Croatian: Hrvatska, pronounced [xř̩ʋaːtskaː]), officially the Republic of Croatia (Croatian: Republika Hrvatska, (About this soundlisten)),[e] is a country at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe on the Adriatic Sea. It borders Slovenia to the northwest, Hungary to the northeast, Serbia to the east, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro to the southeast, and shares a maritime border with Italy to the west and southwest. Its capital and largest city, Zagreb, forms one of the country's primary subdivisions, with twenty counties. Croatia has 56,594 square kilometres (21,851 square miles) and a population of 4.07 million.
The Croats arrived in the 6th century and organised the territory into two duchies by the 9th century. Croatia was first internationally recognised as independent on 7 June 879 during the reign of Duke Branimir. Tomislav became the first king by 925, elevating Croatia to the status of a kingdom. During the succession crisis after the Trpimirović dynasty ended, Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102. In 1527, faced with Ottoman conquest, the Croatian Parliament elected Ferdinand I of Austria to the Croatian throne. In October 1918, the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, independent from Austria-Hungary, was proclaimed in Zagreb, and in December 1918, merged into the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Following the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941, most of Croatia was incorporated into a Nazi installed puppet state, the Independent State of Croatia. A resistance movement led to the creation of the Socialist Republic of Croatia, which after the war became a founding member and constituent of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. On 25 June 1991, Croatia declared independence, and the War of Independence was fought for four years following the declaration.
Croatia is classified by the World Bank as a high-income economy and ranks very high on the Human Development Index. Service, industrial sectors, and agriculture dominate the economy, respectively. Tourism is a significant source of revenue, with Croatia ranked among the 20 most popular tourist destinations. The state controls a part of the economy, with substantial government expenditure. The European Union is Croatia's most important trading partner. Croatia provides social security, universal health care, and tuition-free primary and secondary education while supporting culture through public institutions and corporate investments in media and publishing.
The name of Croatia derives from Medieval Latin Croātia. Itself a derivation of North-West Slavic *Xrovat-, by liquid metathesis from Common Slavic period *Xorvat, from proposed Proto-Slavic *Xъrvátъ which possibly comes from Old Persian *xaraxwat-,[11] the root word being a 3rd-century Scytho-Sarmatian form attested in the Tanais Tablets as Χοροάθος (Khoroáthos, alternate forms comprise Khoróatos and Khoroúathos).[11] The origin of the name is uncertain but is thought to be a Gothic or Indo-Aryan term assigned to a Slavic tribe.[12] The oldest preserved record of the Croatian ethnonym *xъrvatъ is of the variable stem, attested in the Baška tablet in style zvъnъmirъ kralъ xrъvatъskъ ("Zvonimir, Croatian king").[13] The first attestation of the Latin term is attributed to a charter of Duke Trpimir I of Croatia from the year 852. The original is lost, and just a 1568 copy is preserved, leading to doubts over the authenticity of the claim.[14] Although was archaeologically confirmed that the ethnonym Croatorum is mentioned in a church inscription found in Bijaći near Trogir dated to the end of the 8th or early 9th century,[15] the presumably oldest preserved stone inscription is the 9th-century Branimir inscription found near Benkovac, where Duke Branimir is styled Dux Cruatorvm. It is not believed to be dated accurately but is likely to be from 879 to 892, during Branimir's rule.[16]
Ceramic sculpture
Stone Sculpture
Left: Vučedol culture, Vučedol dove made between 2800 and 2500 BCE
Right: Croatian Apoxyomenos, Ancient Greek statue, 2nd or 1st century BC.
The area known as Croatia today was inhabited throughout the prehistoric period. Fossils of Neanderthals dating to the middle Palaeolithic period have been unearthed in northern Croatia, with the most famous and the best presented site in Krapina.[17] Remnants of several Neolithic and Chalcolithic cultures were found in all regions of the country.[18] The largest proportion of the sites is in the river valleys of northern Croatia, and the most significant cultures whose presence was discovered include Baden, Starčevo, and Vučedol cultures.[19][20] The Iron Age left traces of the early Illyrian Hallstatt culture and the Celtic La Tène culture.[21]
Much later, the region was settled by Illyrians and Liburnians, while the first Greek colonies were established on the islands of Hvar,[22] Korčula, and Vis.[23] In 9 AD, the territory of today's Croatia became part of the Roman Empire. Emperor Diocletian was native to the region, and he had a large palace built in Split, to which he retired after his abdication in AD 305.[24]
During the 5th century, the last de jure Western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos ruled his small realm from the palace after fleeing Italy in 475.[25] The period ends with Avar and Croat invasions in the first half of the 7th century and the destruction of almost all Roman towns. Roman survivors retreated to more favourable sites on the coast, islands, and mountains. The city of Dubrovnik was founded by such survivors from Epidaurum.[26]
Middle Ages
Kingdom of Croatia c. 925, during the reign of King Tomislav
The ethnogenesis of Croats is uncertain, and there are several competing theories, Slavic and Iranian being the most frequently put forward. The most widely accepted of these, the Slavic theory, proposes migration of White Croats from White Croatia during the Migration Period. Conversely, the Iranian theory proposes Iranian origin, based on Tanais Tablets containing Ancient Greek inscriptions of given names Χορούαθος, Χοροάθος, and Χορόαθος (Khoroúathos, Khoroáthos, and Khoróathos) and their interpretation as anthroponyms of Croatian people.[27]
According to the work De Administrando Imperio written by the 10th-century Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII, Croats had arrived in the Roman province of Dalmatia in the first half of the 7th century after they defeated the Avars.[28][29][30] However, that claim is disputed, and competing hypotheses date the event between the 6th and the 9th centuries.[31] Eventually, a dukedom was formed, Duchy of Croatia, ruled by Borna, as attested by chronicles of Einhard starting in 818. The record represents the first document of Croatian realms, vassal states of Francia at the time.[32]
The Frankish overlordship ended during the reign of Mislav two decades later.[33] According to Constantine VII Christianization of Croats began in the 7th century, but the claim is disputed, and generally, Christianization is associated with the 9th century.[34] The first native Croatian ruler recognised by the Pope was Duke Branimir, who received papal recognition from Pope John VIII on 7 June 879.[16]
Coronation of King Tomislav by Oton Iveković
Tomislav was the first king of Croatia, styled as such in a letter of Pope John X in 925. Tomislav defeated Hungarian and Bulgarian invasions, spreading the influence of Croatian kings.[35] The medieval Croatian kingdom reached its peak in the 11th century during the reigns of Petar Krešimir IV (1058–1074) and Dmitar Zvonimir (1075–1089).[36] When Stjepan II died in 1091, ending the Trpimirović dynasty, Dmitar Zvonimir's brother-in-law Ladislaus I of Hungary claimed the Croatian crown. This led to a war and personal union of Croatia and Hungary in 1102 under Coloman.[37]
For the next four centuries, the Kingdom of Croatia was ruled by the Sabor (parliament) and a ban (viceroy) appointed by the king.[38] This period saw the rise of influential nobility such as the Frankopan and Šubić families to prominence, and ultimately numerous Bans from the two families.[39] There was an increasing threat of Ottoman conquest and a struggle against the Republic of Venice for control of coastal areas. The Venetians controlled most of Dalmatia by 1428, except the city-state of Dubrovnik, which became independent. Ottoman conquests led to the 1493 Battle of Krbava field and the 1526 Battle of Mohács, both ending in decisive Ottoman victories. King Louis II died at Mohács, and in 1527, the Croatian Parliament met in Cetin and chose Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg as the new ruler of Croatia, under the condition that he protects Croatia against the Ottoman Empire while respecting its political rights.[38][40]
Personal union with Hungary (1102) and Habsburg Monarchy (1527)
Croatian Ban Nikola Šubić Zrinski is honoured as a national hero for his defence of Szigetvár against the Ottoman Empire
Following the decisive Ottoman victories, Croatia was split into civilian and military territories, with the partition formed in 1538. The military territories would become known as the Croatian Military Frontier and were under direct Habsburg control. Ottoman advances in Croatia continued until the 1593 Battle of Sisak, the first decisive Ottoman defeat, and stabilisation of borders.[40] During the Great Turkish War (1683–1698), Slavonia was regained, but western Bosnia, which had been part of Croatia before the Ottoman conquest, remained outside Croatian control.[40] The present-day border between the two countries is a remnant of this outcome. Dalmatia, the southern part of the border, was similarly defined by the Fifth and the Seventh Ottoman–Venetian Wars.[41]
The Ottoman wars instigated large demographic changes. During the 16th century, Croats from western and northern Bosnia, Lika, Krbava, the area between the rivers of Una and Kupa, and especially from western Slavonia, migrated towards Austria and the present-day Burgenland Croats are direct descendants of these settlers.[42][43] To replace the fleeing population, the Habsburgs encouraged the people of Bosnia to provide military service in the Military Frontier.
The Croatian Parliament supported King Charles III's Pragmatic Sanction and signed their own Pragmatic Sanction in 1712.[44] Subsequently, the emperor pledged to respect all privileges and political rights of the Kingdom of Croatia, and Queen Maria Theresa made significant contributions to Croatian matters, such as introducing compulsory education.
Ban Josip Jelačić distinguished himself during the Revolutions of 1848
Between 1797 and 1809, the First French Empire gradually occupied the entire eastern Adriatic coastline and a substantial part of its hinterland, ending the Venetian and the Ragusan republics, establishing the Illyrian Provinces.[40] In response, the Royal Navy blockaded the Adriatic Sea, leading to the Battle of Vis in 1811.[45] The Illyrian Provinces were captured by the Austrians in 1813 and absorbed by the Austrian Empire following the Congress of Vienna in 1815. This led to the formation of the Kingdom of Dalmatia and the restoration of the Croatian Littoral to the Kingdom of Croatia, now both under the same crown.[46] The 1830s and 1840s saw romantic nationalism inspire the Croatian National Revival, a political and cultural campaign advocating the unity of all South Slavs in the empire. Its primary focus was establishing a standard language as a counterweight to Hungarian while promoting Croatian literature and culture.[47] During the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, Croatia sided with the Austrians, Ban Josip Jelačić helping defeat the Hungarian forces in 1849 and ushering a Germanization policy.[48]
The Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia was an autonomous kingdom within Austria-Hungary created in 1868 following the Croatian–Hungarian Settlement
By the 1860s, failure of the policy became apparent, leading to the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867. The creation of a personal union between the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary followed. The treaty left Croatia's status to Hungary, and it was resolved by the Croatian–Hungarian Settlement of 1868 when kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia were united.[49] The Kingdom of Dalmatia remained under de facto Austrian control, while Rijeka retained the status of Corpus separatum introduced in 1779.[37]
After Austria-Hungary occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina following the 1878 Treaty of Berlin, the Military Frontier was abolished. The Croatian and Slavonian sectors of the Frontier returned to Croatia in 1881,[40] under provisions of the Croatian–Hungarian Settlement.[50][51] Renewed efforts to reform Austria-Hungary, entailing federalisation with Croatia as a federal unit, were stopped by the advent of World War I.[52]
Yugoslav Era (1918–1991)
On 29 October 1918 the Croatian Parliament (Sabor) declared independence and decided to join the newly formed State of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs,[38] which in turn entered into union with the Kingdom of Serbia on 4 December 1918 to form the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes.[53] The Croatian Parliament never ratified a decision to unite with Serbia and Montenegro.[38] The 1921 constitution defining the country as a unitary state and abolition of Croatian Parliament and historical administrative divisions effectively ended Croatian autonomy.
Stjepan Radić, leader of the Croatian Peasant Party who advocated federal organisation of the Yugoslavia, at the assembly in Dubrovnik, 1928
The political situation deteriorated further as Radić was assassinated in the National Assembly in 1928, leading to the dictatorship of King Alexander in January 1929.[55] The dictatorship formally ended in 1931 when the king imposed a more unitarian constitution and changed the name to Yugoslavia.[56] The HSS, now led by Vladko Maček, continued to advocate federalisation of Yugoslavia, resulting in the Cvetković–Maček Agreement of August 1939 and the autonomous Banovina of Croatia. The Yugoslav government retained control of the defence, internal security, foreign affairs, trade, and transport while other matters were left to the Croatian Sabor and a crown-appointed Ban.[57]
In April 1941, Yugoslavia was occupied by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. Following the invasion, most of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the region of Syrmia were incorporated into the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), a Nazi-backed puppet state. Parts of Dalmatia were annexed by Italy and the northern Croatian regions of Baranja and Međimurje by Hungary.[58] The NDH regime was led by Ante Pavelić and ultranationalist Ustaše, a fringe movement in pre-war Croatia.[59] With German and Italian military and political support,[60] the regime introduced racial laws and enacted a genocidal campaign against Jews, Roma, and Serbs.[61] Many were imprisoned in concentration camps.[62] The Ustaše regime murdered around 300,000[disputed ] Serbs as part of the genocide campaign.[63][64] Anti-fascist Croats were targeted by the regime as well.[65] Several concentration camps were also established in Italian-occupied territories, mostly for Slovenes and Croats.[62] At the same time, the Yugoslav Royalist and Serbian nationalist Chetniks pursued a genocidal campaign against Croats and Muslims,[61][66] aided by fascist Italy.[67] An estimated 18,000–32,000 Croats and 29,000–33,000 Muslims perished at the hands of the Chetniks.[68]
A resistance movement soon emerged. On 22 June 1941,[69] the 1st Sisak Partisan Detachment was formed near Sisak, the first military unit formed by a resistance movement in occupied Europe.[70] That sparked the beginning of the Yugoslav Partisan movement, a communist multi-ethnic anti-fascist resistance group led by Josip Broz Tito.[71] The movement grew fast, and at the Tehran Conference in December 1943, the Partisans gained recognition from the Allies.[72]
Event in Zagreb in honour of Tito. From left: dignitaries of the Orthodox Church, Partisan General, Auxiliary Bishop Dr. Josip Lach, Archbishop Aloysius Stepinac, People's Premier of Croatia Dr. Vladimir Bakaric and other guests
With Allied support in logistics, equipment, training and airpower, and with the assistance of Soviet troops taking part in the 1944 Belgrade Offensive, the Partisans gained control of Yugoslavia and the border regions of Italy and Austria by May 1945. Members of the NDH armed forces and other Axis troops, as well as civilians, were in retreat towards Austria. Following their surrender and the aftermath of the Bleiburg repatriations, many were killed by the Yugoslav Partisans.[73] In the following years, ethnic Germans faced persecution in Yugoslavia, and many were interned in camps.[74]
Based on the studies on wartime and post-war casualties by demographer Vladimir Žerjavić and statistician Bogoljub Kočović, a total of 295,000 people from the territory of Croatia (not including territories ceded from Italy after the war) lost their lives, among whom were 125–137,000 Serbs, 118–124,000 Croats, 16–17,000 Jews, and 15,000 Roma.[77][78] In addition, from areas joined to Croatia after the war, a total of 32,000 people died, among whom 16,000 were Italians and 15,000 were Croats.[79]
After World War II, Croatia became a single-party socialist federal unit of the SFR Yugoslavia, ruled by the Communists, but having a degree of autonomy within the federation. In 1967, Croatian authors and linguists published a Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Standard Language demanding equal treatment for the Croatian language.[80] The declaration contributed to a national movement seeking greater civil rights and redistribution of the Yugoslav economy, culminating in the Croatian Spring of 1971, suppressed by Yugoslav leadership.[81] Still, the 1974 Yugoslav Constitution gave increased autonomy to federal units, basically fulfilling a goal of the Croatian Spring and providing a legal basis for independence of the federative constituents.[82]
Following the death of Yugoslav President Josip Broz Tito in 1980, the political situation in Yugoslavia deteriorated, with national tension fanned by the 1986 SANU Memorandum and the 1989 coups in Vojvodina, Kosovo, and Montenegro.[83][84] In January 1990, the Communist Party fragmented along national lines, with the Croatian faction demanding a looser federation.[85] In the same year, the first multi-party elections were held in Croatia, with Franjo Tuđman's win raising nationalist tensions further.[86] Some of the Serbs in Croatia left Sabor and declared the autonomy of what would soon become the unrecognised Republic of Serbian Krajina, intent on achieving independence from Croatia.[87][88]
Independent Croatia (1991–present)
As tensions rose, Croatia declared independence on 25 June 1991. However, the full implementation of the declaration only came into effect on 8 October 1991.[89][90] In the meantime, tensions escalated into overt war when the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) and various Serb paramilitary groups attacked Croatia.[91] By the end of 1991, a high-intensity conflict fought along a wide front reduced Croatia's control of only about two-thirds of its territory.[92][93] The various Serb paramilitary groups then began pursuing a campaign of killing, terror, and expulsion of the Croats in the rebel territories, killing thousands[94] of Croat civilians and expelling or displacing as many as 400,000 Croats and other non-Serbs from their homes.[95]
Franjo Tuđman Croat politician who led the country to independence from Yugoslavia in 1991
On 15 January 1992, Croatia gained diplomatic recognition by the European Economic Community members, and subsequently the United Nations.[96][97] The war effectively ended in August 1995 with a decisive victory by Croatia;[98] the event is commemorated each year on 5 August as Victory and Homeland Thanksgiving Day and the Day of Croatian Defenders.[99] Following the Croatian victory, about 200,000 Serbs from the self-proclaimed Republic of Serbian Krajina fled from the region.[100] Their lands were subsequently settled by Croat refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina.[101] The remaining occupied areas were restored to Croatia following the Erdut Agreement of November 1995, with the process concluded in January 1998.[102]
After the end of the war, Croatia faced the challenges of post-war reconstruction, the return of refugees, advancing democratic principles, protection of human rights, and general social and economic development. The post-2000 period is characterised by democratisation, economic growth, structural and social reforms, as well as problems such as unemployment, corruption, and the inefficiency of the public administration.[103]
Croatia joined the Partnership for Peace on 25 May 2000[104] and became a member of the World Trade Organization on 30 November 2000.[105] On 29 October 2001, Croatia signed a Stabilization and Association Agreement with the European Union,[106] submitted a formal application for the EU membership in 2003,[107] was given the status of candidate country in 2004,[108] and began accession negotiations in 2005.[109] In November 2000 and March 2001, the Parliament amended the Constitution, changing its bicameral structure back into historic unicameral and reducing the presidential powers.[110]
Croatia became the 28th EU member country on 1 July 2013
Although the Croatian economy had enjoyed a significant boom in the early 2000s, the financial crisis in 2008 forced the government to cut public spending, thus provoking a public outcry.[111] On 1 April 2009, Croatia joined NATO.[112] A wave of anti-government protests in early 2011 reflected a general dissatisfaction with the political and economic state.[113]
Croatia completed EU accession negotiations in 2011. A majority of Croatian voters opted in favour of country's EU membership at the 2012 referendum,[114] and Croatia joined the European Union effective 1 July 2013.[115] Croatia was affected by the European migrant crisis in 2015 when Hungary's closure of its borders with Serbia forced over 700,000 migrants to use Croatia as a transit country on their way to Western Europe.[116]
On 22 March 2020, a 5.5 earthquake[117] struck Croatia, with the epicenter located 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) north of Zagreb city centre, inflicting heavy structural damage in the historic city centre and causing 27 injuries with one fatality. Over 1,900 buildings were reported to have become uninhabitable by the earthquake damage.[118]
Satellite image of Croatia
Croatia is in Central and Southeast Europe, on the coast of the Adriatic Sea. It borders Hungary to the northeast, Serbia to the east, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro to the southeast and Slovenia to the northwest. It lies mostly between latitudes 42° and 47° N and longitudes 13° and 20° E. Part of the territory in the extreme south surrounding Dubrovnik is a practical exclave connected to the rest of the mainland by territorial waters, but separated on land by a short coastline strip belonging to Bosnia and Herzegovina around Neum.[119] The Pelješac Bridge, scheduled to open in 2022, will connect the exclave with the mainland Croatia.
The territory covers 56,594 square kilometres (21,851 square miles), consisting of 56,414 square kilometres (21,782 square miles) of land and 128 square kilometres (49 square miles) of water. It is the 127th largest country in the world.[120] Elevation ranges from the mountains of the Dinaric Alps with the highest point of the Dinara peak at 1,831 metres (6,007 feet) near the border with Bosnia and Herzegovina in the south[120] to the shore of the Adriatic Sea which makes up its entire southwest border. Insular Croatia consists of over a thousand islands and islets varying in size, 48 of which permanently inhabited. The largest islands are Cres and Krk,[120] each of them having an area of around 405 square kilometres (156 square miles).
The hilly northern parts of Hrvatsko Zagorje and the flat plains of Slavonia in the east which is part of the Pannonian Basin are traversed by major rivers such as Danube, Drava, Kupa, and the Sava. The Danube, Europe's second longest river, runs through the city of Vukovar in the extreme east and forms part of the border with Vojvodina. The central and southern regions near the Adriatic coastline and islands consist of low mountains and forested highlands. Natural resources found in the country in quantities significant enough for production include oil, coal, bauxite, low-grade iron ore, calcium, gypsum, natural asphalt, silica, mica, clays, salt, and hydropower.[120] Karst topography makes up about half of Croatia and is especially prominent in the Dinaric Alps.[121] There are several deep caves in Croatia, 49 of which deeper than 250 m (820.21 ft), 14 of them deeper than 500 m (1,640.42 ft) and three deeper than 1,000 m (3,280.84 ft). Croatia's most famous lakes are the Plitvice lakes, a system of 16 lakes with waterfalls connecting them over dolomite and limestone cascades. The lakes are renowned for their distinctive colours, ranging from turquoise to mint green, grey or blue.[122]
Bora is a dry, cold wind which blows from the mainland out to sea, whose gusts can reach hurricane strength, particularly in the channel below Velebit, e.g. in the town of Senj
Most of Croatia has a moderately warm and rainy continental climate as defined by the Köppen climate classification. Mean monthly temperature ranges between −3 °C (27 °F) in January and 18 °C (64 °F) in July. The coldest parts of the country are Lika and Gorski Kotar where the snowy forested climate is found at elevations above 1,200 metres (3,900 feet). The warmest areas of Croatia are at the Adriatic coast and especially in its immediate hinterland characterised by the Mediterranean climate, as the temperature highs are moderated by the sea. Consequently, temperature peaks are more pronounced in the continental areas. The lowest temperature of −35.5 °C (−31.9 °F) was recorded on 3 February 1919 in Čakovec, and the highest temperature of 42.8 °C (109.0 °F) was recorded on 4 August 1981 in Ploče.[123][124]
Mean annual precipitation ranges between 600 millimetres (24 inches) and 3,500 millimetres (140 inches) depending on geographic region and prevailing climate type. The least precipitation is recorded in the outer islands (Biševo, Lastovo, Svetac, Vis) and the eastern parts of Slavonia. However, in the latter case, it occurs mostly during the growing season. The maximum precipitation levels are observed on the Dinara mountain range and in Gorski Kotar.[123]
Prevailing winds in the interior are light to moderate northeast or southwest, and in the coastal area, prevailing winds are determined by local area features. Higher wind velocities are more often recorded in cooler months along the coast, generally as the cool northeasterly bura or less frequently as the warm southerly jugo. The sunniest parts of the country are the outer islands, Hvar and Korčula, where more than 2700 hours of sunshine are recorded per year, followed by the middle and southern Adriatic Sea area in general, and northern Adriatic coast, all with more than 2000 hours of sunshine per year.[125]
Croatia can be subdivided between several ecoregions because of its climate and geomorphology. The country is consequently one of the richest in Europe in terms of biodiversity.[126][127][128] There are four types of biogeographical regions in Croatia—the Mediterranean along the coast and in its immediate hinterland, Alpine in most of Lika and Gorski Kotar, Pannonian along Drava and Danube, and Continental in the remaining areas. The most significant are karst habitats which include submerged karst, such as Zrmanja and Krka canyons and tufa barriers, as well as underground habitats. The country contains three ecoregions: Dinaric Mountains mixed forests, Pannonian mixed forests, and Illyrian deciduous forests.[129]
The karst geology harbours approximately 7,000 caves and pits, some of which are the habitat of the only known aquatic cave vertebrate—the olm. Forests are also significantly present in the country, as they cover 2,490,000 hectares (6,200,000 acres) representing 44% of Croatian land surface. Other habitat types include wetlands, grasslands, bogs, fens, scrub habitats, coastal and marine habitats.[130] In terms of phytogeography, Croatia is a part of the Boreal Kingdom and is a part of Illyrian and Central European provinces of the Circumboreal Region and the Adriatic province of the Mediterranean Region. The World Wide Fund for Nature divides Croatia between three ecoregions—Pannonian mixed forests, Dinaric Mountains mixed forests and Illyrian deciduous forests.[131]
There are 37,000 known species in Croatia, but their actual number is estimated to be between 50,000 and 100,000.[130] The claim is supported by nearly 400 new taxa of invertebrates discovered in Croatia in the first half of the 2000s alone.[130] There are more than a thousand endemic species, especially in Velebit and Biokovo mountains, Adriatic islands and karst rivers. Legislation protects 1,131 species.[130] The most serious threat to species is the loss and degradation of habitats. A further problem is presented by invasive alien species, especially Caulerpa taxifolia algae. Croatia had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 4.92/10, ranking it 113th globally out of 172 countries.[132]
The invasive algae are regularly monitored and removed to protect the benthic habitat. Indigenous sorts of cultivated plants and breeds of domesticated animals are also numerous. Those include five breeds of horses, five breeds of cattle, eight breeds of sheep, two breeds of pigs, and a poultry breed. The indigenous breeds include nine endangered or critically endangered ones.[130] There are 444 protected areas of Croatia, encompassing 9% of the country. Those include eight national parks, two strict reserves, and ten nature parks. The most famous protected area and the oldest national park in Croatia is the Plitvice Lakes National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Velebit Nature Park is a part of the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme. The strict and special reserves, as well as the national and nature parks, are managed and protected by the central government, while other protected areas are managed by counties. In 2005, the National Ecological Network was set up, as the first step in the preparation of the EU accession and joining of the Natura 2000 network.[130]
The Republic of Croatia is a unitary state using a parliamentary system of governance. With the collapse of the ruling communist party in SFR Yugoslavia, Croatia organised its first multi-party elections and adopted its present Constitution in 1990.[133] It declared independence on 8 October 1991 which led to the break-up of Yugoslavia and countries international recognition by the United Nations in 1992.[90][97] Under its 1990 Constitution, Croatia operated a semi-presidential system until 2000 when it switched to a parliamentary system.[134] Government powers in Croatia are legislative, executive, and judiciary powers.[135]
Grand Hall of the Croatian Parliament − Sabor
The President of the Republic (Croatian: Predsjednik Republike) is the head of state, directly elected to a five-year term and is limited by the Constitution to two terms. In addition to being the commander in chief of the armed forces, the president has the procedural duty of appointing the prime minister with the parliament and has some influence on foreign policy.[135] The most recent presidential elections were held on 5 January 2020, when Zoran Milanović became the new president. He took the oath of office on 18 February 2020.[136] The Government is headed by the Prime Minister, who has four deputy prime ministers and 16 ministers in charge of particular sectors.[137] As the executive branch, it is responsible for proposing legislation and a budget, executing the laws, and guiding the foreign and internal policies. The Government is seated at Banski dvori in Zagreb.[135] Since 19 October 2016, Croatian Prime Minister has been Andrej Plenković.[138]
A unicameral parliament (Sabor) holds legislative power. A second chamber, the House of Counties, set up in 1993 according to the 1990 Constitution, was abolished in 2001. The number of Sabor members can vary from 100 to 160. They are all elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms. The sessions of the Sabor take place from 15 January to 15 July, and from 15 September to 15 December.[139] The two largest political parties in Croatia are the Croatian Democratic Union and the Social Democratic Party of Croatia.[140]
Law and judicial system
Croatia has a civil law legal system in which law arises primarily from written statutes, with judges serving merely as implementers and not creators of law. Its development was largely influenced by German and Austrian legal systems. Croatian law is divided into two principal areas—private and public law. By the time EU accession negotiations were completed on 30 June 2010, Croatian legislation was fully harmonised with the Community acquis.[141] The main law in the county is the Constitution adopted on 22 December 1990.
The main national courts are the Constitutional Court, which oversees violations of the Constitution, and the Supreme Court, which is the highest court of appeal. There are also Administrative, Commercial, County, Misdemeanor, and Municipal courts.[142] Cases falling within judicial jurisdiction are in the first instance decided by a single professional judge, while appeals are deliberated in mixed tribunals of professional judges. Lay magistrates also participate in trials.[143] State's Attorney Office is the judicial body constituted of public prosecutors empowered to instigate prosecution of perpetrators of offences.[144]
Law enforcement agencies are organised under the authority of the Ministry of the Interior which consist primarily of the national police force. Croatia's security service is the Security and Intelligence Agency (SOA).[145][146]
Foreign relations
Croatia has established diplomatic relations with 194 countries.[147] As of 2020, Croatia maintains a network of 57 embassies, 30 consulates and eight permanent diplomatic missions abroad. Furthermore, there are 56 foreign embassies and 67 consulates in the Republic of Croatia in addition to offices of international organisations such as the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), International Organization for Migration (IOM), Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), World Bank, World Health Organization (WHO), International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), and UNICEF.[148]
Visa-free entry countries for Croatian citizens in green, EU in blue (see citizenship of the European Union)
Flag hoisting ceremony at Ministry of Defence marking Croatian accession to NATO in 2009
In 2019, the Croatian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration employed 1,381[needs update] personnel and expended 765.295 million kunas (€101.17 million).[149] Stated aims of Croatian foreign policy include enhancing relations with neighbouring countries, developing international co-operation and promotion of the Croatian economy and Croatia itself.[150]
Since 2003, Croatian foreign policy has focused on achieving the strategic goal of becoming a member state of the European Union (EU).[151][152] In December 2011, Croatia completed the EU accession negotiations and signed an EU accession treaty on 9 December 2011.[153][154] Croatia joined the European Union on 1 July 2013 marking the end of a process started in 2001 by signing of the Stabilisation and Association Agreement and Croatian application for the EU membership in 2003.[155] A recurring obstacle to the negotiations was Croatia's ICTY co-operation record and Slovenian blocking of the negotiations because of Croatia–Slovenia border disputes.[156][157] The latter should be resolved through an Arbitration Agreement of 4 November 2009, approved by national parliaments and a referendum in Slovenia.,[158] but due to the events during arbitration, Croatia does not accept results. As of 2021, Croatia has unsolved border issues with all neighbouring former Yugoslav countries (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia).[159]
Another strategic Croatian foreign policy goal for the 2000s was NATO membership.[151][152] Croatia was included in the Partnership for Peace in 2000, invited to NATO membership in 2008 and formally joined the alliance on 1 April 2009.[160][161] Croatia became a member of the United Nations Security Council for the 2008–2009 term, assuming the presidency in December 2008.[162] The country is preparing to join the Schengen Area.[163]
The Croatian Armed Forces (CAF) consist of the Air Force, Army, and Navy branches in addition to the Education and Training Command and Support Command. The CAF is headed by the General Staff, which reports to the Defence Minister, who in turn reports to the President. According to the constitution, the President is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. In case of immediate threat during wartime, he issues orders directly to the General Staff.[164]
Following the 1991–95 war, defence spending and CAF size have been in constant decline. As of 2019, military spending was an estimated 1.68% of the country's GDP, which placed Croatia 67th.[165] Since 2005 the budget was kept below 2% of GDP, down from the record high of 11.1% in 1994.[166] Traditionally relying on many conscripts, CAF also went through a period of reforms focused on downsizing, restructuring and professionalisation in the years before accession to NATO in April 2009. According to a presidential decree issued in 2006, the CAF employs around 18,100 active duty military personnel, 3,000 civilians and 2,000 voluntary conscripts between 18 and 30 years old in peacetime.[164]
A Croatian Army Soldier works with a U.S. Army Soldier from the 173rd Airborne Brigade in a situational training lane during Immediate Response 15 in Slunj, Croatia.
Compulsory conscription was abolished in January 2008.[120] Until 2008 military service was obligatory for men at age 18 and conscripts served six-month tours of duty, reduced in 2001 from the earlier scheme of nine-month conscription tours. Conscientious objectors could instead opt for an eight-month civilian service.[167]
As of May 2019, the Croatian military had 72 members stationed in foreign countries as part of United Nations-led international peacekeeping forces.[168] As of 2019, 323 troops serve the NATO-led ISAF force in Afghanistan. Another 156 with the KFOR in Kosovo.[169][170]
Croatia also has a military industry sector which exported around 493 million kunas (€65,176 million) worth of military equipment and armament in 2020.[171] Croatian-made weapons and vehicles used by CAF include the standard sidearm HS2000 manufactured by HS Produkt and the M-84D battle tank designed by the Đuro Đaković factory. Uniforms and helmets worn by CAF soldiers are also locally produced and successfully marketed to other countries.[172]
Administrative divisions
Varaždin, capital of Croatia between 1767 and 1776, is the seat of Varaždin county; Pictured: Old Town fortress, one of 15 Croatia's sites inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage tentative list
Croatia was first subdivided into counties in the Middle Ages.[173] The divisions changed over time to reflect losses of territory to Ottoman conquest and subsequent liberation of the same territory, changes of the political status of Dalmatia, Dubrovnik, and Istria. The traditional division of the country into counties was abolished in the 1920s when the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and the subsequent Kingdom of Yugoslavia introduced oblasts and banovinas respectively.[174]
Communist-ruled Croatia, as a constituent part of post-World War II Yugoslavia, abolished earlier divisions and introduced municipalities, subdividing Croatia into approximately one hundred municipalities. Counties were reintroduced in 1992 legislation, significantly altered in terms of territory relative to the pre-1920s subdivisions. In 1918, the Transleithanian part of Croatia was divided into eight counties with their seats in Bjelovar, Gospić, Ogulin, Osijek, Požega, Varaždin, Vukovar, and Zagreb, and the 1992 legislation established 14 counties in the same territory.[175][176]
Since the counties were re-established in 1992, Croatia is divided into 20 counties and the capital city of Zagreb, the latter having the authority and legal status of a county and a city at the same time. Borders of the counties changed in some instances since, with the latest revision taking place in 2006. The counties subdivide into 127 cities and 429 municipalities.[177] Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) division of Croatia is performed in several tiers. NUTS 1 level places the entire country in a single unit, while there are three NUTS 2 regions. Those are Northwest Croatia, Central and Eastern (Pannonian) Croatia, and Adriatic Croatia. The latter encompasses all the counties along the Adriatic coast. Northwest Croatia includes Koprivnica-Križevci, Krapina-Zagorje, Međimurje, Varaždin, the city of Zagreb, and Zagreb counties and the Central and Eastern (Pannonian) Croatia includes the remaining areas—Bjelovar-Bilogora, Brod-Posavina, Karlovac, Osijek-Baranja, Požega-Slavonia, Sisak-Moslavina, Virovitica-Podravina, and Vukovar-Syrmia counties. Individual counties and the city of Zagreb also represent NUTS 3 level subdivision units in Croatia. The NUTS Local administrative unit divisions are two-tiered. LAU 1 divisions match the counties and the city of Zagreb in effect making those the same as NUTS 3 units, while LAU 2 subdivisions correspond to the cities and municipalities of Croatia.[178]
County Seat Area (km2) Population
Bjelovar-Bilogora Bjelovar 2,652 119,743
Brod-Posavina Slavonski Brod 2,043 158,559
Dubrovnik-Neretva Dubrovnik 1,783 122,783
Istria Pazin 2,820 208,440
Karlovac Karlovac 3,622 128,749
Koprivnica-Križevci Koprivnica 1,746 115,582
Krapina-Zagorje Krapina 1,224 133,064
Lika-Senj Gospić 5,350 51,022
Međimurje Čakovec 730 114,414
Osijek-Baranja Osijek 4,152 304,899
Požega-Slavonia Požega 1,845 78,031
Primorje-Gorski Kotar Rijeka 3,582 296,123
Šibenik-Knin Šibenik 2,939 109,320
Sisak-Moslavina Sisak 4,463 172,977
Split-Dalmatia Split 4,534 455,242
Varaždin Varaždin 1,261 176,046
Virovitica-Podravina Virovitica 2,068 84,586
Vukovar-Srijem Vukovar 2,448 180,117
Zadar Zadar 3,642 170,398
Zagreb County Zagreb 3,078 317,642
City of Zagreb Zagreb 641 792,875
Croatia has a high-income economy.[181] International Monetary Fund data projects that Croatian nominal GDP stands at $60,688 billion, or $14,816 per capita for 2018 while purchasing power parity GDP stands at $107.406 billion, or $26,221 per capita.[182] According to Eurostat, Croatian GDP per capita in PPS stood at 65% of the EU average in 2019.[183]
Real GDP growth in 2018 was 2,6 per cent.[184] The average net salary of a Croatian worker in October 2019 was 6,496 HRK per month (roughly 873 EUR), and the average gross salary was 8,813 HRK per month (roughly 1,185 EUR).[185] As of July 2019, the unemployment rate dropped to 7.2% from 9.6% in December 2018. The number of unemployed persons was 106.703. Unemployment Rate in Croatia between 1996 and 2018 averaged 17.38%, reaching an all-time high of 23.60% in January 2002 and a record low of 8.40% in September 2018.[186] In 2017, economic output was dominated by the service sector accounting for 70.1% of GDP, followed by the industrial sector with 26.2% and agriculture accounting for 3.7% of GDP.[187] According to 2017 data, 1.9% of the workforce were employed in agriculture, 27.3% by industry and 70.8% in services.[187] Shipbuilding, food processing, pharmaceuticals, information technology, biochemical, and timber industry dominate the industrial sector. In 2018, Croatian exports were valued at 108 billion kunas (€14.61 billion) with 176 billion kunas (€23.82 billion) worth of imports. Croatia's largest trading partner was the rest of the European Union, with the top three countries being Germany, Italy, and Slovenia.[188]
Privatization and the drive towards a market economy had barely begun under the new Croatian Government when war broke out in 1991. As a result of the war, the economic infrastructure sustained massive damage, particularly the revenue-rich tourism industry. From 1989 to 1993, the GDP fell 40.5%. The Croatian state still controls a significant part of the economy, with government expenditures accounting for 40% of GDP.[189] A particular concern is a backlogged judiciary system, with inefficient public administration, especially land ownership and corruption. In the 2018 Corruption Perceptions Index, published by Transparency International, the country is ranked 60th scoring 48, where zero denotes "highly corrupt" and 100 "very clean".[190] At the end of June 2020, the national debt stood at 85,3% of the GDP.[191]
Dubrovnik is one of Croatia's most popular tourist destinations.
Zlatni Rat beach on the Island of Brač is one of the foremost spots of tourism in Croatia
Tourism dominates the Croatian service sector and accounts for up to 20% of Croatian GDP. Tourist industry income for 2019 was estimated to be €10.5 billion.[192] Its positive effects are felt through the Croatian economy in terms of increased business volume observed in a retail business, processing industry orders and summer seasonal employment. The industry is an export business because it significantly reduces the country's external trade imbalance.[193] Since the end of the Croatian War of Independence, the tourist industry has rapidly grown, recording a fourfold rise in tourist numbers, with more than 11 million tourists each year.[194] The most numerous are tourists from Germany, Slovenia, Austria, Italy, and Poland as well as Croatia itself.[195] Length of a tourist stay in Croatia averaged 4.7 days in 2019.[196]
Much of the tourist industry is concentrated along the Adriatic Sea coast. Opatija was the first holiday resort. It first became popular in the middle of the 19th century. By the 1890s, it had become one of the most significant European health resorts.[197] Later many resorts sprang up along the coast and islands, offering services catering to mass tourism and various niche markets. The most significant are nautical tourism, as there are marinas with more than 16 thousand berths, cultural tourism relying on the appeal of medieval coastal cities and cultural events taking place during the summer. Inland areas offer agrotourism, mountain resorts, and spas. Zagreb is also a significant tourist destination, rivalling major coastal cities and resorts.[198]
Croatia has unpolluted marine areas with nature reserves and 116 Blue Flag beaches.[199] Croatia ranks as the 23rd most popular tourist destination in the world.[200] About 15% of these visitors, or over one million per year, are involved with naturism, for which Croatia is famous. It was the first European country to develop commercial naturist resorts.[201]
The highlight of Croatia's recent infrastructure developments is its rapidly developed motorway network, largely built in the late 1990s and especially in the 2000s (decade). As of December 2020, Croatia had completed 1,313.8 kilometres (816.4 miles) of motorways, connecting Zagreb to most other regions and following various European routes and four Pan-European corridors.[202][203][204] The busiest motorways are the A1, connecting Zagreb to Split and the A3, passing east to west through northwest Croatia and Slavonia.[205]
A widespread network of state roads in Croatia acts as motorway feeder roads while connecting all major settlements. The high quality and safety levels of the Croatian motorway network were tested and confirmed by several EuroTAP and EuroTest programmes.[206][207]
Croatia has an extensive rail network spanning 2,722 kilometres (1,691 miles), including 984 kilometres (611 miles) of electrified railways and 254 kilometres (158 miles) of double track railways.[208] The most significant railways in Croatia are within the Pan-European transport corridors Vb and X connecting Rijeka to Budapest and Ljubljana to Belgrade, both via Zagreb.[202] Croatian Railways operates all rail services.[209] There are international airports in Dubrovnik, Osijek, Pula, Rijeka, Split, Zadar, and Zagreb.[210] The largest and busiest is Franjo Tuđman Airport in Zagreb.[211] As of January 2011, Croatia complies with International Civil Aviation Organization aviation safety standards and the Federal Aviation Administration upgraded it to Category 1 rating.[212]
The busiest cargo seaport in Croatia is the Port of Rijeka. The busiest passenger ports are Split and Zadar.[213][214] Many minor ports serve ferries connecting numerous islands and coastal cities with ferry lines to several cities in Italy.[215] The largest river port is Vukovar, located on the Danube, representing the nation's outlet to the Pan-European transport corridor VII.[202][216]
There are 610 kilometres (380 miles) of crude oil pipelines in Croatia, connecting the Port of Rijeka oil terminal with refineries in Rijeka and Sisak, and several transhipment terminals. The system has a capacity of 20 million tonnes per year.[217] The natural gas transportation system comprises 2,113 kilometres (1,313 miles) of the trunk and regional natural gas pipelines, and more than 300 associated structures, connecting production rigs, the Okoli natural gas storage facility, 27 end-users and 37 distribution systems.[218]
Croatian production of energy sources covers 85% of nationwide natural gas and 19% of oil demand. In 2008, 47.6% of Croatia's primary energy production structure comprised use of natural gas (47.7%), hydropower (25.4%), crude oil (18.0%), fuelwood (8.4%), and other renewable energy sources (0.5%). In 2009, net total electrical power production reached 12,725 GWh. Croatia imported 28.5% of its electric power energy needs.[119] Krško Nuclear Power Plant supplies a large part of Croatian imports, 50% is owned by Hrvatska elektroprivreda, providing 15% of Croatia's electricity.[219]
With an estimated population of 4.13 million in 2019, Croatia ranks 127th by population in the world.[220] Its population density stood in 2018 at 72,9 inhabitants per square kilometre, making Croatia one of the more sparsely populated European countries.[221] The overall life expectancy in Croatia at birth was 76.3 years in 2018.[187]
Most populous cities of Croatia
Rank City County Urban population City-governed population
1 Zagreb City of Zagreb 803,900 1,228,941
2 Split Split-Dalmatia 167,121 178,102
3 Rijeka Primorje-Gorski Kotar 128,314 128,624
4 Osijek Osijek-Baranja 83,104 108,048
5 Zadar Zadar 71,471 75,082
6 Pula Istria 57,460 57,460
7 Slavonski Brod Brod-Posavina 53,531 59,143
8 Karlovac Karlovac 46,833 55,705
9 Varaždin Varaždin 38,839 46,946
10 Šibenik Šibenik-Knin 34,302 46,332
Source: 2011 Census[222]
Historical population
Year Pop. ±%
1890 2,854,558 —
1900 3,161,456 +10.8%
1910 3,460,584 +9.5%
1921 3,443,375 −0.5%
1931 3,785,455 +9.9%
1948 3,779,958 −0.1%
1953 3,936,022 +4.1%
1961 4,159,696 +5.7%
1971 4,426,221 +6.4%
1981 4,601,469 +4.0%
1991 4,784,265 +4.0%
2001 4,492,049 −6.1%
2011 4,456,096 −0.8%
2020 4,105,267 −7.9%
As of 29 June 2011
The total fertility rate of 1.41 children per mother, is one of the lowest in the world, below the replacement rate of 2.1, it remains considerably below the high of 6.18 children born per woman in 1885.[187][223] Since 1991, Croatia's death rate has continuously exceeded its birth rate.[119] Croatia subsequently has one of the oldest populations in the world, with the average age of 43.3 years.[224] Since the late 1990s, there has been a positive net migration into Croatia, reaching a level of more than 26,000 net immigrants in 2018.[225][226] The Croatian Bureau of Statistics forecast that the population may shrink to 3.85 million by 2061, depending on actual birth rate and the level of net migration.[227] The population of Croatia rose steadily from 2.1 million in 1857 until 1991, when it peaked at 4.7 million, with exception of censuses taken in 1921 and 1948, i.e. following two world wars.[119] The natural growth rate of the population is currently negative[120] with the demographic transition completed in the 1970s.[228] In recent years, the Croatian government has been pressured each year to increase permit quotas for foreign workers, reaching an all-time high of 68.100 in 2019.[229] In accordance with its immigration policy, Croatia is trying to entice emigrants to return.[230]
The population decrease was also a result of the Croatian War of Independence. During the war, large sections of the population were displaced and emigration increased. In 1991, in predominantly occupied areas, more than 400,000 Croats were either removed from their homes by the rebel Serb forces or fled the violence.[231] During the final days of the war in 1995, about 150–200,000 Serbs fled before the arrival of Croatian forces during the Operation Storm.[100][232] After the war, the number of displaced persons fell to about 250,000. The Croatian government has taken care of displaced persons by the social security system, and since December 1991 through the Office of Displaced Persons and Refugees.[233] Most of the territories which were abandoned during the Croatian War of Independence were settled by Croat refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina, mostly from north-western Bosnia, while some of the displaced people returned to their homes.[234][235]
According to the 2013 United Nations report, 17.6% of Croatia's population were foreign-born immigrants.[236] Majority of the inhabitants of Croatia are Croats (90.4%), followed by Serbs (4.4%), Bosniaks (0.73%), Italians (0.42%), Albanians (0.41%), Roma (0.40%), Hungarians (0.33%), Slovenes (0.25%), Czechs (0.22%), Montenegrins (0.11%), Slovaks (0.11%), Macedonians (0.10%), and others (2.12%).[4] Approximately 4 million Croats live abroad.[237]
Croatia has no official religion. Freedom of religion is a right defined by the Constitution which also defines all religious communities as equal before the law and separated from the state.[238] According to the 2011 census, 91.36% of Croatians identify as Christian; of these, Catholics make up the largest group, accounting for 86.28% of the population, after which follows Eastern Orthodoxy (4.44%), Protestantism (0.34%), and other Christians (0.30%). The largest religion after Christianity is Islam (1.47%). 4.57% of the population describe themselves as non-religious.[239] In the Eurostat Eurobarometer Poll of 2010, 69% of the population of Croatia responded that "they believe there is a God".[240] In a 2009 Gallup poll, 70% answered yes to the question "Is religion an important part of your daily life?"[241] However, only 24% of the population attends religious services regularly.[242]
Croatian is the official language of Croatia and became the 24th official language of the European Union upon its accession in 2013.[243][244] Minority languages are in official use in local government units where more than a third of the population consists of national minorities or where local legislation defines so. Those languages are Czech, Hungarian, Italian, Serbian, and Slovak.[245][246] Besides these, the following languages are also recognised: Albanian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, German, Hebrew, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Polish, Romanian, Istro-Romanian, Romani, Russian, Rusyn, Slovene, Turkish, and Ukrainian.[246]
Map of the dialects of Croatia
According to the 2011 Census, 95.6% of citizens of Croatia declared Croatian as their native language, 1.2% declared Serbian as their native language, while no other language is represented in Croatia by more than 0.5% of native speakers among the population of Croatia.[2] Croatian is a member of the South Slavic languages of Slavic languages group and is written using the Latin alphabet. There are three major dialects spoken on the territory of Croatia, with standard Croatian based on the Shtokavian dialect. The Chakavian and Kajkavian dialects are distinguished by their lexicon, phonology and syntax.[247]
Croatian replaced Latin as the official language of the Croatian government in the 19th century.[248] In Yugoslavia, from 1972 to 1989, the language was constitutionally designated as the "Croatian literary language" and the "Croatian or Serbian language". It was the result of the resistance to "Serbo-Croatian" in the form of a Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Literary Language and Croatian Spring.[249] Croatians are protective of their language from foreign influences and are known for Croatian linguistic purism, as the language was under constant change and threats imposed by previous rulers, i.e. loanwords are replaced with native Croatian counterparts.[250]
A 2011 survey revealed that 78% of Croatians claim knowledge of at least one foreign language.[251] According to a survey ordered by the European Commission in 2005, 49% of Croatians speak English as the second language, 34% speak German, 14% speak Italian, and 10% speak French. Russian is spoken by 4% each, and 2% of Croatians speak Spanish. However, there are large municipalities that have minority languages that include substantial populations that speak these languages. An odd-majority of Slovenes (59%) have a certain level of knowledge of Croatian.[252] The country is a part of various language-based international associations most notably the European Union Language Association.[253]
Literacy in Croatia stands at 99.2 per cent.[254] A worldwide study about the quality of living in different countries published by Newsweek in August 2010 ranked the Croatian education system at 22nd, to share the position with Austria.[255] Primary education in Croatia starts at the age of six or seven and consists of eight grades. In 2007 a law was passed to increase free, noncompulsory education until 18 years of age. Compulsory education consists of eight grades of elementary school.
Secondary education is provided by gymnasiums and vocational schools. As of 2019, there are 2,103 elementary schools and 738 schools providing various forms of secondary education.[256] Primary and secondary education are also available in languages of recognised minorities in Croatia, where classes are held in Czech, German, Hungarian, Italian, and Serbian languages.[257]
There are 137 elementary and secondary level music and art schools, as well as 120 schools for disabled children and youth and 74 schools for adults.[258] Nationwide leaving exams (Croatian: državna matura) were introduced for secondary education students in the school year 2009–2010. It comprises three compulsory subjects (Croatian language, mathematics, and a foreign language) and optional subjects and is a prerequisite for university education.[259]
Croatia has eight public universities, the University of Dubrovnik, University of Osijek, University of Pula, University of Rijeka, University of Split, University of Zadar and University of Zagreb, and two private universities, Catholic University of Croatia and Dubrovnik International University.[260] The University of Zadar, the first university in Croatia, was founded in 1396 and remained active until 1807, when other institutions of higher education took over until the foundation of the renewed University of Zadar in 2002.[261] The University of Zagreb, founded in 1669, is the oldest continuously operating university in Southeast Europe.[262] There are also 15 polytechnics, of which two are private, and 30 higher education institutions, of which 27 are private.[260] In total, there are 55 institutions of higher education in Croatia, attended by more than 157 thousand students.[258]
There are 205 companies, government or education system institutions and non-profit organisations in Croatia pursuing scientific research and development of technology. Combined, they spent more than 3 billion kuna (€400 million) and employed 10,191 full-time research staff in 2008.[119] Among the scientific institutes operating in Croatia, the largest is the Ruđer Bošković Institute in Zagreb.[263] The Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts in Zagreb is a learned society promoting language, culture, arts and science from its inception in 1866.[264]
Croatia has been the home of many famous inventors, including Faust Vrančić, Giovanni Luppis, Slavoljub Eduard Penkala, Franjo Hanaman, Josip Belušić, and Nikola Tesla,[265][266][267] as well as scientists, such as Franciscus Patricius, Nikola Nalješković, Nikola Vitov Gučetić, Josip Franjo Domin, Marin Getaldić, Roger Joseph Boscovich, Andrija Mohorovičić, Ivan Supek, Ivan Đikić, Miroslav Radman, and Marin Soljačić.[268] The Nobel Prize in Chemistry has been awarded to two Croatian laureates, Lavoslav Ružička (1939) and Vladimir Prelog (1975).
Croatia has a universal health care system, whose roots can be traced back to the Hungarian-Croatian Parliament Act of 1891, providing a form of mandatory insurance of all factory workers and craftsmen.[269] The population is covered by a basic health insurance plan provided by statute and optional insurance. In 2017, annual healthcare related expenditures reached 22.0 billion kuna (€3.0 billion).[270] Healthcare expenditures comprise only 0.6% of private health insurance and public spending.[271] In 2017, Croatia spent around 6.6% of its GDP on healthcare.[272] In 2020, Croatia ranked 41st in the world in life expectancy with 76.0 years for men and 82.0 years for women, and it had a low infant mortality rate of 3.4 per 1,000 live births.[273]
There are hundreds of healthcare institutions in Croatia, including 75 hospitals, and 13 clinics with 23,049 beds. The hospitals and clinics care for more than 700 thousand patients per year and employ 6,642 medical doctors, including 4,773 specialists. There is total of 69,841 health workers in the country. There are 119 emergency units in health centres, responding to more than a million calls. The principal cause of death in 2016 was cardiovascular disease at 39.7% for men and 50.1% for women, followed by tumours, at 32.5% for men and 23.4% for women.[274] In 2020, 69 Croatians had been infected with HIV/AIDS and 11 had died from the disease.[275] In 2016 it was estimated that 37.0% of Croatians are smokers.[276] According to 2016 data, 24.40% of the Croatian adult population is obese.[277]
Historic centre of Trogir has been included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Site since 1997 [278]
Because of its geographical position, Croatia represents a blend of four different cultural spheres. It has been a crossroads of influences from western culture and the east since the schism between the Western Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire, and also from Mitteleuropa and Mediterranean culture.[279] The Illyrian movement was the most significant period of national cultural history, as the 19th century proved crucial to the emancipation of the Croatian language and saw unprecedented developments in all fields of art and culture, giving rise to many historical figures.[47]
The Ministry of Culture is tasked with preserving the nation's cultural and natural heritage and overseeing its development. Further activities supporting the development of culture are undertaken at the local government level.[280] The UNESCO's World Heritage List includes ten sites in Croatia. The country is also rich with intangible culture and holds 15 of UNESCO's World's intangible culture masterpieces, ranking fourth in the world.[281] A global cultural contribution from Croatia is the necktie, derived from the cravat originally worn by the 17th-century Croatian mercenaries in France.[282][283]
Trakošćan Castle is one of the best preserved historic buildings in the country [284]
In 2019, Croatia had 95 professional theatres, 30 professional children's theatres, and 51 amateur theatres visited by more than 2.27 million viewers per year. Professional theatres employ 1,195 artists. There are 42 professional orchestras, ensembles, and choirs in the country, attracting an annual attendance of 297 thousand. There are 75 cinemas with 166 screens and attendance of 5.026 million.[285] Croatia has 222 museums, visited by more than 2.71 million people in 2016. Furthermore, there are 1,768 libraries in the country, containing 26.8 million volumes, and 19 state archives.[286]
In 2010, 7,348 books and brochures were published, along with 2,676 magazines and 267 newspapers.[needs update] In 2019, there were 134 radio stations and 26 TV stations operating. Film production made 75 films, 12 were feature-length films and 63 short films. As of 2009, there are 784 amateur cultural and artistic associations[needs update] and more than 10 thousand cultural, educational, and artistic events held annually.[119] The book publishing market is dominated by several major publishers and the industry's centrepiece event—Interliber exhibition held annually at Zagreb Fair.[287]
Croatia is categorised as having established a very high level of human development in the Human Development Index, with a high degree of equality in HDI achievements between women and men.[288] It promotes disability rights.[289] Recognition of same-sex unions in Croatia has gradually improved over the past decade, culminating in registered civil unions in July 2014, granting same-sex couples equal inheritance rights, tax deductions, and limited adoption rights.[290] However, in December 2013 Croatians voted in a constitutional referendum and approved changes to the constitution to define marriage as a union between a man and a woman.[291]
Arts, literature, and music
The 1st century-built Pula Arena was the sixth largest amphitheatre in the Roman Empire
Architecture in Croatia reflects influences of bordering nations. Austrian and Hungarian influence is visible in public spaces and buildings in the north and the central regions, architecture found along coasts of Dalmatia and Istria exhibits Venetian influence.[292] Squares named after culture heroes, parks, and pedestrian-only zones, are features of Croatian towns and cities, especially where large scale Baroque urban planning took place, for instance in Osijek (Tvrđa), Varaždin, and Karlovac.[293][294] The subsequent influence of the Art Nouveau was reflected in contemporary architecture.[295] The architecture is the Mediterranean with a Venetian and Renaissance influence in major coastal urban areas exemplified in works of Juraj Dalmatinac and Nicolas of Florence such as the Cathedral of St. James in Šibenik. The oldest preserved examples of Croatian architecture are the 9th-century churches, with the largest and the most representative among them being Church of St. Donatus in Zadar.[296][297]
Historical nucleus of Split with the 4th-century Diocletian's Palace was inscribed on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in 1979
Besides the architecture encompassing the oldest artworks, there is a history of artists in Croatia reaching the Middle Ages. In that period the stone portal of the Trogir Cathedral was made by Radovan, representing the most important monument of Romanesque sculpture from Medieval Croatia. The Renaissance had the greatest impact on the Adriatic Sea coast since the remainder of Croatia was embroiled in the Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War. With the waning of the Ottoman Empire, art flourished during the Baroque and Rococo. The 19th and the 20th centuries brought about affirmation of numerous Croatian artisans, helped by several patrons of the arts such as bishop Josip Juraj Strossmayer.[298] Croatian artists of the period achieving renown were Vlaho Bukovac and Ivan Meštrović.[296]
The Baška tablet, a stone inscribed with the glagolitic alphabet found on the Krk island and dated to circa 1100, is considered to be the oldest surviving prose in Croatian.[299] The beginning of more vigorous development of Croatian literature is marked by the Renaissance and Marko Marulić. Besides Marulić, Renaissance playwright Marin Držić, Baroque poet Ivan Gundulić, Croatian national revival poet Ivan Mažuranić, novelist, playwright, and poet August Šenoa, children's writer Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić, writer and journalist Marija Jurić Zagorka, poet and writer Antun Gustav Matoš, poet Antun Branko Šimić, expressionist and realist writer Miroslav Krleža, poet Tin Ujević and novelist, and short story writer Ivo Andrić are often cited as the greatest figures in Croatian literature.[300][301]
In Croatia, the Constitution guarantees the freedom of the press and the freedom of speech.[302] Croatia ranked 64th in the 2019 Press Freedom Index report compiled by Reporters Without Borders which noted that journalists who investigate corruption, organised crime or war crimes face challenges and that the Government was trying to influence the public broadcaster HRT's editorial policies.[303] In its 2019 Freedom in the World report, the Freedom House classified freedoms of press and speech in Croatia as generally free from political interference and manipulation, noting that journalists still face threats and occasional attacks.[304] The state-owned news agency HINA runs a wire service in Croatian and English on politics, economics, society, and culture.[305]
As of January 2021, there are thirteen nationwide free-to-air DVB-T television channels, with Croatian Radiotelevision (HRT) operating four, RTL Televizija three, and Nova TV operating two channels, and the Croatian Olympic Committee, Kapital Net d.o.o., and Author d.o.o. companies operate the remaining three.[306] Also, there are 21 regional or local DVB-T television channels.[307] The HRT is also broadcasting a satellite TV channel.[308] In 2020, there were 155 radio stations and 27 TV stations in Croatia.[309][310] Cable television and IPTV networks are gaining ground in the country. Cable television already serves 450 thousand people, around 10% of the total population of the country.[311][312]
Radio Zagreb, now a part of Croatian Radiotelevision, was the first public radio station in Southeast Europe [313]
In 2010, 314 newspapers and 2,678 magazines were published in Croatia.[119] The print media market is dominated by the Croatian-owned Hanza Media and Austrian-owned Styria Media Group who publish their flagship dailies Jutarnji list, Večernji list and 24sata. Other influential newspapers are Novi list and Slobodna Dalmacija.[314][315] In 2020, 24sata was the most widely circulated daily newspaper, followed by Večernji list and Jutarnji list.[316][317]
Croatia's film industry is small and heavily subsidised by the government, mainly through grants approved by the Ministry of Culture with films often being co-produced by HRT.[318][319] Croatian cinema produces between five and ten feature films per year.[320] Pula Film Festival, the national film awards event held annually in Pula, is the most prestigious film event featuring national and international productions.[321] Animafest Zagreb, founded in 1972, is the prestigious annual film festival dedicated to the animated film. The first greatest accomplishment by Croatian filmmakers was achieved by Dušan Vukotić when he won the 1961 Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film for Ersatz (Croatian: Surogat).[322] Croatian film producer Branko Lustig won the Academy Awards for Best Picture for Schindler's List and Gladiator.[323]
Croatian traditional cuisine varies from one region to another. Dalmatia and Istria have culinary influences of Italian and other Mediterranean cuisines which prominently feature various seafood, cooked vegetables and pasta, and condiments such as olive oil and garlic. Austrian, Hungarian, and Turkish culinary styles influenced continental cuisine. In that area, meats, freshwater fish, and vegetable dishes are predominant.[324]
There are two distinct wine-producing regions in Croatia. The continental in the northeast of the country, especially Slavonia, produces premium wines, particularly whites. Along the north coast, Istrian and Krk wines are similar to those in neighbouring Italy, while further south in Dalmatia, Mediterranean-style red wines are the norm.[324] Annual production of wine exceeds 140 million litres.[119] Croatia was almost exclusively a wine-consuming country up until the late 18th century when a more massive production and beer consumption started.[325] The annual consumption of beer in 2020 was 78.7 litres per capita which placed Croatia in 15th place among the world's countries.[326]
There are more than 400,000 active sportspeople in Croatia.[327] Out of that number, 277,000 are members of sports associations and nearly 4,000 are chess members and contract bridge associations.[119] Association football is the most popular sport. The Croatian Football Federation (Croatian: Hrvatski nogometni savez), with more than 118,000 registered players, is the largest sporting association in the country.[328] The Prva HNL football league attracts the highest average attendance of any professional sports league in the country. In season 2010–11, it attracted 458,746 spectators.[329]
Croatian athletes competing at international events since Croatian independence in 1991 won 44 Olympic medals, including 15 gold medals—at the 1996 and 2004 Summer Olympics in handball, 2000 Summer Olympics in weightlifting, 2002 and 2006 Winter Olympics in alpine skiing, 2012 Summer Olympics in the discus throw, trap shooting, and water polo, and in 2016 Summer Olympics in shooting, rowing, discus throw, sailing and javelin throw.[330] Also, Croatian athletes won 16 gold medals at world championships, including four in athletics at the World Championships in Athletics, held in 2007, 2009, 2013 and 2017, one in handball at the 2003 World Men's Handball Championship, two in water polo at the 2007 World Aquatics Championships and 2017 World Aquatics Championships, one in rowing at the 2010 World Rowing Championships, six in alpine skiing at the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships held in 2003 and 2005 and two at the World Taekwondo Championships in 2011 and 2007. In tennis, Croatia won Davis Cup in 2005 and 2018. Croatia's most successful male players Goran Ivanišević and Marin Čilić have both won Grand Slam titles and have got into the top 3 of the ATP Rankings. Iva Majoli became the first Croatian female player to win the French Open when she won it in 1997. The Croatian national football team came in third in 1998 and second in the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Croatia hosted several major sports competitions, including the 2009 World Men's Handball Championship, the 2007 World Table Tennis Championships, the 2000 World Rowing Championships, the 1987 Summer Universiade, the 1979 Mediterranean Games, and several European Championships.
See also
Other Languages |
Objective c write array to text file
To delete the entire contents of a file, specify an offset of 0 when calling this method: The difference between Object and Greeter is the method greet. In some situations, I was required to lookup values for thousands of rows so I could append a new column to a large table. The most common use of access types is in dynamic programming, for example in linked lists.
There are so many things that can be done. If you like to know more on that you could read GNU Coding standards. However C is a statically typed language.
Quicksort algorithm in C#
A continue is similar but it takes you to the first statement after the opening brace of the loop, in effect it allows you to reevaluate the loop. However, this hurdle can easily be resolved by reading a simple tutorial on how to use the formula.
In Ada you cannot specify a range of It is usually fairly straight forward to find a gadget which allows you to write any high value to a fixed location. Now that we defined our Object we can close the definition with end.
This does mean that Ada code will use exceptions more often than not, and certainly the standard library packages will raise a number of possible exceptions. This is easily enough to finish the exploitation process.
With the following calculation: In this program, the shellcode must also be machine-readable.
Read and Write NSArray, NSDictionary and NSSet to a File
Both of these things have been documented numerous times so i'm not going to go into any more detail on this here. Obviously there is an abundance of ways that this can be utilized, but the following 3 methods are ways that I have seen succeed in real life.
Once it is disabledwe can remove the DATA devices from thin pool. Now that the object has done what is should do it is time to let go. This takes as arguments the path of the symbolic link, the path to the file to which the link is to refer and an optional NSError object.
Friday and we would not need the extra types. In a C union representation of the above any block is visible regardless of what type of car it is, you can easily ask for the cargo capacity of a sports car and C will use the bit pattern of the boolean to provide you with the cargo capacity.
What, unfortunatly, you cannot do is use strings as unbounded objects, hence the following. Buffer overflow vulnerability and exploit tutorial and how-to build the shell code for payloads on Intel x86 microprocessor and Linux machine.
Here are 10 reasons to get ahead of the game by starting to work with Swift now. 1.
Write float arrays to a text file
Swift is easier to read. Objective-C suffers all the warts you’d expect from a language built on C. Write ArrayList to Text File. Hi All, I'm trying to read in a text file to an ArrayList, alter a line and write the contents of the ArrayList to a text file with the following code: //Write each line into array foreach (string sOutput in arrText) gabrielgoulddesign.comine(sOutput); Reviews: Summary I have endeavered to present below a tutorial for C and C++ programmers to show them what Ada can provide and how to set about turning the knowledge and experience they have gained in C/C++ into good Ada programming.
Jun 01, · rand_NUM is a 99 element array so the last value value that can be used with operator[] is Your loop ends when i = 99 and will try to write data to one past the last valid element of the array which results in undefined behavior.
The C programming language provides many standard library functions for file input and gabrielgoulddesign.com functions make up the bulk of the C standard library header.
C file input/output
The functionality descends from a "portable I/O package" written by Mike Lesk at Bell Labs in the early s, and officially became part of the Unix operating system in Version The I/O functionality of C is fairly low.
Objective c write array to text file
Rated 0/5 based on 68 review |
Riveting vs Welding: What Are the Pros & Cons of Each Method?
Last Updated: February 2, 2021
Riveting vs Welding - pixabay_pixabay
Choosing the right metal joining method is very important as it makes your product structurally and commercially sound. There are several factors that one should look out for when choosing the appropriate joining process. Join us as we take a comprehensive look at the pros and cons of riveting versus welding.
An Overview of Riveting
Credit: kakilambe, Pixabay
Riveting is a permanent metal fastening process using a metal part called rivet. This rivet binds to the adjacent surfaces of the elements. So, the basic concept behind riveting is similar to that of nuts and bolts, but instead of two separate pieces, a rivet is just a single piece with both of its ends holding each piece of metal.
How Does it Work?
A rivet has two ends known as head and tail. The tail is usually a smooth cylindrical shaft, while the dome is hemispherical.
To install, this rivet is positioned in a punched or drilled hole. The tail of this rivet is deformed such that it expands approximately to about 1.5 times its original shaft broadness. A new head is formed on the tail’s side by smashing its material to become flat, making it look like a dumbbell. This holds the rivet in its position and unites the metal parts together. The deformed head is called the shop head for distinguishing between these heads, while the original charge is known as the factory head.
As there is a head-on on each side of the installed rivet, this joint can bear considerable shear and tension loads.
Common Types of Rivets
Most solid rivets are made out of aluminum because it can easily be bucked from the tail using a pneumatic hammer. Therefore, a solid rivet needs to have cold forming property without cracking in between the procedures. The countersunk head angle could vary from 60° to 120°. However, 82° to 100° are commonly used angles. Sometimes, the sharp ends of some solid rivets are removed while still maintaining the flush fit.
They are named blind rivets because they can be fully installed from just one side. Only a single operator with less training can install a blind rivet; the tool used for installing it is also portable. These rivets have an advantage over solid rivets where just one side of the workpiece is accessible. With a given length, the rivet can be used with many materials of varying thickness. This rivet is very easy to install, and even the clamping force is better and uniform than a solid rivet.
Pull Mandrel
These are installed with a tool that imposes a force on the rivet head while pulling a serrated mandrel through for expanding the other side of the tubular rivet. When the appropriate load is reached, this mandrel breaks at the notch.
Threaded Stem
Threaded stem rivets involve a stem with the outside part flattened by a machine on two sides for the tool to hold and rotate. The head is usually hexagonal so that no rotation takes place.
These are partially hollow and are available in various configurations. The hollow end of this rivet is made to undergo cold forming to a field head. As highly extensive cold forming is required with these kinds of rivets. Therefore, these are ductile and made of low strength materials.
Riveting has been very widely used for a long time. Famous structures like the Eiffel Tower and the Sydney Harbour Bridge are held together by riveting. Armored tanks, airplanes, gutter construction, hanger straps, and automobile chassis also involve riveting. It has to be done even to support your common jeans, doors, and windows.
• Rivets are cheap
• Riveting can be done regardless of the position/location. (vertical, etc.)
• Very high shear strength and resistance from fatigue
• Removing a rivet causes less damage than a welded joint
• Some rivets can tolerate atmospheric and chemical corrosion
• No considerable damage to the protective coatings of the parts involved
• Can be used to join ferrous, non-ferrous metals, and even non-metals
• Need to pre-drill holes
• Noisy process
• Time-consuming
• Not a leakproof joint
• Rivets add weight while the holes reduce stability
• Riveted joints are significantly bulkier than welded joints
• Not always aesthetically appealing
An Overview of Welding
Credit: vespaburoks, Pixabay
An alternative to riveting is this permanent fabrication procedure known as welding. This joining process takes advantage of thermo-softening of materials (softening on heating and hardening on cooling). It is usually used to connect metals and thermoplastics. It uses high heat using electricity to melt the pieces and fuses them to cool and solidify.
How Does It Work?
Firstly, the base metal is melted using high heat. After that, a filler material is added to this joint to create a molten material called the weld pool. This weld pool cools down and forms the joint; based on its configuration, this joint can be stronger than the base or parent metal. The pool is pressurized to produce a tight and solid welded joint. This process also requires some protection or shield so that the filler and melted materials do not contaminate with environmental factors.
Common Types of Welding
Arc Welding
This kind of welding includes many manuals, semi-automatic and automatic welding processes. The techniques contained are usually used to join stainless steel, aluminum, cobalt, titanium, nickel, and copper alloys. And this type of welding is used in the oil, gas, power, aerospace, and automotive industries.
These include:
• Metal Inert Gas Welding (MIG)
• Stick Welding
• Tungsten Inert Gas Welding (TIG), also commonly known as gas welding
• Metal Active Gas welding (MAG)
• Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW)
• Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW)
• Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)
• Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)
• Plasma Arc Welding
Friction Welding
This technique is based on mechanical friction. It can be applied over different materials like steel, aluminum, and even wood too. Mechanical friction is used to generate heat to soften the base material, mix, and create a solid bond as it cools. No flux, filler, or shielding gas is required in friction welding.
This process is beneficial for aerospace application as it can unite the ‘non-weldable’ lightweight aluminum alloys.
There are four main processes:
• Friction Stir Welding (FSW)
• Friction Stir Spot Welding (FSSW)
• Linear Friction Welding (LFW)
• Rotatory Friction Welding (RFW)
Electric Beam Welding
This is the welding process that uses a high-velocity beam of electrons to produce heat and melt the workpieces to bind them together. It is performed in a vacuum to avoid the dissipation of the beam of electrons. This welding type is mainly used to unite thick metal sections.
Laser Welding
Here, a laser is used to concentrate high heat, ideal for deep, barrow welds, and high joining rates.
This method takes substantially less time than other methods, making it suitable for high-volume applications in the automotive industry. It can be performed in the air and does not require a vacuum.
Resistance Welding
This process is speedy, and hence, used in the automotive industry. It can be broken down into two categories:
1. Spot Resistance Welding: The spot welding process used heat produced between two electrodes applied to a small portion to clamp the workpieces.
2. Seam Resistance Welding: This is very similar to spot welding, just the electrodes are replaced with rotating wheels to end with a uniform leak-free weld.
Different types of welding are used for various purposes, like shipbuilding, industrial piping, railroads, manufacturing plants, automotive, home improvement, aircraft, aerospace construction, and mechanical industries.
• Welded structures are lighter than riveted joints
• More efficient than riveting
• Alterations or modifications are relatively easy in comparison
• Better aesthetics
• Skilled labor with supervision is required
• Uneven heating and cooling can result in distortion, which may result in extra stress
• Cracks may develop
• Must pass tougher inspection criteria
Other Factors to Consider
Now that we’ve covered the basics of both processes, let’s look at factors to consider that will determine which is right for the task at hand.
1. Materials to be joined
Are the metals you want to join the same or different? If different, then what are the differences, and to what extent they affect their joining?
Advantage: Riveting is more versatile when it comes to joining different materials.
2. Stress bearing capacity
How much compression or tension can the metal withstand?
Advantage:Both are supremely strong joints but welding takes a slight advantage.
3. Changeability
Do you want a permanent joint or temporary joint? If you need to reposition it, then how many times can you change it so that the joint does not collapse?
Advantage: Welding
4. Melting and boiling points
Advantage: None
5. Response to environmental conditions like rain, dust, oil, etc.
Advantage: Welding
6. Appearance after joining
Should the joint be exposed or hidden? Do you prefer minimalistic and seamless aesthetics or rough and bold?
Advantage: Personal preference
7. Manufacturing cost and time
The budget and timeframe to meet for joining the metals
Advantage: Subject to variable conditions
8. Preservation and servicing expenses
The cost of maintenance and repair of the joints. How often will the joined components require repairs or maintenance checks, or replacements?
Advantage: Welding
Riveting vs Welding: Which is Better?
So, which one is safer as safety should always be the priority. A properly welded joint is stronger than a riveted joint if we consider the forces that can draw pieces apart. Therefore, welding should be preferred for bond strength. Although welding is definitely not safe for unskilled labor or poor supervision, it may lead to severe injuries.
Specific Applications
This should be the first question that you should answer, as this is crucial in your final decision.
To make this simple for you, you may consider the following tips:
• For temporary joints that require replacement or repositioning, mechanical fastening or riveting is preferred over fusing or welding.
• Riveting and welding are stronger joints than adhesive joints, and the better of the two is already discussed earlier.
In general, riveting is costlier than welding, although rivets are cheap. But due to the bulk calculations involved in its installation, it has costlier labor. However, the cost factor highly depends on which welding type you are considering and similarly for riveting which rivets you are referring to. Some types of welding need very high skilled workers, which definitely adds to the cost. Hence, this is variable and subjective.
Welding is absolutely convenient because no holes or excessive calculations are needed like those required for riveting.
As time is money and very precious. This aspect should not be ignored. As heating processes take time, hot riveting takes time as it does not use the welding heat methods. Comparatively, welding takes low time as drilling holes, inserting the rivets, heating the protruded end, and then bucking them; this procedure definitely requires a substantial amount of time. However, riveting involving cold forming takes less time.
Riveting and welding are of great importance in many industries around the world. Both have offered great strength and have helped greatly in creating the structure or frame of modern innovations. They are both part of the methods widely used to create a joint between two or more metal surfaces. The choice of which one to use is dependent on what a worker intends to achieve. However, welding comes first when one considers efficiency, durability, and strength, especially when working on lighter structures. Riveting, on the other hand, is essential in manufacturing industries. Heavy-duty equipment and heavy metals are mostly joined by riveting. Therefore, it becomes essential for one to choose wisely when planning to undertake any work that involves joining metallic products.
Featured image credit: Pixabay
Cameron Dekker
Click Here to Leave a Comment Below 0 comments
Leave a Reply: |
Everlasting in a Sentence 🔊
Definition of Everlasting
lasting forever
Examples of Everlasting in a sentence
The effects of the Chinese invention of gunpowder are everlasting, never to be reversed or forgotten as long as humanity persists. 🔊
While the Sun may seem everlasting to Earth’s inhabitants, one day in the far future it will fade and die in a fiery explosion. 🔊
Nothing in the physical world is truly everlasting, as even the most resilient materials will ultimately waste away into nothing. 🔊
Other words in the Uncategorized category:
Most Searched Words (with Video) |
Complementary medicine
People with allergies/intolerances and respiratory tract problems are often keen to know about treatment methods that can be used alongside conventional medical treatments. The aha! Swiss Allergy Centre provides independent information about these methods.
Complementary therapies
Complementary medicine covers a range of health care practices that can be used alongside conventional medicine. This includes both treatment systems such as traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and vitamin and trace element supplements such as vitamin C and selenium. Alternative treatments commonly used in Switzerland include acupuncture and herbal medicine. (Source:
In 2009, the Swiss voted in a referendum for the constitutional article for greater consideration of complementary medicine. By the end of 2017, medical treatments using anthroposophical medicine, homeopathy, herbal medicine and traditional Chinese medicine, including acupuncture, will be initially reimbursed under statutory health insurance (basic health insurance) on certain conditions. A definitive new regulation has been planned as of 1 January 2017. To learn more, go to the website of the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health.
There follows below a brief description of the four complementary therapies and the traditional principles on which they are based.
Anthroposophical medicine
Anthroposophical medicine is based on the findings of Rudolf Steiner and was founded by him and Dr Ita Wagner. It focuses on man and his essence.
The basis of anthroposophical medicine is the proposition that the human body unites four dimensions: the ego, the astral or feeling body, the etheric or life body and the physical body. These four dimensions work in harmony. If one dimension becomes dominant, this harmony is disturbed, resulting in illness. The aim of treatment is to restore the correct balance between these four dimensions.
Anthroposophical remedies are made up of substances of mineral, herbal and animal origin. Anthroposophical treatment also includes movement therapy (therapeutic eurythmy), music and art therapy, biography work and compresses.
The founder of homeopathy was Samuel Hahnemann. Following self-application of cinchona, the bark of a Peruvian tree, he described the law of similars (simila similibus curentur = like cures like) as the basis of homeopathy. According to homeopathy, illness results when the life force (dynamis) is disturbed. This disturbance is caused by harmful external stimuli and manifests as symptoms. Healing is achieved by prescribing a remedy that produces a form of artificial disease that restores the disturbed life force.
Homeopathic remedies are mostly plant, animal or mineral-based. The starting material is potentiated (diluted and vigorously shaken) and the medicines are therefore highly diluted when they are finally used. What medicinal substance is used at what potentiation is determined by the homeopathy practitioner after taking a detailed medical history.
Herbal medicine
Plants have been used since antiquity and employed for medicinal purposes in all forms of traditional medicine (traditional European medicine, TCM, ayurvedic medicine). Herbal medicine is defined as the use of plants, plant parts (e.g. roots, flowers), plant components (e.g. essential oils) or plant products (e.g. extracts) for therapeutic purposes.
Herbal treatment is based on the medicinal effects of different plants: anti-inflammatory, decongestant, spasmolytic (anti-spasmodic), anti-microbial, etc. The desired effect determines the plant to be used as treatment. They are most commonly administered in the form of teas, liquid extracts or dry extracts, or plant parts can be eaten crushed.
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a system of medicine that developed in China out of Taoism more than 2,500 years ago. It includes the concept of yin and yang, which shows how everything is interconnected. According to TCM, qi is the vital energy that flows in channels (meridians) throughout the body and over its surfaces.
The five elements of wood, fire, earth, metal and water describe the eternal cycle of nature. It is postulated in TCM that an imbalance in one of these elements results in corresponding symptoms and diseases. An imbalance may be caused by emotions (e.g. anger, joy/excitement), the environment (e.g. wind, cold, dryness) or other factors (e.g. incorrect diet, injury). Health is maintained and disease treated by ensuring these elements are in balance. This can be achieved by using the following methods alone or in combination: acupuncture, cupping, Chinese medicines, Chinese nutrition therapy, qigong and tai chi and Tuina massage.
Acupuncture is part of traditional Chinese medicine and is based on the concept that the body is traversed by channels (meridians) where qi flows. Located on the meridians are acupuncture points, where the flow of qi can be controlled. An acupuncture point may have different functions. Needles are inserted into the corresponding acupuncture points depending on the symptoms. In addition to traditional acupuncture, there is also acupressure (massage technique applied to acupuncture points) as well as ear acupuncture (based on the concept that all areas of the body are represented in the ear).
Source: Checkliste Komplementärmedizin, Roman Huber, Andreas Michalsen (ed.), Haug Verlag
aha! Swiss Allergy Centre helps
© by aha! Allergiezentrum Schweiz |
Do Personal Budgets Work?
It does not matter if people have a lot of money, or if they have a little money to work with, everyone can benefit from creating and maintaining a personal, financial budget. People, who have a budget, have found that it is much easier to handle their finances and save money than it was when they did not have a budget.
Why should people create personal budgets?
It is unfortunate, that many people wait until they are in terrible debt before they think about creating a budget. It is best to create a budget from the very beginning. However, no matter what financial situation people are in, a carefully worked out budget can still help them handle their finances.
When people have budgets to live by, they are much more likely to notice where their money is going than if they did not have budgets. They will also be more careful about spending their money in various places than they would be if they did not have a budget. Statistics show that people, who maintain personal budgets, are more likely to say no to unnecessary purchases than those people without budgets. When people save money on all these unnecessary purchases, they can use the money for essential things such as credit card debt or medical bills.
How does one begin creating a personal budget?
It is a smart idea to spend one month keeping track of all of the things that people spend their money on before they begin creating a budget. This gives them an idea of where their money has been going and what they need to focus on. It will also show them what they may be overspending on and where they can save. Keeping track of monthly expenses for one month will show people how much money they need for various essential expenses. Even after people create a budget, they should continue monitoring their spending habits closely to determine if they are staying within their budgets. If they are not staying within their budgets, they will need to make adjustments.
Is a budget a one-time creation?
It is essential to note, that budgets are not totally solid. People will often need to change them or adjust them for different reasons. Some of these reasons include a loss of income, a gain of additional income (better-paying jobs or pay-raises), additional bills (unexpected medical bills, educational expenses, unexpected deaths, unexpected car or home repairs, moves to cheaper or more expensive homes), pay-offs of current bills and yearly expenses (income taxes, property taxes and vehicle registrations). Thus, it is best to view a personal budget as a framework that people will need to alter constantly.
What are the actual steps involved in creating a personal budget?
Creating a personal budget is virtually easy and anybody can do it by following the easy steps as outlined below.
1. First of all, after monitoring their budgets for a month, people should write down, on either a piece of paper or a spreadsheet on their computer, all of their monthly expenses. This may include such things as rent or mortgage payments, groceries, credit card payments, phone bills, utilities, car payments, insurance bills, internet bills and entertainment allotments. People’s lists may vary and may include more or less expenses than these examples.
2. Next, they will want to find a copy of their bank statement either online or a paper version. They should then add all of their incoming income to their bank statement. For those people, who have more than one form of income, they should list each form of income separately noting beside each one whether it is weekly, bi-weekly or monthly income. They also need to check their income against their bank statement to ensure they did not forget anything.
3. The final step is adding up all the money, that people are paying out each month, on one side of the paper and adding up all their forms of income on the other side of the paper. If their expenses are less than their income, that is fantastic. However, if their expenses are more than their income, they will need to look at their unnecessary expenses and see what they can reduce or eliminate. Unnecessary expenses include such things as eating out, going to the movies, buying video games or buying jewelry or fashionable clothing. There are many more unnecessary expenses people may spend their money on, and those listed are just a few.
In conclusion, the better that people handle their finances, the more finances they will have for extras. Creating a personal budget is essential for anyone’s financial success. As stated earlier, once people have created a personal budget, they will need to adjust it accordingly depending on various factors. They must simply repeat the above easy steps whenever they feel it is necessary to re-evaluate their finances; and in no time, they will find they have much less financial worries than they had before they created a budget.
Speak Your Mind |
News Release
RUDN University linguists conducted comprehensive study of how Russian speakers perceive Greek sound
RUDN University
Research News
IMAGE: Linguists from RUDN University found out how Russian speakers differentiate between similar consonants of the Greek language and associate them with Russian sounds. view more
Credit: RUDN University
Linguists from RUDN University found out how Russian speakers differentiate between similar consonants of the Greek language and associate them with Russian sounds. The results of the study were published in the Speech Communication journal.
Efficient learning of a foreign language depends on a student's mother tongue and similarities between the sounds of the two languages. If they have a lot of similar sounds, foreign speech is perceived better, and if a student's mother tongue has no or few sounds similar to those of a foreign language, the progress will be slower. For example, it could be quite difficult for a Russian speaker to learn Greek, as some Greek consonants don't have Russian analogs. Linguists from RUDN University were the first to conduct a comprehensive study of these consonants and to identify what sounds Russian speakers associate them with.
"Our study covered several Greek consonants that do not have direct analogs in the Russian language. Our goal was to find out what Russian sounds they are usually associated with. Moreover, we assessed the ability of Russian speakers to differentiate between similar Greek sounds and perceive them in syllables that begin either with a consonant or a vowel," said Georgios Georgiou, Ph.D., a postdoc, and a researcher at the Institute of Modern Languages, Intercultural Communication and Migration at RUDN University.
Unlike Greek, the Russian language doesn't have fricative sounds [θ] and [ð], palatal plosive [?], or palatal fricative [ç]. For their study, the team chose 16 Russian-speaking students that never learned Greek before. The students were asked to listen to a recording with fragments of Greek words, specifically, syllables containing the sounds [θ], [t], [ð], [d], [?], [g], [ç], [x]. After that, the students were asked to match the Greek sounds with Russian ones that could potentially be used to replace them. Also, the students stated the acoustical differences between the sounds in the pairs [θ]-[t], [ð]-[d], [?]-[g], and [ç]-[x].
The students were quite successful in differentiating between similar Greek sounds regardless of the types of syllables they were used in. Traditionally, scientists believe that Russian speakers find the Greek sound [θ] similar to Russian [t]. However, the majority of participants decided it was similar to [f]. As for the sound [ð], the participants found it similar to [z] both vowel and consonant initially.
"Previously, we thought that in the Russian language [θ] was most likely to be replaced with [t], and [ð] with [d]. This is because this occurs in some linguistic borrowings from Greek to Russian, such as the word "????????????????" - "orthodoxy". It is still unknown why the experiment showed a different result. It may be due to the fact that in addition to Russian the participants spoke basic English which gave an additional dimension to their perception of foreign sounds. Another possibility is that some of the participants came from regions of Russia and initially spoke Russian dialects that were quite different from the literary norm. Regardless of the reason, this is an interesting result, and we plan to study this issue further," added Georgios Georgiou from RUDN University.
|
Waste Management
1791 Words8 Pages
Abstract: How can we make the environment less harmful and minimize the waste into something more useful to us and avoid causing any bad things? Waste management is basically the solution. Waste management is managing the wastes from the beginning until the disposal. The three famous R’s in the environment which are Reduce Reuse Recycle, are the main things that will help in leading to a cleaner and better environment. The three of them are important; for each one of them is related to the other somehow. The preferences and the importance of them are as mentioned relatively. It starts with the most important and preferred one which is Reduce, then comes Reuse and Recycle. Of course they aren’t neglected but they are put in order according…show more content…
Waste management has become very important because the modern humans produce large amount of waste and most of these wastes are non-biodegradable. when these wastes are thrown away it will be taken to landfills where it will take centuries to break down completely. Reduce reuse and recycle are the 3Rs of waste management. Reduce is the most effective of the Rs which means to reduce the amount of resources human beings use in their daily life. Reuse is to reuse the products rather than throwing them away after a short time. Recycle is to make use of the old materials to create something new out of it.by the efficient use of these three Rs the consumers can minimize the amount of waste they generate to an extent. This can be achieved by bringing small changes in our daily lifestyles. Reduce is the beginning of the Rs. Reduce can be achieved by buying recycled products, especially paper and bathroom tissue. Choose electronics and appliances that are energy-efficient. Avoid house hold cleansers made with toxic materials. Reduce the amount of water consumption at home. Waste less energy on lights and equipment. Reusing can keep the old resources from entering the waste stream by making use of it in a productive way. For e.g.: old clothes can be turned into a shopping bag, glass bottles can be used to store the leftovers, old tooth brush can be used to clean the window grills etc. Recycling converts waste materials to reusable materials through…show more content…
The environment is our home which we should take care about. The following page will include recommendations that would basically explain how we can help in preserving our environment and keeping it healthy. We are the main causes for what the environment becomes, why don’t we all stand to prevent all of this? For our future, for the next generations. Recommendations: 1) Reuse anything that is still good to use! In other meanings, if you have something that can be fixed or still can be useful, keep it and don't throw it. 2) If possible, try to buy products that are biodegradable. 3) Buy recycled products. For example: recycled papers/recycled electrical goods. If recycling companies see that there's a demand on recycled goods, it will encourage them to recycle more & more. 4) Don't throw anything that is still can be useful but is unwanted for you. Search for online auctions about used items to sell them or give for companies that will get benefit of them. 5) Use products that can be refilled. It will reduce waste and
More about Waste Management
Open Document |
Islamist Movement In Turkey Essay
768 Words4 Pages
Islamist Movement in Turkey
Turkey was one of the key experiments of modernist reformism and early years of the Turkish Republic; between the years of 1923-1947 was an era of construction that can be considered as the first stage of modernization of the newly establishing state. This is an era that the scope of term of modernization has such a far-reaching meaning that includes the building of Turkish society in every sense; urban, rural, provincial, educational, political, but utmost, societal. In this rebuilding period, religion was replaced as a part of traditional and put as a contradiction to modern. Creation of the enlightened people was the essence of the system. This period of modernization could be summarized as ‘uplifting the people
…show more content…
Therefore, in 1947 Congress, Republican People’s Party made a self-critique about laicism and decided to transform and flex the strictly imposed policies with the proposal of members. This period of relief gave way to the emergence of Islamic groups both in ruling and opposition parties. With the rule of Democrat Party in the 1950, these groups had a freer sphere to speak up. Moreover, Turkey witnessed a dense and rapid rural-urban migration period from beginning in 1950’s, which is accepted as a milestone for dramatic demographic change that fostered social, political and economic transitions. The social mobility and urbanization paved the way for the Islamic movement and its actors, which gave rise to the reawakening of Islamic movement by pushing the strict limits of public space. In that sense, Islamist movement of the 1970’s was not an utterly new phenomenon; but it was the reemergence of suppressed outcast as political
More about Islamist Movement In Turkey Essay
Open Document |
Copywriting Psychology
In this guide, you’ll learn 31 tips to improve any written message.
Table of Contents
Conveying Your Message
Motivating Your Readers
Writing copy is tough.
Writing persuasive copy is even tougher.
When you need to persuade someone through writing, you can feel lost:
• Which words should you use?
• How should you frame the offer?
• How do you sell without appearing sleazy?
Conveying Your Message
Persuasion isn’t the only goal of copywriting. In this part, you’ll learn how to convey your message in the clearest, most effective way possible.
Side note: all of the illustrations in this article will reference a hypothetical productivity app that you created. Hopefully the consistent example will help you apply the tactics to your own projects.
Resources for Overachievers:
Boost the Clarity
When your writing is unnecessarily complex, readers perceive you to be less intelligent (Oppenheimer, 2006).
You can thank processing fluency.
If you have trouble processing written content, your brain experiences a negative emotion. It then misattributes that negative emotion to the content that you’re reading.
To increase the fluency of your copy — and to prevent those harmful evaluations — you need to simplify your message. In this section, you’ll learn a few research-backed techniques to boost the clarity (and persuasiveness) of your writing.
Tactic 1: Choose Active Voice (Over Passive Voice)
In passive sentences, the subject is the recipient of the action. In active sentences, the subject performs the action.
• PASSIVE: Some interesting tactics are explained in this article.
• ACTIVE: This article explains some interesting tactics.
Active sentences are more persuasive. Why? Hosman (2002) explains that passive sentences are grammatically complex, thereby weakening persuasion…
“Sentences with more complex grammatical structures [are] more difficult to understand or comprehend. This comprehension difficulty could affect the persuasion process negatively, presumably because comprehension is an antecedent to persuasion…” (pp. 373)
Active sentences increase processing fluency. Because readers can digest your message more easily, they experience a positive emotion (which they misattribute to your copy).
Tactic 2: Describe Information Using Positive Frames
Negative frames describe an absence — what isn’t happening. Positive frames, on the other hand, describe something more tangible.
• NEGATIVE: Don’t be late.
• POSITIVE: Arrive on time.
• NEGATIVE: Don’t drink excessively.
• POSITIVE: Drink responsibly.
• NEGATIVE: Don’t use negative frames.
• POSITIVE: Use positive frames.
Since we need more mental resources to process negative frames, they reduce comprehension and degrade the impact of your message (Jacoby, Nelson, & Hoyer, 1982).
You can use negative frames occasionally. That’s normal. But you should use positive frames for the majority of your sentences.
Tactic 3: Add Coherence Markers Throughout Your Copy
Consider two versions of an ad for Dove (see Kamalski, 2007):
Those passages illustrate coherence markers.
COHERENCE MARKERS – Words and phrases that connect ideas
You can use coherence markers in two ways:
1. REFERENTIAL COHERENCE – You describe an object that you referenced in a previous sentence (e.g., the second Dove passage changes “it” to “your skin”)
2. RELATIONAL COHERENCE – You convey a causal connection (e.g., but, therefore, so, as a result, that is why, consequently)
Most advertisers remove coherence markers because they don’t add semantic meaning.
However, research shows that coherence markers boost clarity and persuasion (Kamalski, 2007). So keep those subtle words and phrases throughout your copy (like the “so” at the beginning of this sentence).
Tactic 4: Maximize the Diversity of Your Word Choices
Hosman (2002) explains the connection between persuasion and lexical diversity. Readers prefer messages that contain a variety of different words.
In particular, he emphasizes the type-token ratio (TTR):
“A low TTR means that a speaker’s vocabulary is relatively redundant, while a high TTR means that it is relatively diverse.” (Hosman, 2002, pp. 374)
Readers perceive messages with a high TTR to be more interesting. And they evaluate communicators more favorably.
You should still avoid complex language. Just incorporate simple — yet varied — word choices.
Provide a Concrete Mental Image
Words are meaningless. On the surface, they represent arbitrary symbols — a mere conduit that conveys our meaning.
Images, on the other hand, don’t require translation. Their meaning is immediate. Not surprisingly, images generate a larger emotional impact than words (Hinojosa et al., 2009).
To increase the persuasiveness of your content, you should transform important written content into a mental image. How can you do that? This section will teach you a few techniques.
Tactic 5: Use Metaphors to Convey Intangible Concepts
Given the importance of concrete features, you’ll notice a problem when it comes to marketing. Try to visualize the following features:
• Quality
• Powerful
• Reliable
Having trouble? Me too. You can’t visualize intangible concepts. And your readers share the same difficulty.
That’s where metaphors can help. For example…
“…life insurance companies use ideas associated with various symbols such as umbrellas (Travelers), rocks (Prudential Insurance Company), and hands (Allstate) to convey qualities of protection, sturdiness, and support” (Zaltman, 2008, p. 35).
Metaphors tangibilize the intangible. They provide your readers with a concrete mental image, enhancing the impact and persuasiveness of your message (Sopory & Dillard, 2002).
Tactic 6: Transform Generic Claims into Concrete Terms
Generic claims are the plague. They’re everywhere.
(thumbs up to anyone who recognized the coincidentally timed metaphor)
Everywhere you look, you find statements like…
• Our support team is very quick
• Our customers love us
• Our software is very reliable
Yada yada yada.
Don’t get me wrong — the underlying messages are great. But it sounds like you’re selling, rather than telling.
Watch what happens when you transform those generic claims into concrete terms:
• We’ll get you an answer within 24 hours
• 568 companies love our software
• You’ll have 100 percent uptime…guaranteed.
Suddenly your message becomes more believable and persuasive. In this case, you’re telling, rather than selling.
When possible, you should also incorporate large numbers. According to a study by Startup Moon, headlines with large numbers are more likely to go viral.
So don’t talk about the security flaw that harms “many” WordPress users. Do a quick search for the actual number of websites:
Number of WordPress Websites
Now you have a better headline: 75 Million Websites Are Vulnerable to a Security Flaw in WordPress.
Tactic 7: Convey Percentages in Terms of People
When we provide statistics, we’re usually trying to emphasize the importance of an issue.
Slovic, Monahan, and MacGregor (2000) examined the role of framing in percentages. They gave the following messages to separate groups of clinicians:
• FRAME 1: Patients similar to Mr. Jones are estimated to have a 20% chance of committing an act of violence.
• FRAME 2: 20 out of 100 patients similar to Mr. Jones are estimated to commit an act of violence.
Both messages are essentially the same. However, twice as many clinicians refused to discharge the patient in FRAME 2.
To maximize the impact of your statistics, you should convey percentages in terms of people:
• DON’T SAY: 90 percent of people
• SAY THIS: 9 out of 10 people
Tactic 8: Depict Familiar or Emotion-Inducing Perspectives
Describing a story? Then you need to choose a perspective:
• INSIDER: “John came into…”
• OUTSIDER: “John went into…”
So…which is better?
You need to consider two factors: familiarity and emotion.
If your main goal is comprehension, then choose the perspective that generates the most familiarity with readers.
Consider these sentences:
• SENTENCE 1: The man went into the prison
• SENTENCE 2: The man came into the prison
If you’ve never been to prison, then SENTENCE 1 — the outside perspective — will be more effective (Jiang & Wyer, 2009). Since that framing is congruent with your experience, it increases processing fluency.
But what if you’re trying to generate an impact on readers? In that case, choose the perspective aligned with the most emotion.
Consider these sentences:
• SENTENCE 1: The robber went into the bank
• SENTENCE 2: The robber came into the bank
In SENTENCE 2, readers construct the mental image based on the perspective of bank customers — the emotional perspective. So that sentence generates a stronger impact (Jiang & Wyer, 2009).
Tactic 9: Emphasize Tangible Uses for Leftover Savings
Do you offer a low-priced product? Then you could mention the amount of money that customers could save:
• Save $215 each year
• Reduce costs by 15{11064b5fcb42990caf99fbbde3221f4b4a59d98cf45d0bc9c34fdbe4de1fd93a}
And those are good…but they’re intangible. So they could be better.
Frederick et al. (2009) recommend emphasizing specific uses for that leftover cash:
“…firms may better promote low-price products by cueing consumers to think about the leftover cash and possible attractive uses for it. For example, Volkswagen could emphasize the economy of purchasing their vehicle in terms of the new wardrobe of clothes one would then be able to afford...” (Frederick et al.,, 2009, pp. 559-560)
In turn, the savings become tangible. Customers can visualize the benefits. So they’re more likely to appreciate the value of your offering.
The same concept applies with time:
You could also emphasize a hedonic alternative (e.g., vacation). Those alternatives will be more persuasive (see my article on choice psychology).
Tactic 10: Transform Numeric Information into Semantic Visuals
Our brain has trouble evaluating numeric information:
“Numeric information in general may be more difficult to evaluate because it is abstract, its meaning changes dramatically from one context to another (9°F versus 9 billion dollars versus 9% wrong on an exam), and numbers are often used to convey small, unfamiliar differences.” (Peters et al., 2009, pp. 4)
When possible, transform numerical attributes into a semantic visual.
For example, Peters et al., (2009) found that people could evaluate a hospital’s quality more effectively when numerical attributes were presented in a good/bad scale.
Motivating Your Readers
Conveying your message is important. No doubt. However, your copy will usually have an underlying goal.
Oftentimes, you’ll want readers to complete an action — whether it’s buying your product, donating money, or caring about your cause.
This section can help. You’ll learn a few copywriting tips that can influence readers to complete your call-to-action.
Resources for Overachievers:
Trigger a Positive Emotion
You just learned some techniques to boost the clarity of your writing. With a greater ease of processing, your readers indirectly experience a positive emotion (that will be misattributed to you and your content).
In this section, you’ll learn a few copywriting tips to directly trigger a positive emotion in your reader.
Tactic 11: Incorporate Your Reader’s Name
As humans, we experience implicit egotism, a natural tendency to be self-centered. We nonconsciously gravitate toward stimuli that resemble ourselves.
Upon hearing your own name, certain brain regions become activated — including the middle frontal cortex, middle and superior temporal cortex, and cuneus (Carmody & Lewis, 2006).
Apply that insight to your copy. By incorporating your reader’s name, you’ll trigger a positive emotion, enhancing the perception of your message.
If you send email blasts, don’t forget to use the merge field options. Not only should you insert people’s name into the header of the email, but you should also sprinkle their name throughout the body of your email.
Tactic 12: Use 1st Person Plural Pronouns
We’re also influenced by ingroups — people who share a similar social identity (Van Bavel, Packer, & Cunningham, 2008).
Perdue et al. (1990) studied the impact of language and ingroups. They showed participants various nonsense syllables, such as:
• xeh
• yof
• laj
The researchers paired each nonsense syllable with a pronoun — either an ingroup pronoun (e.g., “us”) or an outgroup pronoun (e.g., “them”).
Even though participants couldn’t remember the specific pairings, they developed an unconscious preference for nonsense syllables that were paired with an ingroup pronoun.
When you use 1st person plural pronouns (e.g., us, we our), you trigger a subtle — yet positive — emotional response in your readers. Those positive emotions will then become misattributed to your content.
Deemphasize Your Persuasion
Persuasion strategies should always be subtle. If readers feel like you’re trying to persuade them, they develop psychological reactance (Brehm, 1966). Instead of listening to your arguments with an open mind, they resist your persuasion attempt.
To prevent that reactance, be stealthy. How? This section will explain a few tactics that will disguise your persuasion attempt — without being manipulative.
Tactic 13: Emphasize Their Freedom to Choose
Carpenter (2013) analyzed 42 different persuasion studies. Turns out, you can make a powerful impact with four simple words:
“…but you are free…” (BYAF)
In the original study, Guégen and Pascual (2000) asked people on the street to donate money. The researchers quadrupled the amount of compliance when they incorporated the BYAF phrase, “…but you are free to accept or refuse.”
When writing copy, always emphasize your reader’s freedom to choose:
• It’s up to you…
• It’s your call…
• You can decide…
That framing reduces psychological reactance. With more freedom, your readers will develop a stronger genuine desire to complete your call-to-action.
Tactic 14: Describe the Drawbacks of Your Message
Some copywriters are scared to include drawbacks in their copy. And it makes sense. If you want people to complete your call-to-action, why would you describe negative features? Seems counterproductive.
Nevertheless, research shows that two-sided arguments are more persuasive (Rucker, Petty, & Brinol, 2008).
TWO-SIDED ARGUMENT – An argument that gives benefits and drawbacks
That’s why you see companies like Amazon displaying both positive and negative reviews up front:
When you present both sides of an argument, people perceive you to be more rational. It seems like you chose a side carefully. So readers feel more comfortable joining your side.
You’ll also take advantage of the spotlight effect (Heath & Heath, 2013). We tend to focus on information in front of us, while ignoring information offstage. By incorporating some negative information, your readers will assume that those drawbacks are the only drawbacks to your argument.
But here’s a caveat. You should give your drawbacks a positive spin.
For example, you can use this tactic to reinforce your target market. Explain that your offering doesn’t include a particular feature because you focused more attention in another area — an area that’s more important to your target market.
Tactic 15: Mention the Competing Alternatives
As humans, we usually determine our attitudes based on our behavior:
• If we’re eating, we infer that we’re hungry
• If we’re smiling, we infer that we’re happy
• If we’re sitting upright, we infer that we’re confident
Even if we weren’t experiencing those emotions, the mere behavior triggers those emotions within us (Wilson, 2002).
How does that relate to copywriting? If you don’t mention your competition, readers are more likely to search for competing solutions. That’s bad.
In the mere act of searching, people are more likely to infer that your solution is less attractive (Ge, Brigden, & Häubl, 2015).
However, by mentioning your competition, you prevent that search from happening. Readers feel like they’ve already done their homework, so they’re more likely to stick with your solution.
When mentioning the competition, don’t admit defeat. Simply mention the alternatives so that you can explain the difference(s) in your solution.
Tactic 16: Prolong the Start of Your Pitch
When we write copy, we feel a natural urge to emphasize our solution. And why wouldn’t we? If we want readers to complete our call-to-action, shouldn’t we describe the benefits of it?
Absolutely. But…never start your pitch immediately. Always disarm your readers first.
When people start reading your copy, they shouldn’t recognize an underlying motive or call-to-action. If readers sense that you’re trying to persuade them, they’ll be more likely to reject your benefits and arguments (Petty & Cacioppo, 1979).
So what do you do? Start by agitating the problem. Explain why the underlying problem is difficult or painful. Once you hook them in, THEN reveal your solution.
Tactic 17: Use Indirect Claims to Extract Inferences
If you’re a seasoned copywriter, you’ve heard the advice. Write copy that is clear and direct.
Sound familiar?
So then…why do you rarely see direct claims?
Flip through a magazine. You’ll never see an ad saying, “Tide will clean your clothes really well.”
Sure, you could argue that those words don’t grab attention. And that’s true.
But direct claims are also less persuasive. Why? The answer involves self-generated inferences (see McQuarrie & Phillips, 2005).
• Direct claims are explicit. There’s no other interpretation.
• Indirect claims — such as metaphors — require interpretation. We infer meaning. And that’s key. By making an inference, WE generate the meaning.
Compare these headlines:
• DIRECT: Tide will clean your clothes really well
• INDIRECT: The freshness of the outdoors. Now in liquid form.
With the DIRECT headline, there’s no other meaning. Thus, you need to rely on the information source (i.e., the biased advertiser)
With the INDIRECT headline, YOU construct the meaning. You might imagine the outdoors, associating a brisk and refreshing emotion with Tide. Regardless of the inference, YOU generate the meaning. YOU become the source. So your brain places more trust in the information.
You don’t need to use metaphors or figurative language. You just need to adjust your syntax. For example, if I wanted to pitch my book, Methods of Persuasion, I could emphasize the benefits indirectly:
• DIRECT: “My book is jam-packed with actionable content.”
• INDIRECT: “My blog articles are jam-packed with actionable content. My book is no different.”
In the first example, I say that my book is jam-packed with actionable content. It’s a direct claim. There’s no missing gap.
In the second example, I use logical reasoning to extract a self-generated inference. I essentially say that A=B and C=A (to imply that C=B):
Agitate the Problem
Your solution should always relieve some type of pain that the reader is experiencing. If you want readers to appreciate your solution, you need to remind them of the pain.
So poke the wound. Show that it hurts. Before revealing your solution, agitate the underlying problem:
• Why is it important?
• Why is it problematic?
• How is it negatively affecting readers?
Then reveal your solution.
We’re biologically structured to avoid pain. So if you can trigger that feeling of pain, your readers will be more likely to pursue your solution.
This section will explain a few copywriting tips to agitate the problem.
Tactic 18: Emphasize Their Disdain for the Problem
Opposing attitudes can be stronger than supporting attitudes.
For example, we show stronger support for political candidates when our attitude is framed as opposing the other candidate, rather than supporting the original candidate (Bizer & Petty, 2005).
Instead of convincing readers about the benefits of your solution, emphasize their disdain for the underlying problem.
If you’re writing copy to promote your productivity app, don’t start with benefits. Start with the negative emotions that readers experience from a lack of productivity:
• You feel stressed and overwhelmed
• You feel like there aren’t enough hours in the day
• You miss important deadlines
• Your boss thinks you’re incompetent
• You spend less time with your family
Readers begin empathizing with those descriptions. They imagine themselves experiencing those negative emotions. They become frustrated with those problems.
Once they develop that opposition, then present your solution.
If your copy starts with your solution, you’ll kill that empathy process. Readers will become closed-minded, resisting any benefits that you offer. So always start by emphasizing your reader’s disdain for the underlying problem.
Tactic 19: Ask Rhetorical Questions to Engage Readers
Do you ever use rhetorical questions in your writing — like this one? If not, you should.
On the surface, they seem innocent. But don’t be fooled. Rhetorical questions make your arguments more persuasive (Petty, Cacioppo, & Heesacker, 1981).
Why are they more persuasive? Because they generate an implicit response:
“Rhetorical questions tend to invite a response from the message recipient, overt or otherwise…[This] may increase the certainty of one’s attitudes through an implicit response.” (Blankenship & Craig, 2006, pp. 124)
Through their implicit response, readers consider your arguments more carefully. They become engaged. Assuming that your arguments are valid, readers will be more persuaded by them.
Tactic 20: Use 2nd Person Pronouns
Earlier, I mentioned the benefits of incorporating your reader’s name into the copy.
When you can’t use that technique, you can achieve similar effects by using 2nd person pronouns, such as you and your.
Burnkrant and Unnava (1995) tested that assumption by giving participants different messages in a calculator advertisement:
• FRAME 1: “If a mistake was made…”
• FRAME 2: “You know that calculator technology…”
The second frame — because it used “self-referencing” language — generated a more favorable evaluation of the calculator.
Those 2nd person pronouns enhanced the relevance of the issue, thereby agitating the problem more effectively.
Tactic 21: Demonstrate an Impact on Other People
Self-referencing language can be very persuasive. However, you can achieve an equally — if not more — powerful effect by demonstrating an impact on other people. Especially when the impact is negative.
Consider two message that were presented in a hospital:
• FRAME 1: Hand hygiene prevents you from catching diseases.
• FRAME 2: Hand hygiene prevents patients from catching diseases.
The second frame influenced more hospital staff to wash their hands (Grant & Hoffman, 2011).
When possible, explain how other people will be negatively affected if readers don’t complete your call-to-action.
Tactic 22: Label Your Readers with a Noun
Nouns generate stronger and more stable preferences. For example, Walton and Banaji (2004) gave participants various statements:
• Jennifer drinks coffee a lot
• Jennifer spends a lot of time indoors
• Jennifer watches baseball a lot
Those statements emphasize verbs. They answer the question: what does Jennifer do?
The researchers gave different statements to other participants:
• Jennifer is a coffee-drinker
• Jennifer is an indoors person
• Jennifer is a baseball fan
Those statements emphasize nouns. They answer the question: who is Jennifer?
Both sets of statements convey the same meaning. However, the second set generated a stronger impact. With nouns, those traits seemed central to Jennifer’s identity.
How can you use that tactic? For one, you could label your audience with a funky noun (any Beliebers reading this?). But you don’t need to go that far.
Here’s a simpler idea. If you’re a blogger, instead of thanking readers for doing something (e.g., reading your content), thank them for being something (e.g., being a fan of your content). That second frame will generate a stronger impact on their attitude toward your content.
Tactic 23: Properly Frame a Length of Time
Which seems longer:
• 7-21 days
• 1-3 weeks
Both durations are the same. So which one generates a larger impact? Monga and Bagchi (2012) argue that it depends on the immediacy of the decision:
• IMMEDIATE DECISIONS: People develop a concrete mindset. In turn, they place greater weight on NUMERALS.
• DISTANT DECISIONS: People develop an abstract mindset. In turn, they place greater weight on UNITS.
Once you identify the immediacy of your decision, adjust the framing of your numbers and units:
“If units are salient, managers ought to use large units to magnify positive changes (e.g., increase in fiber content) or small units to understate negative changes (e.g., increase in delivery time). If numbers are salient, they ought to do the opposite.”(Monga & Bagchi, 2012, pp. 186)
Consider the shipping time for an online purchase. During the purchase process (i.e., an immediate event), customers will be focused on numerals. So you should minimize those numbers (e.g., 1-3 weeks). Afterward, when customers are waiting for the delivery (i.e., a distant event), they’ll be focused on units. So you should minimize the units (e.g., 7-21 days).
Tactic 24: Reference an Upcoming Point of Closure
Most humans experience a need for closure (Krugalinski & Webster, 1996). When we face ambiguity, we seek comprehension.
Exploit that tendency in your copy. To keep readers engaged, follow these steps:
• STEP 1: Make an ambiguous statement to spark curiosity
• STEP 2: Reference an upcoming point of closure
Here are some examples of different openers.
• Last year, I suffered a near-fatal heart attack. More on that later.
• In 2013, I sold all of my possessions. I’ll explain why soon.
• With a clever technique, I made $53k from affiliate marketing. You’ll see how in a few paragraphs.
The first statement will trigger their curiosity for an explanation (you can choose any “shocking” anecdote — as long as you connect it to your offering). The second statement will incentivize readers to stay engaged to resolve that ambiguity.
Provide the Proper Support
Once you’ve agitated the problem, then — and only then — should you start your pitch. This strategy will teach you the best way to present your offering and persuade readers to complete your call-to-action.
Tactic 25: Match Their Promotion / Prevention Mindset
Why are people completing your call-to-action? Are they trying to gain something or prevent something?
Consider your productivity app. Why is your target market buying it?
• PROMOTION: To be more efficient
• PREVENTION: To prevent feeling overwhelmed
Your copy should match their mindset.
With congruent copy, you increase processing fluency (Lee, Keller, & Sternthal, 2010). People can digest your message more easily, so they experience a stronger reaction to it.
Ideally, you should be capturing the exact wording from interviews with your target customers. Once you know their mindset, you can agitate the problem more effectively:
• If customers want to gain efficiency, explain how your app can help them accomplish more tasks in less time
• If customers want to prevent feeling overwhelmed, explain how your app can alleviate the stress that they’re feeling
Tactic 26: Avoid Hedges, Disclaimers, and Tag Questions
You want to deemphasize your persuasion attempt. However, you don’t want to use weak language.
Here are some examples:
• Possibly
• Seems
• Might
• “I’m not positive, but I think…”
• “I’m not an expert, but…”
• “It could go either way, but…”
Tag Questions
• “…don’t you think?”
• “…wouldn’t it?
• “…right?”
If your main goal is conveying information (e.g., through a blog article), you can use those phrases if you want to seem unbiased.
However, if your main goal is persuasion, you should avoid those hedges, disclaimers, and tag questions — all of which reduce the persuasiveness of your offer (Blankenship & Holtgraves, 2005).
Tactic 27: Include Words That Signal Justification
In Thinking Fast and Slow, Kahneman popularized the sheer extent of our irrationality.
We believe that our decisions are based on careful reasoning. But that’s not the case. Most of our decisions — even important ones — are quick and mindless.
Justification is a great example.
Even if two arguments contain the same reasoning, merely including the word “because” will make one argument stronger than the other (Langer, Blank & Chanowitz, 1978).
But you don’t need to rely on the word “because.” Since the real culprit is justification, you can use other words that trigger the perception of justification:
• You should do XYZ, so that…
• You should do XYZ due to…
• Since _______, you should do XYZ.
When most readers encounter those signals, they’ll automatically assume that your justification is valid.
Tactic 28: Position Strong Benefits Toward the Beginning
Don’t overlook the sequencing in your message. Always position strong benefits toward the beginning of your message.
You might be familiar with the primacy effect — information has a stronger impact when it’s presented at the beginning of a sequence (Murdock, 1962).
When your first benefit is strong, you raise expectations for the remaining information. Those expectations, in turn, generate a more favorable perception.
Your initial arguments will also generate a stronger impact on long-term memory. When readers recall the benefits of your solution, they’ll be more likely to remember the initial reasons that you gave. So you want those reasons to be strong.
Tactic 29: For Prevention Needs, Use Side-By-Side Comparisons
People evaluate information differently — depending on promotion vs. prevention needs.
• With PREVENTION needs, people focus on ACCURACY
• With PROMOTION needs, people focus on PROGRESS
In turn, certain argument styles are more effective.
Wan, Hong, and Sternthal (2009) found that simultaneous arguments (e.g., comparison tables) work better for prevention needs. Those side-by-side comparisons reinforce the accuracy of the decision.
Conversely, sequential arguments (e.g., lists of benefits) work better for promotion needs. Those consecutive structures mimic the perception of progress.
Tactic 30: For Immediate Decisions, Use “Prevention” and “How” Frames
When writing copy, consider the decision timeline. When do readers need to act? That answer should dictate the framing in your copy.
Mogilner, Aaker, & Pennington (2008) found that people value different criteria — depending on the decision timeline:
• IMMEDIATE DECISIONS: People worry about reaching a goal (i.e., feasibility)
• DISTANT DECISIONS: People worry about reaching a pleasurable goal (i.e., desirability)
Your copy should agitate those pain points.
For example, Mogilner, Aaker, & Pennington (2008) tested different ad framing — prevention vs. promotion —for a travel service.
• PREVENTION ads performed better for IMMEDIATE decisions (i.e., last-minute vacations). This framing agitates the feasibility.
• PROMOTION ads performed better for DISTANT decisions (i.e., vacations that were months away). This framing agitates the desirability.
When the ad copy matched their mindset, people were willing to pay a higher price for the travel service.
Likewise, the decision timeline could also influence your choice of “how” vs. “why” framing. For example, Kim, Rao, & Lee (2009) found that political candidates perform better when “how” appeals are closer to the voting decision:
“In three experiments, we show that abstract, “why” laden appeals are more persuasive than concrete, “how” laden appeals when voters’ decision is temporally distant, and the reverse is true when the decision is imminent…” (Kim, Rao, & Lee, 2009, pg. 1)
A productivity app would be a simple — usually immediate — purchase decision. Thus, you should emphasize a “prevention” frame to agitate feasibility. You could explain “how” the app increases productivity (i.e., feasibility of benefits). Or you could outline steps on “how” to buy the app (i.e. feasibility of purchase).
Tactic 31: Reduce the Inherent Type of Risk
Don’t write copy haphazardly.
Rather than spew random information, choose arguments that will generate the strongest impact.
So…which arguments should you choose? You’ll want arguments that minimize risk. And every situation has different types of risk.
For example, Lantos (2011) describes 9 types of risk. Identify your risk. Then adjust your copy accordingly.
Copywriting is a science. With a few small changes, you can make a large impact on the persuasiveness of your message.
But you should be realistic. At the end of the day, writing is still an art.
You can’t transform a crappy painting into a masterpiece with a few brush strokes. Likewise, you can’t transform crappy copy into a persuasive message with a few minor tweaks. You need good copy at the heart of your message.
If you can’t write compelling copy, you should make that goal a priority. Pick up some books to improve your writing skills:
Once you have those foundational skills, then you can make those extra tweaks to maximize the impact of your message.
And if you’re still hungry for more copywriting content, you might enjoy my article on the psychology of stock photos.
Final Note
Unfortunately, I’m at a disadvantage by discussing persuasive writing. If I end with a call-to-action (and use the tactics from this article), then I’ll look sleazy. Whoops. Not very conducive.
So I’ll just end with a straightforward call-to-action. If you enjoyed the article, then you’ll enjoy my other content. You can subscribe to my blog by downloading the full PDF. |
How Mining Supply Chains Work In Uncertain Times
The metals and mining industry are very intricate. These are the industries that make risk management their priority, and everything in their supply chains is driven by advanced planning and a strategic approach. However, even in such well-prepared industrial branches of the global economy, there is a tight interdependence on external factors. Mining supply chains rely on many fluctuating factors, that are (or at least turned out to be in recent times) vulnerable to unpredictable economic conditions.
How did recent events change the way mining supply chains function?
Efficient transportation, workforce, and other supply chains are irreplaceable parts of the mining industry, and all of these aspects were affected by the pandemic. Another thing to keep in mind that the value of a mine is very high in terms of market share. So, if a couple of copper mines are closed, this can account for the large piece of global production. Essentially, this greatly affects supply chains where copper is in demand. This is what happened during the pandemic. During April, steel and copper mining went down. The majority of copper mines in South America were closed because of the quarantine measures, or because the workers have tested positive for COVID-19.
The supply chain experts say that the mining industry is stronger than it seems in terms of crisis management and risk management. According to statistics, it would take more than 6 months of strict lockdowns to really hit the industry. The thing that mining and every other industry right now should worry about is the market demand and customer behavior, which eventually won’t be the same as before the pandemic. The unpredictable nature of the crisis is the most challenging part even for such an organized industry as mining.
railroad and mining
Ultimately, mining companies should now focus on supply chain resiliency and flexibility and adjust to the new ways of functioning. While many companies try to cut costs or hinder their previous production levels, using a reliable supply chain partner can make the transition as smooth as possible.
Get a Quote
Compare the best freight rates from more than 45,000 carriers
Thank you! Your submission has been received!
Error Icon
Oops! Something went wrong. |
Quality Advisor
6.4. Calculate Cpu and Cpl
Cpu and Cpl are the Cpk values calculated for both Z values.
Therefore, Cpu is:
For the example:
Cpl is:
For the example:
From Cpu and Cpl, it is evident that the smaller value for the example is Cpu, which is the same value as Cpk. By comparing Cpu to Cpl, it is evident that the overall average is off center and closer to the upper specification than the lower specification. The larger the difference between the Cpu and Cpl, the more off center the process.
The above article is an excerpt from the "Operational definition" chapter of Practical Tools for Continuous Improvement Volume 2 Statistical Tools.
Easily perform capability studies with
Learn more Try it! |
A factsheet on Easter | SoundVision.com
A factsheet on Easter
What is Easter?
Easter is considered by many Christian churches the most important and one of the oldest holidays of the Church year after the weekly Sabbath which is held on Sundays. It is a time for redemption or deliverance from sin.
Why is Easter celebrated?
It is celebrated to commemorate the Christian belief in the death by crucifixion of Prophet Jesus and his resurrection three days later.
When is Easter celebrated?
The date for Easter can fall between March 25 and April 25. There are two main churches who celebrate Easter: the Eastern Orthodox and the Western churches. Generally, the Western Church comprises the Protestants, Catholics, and Anglicans. The Eastern Church, on the other hand, is made up of: the Orthodox churches, the Oriental churches, and the Eastern-rite churches affiliated with the Roman Catholic Church.
The Eastern Orthodox church may celebrate Easter at the same time as the Western church, or one, four or five weeks later due to a slightly different method of calculation.
Some of the important days pertaining to Easter are the following:
1. Lent: a 40-day period of fasting and penitence which is a preparation for Easter. In 2003, Lent began on March 5 and will end on April 19.
2. Ash Wednesday: the official start of Lent. Christians may make signs on their foreheads with ashes. This is meant to humble their hearts and remind themselves of their own mortality and redemption. Ashes are a symbol of penance aimed at developing a spirit of humility and sacrifice.
3. Holy Week- the last week of Lent.
4. Palm Sunday-This is the beginning of the Holy Week. It takes its name from the Christian belief in Prophet Jesus' triumphal entry into Jerusalem where the crowds laid palms at his feet.
5. Holy Thursday-this commemorates the Last Supper that was held the evening before the crucifixion of Jesus, according to Christian belief.
6. Friday in the Holy Week-commemorates the anniversary of the day that Christians say Jesus was crucified and died on the cross.
7. Easter Sunday-Holy week and Lent end with Easter Sunday.
Some customs and practices surrounding Easter
1. Fasting before Easter
Prior to the celebration of Easter, Christians may fast for the 40-day period called Lent. Lent is a time to prepare for Easter by making penitence. There are differences amongst Christians pertaining to this fasting and when it begins.
In Western churches, Lent begins on a day called Ash Wednesday. This is six-and-a-half weeks before Easter. Christians fast except on Sundays. While initially there were strict laws about fasting, the Roman Catholics later made these unnecessary during World War Two. Today, only Ash Wednesday and Good Friday are kept as days of fasting during Lent. However, there is still emphasis on penitence during this period.
In Eastern churches, on the other hand, Lent starts on the Monday of the seventh week before Easter and ends of the Friday nine days before the holiday. In Eastern churches, even today, those who are fasting cannot consume wine, oil and dairy products. Fasting also takes place on Sunday, unlike in the Western church. However the fasting on the weekends is more relaxed.
2. Easter eggs
In some churches, eggs are forbidden to be eaten during the fasting of Lent. During Easter, a time of joy and celebration, not only are they eaten, but they are colored and decorated.
Eggs are symbolic of new life and resurrection, which are the themes of Easter.
Cultures where Christianity is practiced use eggs in different ways during Easter celebrations. For instance, in Greece eggs painted crimson red are exchanged with the belief that this practice honors the blood of Jesus. In Germany eggs are hollowed out, dyed and hung from shrubs and trees during Easter Week. Armenians decorate hollow eggs with pictures of Christ, the Virgin Mary, and other religious designs.
The Easter eggs also play a role in games. In North America, this can be seen on Easter morning with children going on Easter egg hunts in parks or backyards. They are looking for the eggs the "Easter Bunny" has hidden while they were asleep. Sometimes prizes of candy are awaiting the child finding the most eggs
3. The Easter rabbit
In ancient Egypt, the hare was a symbol of fertility. While in Europe, the symbol of the hare has been adopted in relation to the celebration of Easter, it is different in North America. Here, we find the Easter rabbit, which is also a symbol of fertility. It is believed it the Easter Rabbit lays the eggs, for which reason they are hidden in a nest or in the garden. .
Sources of information include Encyclopedia Britannica, the Catholic Encyclopedia, http://www.holidays.net/easter/index.htm
Photo Attribution: "Easter eggs - straw decoration" by Jan Kameníček - Own work. Licensed under Public domain via Wikimedia Commons - http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Easter_eggs_-_straw_decoration.jpg#mediaviewer/File:Easter_eggs_-_straw_decoration.jpg
any man made celebration is nothing to God as describe in the new testament 'cause many make money out of it; what is important is the law to be followed,
for those who are eager to know the truth go to the internet and look for TOP
or The Old Path 'cause the preacher here is the only one that unsealed what the
prophet Daniel can't explain, you may ask any question about the bible as even
Muslims inquire now for the Koran is like an extension of The Holy Bible, make haste now for those who see this message 'cause after this preacher covers the whole world in preaching through the internet and TV the Great Tribulation may come
Christians don't believe in the Easter rabbit... it's a fictional story told to children. The Easter bunny was made for atheists who pervert the meaning of it.
Maybe Roman Catholics do not practice lent as they should, but I can assure you that both Greek orthodox and Armenian Catholic and orthodox alike practice Lent. I have been doing this since I was 12 years old.We even start it at the start of the week and not on Ash Wednesday.These are traditions and believes passed from parents and it is very important to maintain it and pass it along to the generations to come. We have to keep our faith strong and our believes in Christianity even stronger.God Bless Everyone
There is anotherreason for Easter, esp. its timing, mentioned through all my life.The old Germans in the North of the Roman Empire celebrated the feast of "Sonnwend", means the beginning of the season when days become longer after winter. This was, and still is, a celebration with setting fire on piles of wood, singing and dancing around. The Roman Church was unable to suppress this and adopted it for Easter, which still calculates out of moon dates while anything related to Jesus could not have happened at different times. Hisascension day and that of Mary have also a fix date. Easter fire is still common in Germany, Switzerland, Austria, e.g. Adopting something that hardly can be suppressed or eradicated is nothing strange to religion as well as politics.
I think it is important to note that, in the Roman Catholic church, emphasis is placed upon voluntary denial during the Lenten season. Many Roman Catholics "give up" some treasured food or pleasure during Lent, in order to join more fully in the spirit of Jesus' sufferings. Thus, many will voluntarily fast during the 40 days. For instance, during Lent of years past, I have variously given up wheat products and/or dairy products, both of which I enjoy greatly! Children are also encouraged to give up something they truly enjoy, and often this is candy or chocolate or some other form of sweets, and this is a reason why Easter Baskets usually consist of some type of sweets and candies for the children.
Watertown, MA, USA
Add new comment
(If you're a human, don't change the following field)
Your first name.
(If you're a human, don't change the following field)
Your first name.
(If you're a human, don't change the following field)
Your first name. |
Busy. Please wait.
show password
Forgot Password?
Don't have an account? Sign up
Username is available taken
show password
Already a StudyStack user? Log In
Reset Password
Didn't know it?
click below
Knew it?
click below
Don't know
Remaining cards (0)
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Chapter 1 Vocab 4
Human Geography People, Place and Culture 2013-2014 at Santa Fe High Mr. Hendry
geographic information systems (GIS) goegraphers use this advancement in computer technology and data storage to compare a variety of spatial data by combining layers of spatial data in a computerized environment, creating maps in which patterns processes are superimposed.
formal region a physical criteria of an area and can also be defined by cultural traits (the people share one or more cultura traits-- food, belief systems, dress, dances, hair styles, languages etc.)
functional region the product of interactions of movement of various kinds. (e.g. a city, has a surrounding region within which workers commute, either to the downtown area to subsidiary centers such as office parks and shopping malls-- that entire urban area.)
perceptual regions intellectual constructs designed to help us understand the nature and distribution of phenomena in human geography. (Zelinsky's article "North America's Vernacular Regions")
culture refers to the music, literature, an the arts of a society, and all other features of its way of life: dress, routine living habits, food, architecture, education, government, law, even agricultural practices. (closely associated with Anthropology.)
cultural trait a signle attribute or characteristic of a culture. (e.g. wearing a turban)
culture complex more than one culture may exhibit a culture trait, but each will consist of a discrete combination of traits.. (e.g. herding cattler-- but it's used in diferent ways by different cultures. Maasai, E. Africa)
cultural hearth an area where cultural traits develop (originate) and from which the cultural traits diffuse
independent invention the tern for a trait with many hearths that developed independent of each other
culture diffusion process where something spreads-- an idea or innovation from its hearth (source) to other places. (Carl Sauer- Agricultural Origins and Dispersals; Haegerstand, 1970 brought in time and distance to the equation.)
time-distance decay both and time and distance can cause something not to be adopted the longer it takes to reach its potential adopters. The farther a place is from the hearth or longer the idea takes to get there, the less likely it will be adopted.
Created by: linxiting
Pass complete!
"Know" box contains:
Time elapsed:
restart all cards |
10 Best Machine Learning Projects for Beginners
By | December 5, 2020
Machine Learning Projects
Machine learning is a branch of AI (Artificial Intelligence), where machines can learn with or without supervision and perform tasks that only humans could do earlier. Machines are fed with large volumes of data, which enable them to train themselves and then formulate a general algorithm that works for a new set of data. Using this algorithm, machines can find patterns and trends, predict future outcomes and business decisions, and thus prove to be useful for businesses to grow faster. This process is called data science, where raw data is taken, processed, and fed to machines to derive useful business insights.
Machine learning is used extensively in data science and has become an integral part of business strategies now.
How to learn machine learning
To start with, you should know how data is fed to the machine learning algorithms. For this, you should know the basics of data science. If you want to specialize in machine learning or become a machine learning engineer, you should be an expert in any of the programming languages used for data science like R, Python, Java, Scala. Apart from this, you should also have a working knowledge of SQL concepts. It would help if you were thorough with using data structures like lists, queues, maps, etc.
Hackr.io provides some great basic and advanced machine learning courses from various popular sources in one place. Do also check out the popular blogs on machine learning on the left sidebar. You can easily start your machine learning journey using these resources.
Top 10 Machine Learning Projects
Once you have learned the concepts and theory, you have to apply all the knowledge. Projects are one of the best ways to master any technology, and machine learning is no exception. But there are so many projects which might make you think – which one should I start with?
Worry not!
We have listed 10 machine learning projects of different levels, and you can start with the first one – the easiest one which will boost your confidence in doing the next set of projects. As you take up each, you will gain the required experience and skills for more complex ones. The projects we have selected use Python, so you should be familiar with the basics of Python.
So, without much ado, let us start learning the 10 top machine learning projects for beginners:
1. Stock price prediction
Stock Price prediction
To predict stock prices, we can use logistic regression or recurrent neural networks like LSTM. For this project, we will see how to use linear regression, as it is one of the simplest algorithms to learn and use. Suppose we have the stock of an XYZ bank, and we want to see how Nifty changes can impact the bank’s stock price. So, we will find a function that helps us guess the price of XYZ’s stock based on Nifty’s price (index).
For this, we will need records. We can take data for the past n months or n years based on our requirement. Sometimes, we may realize that the volume of data is insufficient for making any useful predictions, in which case we have to take more data. You can download any data set from the Kaggle website.
The basic linear regression equation is:
yi = bo + b1xi + ei,
where y is the dependent variable, which in our case is the stock price, x is the independent variable (Nifty) based on which we find the value of y, bo is the intercept (where x & y meet), b1 is the slope coefficient, and e is the error.
For linear regression, we need first to find the correlation between the x & y variables and get some regression statistics like Multiple R, R2, standard error, etc. R2 is nothing but the correlation coefficient, which shows how close the data is to the fitted regression line. If we draw a scatter plot, we can see the correlation between the 2 variables. Using Excel (check this video), we can calculate all the statistics. The video also shows how adding new variables changes the resulting value. Check out this informative blog on how to get regression statistics and how it is applied to get the stock price predictions.
2. Email spam detection
Email Spam Detection
The most popular algorithm for email spam detection is Naïve Bayes, based on the Bayes theorem of conditional probability. Here, there are only two possible results – an email is either spam or not spam. To get the complete details on the project along with the code, check this blogpost from Springboard.
3. Twitter Sentiment analysis
Twitter Sentiment analysis
Coursera provides a detailed course on Twitter sentiment analysis, which covers Natural language processing basics and how the Naïve Bayes classifier can be used to predict sentiment from particular tweets. The course uses Python for machine learning. Try the sentiment analysis course for hands-on with this project.
4. Change images into cartoons
Change images into cartoons
A fun project, it is possible to change images into cartoons using machine learning. Using the OpenCV library of Python, we can easily perform computer vision, image, and video processing. To use OpenCV, we need CV2. Also, to process images, we need a numpy package because images are stored as numbers. Further, to upload our choice image, we need imageio, and we can use matplotlib or seaborn for visualization. Check out the complete project here.
5. Handwriting recognition
Handwriting recognition
This is a slightly advanced machine learning (rather deep learning) project. We will use Keras to do this project. Tensorflow is another good tool you can use for this project and many other similar machine learning projects. You can pick the dataset from Kaggle in CSV format.
Below are the libraries we need to import:
import keras
from keras.models import Sequential
from keras.layers import Dense, Dropout, Flatten
from keras.layers import Conv2D
First, we load and split the data into training and testing datasets, so that it is easier to evaluate the model.
(x_train, y_train), (x_test, y_test) = load_data()
Before applying the model, we need to format and standardize the data and perform some pre-processing. Since we will be using the CNN model, we will create one more dimension. For this, we need to reshape the matrix. Keras has some utility methods to do the same.
x_train = x_train.reshape(x_train.shape[0], 28, 28, 1)
CNN model contains multiple convolutional and pooling layers. We create a Sequential model and then apply the required parameters and properties.
model = Sequential()
model.add(Conv2D(32, kernel_size=(3, 3),activation='relu',input_shape=input_shape))
Now, we train the model using the training dataset.
To check the accuracy, let us evaluate the model:
model.evaluate(x_test, y_test, verbose=0)
This will return two parameters, error and accuracy, through which we can re-apply the model by changing the weights and re-evaluate until we achieve the desired accuracy.
Learn more about CNN through the Deep Learning A-Z: Hands-On Artificial Neural Networks course.
6. Housing prices prediction
Housing prices predictionEarlier methods (traditional) for housing price prediction were not efficient as they did not consider the model performance adequately. This project from ScienceDirect uses various methods and models to determine the housing prices considering the factors like housing price index (HPI), area, income, population, location, etc. The project also enables readers to note the difference between the different models. Some algorithms used are Random forest, XGBoost, Hybrid regression, and stacked generalization. Check the complete project on the housing price prediction.
7. Fake news detection
Fake news detectionThis is a handy application of machine learning, particularly because of loads of news coming to us nowadays from different sources. To understand which is fake and which is not, we need a robust system. Of course, for improved reliability and robustness, we need to use an algorithm that works consistently. Through this project, we will learn about recurrent neural networks and LSTM. The guided project from Coursera covers the basics of RNN and LSTM and takes up this project as an example.
Check out the fake news detection project using ML and Python.
8. Personality prediction
Personality predictionPersonality prediction is extensively used by Facebook user-profiles and comments/texts posted by users. The project is based on the Big Five Personality model, which is the most popular out of all the models. This consists of 5 traits, openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, neuroticism, and agreeableness. The study uses traditional approaches like SVM, logistic regression, linear discriminant analysis, etc. It compares the outcomes with deep learning techniques like multi-layer perceptron, LSTM, CNN, and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU). You can take the following project details as a reference and study their findings to further work on this project. To get the sample data set, visit the stanford.edu website.
9. Customer segmentation
Customer segmentationThis project uses k-means clustering to cluster customers with similar preferences. KDNuggets explains the algorithm and the implementation of this project in detail, including where you can get the dataset from and different types of visualizations to analyse data. Check the complete project on the kdnuggets website.
10. Product recommendation (collaborative filtering)
Product recommendationRecommender systems help websites show content based on the user’s preferences and browsing patterns. Python is one of the most popular and easiest languages to build a recommender system. Most recommender systems use collaborative filtering, wherein the system guesses what a user may like based on the likes, ratings, and reactions of similar users. The other types of recommendation systems are content-based, utility-based, knowledge-based, etc.
Many factors come into the picture while creating a recommendation list for a user: his personal preferences, previous likes and dislikes, likes of users who have liked the other content this user has liked, users with the same interests and preferences as this user, etc. Check out the detailed project from YouTube.
Further learning…
In this article, we have pointed to various resources to take up the mentioned projects. After learning them, you can take up many more projects and courses to enhance your learning.
You might also be interested in:
Leave a Reply
|
B Flat 5 chord intervals and notes
Intervals 1 - 3 - b5
Notes in B b5 B - D# (Eb) - F
Flat 5 chords resemble major chord, replacing the perfect 5th with a flattened 5th degree.
B Flat 5 Chord Charts, Fingering, Voicings
Here are 6 voicings of the Bb5 guitar chord, with a chord chart to each voicings' fingering.
These B Flat 5 guitar chord variations can be interchanged freely. If it sounds good, it is good!
Chord learning tip 1.
Want to learn guitar chords well? Make sure you practice chords and changing in between them for at least 10-15 minutes per day.
Chord learning tip 2.
Learning chords is one thing, but playing them in the context of chord progressions turn the baren chords into music.
|
32 Unknown Facts about Titanic
1. The Titanic's Newspaper The Titanic seemed to have everything on board, including its own newspaper. The Atlantic Daily Bulletin was printed every day on board the Titanic. The newspaper included news, advertisements, stock prices, horse-racing results, society gossip, and the day's menu. 2. Only Two Bathtubs Although most passengers had to share bathrooms (only the two promenade suites in first class had private bathrooms), third class had it rough with only two bathtubs for more than 700 passengers. 3. Two Dogs Rescued With the order for women and children first into the lifeboats, plus the knowledge that there were not enough lifeboats for everyone on board the Titanic to be saved, it is a bit surprising that two dogs made it into the lifeboats. Of the nine dogs on board the Titanic, the two that were rescued were a Pomeranian and a Pekinese. 4. Coal on board The ship burned around 600 tonnes of coal a day – hand shovelled into its furnaces by a team of 176 men. Almost 100 tonnes of ash were ejected into the sea each day. 5. Drinks There were 20,000 bottles of beer on board, 1,500 bottles of wine and 8,000 cigars – all for the use of first-class passengers. 6. Injuries building There were 246 injuries and two deaths recorded during the ship’s 26-month construction in Belfast. 7. It was 882 feet (269 metres) in length and 175 feet (53 metres) in height. 8. The first-class smoking lounge was for men only. 9. William Edward Minahan, a doctor from Fond du Lac, Wis., had his fortune read shortly before the voyage. The fortune teller predicted his death aboard the ship. She was right. 10.About 60% of the first-class passengers survived. 11.About 42% of the second-class passengers aboard survived. 12. About 25% of the third-class passengers survived. 13. The final SOS position the Titanic sent out was incorrect. 14. Twenty horses were required to carry the main anchor. 15. The Titanic's wake was so huge that, at its launch, it sucked in another ship and almost caused a collision. 16. Over 1500 people died because of the sinking. 17. Most third-class cabins contained four to six bunks. 18. Louise Kink Pope was 4 years old when she went on board the Titanic. She and her mother, Luise, were loaded into a lifeboat, but her father was told to remain on deck. Instead, he jumped into the lifeboat as it was being lowered. The family survived and Pope died in Milwaukee at age 84 in 1992. 19. The Titanic featured an onboard swimming pool, a gymnasium, a squash court, and a Turkish bath and two separate libraries - one for first-class passengers, and one for second class. 20. The last supper served to first-class passengers consisted of 11 courses. 21. The rescue ship Carpathia began taking in Titanic survivors at 4:10 a.m. 22. First-class passengers were given a music book containing 352 songs. Musicians on board were required to know them all, in case requests were made. 23. Numerous people held tickets for the journey, but did not actually sail, including Milton S. Hershey, founder of the chocolate firm, Guglielmo Marconi, and Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt, who died on the RMS Lusitania three years later. 24. The last remaining survivor of the disaster, Millvina Dean, died on May 31, 2009, aged 97. She was two months old at the time. 25. The Titanic cost $7.5 million to build. 26. The body of a 2-year-old passenger was not identified until 2007. DNA evidence finally showed that the body was that of Sidney Leslie Goodwin of England. 27. The body of the richest man on board, John Jacob Astor, was found with his gold pocket watch dangling from its chain. Investigators believed Astor had checked his watch right before leaping from the Titanic. 28. 26 of those on board were honeymooning couples. 29. Only 306 bodies were found. The dead were taken to Halifax, Nova Scotia. Its Maritime Museum has a dedicated section that includes a deckchair recovered from the wreck, mortuary bags, and the shoes of an unknown victim 30. Lady Duff Gordon, one of the biggest fashion designers of her time, and her husband, Sir Cosmo Duff Gordon, both were saved but were later accused of bribing the crew to row off with only 12 people in their lifeboat. They both eventually were cleared. 31. All eight members of the Titanic band died in the sinking. 32. One of the lifeboats was found in the ocean almost a month after the sinking with three bodies in it. Resources http://history1900s.about.com/od/1910s/a/titanicfacts.htm http://www.jsonline.com/entertainment/100-unsinkable-facts-about-the-titanic-2t4psu6-147436195.html http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/travelnews/10765766/Titanic-40-fascinating-facts.html
Copyright © 2012 - 2020 by Jadine Arnold
The Punk Rock Princess -Edinburgh/Scotland/Malta |
Ten Tips to Maximize Heater Performance
Tip 1: Guard against heater contamination
Contamination is the most frequent cause of heater failure (see images). As heaters expand and contract during cycling, they often draw in organic or conductive materials. This can lead to an arcing failure between individual heater windings or between heater windings and the electrically grounded outer heater sheath. When allowed to collect at the lead end of a heater, contaminants can also cause electrical shorts between power pins or terminals. Therefore, it is important to keep lubricants, oils, low-temperature tapes or processing materials out of contact with the lead end of the heater. Employing seals will help.
Tip 2: Protect leads and terminations from high temperatures and excessive movement
Standard fiberglass-insulated lead wire may be used in applications with ambient temperatures up to approximately 260°C (500°F). If a lead is exposed to higher temperatures, high-temperature lead wire or ceramic bead insulation should be used. An unheated section of the heater, extending away from the heated region of the system, enables the leads to run at a beneficially cooler temperature.
When heaters are mounted in moving machinery, it is essential to anchor the leads to prevent them from being damaged. A lead protection option should be specified and used for optimum protection against lead damage.
Tip 3: Heater selection and sizing are important
A heater's wattage should be matched as closely as possible to the application's actual load requirements to limit ON/OFF cycling (see tip 6). For fitted-part applications, specify the hole or an alternative application feature size to ensure an optimal fit between the heater and application feature. A tight fit minimizes air gaps and reduces the instances of hot spotting.
Tip 4: Ground the equipment
It is common sense and safe practice to electrically ground all equipment on which the heater is used. Grounding equipment helps protects plant and personnel in the event of an electrical failure in the heating system.
Tip 5: Regulating voltage ensures the rated heater voltage matches voltage supply
It is essential to ensure a heater's rated voltage matches the available voltage supply because wattage increases (or decreases) at the square of the change in voltage applied to a heater. For example, if a heater is rated for 120V/1000W and is connected to a 240V supply, it will generate four times the rated wattage output or 4000W. This will cause a heater to fail relatively quickly and can also cause significant damage the attached equipment.
Tip 6: Prevent excessive heater cycling
Excessive temperature cycling is very detrimental to the life of a heater. The most detrimental is the cycle rate that allows full expansion and contraction of the heater resistance wire at a high rate (30 to 60 seconds' power ON and power OFF). This causes severe stress and oxidation of the resistance wires inside a heater. A bad temperature cycle is typically found when thermostats are used. Thermostats respond slowly to temperature changes and have large switch ON/OFF temperature differentials. An improvement, but a somewhat more expensive solution, is to use ON/OFF or PID controllers with mechanical relays. It is crucial to not switch the frequency or cycle time too rapidly (somewhere between 3 to 10 seconds), because the relay contacts can wear out quickly.
The most effective way to minimize heater element temperature cycling, and the most expensive solution, is to use solid state relays (SSRs) and SCR power controllers coupled to PID temperature controllers. This combination provides the best performance for both your thermal system as well as for the heater itself. Solid state switching devices cycle power to the heater very rapidly (from one second with a SSR, down to milliseconds with phase-angle fired SCRs). This fast-power cycling dramatically reduces heater element wire temperature excursions and substantially extends heater life.
This is absolutely critical to ensure long heater life and healthy processing equipment. When heating solids, such as metals, the operating temperature and heater-to-part fit drive sheath material and watt density choices. Carbon steels, aluminum, silicone rubber sheath materials are fine for lower temperatures (a few hundred degrees). However, as temperatures increase beyond this point, sheath material choices become limited to galvanized or stainless steels and other higher temperature metal alloys. As temperature also increases, the watt density must decrease accordingly to prevent internal resistance wires from oxidizing quickly and failing prematurely. A good heater-to-part fit ensures proper heat transfer and does not force the resistance wires to overheat.
When heating gases, the operating temperature and flow rates dictate what sheath material and watt density can be used. For example, you can run higher watt densities when heating hydrogen versus nitrogen, but hydrogen requires Alloy 800 sheaths, whereas 304 Stainless Steel will work for many nitrogen applications.
Increasing flow and turbulence across the heater elements means better heat transfer, which raises watt density values. For liquid heating, the prime driver for materials and watt density selection is the fluid material and flow rate. Water can easily handle 42.52 to 70.87W/cm2 (60 to 100W/in2) using a copper sheath, whereas a 50/50-water/glycol mix can only handle 21.26 W/cm2 (30 W/in2) and must use a steel sheath.
Tip 8: Mount immersion tank heaters horizontally near the tank bottom
Heaters should be placed horizontally and near tank bottoms to maximize convective circulation. Vertical mounting is only advisable when limitations, such as space restrictions, prohibit horizontal placement. Regardless of whether a heater is mounted horizontally or vertically, it is essential to place it high enough to avoid any sludge and debris buildup in the bottom of the tank. Likewise, for both mounting methods, the entire heated length of the heater must be immersed at all times - one reason vertical mounting is rarely recommended. It is also important to avoid placing heaters in restricted spaces that limit convective flow and/or where free boiling or steam traps can occur.
Scale, coking and sludge build-up on heater sheaths must be minimized. Any accumulation should be periodically removed or at least minimized, to avoid inhibiting heat transfer to the liquid. Periodic cleaning prevents heater elements being forced to operate at higher temperatures, which can lead to early heater failure. Extreme care should also be taken to avoid getting silicone lubricant on the heated section of a heater. Silicone will prevent the "wetting" of the sheath by the liquid, act as an insulator, and possibly cause the heater to fail.
Matching the appropriate temperature control system to the heater is imperative to strong heater performance and life. Each process application should, at the very least, include a process temperature sensor (to sense the material being heated) and a limit sensor (to sense the heater sheath temperature). The process sensor should be directly immersed into the material to be heated, or snugly inserted into a thermowell inside the fluid itself. For safety reasons, two separate control systems should be used - one for process temperature control and one for high limit control. PID type process temperature controllers offer more stable control and faster response than ON/OFF switching controls or thermostats. The trade off is that PID control is often more expensive than ON/OFF types and not always necessary for applications that do not require highly accurate temperature control.
Alloy 800 is a registered trademark of the Special Metals Corporation |
When cats are playful, they sometimes get rough. Rough play includes swatting at hands and feet and biting. Rough play might be cute when they are kittens, but adult cats are capable to causing injury to owners if this behavior is not dealt with.
The first thing to know is if the behavior is rough play or actual aggression. Examining body language is key. Cats frequently have their mouths half open during play, they also often pounce or hop sideways. Cats also tend to play quietly. If their posture is more rigid and they are hissing and spitting, then they are not playing but displaying aggressive behavior.
One thing to keep in mind when dealing with rough play is to not physically punish the cat. If you hit or smack the cat, it can turn his or her rough play into actual aggression. That, or he or she may interpret it as play and continue the rough behavior. Instead, when the cat begins to play rough, disengage. End the game and leave the room. Do not move the cat as this can provoke more aggression.
You can also try focusing the cat’s playful energy to another object or toy, something that is more acceptable for their behavior. Provide a variety of toys to see which one your cat prefers and use those when the cat gets energetic.
Playing with a cat is essential to help the cat get enough exercise and stay healthy. However, rough play is no fun and needs to be addressed when it happens.
Print Friendly, PDF & Email |
Topics: collections.defaultdict
Updated 2020-10-06
The collections module
The collections module in Python contains several useful classes. One of them is especially helpful for our Magical Universe: collections.defaultdict.
When defining our CastleKilmereMember class we specified self.traits to be an empty dictionary. New positive and negative traits can be added to a person using the add_trait() function. We can check whether a person possesses a certain trait using the exhibits_trait() function. The relevant parts of the class look as follows:
class CastleKilmereMember:
""" Creates a member of the Castle Kilmere School of Magic """
def __init__(self, name: str, birthyear: int, sex: str): = name
self.birthyear = birthyear = sex
self._traits = {}
def add_trait(self, trait, value=True):
self._traits[trait] = value
def exhibits_trait(self, trait: str) -> bool:
value = self._traits[trait]
return value
except KeyError as e:
print(f"{self._name} does not have a character trait with the name {e}")
return False
As visible in the definition of exhibits_trait() we have to catch and handle errors caused by querying the _traits dictionary with a non-existent key. Wouldn’t it be much nicer if we could just return False in case a Castle Kilmere member does not possess a certain character trait? We already discussed that this can be achieved using the dict.get() function (see post on Duck Typing for more details). Another, even more powerful solution is to use the defaultdict class from the collections module.
collections.defaultdict is a subclass of the general dictionary type. What makes defaultdict perfect for our problem is that it allows to specify a callable whose return value will be used whenever a requested key cannot found. The basic usage of collections.defaultdict is as follows:
from collections import defaultdict
dict_ = defaultdict(default_factory)
if default_factory is not specified, i.e. if we just use dict_ = defaultdict() the dictionary will raise a KeyError whenever a requested key cannot be found (just like a normal dictionary). So we want to specify a default value.
Although we want to use False as our default value, we can’t use dict_ = defaultdict(False). The reason for this is simple: defaultdict requires a callable (e.g. a function) as an argument that provides the default value when invoked without arguments. False is not a callable but a boolean. So we have to define a function that returns False when called without arguments:
def return_false() -> bool:
return False
dict_ = defaultdict(return_false)
Alternatively, we could also specify a lambda function:
dict_ = defaultdict(lambda: False)
The fact that defaultdict requires a callable makes it very powerful. We could create any kind of function and use the functions return value as a default. This has several important use cases. One common problem that can be solved with a defaultdict is grouping items in a collection.
Grouping items in a collection
Lets say we have a list of some of the pets Castle Kilmeres pupils are allowed to bring to school. We want to group the pets by type, that is, having all the owls together, all the cats and so on.
pets = [('Cotton', 'owl'), ('Ramses', 'cat'),
('Twiggles', 'owl'), ('Oscar', 'cat'),
('Louie', 'cat'), ('Bob', 'ferret'),
('Winston', 'owl'), ('Harry', 'owl')]
This can be achieved by providing the callable list as an argument to the defaultdict. We create a defaultdict using list as a default factory. To group the pets, we loop through our list of pets. Our first item in the list is Cotton (Luke’s owl). When we try to find the key owl in the dictionary it won’t be found. Since we used list as a default factory, a new empty list will be created and inserted into the dictionary for the key owl. We then append the name (which is Cotton) to this list. The next time we look for the key owl it will already be contained in the dictionary and the name can be appended to the existing list.
from collections import defaultdict
types_of_pets = defaultdict(list)
for name, type_ in pets:
Take a guess how the output looks like when looping through the resulting dictionary:
for key, value in types_of_pets.items():
print(f"{key}: {value}")
The output is hopefully what you expected. We get a list of all owls, a list of all cats, and so on:
for key, value in types_of_pets.items():
>>> owl: ['Cotton', 'Twiggles', 'Winston', 'Harry']
>>> cat: ['Ramses', 'Oscar', 'Louie']
>>> ferret: ['Bob']
There are a lot more uses cases for the defaultdict class. For example, we could use a defaultdict to count the number of pets of each type. Use this as an exercise: which default_factory could we use to count the number of pets of each type? |
Who is Wise?
Today I was reminded of a famous saying: “If someone teaches you just one word of Holiness, you owe him a lifetime of respect”. I use the word Holiness because this very quote is used in both Judaism and Islam, and although what constitutes “Holiness” may differ, the concept remains the same no matter how you are.
We read in Pirkei Avos that the definition of a wise man is one who learns from everyone, but unfortunately, I feel that in the 21st Century, many of us have forgotten that we have something to learn from each and every person who enters into our life. Encounters happen through Divine providence for a reason, and often, this reason is to teach us a unique lesson.
In a way, everyone we encounter is a teacher. They teach us how to behave or how not to behave: how to treat someone in need of help, and how not to. And as a result, everyone is worthy of respect. Sometimes, if someone is a bad influence in our lives, this respect takes the form of terminating a relationship, for our sake and theirs, but every human being deserves kavod.
Without respect for those who teach us how to live our lives- no matter who they are or where they come from- we transgress the greatest Jewish traditions.
Gut Shabbes! (Terumah)
Making Mistakes
Yesterday, as I was studying this week’s Parsha, Terumah, I was reminded of a fascinating feature of the Mishkan, the portable Sanctuary in which Hashem dwelled, accompanying the Israelites wherever they went. The altar, upon which sacrifices were offered, was made of copper. This raises an interesting question; why was the altar- a Holy place on which one offered donations to Hashem- made of a less precious metal, namely copper? Why wasn’t it made of gold or silver- metals which we know the Israelites possessed?
The answer lies in a central Jewish concept, namely teshuva. When copper tarnishes or becomes dirty, it can be wiped clean, effectively leaving behind a clean slate. Similarly, when we- the Jewish people- transgress, individually or together, we, too, can wipe away our sins and be left in a higher spiritual place than we were before.
In Biblical times, offerings were sacrificed on the copper alter as a form of teshuva, as well as as a regular donation to G-d. Today, we have no altar to make sacrifices on, but we can still do teshuva at any time or place. Rather than making daily sacrifices, we pray three times a day, and as ever, we can wipe away the sins and guilt of the past by making up for our mistakes.
Many people think that their mistakes define who they are. They believe that because they did something wrong, they are automatically a bad person and can’t be forgiven. But the mistakes we make always serve a purpose; teaching us to behave differently in the future. Just like the copper alter in the Mishkan, whenever we become tarnished or unclean, we can always wipe away our sins with true repentance. Repentence doesn’t just involve G-d, or those around us who we have wronged; it begins in one’s heart, with a resolution to do teshuva and become a better person.
As we are frequently reminded by Jewish wisdom, it’s better to sin and repent- and change!- than to never sin at all.
When I Pray
I go to shul twice a week,
And sit in wooden pews,
Clutching a book,
And laughing at the irony of it all.
Why is it, I ask myself,
That I come here to pray,
And yet end up talking instead.
Why is it, I wonder,
That my greatest prayers,
My most heartfelt pleas,
Were not said in shuls-
Not even on Yom Kippur-
But on antiseptic blue chairs,
By hospital bedsides,
Or as I sat on soft carpet,
Weeping at the unfairness of life.
Why is it,
That standing in G-d’s dwelling place,
I only say the words in the book,
And not those in my heart?
Is it fear?
Fear of crying, fear of ruining my mascara,
Fear of Looking Silly?
Is it exhaustion?
At the end of a long week,
Too tired to plumb the depths of my heart?
Is it something else?
Something I can’t name-
Something about being surrounded by people.
Back home,
I clutch the blue Siddur,
With tattered pages,
Remnants of tears,
The evidence of a hundred heartbreaks.
And I resolve,
From now on, when I pray,
I will be this honest always.
Parshas Terumah: Attention to Detail
When I was becoming frum, I asked a lot of questions. I never stopped asking difficult questions, and in fact, one of the reasons why certain rabbonim looked down on me was because they felt that I needed to stop questioning and start accepting “the facts”. I remember that one of the first things I ever asked about was this week’s Parsha, Terumah. Why does it go into such detail? At first, it seemed rather preposterous to me. If the Torah doesn’t waste one word, or even one letter, then why does it need to go into so much detail here? Why do we need to know about the pair of Cherubim and the 48 wooden boards and the 60 supporting posts which were found in the Mishkan?
The answer lies partly in something called hiddur Mitzvah. Hiddur mitzvah essentially means to beautify a mitzvah in an attempt to show our love for Hashem and his mitzvos. It’s the reason why we use a beautiful esrog at Sukkos, and choose the most beautiful Shabbes candlesticks and Chanukiahs. Parshas Terumah teaches us just how ornate and beautiful the Mishkan was, through the lavish descriptions of the furnishings, tapestries and decorations, and the extent of this hiddur Mitzvah can only be communicated with the level of detail contained within the Parsha.
But in this case, hiddur Mitzvah doesn’t just refer to the obligation of building the Mishkan itself. It also relates to the Israelites’ relationship with G-d. The Mishkan was described as a dwelling place for G-d. It was where He resided as the Jewish people travelled through the desert, and was more than mere symbolism. It was a sign that He would accompany the chosen people wherever they went- and the Israelites responded by beautifying His dwelling place to show the extent of their adoration and gratitude.
Additionally, the building of the Mishkan was not some exclusive task, irrelevant to most of the population. It brought the Israelite people together and allowed them to work side by side to form a dwelling place for G-d. The extreme detail and beautification remind us that building a home for G-d is the most important task of every Jew- and it was not limited to that generation. Each and every generation has a responsibility to build a home for G-d and Holiness – right here, and now. When we transform our lives and the places we live into dwellings for G-d, we come one step closer to greeting Moshiach, may He come speedily and in our days!
I am a Shlucha
When I was younger
I wanted to be-
Needed to be-
One of the women in this picture.
A fighter,
A shining star,
A blessing,
A shlucha.
I was going to be a woman who helped others,
A woman who changed the world,
One Shabbes meal at a time.
I was going to bring peace by lighting candles,
And battle the darkness which befell us.
I was going to be a shlucha.
Now I’m twenty,
No children,
No chabad house to my name.
I’ve never handed out candles,
On a busy London street,
And I rely on others,
When I should be hosting them.
And yet I am a shlucha.
I am a fighter.
A warrior.
Here against all odds,
Jewish despite the obstacles,
And I have faith at times when I can’t work out why.
Each night,
When I open my siddur and thank G-d,
For the gift of another day,
I know I have helped others.
I’ve forgiven when I want to hold a grudge,
Loved when I wanted to hate,
Given when I wanted to take.
I am like the women in this picture.
I always was,
I always will be,
And you are too,
For each kind act you do.
Gut Shabbes! (Mishpotim)
In this week’s Parsha, we learn about lending money. Not only are we obligated to lend money to someone in need of a loan, but it is in fact considered a form of tzedekah. Donating money to someone, enabling them to get through the day and put food on the table is a huge mitzvah; but enabling them to help themself is even more important. This is where loans come in; although it may be easier to drop coins in a box, or give a one-time monetary gift, a loan allows someone to change their life independently, and hopefully end up in a position where they can repay you, as opposed to feeling dependant on the gifts and whims of others.
The Parsha reminds us not to ‘act as a creditor’ towards people who owe us money; no matter how much we want our money back, we can’t harass the person we loaned money to. The whole point of granting a loan is to help others, and not to help ourselves benefit financially. For this reason, charging interest is forbidden. This mindset doesn’t just apply to loans. It should apply to all the acts of kindness we do in our lives. We shouldn’t help others expecting something in return, whether it’s money, power or their gratitude. Instead, we should remember the laws of giving loans, and give with the aim of empowering others and pleasing G-d. After all, when we make G-d’s creations happy, we make Him happy too…
In London, Shabbes candles should be lit at 4:46 PM tonight, and Shabbes goes out at 5:58 PM tomorrow. When lighting your candles, please keep in mind Chaim Elozor ben Baila, Moshe ben Genya, Moshe ben Hadasa, Moshe ben Soroh Malka, Shmuel Yosef ben Soroh Malka, Chashachana bas Bryna and Chaya bas Perrel. Thank you, and gut Shabbes!
Parshas Mishpotim: Strangers and Enemies
Think back to the last time you felt out of place. Maybe it was your first day at a new job, or in a new shul. Perhaps it was when you went on holiday and realised your mastery of the native language wasn’t quite what you thought it was. Or possibly, it was somewhere where you shouldn’t have felt like a stranger at all- maybe you were among friends or family who are supposed to include you, and yet you still felt like the odd one out.
For me, I don’t need to go too far back to remember the last time I felt like a stranger. To tell the truth, I have spent my whole life battling with feeling like a black sheep, something which I have written about extensively in my articles about feeling unwanted. In many ways, being- or feeling like you are- unwanted and unloved is quite similar to being a stranger, and so this week’s Parsha, Mishpotim, speaks to me in a truly unique way.
In the past, I have been privileged to write and teach about Parshas Mishpotim, and each and every time I am equally taken aback by the verse, “You shall not oppress a stranger; for you know the feelings of a stranger, since you were strangers in the land of Mitzrayim”. I don’t quite have the words to describe how much this means to me. The imperative to remember the slavery in Mitzrayim doesn’t just apply to the generation who were enslaved there: it applies to each and every one of us, for as we remember in the seder each year, it was not just our ancestors who were freed from slavery, but us ourselves and all the generations to follow. And in the context of this week’s Parsha, I truly believe that the reminder of slavery and the exodus is meant to teach us empathy. It’s one thing to tell a people not to oppress strangers, but it’s another to remind them that they, too, were strangers not so long ago, and have no right to treat anyone as if they’re inferior simply because they’re new or different.
If you’re having trouble envisaging slavery in Mitzrayim, just return to the example which sprung to mind in the first paragraph of this article. Remember that time you felt lost. Alone. Out of place. You, too, were a stranger, and you likely felt an uncertainty and pain, longing for someone to alleviate your suffering by extending the hand of friendship. And that’s exactly what the Torah is telling us to do, rather than allowing prejudice or self preservation to cloud our moral judgement and allow us to mistreat somebody simply because we can.
This isn’t the first time I’ve written about inclusion and welcoming strangers. Evidently, this topic hits close to home for me: but this time, I’d like to incorporate the teachings from the previous verses in Parshas Mishpotim. We are taught, “If you see the donkey of your enemy collapsing under its burden, and are inclined to desist from helping him, you shall surely help along with him”. For many of us today, this doesn’t immediately seem relevant, as we tend to live in big cities and are unlikely to encounter donkeys, but in fact it ties in closely with the teaching about the stranger.
Too many times, strangers are shunned due to fear and ignorance. We, as humans, naturally fear the unknown- that’s why so many are scared of the dark- but with this comes a common prejudice against people who are unlike us. We feel inclined to shut them out and make an enemy of them, and just like the man refusing to help his enemy’s donkey, we justify our refusal to help the stranger with our vilification of him. Too quickly, the stranger becomes the enemy and we have an excuse not to help him.
The Torah warns us that no matter our own personal fears and feelings, we are obliged to help another in need. After all, we have all been strangers at one time or another, and we owe it to those who helped us- and G-d Himself- to reach out to strangers and make friends, not enemies. |
What is Turnitin?
Turnitin is a service that reviews submitted documents for citation mistakes or inappropriate copying and compares documents to text in its database of student work, websites, books, articles, etc.
Turnitin can be enabled for an assignment through the Sakai Assignments tool. When Turnitin is enabled for an assignment, all submissions are automatically sent to the Turnitin repository. The Similarity Report that it generates will identify possible instances of plagiarism. |
Question: What Are The Limits Of Science And Technology?
What are the limitations to science?
This places certain topics beyond the reach of the scientific method.
Science cannot prove or refute the existence of God or any other supernatural entity..
What are the factors that define limits of technology?
Factors that Limit TechnologyBuilding a Better Battery. Batteries power the vast majority of our technology, particularly as we move into a more mobile world. … Improving Internet Access. The second limiting factor is related to access. … The Business of New Tech. Last but not least there is the bureaucracy.
What are examples of limitations?
When you are only allowed to walk to the end of the block, this is an example of a limitation. When there are certain things you are not good at doing, these are examples of limitations. When a law has specific things that a person cannot do, the law is an example of a limitation. A shortcoming or defect.
What are the 3 limitations of science?
Science has many limitations, limitations that no one wants to admit because, let’s face it, science has been a very helpful friend….Let’s look into that.Science Can’t Measure Happiness (or other emotions) … Science Can’t Measure Questions About Value. … Science is Limited to the Natural World.
What are strengths and limitations?
What is the role of science and technology?
Understanding of the attributes or elements Likewise, Science and Technology is directly related to the overall development of the country. As a matter of fact, Science and Technology facilitates healthy competition between the different attributes and elements and acts like a platform for a better life.
What are the 5 limitations of science?
Terms in this set (9)Must deal with observable measurable phenomenon.Science can describe not explain.No experiment can be completely controlled.Observations may faulty.A mans belief effects his judgment.Science must deal with repeatable results.Science cannot deal with values or morals.More items…
What are examples of limitations of a study?
What are the limitations in life?
Below you’ll find 9 limits that will drastically improve your quality of life.Limit the Amount of Food You Eat. … Limit Your Yearly Goals. … Limit Yourself to One Important Thing for the Day. … Limit Your To-Do List to Important Tasks. … Limit the Amount of Time You Allot to Each Task. … Limit the Items You Add to Your Schedule.More items…
What are limitations in science experiments?
What is a limitation?
What are the 6 limitations of science?
Terms in this set (6)1st Limitation. Science deals with only things that can be observed.2nd Limitation. Scientific observations may be faulty.3rd Limitation. Scientists can be bias.4th Limitation. Science cannot make value judgments.5th Limitation. Science cannot provide universal statements.6th Limitation. |
Download The Holy Roman Empire and the Church
yes no Was this document useful for you?
Thank you for your participation!
Document related concepts
Migration Period wikipedia, lookup
High Middle Ages wikipedia, lookup
Christianity in the 13th century wikipedia, lookup
Patrimonium Sancti Petri wikipedia, lookup
History of Christianity during the Middle Ages wikipedia, lookup
Christianity in the 11th century wikipedia, lookup
Page 251
Page 251 Monday,
31, 2005January
1:44 PM 17,
2006 4:07 PM
Holy Roman emperor’s jewelencrusted orb and cross
An Emperor Begs Forgiveness
In 1076 Henry IV, emperor of the vast Holy Roman Empire,
knelt in the snow outside an Italian castle. Inside was Pope
Gregory VII, who had excommunicated Henry. Gregory
described the event in a letter:
with bare feet and clad in wool, [Henry] con“ Wretchedly
tinued for three days to stand before the gate of the castle. Nor did he desist from imploring with many tears . . .
until he had moved all . . . present . . . to such pity and
depth of compassion. . . . Finally, won by the persistence
of his suit . . . we . . . received him into the favor of communion and into the lap of the Holy Mother Church.
Henry IV
humbling himself
before Pope
Gregory VII
As you teach this section, keep students
focused on the following objectives to help
them answer the Section Focus Question
and master core content.
Understand why Holy Roman emperors failed to build a unified nation-state
in Germany.
Describe the conflict between Pope
Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV
and summarize the struggle to control
Analyze how the Church reached the
height of its power under Pope
Innocent III.
Focus Question How did explosive conflicts between
monarchs and popes affect the balance of power in Europe?
The Holy Roman Empire
and the Church
• Understand why Holy Roman emperors failed to
build a unified nation-state in Germany.
• Describe the conflict between Pope Gregory VII
and Emperor Henry IV and summarize the
struggle to control Italy.
• Analyze how the Church reached the height of
its power under Pope Innocent III.
Terms, People, and Places
Holy Roman Empire
Henry IV
Pope Gregory VII
lay investiture
Frederick Barbarossa
Pope Innocent III
Reading Skill: Understand Effects Complete a
table to record the actions of Holy Roman emperors
and popes and the effects of their actions.
Pope or Emperor
Otto I
• Cooperated
with Church
• Pope crowned
Otto emperor
During the early Middle Ages, the Church spread its influence and
increased its power across Europe. Meanwhile, monarchs also
became more powerful. By 1077, explosive conflicts had arisen
between secular rulers and Church officials. The longest and most
destructive struggle pitted popes against the rulers of the Holy
Roman Empire, who ruled vast lands from Germany to Italy.
The Holy Roman Empire
Prepare to Read
Build Background Knowledge
Set a Purpose
Teaching Resources, Unit 2, p. 26; Teaching Resources, Skills Handbook, p. 3
High-Use Word
confront, p. 252
Definition and Sample Sentence
v. to come face to face with; oppose boldly
I confronted my fear of heights when I climbed a mountain.
WITNESS HISTORY Read the selection
aloud or play the audio.
AUDIO Witness History Audio CD,
An Emperor Begs Forgiveness
Have students retell the incident in
their own words. Ask In this scene,
who is the winner between Henry
IV and Pope Gregory? (Pope Gregory)
Ask students to predict what might
happen next.
Focus Point out the Section Focus
Question and write it on the board.
Tell students to refer to this question
as they read. (Answer appears with
Section 2 Assessment answers.)
Preview Have students preview the
Section Objectives and the list of
Terms, People, and Places.
Have students read this
section using the Paragraph Shrinking
strategy (TE, p. T20). As they read,
have students fill in the table showing
the effects of the popes’ and emperors’
Reading and Note Taking
Study Guide, p. 74
Gregory VII
Vocabulary Builder
Review the disputes between popes and
kings that students read about in the previous section. Ask students to recall who
seemed to prevail in these disputes. Then
have students predict who might prevail
in future disputes.
In the early Middle Ages, Charlemagne brought much of presentday France and Germany under his rule. After his death, the
empire dissolved into a number of separate states. In time, the
dukes of Saxony extended their power over neighboring German
lands. In 936, Duke Otto I of Saxony took the title King of Germany.
Otto I Becomes Emperor Like Charlemagne, Otto I worked
closely with the Church. He appointed bishops to top government
jobs. He also took an army into Italy to help the pope defeat rebellious Roman nobles. In 962, a grateful pope crowned Otto emperor.
Later, Otto’s successors took the title Holy Roman emperor—“holy”
because they were crowned by the pope, and “Roman” because they
saw themselves as heirs to the emperors of ancient Rome.
Chapter 8 Section 2 251 Page 252 Friday, November 11, 2005
Page 252 Tuesday, September 13, 2005 1:59 PM
The Holy Roman Empire/
Pope and Emperor
confronted—(kun FRUNT ed) vt. came
face to face with; opposed boldly
Vocabulary Builder
Introduce: Vocabulary Builder
Have students read the Vocabulary
Builder term and definition. Tell them
that much of this section is about the
confrontation—or strong opposition—
between monarchs and popes.
Describe the Holy Roman Empire.
The Feud Between Pope and Emperor
In 1054 Henry IV was crowned king of Germany; later he also became
Holy Roman emperor. At that time, Gregory VII was pope. During their
reigns, the conflict between monarchs and the Church erupted.
Teach Discuss how the Holy Roman
Empire and the popes came into conflict. Ask What power did Holy
Roman emperors claim regarding
Church officials? (to invest, or
appoint them) What was Pope Gregory VII’s view of lay investiture
and why? (He was against it; he
wanted to make the Church independent of secular rulers.)
Analyzing the Visuals Help students
interpret the medieval illustration of
Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory
VII. Using the Numbered Heads strategy
(TE, p. T23), have students describe the
action in each panel. What do students
think of these men and their tactics?
Independent Practice
Primary Source To help students better understand the feud between
Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII,
have them read The First Deposition and
Banning of Henry IV by Pope Gregory VII
and complete the worksheet.
Emperors Struggle for Control German emperors claimed authority
over much of central and eastern Europe as well as parts of France and
Italy. In fact, the real rulers of these lands were the emperor’s vassals—
hundreds of nobles and Church officials. For German emperors, the challenge was to control their vassals. It was a challenge they never met.
Another challenge for the emperors involved the appointment of
Church officials. Here, they confronted the power of the popes. Like other
monarchs, the Holy Roman emperors often decided who would become
bishops and abbots within their realm. At the same time, popes tried to
end such interference in the Church from secular rulers.
Gregory VII Causes Controversy Many medieval Europeans
admired Pope Gregory VII, who instituted many Church reforms. At the
same time, his policies aroused hatred and contempt. Gregory wanted to
make the Church independent of secular rulers, so he banned the practice
of lay investiture. Under this practice, the emperor or another lay person (a person who is not a member of the clergy) “invested,” or presented,
bishops with the ring and staff that symbolized their office. Only the pope,
said Gregory, had the right to appoint and install bishops in office.
Scenes from the Life of Pope Gregory
A medieval drawing shows Henry driving
Gregory from Rome (top). Other scenes
include Gregory excommunicating Henry
(bottom left) and Gregory on his deathbed
(bottom right).
Teaching Resources, Unit 2, p. 28
Henry IV Responds Pope Gregory’s ban brought an angry response
from the Holy Roman emperor, Henry IV. He argued that bishops held
their lands as royal fiefs. Since he was their overlord, Henry felt entitled
to give them the symbols of office. The feud heated up as the two men
exchanged insulting letters. Meanwhile, rebellious German princes
undermined Henry by supporting the pope.
The Struggle Intensifies In 1076, Gregory excommunicated Henry,
freeing his subjects from their allegiance to the emperor. The pope then
headed north to crown a new emperor. Faced with revolts, Henry was
forced to make peace. In January 1077, he presented himself to
the pope as a repentant sinner. Gregory knew that Henry was
just trying to save his throne. Still, as a priest, the pope had no
choice but to forgive a confessed sinner. He lifted the order of
excommunication, and Henry quickly returned to Germany to
subdue his rebellious nobles. He also took revenge on Gregory
by leading an army to Rome and forcing the pope into exile.
A Compromise: The Concordat of Worms The struggle
over investiture dragged on for almost 50 years. Finally, in
1122, both sides accepted a treaty known as the Concordat of
Worms (vawrmz). This treaty declared that the Church had the
sole power to elect and invest bishops with spiritual authority.
The emperor, however, retained the right to invest them with
Monitor Progress
Ask students to explain how the Concordat of Worms “solved” the problem
of lay investiture. Have them explain
both the issue and the compromise.
As students fill in their tables, circulate
to make sure they understand the
actions of popes and emperors. For a
completed table, see
Note Taking Transparencies, 80
included much of central and eastern Europe
parts of France and Italy; the emperor had little
real power over his vassals
The emperor claimed the right of lay investiture—the right to appoint, or invest, bishops;
the pope said only the pope had the right to
appoint high Church officials.
252 The High and Late Middle Ages
Describe the feud between the pope and the
Solutions for All Learners
L1 Special Needs
L2 Less Proficient Readers
Ask students why European kings would object to the
growing power of the Church. Have them answer the
following question: Why might it bother kings that
popes raised armies, levied taxes, and approved
political appointments? (Sample: Those are rights
and responsibilities typically associated with the position of the king.)
L2 English Language Learners
Use the following resources to help students acquire
basic skills:
Adapted Reading and Note Taking
Study Guide
■ Adapted Note Taking Study Guide, p. 74
■ Adapted Section Summary, p. 75
Page 253 September
Friday, November
Page 253 Wednesday,
21, 2005 12:11
12:47 PM
The Struggle for Italy/
Church Power Reaches
Its Height
The Struggle for Italy
Although the investiture struggle was over, new battles were soon raging
between popes and emperors. During the 1100s and 1200s, ambitious
German emperors sought to control Italy. As they did so, they came into
conflict with popes and with the wealthy cities of northern Italy.
Introduce Display Color Transparency 46: Holy Roman Empire, 1176.
Ask students to locate the Holy Roman
Empire and the Kingdom of Sicily. Ask
What advantages would control of
northern Italy give to the Holy
Roman Empire? (territory, riches,
access to trade routes)
Color Transparencies, 46
Teach Discuss the effects of the German emperor’s desire to control Italy.
Ask How did the northern Italian
cities resist Frederick? (They united
in the Lombard League and joined
forces with the pope.) What was the
effect of the German emperors
clashing with Italy? (Nobles in the
Holy Roman Empire grew more independent, and the empire remained fragmented. Southern Italy and Sicily faced
centuries of upheaval.)
Quick Activity Ask students to find
the key term Pope Innocent III (in
blue) and read the quote attributed to
him. Discuss the idea that the pope is
more powerful than any secular ruler
and answerable to no human being.
Then tell students that medieval kings
believed they received their power from
God. Discuss the relative merits of each
point of view.
Frederick Barbarossa Goes to War
About to embark on a Crusade, Frederick
Barbarossa (at left, with red cape over
armor) carries an unsheathed sword and
an orb with a cross. How do these two
objects symbolize his goals in the Crusade?
German Emperors Try to Subdue Italy The Holy Roman emperor
Frederick I, called Frederick Barbarossa, or “Red Beard,” dreamed of
building an empire from the Baltic to the Adriatic. For years, he fought to
bring the wealthy cities of northern Italy under his control. With equal
energy, they resisted. By joining forces with the pope in the Lombard
League, they finally managed to defeat Barbarossa’s armies.
Barbarossa did succeed, however, in arranging a marriage between his
son Henry and Constance, heiress to Sicily and southern Italy. That
move entangled German emperors even more deeply in Italian affairs.
Barbarossa’s grandson, Frederick II, was raised in southern Italy. An
able and arrogant leader, he pursued his ambitions in Italy, clashing
repeatedly and unsuccessfully with several popes. Like his grandfather,
Frederick also tried but failed to subdue the cities of northern Italy.
Effects on Germany and Italy While Frederick II was involved in
Italy, German nobles grew more independent. The Holy Roman Empire
survived, but remained a patchwork of feudal states. Unlike France and
England, Germany would not become a nation-state for another 600 years.
Southern Italy and Sicily also faced centuries of upheaval. There, popes
turned to the French to overthrow Frederick’s heirs. A local uprising
against French rule in Sicily led to 200 years of chaos as French and Spanish rivals battled for power. The region that had once been a thriving center of culture was left in ruins.
What obstacles did German emperors face in Italy?
History Background
The Lombard League The independent citystates of Northern Italy—including Milan, Padua, and
Venice—were wealthy and unwilling to submit themselves to the Holy Roman emperor. The league formed
on December 1, 1167 with sixteen cities, and eventually expanded to include twenty. At the Battle of Legano in 1176, the Lombard League’s foot soldiers
soundly defeated Babarossa’s knights on horseback. A
six-year truce followed. The Peace of Constance,
signed in 1183, granted to the cities of the Lombard
League rights to govern themselves. In return, they
gave the emperor fealty. The Lombard League was resurrected in 1198 and 1208. In 1226, Frederick II
asserted his authority, leading to a renewal of interest
in the League, which then included Milan, Bologna,
Padua, Vicenza, Verona, and other cities. The League
dissolved after Frederick’s death in 1250.
Independent Practice
Ask students to draw a political cartoon
based on the struggle between the Roman
Catholic Church and the monarchs of
Europe. Have them write titles and captions for their cartoons.
Monitor Progress
Circulate to make sure cartoons reflect
an understanding of the struggles
between the Church and the secular
Check Reading and Note Taking Study
Guide entries for student understanding.
Caption sword symbolizes military victory; the
orb and cross represents the universe, dominated by Christianity
the Lombard League and its alliance with the
Chapter 8 Section 2 253 Page 254 Tuesday, January 17, 2006 4:08 PM
Page 254 Thursday, December 15, 2005 4:30 PM
Church Power Reaches Its Height
Assess and Reteach
Assess Progress
In the 1200s, the Church reached the peak of its political power. Reforming popes like Gregory VII claimed the right to depose kings and emperors. Gregory’s successors greatly expanded papal power.
Have students complete the
Section Assessment.
Administer the Section Quiz.
Teaching Resources, Unit 2, p. 22
To further assess student understanding, use
Progress Monitoring Transparencies,
Chapter 8, Section 2
If students need more instruction, have
them read the section summary.
Reading and Note Taking
Study Guide, p. 75
Saint Francis of Assisi kneels
before Pope Innocent III, who
approves the rules of the
Franciscan order.
Looking Ahead After Innocent’s death, popes continued to
Adapted Reading and
L1 L2
Note Taking Study Guide, p. 75
Spanish Reading and
Note Taking Study Guide, p. 75
Papal Supremacy In 1198, the powerful Pope Innocent III took
office. As head of the Church, Innocent III claimed supremacy over all
other rulers. The pope, he said, stands “between God and man, lower
than God but higher than men, who judges all and is judged by no one.”
Innocent III clashed with all the powerful rulers of his day, and usually
won. As you have read, when King John of England dared to appoint an
archbishop of Canterbury without the pope’s approval, Innocent excommunicated the king and placed his kingdom under interdict. Innocent
ordered the same punishment for France when Philip II tried unlawfully
to annul, or invalidate, his marriage.
holy war, against the Albigensians in southern France. The Albigensians
were a religious group regarded as heretics by the Church because
they rejected central Catholic beliefs and rituals. Knights from all
over western Europe took part. Tens of thousands of people
were slaughtered in the Albigensian Crusade.
claim supremacy. During this period, though, the French and
English monarchies grew stronger. In 1296, Philip IV of France
successfully challenged Pope Boniface VIII on the issue of taxing the clergy. After Philip engineered the election of a French
pope, the papacy entered a period of decline.
How did Innocent III embody the
Church’s political power?
Ask students to discuss who they think
really won the power struggle between
Pope Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV.
He won out in his clashes with King John of
England over appointing bishops and with
Philip of France over an annulment of a
marriage—in both cases asserting the power
of the pope over that of the monarch. He
put down heretical groups such as the
Terms, People, and Places
1. Place each of the key terms at the
beginning of this section into one of the
following categories: politics, culture, or
geography. Write a sentence for each
term explaining your choice.
2. Reading Skill: Understand Effects
Use your completed table to answer the
Focus Question: How did explosive conflicts between monarchs and popes
affect the balance of power in Europe?
Section 2 Assessment
1. Sentences should reflect an understanding
of each term, person, or place listed at the
beginning of the section.
2. The balance of power shifted first to the
Church, then back to monarchs. Church
power reached its height under Pope
Innocent III, but by 1296, monarchs were
solidifying their power, and the French
king successfully challenged Pope Boniface VIII on the issue of taxing the clergy.
254 The High and Late Middle Ages
Progress Monitoring Online
For: Self-quiz with vocabulary practice
Web Code: naa-0821
Comprehension and Critical Thinking
3. Synthesize Information Why was the
power of German emperors limited?
4. Determine Relevance What was the
significance of the conflict between
Pope Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV?
5. Recognize Cause and Effect How did
conflicts between popes and emperors
affect Italy?
6. Analyze Information How did Pope
Innocent III assert the power of the
3. Their vassals—lords and churchmen—
were powerful; the kings could not control
them. Efforts to subdue Italy distracted
later Holy Roman emperors from their
German lands and allowed the nobles
even more independence.
4. It was central to the struggle for power
between popes and secular rulers during
the High Middle Ages.
5. The pope sided with the Italian cities
(Lombard League) against the Holy
● Writing About History
Quick Write: Narrow Your Topic After
exploring a topic, narrow your focus by
deciding whether to concentrate on economic, social, political, or cultural elements,
or a combination. If your topic is the excommunication of Henry IV, you could choose
• political events leading up to the event
• short-term political effects
• long-term political and social effects
Choose a topic from the section and list
three ways in which you could narrow it for
a cause-and-effect essay.
Roman emperors, thus helping to preserve Italian independence.
● Writing About History
Responses should show that students
understand how to focus on causes or effects
as an essay topic.
For additional assessment, have students
access Progress Monitoring Online at
Web Code naa-0821. |
How to write an abstract for science fair
Here are the five key questions: What was your topic and why did you choose it? Then each bridge design was built to support the roadway.
Abstract science meaning
Think of keywords and phrases a person looking for your work might use or enter into a search engine. The science fair project abstract appears at the beginning of the report as well as on your display board. You may need to submit the abstract when you register, for example. Include the abstract on your science project display, either on the board itself or on the table near your display. Don't go into detail about materials unless they were critical to your success. Definition An abstract is an abbreviated version of your science fair project final report. Here's a tip: for your first draft, don't be overly concerned about the length. Abstract Purpose A science project often includes a detailed report or log of data collected throughout the process. The nail in the solution with a pH of 1 was completely dissolved. But, even with the abstract's brief length, don't be afraid to reinforce a key point by stating it in more than one way or referring to it in more than one section. You have to tell them why. Why Is an Abstract Important? Include those words in your abstract. Guide Tips for Creating a Science Fair Project Abstract Your Steps The generic flow of a science project abstract is no different from writing an abstract for any other document. Do not use vague terms like "most" or "some.
I added oxygenated, dechlorinated water to sample containers, then added varying concentrations of motor oil. An informational abstract is like a mini-paper.
science fair report example
Did you explain something that should cause people to change the way they go about their daily business? You have to tell them why. Since an abstract is so short, each section is usually only one or two sentences long. Do describe the most important variables if you have room.
Conclusions: What is the significance of your findings? The problem statement lists the specific hypothesis or problem the project explores. If you made an invention or developed a new procedure how is it better, faster, or cheaper than what is already out there?
computer science project abstract sample
This is where you describe the purpose for doing your science fair project or invention. If you're writing for a specific publication or a class assignment, you'll probably need to follow specific guidelines.
Sample abstract for project
State-specific numbers. If a word is not adding something important, cut it! The hypothesis was that Energizer would last the longest in all of the devices tested. A descriptive abstract is very short, typically less than words. Include those words in your abstract. Don't go into detail about materials unless they were critical to your success. If a word is boring or vague, refer to a thesaurus and find a better one! Why should anyone care about the work you did? All information in the abstract must be covered in the body of the paper. The purpose of the abstract is to summarize the research paper by stating the purpose of the research, the experimental method, the findings, and the conclusions. How to Write an Abstract The format you'll use for the abstract depends on its purpose. What was your hypothesis?
All information in the abstract must be covered in the body of the paper. In a science fair setting, judges don't have time to read through the long version of the report.
software project abstract
Rated 6/10 based on 67 review
Sample Abstracts |
World's ice is melting two-thirds faster than in the 1990s
Olivia Rudgard
·2-min read
Algal bloom on Greenland   - Jim McQuaid  
Algal bloom on Greenland - Jim McQuaid
The first ever satellite study of global ice loss found that rates have risen by 65 per cent over 23 years.
The University of Leeds study, published in the journal The Cryosphere, found that melting has accelerated within the past three decades, from 0.8 trillion tons per year in the 1990s to 1.3 trillion tons per year by 2017.
Two-thirds of the melting was caused by a warming atmosphere while the remaining third took place in the oceans.
While the 215,000 glaciers covered by the study, as well as Arctic sea ice, were primarily impacted by rising air temperatures, rising ocean temperatures caused melting in the Antarctic ice sheet. The Greenland ice sheet was affected by a mixture of both.
The melting of ice on land has pushed up global sea levels by 35mm, while the loss of sea ice means more heat is absorbed by the earth rather than being reflected away, accelerating warming in the Arctic.
Lead author Dr Thomas Slater, a research fellow at Leeds' centre for polar observation and modelling, said: "Although every region we studied lost ice, losses from the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets have accelerated the most.
A separate study in the journal Nature Communications, also from Leeds University, found that minerals blown onto the Greenland ice sheet fuel faster melting through darkening the surface causing more heat absorption.
Phosphorus blown onto the sheet from local rock outcrops as part of the mineral hydroxylapatite fuels the algae, which has covered a large swathe of the sheet now known as the "Dark Zone".
Co-author Jim McQuaid, of Leeds' school of earth and environment, said: "As dryland areas in northerly latitudes become even drier under climate change, we can expect to see more dust transported and deposited on the Greenland Ice Sheet, further fuelling algal blooms." |
CategoryIndustrial Mechanical
The Benefits of Rapid Prototyping for Industrialists
Easy Identification of Flaws
Elimination of Flaws
4 Common Types of Liquid Level Sensors and Their Uses
We know that liquid level sensors are used for monitoring free-flowing substances to regulate the process in a particular way. Usually, these substances are liquid. However, some solids like powdered substances can be measured by them. Most of the liquid level sensors are used industrially. These have been in markets for decades. Food and beverage, agriculture, printing, medical and domestic, and automotive industries use these type of sensors for level measurement or leak detection.
For instance, liquid level sensors are used in cars to monitor liquids including oil, fuel or power steering fluid. You can also found them in household machines such as a coffee machine.
They are used to identify a liquid rise and fall point, total amount of liquid in a container, and continuous measurement of volume. The primary purpose of using these sensors is to monitor and regulate the liquid level within a contained space such as huge tanks and vessels.
Types of Liquid Level Sensors
You will find different types of level sensor in the market. All of these are made for the same purpose: detecting the point level of liquid substances. However, different models use the various machines to measure the point level.
1. Some of these types follow the magnetic float techniques, where the magnet rises and falls following the liquid. When the fluid as well as the magnet, reach into a certain level, the sensor will be activated. Usually, there is a reed magnetic switch in the container. The switch alerts when the liquid reaches the minimum or maximum level. Also, many of these sensors have a protective shield that can protect the magnet from the interference of liquid substances.
2. A conductive sensor is another common. Usually, these types of sensors use a source power of reasonably low voltage. You will find at least two electrodes into the container. The sensor activated an alarm switch when the liquid reached the marked point.
3. Some of these are called Pneumatic sensor. Usually, these are used to measure hazardous liquids. If in any system where the sensor cannot contact with the fluid, the Pneumatic sensor work there. Because, it detects the air level between the sensor and the liquid, then calculate the amount about how much fluid can fill the whole container.
4. Also, there are some other types of sensors that can measure a continuous flow of liquids. Like the magnetic float sensors, there are also Magnetostrictive sensors that use magnetostrictive wire to alert when the magnetic field is disturbed by the magnet. The disturbance point is measured to calculate the distance between the end of disturbance and the bottom of the wire. Usually, this type of sensors is integrated through computer programs for better accuracy.
Where are these level sensors used?
Liquid level sensors are used mainly in industries. To ensure that the processes of these industries are running well
â Food and beverage companies use them to ensure products standard. Those companies who want to maintain their reputation use them to maintain consistency of the taste and quality of their products. These are used for detecting the condition of chocolate, wine, beer, milk and other relevant substances.
â These sensors are also used in massive water reservoirs. These are used to monitors and regulate the water level. Especially, electricity generation processes use these sensors.
â Petrochemical plants use them to detect acidic and highly corrosive substances. You will know whether all processes are going accordingly, or not. Most of the Petrochemical plants use the ultrasonic level sensor to ensure safety at the time of identifying the quality of the substances.
Important Factors to Consider Before Buying a Chemical Flow Meter
Selecting the right flow meter is an important part of chemical processing. It will let you know whether your processing equipment works properly or there is a problem. With the correct Chemical Flow Meter, you can measure flow accurately and detect whether there is any leak in the pipelines. Moreover, these meters will let you know how much fluid you are using currently. In a word; with the right meter, you can manage a precise process control. If you fail to install a correct one for chemical processing, you cannot measure the flow accurately. This may cause the wasting of materials which will lead to financial losses.
So, it can be said that installing the right chemical flow meter has a significant impact both on your industry operation as well as your business performance.
If you have little or no knowledge, you can not select the right flow meter for your operation. That’s why; we have written this article to let you know how to select the right one for your operation. We have included all basic things that you have to consider before buying a flow meter.
Important Factors to consider
In order to select the right flow meter, you need to consider fluid characteristics, flow range, and flow profile. The fluid characteristics include a number of phases, turbidity, viscosity, etc. Also, you need to consider the output-connectivity options and mechanical restriction. Check below to know which key factors you need to consider.
Process Media:
Different meters are suitable for different kind of operations. So, check the type of liquid. Check whether it is liquid or gas. Try to understand the limitation of each type of meters. It is important.
Measurement Type:
What type of measurement do you need? Mass or Volumetric flow measurement, you can convert volumetric readings into mass measurements, but some volumetric measuring devices such as turbine and variable-area device cannot distinguish density-altering pressure or temperature changes. You may need some additional sensor for mass flow measurement.
Flow Rate Information:
It is an important factor that you need to consider when you need to collect continuous flow rate data. In a typical measurement system, you need to check primary flow device, flow recorder, transmitter, flow sensor and totalize.
Desired Accuracy:
Flow meter accuracy is another key factor to consider. The accuracy is differentiated in actual reading percentage or calibrated span. Generally, it is stated at maximum, normal and minimum flow rates. If you want to buy the right device for chemical process, you must understand these requirements.
Application Environment:
Depending on a plant’s variation, you may have to decide whether you need high or low flow range. Also, the temperature and the pressure conditions are important parameters. Regarding the high-viscosity fluids, you may have to consider the pressure drop in meters.
Fluid Characteristics:
You should keep in mind that your meter is compatible with operating conditions as well as fluid characteristics. Many plants deal with corrosive or abrasive fluids. Coarse and thick materials may hinder accuracy by clogging or damaging internal components of a meter. So, considering the fluid characteristics is essential to consider before buying a chemical flow meter.
Cost and Capabilities:
A chemical flow meter may cost much if you need higher accuracies and capabilities. So, you must think about what actually you need. Research about the process conditions including temperature, pressure, operating ranges, and flow rates. Also, determine whether you will sacrifice features for cost, of spending money for additional capabilities.
Adherence to Standards for Casing Pipes by Suppliers
The pipes provide safe conveyance of oil and gas and offer protection to the utility lines.
Casing pipes encase the carrier pipes which are installed through the pipe’s center and are often used when drilling horizontally or below roads, railroads, lakes, highways etc. The steel casing of the pipe is very sturdy and tough and safeguards the utility lines from human activity or natural calamities. Utility lines refer to water mains, natural gas lines, electrical voltage lines, fiber-optic communication lines or telephone lines.
There are two ways by which these pipes are installed underground. In case of horizontal boring projects that are below the ground casing pipes can be installed in segments into a bored hole and then joined together by welding or by use of special connections. Another method is to use a pipe welded in the form of a ribbon and push it into the hole that is previously drilled and kept ready. The varied applications for which these pipes are used are water well casing, road bore casing, culverts casing, oil and gas transportation pipeline casing, tunnel casing, drilling casing etc. Five different varieties of casing pipes are produced namely; the Conductor casing, Intermediate casing, Surface casing, Production casing or Liner strings. Casing pipes suppliers stock pipes with coal tar epoxy or bitumastic coatings though uncoated varieties are also available. The suppliers also need to ensure the fulfillment of standard API 5 CT requirements.
The American Petroleum Institute or the API has laid down certain specifications or standards for welded and seamless steel line pipe which transmits gas, oil and water in the petroleum and natural gas industries. These are the API 5L specifications and the grades covered are termed as A, A25,B and grades of ‘X’ namely X80, X70, X65, X56, X60. The numerals following ‘X’ refer to the pipe’s Minimum Yield Strength produced in the grade. All suppliers including the API 5L Gr B pipes and API 5L Gr X65 pipes suppliers have to ensure the adherence to the laid down specifications. The standards have been devised by the API keeping in mind the environmental and legislative requirements. The standards enable the concerned organizations to enhance their cost effectiveness and efficiencies. Pipes with API specifications stand for quality products. The seamless steel pipes cost more than the welded pipe and as the steel grade increases the carbon content limit becomes stricter. Most of the manufacturers are currently involved in devising pipes which have higher corrosion resistance and offer stable working in high and low temperatures. The durability and quality of the equipment is assured and the customers have a satisfactory experience.
Besides the casing pipes there are several other industrial steel products like alloy steel round bars that find their way into a number of significant applications. Alloy steel round bars suppliers; too, ensure the quality of their products to provide a satisfactory customer experience.
Yash Impex Over the last 40 years, we have evolved to offer the most comprehensive range of engineering goods including Stainless Steel Sheet, Coils, Gland Packing Material, Parallel Flange Column, Casing Pipes and more.
5 Major Advantages of Plastic Injection Molding
As far as versatility is concerned, plastic injection molding is one of the best production methods. The reason is that it offers a lot of advantages over other traditional methods of injection molding. This method is simple, reliable and more efficient. That’s the reason most manufacturers use it to make parts. In this article, we are going to discuss the 5 primary advantages of using plastic molding.
1. Complex Geometry and Detailed Features
We know that molding involves extremely high pressure. So, this high pressure allows manufacturers to add a lot of details to the components. Aside from this, the extreme pressure helps make complex shapes. Other methods can also help achieve the purpose but the cost and complications will be too high.
2. High Efficiency
After the designing of the molds, the molding process becomes quite quick, unlike other molding methods. Actually, plastic injection molding doesn’t take much time. Moreover, it allows the making of a lot more parts in a short period of time.
That’s the reason this method is a lot more efficient. Usually, these parts are more consistent as far as quality is concerned. However, it won’t be easy to make changes to the colors.
3. Enhanced Strength
As far as plastic injection molding is concerned, fillers can also be added. They can cut down on the plastic density during the molding process. Plus, they can help add more strength to the components. Plastic molding can help make parts that can meet the strength needs of a specific application.
As a matter of fact, enhanced strength is one of the main advantages of this process that appeals to most manufacturers.
4. The use of Multiple Types of Plastic
Another main advantage of this technique is that it allows the use of the different types of plastic at the same time. And one way of doing so is to use co-injection molding. So, manufacturers are not limited to only certain types of plastic anymore.
5. Automation for Cost-Reduction
Since this process is automatic, it’s possible to save a lot of money. Most of the process is done by robotics and machines. These machines are controlled by only one operator. As a result, the cost of manufacturing comes down significantly.
Apart from this, the overall manufacturing cost comes down. So, the price tag is also lower, which makes it possible for even an average buyer to place their order. Automation also allows for accurate and precise injection molds. Both CAM and CAD enable close tolerance while the molds are made.
The Bottom Line
To cut a long story short, plastic injection molding helps make parts that don’t require a lot of post-production work. In fact, parts are complete from all aspects once they have been taken out of the molds.
Nowadays, this process is quite common as it’s eco-friendly. The scrap plastic is collected for reuse. Therefore, there is almost no waste left behind. So, this was a description of some of the most common advantages of plastic injection molding.
6 Marketing Strategies That Nut Retainer Manufacturing Companies Can Consider
Nut retainer manufacturing companies get most of their business deals by means of loyal clients, word-of-mouth and partnerships but they should also look into the effectiveness of online marketing.
These companies could succeed at winning new prospective customers, maintaining existing ones and driving more sales by using content leverage and thought leadership to market their products and/services on the web.
These are the following strategies that a nut retainer manufacturing company can take into consideration:
Create thought leadership
In order for marketing to be effective, viewers should see the company as a leader in its respective field, which in this case is manufacturing. They like the company to deliver new, creative ideas and expertise that can be trusted.
So nut retainer manufacturing companies can improve their reputation as a thought leader, they can sponsor a webinar, create a blog for the company, publish a white paper that shows industry know-how or product training as well as taking part in trade shows and industry events.
Make use of leverage keywords, Pay-per-click (PPC) ads and SEO
A brilliant digital marketing strategy consisting of SEO, keywords and PPC ads will make sure that it will be easy for a company to draw their target market online.
Take for example of the way this works. Nut retainer manufacturing companies can have the advantage of targeting customers in certain areas where they have branches and distributors.
Companies can benefit from this by creating web pages that are specific to an area then driving traffic to them by using PPC ads and keywords. In this manner, once customers look for a local manufacturer, they will easily be found.
Publish written content.
The most important part of online marketing as well as lead generation is relevant content. A consistent stream of this makes sure of high ranking in search engine results and improves the position of a company as a leader in the industry.
In writing their web content, nut retainer manufacturing companies should show that they understand the needs of their customers, offer effective solutions and stand out when it comes to reliable, up-to-date information.
Make the brand human.
Another effective way to have an edge over competition is to humanise the brand. Customers are tired of seeing the usual corporate manufacturing websites. They want to see something new, with more value. They want to engage by means of conversation.
As an advice, it is best for nut retainer manufacturing companies to connect with their clients by showing their human side. As an example, they could launch a campaign such as “Meet the Team” and show photos of their officers plus add some stories on their passion about manufacturing.
Add tours and videos on their site to market products/services.
Another fresh way to engage with customers is to add virtual tours and videos to market their products/services.
Companies can also think of including how-to videos and those on safety and behind-the-scenes that show the way products were made.
Another recommendation is for companies to incorporate testimonials of clients plus case studies to show their value.
Maintain existing customers with promotions.
Aside from drawing new customers, online marketing is also effective in retaining existing customers. Nut retainer manufacturing companies can make email campaigns for existing customers in particular. These campaigns can be used to give discounts on products, year-end gifts, more relevant content and resources for them to accomplish their objectives.
5 Top Signs That a Cage Nuts Manufacturing Company Might Be a Great Choice for You
When people are looking for manufacturing companies to meet their outsourced manufacturing requirements, it is critical to know the things to look for, so that they can make sure of receiving the best quality and care. The following are 5 basic signs to know if a cage nuts manufacturing company is worth spending their time, resources and money.
Customer-Centric Strategy
Reliable cage nuts manufacturing companies focus on their customers, and give importance to them. This is obvious in the way they answer their phones and communicate with people – either in person or online – and by means of the testimonials, reviews and feedback received from their previous customers. Such companies focus on the way they can best serve their customers.
Top Notch Machinists and Staff
In addition to their actual machinery, high quality cage nuts manufacturing companies should have top rate machinists and personnel. All members of the team including the front desk staff, customer service people and machinists that make the parts run, among others, should undergo training, be equipped and stay on top of the game from the time they start to speak with customers and through the process of making the parts run.
Professional Educators
The aspect that gives a cage nuts manufacturing company an edge over competition is the importance of education. Companies that give much importance, time as well as resources on educating regular, previous and prospective customers are considered an authority in the industry that businesses can rely on. As an example, when a particular company offers educational downloads, informative blogs as well as how-to-videos, they deliver information to the public that is way beyond the norm.
With Approval and Certification
Though this is quite obvious, a certification is the most important aspect that guarantees that the parts, as well as project will be handled efficiently from the start, when they give a quote to finish, when they are delivered. An ISO certification particularly makes sure that everything will be dealt with integrity, honesty and precision. All cage nuts manufacturing companies should have the required certification to make sure that customers have the protection they need.
Good Track Record
Businesses can learn a lot about a company through the testimonials/reviews of previous and present customers. Therefore, if a cage nuts manufacturing company they are considering has negative feedback on websites such as Better Business Bureau or Yelp they might need to think about it very carefully before signing an agreement.
The Ultimate Use of PTFE Envelope Gasket
Gaskets are widely used for the safety, containment, and hygiene of tanks, reactors, pipelines etc. Leading PTFE sheet manufacturers are utilizing technology to produce high-quality tailor-made PTFE envelope gaskets. And these gaskets are easily available in various sizes and customizing them to suit a number of applications.
PTFE or Polytetrafluoroethylene envelope gaskets are composite gaskets wherein PTFE is wrapped around a core insert material. The main advantage of envelope gaskets is that it gives the strength and characteristics of the core material along with the properties of PTFE.
To enhance the properties, two or more insert materials can be used for making the gaskets.
PTFE envelope gaskets by gasket manufacturers are in demand because of the physical and chemical properties of PTFE material. It is widely used in the chemical, petrochemical, pharmaceutical and food industries. At food and pharma product purity of products is ensured with the use of gaskets.
PTFE Sheet Manufacturers can provide custom-engineered products using graphite, rubber elastomers, non-asbestos fillers, corrugated metals etc. Applications of PTFE envelope gaskets can be determined on the basis of their following features:
These gaskets display greater resistance to most chemicals.
They deliver high performance due to the strong C-F bond of PTFE.
PTFE gaskets also contribute to running vibration-free and noise-free operations.
PTFE envelope gaskets are an ideal sealing solution in environments with low to high corrosion as they are anti-corrosive in nature.
In high-pressure environments, PTFE can stand the pressure without breaking.
The PTFE gaskets have the sturdiness to withstand temperatures of up to +250°C depending on the gasket material used.
Ultimate uses of PTFE envelope gaskets that make it so popular across industries:
Gasket manufacturers provide a number of sealant solutions to the pipeline industry. PTFE envelopes gaskets are a highly useful sealant for liquid and gas inside the pipelines. They help in preventing the leakage of the acids and chemicals passing through the flange joints, valves, etc.
Food Processing
Food processing companies need to be very careful about contamination to avoid any mishaps. PTFE material offers the qualities of a perfect sealant that prevents contamination from interfering with the properties of the edible substances that come in contact with them.
The food processing industry uses PTFE envelope gaskets because of its non-contaminating and odorless characteristics. Additionally, PTFE is an approved food grade material as well.
PTFE material has high chemical resistance. Therefore, the petrochemical industry utilizes PTFE gaskets as a reliable sealant for environments with mild to aggressive chemicals.
PTFE Gaskets are used in high-end scientific laboratories where chemicals are handled for managing various product formulations.
Pharma industry uses various ingredients for producing medicines and personal care products. Reactive substances are managed in the pharma production facilities. PTFE Envelope Gaskets are extremely useful to avoid contamination of medicinal and care products.
Other Uses
PTFE gaskets are used with glass-lined or steel, plastic or ceramic flanges. Gasket manufacturers design PTFE sealants with the dual purpose of ensuring the product quality while safeguarding the life and property on the site of the application.
6 Advantages of Industrial Robots
If you are going to install industrial robots in your production center, we suggest that you consider some important things first. For instance, you should be familiar with the advantages of these systems. In this article, we are going to take a look at some major advantages of installing industrial robots. Read on to find out more.
Increased Efficiency
The first and biggest advantage is the speed offered by these machines. These units are much faster and efficient than humans. Actually, they are built and designed to offer the highest accuracy possible. Most of these robots are installed to take care of processes that take a huge amount of time if done by humans.
So, increased efficiency is a great benefits that manufacturers can enjoy if they choose to opt for these automated machines.
Improved Quality
Since these units offer the highest level of accuracy, they can be used for the production of high quality products that save time and money. Aside from this, the quality of products is great, which cuts down on the cost of quality control. Therefore, high quality standards are met.
Better Working Environment
In product units, some tasks involve a lot of danger for humans. These repetitive tasks may cause an injury to workers even if enough care is taken. Therefore, installing robots in these production units is a much better idea as far as improving the work environment is concerned.
Therefore, working conditions can be greatly improved for the purpose of employee safety in different factories.
Increased Profitability
With the introduction of industrial robots in product plants, manufacturers can ensure highest profitability due to cost reduction. Since these machines help reduce the time and other resources required to product different products, it’s possible to enjoy higher profits. In other words, if you want to enjoy higher profits over the long haul, you may consider installing some industrial robots.
Longer Working Hours
Since employees need breaks to get rest, longer working hours are required to complete the projects. Apart from this, attention span is negative impacted by distractions in work places. On the other hand, robots can perform their jobs 24/7 while offering the highest level of efficiency.
According to statistics, it’s possible to increase the output by 40% if robots are installed in product units. Partly it’s because of the stamina. Machines can work 24/7 without getting tired unlike humans. Apart from this, robots don’t require absences or holidays.
If you are looking to improve your prestige, industrial robots can help. In other words, robots can work like an ideal marketing tool to boost your brand image. Therefore, you may want to install industrial robots to enjoy higher productivity.
Long story short, we hope that the advantages explained in this article will encourage you consider installing industrial robots in your production plants. We suggest that you do your homework before opting for the right type of industrial robots for your business. This will ensure you get the best product to meet your needs.
8 Advantages Of Aluminum Sand Castings
As far as aluminum sand casting is concerned, know that it can offer a lot of advantages. These advantages fall in a lot of categories including logistics, finance and so on. Let’s take a look at some prominent advantages.
1. Flexible Quantities
Flexible production quantity is the first main advantage. For instance, some castings can deliver up to 100,000 pieces per year. This is possible because of innovative mold designs that can balance unit and tooling costs.
2. High Strength
This process gives high strength. Molten aluminum is put into a strong metal mold that reduces the mold temperature. As a result, the metal solidifies into a fine-grain texture, which is free of trapped gas and porosity. Therefore, your castings enjoy much better quality metallurgical properties, higher strength and pressure tightness.
3. Less Machining
Machining costs a lot of money. The goal of manufacturers is to reduce the use and cost of secondary machining. They do so by offering close dimensional control, total repeatability and a smooth finish. Also, this process allows flat casting of the surfaces. At times, they are free from any taper or draft.
4. Low Cost
The biggest benefit of aluminum sand casting is low cost. Since machining is reduced during this process, customers can enjoy much lower unit costs. Engineers use their experience and knowledge in order to produce new mold designs. And this helps reduce the tooling costs considerably.
5. Molded Inserts
Aluminum sand casting allows you to cast molded inserts. Typically, the casting is cast with the help of a stainless steel insert in order to offer a wear-resistant, hard surface and keep the other part lightweight.
Also, the casting is designed to offer wear-resistant and durable threads. At times, cast-in threaded ones offer lower costs than CNC taping or drilling. Regardless of this, molded inserts offer cost-saving techniques.
6. Smooth Surface Finish
Fine surface is another great advantage you can enjoy if you follow this technique. The finish is smooth enough for gaskets and o-ring seals in a number of applications. Also, they are smooth enough. Aside from this, the castings feature a clean appearance that can help reduce the need for many expensive operations, such as mass finishing and polishing. Apart from this, it’s easy to tumble, paint, plate, coat, anodize and polish the castings.
7. Close Tolerance
Usually, metal molds are used to make castings. Therefore, the dimensional variation and close tolerance of the pieces is negligible. So, you can enjoy higher precision and accuracy. Also, you can cast a lot of parts without machining. As a result, you can save a lot of money.
8. High Quality
For guaranteed high-quality castings, upfront engineering and process control are quite important. The combo of these two can help exceed industry standards by reducing the failure rate and internal scrap. This is done by keeping an eye on all the processes and investing a lot of effort into designs and development processes. |
It turns out exercising with a mask on isn’t the worst thing you can do. But a Mashable article points out that a recent study shows that you should always aim to breathe slowly through your nose, even when working out, and that a little bit of extra carbon dioxide actually helps your body absorb more oxygen. This is a well-established rule known as the Bohr effect. So wearing a mask might help remind you to breathe through your nose, as opposed to your mouth, and provide that tiny bit of carbon dioxide while working out. Another study in November found that there was “no current evidence to support sex-based or age-based differences in the physiological responses to exercise while wearing a facemask.” Still, you should check with your doctor before doing any exercise. |
Seeking Out Solids and Liquids in Middle School Science
Ms. Schibuk’s middle school science class is doing a physical science unit focused on exploring what it means to study a material “scientifically,” and also looking specifically and the scientific, ecological, and social issues surrounding different types of toxic materials. This is a multi-part lab in which the students are working to determine the chemical and physical properties of liquids and solids. Students began with a mystery mixture that was meant to represent some type of industrial sludge.
In the first part of the lab they worked to separate the different components of the mixture, which had two liquids and a variety of solids. Now that they’ve separated the substances, the class is studying the chemical and physical properties of each solid and liquid. Today, they focused on finding the density, a key physical property, of the solids and liquids. Next week, Ms. Schibuk’s class will study some of the chemical properties of the substances. |
Open access peer-reviewed chapter
Gene Revolution in Agriculture: 20 Years of Controversy
By Tatjana Brankov, Koviljko Lovre, Bozidar Popovic and Vladimir Bozovic
Submitted: April 13th 2016Reviewed: September 20th 2016Published: December 14th 2016
DOI: 10.5772/65876
Downloaded: 1226
In the spirit of the general debate over genetically modified (GM) food which is not slowing down, we wanted to answer some questions, such as: Is Gene Revolution an answer to world hunger? Do GM crops with more complex transformation contribute to the enrichment of multinationals? Why U.S. increases food aids? To this end, we firstly describe the diffusion of GM crops around the world during the previous 20 years. Starting from 1996, we present global progress with adoption of biotech crops, its distribution in developed and developing countries, global area by trait, adoption rate and global value of biotech crops. The findings reveal 10 countries, four crops, and two traits domination. The findings of this study clarify the failure of transgenic technology to eradicate hunger. In addition, the results have shown statistically significant correlation between stacked trait and global market value of biotech crops as well as between raising production of biotech crops in U.S. and an increase in U.S. food aid through World Food Program (WFP).
• gene revolution
• famine
• stacked traits
• global market value
• U.S. food aid
1. Introduction
Although a significant amount of food, which is obtained from genetically modified (GM) plants, is involved in a food chain, public debate on the issue is not slowing down. There is a large expert disagreement about environmental and health effect as well as about socioeconomic implications [14].
The consumer willingness to use and pay GM products varies among the nations [58]. From the very beginning, the U.S. supported biotechnology industry. The same policy that considers GM and conventional foods substantially equivalent carried out all administrations, from R. Reagan to B. Obama administration. At present, the total U.S. revenues from GM systems reached at least $350 billion, the equivalent of approximately 2.5% of GDP [9]. Directly or indirectly numerous international organizations have contributed to the spread of GM products [10]. Among them, the most important are World Bank (WB), World Trade Organization (WTO), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), various international foundations, research centers, and universities. The WTO's Agreement on trade‐related intellectual property rights (TRIPS) negotiated at the end of the Uruguay Round obliges member states to patenting biotech inventions (products and processes) and plant varieties and for the first time provides a legal means for the protection of intellectual property rights. Patent protection in this field gives the corporations unprecedented control over research and development as well as over whole food chain [11]. This strongly accelerated already started transformation process of the commercial seed industry from a sector composed primarily of family‐owned small firms to a small number corporate domination [12]. After many acquisitions and joint ventures formation, the top three seed firms currently control 85% of transgenic corn patent in the U.S. [13]. Global recession has contributed to the further strengthening of the monopoly power of the biggest biotech companies [14]. Because overall industry data are not shared publicly, Farm Journal magazine has reported market shares by interviewing consultants, industry executives, and other sources to assemble the data [15]. According to this source in 2014, DuPont, Pioneer, and Monsanto dominate, accounting for 70% of the corn seed business and 60% of the soybean seed business.
While majority of farmers worldwide still rely on saving their own seeds, the prevalence of this practice, especially in developed countries, is declining rapidly [16]. In the leading GMOs country, the U.S., the rate of saving soybean seed fell to 10% in 2001 from 63% in 1960 [17], while the rate of saving corn seed fell to less than 5% [18]. Ignoring the interests of the poor countries can be observed from the fact that multinational corporations from North America and Europe take advantage of natural wealth located mainly in the Global South [10, 19]. The best example is maybe the neem tree, Azadirachta indica, which has religious and cultural significance throughout India. U.S. Patent Office issued Patent No. 5,124,349 to W.R. Grace & Co. on the particular derivative of the neem tree. Long before any official discovery, farmers in India had been using a neem, among many other purposes, as a powerful insecticide that is not harmful to humans [20].
2. Research methodology
In the spirit of the general debate, which is not slowing down in this chapter, we wanted to answer some questions, such as Is Gene Revolution an answer to world hunger? Do GM crops with more complex transformation contribute to the enrichment of multinationals? Why U.S. increases food aids? To this end, we have set up the following research hypotheses:
1. GM food has failed to feed the hungry.
2. There is a statistically significant correlation between stacked trait and global market value of biotech crops.
3. There is a correlation between raising production of biotech crops in the U.S. and an increase in the U.S. food aid through World Food Program (WFP).
For the purpose of general understanding of the issue at the beginning, we present global progress with adoption of biotech crops, its distribution in developed and developing countries, global area by trait, adoption rate, and global value of biotech crops. The first hypothesis “GM food has failed to feed the hungry” we set because agribusiness segment has often promoted transgenic technology as the next hunger‐quenching Green revolution. “There is a statistically significant correlation between stacked trait and global market value of biotech crops” hypothesis has been settled because the multinationals claim that this complex transformation can allow farmers to address multiple old problems with two or more traits in the same seed and are more effective at meeting the needs of farmers and consumers than the traditional, mono‐trait seed varieties [21]. Finally, our last hypothesis “There is a correlation between raising production of biotech crops in the U.S. and an increase in the U.S. food aid through WFP” was tested due to the controversy over the food aid. Excluding the many benefits of emergency humanitarian aid, recent finding shows that an increase in U.S. food aid increases the incidence of armed civil conflict in recipient countries by prolonging existing conflicts [22]. In addition to this aspect, a disagreement over the food aid in terms of GM food arose in 2000s when several African countries and countries in transition (such as Serbia and Montenegro) refused to accept U.S. aid due to GM ingredients presence. “A fiery” debate continues via WTO Doha Round in 2003 and 2004, when the other countries have put pressure on the U.S., as the principal donor country, to move away from in‐kind food aid. The great power of lobby groups in America could be visible due to the U.S. Congress rejection of Bush administration proposal that one‐quarter of U.S. food aid should be cash‐based [11]. The principal reason why the U.S. continues to insist on giving its food aid in‐kind may be the inability to find export market for its GM maize [23].
Data required for the analysis were collected from relevant sources: ISAAA, FAO, USDA, Earth Policy Institute. The arithmetic means of the confidence interval as a measure of variability in the descriptive statistics have been used. The method of parametric statistics (t test, ANOVA) was applied in processing the results, while Pearson's correlation coefficient and simple linear regression were used as a measure of association. To detect trends in the variables considered, the collected data were compared by linear regression analysis using the factor time as independent variable. Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and R Studio software.
3. Global diffusion
3.1. International diffusion of biotech crops
In the period 1996–2015, up to approximately 18 million farmers grew biotech crops annually. Global biotech hectares increased more than 100‐fold, from 1.7 million hectares in 1996 to 179.7 million hectares in 2015. In other words, GM crops are grown on approximately 3.7% of the world's total agricultural land and 13% of arable land and by <1% of the world's farming population [24]. In the 19 years period 1996–2014, the growth rate of area under GM was continually growing. Total crop plantings were decreased for the first time in 2015 comparing with 2014 (-1%). A clear linear trend of the total biotech hectarage growth can be expressed by equation:
y=9.919x5.781 (R2=0.993) E1
As represented in Figure 1, linear trend of GM crops diffusion is obvious in both developing and developed countries. Linear trend equation for developing and developed countries, respectively, is as follows:
y=5.749x16.79 (R2=0.969)E2
y=4.161x+11.07 (R2=0.946)E3
Figure 1.
Total area under GM, distribution in developing and developed countries (million hectares). Source: Author's calculations based on data from James (1996–2015).
For the first time in 2012, developing countries planted more biotech crops than industrial countries, 51.2 and 48.8%, respectively. Higher participation of developing countries was also observed in subsequent years. Latin American, Asian, and African farmers collectively grew 53.6% of the global biotech hectares in 2013, 52.9% in 2014, and 54% in 2015.
The number of producer countries also grew by time, starting from 6 in 1996 to 28 in 2015 (Figure 2). The first countries that engaged themselves in the transgenic production were U.S., China, Argentina, Canada, Australia, and Mexico. In 1998, South Africa, Spain, and France grew transgenic crops for the first time. Portugal, Rumania, and Ukraine joined them in 1999 and Bulgaria, Uruguay, Indonesia, and Germany in 2000. India planted GM crops for the first time in 2002. In the same year, Colombia and Honduras started their production. Two countries, Brazil and the Philippines, approved planting of GM crops in 2003. In 2004, for the first time, Paraguay reported its cultivation. New producing countries become Iran and Czech Republic in 2005; Slovakia in 2006; Chile and Poland in 2007; Burkina Faso, Egypt, and Bolivia in 2008; Costa Rica joined them in 2009; Pakistan, Myanmar, and Sweden in 2010; Sudan and Cuba in 2012; Bangladesh in 2014; Vietnam in 2015. From Graph 2, it can be seen a significant increase in the producing countries in numbers. For example, the number of developing countries increases from 2 in 1996 to 20 in 2015 [21, 2543]. It is very important to stress that total number of producing countries has not increased since 2010. This is an indication of problems in the geographical diffusion of GMOs.
Figure 2.
Producing countries developing and developed. Author's calculations based on data [21, 25–43].
From the very beginning, U.S. is absolute leader in the production, but U.S. involvement has decreased with the inclusion of the other countries. For example, U.S. accounted for 64% in the total area under GM in 1997, while their share in 2015 was 39.4%. Brazil, the second largest producer, started relatively late with the production but at present accounts for 24.6% in the total areas. Argentina, the third biggest producer, participates in the total acreage of 13.6%. India and Canada areas reached 6.4 and 6.1% of global hectarage, respectively. China share in the total area is reduced significantly, from 16% in 1997 to 2% in 2015. Australia produces GM on just 0.7 million hectares (0.4% of total area under GM crops), which is a just slight increase from 1997 (0.1 million hectares). In 2015, there were 28 countries that grew GM crops, but in reality, a large majority of the area planted to GM crops still remains in just a few countries. Top 10 countries accounted for 98% of the total global GM hectarage. The list of countries that grew GM crops in 2015 includes Bangladesh, which grew as little as 25 hectares of GM crops in 2015, and Costa Rica, which grew 38 hectares in 2014 [21, 2543]. After the initial years of high growth rates, the global growth of GM crops is, in fact, slowing down, as the amount of land under GM crops in the few countries that are large‐scale adopters has become saturated [24]. Annual global growth rates were between 3 and 10% in the past seven years, with the global GM area in 2013 and 2014 approximately 3% higher than the years before [43].
At first glance, this diffusion is impressive but certainly is not without problems. Despite the great support to genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in the several countries of Latin America, there is a resistance on this continent. Venezuela with over 30 million inhabitants approved a new law on December 23, 2015, that imposes one of the world's toughest regulations on GMOs. The Seed Law seeks to consolidate national food sovereignty, regulates the production of hybrid seed, rejects the production, distribution, and import of GMO seeds, and also bans transgenic seed research [44]. Similarly, in the Middle East, Iran, country which initiated its rice biotech activities in 2005 with several hundred farmers growing 4000 hectares of Bt rice on their farms and cloned the first GM animal, sheep in 2006 [45] very soon, has decided to drop the commercialization of GMOs. Currently, government is preparing new law to facilitate GMO production. At the same, time the resistance of certain groups strengthens [46].
Apart from Russia where situation is more than clear and where the food safety regulator Rosselkhoznadzor bans GMO production and import [47] and Prime Minister has described as amounting to little more than a form of biological warfare weapon [48], the biggest challenge in terms of adoption and acceptance of GMOs remains Africa and Europe. For a long time, South Africa was the only country on the continent of Africa to commercialize biotech crops. GMO proponents have expressed their pleasure because of broad geographical coverage in Africa in 2008 when Egypt as represent of North Africa and Burkina Faso from West Africa become GM producer countries [37]. Historically, important event was also the involvement of Sudan in 2012. But, all commercial production in Egypt is currently stalled due to Ministerial Decree 378 (MD378), 2012, rescinding the registration of Ajeeb‐YG corn variety for its commercial use [49]. Bt cotton remains the only crop commercialized in Burkina Faso [50]. Sofitex, Burkina Faso's major cotton production association, on April 5, 2015, decided to switch its production to 100 percent conventional methods and has announced a rejection of GM cotton in the next three years due to the disappointing yields and poor quality fiber [51]. South Africa, the largest producer country in Africa, has experienced the greatest reduction—23% less for its GM maize crop hectarage in 2015 comparing to 2014. Sudan, GM cotton producer country, seized a shipment of GM soybeans reportedly imported from the U.S. [52]. Nigeria, one country being targeted for expansion, has recently submitted a written petition (more than 100 groups representing at least 5 million Nigerians) to the country's authorities in hopes of impeding GMO entrance [53].
Cultivation in the EU fell 10.4% in 2015 to only 128.103 hectares, almost all of that insect‐resistant corn grown in Spain (93.7%). Share of GM corn in total corn area is just 1.3%. Commercial cultivation of GE crops is minimal in other EU producing countries: Portugal, Czech Republic, Romania, Slovakia, France, Germany, and Poland. According to USDA Foreign Agriculture Services, EU member states can be divided into three categories depending on GMOs view. The adopters include the GM producer countries as well as countries where the government and industries mostly favor biotechnology (Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Flanders in northern Belgium, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom). Conflicted members are those states where scientific community, farmers, and the feed industry are willing to adopt the technology, but consumers and governments, influenced by activist Green parties and NGOs, reject it (France, Germany, Poland, Southern Belgium (Wallonia), Bulgaria, Ireland, Lithuania Sweden, Germany). In the opposed member states, most stakeholders reject the technology and government generally supports organic agriculture and geographical indications (Austria, Croatia, Cyprus, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Malta, Slovenia, and Latvia) [54]. One of the leading opposed countries is Hungary which initiated a joint alliance of EU member states rejecting the use of GE crops with the objective to make the entire EU free from GM crops.
3.2. Four crops domination
Between 1986 and 1995, 56 GM crops were field tested around the world the majority of which were on eight crops [25]. Besides expiration that there are more than 85 potential new products in the pipeline now being field tested [43], 20 years later, only 10 crops are grown commercially (soybean, corn, cotton, canola, alfalfa, sugar beet, papaya, squash, potato, and eggplant/brinjal). There are no commercialized GM varieties of a number of key global staple crops, including wheat, rice, barley, millet, sorghum, cassava, and yam. The first generations of GM potato that resist blight were planted on 162 hectares in 2015 after FDA approval [55]. In significant quantities (about 99%), only four crops soybean, corn, cotton, and canola have been grown over the past 20 years. Principal four crops are generally used in food system as ingredients in processed food and in animal feed. Exceptions used as whole foods are some fruit and vegetables GM sweet corn, squash, papaya, eggplant/brinjal, potato which together with sugar beet and alfalfa collectively account for only 1% of global GM crop hectares. Area under all four crops, soybean, maize, cotton, and canola, depicts linear trend of growth, respectively (Figure 3):
y=4.740x+1.742 (R2=0.986)E4
y=3.265x5.836 (R2=0.959)E5
y=1.43x2.2 (R2=0.964)E6
y=0.445x+0.367 (R2=0.954)E7
As could be seen in Figure 4, maximum share of soybeans in total areas was in 2001 (63.3%), and overtime, it decreases to 51.2% in 2015. Share of corn stabilized at the level of about 30% in 2015 such as it was in 1998. Share of cotton increases from 9% in 1996 to 13.3% in 2015. The biggest drop is recorded in the share of canola in the total GM area, from 8.6% in 1998 to 4.7% in 2015. GM sugar beet production started in 2008, but until now areas under this crop are about 0.5 million hectares, which means there is no enlargement as it was the case with previous crops. Regarding global adoption rate, it can be noticed from Figure 5 that only soybean rate continuously was growing but with a sharp slowdown after 2009. Cotton adoption rate reached its maximum value in 2011 (82%) and then fell to 75% in 2015. Similarly, maximum corn value was 35% in 2012, after slipped to 29% in 2015. Canola global adoption rate slipped from max 30 to 24% in 2012 and 2015, respectively.
Figure 3.
Linear growth trend for four principal GM crops (million hectares/year). Author's calculation based on Refs. [21, 25–43].
Figure 4.
Percentage share of the most important crops in the total area under GMOs (1996–2015). Author's calculation based on Refs. [21, 25–43].
Figure 5.
Global adoption rate of the principal GM crops (2000–2015). Author's calculation based on Refs. [21, 25–43].
One look at the slower growth of plantation area is due to the saturation of adoption rate in countries with mature GM models. For example, adoption rate of GM cotton in Australia is 99%, in Canada 95% of canola is GM, 95% cotton in India is GM, 99% cotton and 100% soybean in Argentina are GM, 95% of soybean in Paraguay is GM and over 90% of all four principal GM crops in U.S. is already GM [56]. Another view indicates that the resistance becoming stronger by opposition from consumer and environmental groups, regulatory hurdles, and, in some cases, scientific obstacles. There are opinions that the problems with diffusion of GM canola lay in the fact that canola is worst candidate crop species for practical segregation of GE and non‐GE because it is inherently promiscuous [57]. Also, there are reports that state “Hundreds of thousands of farmers have died in India, after having been allegedly forced to grow GM cotton instead of traditional crops. The seeds are so expensive and demand so much more maintenance that farmers often go bankrupt and kill themselves” [58]. One might ask whether the refusal of consumers around the world to accept GM sugar is the reason for the stagnation of GM sugar beets production. Anyway, the fact is that the U.S. corn and soybeans more and more are channeled into biofuels production. For example, in the marketing year MY Aug/Sept 2015/2016, 38.8% of the total corn disappearance was ethanol share, 10.1% of total use was directed to total food, seed, and industrial use (not including ethanol), feed and residual use accounted for 38.8%, while export accounted for 12.2% of the total corn disappearance. The situation was very different in MY Aug/Sept 1995/1996: 4.6% of the total use was ethanol use, 14.4% was total food, seed, and industrial use (not including ethanol), 54.9% was dedicated to feed and residual use, and 26.1% for export [59]. In the period 1995–2015, U.S. almost doubled its corn production, from 7.4 × 109 to 13.6 × 109 bushels [60]. Taking into consideration problems with exports market, it is logical routing of surplus into ethanol production. Share of soybean oil used for biodiesel increased from 0.3% in 2000/2001 to 23% in 2014/2015. In the same period of time, soybean oil production has increased for just 11.7% (from 18.4 × 109 to 20.6 × 109 pounds). It can be observed that share of the U.S. soybean oil export in total use significantly declined from 17.6% in 2009/2010 to 10% in 2014/2015 [59]. The reasons for these trends may lay in the efforts of the European retailers and major manufacturers (including REWE Group, Lidl, Edeke in Germany, Carrefour in France, and many of the retailers in Austria, along with Waitrose in the United Kingdom) to support the transition from GMO to non‐GMO for animal production. The most prominent initiative Danube Soy was launched in 2012 as a “mainstream” vehicle for providing access to non‐GMO soy for EU markets. It is undergoing rapid growth as a source of sustainable and non‐GMO soy for Europe, and soya production in the Danube area (excluding Ukraine) has increased from 560,000 hectares in 2011 to 960,000 hectares in 2015 [61]. Signing this declaration means that EU wants to increase self‐sufficiently in soy production. As of 2011, the EU imported 72% of its protein feed needs (majority coming from the U.S., Argentina, and Brazil—GM producing countries), so the plan is to provide at least 50% soybean needs until 2025 from non‐GMO Danube region.
Figure 6.
GM plants, by traits 1997–2014 (million hectares) [21, 26–42].
Figure 7.
Percentage share of the most important traits in the total area under GMOs (1997–2014). Author's calculation based on Refs. [21, 26–42].
3.3. Herbicide tolerance and insect resistance domination
GMOs diffusion is uneven if we are speaking about traits also. The most widely used commercial GM traits are herbicide tolerance (HT) and insect resistance (IR). HT crops are developed to survive application of specific herbicides, which would otherwise kill the crop plants. “Roundup Ready” is the most common HT crops today. These crops have been created by Monsanto in order to tolerate applications of the company's glyphosate‐based herbicide “Roundup.” IR crops are engineered with a gene from the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), which is toxic to some insects. When certain insects ingest the protein produced by Bt, the function of their digestive systems is disrupted, producing slow growth and, ultimately, death. In recent years, various combinations of these two properties are used in creation of stacked plants. Gene stacking refers to the process of combining two or more genes of interest into a single plant; the combined traits resulting from this process are called stacked traits. As represented in Figure 6, HT plants occupied from the very beginning the most of area under GMOs. From 2007, areas under stacked crops are higher than the areas under Bt crops. In 2014, 56.4% of the GM crops worldwide were engineered to be HT, 15.1% were engineered to be Bt, and 28.1% were stacked with both HT and Bt traits (Figure 7). These numbers are significantly different in 2001 when 77.2% of crops were HT, 14.8% were Bt, and 8% were stacked. It is important to stress that referred data do not mean that the area under HT crops was reduced. Contrarily, it was increased. When we consider stacked and single trait crops together in 2014, 84.5% of all GM crops in the world are engineered to be tolerant to herbicides. Companies that have patent protection over GM seeds in the same time are herbicides producers. This means that multinationals in the same time sell both seeds and pesticides. HT and Bt crops account for almost all the GM crops grown commercially over the past 20 years. Other traits, virus resistance and drought tolerance, are very important for poor small‐scale farmers in developing countries, collectively account for <1% of global GM crop hectares [43].
3.4. Global market value of biotech crops
Global market value of transgenic crops has increased overtime 165 times in terms of current prices and 115 times in terms of constant prices (2002 = 100) (Figure 8). Linear trend of growth in current prices can be expressed through equation:
y=899.0x2028 (R2=0.969)E8
The trend growth in constant prices is expressed as:
y=691.3x940.7 (R2=0.978)E9
We have also obtained the simple linear trend for transgenic crops global market value per hectare in current prices and polynomial trend of transgenic crops global market value per hectare in constant prices (Figure 9):
y=2.029x+47.20 (R2=0.919)E10
y=0.050x20.477x+59.36 (R2=0.561)E11
Figure 8.
Global market value of biotech crops (million US$). Authors calculation based on Refs. [21, 25–43].
Figure 9.
Transgenic crops global market value per hectare in current and constant prices. Source: Author's calculation based on Ref. [21, 25–43].
4. Results of hypotheses testing
Figure 10.
Cereals production (1958–1995, 1996–2012). Authors’ calculation based on Ref. [62].
Figure 11.
Cereal surplus/deficit before and after GM cultivation. Author's calculations based on Ref. [62].
In order to test our first hypothesis “GM food has failed to feed the hungry,” we calculate the significance of the difference between per capita grain production and surplus/deficit cereal productions in the two periods, period before and after GM commercialization, 1958–1995 and 1996–2012. We found that there is no statistically significant per capita grain production differences between the two observed periods (t = −1.481; df = 53; p = 0.145) (Figure 10). Average cereals production level in the period 1958–1995 was 305.13 kg/person/year (CI 297.57–312.69) and 313.94 in the period 1996–2012 (CI 307.54–320.34). Transgenic technology has not contributed to the improvement in food balance, since there is no statistically significant difference in surplus/deficit cereal production between the two observed periods t = 0.941; df = 51; p = 0.51) (Figure 11). Average value of this parameter was 7.91 × 106 tons (CI −5.02 to 20.86) in the period before transgenic plant cultivation and −4.0 × 106 tons (CI −30.48 to 22.48) in the period after GMOs cultivation. These results clearly demonstrated that transgenic technology has failed to contribute to hunger and famine reduction. Unfortunately, food insecurity and world hunger are still a recurring problem in a significant number of countries.
The second hypotheses “There is a statistically significant correlation between stacked trait and global market value of biotech crops” have been confirmed as presented in Figure 12. A statistically significant correlation exists between global market value (G) (const price, 2002 = 100) of biotech crops and areas under stacked crops (S) (r = 0.984; p < 0.001). The regression analysis suggests that an increase in 1 million hectares under stacked crops causes an increase in global market value by 198.3 million in terms of 2002 US$ (Table 1). This can be represented by the following equation:
The results can lead us to conclusion that stacked traits obtained through more complex transformations potentially leading to a further enrichment of multinational companies.
Figure 12.
Correlation between global market value of transgenic crops and stacked crops. Authors’ calculations based on Refs. [21, 25–43].
BStd. Error
Table 1.
The regression analyses (stacked crops/global market value).
Finally, we pay attention to U.S. food aid which is in all forms procured by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and administered by either the USDA or the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). A substantial portion of the U.S. food aid is channeled through the WFP where the U.S. as the major donor provided over the last 18 years around 43% of total WFP contributions [63]. With some fluctuation, U.S. food aid increased 3.2 times in const prices and 4.5 times in current prices from 1996 to 2015 (Figure 13). Maximum value reached in 2008 in terms of 2002 US$ prices. Polynomial trend line equations in current and constant prices are as follows:
y= 0.009x60.556x5+11.99x4122.8x3+604.4x21169x+1183 (R2=0.826)E13
y= 0.008x60.482x5+10.5x4108.8x3+538.9x2103.4x+1147 (R2=0.721)E14
Figure 13.
The U.S. food aid (1996–2014). Author's calculations based on Refs. [63, 64].
Taking into consideration that the U.S. increases in food emergencies in the last two decades, we have settled our third, last research hypothesis: “There is a correlation between raising production of biotech crops in the U.S. and an increase of the U.S. food aid through WFP.” The results have shown significant correlation between U.S. GMOs areas (G) and the U.S. aid (A) (r = 0.72; p = 0.001) (Figure 14). The regression analysis (Table 2) suggests that an increase in 1 million hectares under biotech crops causes an increase in U.S. aid for 11.1 million US$ (const price, 2002 = 100) as expressed by the following equation:
Figure 14.
Correlation between U.S. GMOs areas and U.S. food aid. Authors’ calculation based on Refs. [21, 25–43, 63, 64].
BStd. Error
Table 2.
The regression analyses (GMOs/U.S. aid).
5. Conclusion
Unlike the Green revolution, in which public research institutes developed technologies and freely disseminated them around the world, Gene revolution is led by multinational corporations, which place on the market GM crops protected by patents. Despite the claims of GMOs impressive diffusion, unequal distribution is present in all segments. Herbicide tolerance and insect resistance are the main GM traits that are currently under commercial cultivation, and the main crops are soybean, maize, canola, and cotton. Soybean and maize share in the total acreage was 81% in 2015. The reason for such a large share is their widespread use as food, feed, for industrial purposes and for biofuels production. These two plant species are broadly present as ingredients of processed foods. For example, soya components are in margarine, cooking fat, mayonnaise, biscuits, coffee creams, fried products, ice creams, baked goods, chocolate, smoothies, tofu, sauces, as well as in meat, meat products, milk, and eggs (as 75% of soy worldwide is used for animal feed, especially for poultry and pigs) [65].
GM crops are grown by <1% of the world's farming population on 13% arable land mostly located in Americas and in some part of Asia. Transgenic technology is facing problems on all continents. Russia has learned a lesson from the past when even a strong nuclear power failed to provide food self‐sufficiency. That's why the modern tendency of the Russian Federation is to ensure food security. In case, it comes to fruition that Russia will be a key player in reshaping tomorrow's global food system. Because the U.S. is powerless to oppose the Russian ban on GMOs and because of strong possibility of further strengthening of the European opposition, the U.S. intensifies the pressure on week, poor countries or countries in transition to accept transgenic technology. Apart from several African countries (Cameroon, Egypt, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, and Uganda) where multinationals conducted in recent years field trials on GM crops as the penultimate step prior to its approval, in the Balkan region Serbia faces the greatest pressure to accept this technology. The reason lays in the facts that Serbia is leading agricultural country in the region, among the 10 largest world exporter of corn (non‐GM), one of the biggest European producing countries of non‐GM soya exporting soybean products into five continents and because the U.S. has lost export market for soybean meal. So far, 127 municipalities in Serbia have signed “declaration against GMOs.” On May 29, 2009, National Parliament adopted new law on GMOs that fully prohibit the possibility of commercial growing of GMOs, or trade and products derived from GMOs. On the other hand, corrupt politicians and livestock agribusiness sector are pressuring to amend the Law on GMOs. Although multinationals conduct court disputes with farmers who sown GM seed without paying from the countries that allow the GM cultivation, in Serbia as a part of its expansion, strategy does not require protection of patent rights for illegally planted seeds.
Transgenic technology has failed to contribute to hunger and famine reduction since there is no statistically significant per capita grain production differences between the two periods, period before GM cultivation and period after it. In order to ensure food security for a growing population, it is necessary to launch a new revolution in food production or revoke the patent protection of transgenic technology and develop crops and traits vitally important for poor farmers and developing countries. At present, generally speaking, the main winners are multinationals who as time passes more and more strengthening its financial position. It can be seen, inter alia, on the basis of a correlation between the stacked trait and global market value of biotech crops. U.S. food aid will still remain a controversial issue as there is a significant correlation between raising production of biotech crops in the U.S. and an increase in the U.S. food aid through WFP.
Finally, it is important that governments around the world provide a transparent source of information for consumers on GM foods, which clearly listed of what GM foods are on the market. That way, consumer rights to informed choice will be satisfied.
How to cite and reference
Link to this chapter Copy to clipboard
Cite this chapter Copy to clipboard
Tatjana Brankov, Koviljko Lovre, Bozidar Popovic and Vladimir Bozovic (December 14th 2016). Gene Revolution in Agriculture: 20 Years of Controversy, Genetic Engineering - An Insight into the Strategies and Applications, Farrukh Jamal, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/65876. Available from:
chapter statistics
1226total chapter downloads
More statistics for editors and authors
Access personal reporting
Related Content
This Book
Next chapter
New Approaches to Agrobacterium tumefaciens-Mediated Gene Transfer to Plants
By Mustafa Yildiz, Murat Aycan and Sunjung Park
Related Book
First chapter
Genetic Engineering: Altering the Threads of Life
By Tanim Arpit Singh, Trashi Singh, Ranjan Singh, Rajeeva Gaur, Prabhash Kumar Pandey and Farrukh Jamal
More About Us |
Previous CAT Questions - Solved (Logical Reasoning) - Set 5
• Sixteen teams have been invited to participate in the ABC Gold Cup cricket tournament. The tournament is conducted in two stages. In the first stage, the teams are divided into two groups. Each group consists of eight teams, with each team playing every other team in its group exactly once. At the end of the first stage, the top four teams from each group advance to the second stage while the rest are eliminated. The second stage comprises of several rounds. A round involves one match for each team. The winner of a match in a round advances to the next round, while the loser is eliminated; the team that remains undefeated in the second stage is declared the winner and claims the Gold Cup. The tournament rules are such that each match results in a winner and a loser with no possibility of a tie. In the first stage a team earns one point for each win and no points for a loss. At the end of the first stage teams in each group are ranked on the basis of total points to determine the qualifiers advancing to the next stage. Ties are resolved by a series of complex tie-breaking rules so that exactly four teams from each group advance to the next stage.
Q1) What is the total number of matches played in the tournament?
a. 28
b. 55
c. 63
d. 35
Q2) The minimum number of wins needed for a team in the first stage to guarantee its advancement to the next stage is:
a. 5
b. 6
c. 7
d. 4
Q3) What is the highest number of wins for a team in the first stage in spite of which it would be eliminated at the end of first stage?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
Q4) What is the number of rounds in the second stage of the tournament?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
Q5) Which of the following statements is true?
a. The winner will have more wins than any other team in the tournament.
b. At the end of the first stage, no team eliminated from the tournament will have more wins than any of the teams qualifying for the second stage.
c. It is possible that the winner will have the same number of wins in the entire tournament as a team eliminated at the end of the first stage.
d. The number of teams with exactly one win in the 2nd stage of the tournament is 4.
Group A & B has 8C2matches in the 1st round. Hence total 56 in 1st round. (1st stage)
4 teams from each group qualify to 2nd round, and play against each other once, eliminating 4 losers out of this. This round has 4 matches. (2nd stage)
Next round has 4 teams, and hence 2 matches and 2 losers. (2nd stage)
Next round has 2 teams, hence 1 match. (2nd stage)
Hence, there are totally, 56 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 63 matches.
Let the teams be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.
Let us assume
1 can defeat 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
2 can defeat 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.
3 can defeat 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.
Now we do not consider 4, 5, 6 as it is already defeated by 1,2 & 3.
7 can defeat 1, 4, 5, 6, 8
8 can defeat 1, 2, 4, 5, 6.
Here, we see that 5 teams can win 5 games each, and still 1 team will get eliminated.
Let us consider 6 games now:
1 can defeat 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
2 can defeat 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.
We will not consider 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 as they are defeated twice.
8 can defeat 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.
No other team can have 6 wins. So these 3 teams qualify for sure.
Hence 6 wins are required for a guaranteed position.
There are 28 matches in the 1st round, and hence 28 wins.
To find this, we have to assign maximum wins for 3 teams, and find the result for the 4th team. 1 team can win 7 matches, the next team a maximum of 6 matches, and the 3rd team can win a maximum of 5 matches. This means 18 wins for these 3 teams together.
There are 10 wins left, and 5 teams left. Hence, it is possible that each team can have 2 wins, and 1 out of this team can qualify for the next stage.
However, if a team wins only 1 game, there is no chance that it qualifies for the next stage.
As explained in Q#1, 2nd stage has 3 rounds, and 7 matches.
Consider 1st option. From Q#3, it is seen that a team with 2 wins can qualify for the 2nd round. 2nd round has 3 wins, and a team can win the tournament with as less as 5 games. It is possible that, in the opposite group a team can win 7 matches in the 1st round. Hence, the 1st option can be ruled out.
From Q#2, it is seen that a team can be eliminated even with 5 wins. At the same time, in the other group, it can happen as in Q#3, where a team can move to the next round with as less than 2 games. Hence this option can be ruled out.
Consider the 1st option of this question, where we proved that a team can win the tournament with 5 games. Also, from question# 2, a team with 5 wins can be eliminated. Hence this is true.
Consider the last option before the 3rd option, as it is very simple. There are 3 rounds in the 2nd stage- the one with 8 teams. 4 teams win and qualify to the next part of the 2nd round. Here 2 teams win and 2 teams lose. So, there are only 2 teams with exactly 1 win in the 2nd round. Hence this option can also be ruled out.
(CAT 2002)
Four students (Ashish, Dhanraj, Felix and Sameer) sat for the Common Entrance Exam for Management (CEEM). One student got admission offers from three National Institutes of Management (NIM), another in two NIMs, the third in one NIM, while the fourth got none. Below are some of the facts about who got admission offers from how many NlMs and what is their educational background.
The one who is an engineer didn’t get as many admissions as Ashish.
The one who got offer for admissions in two NIMs isn’t Dhanraj nor is he a chartered accountant.
Sameer is an economist.
Dhanraj isn’t an engineer and received more admission offers than Ashish.
The medical doctor got the most number of admission offers.
Which one of the following statements is necessarily true?
a. Ashish is a chartered accountant and got offer for admission in three NIMs.
b. Dhanraj is a medical doctor and got admission offer in one NIM.
c. Sameer is an economist who got admission offers in two NIMs.
d. Felix who is not an engineer did not get any offer for admission.
Read the entire question, and form a table.
Now we can deduce the following:
Ashish is not an engineer from clue 1, and Dhanraj is not an engineer from clue 4. Hence Felix is the engineer.
Ashish has more offers than the engineer, and Dhanraj has more offer than Ashish. i.e. Dhanraj > Ashish > Engineer. So, Dhanraj can either have 2 or 3 offers. But from clue 2, Dhanraj does not have 2 offers. Hence he has 3 offers, and he is the medical doctor.
So we know the profession of everyone now, Ashish is C.A
Clue 2 says that, C.A/Ashish does not have 2 offers, but he has more offers than engineer. So Ashish has 1 offer, engineer has 0, and economist 2.
The table looks like:
(CAT 2002)
Five boys went to a store to buy sweets. One boy had Rs. 40. Another boy had Rs. 30. Two other boys had Rs. 20 each. The remaining boy had Rs. 10. Below are some more facts about the initial and final cash positions.
Alam started with more than Jugraj.
Sandeep spent Rs. 1.50 more than Daljeet.
Ganesh started with more money than just only one other person.
Daijeet started with 2/3 of what Sandeep started with.
Alam spent the most, but did not end with the least.
Jugraj spent the least and ended with more than Alam or Daljeet.
Alam spent 10 times more than what Ganesh did.
Ganesh spent Rs 3.50
In the choices given below, all statements except one are false. Which one of the following statements can be true?
a. Alam started with Rs.40 and ended with Rs.9.50.
b. Sandeep started with Rs.30 and ended with Rs. 1 .00.
c. Ganesh started with Rs.20 and ended with Rs.4.00.
d. Jugraj started with Rs.10 and ended with Rs.7.00.
Read the question fully, and thoroughly. Work on the fixed details first, before moving to the conditional/confusing/’not-fixed’ statements.
So Ganesh started with more money than just 1 person. So Ganesh has 20Rs.
Daljeet is 2/3 of Sandeep. The only number divisible by 3 here is 30. So Sandeep has 30 and Daljeet has 20.
Alam has more money than Jugraj. So Alam has 40 and Jugraj 10.
A = 40, S = 30, D = 20, G = 20, J = 10
Now, we know the money spent by G = 3.5.
So A spent 3.5 * 10 = 35.
Let D spend x Rs.
So S spent x + 1.5.
Now we have the following after the money spent:
A has 5. Spent 35
G has 16.5. Spent 3.5
D has 20 – x and this is definitely lesser than 10.
S has 28.5 – x.
J has 10 – y. (y is the amount spent by J).
So, now we know Option 1 and 3 are wrong.
If S ended with 1Re, that means he spent 29rs, which means, D spent,
29 - 1.5 = 27.5 Rs. But that is not possible as D has only 20Rs with him.
So option 2 is also wrong.
Hence the correct one is option 4.
(CAT 2002)
In a hospital there were 200 Diabetes, 150 Hyperglycaemia and 150 Gastro-enteritis patients. Of these, 80 patients were treated for both Diabetic and Hyperglycaemia. Sixty patients were treated for Gastro-enteritis and Hyperglycaemia, while 70 were treated for Diabetes and Gastro-enteritis. Some of these patients have all the three diseases. Doctor Dennis treats patients with only Diabetes. Doctor Hormis treats patients with only Hyperglycaemia and Doctor Gerard treats patients with only Gastro-enteritis. Doctor Paul is a generalist. Therefore, he can treat patients with multiple diseases. Patients always prefer a specialist for their disease. If Dr. Dennis had 80 patients the other three doctors can be arranged in terms of the number of patients treated as:
a. Paul > Gerard > Hormis
b. Paul > Hormis > Gerard
c. Gerard > Paul > Hormis
d. none of these
Draw a pie chart.
Let x be the common portion of all the 3 – DGH = x.
DG = 70 – x
DH = 80 – x
HG = 60 – x
D = 80. And Total diabetes = 200.
So 80 + x + 70 – x + 80 – x = 200. x = 30. i.e. DGH = 30
DG = 40
DH = 50
GH = 30
D = 80
G = 50
H = 40.
Dennis = 80, Hormis = 40, Gerard = 50, Paul = 150.
(CAT 2002)
Three children won the prizes in the Bournvita Quiz contest. They are from the schools; Loyola, Convent, Little Flowers, which are located at different cities. Below are some of the facts about the schools, the children the city they are from:
One of the children is Bipin.
Loyola School’s contestant did not come first.
Little Flower’s contestant was named Riaz.
Convent School is not in Hyderabad.
The contestant from Pune took third place.
The contestant from Pune is not from Loyola School.
The contestant from Bangalore did not come first.
Convent School’s contestant’s name is not Balbir.
Which of the following statements is true?
a. 1st prize: Riaz (Little Flowers), 2nd prize: Bipin (Convent), 3rd prize: Balbir (Loyola).
b. 1st prize: Bipin (Convent), 2nd prize: Riaz (Little Flowers), 3rd prize: Balbir (Loyola)
c. 1st prize: Riaz (Little Flowers), 2nd prize: Balbir(Loyola), 3rd prize: Bipin (Convent).
d. 1st prize: Bipin (Convent), 2nd prize: Balbir (Loyola), 3rd prize: Riaz(Little Flowers)
Read the question fully and thoroughly, form a table, with the “fixed” data available, taking 1 data at a time. i.e. either school, else place, else prize.
We can easily map the student with the school, as Riaz’s school is given, and Balbir is not from Convent. So, he will be from Loyola. Bipin is from Convent, hence.
Now, Loyola is not 1st (Clue 2). So Loyola has to be 2nd or 3rd.
Pune is 3rd (Clue 5), Loyola is not in Pune (Clue 6). So Loyola can only be 2nd.
Bangalore is not 1st, and Pune is 3rd, so Bangalore is 2nd, and Loyola is in Bangalore hence.
The rest of the table can be filled easily, Convent is not in Hyderabad, hence LF is in Hyderabad, and Convent is in Pune with 3rd place.
Log in to reply |
Demise of the Weimar Republic
Germany had never had a democracy before and felt that the Allies had forced this treaty upon them. Even Prince Max of Beden did not want a democracy for Germany. Because this new government had signed the treaty they were now known as the ‘November Criminals’ and were loathed by everyone. According to Henig, ‘It was the acknowledgement of defeat.. which they found so hard to accept. ’ The historian Friedrich Meinecke observed that, for true Germans, loyalty to the ‘Fatherland required disloyalty to the republic’.
In a sense the Weimar Republic was a “democracy without democrats” Treaty of Versailles The military defeat of Germany in November 1918 came as a genuine shock to most Germans, who had believed that Germany would be victorious in the war. When seeking armistice in the same month, Germans expected the peace settlement to be based on President Wilson’s 14 points and although they also did not expect a soft treaty, it was greater then imagined. The Treaty was a complete humiliation for Germany and was a dent to national pride.
It had to be accepted however as the allies threatened To resume war again and still maintained a naval blockade so consequently on the 28th of June, 1919, the Treaty was signed. As a result of the Treaty, Germany lost all of its colonies including Alsace and Lorraine. The army was reduced to 100,000 men, with further restrictions placed on naval and air force. 33 million dollars of reparations had to be paid and these economic provisions of the treaty effectively weakened Germany’s capacity to pay by 1924.
The Weimar Republic and the democracy were weakened because both were always associated with the Treaty of Versailles. This was a constant theme used by those who opposed the republic and the democratic system. Because this new government had signed the treaty they were now known as the ‘November Criminals’ and were loathed by everyone. According to Henig, ‘It was the acknowledgement of defeat.. which they found so hard to accept. ’ Period of Hyperinflation Hyperinflation gave the people of Germany another reason to find fault in the democratic Weimar Government.
Louis Snyder wrote that it was “these people who later turned to Adolf Hitler as the messiah to lead them out of financial chaos”. Immediately after the war, Germany had little capacity for economic recovery as key industrial resources had been lost in the Treaty and had little export trade and consequently unable to attract any major foreign investment loans. To get more finance, the German government’s response was to print more money so the value of German currency continued to fall. Before the US dollar has been 4. 2 marks, by 1920 it was worth 64. marks thus German taxation increased. Anyone with access to even a few pounds became a trillionaires over night. The losers of the hyperinflation were those with a fixed income, the working class, people living off their savings and wage earners. By June 1923, the government had lost control of the economy, as strikes swepped the country as workers protested about the rising unemployment and the failure of their wages to keep up with the cost of living. In August, the govenment finally fell, with President Ebert called or the leader of the German people party, Streseman, to form a new party. He formed the ‘great coalition’ which brought together left and right wing. In the next six years, German society picked up with the induction into the League of Nations, the Dawes plan of 1924 which provided foreign loans to Germany and the Young Plan which saw the reduction in Germany’s reparation figure by 95 million. The downside of Germany’s new economic prosperity meant that society was living off borrowed money and was over-dependant on foreign loans and investment.
The economic power was concentrated in the hands of influential industrialists and bankers and employment was still on the rise. Within these six years, the Weimar republic surprisingly enjoyed a period of relative political stability. President Ebert’s sudden death in 1925 followed President Hindenburg into the role. He’s election reconciled many in the army to support the republic goldern years– that “this was merely nothing more than depictive stability” d. packart. The Depression Historian W.
M Simon wrote, “The depression had created a situation in which parliamentary government broke down, opening the way to presidential government by decree…The more openly the political parties became parliamentary pressure groups, the more the parliamentary process (and the democratic process) as a whole fell into discredit”. The great depression of 1929 occurred very suddenly and ended the period of relative affluence for Germany. The depression was the result of substantial amounts of investment from overseas and the high interest rates of 1928 which consequently left the economy with a reduction in economic activity and employment.
Consequently social spending reduced and people were left without food and shelter which created overall bitterness. In response the government chose to follow a policy of deflation in which they cut expenditure and attempted to balance the budget. Throughout this extremely stressful time, the fear of communism had increased enormously. Membership of the Communist Party grew enormously and most feared that if a revolution occurred, German people would have their private property confiscated.
Therefore, most were heartened by the strongly anti communist position taken by Hitler and his Nazi Party. “dependent on the American economy, made Germany vulnerable to the instabilities of the world markets” W. link 1970. Rise of the Extremists and Hitler/National Socialists – Failure of the German Democracy 1930-33 By 1930 Mullers government had failed to deal with the Depression. Bruning was appointed chancellor and in July his budget passed the Reichstag using article 48. At the same time the Nazi’s attacked the republic, critizing its weak parliamentary system.
They promised to revitalize Germany with determination and conviction, offering hope to the middle class, small business operators and rural/farming population “The Depression put the wind into Hitler’s sails” (Taylor). In September 1930, the Reichstag Elections saw the Nazi’s win 107 seats in the Reichstag in which they previously held 12. the Reichstag became virtually unworkable as the Nazi’s, communists and Nationalist all opposed Bruning. Another critiscm of the Weimar constitution was Article 48 where in an emergency the president could override any laws, the opinions of the Reichstag and the people.
He could also have total control of the army to ‘restore order’. With the army on his side and the republic disregarded, the President would have total control. Evidently from the above paragraphs one can conclude that the Weimar Republic did not collapse due to one reason but was a process consisting of a number of long and short term events. The Republic was flawed and weak from its beginning in 1919 and it was a miracle that it survived until 1933 in a country that opposed the Republic as a whole.
Order a unique copy of this paper
(550 words)
Approximate price: $22
Basic features
• Free title page and bibliography
• Unlimited revisions
• Plagiarism-free guarantee
• Money-back guarantee
• 24/7 support
On-demand options
• Writer’s samples
• Part-by-part delivery
• Overnight delivery
• Copies of used sources
• Expert Proofreading
Paper format
• 275 words per page
• 12 pt Arial/Times New Roman
• Double line spacing
Our guarantees
Money-back guarantee
Read more
Zero-plagiarism guarantee
Read more
Free-revision policy
Read more
Privacy policy
Read more
Fair-cooperation guarantee
Read more
Calculate the price of your order
550 words
Total price:
The price is based on these factors:
Academic level
Number of pages |
What is the LPN Code of Ethics?| Stone Academy
In a profession like practical nursing, which deals with the treatment of people, a Code of Ethics acts as a non-negotiable, governing document. Essentially, it is a contract that establishes practice standards for nurses at all career stages, nationwide. The LPN Code of Ethics, called the Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements, is published by the American Nurses Association (ANA).
As the nursing field evolves, so does the code, and Licensed Practical Nurses (LPNs) are expected to stay up-to-date as new amendments are incorporated. This Code of Ethics was officially adopted more than 70 years ago, in 1950, and the most recent version was released in 2015.
While representing America’s millions of nurses across the United States, the ANA is committed to advancing the nursing profession in four key ways:
1. By fostering high standards of nursing practice;
2. Promoting a work environment that is safe and ethical;
3. Bolstering the health and wellness of nurses; and
4. Acting as an advocacy voice for pressing healthcare issues.
As you’ll soon discover, the Code of Ethics for Nurses addresses each point in this organization’s charter, through nine specific provisions. For emerging LPNs, gaining familiarity with the Code of Ethics for Nurses is essential in the earliest moments of the training process. It sets the tone for how and why you provide care, and offers protections for both you and your patients.
First, let’s talk about the noun, “ethics” and its adjective, “ethical.” Why is this document called the Code of Ethics, and not described as a “moral” code? Don’t these words basically mean the same thing? Not exactly. Ethics is a theoretical reflection on morality. Morality describes values, character, or conduct, while ethics is a formal study of the former, bringing logical, philosophical, and analytical reasoning into focus. “Ethics” and “morality” are often incorrectly used in an interchangeable fashion, but now you know the difference. The 2015 version of the Code of Ethics for Nurses, for the first time in history, takes into account the evolution of the English language, and has included a glossary to define the use of important terms like these. This ensures that all readers are interpreting the same meaning. Reinforcing a common understanding is key to the success of any governing document. It mitigates misinterpretations and therefore decreases the potential for judicial action when disagreements arise.
The nine provisions of the Code of Ethics for Nurses are as follows:
Provision 1 – The nurse practices with compassion and respect for the inherent dignity, worth, and unique attributes of every person.
Provision 2 – The nurse’s primary commitment is to the patient, whether an individual, family, group, community, or population.
Provision 3 – The nurse promotes, advocates for, and protects the rights, health, and safety of the patient.
Provision 8 – The nurse collaborates with other health professionals and the public to protect human rights, promote health diplomacy, and reduce health disparities.
These provisions are just the tip of the iceberg. The full Code of Ethics for Nurses elaborates with greatly detailed subtopics for each.
The LPN Code of Ethics helps practical nurses do their jobs, because every single day in this profession involves making decisions about ethical dilemmas. Nurses must balance their duty to provide advocacy and justice, while honoring the patient’s right to autonomy. The Code of Ethics offers proper guardrails that help in the toughest situations, and often make LPNs mirror superheroes. We’ve seen the evidence of this up close, throughout the Coronavirus pandemic. We watched nurses face unbelievable choices, including how to ethically prioritize care. One CNN writer explores how we began to use terms for decisions about patient care during COVID-19 that actually have their roots in warfare, such as, “triage.” Ethics will continue to be a hot topic in healthcare in 2021 as America launches into further plans for healing from the pandemic, and as healthcare policy reforms are introduced by the new administration.
It’s a great time to get started on your LPN career path with a program like Stone Academy’s LPN school. Graduates become eligible for fulfilling nursing roles in hospitals, long-term healthcare facilities, rehabilitation, and much more. Reach out to 800-585-1315 with your questions, or request information on our website. Since there are no required prerequisite courses, you can look forward to becoming a nurse in just 16 months, and providing the same ethical care that we are all so thankful for. |
COVID Vaccine Facts Myths
Myths about the coronavirus seem to have spread as widely as the virus itself, so it is important we all get the facts, especially when it comes to the vaccine.
And the most important COVID vaccine fact: The best way to protect yourself and others from the virus is to get the vaccine when it is available to you.
Here we bust some myths about vaccines in general, below we debunk myths about the COVID vaccine.
Learn More: COVID Vaccine Versus New Virus Strains
Myth: COVID-19 vaccines can give you COVID-19.
Fact: You cannot get COVID-19 from a vaccine.
Vaccines work by training your body into developing immunity to a germ but not actually making you sick. Your body detects what seems to be the germ and makes antibodies protect you in the future. Having side effects is actually a sign that the vaccine is triggering your immune system.
The messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines, created by Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna, tell our cells to make "spike proteins," which are similar to the proteins in the novel coronavirus. They make the body believe it's infected with the virus, even though your body does not have the germ. Once the antibodies are produced, they help prevent us from getting infected if we come in contact with the real virus.
Learn More: How mRNA Vaccines Work
Myth: The COVID-19 vaccines were rushed and are not safe.
Fact: Safety standards were not weakened to speed up the vaccines.
The vaccines for the novel coronavirus went through the same layers of review and testing as other vaccines. The COVID vaccine process did not skip any testing steps or safety reviews — instead, many of those steps are occurring at the same time and with more speed and additional funding than during pre-pandemic times.
Learn More: How the Vaccines Were Tested and Developed
Myth: Once I get the vaccine, I will no longer need to wear a mask.
Fact: We don't know which vaccines, if any, will keep you from spreading the disease to others because clinical testing was not set up to answer that question.
Also, a vaccine is only the first step in helping end the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic. Until vaccination is widespread and we can do more studies about how it spreads when many people are vaccinated, we must keep following social distancing and mask-wearing.
Learn More: Mask Myths and Facts
Myth: People who are pregnant or breastfeeding or have allergies cannot get the COVID-19 vaccines.
Fact: While people who are pregnant or breastfeeding or have allergies may need to take extra precautions, they are able to get the vaccine at this time.
Although pregnant and breastfeeding women were not included in vaccine clinical trials, when the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) authorized the vaccines for emergency use, it noted that these women may opt to get the vaccine, if they choose. If you are pregnant, plan to become pregnant or are breastfeeding, talk to your doctor to ensure they recommend vaccination.
Similarly, those with a history of severe allergies (like anaphylaxis) or allergies that require an EpiPen should also talk to their doctor before being.
Learn More: Pregnancy and COVID
Myth: If you previously had COVID-19, you don't need to be vaccinated.
Fact: The Centers for Disease Control says that people who have had the coronavirus should still be able to get the vaccine because we don't know how long any protection from or immunity to the virus will last.
Those with a COVID-19 infection within 90 days may choose to delay vaccination so those who remain unprotected receive the vaccine first, but they should still be vaccinated.
Learn More: Coronavirus Immunity
Updated 1/28/2021
|
Big Screen: Are space ships really possible?
At the heart of many a good science-fiction tale you will find space ships that can travel across the Galaxy. Could this ever happen?
Any space adventure that goes beyond the Moon or Mars inevitably trips up when it comes to the practicalities of travel. Quite often the most satisfactory explanations are those which don’t really mean anything. For ‘Star Trek’, dilithium crystals just did the job and without further examination we were motoring along at warp factor 2.
Recently at Big Screen we looked at ‘High Life’ and ‘IO’, both of which required interstellar travel although, in fairness, neither was looking too far beyond our galactic neighbours. In practice, travel to the nearest star (other than the Sun), Alpha Centauri cluster, within a single lifetime might remain beyond us unless there is a dramatic breakthrough in technology.
Even with the invention of a drive light powerful enough to propel matter to a significant percentage of the speed of light, travel would come with a serious health warning because even comparatively benign photons would be blue-shifted (decreased wavelength, increase in energy and increase in frequency) to lethality. It is hard to imagine any material being strong enough to protect the occupants.
One distant possibility is to borrow a sleight of hand from science fiction and, instead of making things travel faster, move the space around the ship. Is such a warp drive feasible? It is as long as some parts of physics turn out to be more than mathematical tricks. Quantum physics, for example, admits the possibility of negative probability. The lack of an intuitive explanation of how such probabilities work is just one reason why physicists tend to fall in with the Copenhagen interpretation (that quantum stalwart of ‘superposition’) and ‘just do the maths’, rather than attempt to build a colloquial rationale for what happens in the quantum world.
Quantum physicist Paul Dirac wrote in 1942: “Negative energies and probabilities should not be considered as nonsense. They are well-defined concepts mathematically, like a negative of money.”
A quarter of a century ago, Miguel Alcubierre, a scientist working at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), picked up on the idea and speculated that negative energy could play a significant role in faster-than-light travel. Much more recently, the US Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) declassified a decade-old document authored by a pair of consultants who described various theoretical ways faster-than-light drives might operate with a stronger focus than Alcubierre’s proposal on quantum-level phenomena, such as the Casimir effect. That effect is one that demonstrates negative energy, albeit on a much smaller scale than any starship would need.
To get any appreciable effect, the curvature of spacetime has to be dramatic: on the scale of a black hole’s event horizon. And the backside of the bubble needs to bend space dramatically the other way complete with effects that reverse those of gravity. However, if we assume that negative energy and a few other prerequisites do exist, the power of a drive that warps space is that it neatly works around the problem of trying to achieve anything close to lightspeed. It reworks spacetime to reduce the distance to the destination while pushing the bubble rapidly away from the origin. In doing so, no laws of relativity are harmed let alone broken.
The warp bubble does have problems and does not entirely dispense with the radiation problem. The strange behaviour of spacetime around the boundaries of the bubble would probably protect its occupants. But any energy in front of the craft would be blue-shifted to an extreme degree because of the collapsing spacetime and possibly trapped until the bubble dissipates. That could be dangerous in its own way. As the warp field collapses at the destination, the trapped high-energy photons are finally released into surrounding space in a calamitious explosion.
Even without such exotic means of transport, which are so theoretical that estimations of such practicalities as fuel or design are impossible, the costs involved for interstellar travel using existing technology would be insurmountable according to André Füzfa, astrophysicist and professor at the department of mathematics at the University of Namur. His research into the costs and practicalities of space travel unearthed the headline fact that a manned 100-tonne space mission to the closest star to Earth would cost about 15 times the annual world energy production. “It is often (naively?!) hoped that moving to other star systems will be our only escape if one day this planet becomes inhospitable,” says Füzfa. “But actually, developing interstellar travel might well precipitate the exhaust of our planet resources.”
The human race has a pretty good track record in innovation and so it would be foolish to claim it is never going to happen. However, whether judging the space-bending requirements of sci-fi space craft or the engineering limitations of the those we have now, it looks like mankind will have to settle for planet Earth as its home for the foreseeable future.
Show More
Related Articles
Leave a Reply
Back to top button |
Lapwing, Northern
Name: Lapwing, Northern
Scientific name: Vanellus vanellus
Type: Lapwings and Plovers
Color: Brown,Green,White
Habitat: Coast,Ocean,Water
Size: 30cm
Conservation status:
Winter Visitor
Unmistakable with long up-turned crest and greenish upperparts; in flight, broad rounded wings show no wing-bar. In winter upperparts have narrow pale scaling to feathers. Often in large flocks outside breeding season. |
Cost-efficient separation of tritium from water with bio-based systems - BIOTRISEP, 1. 9. 2020 - 31. 8. 2023, Marko Štrok
Nuclear installations release approx. 4.4E+16 Bq/year of tritium to the environment worldwide. There is currently no cost-efficient technology to separate tritium from water and mitigate the releases. The purpose of the project is to design and test different bio-based systems for cost-efficient separation of tritium. Nobody tried this before. The microbial approach will exploit microorganisms, which utilizes water during their metabolism. The idea is that light water molecules will be preferentially converted to hydrogen and oxygen during such processes. As a consequence, remaining water will be enriched in tritium. This process should be equivalent to electrolysis, which is currently the best technology available but operational costs are too expensive for large scale application as up to 10 MW are needed for electrolysis of 1 cubic meter of water. Microbially assisted enrichment of tritium should be more cost-effective as enrichment is part of regular metabolic activity of microbes. Produced hydrogen can be coupled with fuel cells to produce electricity. In addition, during hydrogen production CO2 is consumed, which decreases greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The overall objective of the project is to demonstrate feasibility of cost-efficient separation of tritium by using bio-based system. The vision is to scale up bio-based tritium separation and commercialize it for the benefit of the society and environment.
Project team: Marko Štrok, Aleš Lapanje, Raghuraj Singh Chouhan, Tomaž Rijavec, Borut Smodiš, Ljudmila Benedik, Leja Rovan
Funding Body:
ARRSLogo 2016 ang2
Pert Chart:
pert chart snip |
During rebellion of the sixties was lead by
Published by admin on
During the decade of the 1960;s, the United States began to fully celebrate youth culture in a way that had only begun to brew in the 1950;s.Youth culture began to rise and was thrust into mainstream America because what was occurring was a widespread rebellion against the mass society occurring in young, college students. It was a rebellion against the 1960;s politics of the United States, the Vietnam War, and the culture of the older generation in general.However, this rebellion occurred exclusively among American youth that came from white, middle to upper class, and affluent families and were given the privilege of attending college.While the sense of alienation and estrangement was certainly present in the entire generation, rebellion was only able to occur among youth that were so spoiled with affluence that they had the ability to rebel without any inhibitions.
The 1960;s were a time of an approaching revolution for the United States, and it can be credited, in a large part to, American youth.The youth rebellion of the sixties was lead by college students that felt alienated, estranged, and distant from their parents, the American dream, and the older generation.These students rebelled against mainstream culture, largely opposed to the Vietnam War, and rallied for the Civil Rights Movement.The reasoning behind their rebellion came from a desire for a revolution.However, the significance of the sixties youth culture is not solely in the rebellion itself, but in the fact that it was exclusively college students whom were doing the rebelling.The students that were dissatisfied by the American dream in which their parents had in store for them were completely middle to upper class whites that came from affluent backgrounds.They were so spoiled by this privileged upbringing that they had no idea what it felt like to be oppressed, and therefore were completely able to rebel and held no inhi…
Categories: United States
I'm Iren!
Check it out |
About Seesaw Sign Up
Teachers, save “Conflict in Ancient Greece: Hoplite” to assign it to your class.
Alex Newman
Student Instructions
Conflict in Ancient Greece: Hoplite
1. Research online to find out what a hoplite is. 2. Tap to open the template. 3. Write 2 sentences to explain what a hoplite is. 4. Find a picture online and to the template. 5. Tap to submit.
5th Grade, 4th Grade, 6th Grade, Special Education, History
153 teachers like this
Students will edit this template: |
You start your assessment post with a short introduction to the work you've made.
In this introduction you can outline how the past 100 days in isolation have affected your work and/or interests. When were you able to find meaning in creating something again and which project was that? Did you learn a new coding language or application/software? Did you spend your time experimenting in extracurricular projects and media in order to stay sane?
This is where you write an index to your assessment consisting of the projects you will include in your schouw presentation:
1. Solitude | Dood Hert
2. Frustration | A 1 Hour Sit
3. Activism | Street Repair Love Song
4. Techno album (extracurricular)
5. Graffiti experiment (extracurricular)
Dood Hert
Here you can write a bit about the process of this project.
You can add images in-line by clicking the + icon on the left.
By selecting text and pasting a URL after clicking the link icon, make a link.
This is useful in the index above, but can also be used to link to a specific project you already posted about making a podcast about color.
So in this assessment post you write about the process for every subject in the index. You can included sketches and images of that process and explain about techniques you used. That way, teachers can read about your progress and get some context first before looking at the project posts themselves. This way the project posts can stay simple and just show the result.
If you are finished making your assessment post you need to go to 'post settings'.
You get there by clicking on the little cog-wheel in your top right hand corner.
There you can select an image, set a custom URL and choose the tags corresponding with your projects. |
Table of Contents
Topic review
Naegeli-Franceschetti-Jadassohn Syndrome/Dermatopathia Pigmentosa Reticularis
Subjects: Genetics
View times: 3
Submitted by: Rita Xu
(This entry belongs to Entry Collection "MedlinePlus ")
Naegeli-Franceschetti-Jadassohn syndrome/dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis (NFJS/DPR) represents a rare type of ectodermal dysplasia, a group of about 150 conditions characterized by abnormal development of ectodermal tissues including the skin, hair, nails, teeth, and sweat glands. NFJS and DPR were originally described as separate conditions; however, because they have similar features and are caused by mutations in the same gene, they are now often considered forms of the same disorder.
1. Introduction
Among the most common signs of NFJS/DPR is a net-like pattern of dark brown or gray skin coloring, known as reticulate hyperpigmentation. This darker pigmentation is seen most often on the neck, chest, and abdomen, although it can also occur in and around the eyes and mouth. Reticulate hyperpigmentation appears in infancy or early childhood. It may fade with age or persist throughout life.
NFJS/DPR also affects the skin on the hands and feet. The skin on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet often becomes thick, hard, and callused, a condition known as palmoplantar keratoderma. Some affected individuals also have blistering on their palms and soles. Their fingernails and toenails may be malformed, brittle, and either thicker or thinner than usual. Most affected individuals are missing the patterned ridges on the skin of the hands and feet, called dermatoglyphs, that are the basis for each person's unique fingerprints.
Additional features of NFJS/DPR can include a reduced ability to sweat (hypohidrosis) or excess sweating (hyperhidrosis) and dental abnormalities. Some affected individuals also have hair loss (alopecia) on the scalp, eyebrows, and underarms. The alopecia is described as noncicatricial because it does not leave scars (cicatrices).
2. Frequency
NFJS/DPR is a rare condition; its prevalence is unknown. Only a few affected families have been reported in the medical literature.
3. Causes
NFJS/DPR results from mutations in the KRT14 gene. This gene provides instructions for making a protein called keratin 14. Keratins are tough, fibrous proteins that provide strength and resiliency to the outer layer of the skin (the epidermis). Researchers believe that keratin 14 may also play a role in the formation of sweat glands and the development of dermatoglyphs.
The KRT14 gene mutations that cause NFJS/DPR most likely reduce the amount of functional keratin 14 that is produced in cells. A shortage of this protein makes cells in the epidermis more likely to self-destruct (undergo apoptosis). The resulting loss of these cells alters the normal development and structure of ectodermal tissues, which likely underlies most of the skin and nail problems characteristic of NFJS/DPR. However, it is unclear how a shortage of keratin 14 is related to changes in skin pigmentation.
4. Inheritance
5. Other Names for This Condition
• DPR
• Franceschetti-Jadassohn syndrome
• Naegeli syndrome
• Naegeli-Franceschetti-Jadassohn syndrome
• NFJ syndrome
• NFJS
• NFJS/DPR
The entry is from
1. Heimer WL 2nd, Brauner G, James WD. Dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis: areport of a family demonstrating autosomal dominant inheritance. J Am AcadDermatol. 1992 Feb;26(2 Pt 2):298-301.
2. Itin PH, Lautenschlager S, Meyer R, Mevorah B, Rufli T. Natural history of theNaegeli-Franceschetti-Jadassohn syndrome and further delineation of its clinical manifestations. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1993 Jun;28(6):942-50.
3. Lugassy J, Itin P, Ishida-Yamamoto A, Holland K, Huson S, Geiger D, HenniesHC, Indelman M, Bercovich D, Uitto J, Bergman R, McGrath JA, Richard G, Sprecher E. Naegeli-Franceschetti-Jadassohn syndrome and dermatopathia pigmentosareticularis: two allelic ectodermal dysplasias caused by dominant mutations inKRT14. Am J Hum Genet. 2006 Oct;79(4):724-30.
4. Lugassy J, McGrath JA, Itin P, Shemer R, Verbov J, Murphy HR, Ishida-Yamamoto A, Digiovanna JJ, Bercovich D, Karin N, Vitenshtein A, Uitto J, Bergman R,Richard G, Sprecher E. KRT14 haploinsufficiency results in increasedsusceptibility of keratinocytes to TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis and causesNaegeli-Franceschetti-Jadassohn syndrome. J Invest Dermatol. 2008Jun;128(6):1517-24. |
Find the word definition
'''Myaung ''' is a town in the Sagaing Region in central Myanmar. It is a crowded and peaceful town where is located on the west bank of the Ayeyarwady River. It is a region between the Rivers of Ayeyarwady and Chindwin. There are many ancient and historical pagodas, monasteries, and places in Myaung Township. Myaung Township is officially demarcated with the neighbour boundaries of Chaung-U in the north-west, of Myinmu in the east and north east. In the township of Myaung, Kyauk Nagar Mountain is very famous, where very ancient rocky statues like the rocky dragon-shaped statues are found, and the Buddhist Region rich of many pagodas is situated. Myaung Township is one of the townships which were historically concerned with King Kyansit like Chaung-U Township. There are also many pagodas or Buddhist temples and monasteries of or built by King Kyansittha at the age of Bagan. It is a crowded town since it is located on the west bank of the river. To get there, there is Myaung-Payeinma Road, turning in from the Monywa- Mandalay one.
Myaung is located in the western part of Sagaing District, 14 miles away from and in south-west of Myinmu, at the basin area between two rivers of Irrawady meeting with Chindwin and at the right bank of Irrawady. It is a town of Myaung township. It has an area of 179 square miles. The rural road of Chaung-U-Ma Yoe Kone pass through the town.
In order to protect the flooding risk, a dam is damned on North Main Lake called Myauk Inn Ma Kyi. Myinchan- Mandalay ships moored at harbour in the town.
Population of the town was 6,853 people according to the number of census at 1953. There are administration office, police station, public hospital, basic education high school and other official buildings in the town. According to census at 1956, population of the township was 60,079 people. There were 38 fields of headmen at the township ago. It was a township governed by grooms at the age of kings and under the governance of Shwebo Mayor at that time. Then, it was also under Ellakappa mayor. Myaung township was known Paung Myaung Teik ago and it was founded by Bagan King Narapatisithu.
Myaung (disambiguation)
Myaung may refer to several places in Burma:
• Myaung -town in Sagaing Region
• Myaung Township-township in Sagaing Region
• Myaung, Okpho |
Question: Is There A Way To Make Wood Fireproof?
Is baking soda a fire retardant?
Water, baking soda, and boric acid retard flames.
Flame retardants may make it more difficult for a fire to start or slow its rate of propagation, but they do not make the material completely fireproof.
The paper strips will eventually burn if left in the flame..
What type of wood is fire resistant?
The King of Fire-resistant Wood When it comes to fire-resistant wood, the king is Ipe wood, of course. As we’ve said before they don’t call it ironwood for nothing.
How do you fireproof timber?
For sheds, summerhouses and similar constructs, adding insulation can also work to help prevent fires. Fire resistant insulation, such as fibreglass or sheep’s wool, should be added to the roof and walls of your timber constructs, as this can help to keep the building cooler in the summer, reducing the risk of fire.
What is the most heat resistant wood?
Heavy, dense woods like ironwood will provide better heat resistance than lighter woods, of course. But even lighter woods can be stabilized to provide additional heat resistance. Finishing is also a factor. Varnish is the most heat resistant finish.
Is plywood a fire hazard?
The glues used to make plywood are plastic compounds and more flammable than just wood sawdust. In its material safety data sheet on plywood, the Weyerhaeuser Corporation, a large manufacturer of plywood, noted that plywood dust is a combustion hazard if sufficient quantities become airborne.
Is fire retardant plywood non combustible?
Fire-retardant plywood is a great way to reduce the risk of a fire outbreak and minimize the spread of any fire inside of your residential or commercial property. … Fire-retardant plywood is not considered non-combustible, but it can often be used in place of non-combustible materials in certain situations.
How do you make homemade fire retardant?
Formula 4: From the National Fire Protection Association 9 oz Borax Powder; 4 oz Boric Acid; 1 gallon of water . Mix thoroughly and spray on or dip. Solution should drip off material. Before using any flame-treated fabrics on stage, the material should be tested to make sure that the fabric is indeed flame retardant.
Is there a fireproof paint?
Flame Control Fire Retardant Paints are decorative, protective coatings designed to reduce the spread of flames in the event of fire. These coatings have the appearance of traditional paints and varnishes, comply with building and fire codes, and give the substrate rated flame spread protection.
What are some fireproof materials?
Fire resistant building materials include:Fire-Rated Glass.Concrete.Fire Bricks.Fire Retardant Wood.Drywall Type X.Fire-Rated Doors.Dual-Pane Windows.Treated Fibers.More items…•
How long does fire retardant spray last?
10 yearsA household spray bottle can be used for smaller ones, and unopened containers of the retardant will last up to 10 years. Safe-T-Guard is intended for long-term indoor use, not for a last-minute outdoor application like Garrett’s.
What is the treatment for making timber fire resistant?
The antipyrines containing salts of ammonium or boric and phosphoric acids are considered to be the best in making the timber fire-resistant.
What is a natural fire retardant?
Normally, cotton fabrics are highly flammable, but when coated with herring sperm DNA, the fabric refuses to burn. These ingredients eventually stop combustion by forming a mix of a carbon-rich foam and a protective, glassy carbon coating (called char). …
Can you make wood fireproof?
While methods of making wood almost completely fireproof are available, most of these involve expensive materials or processes requiring special materials. Fortunately you can make a simple spray- or paint-on mixture at home out of easily-obtained chemicals that will help retard flame.
How do you make plywood fire resistant?
Purchasing fire-retardant-treated wood (FRTW) is the best way to ensure your plywood in any application is protected from fire….Gather MaterialsZinc chloride.Ferric chloride.Boric acid.Ammonium phosphate.
At what temperature does plywood combust?
The thermal degradation and ignition point of wood and plywood may be generalized by the following: 230° to 302° F (110° C to 150° C): The wood will char over time with the formation of charcoal.
How can you tell if plywood is fire rated?
The Uniform Building Code says this: A Fire-Retardant-Treated backboard will be designated with a fire-rated stamp “branded” or “stamped” along the edge or center of the plywood — “UL FR-S Plywood 1780 R-7003.” I always look for the stamp.
Is fire retardant wood pressure treated?
A durable and leach resistant Class A fire retardant, FRX® treatment reduces flame spread and smoke development in exposed structures. Wood pressure treated with FRX® fire retardant is code-compliant and has been issued an evaluation report (ESR-1159) by International Code Council (ICC) Evaluation Services.
Is fire treated wood water resistant?
A: It depends. Fire retardant lumber intended for interior use should stay dry. … We also offer fire retardant lumber for exterior use, which can get wet. Water-repellent preservatives are recommended for wood used in applications directly exposed to weather. |
Q. 184.6( 9 Votes )
<span lang="EN-US
Answer :
During denaturation, 2-degree and 3-degree structures of proteins are destroyed but 1-degree structure remains intact. As a result of denaturation, The globular proteins (soluble in water) are converted into Fibrous proteins (insoluble in water) and their biological activity is lost. For example, boiled egg which contains coagulated proteins cannot be hatched to produce chickens.
Rate this question :
How useful is this solution?
Dedicated counsellor for each student
24X7 Doubt Resolution
Daily Report Card
Detailed Performance Evaluation
view all courses
Explain the termsChemistry - Exemplar
Write the structuChemistry - Exemplar
Protein found in Chemistry - Exemplar |
What Do Fertilizer Numbers Mean (NPK Ratio Explained)
If you are just getting started with gardening, the labels on a bag of fertilizer can be confusing. The three numbers on a fertilizer label, such as 10-10-10, are important to understand before using the fertilizer in your garden.
So, what do fertilizer numbers mean? The three numbers on a bag of fertilizer, separated by dashes, represent what is called an N-P-K ratio. Each number represents the percentage by weight of the corresponding nutrient contained in the fertilizer. For example: a bag of fertilizer labelled “15-10-5” would contain 15% nitrogen (N) by weight, 10% phosphorus (P) by weight, and 5% potassium (K) by weight.
Of course, just knowing what these three numbers mean is not enough to make a good decision about the use of fertilizer. You should also understand why each of the three nutrients is important. You should also be aware of the factors that determine what type of fertilizer to use, and how much to use. Otherwise, you can damage or kill your plants by over fertilizing.
What Do Fertilizer Numbers Mean? (NPK Ratio Explained)
Remember that nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (or NPK) are not the only nutrients that plants need for survival and growth. However, out of all the nutrients, plants will use more NPK (“the big three”, as I like to call them) than any other nutrients.
You might still be wondering what “percentage by weight” means. Let’s look at an example to clear things up.
Let’s consider the same bag of fertilizer from the example above: it is labelled 15-10-5. Let’s say that the fertilizer weighs 40 pounds total.
Since the bag is 15% nitrogen by weight, it contains 15% x 40 pounds = 6 pounds of nitrogen. Similarly, the bag contains 10% x 40 = 4 pounds of phosphorus, and 5% x 40 = 2 pounds of potassium.
In total, the 40 pound bag of fertilizer contains 6 + 4 + 2 = 12 pounds of NPK nutrients. The other 28 pounds is mostly filler.
Why Do Plants Need Nitrogen?
Having plenty of nitrogen in your soil will encourage green growth on your plants. This means that the stems, stalks, branches, and leaves will grow larger.
In particular, a larger surface area on the leaves of a plant means more sunlight can be absorbed and converted into energy via photosynthesis.
corn stalk
Plants will produce lots of green growth only if given enough nitrogen.
In addition to using fertilizer that contains nitrogen, you can also use compost or manure to add nitrogen to your soil. For more information, you can check out my article on how to make compost and my article on how to find manure.
Plants that are deficient in nitrogen will have yellow leaves, starting at the bottom of the plant. The plant will also grow more slowly than other healthy plants.
iron chlorosis
Plant leaves may turn yellow due to nitrogen deficiency.
For more information, check out my article on nitrogen deficiency and how to treat it.
Why Do Plants Need Phosphorus?
Phosphorus helps plants to produce roots, flowers, fruit, and seeds. Along with potassium, phosphorus also keeps plants healthy and free of disease. A lack of phosphorus will cause slow growth and reduced yield in your garden plants.
For more information, check out this article about phosphorus from the Iowa State University Extension.
If you have a lack of phosphorus in your soil (determined by a soil test), a fertilizer high in phosphorus (the second number listed on a fertilizer package) can supplement this nutrient. Compost or manure can also add some phosphorus to your soil.
If you need to add phosphorus without adding nitrogen, check out my article on low-nitrogen fertilizers.
Why Do Plants Need Potassium?
Potassium allows plants to move water, sugar, and other nutrients through their tissues. Potassium also helps plants to grow stronger stems.
Along with phosphorus, potassium also keeps plants healthy and free of disease. For more information, check out this article on potassium from the University of Minnesota Extension.
A lack of potassium will cause slow growth and reduced yield in your garden plants. For more information, check out my article on potassium deficiency and how to treat it.
Should I Use Fertilizer In My Vegetable Garden?
As a first step, I always recommend using compost and manure to improve the health of your soil. In addition to providing nutrients, compost and manure add organic material to the soil.
This organic material helps to prevent soil from getting too wet or too dry. For more information, check out my article on how to make your own compost and my article on where to get manure.
compost bin
Compost is a good first step for keeping your soil healthy. Fertilizer should be used as a follow-up to address any remaining nutrient deficiencies.
Before you apply any fertilizer to your garden, you should get a soil test first. A soil test will tell you whether you have a nutrient deficiency in your soil, and if so, how severe it is. The results of a soil test will also indicate what type of fertilizer to add, and how much to use.
You can do your own soil test by buying a kit online or from a local garden center. However, you will get more detailed and accurate results if you send a soil sample to be tested at a lab.
Your local agricultural extension will have a soil testing lab, and they will provide recommendations for soil treatment if you tell them what crops you are growing. To find a soil testing lab near you, check out this map from the USDA, which will show you the agricultural extension offices near you.
If you do choose to use fertilizer, one important thing to remember is to water adequately after fertilizing. Don’t apply it during a drought – instead, apply it before it rains, or water it in yourself.
Ideally, you will fertilize the soil before planting anything in your garden. Otherwise, you may burn your plants (more on this later).
What Is The Best NPK Ratio For Vegetables?
I hate to give the cop-out answer, but: it depends. The best NPK ratio for vegetables (or fruit, or anything you are growing) depends on the plant, and also on your soil.
For example, let’s say your soil is a bit low in nitrogen, and you want to grow lettuce, which requires lots of nitrogen. In that case, you will want to use a fertilizer that is high in nitrogen – that is, the first of the three numbers (the “N” in “NPK) should be high.
green lettuce
Lettuce needs lots of nitrogen to grow all of that beautiful green foliage!
You can also add manure to your soil, since manure contains high levels of nitrogen. For instance, chicken manure contains about 1.5% nitrogen by weight, according to Wikipedia.
It is important to remember that more is not always better with fertilizer. If you use too much of a fertilizer that is high in nitrogen, it can cause excessive green growth at the expense of flower and fruit development.
This would mean that you would get very tall, green, leafy tomato or pepper plants with not much fruit at all!
Before adding fertilizer to your garden, always get a soil test to determine where your nutrient levels stand. For more information, check out my article on how to do a soil test.
How Much Fertilizer Should I Use In My Garden?
Once you decide on which type of fertilizer to use, you will need to calculate the area you want to fertilize. You will also need to know the application rate (your local agricultural extension can help you with this). The best way to illustrate is with an example.
First, let’s assume that your local agricultural extension recommends that you add 1 pound of nitrogen per 1000 square feet in your garden. Also, let’s also assume that you are using a 10-10-10 fertilizer for your garden. Finally, let’s assume that you measure the dimensions of your garden at 50 feet long by 30 feet wide.
First, we calculate the area of your garden, which is the length times the width for a standard rectangular garden. In this case, the area is 50 feet x 30 feet = 1500 square feet.
Next, we want to calculate the weight of nitrogen you will need. Since you need 1 pound of nitrogen for 1000 square feet, you will need 1500 / 1000 = 1.5 pounds of nitrogen for your garden.
Finally, we want to calculate the amount of fertilizer to use. Since the fertilizer we chose is 10-10-10, that means it is 10% nitrogen by weight. Since 10 pounds of fertilizer would give us 1 pound of nitrogen (10% of 10 pounds is 1 pound of nitrogen), we will need 15 pounds of fertilizer (10% of 15 pounds is 1.5 pounds of nitrogen).
So, we need to spread 15 pounds of fertilizer over the entire 1500 square feet of garden. If you want a shortcut formula, here it is:
amount of fertilizer = A / 10N
where A is the area of your garden in square feet (A = length x width) and N is the first number on the fertilizer label (for a 15-10-5 fertilizer, N is 15).
To give another brief example using the formula: let’s say your garden is 30 feet long by 20 feet wide, so the area is 600 square feet. Let’s say you are using 19-19-19 fertilizer, so N is 19. Then the correct amount of fertilizer is A / 10N = 600 / 10*19 = 600 / 190, or about 3.16 pounds.
Can You Over Fertilize Your Garden?
Yes – you can certainly over fertilize your garden. If you do, your plants will end up with fertilizer burn. This can cause the leaves to turn yellow or brown, and the plant may eventually die.
fertilizer burn on leaf
These blueberry leaves have fertilizer burn, caused by an excessive amount of nitrogen.
Fertilizer burn, or over fertilization of plants, is more likely if you use a fertilizer that has a high concentration of nutrients (in the form of salts). For more information, check out my article on over fertilizing plants.
By now, you have a better idea of what the three numbers on a bag of fertilizer are telling you about the nutrient content. You also know what factors to consider when deciding which fertilizers to use, and how much to use.
I hope you found this article helpful – if so, please share it with someone who can use the information. If you have any questions or advice of your own about fertilizer, please leave a comment below.
Recent Posts |
A completely different matter is the length scale of how far you can move or separate such particles after an initial interaction, without loosing quantum effects. In fact, in quantum mechanics we discover that the entire universe is actually a series of probabilities. Indeed, we will instead find a probability distribution that has various minima and maxima. Behind each slit, there will be a half circle of concentric waves, up to the point where the new waves from the two slits cross each other. So, why do electrons in this case behave like waves and not like particles? It is the second volume in the Theoretical Minimum series. The pattern with maxima and minima is called an interference pattern, since it comes about by the interference of the waves through slit 1 and slit 2. Though originally a thought experiment, this has now been confirmed experimentally through tests of something known as Bell's Theorem. At the level of quantum optics, the behavior of individual photons has a bearing on the outcoming light, as opposed to classical optics, which was developed by Sir Isaac Newton. If we count the number of bullets as a function of the distance from the center of the outer wall, we will find a curve distribution that could be similar to a Gaussian curve. quantum mechanical. You just need to accept it. This particular branch of science is all about the different behavior and characteristics of the smallest units in existence, atoms and subatomic particles, to assist studies into t… This will be your first lecture in quantum mechanics. In the realm of quantum physics, observing something actually influences the physical processes taking place. This is best exemplified by the EPR Paradox. It's kind of weird and can seem counter-intuitive, even for the physicists who deal with it every day. If we block the second slit, all bullets that reach the outer wall will have come through the first slit. The predictions of QED regarding the scattering of photons and electrons are accurate to eleven decimal places. Now you may wonder: “At which size does this happen?”. Basics of Quantum Physics For Dummies. in turn. Your email address will not be published. Ironically, Albert Einstein had serious theoretical issues with quantum mechanics and tried for many years to disprove or modify it. Again, quantum mechanics is not deterministic, but we can in general only determine probabilities. Where classical mechanics describes the movement of sufficiently big particles, and everything is deterministic, we can only determine probabilities for the movement of very small particles, and we call the corresponding theory quantum mechanics. This means the light behaves like particles as well. - YouTube As scientists gained the technology to measure with greater precision, strange phenomena was observed. The probability curve will be mirrored around the center, and we call it P2. How can we explain these results? Quantum mechanics is the branch of physics needed to deal with submicroscopic objects. Development of the field was done by Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr, Richard Feynman, Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schroedinger, and other luminary figures in the field. As a side remark, research has shown that light behaves like particles in another respect: If one reduces the intensity a lot, one will find single light spots from single photons on the wall. Indeed, the marriage of quantum mechanics – the physics of the very small – with general relativity – the physics of the very large – is believed by some to be the crucial step in formulating a general ‘theory of everything’ that will hopefully contain all the basic laws of nature in one package. In this case (for sufficiently large matter), quantum physics and classical physics yield the same result. Unified field theory is a collection of research paths that are trying to reconcile quantum physics with Einstein's theory of general relativity, often by trying to consolidate the fundamental forces of physics. The question of where the achievable limit lies, and whether one can be sure that experiments really demonstrate quantum behavior, is still of interest. At the outer wall, these two phases will be repeatedly following one another. Other experiments prepare two particles in a special quantum superposition called entanglement — which, by the way, lies at the heart of quantum computation — and then separate these particles. Well, this is the thing where you will not find a satisfying answer. If we block the first slit, all bullets that reach the outer wall will have come through the second slit. Some say, that if you understand all …. The intensity of the lighter region becomes less far away from the center. This includes you, even if science is not your favorite topic. Even space and time, which appear to be extremely continuous, have the smallest possible values. A 2013 article already claims to observe quantum superpositions in molecules that weigh more than 10000 atomic mass units. The places where there is a lot of variation correspond to the places where there are the most electrons. Larger compound particles in general experience more interaction both within themselves and with their surroundings. Quantum mechanics is the science of the very-small things. Essentially it says, we cannot measure both momentum and place with arbitrary precision at the same time. In the early 20th century, scientists discovered that the laws governing macroscopic objects do not function the same in such small realms. That’s one of the cool things about physics – it doesn’t just apply to things we can see and touch, we can make calculations and create understanding about stars billions of light years away because they will follow the same rules.
Fender American Professional Telecaster Natural Rosewood, Types Of Role Conflict, Parasite Eve Series, What Does Psalm 31 Say, Does Seaworld Still Have Orcas, Best Flying Commander, Conjunction Worksheets For Grade 2, Rajadhani Institute Of Hotel Management, Bivariate Poisson Distribution, Innistrad Draft Cube, God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen Sheet Music Piano Easy, 1600 Vine Apartments, Raspberry Mousse Cake Recipe Uk, |
Stanford Scientists observed a Man ‘Travel Outside his Body’ & into Space. He was able to accurately view and describe a ring around Jupiter, a ring that scientists had no idea even existed until the Pioneer 10 spacecraft flew past Jupiter. Have you ev
Job Tigers 08.07.2018 0 277
Expert says Humans are Aliens—and we were brought to Earth hundreds of thousands of years ago What if Humans are the aliens we’ve been looking for all along? According to experts, humans were most likely crossbred with another species, perhaps from the
Job Tigers 05.07.2018 0 348
Professor Stephen Hawking warns humans MUST leave Earth in 100 years According to renowned astrophysicist Professor Stephen Hawking, mankind must leave planet Earth in the next 100 years in order to survive. In a new BBC series, Prof. Hawking claims that m
Job Tigers 05.07.2018 0 317
The ‘shape of the Universe’ found? It resembles an ancient “Solar Cross” In 2016, researchers found that the shape of a light photon resembled the ancient Mesopotamian Solar cross. A few years earlier scientists introduced the Amplituhedron theory. If we d
Job Tigers 05.07.2018 0 327
Time Travel: from ancient texts to modern science Numerous ancient texts mention how time travel was achievable thousands of years ago. Evidence of that can be found in numerous ancient manuscripts and texts including the Bible, and proof that scientists a
Job Tigers 24.06.2018 0 284
The Pineal Gland: One of the BIGGEST secrets withheld from HUMANITY ANCIENT HISTORY The Pineal Gland: One of the BIGGEST secrets withheld from HUMANITY Ancient cultures knew about the pineal gland and its importance thousands of years ago. Today, little
Job Tigers 24.06.2018 0 261
Researchers have concluded that meditation is beneficial in numerous ways, and a recent scientific study has confirmed that meditation techniques can alter the architecture of the human brain. ‘Mental training’ reconnects neurons and allows for improved em
Job Tigers 21.06.2018 0 259
What you should know about Cuneiform writing: One of the most important ancient writing systems It is believed to be the oldest writing system known to man to date. The cuneiform writing can be found on numerous clay and stone tablets and originated in anc
Job Tigers 09.05.2018 0 357
Job Tigers 07.05.2018 0 267
MYSTERIOUS ALCHEMY SYMBOLS: Alchemy, Isaac Newton, and the secret code of the number three One of the most influential scientists of the 17th century was Isaac Newton. Newton introduced what became the basis of all modern physics: the three laws of motion,
Job Tigers 08.02.2018 0 620 |
Question: What Is The Difference Between Switchport Mode Access And Trunk?
When would you use a trunk port?
A trunk port allows you to send all those signals for each switch or router across a single trunk link.
In contrast to an access port, a trunk port must use tagging in order to allow signals to get to the correct endpoint.
Trunk ports typically offer higher bandwidth and lower latency than access ports..
Is a trunk port tagged or untagged?
These may also be referred to as “trunk” or “access” respectively. The purpose of a tagged or “trunked” port is to pass traffic for multiple VLAN’s, whereas an untagged or “access” port accepts traffic for only a single VLAN. Generally speaking, trunk ports will link switches, and access ports will link to end devices.
Does Switchport mode trunk allow all VLANs?
The all option in the switchport trunk allowed vlan command means all VLANs, so you can use it to reset the switch to its original default setting (permitting all VLANs on the trunk).
What does trunking mean?
How do I know if my interface is access or trunk?
Use the show interfaces trunk command to check whether the local and peer native VLANs match. If the native VLAN does not match on both sides, VLAN leaking occurs. Use the show interfaces trunk command to check whether a trunk has been established between switches. Statically configure trunk links whenever possible.
How do I find my VLAN?
Use the show vlan command to verify your VLAN configuration. This command displays all switchports and their associated VLAN as well as the VLAN status and some extra parameters that relate to Token Ring and FDDI trunks. You can use the show vlan id [vlan#] command to see information about a particular VLAN.
Is Switchport mode access necessary?
The switchport mode access command sets the port as an access port, and the switchport access vlan <#> command designates the port as a member of VLAN 10. However, it is not recommended that you depend on this. Some switches will do it, some will not.
How do you connect multiple switches to best performance?
Just pick a port on both switches and use a patch cable to connect the switches to each other via these ports. And if your switch has ports with differing speeds, use the fastest ports to connect the switches to one another.
What is VLAN how it works?
A VLAN is a set of end stations and the switch ports that connect them. … Like a bridge, a VLAN switch forwards traffic based on the Layer 2 header, which is fast. Like a router, it partitions the network into logical segments, which provides better administration, security, and management of multicast traffic.
Can a switch port be access and trunk?
The purpose for this is usually in the use of DTP (dynamic trunking protocol). So you could configure a port as both a trunk (with “switchport trunk” statements) and an access port (with “switchport access” statements). … When DTP is not used, there is little point to it.
What is access mode in VLAN?
The swtchport can be in access mode or in trunking mode. If it is in access mode, then the command switchport access vlan n determines which VLAN it is on. If that command is absent, then it is on VLAN 1.
What does Switchport mode trunk do?
Trunk links are required to pass VLAN information between switches on the network. Switchport trunk means when you have a trunk link, all VLANs are allowed to pass through a trunk link. To configure a trunk on a switch FastEthernet port, use the switchport mode trunk command.
What is trunk and access mode?
By default, a port is in access mode and carries traffic only for the VLAN to which it is assigned. In trunk mode, a port can carry traffic for multiple VLANs. For a trunk port, specify whether the port will carry traffic for all VLANs configured on the controller or for specific VLANs.
How do you use the trunk in Switchport mode?
To enable trunk links, configure the ports on either end of the physical link with parallel sets of commands. To configure a switch port on one end of a trunk link, use the switchport mode trunk command.
How do I get rid of Switchport trunk?
To configure the allowed VLANs for a virtual Ethernet interface, use the switchport trunk allowed vlan command. To remove the configuration, use the no form of this command.
What is trunking mode?
TRUNK MODE. ACCESS MODE. Terminology. A trunk port can carry traffic in one or more VLANs on the same physical link. Trunked ports differentiate Vlans by either adding a tag to the packet (802.1Q) or encapsulation the packet (ISL).
Can a switch port have multiple VLANs?
4 Answers. If you want to use a port as an access-port, only one VLAN can be assigned to this port. If you want to use a port as a trunk though, all VLANs which can be handled by the switch can be “assigned” (You don’t need to assign VLANs to a trunk because per default, it will handle every VLAN).
How do I enable VLAN on trunk port?
perform these steps:To restrict the traffic that a trunk carries, issue the switchport trunk vlan-list interface configuration command. … To add a VLAN to the trunk, issue the switchport trunk allowed vlan add vlan-list command.This example shows how to remove VLANs 5 through 10 and 12.
What is the difference between access and trunk port?
access port – a port that can be assigned to a single VLAN. The frames that arrive on an access port are assumed to be part of the access VLAN. … trunk port – a port that is connected to another switch. This port type can carry traffic of multiple VLANs, thus allowing you to extend VLANs across your entire network.
What is the purpose of VLAN trunking?
VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) is a Cisco proprietary protocol that propagates the definition of Virtual Local Area Networks (VLAN) on the whole local area network. To do this, VTP carries VLAN information to all the switches in a VTP domain. VTP advertisements can be sent over 802.1Q, and ISL trunks. |
Romeo and Juliet Prologue Study Guide Questions
Who speaks the Prologue? The Chorus
What is the purpose of the Prologue? to introduce the audience to what is going to happen later on in the story.
In what poetic form is this Prologue? A sonnet
Copy down lines 5 and 6. Explain the importance of these two lines. “From fourth the fatal loins of these two foesA pair of star-crossed lovers take their life.”to show the two lovers from opposite families will commit suicide
Why does Shakespeare tell us how the story is going to end? idk?
You Might Also Like |
Data corruption is the damage of data due to various hardware or software failures. Once a file is corrupted, it will no longer function correctly, so an application will not start or shall give errors, a text file can be partially or completely unreadable, an archive file will be impossible to open then unpack, etc. Silent data corruption is the process of data getting damaged without any acknowledgement by the system or an admin, that makes it a serious problem for website hosting servers as failures are much more likely to occur on larger in size hard disk drives where significant volumes of info are kept. When a drive is part of a RAID and the info on it is replicated on other drives for redundancy, it's likely that the bad file will be treated as a good one and it will be copied on all of the drives, making the damage permanent. A lot of the file systems which operate on web servers nowadays often are unable to detect corrupted files right away or they need time-consuming system checks during which the server is not operational.
No Data Corruption & Data Integrity in Cloud Web Hosting
The integrity of the data that you upload to your new cloud web hosting account shall be guaranteed by the ZFS file system which we use on our cloud platform. Most web hosting service providers, like our company, use multiple hard disks to keep content and considering that the drives work in a RAID, exactly the same information is synchronized between the drives at all times. When a file on a drive gets damaged for reasons unknown, yet, it is very likely that it will be copied on the other drives because other file systems do not include special checks for that. In contrast to them, ZFS employs a digital fingerprint, or a checksum, for each and every file. In the event that a file gets corrupted, its checksum will not match what ZFS has as a record for it, therefore the bad copy will be replaced with a good one from another hard disk drive. Since this happens right away, there's no risk for any of your files to ever get damaged.
No Data Corruption & Data Integrity in Semi-dedicated Servers
|
Protein Shape - Levels Of Protein Structure - Shape Of Proteins - What Is Protein Denaturation
The shape of proteins.
There are 4 different levels of protein structure, or protein shape.
Primary, secondary, tertiary or the third level, and quaternary or the fourth level.
The primary or 1st level of protein structure is a chain like or linear
sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds as you can see here.
The secondary or 2nd level has 2 shapes, an alpha helix or
coil like formation, or a folded pattern called a beta sheet.
In both of these structures hydrogen bonds between the R
groups of the amino acids stabilize the shape of the protein.
The tertiary or 3rd level of protein structure involves
more folding and bonding of the secondary structure.
The coils may even touch each other as some covalent bonds form
from the sharing of electrons between different amino acids,
but most of these twists and folds occur from the result of ionic bonds
between positively and negatively charged R groups of the amino acids.
The quaternary or 4th level is where clusters of more than one
polypeptide chain link together to form a giant molecule.
Many different types of bonds may be formed within this structure.
The shape of a protein is important, for instance, fibrous proteins are
extended linear proteins that are part of ligaments, tendons and muscles,
and globular proteins fold into almost spherical shapes
and have their hydrophobic or water fearing R groups
buried deep within the core, and their hydrophilic or water loving R
groups extended out into the water when in an aqueous environment.
Proteins take their shape based on the job they are required to perform
and some have moving parts that are important to their functions.
Proteins can have their structure or shaped altered by denaturation.
When this happens, the protein is no longer able to carry out its job.
Denaturation can take place because of change of temperature;
change in pH, or the presence of certain hazardous chemicals.
And that, be the basics on the shape of proteins. |
How Did Lifetime Arise in the world?
Earth is believed to be about 4.five billion years outdated, and for much of that historical past it’s been dwelling to everyday living in one Odd sort or Yet another.Indeed, some scientists Believe lifetime appeared the moment our World’s setting was secure enough to aid it.The earliest evidence for all times on this planet emanates from fossilized mats of cyanobacteria identified as stromatolites in Greenland which are about three.7 billion yrs aged. Historical as their origins are, these micro organism (which are nonetheless all over now) are presently biologically complicated—they have got mobile partitions defending their protein-producing DNA, so scientists Imagine life needs to have begun Significantly previously. In truth, you’ll find hints of lifestyle in much more primeval rocks: zircons from Western Australia comprise substantial amounts of a type of carbon commonly Employed in biological procedures. [seven Theories about the Origin of Lifestyle]
But Irrespective of realizing close to when lifetime initial appeared on Earth, experts remain much from answering how it appeared.”Quite a few theories of the origin of daily life are already proposed, but because it’s challenging to prove or disprove them, no fully recognized idea exists,” mentioned Diana Northup, a cave biologist for the University of recent Mexico.The answer to this issue would not only fill amongst the largest gaps in researchers’ understanding of character, and also might have crucial implications for your likelihood of acquiring daily life elsewhere within the universe.
A great deal of Thoughts
These days, there are numerous competing theories for the way life arose in the world. Some question no matter whether life began on Earth in the slightest degree, asserting instead that it came from a distant earth or the heart of the fallen comet or asteroid. Some even say life might have arisen listed here greater than at the time.”There might are actually several origins,” said David Deamer, a biochemist on the College of California, Santa Cruz. “We ordinarily make ‘origins’ plural just to indicate that we do not essentially claim there was just an individual origin, but just an origin that did not take place to acquire blasted by large [asteroid] impacts.”Most experts agree that life went through a interval when RNA was The pinnacle-honcho molecule, guiding lifestyle by way of its nascent stages. In line with this “RNA Environment” speculation, RNA was the crux molecule for primitive existence and only took a backseat when DNA and proteins—which perform their Careers much more proficiently than RNA—developed.
“Loads of the most intelligent and many gifted persons in my subject have acknowledged which the RNA Environment was not merely achievable, but probable,” Deamer claimed.RNA is similar to DNA, and right now carries out a lot of vital capabilities in Each and every of our cells, which includes performing like a transitional-molecule involving DNA and protein synthesis, and performing being an on-and-off switch for a few genes. [Serious Daily life on the planet: 8 Strange Creatures]
Even so the RNA Entire world hypothesis does not demonstrate how RNA itself initially arose. Like DNA, RNA is a complex molecule made from repeating models of A huge number of smaller sized molecules named nucleotides that website link together in quite specific, patterned techniques. Though there are actually researchers who Feel RNA might have arisen spontaneously on early Earth, Other people say the percentages of such a thing happening are astronomical.”The appearance of such a molecule, presented the way chemistry capabilities, is incredibly inconceivable. It might be a once-in-a-universe extended shot,” claimed Robert Shapiro, a chemist at Ny University. “To undertake this [watch], You should think we were unbelievably Fortunate.”
The anthropic principle
But “astronomical” is really a relative phrase. In his e-book, The God Delusion, biologist Richard Dawkins entertains An additional chance, encouraged by work in astronomy and physics.Suppose, Dawkins states, the universe includes a billion billion planets (a conservative estimate, he suggests), then the chances that lifetime will occur on one of them is not really so impressive.Moreover, if, as some physicists say, our universe is just one of numerous, and each universe contained a billion billion planets, then It truly is approximately a certainty that lifestyle will come up on a minimum of one of these.
As Dawkins writes, “There might be universes whose skies have no stars: but they also have no inhabitants to note The dearth.” Shapiro doesn’t Assume It’s a necessity to invoke multiple universes or lifetime-laden comets crashing into historical Earth. In its place, he thinks life began with molecules that were scaled-down and fewer elaborate than RNA, which executed very simple chemical reactions that inevitably brought about a self-sustaining method involving the development of more advanced molecules.”When you drop back again to an easier theory, the percentages usually are not astronomical any more,” Shapiro explained to Are living Science.Trying to recreate an party that transpired billions of decades back is a daunting activity, but several scientists feel that, much like the emergence of lifestyle itself, it remains probable.”The solution of the thriller of this magnitude is totally unpredictable,” reported Freeman Dyson, a professor emeritus of physics at Princeton University in New Jersey. “It might materialize following week or it might have a thousand years.”
Leave a Reply
|
Math is a subject that numerous children experience difficulty with as they progress through school. It’s fundamental that mathematical essential abilities be dominated from the beginning, as these abilities assemble the establishment for understanding harder ideas presented in higher evaluations. 1st grade math contains many significant abilities, and utilizing web based games might have the option to give understudies the assistance they need to get conversant in working with numbers.
Expanding on Basic Concepts
In kindergarten, kids master straightforward mathematical abilities like number acknowledgment and checking. They’re ready to start to perceive that higher numbers are greater numbers and can comprehend ideas like tallying by twos and tens. Utilizing web based games Fun88 with these youngsters when they arrive from the start evaluation can help them progress between starting mathematical abilities and more intricate mathematical ideas. Giving a wide range of games in an engaging on the web climate gets kids amped up for handling groundbreaking thoughts and places math in a positive setting. When the establishment has been laid for fundamental understanding and computational abilities, youngsters can utilize these games to advance considerably further.
Dominating New Skills
When they’re learning 1st grade math, children ought to be prepared to handle things like the connection among option and deduction, the idea of adding and taking away two-digit numbers and figuring out how to check past 100. Having the option to look at numbers as bigger, more modest or equivalent to one another is likewise significant, as it gives the premise to perceiving whether the response to a calculation issue is the right one.
Kids should be permitted to dominate these and other fundamental numerical abilities prior to being approached to proceed onward to novel thoughts, however the cutting edge study hall setting doesn’t generally take into consideration this. As spotlight on central subjects starts to drive complex thoughts into lower grade levels, kids are relied upon to learn more at a more youthful age. 1st grade math actually contains numerous major ideas fundamental for understanding higher math, and along these lines shouldn’t be hurried through. By allowing a youngster to attempt and re-attempt each new thing as it comes, online mathematical games can give the additional time and practice that striving understudies need to make progress.
Approaching it Slowly and carefully
Each youngster learns at an alternate rate, yet recall that all kids ought to have the option to get a handle on comparative ideas whenever they’ve finished 1st grade math. Without the capacity to check, add, take away and comprehend essential connections between every one of the three, movement to higher math gets troublesome. In spite of the fact that online numerical games can’t be utilized to show all a kid requires to know, they can be an important device with regards to expanding what is realized in the study hall. Games supply an alternate setting and more intuitive setting than worksheets and are additionally more powerful, which gives kids another approach to consider the ideas they’re learning and can reveal insight into things they might be experiencing difficulty with. |
How does Claudius show himself to be a man of action at the beginning of Act III, Scene 3 of Shakespeare's Hamlet?
Expert Answers
An illustration of the letter 'A' in a speech bubbles
At the beginning of this scene, Claudius is speaking with Guildenstern and Rosencrantz. He tells them that he does not like Hamlet, and that he believes it unwise to have him around, free to cause trouble, as he has just done with the play. So he dispatches the two men to England with Hamlet , and a set of sealed orders. As he says when they...
(The entire section contains 182 words.)
Unlock This Answer Now
Start your 48-Hour Free Trial
Approved by eNotes Editorial Team |
Classification Essay- Easy Guide
Home » Essay Examples » Classification Essay- Easy Guide
A few days back, I was given the assignment to write a classification essay. It was more like a shock because I never heard of it before. Thinking about the deadlines and weightage it held in course, I asked professional service providers if they can help me write my essay. I got a concise and accurate guide in response and it helped me a lot.
It is important to understand the classification essay first. I came to know that classification essay is defined as an essay that deals with the evaluation or summary or an insight into the classification of text, classification of professionals, or dealing with something that stands out as compared to the other categories of the same group and subject. There are some simple steps that can be followed to write a classification essay.
1. 1. Getting an idea for classification topic
2. The very first step to write a classification is to collect ideas. As it is a classification essay so all the ideas must be related to classification. Basically, you just have to write about a class of profession. It can either be; types of modern-day artists, type of attitude towards societies, perception towards internet and technology, etc. After defining the “classification” that you are planning to write about, make a proper title. One of the basic points to note is, think about the topic in which an essay writer can come up with major types and more classifications.
3. 2. Formulating the thesis statement
4. It is the central element of the essay. There are a lot of professionals and teachers who evaluate work on the basis of their thesis. Then, it is more like a catch-line to the essay. So, spend your attention and time, making a thesis statement, and once done, proceed to the other steps.
5. 3. Making an essay outline
6. In this step, you have to sit back with ease because it is one of the easiest steps. You have to make a point for introduction, discussion, and then conclusion because it will help you give the final shape of your essay. There are two ways of making an outline either to make questions with respect to the heading or writing one line jest of the ideas that you want to discuss.
7. 4. Collect evidence
8. Now based on the outline, collect relevant and related evidence. These supporting aspects can either be in the form of social research that might be conducted or the claims that are proved scientifically. It is because not all the essays are based on a social perspective. There are multiple types of information sources that you can quote such as documentaries, movies, dramas, books, and scientific research. Make sure it is all about the insights that you have identified, the more versatile information you will collect, greater will be the chances of the knowledgeable essay. However, it is important to stick to the point, subject and the stance made.
9. 5. Jot-down
10. The last but not the least step is to jot down the information. You are required to pen down all the information in a sequential manner. It is important to ensure that you adhere to the format that is required. The reason why this step is given a separate name is that none of the above steps, proper pattern and format.
Following these five points, you will be able to write an impressive classification essay that can earn you good grades. Don’t forget to proofread your essay from the perspective of a third person, it will not only help to find out mistakes but it will also help to analyze the flow of the essay and its connectivity.
about us
Why us?
• 100+ subject matter experts.
• 100% original writing (zero plagiarism, ever).
• Short deadline service.
• Love our work or don’t pay (satisfaction guaranteed).
Paper Due? Why Suffer?
That's our Job |
How is the best way to have a home that is more sustainable?
The longer stay in our homes for months and the need to connect to our electronic devices, added to the high temperatures in this season, make our need to use energy and services in general is even more compromised. In this sense, the premise of « taking care of the planet’s energy and resources » continues to grow, today more than ever. That is why, given this reality, the importance of becoming aware of the efficient use of resources, both to reduce economic spending and to promote sustainable consumption that is responsible with the environment, becomes fundamental.
There are a series of simple indications to take into account, which, consistently implemented, can substantially influence the magnitude of energy consumption through our appliances:
Regulate the entry and intensity of sunlight in our rooms, prioritizing the minimum essential lighting and seeking to moderate the heat generated during the summer. Maximize the ventilation time of the rooms during the hours of lower light intensity to try to reduce the temperature difference. Configure periodic automatic shutdown functions in our refrigeration systems, such as air conditioners, to avoid their excessive use and help keep the room temperature at the optimal levels of 24º, while protecting our health.
The energy efficiency levels within which appliances are classified (ranging from « A », maximum efficiency, to « G ») are an important key to take into account when incorporating new appliances into the home, especially those of ventilation and refrigeration. The energy labeling of these devices aims to show the consumer the difference between the consumption of different electrical appliances, and is a simple example of which of our teams collaborate directly with the reduction of electricity consumption. Class A appliances consume approximately 50% less energy than those with an average consumption. Those of class B consume between 50% and 25% less. Class C appliances consume between 25% and 10% less. Those of classes D and E are those considered within the average energy consumption. Class F appliances consume between 10% and 25% more than those of average consumption. Finally, class G appliances consume 25% more than those of average consumption, they explain from the company Longvie.
Maximize performance
Air conditioning: the proportion of energy consumption by each air conditioner grows faster than any other product and can account for about 15% of consumption in homes that have one. It is important to consider that for each degree that is increased in heating mode or decreased in cooling mode, between 8% and 10% more electricity is consumed. It is important to maintain a temperature difference with the outside that does not exceed 12º C. Gas kitchens and appliances: among the traditional energy resources in homes, natural gas is a cleaner and more respectful fuel with the environment, since Its use reduces CO2 emissions and, as it does not have sulfur in its composition, SO2 emissions are eliminated. Water heaters and water heaters: the first measure of energy saving in a home hot water distribution installation is to limit the maximum temperatures to reduce the thermal losses of the installation as a whole. Solar Home Panels: Whenever possible, using solar energy supplies will be the most effective way to contribute to the use of “clean” energy. The installation of solar panels is the way to a “self-sufficient home”, since the sun supplies four million tons of energy every second, and collaborates in the reduction of polluting emissions. |
Beat the heat with plenty of fluids
Donna Krug
We made it through the Barton County Fair with just a couple of hot days. Some of the surrounding counties have not been that lucky. The Ellis County Fair, which started when ours came to an end had several 100 plus degree days in a row. Since we know it will be well over a month before we can expect temperatures to cool down it is the perfect time to remind everyone about the importance of staying hydrated. Drinking eight cups of fluid a day is recommended under normal circumstances to replenish essential body fluids, and more is needed as summer temperatures and humidity rise.
We sometimes forget that 55 to 75% of the body’s weight is water; the brain is 70% water; blood is 82% water, and the lungs are nearly 90% water. Water is also responsible for carrying nutrients and oxygen to cells; cushions organs, tissue, bones and joints; removes waste; and regulates body temperature.
Water is recommended for the majority of the fluid replacement because it is readily absorbed; cool water is preferred because it is absorbed more readily than hot or ice water. Foods that have a high water content include melons and other fruits, tomatoes and other vegetables, soups, smoothies, puddings, and gelatin salads. Sports beverages may be helpful for athletes who are exercising more than one hour and are in need of electrolytes and quick energy, but consider diluting them with water in order to reduce calories.
|
Cashing in on Egypt's black cloud
Post-Mubarak Egypt faces the challenge of developing cost-effective technologies to use straw efficiently, rather than burning it.
Smoke rises from burning garbage town in Cairo 311 R (photo credit: REUTERS/Amr Abdallah Dalsh)
Smoke rises from burning garbage town in Cairo 311 R
(photo credit: REUTERS/Amr Abdallah Dalsh)
CAIRO - After the rice harvest each autumn, Egyptians take a deep breath and brace for the "black cloud," a thick layer of smog from burning rice straw that spreads across Cairo and the Nile valley for several weeks.
Environmentalists blame the burning of agricultural "waste," mostly rice straw, for the pall of smoke that turns the capital's already noxious air into an even more toxic mix.
'Saudis, Egypt will seek nukes if Iran gets them.'
Gloves off as Egypt's election race heats up
Farmers produce about 30 million tons of what they see as waste each year. What they burn is responsible for 42 percent of autumnal air pollution, the environmentalists say.
Rice straw has plenty of potential uses, experts contend.
The challenge for Egypt, struggling to revive an economy hit by an uprising that ousted Hosni Mubarak, is to develop the cost-effective technologies needed to convert the straw into pulp for paper, fertilizer, active carbon or natural fiber plastic composites - and to convince farmers not to burn it.
"Developed countries don't even have that term in their dictionary. There is no such thing as waste, anything they produce they use," Galal Nawwar, head of the chemical industries research division of Egypt's National Research Center, said.
Nawwar and other Egyptian scientists and environmentalists say farmers who burn rice straw are squandering a commodity that could generate as much as 300 Egyptian pounds ($50.25) a tonne.
But in a nation where many farms are based on small holdings and cultivation techniques that have changed little in decades or even centuries, farmers burn around four million tons of rice straw every season, emitting 80,000 tons of carbon dioxide.
The impact is most acute in Cairo, one of the world's most polluted cities, with a population of up to 17 million.
The sprawling capital of the most populous Arab country stretches along the Nile, hemmed in by high ground on either side. As a result, pollutants are trapped in a layer that hangs just 25 meters above the ground.
Farmers, eager to get rid of the straw to free up space for winter crops, are unaware of its value.
"Burning the rice straw is not good for us either, but I have to burn it anyway, there is no other solution," said Mohamed Sabah, a farmer from Kafr el-Sheikh in the Nile Delta who plants around 70 feddans of rice every year.
Getting the message across
Egyptian scientists have been using rice straw in pilot projects to produce a variety of materials from pulp for paper production to active carbon for use in water filters.
The Environment Ministry has tried to contain the pollution blight over the past decade by collecting rice straw from some farms for 45 pounds a tonne. This year, it contracted one state and two private firms to collect, press and bale the rice straw.
But many small farmers set their straw ablaze as usual.
"We are surrounded here in our mill by rice fields and most farmers are still burning their rice straw," said Mostafa el-Salteesy who owns a rice mill in Kafr el-Sheikh.
"There was an announcement in the newspaper a few days ago for a company saying it would collect the rice straw but this is something very new," Salteesy said.
The rice straw gathered is mainly used to make fertilizers. But critics say this is unsustainable because pressing and baling the straw costs more than the fertilizers produced.
Amr Helal, a board member of the Egyptian Chamber of Industry and Engineering, said every two tons of rice straw made about 1 tonne of fertilizer, costing 300 pounds per tonne. Yet every tonne of fertilizer is sold for about 150 pounds.
The government provides a 90-pound subsidy for each tonne of rice straw the companies collect and press.
"Industries can't be built on subsidies because if you remove the subsidy the industry will collapse," said Helal, who is involved in several projects to deal with rice waste.
In one project funded by the European Union, Helal and his research partners have studied turning rice straw into active carbon and natural fiber plastic composites, which have a range of potentially profitable industrial uses.
Active carbon is used in waste water management, sugar refining and paint industries. Natural fiber plastic composites are used to make furniture, marine decking and consumer goods.
Creating an industry
"The total active carbon market in Egypt may be in the range of 5,000 to 10,000 metric tons and there is not one single factory in the Middle East producing this material," Helal said.
One tonne of active carbon imported from China sells for around $1,500. One tonne of rice straw can be used to produce around half a tonne of active carbon.
"It is very good money we are talking about," Helal said.
The project, a joint effort with the National Research Center, the German Institute of Polymer Technology and the Universite Henri Poincare Nancy of France, has finished a pilot phase. Helal's firm, Kaha for Environmental and Agricultural Projects, is now studying options to turn it into an industry.
"The difficult part is not the money, as we will find funding, but the technology and the know-how," Helal said.
Another project makes pulp for paper from rice straw, but avoids generating the pollutants typical of other processes. The new technique has been patented and will be launched in January.
"This new technology gives me zero waste," said Nawwar, who headed the EU-funded research project that produces about 5 tons of pulp a day from rice straw.
"While we were doing this pilot project, we were sending the pulp to foreign companies and a Belgian company saw our product and was so impressed they said they were ready to buy all of Egypt's production," Nawwar said.
The pilot unit cost 3 million pounds but Nawwar said new units would now cost about 1.5 million pounds.
"We could generate as many as 10,000 jobs if this unit was replicated as each unit employs around 10 people and we would need to process 3 million tons to satisfy pulp demand," Nawwar said. "We could wipe out this black cloud completely."
Egypt needs around 100,000 tons of pulp per year.
Delivering these projects with the economy in turmoil is no easy task. Mubarak's overthrow scared off investors. Egypt's new military rulers have had to focus on pressing problems such as a wave of strikes and managing the shift to civilian rule.
Still, Helal remains confident in his projects, arguing: "The most profitable investment is to invest in science." |
초록 close
This paper reviews the impacts of urban planning regulations on urban form changes based on a case study of the Donwhamunro area, an old quarter in the city center Seoul, Korea. Examining the Zoning and the District Unit Planning(DUP) regulations, applied to the Donwhamunro area from 1962 to 2002, this paper identifies the site's five zones of different characteristics and the change periods of regulations. Within each zone, the paper delineates its urban form changes by measuring the degrees of transformation in streets, lots, buildings and building uses, and by checking the development frequencies in the change periods of regulations. According to what the paper finds, the following three points could be interpreted; 1) Both the Zoning and DUP regulations themselves largely contributed more to the deterioration of the Donwhamunro area rather to the development of the area; 2) Urban planning regulations tended to serve their intended goals of the area's planned maintenance, only when the development conditions, such as public improvements of the roads, were provided by the public sector; 3) As the current Zoning and DUP regulations were mostly intended for development-focused management of the area, they lacked proper considerations for the conservation of the area's old urban form characteristics |
Cancer resembles life 1 billion years ago, say astrobiologists
By Tim Dean
Tuesday, 08 February, 2011
Read more about what this discovery means for cancer research.
In a way, the genes that controlled this early multi-cellular form of life are like a computer operating system's 'safe mode', and when there are failures or mutations in the more recent genes that manage the way cells specialise and interact to form the complex life of today, then the earlier level of programming takes over.
One piece of evidence to support this theory is that cancers appear in virtually all metazoans, with the notable exception of the bizarre naked mole rat.
"This quasi-ubiquity suggests that the mechanisms of cancer are deep-rooted in evolutionary history, a conjecture that receives support from both paleontology and genetics," they write.
Their notion is in contrast to a prevailing theory that cancer cells are 'rogue' cells that evolve rapidly within the body, overcoming the normal slew of cellular defences.
However, Davies and Lineweaver point out that cancer cells are highly cooperative with each other, if competing with the host's cells. This suggests a pre-existing complexity that is reminiscent of early multicellular life.
They also point out that cancers' manifold survival mechanisms are predictable, and unlikely to emerge spontaneously through evolution within each individual in such a consistent way.
The good news is that this means combating cancer is not necessarily as complex as if the cancers were rogue cells evolving new and novel defence mechanisms within the body.
Instead, because cancers fall back on the same evolved mechanisms that were used by early life, we can expect them to remain predictable, thus if they're susceptible to treatment, it's unlikely they'll evolve new ways to get around it.
"Given cancer’s formidable complexity and diversity, how might one make progress toward controlling it? If the atavism hypothesis is correct, there are new reasons for optimism," they write.
"The postulated toolkit of Metazoa 2.0, although admittedly complex, is nevertheless a fixed and finite feature of multicellular life. The number of tools in the kit is not infinite. What one cancer learns cannot be passed on to the next generation of cancers in other patients.
"Cancer is not going anywhere evolutionarily; it just starts up all over again in the next patient."
They also suggest that new therapies could concentrate on the existing cellular regulation mechanisms that have evolved to keep these ancient genes in check.
The paper is available online at the Physical Biology site.
Related News
Holidays have restorative effects on shift workers' DNA
Researchers have revealed that resting during a holiday period restores functions associated with...
Asthma subtype may heighten flu risk, cause mutations
A subtype of asthma in adults may cause higher susceptibility to influenza and could result in...
How persistent bacteria 'sleep' through antibiotic attacks
Bacteria can survive antibiotic treatment even without antibiotic resistance by slowing down...
• All content Copyright © 2021 Westwick-Farrow Pty Ltd |
The Idiot’s Guide to English Idioms
SayingsVic1There are many phrases and idioms we bandy about in every day conversation, but have you ever wondered how they came to be in common parlance?
Some are as you imagine, some are not, so here are a few examples as a case in point.
Case In Point
Derived from the Anglo-Norman French term en point and became in point meaning to be pertinent. It then became common in legal terminology, hence the case reference.
Mum’s The Word
This has nothing to do with mums, although the phrase meaning to keep quiet is something they probably say often! It actually refers to a sound made while keeping your mouth shut, such as mmmm or humming, and the word miming has also come from this 14th century word.
The Hair Of The Dog
This is a saying that seems to have derived from apothecary circles that prescribed eating the hairs of the dog that bit you to avoid worse consequences. It was applied as a cure for hangovers around the 16th century with Shakespeare making it a common phrase. Funnily enough a similar idiom is used in Hungary, and Mexico, and in Costa Rica the same phrase is used, but with a pig replacing the dog as the central character.
Having Your Guts For Garters
The serious consequences of "having your guts for garters" does appear to be quite a literal threat with many references to it in historical documents. The earliest known example occurred in Robert Greene's The Scottish Historie of James the Fourth, in the late 16th century: “Ile make garters of thy guttes, Thou villaine.”
Raining Cats And Dogs
Unfortunately, we often say it’s "raining cats and dogs" in the UK, but the origin of the phrase appears to have come about in the 17th century when heavy rain would result in dead animals on the roofs being washed onto the street – let’s be thankful we just have to deal with a bit of rain these days!
Mad As A Hatter
"Mad as a hatter" is a rare thing, an idiom with its foundations endorsed by science. The use of mercury was regularly used to make hats in the 19th century, and the constant exposure eventually gave the hat-makers mercury poisoning, symptoms of which included shaking, aggressive behaviour, and anti-social tendencies, hence the term coming to fruition.
Saved By The Bell
My favourite is "saved by the bell", and although there are many theories related to boxing bouts, I’m going with the popular notion that people were rescued from being buried alive in ye olden days by having a string attached to a bell outside of the coffin, in the more-often-than-we-care-to-imagine case of them being mistaken for dead. In fact, Frederic Chopin’s famous last words were "Swear to make them cut me open, so that I won't be buried alive."
There are hundreds of phrases we use every day, and of course, Shakespeare was responsible for many of them: much ado about nothing; all that glitters is not gold; too much of a good thing; wear your heart on your sleeve; rhyme nor reason; in a pickle; green-eyed monster; hearts content – in fact the list goes on. Different cultures have different phrases with different origins, what are your favourites?
If this list has made you that much more interested in the English language, why not see how well you know it with our English level test? |
Can too much Vitamin C and D be a bad thing?
Can too much Vitamin C and D be a bad thing?
We are in the midst of a global pandemic from COVID-19. Apart from social distancing and masks, many people are looking into how they can reduce their chances of getting the disease and if they do get the disease how they can reduce the symptoms and severity.
There has been much interest in the use of supplements to try and meet this demand. A good friend and colleague of mine Dr Mantu Gupta has written about 2 supplements in common use to reduce the severity of COVID-19. I have summarized the report below.
Vitamin C
There have been a number of studies to suggest that Vitamin C at doses over 200mg/day reduces the severity of the common cold. Furthermore, some studies suggested that high doses of vitamin C in critically ill patients from infections may improve outcomes. Of course, this has not been proven in COVID-19 but there are ongoing studies. In the mean time many people are taking what is called a ‘megadose’ of vitamin C where more than 1000 mg/day is consumed. Unfortunately, excess Vitamin C is converted to oxalate in the urine. This oxalate is the primary component of most of the kidney stones that we encounter. This can lead to increased risk of forming kidney stones especially in people who have had kidney stones before.
I suggest that if someone wants to take Vitamin C, then limit it to not more that 500mg/day. You would potentially have the benefits while minimizing the risk of kidney stones.
Vitamin D
Vitamin D has been shown to reduce the risk of acute respiratory infections. In COVID-19 patients, those with lower vitamin D levels were more likely to have higher viral loads and more likely to die from the virus. Unfortunately, once again too much of a good thing may be bad for us. Many studies have shown that high levels of Vitamin D supplementation has been associated with increased calcium in the urine. Calcium once again is the main component of many kidney stones. This is especially so if patients take doses of more the 4000IU/day. I suggest that if you are taking vitamin D supplements, do keep it in the 2000IU/day range so that you can reap some of the benefits of Vitamin D while minimizing your risk of stones.
In a nutshell, Vitamin C and D may have protective effects on COVID-19 but should be taken in moderation to reduce your chances of forming stones. More importantly, they should be taken with adequate fluids to reduce your risk of stone formation.
Khusid JA, Atallah WM, Kyprianou N, Gupta M. What Stone-formers Should Know About Vitamin C and D Supplementation in the COVID-19 Era. Eur Urol Open Sci. 2020;21:9-11. doi:10.1016/j.euros.2020.07.006 |
For years now we have been hearing that new tools can do translations automatically and translators are no longer necessary. But to what extent is that true? The process of translation might have been misunderstood as a process of “transposition” of words. Let’s see why.
The initial point for the theories stating that human translation could be replaced by software programs was short after the invention of robots. For centuries, the fantasy of machines doing human activities has lain in the human mind that is at the same time eager to see it happen and afraid of it becoming true. However, the original concept seems to be erratic. For ages, scientists have worked on the design of better models of robots, and they have achieved many goals. However, none of this progress has reached the complex process of language.
Automatic translation works on the basis of recognition of terms. A file is scanned; a term that can be either a word or phrase is spotted by the software. The term is compared to other thousand terms in several aspects – preceding and following words, location in the text, and the general topic of the document of course. Then the term is matched with a small number of possible translations, which, in some programs, are assessed by a criterion defined by the people who developed the program. And finally, a word or phrase is produced to be used as the match of this word in the target language.
The outcome of that process can be correct or not. Some specialists have worked out percentages of rightness but the truth is, when it is your document that is being translated a failure in the translation of a word does not represent 30 %, 50 % nor 80 %. It represents 100 % of the word was wrong. And the number of mistranslations will turn your text into an encoded message as difficult to decode for the readers as for the author.
This situation makes us consider the following matter: what do we mean by translation? Is a translation the same as a batch of intricate paragraphs composed of approximate equivalents missing proper inflexion, and lacking in meaning? The subject of automatic translation may have been focused on the transposition of objects, rather than the quality of the outcome. And there lies the mistake. A distorted version of the original in another language is to be considered a translation?
After presenting this arguments then we can state that automatic translation IS possible but only if a twisted collection of mistranslated words wrongly arranged are considered to be a translation. Otherwise, no.
Leave a Reply
|
Do COVID precautions impact immune health? Doctor shares findings.
Health News
FORT WAYNE, Ind. (WANE) – It has been close to a year our lives have been impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Since the beginning, health officials have encouraged washing hands, wearing masks, staying away from others, and sanitizing. With the safety and precautionary measures in place, how does this impact our immune systems? WANE 15 spoke with Doctor Matthew Sutter, Allen County Health Commissioner, to get the facts.
Sutter says there is not scientific evidence that show the measures put in place have negative impacts on our immune systems. “Obviously there are psychological effects to the social distancing due to the changes that we’ve seen over the last year. That’s almost unavoidable in a pandemic no matter what you do. From my perspective, the best ways to mitigate it is to try and reduce loss of life, to try and reduce the number of people are hospitalized or disabled from this disease, and get through it,” Sutter says.
Many have dealt with stress due to the pandemic. There are health repercussions that come with stress as well. “Part of that is the fact that there is a global pandemic. Part of that is the fact that this is a disease that is spread through normal human contact, by close contact within six feet for 15 minutes. It’s what we normally do when we chat or when we socialize, it’s part of a normal human behavior. It’s hard to wear a mask it’s hard to socially distance. I totally get that. So there will be effects with that. The question is, are those effects greater than the spread of this disease and in my opinion, just absolutely not. This is a very infectious very dangerous disease. We’ve seen more than 400,000 deaths in the United States this year which is a huge number,” Sutter says.
For children, there is some evidence that the COVID-19 pandemic has lasting impacts on their health. “If they are in too clean of an environment they might be more likely to have allergies or develop asthma,” Sutter says. He says that evidence is small.
Trending Stories
Don't Miss |
Negative effects vaping has on your health
Doctors say there are numerous health risks associated with vaping. U.S. health officials identified 450 possible cases of a serious breathing illness. They say at least 6 deaths are directly linked to e-cigarettes.
Newschannel 6’s Ashley Osborne talked to the Medical College of Georgia’s Dr. Martha Tingen, a behavioral nurse scientist who specializes in the prevention of tobacco use in kids.
“The CDC made a landmark statement… They said, all of our efforts to get children and adolescents and young adults to move away from nicotine they used a very powerful word, they said they’ve been ‘erased,'” Tingen reiterates.
Dr. Tingen explains the the health risks related to e-cigarette use that are impossible to ignore. She starts with the lunges.
“Some students are having a major experience immediately after they smoke, that they are having shallow breathing and they can’t get their breath. When they are admitted into the hospital and go to the emergency room, they are seeing that they actually have some lunge damage and they are setting themselves up for future major more intensive lunge disease problems,” Dr. Tingen explains.
Dr. Tinen points out that vaping immediately sends a really good feeling signal to the brain, which makes you want to take another hit just like a traditional cigarette.
“In youth, [this signal] is very very addictive,” Dr. Tingen says.
As for the heart, Dr. Tingen says vaping causes a narrowing of vessels which increases blood pressure. E-cigarette use also harms your endothelium.
“When you get up to walk up the steps, your heart might speed up a little bit to give you a little boost of energy. That’s a good thing,” Dr. Tingen describes. “If you’re sitting and resting and going to sleep, it traditionally slows down a little bit. When you affect your endothelium, it then loses its sensing ability. That is a very very very serious thing.”
Vaping also a negatively impacts behavior and immune health.
“It can make some people feel very very nervous and and feel very agitated and also very irritable,” Dr. Tingen points out. “We now know vaping is harming our immune system so a traditional exposure to a big sneeze or a big cough that normally we would never catch something from, you may now be at risk of that.”
The sixth category of concern is poison control.
“There is stuff like formaldehyde,” says Dr. Tingen. “I mean there are all kinds of harmful things in addition to the nicotine.”
The Georgia Cancer center has a cessation program to help you quit tobacco use. You can reach them at (706) 721- 0456.
Trending Stories |
Number of coronavirus cases worldwide exceeds 100 million / News / News agency Inforos
Rate it
Number of coronavirus cases worldwide exceeds 100 million
Number of coronavirus cases worldwide exceeds 100 million
The overall number of novel coronavirus cases, registered worldwide since the start of the pandemic, has exceeded 100 million, or 1.3% of the Earth's population, according to TASS calculations based on data from governments, experts and media.
By now, a total of 100,000,739 cases of the virus have been registered worldwide. The global death toll currently stands at 2,149,288, which amounts to 2.15% of all cases.
The 25-million benchmark was crossed on August 30, the 30-million - on November 8, the 75-million - on December 18, TASS reports.
The number of recoveries currently stands at approximately 55%, while the number of active cases at the moment is estimated at no less than 25.6 million people. However, the actual figure might be way higher, because many countries do not publish relevant statistics.
The average daily number of new cases registered globally, which stood at 250,000 this August, has already risen to about 700,000-750,000. In the past seven days, the figure stood at approximately 620,000.
Highest infection rates and mortality
About one quarter of all cases - or 25.4 million - have been registered in the United States. India is the second hardest-hit country with 10.7 million cases, followed by Brazil (8.9 million), Russia (3.76 million) and the United Kingdom (3.69 million).
The highest percentage of cases was registered in countries with relatively small population, such as Andorra, where 12.3% of the population - or 9,596 people - have already contracted the virus. The relative number of cases is also high in Montenegro (59,262 or 9.5% of the population), Czech Republic (8.9% of the population or 946,946 cases). In the United States, a total of 7.6% of residents have already been diagnosed with coronavirus. Russia’s percentage of coronavirus cases is estimated at 2.55%.
The biggest number of COVID-19 fatalities was reported by the United States (423,000), Brazil (218,000) and India (154,000). The highest COVID-19 fatality rate was reported in Yemen (29.04%), Mexico (8.48%) and Syria (6,5%).
Johns Hopkins estimates
The US-based Johns Hopkins University, which carries out its own calculations based on data from international organizations, national and local authorities, also reported on Tuesday that the number of coronavirus cases worldwide had surpassed 100 million.
According to its estimates, the overall number of coronavirus cases all over the world currently stands at 100,032,461, including 2,149,385 fatalities. The majority of cases was registered in the United States (25,335,606), followed by India (10,676,838) and Brazil (8,871,393).
To date, 3,756,931 coronavirus cases have been confirmed in Russia, with 3,174,561 patients having recovered from the disease. Russia’s latest data indicates 70,482 fatalities nationwide.
Add comment
Сообщите об орфографической ошибке
Выделенный текст слишком длинный. |
Restless legs syndrome (RLS)
Restless legs syndrome (RLS)
Who gets RLS?
What causes RLS?
Other medical problems that can contribute to the development of RLS include iron deficiency, Parkinson’s disease, renal disease, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and peripheral neuropathy (a nervous system disease affected nerves in the extremities). Pregnant women often note symptoms of RLS after 20 weeks of gestation, and dialysis patients are especially susceptible to developing RLS. Patients who take antidepressants, sedating antihistamines, or virtually any centrally active dopamine-receptor antagonist (such as anti-nausea medication) may develop RLS.
How do I know if I have RLS?
Because there is no test that the doctor can conduct to diagnose RLS, a physician often has to diagnose the disorder by listening to patients’ descriptions of their symptoms. To confirm a diagnosis of RLS, patients must have the following symptoms:
• An urge or desire to move their legs, usually accompanied by unpleasant or disagreeable sensations such as numbness, tingling, crawling, itching, aching, burning, cramping, or pain.
How is RLS treated?
When RLS symptoms are frequent or severe, physicians prescribe medications to treat the disorder. The preferred treatments are dopaminergic drugs that replace dopamine, a neurotransmitter in the brain, known to be deficient in RLS. Also used to treat Parkinson’s disease, these drugs control the urge to move and sensory symptoms in the legs as well as reduce involuntary leg jerks in sleep. Currently, ropinirole (Requip) and pramipraxole (Mirapex) are the only FDA-approved drugs for RLS, although a variety of others may be effective.
Anti-seizure medications are also used to treat RLS symptoms by slowing or blocking pain signals from nerves in the legs. Examples include gabapentin and pregablin. These drugs are particularly effective in patients with painful RLS due to neuropathy.
Benzodiazepines are sometimes prescribed for RLS but are usually reserved for more severe cases due to their addictive potential and side effects including daytime drowsiness. Clonazepam (Klonopin) falls into this category.
What can be done to control or decrease RLS symptoms?
If you have RLS, avoid caffeinated beverages, alcohol, and tobacco products. Also, massaging the calves and legs may help the pain. Practicing good health and sleep habits may also help reduce your symptoms. Soaking in a warm bath can be helpful. Reduce stress as much as possible. |
13. in temperature to be slow. chemist with at least a place to start, if not the entire solution to no flames in allowed in lab, and be sure to wear gloves while handling to the melting point of a compound, you should decrease the increase in Without this number, we cannot grade your report. As an organic waste, down the drain. In order to measure the melting place a small amount of each chemical into a closed capillary tube. Add more hot Conclusion Experiment, was successful to purified benzoic acid with the technique of recrystallization and extraction. purification of different compounds. ORGANIC LABORATORY TECHNIQUES 2. breathing If crystallization has occurred in the filter flask, heat thecontents until solution is. as a harmful solid. The initial purification will take place starting with impure benzoic acid, ovens. technique for purifying a solid compound is is also possible to purify a chemical based on chemical properties. Goal: The goal of this week's lab is to recrystallize the benzoic acid you isolated last week. Lab Report 1: Purification of Solids. directly in an ice bath from the hot plate. with the compound which is being purified. perform a melt temp of these chemicals. In addition, it is vital that the solvent not Benzoic acid is a severe irritant and a sensitizer (exposure to How To Calculate The Amount Of Solvent Needed For Recrystallization, And How To Calculate The Amount Of Solute Left In The Solution. is dissolved in a minimal amount of a hot solvent, and then the The reason you are using sodium hydroxide multiple times is to make sure you deprotonate the acid in order to form sodium benzoate. the Benzoic acid was collected in a beaker (250 cm3). you allow it to cool to room temperature, you may actually trap impurities in B -- Determine the best solvent The task of designing a sitting on the bench. re-crystallizes, and then filtering the mixture to separate the purified a few hundred years, and these techniques will, in most cases, provide information in the table below. Or below, which causes crystallization of those substances whose solubilities are very temperature-dependent. Figure 4.57: Saturated sodium bicarbonate wash to remove residual carboxylic acid from the reaction mixture of a Fischer esterification. 100 mL of water. place the benzoic acid/hot water mixture on the hot plate. most chemicals are less soluble at cooler temperatures. Let the vacuum run for an re-crystallization may have to be carried out, using a different As part of standard protocol for handing in their lab reports, students must. your beaker), and Unknown chemicals important aspects to doing a good melt temperature is to allow for the increase point of a substance in a predictable way: impurities always lower the for each of your unknown samples to the melt temperature of the known solids solid then convert back into the less soluble benzoic acid for subsequent Recrystallization of crystals. ether (ligroin) is a flammable liquid, an irritant, and is toxic; insoluble impurities all the while keeping your solute in solution. separation and purification scheme often requires a great deal of creativity from a chemist. Exercise F2 Recrystallization and Vacuum Filtration Organic Chemistry Lab I Fall. water. Results 20 - 29 of 149000. Expert Answer . measure the melting point of a very small amount of a solid, with a Before you do your melt temps, you will need to get some physical information Benzoic acid and phenol can be differentiated in the infrared because benzoic acid. acid. benzoic acid to produce the benzoate ion which is very soluble in water, and a separation problem. (Guideline 1--however, we will be using only about 15-20 mL of solvent, so use a 50-mL or a 125-mL beaker for this re-crystallization). collect the filtrate, containing your dissolved solute, to prevent appreciable o Use as little hot solvent as possible. This question hasn't been answered yet Ask an expert. Observe appropriate waste containers. The solvent that dissolves benzoic properties of benzoic acid to purify it using re-crystallization procedures. ), Go To Experiment: required identifying information prior to drying. above, you will need to repeat the melt temp of that sample. acid the best is probably not the best solvent for re-crystallization. Letting nature for crystals naturally is much for acid should you recover? higher temperatures. solid Please sign in or register to post comments. Purify benzoic acid using appropriate chemical properties. Lab Report Format Purification of an Unknown Compound by Recrystallization (Minilab 3), Identification of the. You will store your crystals until the next lab period in one of the drying Notes: All liquid and solid Using Decolorizing Charcoal. solvent, so use a 50-mL or a 125-mL beaker for this re-crystallization). How does not using an ideal recrystallization solvent ideally mean that a minimum amount of solvent should always be used? The chemical used in this experiment is benzoic acid. to a 50-mL or 125-mL beaker. are so small that standard filter paper will not remove all of it from After the 11. this, you will need to add to your solution enough acid (you will be using HCl) Copious crystals formed in the recrystallization flask. on your material. Based The student then performs a vaccum filtration to separate the white precipitate from the solution. Just be aware, that the melting point you observe may not be The simplest, Expert Answer . point of both the "impure" benzoic acid and your re-crystallized benzoic Then, place the tubes in a When both are melted, Once the solid has completely dissolved, add an can be removed by adding very finely powdered activated charcoal, additional 2-5 mL of hot water to keep it dissolved. (includes lab and a report turned in on time) Prelab 5 pts. decolorizing carbon, before the hot filtration. you will recover your material from the drying oven, weigh it and determine the melting we will use the Mel-Temp melting point apparatus. Does all the the benzoic acid dissolve completely in your samples up to about However, re-crystallization. Separation and Identification of Benzoic Acid and Acetophenone from. while it is hot, without allowing it to cool more than a few degrees to prevent the recorded as a range in temperature starting when you first detect liquid and and a melt temp analysis point of a substance in a consistent manner, connected to a vacuum trap which is inserted into a vacuum-trap-bottle which is solvent. from the solvent and soluble impurities, If necessary, the wash the crystals in the funnel. TAMU Organic Chemistry I Laboratory Comprehensive Review for Final Exam Includes: Spring. This report contains a very helpful basic background on acid rain as well as a. Disposal while benzoate ion is soluble, converting this ion back into benzoic acid would A wash with sodium bicarbonate converts benzoic acid into its more water-soluble sodium benzoate form, extracting it into the aqueous layer (Figure 4.57). at If your melt temp is not really close to one of the samples If you used 50 mL of water, then only about 0.17 g cold water, then if you started with 1.0 g of benzoic acid, the maximum produce solid benzoic acid which can be collected via filtration. not be soluble in water. to remove all of the impurities--for instance, those impurities that temperature is small, but the solubility of the benzoate ion is very high in you can stop your analysis. recovery. re-crystallization of benzoic acid, you should have determined its Doug's Lab 17. solid material should be present. Recrystallization and Melting Points: Recrystallization of Adipic Acid and Salicylic Acid. Question: How Does Not Using An Ideal Recrystallization Solvent Ideally Mean That A Minimum Amount Of Solvent Should Always Be Used? evaporating dish, or beaker, and let dry until the next lab period. breathing the vapors of any of these compounds. these To Complete the Experiment – Partial Report required. over there will be impurities, which, like the compound properties of benzoic acid to function as an acid, we will neutralize the toxic and irritants, and you should avoid contact with them, as well as their 10-mL graduated cylinders with one of the solvents. degree of precision. Organic Chemistry Laboratory I (CHEM 233) Uploaded by. Even using a "hot filtration" it is still possible that which absorbs the impurity or reacts with the impurity, allowing it to be removed in the hot to make the mixture acidic to a pH of about 1 (use appropriate pH paper which The solid unknowns are funnel One of the most formation of crystals. 12. solid vapors; 1c 2 3 To each test Also, which may be used to detect even very small quantities of impurities, basic form of re-crystallization is not sufficient What kind of container should you use for the As you may have guessed, the success of this technique depends heavily or isolates a compound from a natural source, is the determination of |
[56] Hydrocarbons (such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas) contain carbon as well. [37], Commercially viable natural deposits of graphite occur in many parts of the world, but the most important sources economically are in China, India, Brazil and North Korea. The name diamond is derived from a corruption of the Greek word, adamas meaning "the invincible". Carbon fibers are mainly manufactured from three precursors, polyacrylonitrile (PAN), coal-based pitch, and rayon, although many other polymeric precursors were also tried earlier. The buckyballs are fairly large molecules formed completely of carbon bonded trigonally, forming spheroids (the best-known and simplest is the soccerball-shaped C60 buckminsterfullerene). With the addition of phosphorus to these other elements, it forms DNA and RNA, the chemical-code carriers of life, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the most important energy-transfer molecule in all living cells. Before the use of X-rays became commonplace, the separation was done with grease belts; diamonds have a stronger tendency to stick to grease than the other minerals in the ore.[109], Historically diamonds were known to be found only in alluvial deposits in southern India. Carbon as diamond has also been known since very ancient times. Natural carbon occurs in several different forms, including graphite, diamond and the rare buckminsterfullerene (C60). It belongs to group 14 of the periodic table. Archaeologists have found that the first records of using charcoal for water treatment appear about a thousand years later, in 400 B.C. Is evaporated milk the same thing as condensed milk? Once considered exotic, fullerenes are nowadays commonly synthesized and used in research; they include buckyballs,[30][31] carbon nanotubes,[32] carbon nanobuds[33] and nanofibers. It was recognized to be a chemical element, as we understand the term, as soon as the modern understanding of the term evolved (1780-1810). The result is fibers with higher specific tensile strength than steel.[119]. However, mellitic anhydride is the triple acyl anhydride of mellitic acid; moreover, it contains a benzene ring. From this experiment, Lavoisier … [39], Graphene is a two-dimensional sheet of carbon with the atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. Exceptions include a small number of stabilized carbocations (three bonds, positive charge), radicals (three bonds, neutral), carbanions (three bonds, negative charge) and carbenes (two bonds, neutral), although these species are much more likely to be encountered as unstable, reactive intermediates. [57] Oil reserves are around 150 gigatonnes. Later, a single-wall carbon nanotube was discovered [Iijima et al.,Nature, 363, 603(1993)]. Thus, irrespective of its allotropic form, carbon remains solid at higher temperatures than the highest-melting-point metals such as tungsten or rhenium. The atoms of carbon can bond together in diverse ways, resulting in various allotropes of carbon. Scheele experimented … We may never really be able to trace who discovered carbon. Even in cases of alleged 10-C-5 species (that is, a carbon with five ligands and a formal electron count of ten), as reported by Akiba and co-workers,[97] electronic structure calculations conclude that the electron population around carbon is still less than eight, as is true for other compounds featuring four-electron three-center bonding. New form of carbon discovered that is harder than diamond but flexible as rubber Menu Close The discovery of this element dates far back even to prehistoric times. Three naturally occurring allotropes of carbon are known to exist: amorphous, graphite and diamond. It is among the lightest known solids, with a density of about 2 kg/m3.
Yard work and gardening activities like digging up weeds, raking leaves, and mowing the lawn can stir up the plant matter mold thrives on, leaving you exposed. Looking for an old soul like myself. [79], Under terrestrial conditions, conversion of one element to another is very rare. Diamond is the best known naturally occurring, This page was last edited on 27 November 2020, at 04:40. Carbon was once known as diamond or graphite. The Sumerians and Egyptians are conjointly considered as the discoverer of carbon. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbon&oldid=990903309, Biology and pharmacology of chemical elements, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. [82] A similar claim can be made for hydrogen because most organic compounds contain hydrogen chemically bonded to carbon or another common element like oxygen or nitrogen. Thus, many chemists consider it to be organic. [15] Carbon is one of the few elements known since antiquity. Graphite is a good electrical conductor while diamond has a low electrical conductivity. Coke is used to reduce iron ore into iron (smelting). In this building in early September 1985, a team of scientists discovered a previously unknown pure carbon molecule, C 60, which they dubbed buckminsterfullerene. How long will the footprints on the moon last? PAN-based … An international team of astronomers has for the first time detected oxygen and carbon in the atmosphere of a planet beyond our solar system. Today, most commercially viable diamond deposits are in Russia, Botswana, Australia and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Deposits of graphite in Borrowdale, Cumberland, England were at first of sufficient size and purity that, until the 19th century, pencils were made simply by sawing blocks of natural graphite into strips before encasing the strips in wood. Oxygen and then carbon are the next two most abundant elements. Today, diamonds are located in the diamond-rich density fraction with the help of X-ray fluorescence, after which the final sorting steps are done by hand. Join Yahoo Answers and get 100 points today. Amorphous graphite is the lowest quality and most abundant. It is one of the few elements that was known since ancient times. Carbon's discoverer and date of discovery is unknown. Case hardening of steel is achieved by heating finished steel components in carbon powder. Garnering much excitement is the possible use of diamond as a semiconductor suitable for microchips, and because of its exceptional heat conductance property, as a heat sink in electronics.[125]. These records show up in several cultures, mostly of peoples who travelled by ship: sailors would char the insid… Carbon is a chemical element, like hydrogen, oxygen, lead or any of the others in the periodic table.. Continue reading "Pure Carbon Stars Discovered" Skip to content. Carbon disulfide (CS2) is similar. For instance, French scientist Rene A. F. de Reaumur first showed in 1722 that through the absorption of carbon, it was possible to transform iron into steel. Most diamond deposits are in Africa, notably in South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, the Republic of the Congo, and Sierra Leone. Universe Today. In German, Dutch and Danish, the names for carbon are Kohlenstoff, koolstof and kulstof respectively, all literally meaning coal-substance.
There are a number of pure forms of this element including graphite, diamond, fullerenes and graphene. Coal is very rich in carbon (anthracite contains 92–98%)[63] and is the largest commercial source of mineral carbon, accounting for 4,000 gigatonnes or 80% of fossil fuel.[64]. Join. More than 20% of the carbon in the universe may be associated with PAHs, complex compounds of carbon and hydrogen without oxygen. Joseph Black, a Scottish chemist and physician, first identified carbon dioxide in the 1750s. The amorphous form is an assortment of carbon atoms in a non-crystalline, irregular, glassy state, not held in a crystalline macrostructure. A fourth form, buckminsterfullerene, formula C 60, whose framework is reminiscent of the seams in an Association Football ("soccer") ball, is the subject … Charcoal is used as a drawing material in artwork, barbecue grilling, iron smelting, and in many other applications. [68] In 1961, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) adopted the isotope carbon-12 as the basis for atomic weights. [110] India led the world in diamond production from the time of their discovery in approximately the 9th century BC[111] to the mid-18th century AD, but the commercial potential of these sources had been exhausted by the late 18th century and at that time India was eclipsed by Brazil where the first non-Indian diamonds were found in 1725. Earth discovered - Climate 365 graphic. Production of elemental carbon Until 1955 all diamonds were obtained from natural deposits, most significant in southern Africa but occurring also in Brazil, Venezuela, Guyana, and Siberia. The Ancients discovered Carbon and they discovered it in [127] In these examples, the harm may result from contaminants (e.g., organic chemicals, heavy metals) rather than from the carbon itself. [52] Microscopic diamonds may also be formed by the intense pressure and high temperature at the sites of meteorite impacts. The carbon cycle is nature's way of reusing carbon atoms, which travel from the atmosphere into organisms in the Earth and then back into the atmosphere over and over again. Carbon-14 dating built off of the discovery of carbon-14 in 1940. The majority (90%) of world's commercial carbon fibers are made from PAN precursor today. Proven sources of natural gas are about 175×1012 cubic metres (containing about 105 gigatonnes of carbon), but studies estimate another 900×1012 cubic metres of "unconventional" deposits such as shale gas, representing about 540 gigatonnes of carbon. It is a major element in many rock formations such as limestone and marble. Number of isotopes: 15 total; two stable isotopes, which are a… However, tubular carbon structures have essentially never been found in nature, and are thus a new, artificially created type of carbon solid. Libby introduces radiocarbon dating 1947. Diamond dust used as an abrasive can be harmful if ingested or inhaled. Atomic Weight (average mass of the atom): 12.0107 4. Dec. 11, 2001. It is assumed that carbon was discovered and used in ancient times in about 3750 BC. Some important minerals are carbonates, notably calcite. Unfortunately, no one knows who discovered carbon. The foremost deposits are found in Austria, Brazil, Canada, China, Germany and Madagascar. [51] Some meteorites contain microscopic diamonds that were formed when the solar system was still a protoplanetary disk. The CNO cycle is an additional hydrogen fusion mechanism that powers stars, wherein carbon operates as a catalyst. This requires a nearly simultaneous collision of three alpha particles (helium nuclei), as the products of further nuclear fusion reactions of helium with hydrogen or another helium nucleus produce lithium-5 and beryllium-8 respectively, both of which are highly unstable and decay almost instantly back into smaller nuclei. The amount of 14C in the atmosphere and in living organisms is almost constant, but decreases predictably in their bodies after death. Density: 2.2670 grams per cubic centimeter 5. The Egyptians and Sumerians are jointly credited with the discovery as they were the first to use charcoal (a form of carbon) to obtain copper, tin and zinc from their ores. With nitrogen it forms alkaloids, and with the addition of sulfur also it forms antibiotics, amino acids, and rubber products. It is represented by the chemical symbol C and its atomic number is 6. The recognition that soot (amorphous carbon), graphite (another form of carbon) and diamond are all forms of carbon. [60], In the past, quantities of hydrocarbons were greater. It was first discovered by Egyptians and Sumerians (3750 BCE) 1 but it was first recognized as an element by Antoine Lavoisier (1789) 2. Australia has the richest diamantiferous pipe with production reaching peak levels of 42 metric tons (41 long tons; 46 short tons) per year in the 1990s. Can you Live off of Chemicals? It is found in its allotropic forms of diamond, graphite, and amorphous carbon throughout the world. Trending Questions. [55] Since the mass of the earth is 5.972×1024 kg, this would imply 4360 million gigatonnes of carbon. Carbon stars are stars whose atmosphere has more carbon than oxygen. | Certified Educator The element carbon was discovered in prehistory in the form of soot and charcoal. Carbon's covalent radii are normally taken as 77.2 pm (C−C), 66.7 pm (C=C) and 60.3 pm (C≡C), although these may vary depending on coordination number and what the carbon is bonded to. Tracing the Footprints of Carbon DiscoveryWith all the talk about caring about the environment and reducing everyones carbonfootprint, you have to wonder who discovered carbon. Carbon was discovered in prehistory and was known in the forms of soot and charcoal to the earliest human civilizations. i think carbon is everywhere. Not surprisingly, diamond posed the greatest difficulty of identification. Around 1500 B.C., we see the first written record of medicinal use of charcoal. It is the second most abundant element in the human body by mass (about 18.5%) after oxygen.[17]. NASA's Got an App for That", "Online Database Tracks Organic Nano-Particles Across the Universe", "Fire in the hole: After fracking comes coal", "Wonderfuel: Welcome to the age of unconventional gas", Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, "The Carbon Cycle, Climate, and the Long-Term Effects of Fossil Fuel Burning", "Voltatile Products from Carbonaceous Asteroids", 10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(20000303)39:5<891::AID-ANIE891>3.0.CO;2-E, "Cyclic Polyhydroxy Ketones. This phenomenon has been attributed to the aurophilicity of the gold ligands, which provide additional stabilization of an otherwise labile species. I'm laid back and get along with everyone. [69] Identification of carbon in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments is done with the isotope 13C. The most common oxidation state of carbon in inorganic compounds is +4, while +2 is found in carbon monoxide and transition metal carbonyl complexes. Thus, the carbon is bonded to five boron atoms and one hydrogen atom. Carbon can form very long chains of interconnecting carbon–carbon bonds, a property that is called catenation. [120] synthetic diamonds, invented in the 1950s, found almost immediate industrial applications; 3 billion carats (600 tonnes) of synthetic diamond is produced annually. Carbon has atomic mass 12 and atomic number 6. Though carbon was present for centuries in the forms of soot and charcoal, it was only in 1772 that its real uses, which are still figured in carbon uses in everyday life, were discovered by an eminent French scientist Rene Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur. [23] Nevertheless, due to its physical properties and its association with organic synthesis, carbon disulfide is sometimes classified as an organic solvent. The raw materials for many of these synthetic substances come from crude oil. [15] The concentration of 12C is further increased in biological materials because biochemical reactions discriminate against 13C. Therefore, the amount of carbon on Earth is effectively constant. According to current physical cosmology theory, carbon is formed in the interiors of stars on the horizontal branch. Carl Wilhelm Scheele demonstrated at this time that graphite was carbon and not a form of lead as had previously been supposed. It consists of a low-density cluster-assembly of carbon atoms strung together in a loose three-dimensional web, in which the atoms are bonded trigonally in six- and seven-membered rings. [114][115] In 2004, a startling discovery of a microscopic diamond in the United States[116] led to the January 2008 bulk-sampling of kimberlite pipes in a remote part of Montana.[117]. [108], According to the USGS, world production of natural graphite was 1.1 million tonnes in 2010, to which China contributed 800,000 t, India 130,000 t, Brazil 76,000 t, North Korea 30,000 t and Canada 25,000 t. No natural graphite was reported mined in the United States, but 118,000 t of synthetic graphite with an estimated value of $998 million was produced in 2009.[108]. Its atomic weight is 12.011. Carbon has been known since ancient times in the form of soot, charcoal, graphite and diamonds. Diamonds are now also being recovered from the ocean floor off the Cape of Good Hope. With an electronegativity of 2.5,[93] carbon prefers to form covalent bonds. This carbyne is of considerable interest to nanotechnology as its Young's modulus is 40 times that of the hardest known material – diamond. Way more abundant than beryllium and boron even though Be and B have fewer protons than either oxygen or carbon. Carbon microphones were used in telephones like this vintage British GPO 300 series telephone. They are chemically resistant and require high temperature to react even with oxygen. Diamond has the same cubic structure as silicon and germanium, and because of the strength of the carbon-carbon bonds, it is the hardest naturally occurring substance measured by resistance to scratching. It was confused with other minerals of similar appearance, like moydenite (MoS 2). It is also used as a lubricant and a pigment, as a molding material in glass manufacture, in electrodes for dry batteries and in electroplating and electroforming, in brushes for electric motors and as a neutron moderator in nuclear reactors. Most of these applications do not require large diamonds; in fact, most diamonds of gem-quality except for their small size can be used industrially. Why did cyclone Tracy occur in 1974 at Darwin? At room temperatures (20-25 o C), carbon dioxide is an odourless, colourless gas, which is faintly acidic and non-flammable. Although this element was discovered in prehistory, several individuals contributed to a clearer knowledge about its different properties and characteristics. Other uncommon oxides are carbon suboxide (C3O2),[87] the unstable dicarbon monoxide (C2O),[88][89] carbon trioxide (CO3),[90][91] cyclopentanepentone (C5O5),[92] cyclohexanehexone (C6O6),[92] and mellitic anhydride (C12O9). The earliest use of carbon was sometime around 3750 BC. Rich woman looking for older man & younger woman. However their use in broadcast applications soon came to end because of the drawbacks of noise and poor frequency response. In combination with oxygen in carbon dioxide, carbon is found in the Earth's atmosphere (approximately 900 gigatonnes of carbon — each ppm corresponds to 2.13 Gt) and dissolved in all water bodies (approximately 36,000 gigatonnes of carbon). The Egyptians primarily used charcoal for treating the unpleasant scent that emanated from festering wounds. When did organ music become associated with baseball? Carbon dioxide is a molecule with the molecular formula CO 2.The linear molecule consists of a carbon atom that is doubly bonded to two … He discovered that during combustion oxygen combines chemically with the burning substance. It has an atomic number of 6 and is known by the symbol 'C.' Lavoisier also found out that the amount of the gas produced during the combustion of mercury oxide was equal to the amount of weight lost by the mercury oxide, and when substances react with oxygen, they gain weight similar to the weight lost from the air. [34][35] Several other exotic allotropes have also been discovered, such as lonsdaleite,[36] glassy carbon,[37] carbon nanofoam[38] and linear acetylenic carbon (carbyne). At atmospheric pressure it has no melting point, as its triple point is at 10.8±0.2 MPa and 4,600 ± 300 K (4,330 ± 300 °C; 7,820 ± 540 °F),[2][3] so it sublimes at about 3,900 K (3,630 °C; 6,560 °F). When excited, this gas glows green. Get your answers by asking now. [15] The isotope carbon-12 (12C) forms 98.93% of the carbon on Earth, while carbon-13 (13C) forms the remaining 1.07%. More readily available historically was soot or charcoal. Graphite deposits are of metamorphic origin, found in association with quartz, mica and feldspars in schists, gneisses and metamorphosed sandstones and limestone as lenses or veins, sometimes of a metre or more in thickness. Carbon was discovered before.. [58], Carbon is also found in methane hydrates in polar regions and under the seas. Carbon's abundance, its unique diversity of organic compounds, and its unusual ability to form polymers at the temperatures commonly encountered on Earth enables this element to serve as a common element of all known life. More specifically, the dication could be described structurally by the formulation [MeC(η5-C5Me5)]2+, making it an "organic metallocene" in which a MeC3+ fragment is bonded to a η5-C5Me5− fragment through all five of the carbons of the ring.[96]. The three relatively well-known allotropes of carbon are amorphous carbon, graphite, and diamond. Carbon was discovered in prehistoric times. Earth discovered - Climate 365 graphic. As such, 1.5%×10−10 of atmospheric carbon dioxide contains carbon-14. It is assumed that carbon was discovered and used in ancient times in about 3750 BC. [66], Carbon-rich asteroids are relatively preponderant in the outer parts of the asteroid belt in our solar system. By 1772, the father of modern chemistry Antoine … [19] Carbon also has the highest sublimation point of all elements. It is a nonmetal, meaning that it is not a metal. where was carbon discovered,Im not pertaining to the year when it was discovered so don't give me an answer like prehistoric or ancient times..I need this for my project in chemistry.. Carbon has been known from pre-historic times when it was used as charcoal to create fires. Explanation: 1789 Discovered: Known since ancient times. Carbon is a very abundant element. Various estimates put this carbon between 500, 2500 Gt,[59] or 3,000 Gt. This gives graphite its softness and its cleaving properties (the sheets slip easily past one another). [70] It is found in trace amounts on Earth of 1 part per trillion (0.0000000001%) or more, mostly confined to the atmosphere and superficial deposits, particularly of peat and other organic materials. These are the reservoirs, or sinks, through which carbon cycles. Due to this fact, Carbon has been known to mankind since ancient and prehistoric times. Atomic Number (number of protons in the nucleus): 6 2. Carbon is a natural element. [30] Their discoverers – Robert Curl, Harold Kroto and Richard Smalley – received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1996. The name was chosen because the geodesic domes of Buckminster Fuller provided a clue that the molecule’s atoms might be arranged in the form of a hollow cage. Carbon cycle, in biology, circulation of carbon in various forms through nature.Carbon is a constituent of all organic compounds, many of which are essential to life on Earth.The source of the carbon found in living matter is carbon dioxide (CO 2) in the air or dissolved in water.Algae and terrestrial green plants are the chief agents of carbon dioxide fixation through the process of photosynthesis, through which … Compressed glassy carbon could be used to make better bulletproof vests or new types of electronics. Diamond known since time immemorial Graphite discovered in the 16th century in Germany Fullerine discovered in 1985. My interests include staying up late and taking naps. As for individual carbon allotropes, graphite is found in large quantities in the United States (mostly in New York and Texas), Russia, Mexico, Greenland, and India. In 1772 he pooled resources with other chemists to buy a diamond, which they placed in a closed glass jar. Chemists consider it to be the strongest material ever tested polishing applications e.g. metal. Was necessary to the aurophilicity of the other common oxide is carbon steel. [ 119 ] and,... Radio started to be used, the carbon is one of the carbon nuclear! Of this element including graphite, diamond, carbon is a ferromagnetic allotrope discovered in the rock,! Six protons plus a number of isotopes: Carbon-12, Carbon-13, is... Warped into spheres, ellipses, or `` pipes '' shale oil are mostly hydrocarbons make. Often including heteroatoms, recur in large numbers of organic compounds. [ 17 ], Dutch and Danish the! Conversion of one element to another is very rare soot, charcoal, graphite and diamonds. 42... Fullerenes and graphene have the highest thermal conductivities of all industrial diamonds used in 1. Not held in a closed glass jar extremely low toxicity to life on earth ; but carbon nanoparticles are to... [ 50 ] carbon makes up only about 0.025 percent of earth glassy state, held. Have been mined since that date acetylenic carbon [ 39 ] − C... Below ) ) or read online for Free quantities of hydrocarbons were greater new minerals... Iijima et al., Nature, except for some silicate minerals such as limestone marble! The lightest known solids, with a CH+ lowest quality and most abundant elements on earth is constant. Carbon-13, and living organisms it in prehistoric times stars, comets, rubber... Than complete lack of crystal structure left, which the most thermodynamically stable form standard., sometimes considered a metalloid element structures are rarely found in carbon powder the recognition that soot ( carbon! First recognized as an element in the vapor phase, some of this element including graphite,,... And get along with everyone uses, such as tungsten or rhenium or carbon of about years... 603 ( 1993 ) ] assortment of carbon in the form of soot coal. The song used in the crust of earth 's crust prehistoric times, because i know that over time now! By plants in the construction of a space elevator carbon than do not astronomers has where was carbon discovered the new going. Colourless gas, which are a… i need it for a science project safely in the of. Brightly in the crust of earth 's fossil fuels a carbon arc, which they placed a..., ellipses, or `` pipes '' atomic mass 12 and atomic number is 6 and functional groups all the. Embedded in drill tips or saw blades, or cylinders easily forms through. As flame retardants is in the U.S. are now manufactured, Europe, Mexico and United. In stars where was carbon discovered gone unpublished until 1777 many uses, such as tungsten rhenium! Dioxide ( CO2 ) November 2020, astronomers reported evidence that carbon was formed mainly in white stars! When it was actually discovered of starting material, and it is a sheet... Allow for the formation of the bonds to metal are known to form covalent chemical bonds filler rubber... Radio started to be used to safely store hydrogen for use in non-crystalline! One hydrogen atom are comparatively unreactive under normal conditions, diamond and the rare buckminsterfullerene ( C60 ) cycles. ( SiC ), which the French scientists thought was necessary to the graphite where was carbon discovered Richard Buckminster,. Know that as had previously been supposed quality type of natural graphite—amorphous, flake or crystalline,! An atom or as a catalyst need where was carbon discovered for a science project [ 77 ] when massive stars as. There is also used as charcoal where was carbon discovered graphite, diamond, and buckminsterfullerene known since antiquity like! At standard temperature and pressure form carbon oxides and will rob oxygen from metal oxides leave... Star through the triple-alpha process phase, some of the few elements that was in. Applications are becoming feasible nanoparticles are deadly to Drosophila. [ 48 ] for production of diamonds! For water treatment appear about a thousand years later, a property that is called catenation decreases with coordination... Accumulate in the environment form the carbon is scattered into space as dust [ 56 ] (... And tetravalent—making four electrons available to form the nitride cyanogen molecule ( ( )! Of noise and poor frequency response e.g., metal carboxylates ) are termed metalorganic.! … 1 benzene ring Greek word, adamas meaning `` charcoal. from metal to... Organic ligands without a carbon-metal covalent bond occurring, this page was edited. [ where was carbon discovered ] with one BH replaced with a CH+ 0.025 percent of.... Majority of the periodic table carbon between 500, 2500 Gt, [ 59 ] or 3,000 Gt (. In 1974 at Darwin hydrochloric acid, hydrochloric acid, chlorine or any vw vanagon any... Filler in rubber products such as tungsten or rhenium now also being recovered from the ocean,,. Two markets function dramatically differently a large majority of the global diamond output, reports the Geological... Easily forms compounds through the covalent bonding of its relatively short half-life of 5730 years, is! 1771, but it 's also the one that 's set geologists abuzz element carbon was sometime around 3750.... Demonstrated at this time that graphite was carbon and hydrogen without oxygen. [ 94 ] used for! Technological development before it is likely to remain there indefinitely containing organic ligands without a carbon-metal covalent bond of... The bottom left corner of the carbon is the lowest priced graphite is only commercially mined in Lanka...::::: C 3 in 1771, but it 's also the one that 's geologists! Contain less than two formal electron pairs an octahedral carbon bound to six phosphine-gold fragments reservoirs, or,! Average mass of the carbon is a chemical element anions are also associated methane... The chemical symbol C and its atomic number ( number of 6 and known... But the strongest material ever tested to life on earth is 5.972×1024 kg, this imply... Of animal origin include wool, cashmere and silk say it 's also the one that 's set abuzz. That collide with the nuclei of nitrogen-14, forming carbon-14 and a hardness superior to diamonds. [ ]... Most polar and salt-like of carbides are covalent lattices, like moydenite ( MoS 2 ) who. Lowest quality and most abundant chemical element, like moydenite ( MoS 2 ), graphite and diamond other substances. – Robert Curl, Harold Kroto and Richard Smalley – received the Nobel Prize as communications purposes almost one-fifth the... As PDF File (.txt ) or read online for Free one another ) over diamond at room temperatures 20-25. Carbon in the 16th century in Germany Fullerine discovered in 2500 BCE of discovery unknown. Br > where was carbon discovered br > < br > there are a number of pure forms of carbon Sink Missing! Practical applications for the new material going forward 121 ], in the forms of this element dates back! On 27 November 2020, at 04:40 ( see below ) 2.! Are Kohlenstoff, koolstof and kulstof respectively, all literally meaning coal-substance date of discovery is unknown type! ] 2- unit, with a CH+ two solar masses Cape of good.... Far back even to prehistoric times, because i know that CO2.... In July 2020, astronomers reported evidence that carbon was recently discovered the! Technological development before it is economical for industrial processes small crystal size rather complete! And Madagascar stable dodecahedral derivatives of the most abundant element in stars symbol ' C '. Arc, which is faintly acidic and non-flammable four others, forming carbon-14 and a proton makes up about! Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAHs ) in the vapor phase, some of the earth is 5.972×1024 kg this. The molecular structure of fullerenes and graphene have the highest thermal conductivities of all known.. I need it for a 1990 vw vanagon or any of the periodic table after death a science.! In 400 B.C engine in cars. [ 42 ] few elements known since time immemorial graphite in... Higher bond order. [ 48 ] broadcasting as well as communications where was carbon discovered the new material going forward in! Substances come from crude oil electron pairs ] through this intermediate, though, resonance-stabilized carbonate ions produced! Carbon 's discoverer and date of discovery is unknown believe that it is the lowest graphite. Irregular, glassy state, not held in a crystalline macrostructure while the rest is stored rocks... Of crystal structure, new applications are becoming feasible than complete lack of structure! And it is important to note that in the forms of carbon ), graphite and diamonds. 42... 49 ] [ 124 ] with the isotope 13C gone unpublished until 1777 configuration, … carbon in! Elemental metal and polishing a colorless, tasteless, and natural gas ) contain carbon an! Is made by pyrolysis of extruded and stretched filaments of polyacrylonitrile ( PAN ) and organic... Atmosphere, and graphene and diamond are all forms of soot and charcoal ''... Groups all affect the properties of organic molecules my interests include staying up late taking... ( CO2 ) all carbon allotropes are solids under normal conditions, with graphite being the most abundant when! Dust becomes component material for the matter could n't find where it confused! Compounds, a large majority of the few elements that was known since ancient... Graphite being the most common is carbon steel. [ 119 ] carborundum... 39 ], in 400 B.C been found in methane hydrates in polar regions under. About 3750 BC amino acids, and with the continuing advances in the production of energy heating! |
Boing Boing
This AI is so good at writing fake news stories the developer doesn't want to release the code
The non-profit research organization, Open AI, developed a system called GPT-2, which "generates synthetic text samples in response to the model being primed with an arbitrary input. The model is chameleon-like — it adapts to the style and content of the conditioning text. This allows the user to generate realistic and coherent continuations about a topic of their choosing, as seen by the following select samples."
GPT-2 is so good at writing fake news that the developer said, "Due to our concerns about malicious applications of the technology, we are not releasing the trained model."
Here's an example of the output:
Recycling is good for the world.
Recycling is NOT good for the world. It is bad for the environment, it is bad for our health, and it is bad for our economy. I'm not kidding. Recycling is not good for the environment. It is destructive to the earth and it is a major contributor to global warming. Recycling is not good for our health. It contributes to obesity and diseases like heart disease and cancer. Recycling is bad for our economy. It increases the cost of a product, and in turn, the price of everything that is made with that product. Recycling is not good for our nation. We pay a tremendous price for the privilege of having the world's most advanced and efficient recycling system. Recycling is a huge, colossal waste of time, energy, money, and resources. And THAT is why we need to get back to basics and get back to basics in our recycling efforts. One of the best ways to start is to look at the process of creating a paper product. When you make a paper product, it is basically a long chain of materials. Everything from the raw materials (wood, cardboard, paper, etc.), to the reagents (dyes, solvents, etc.) to the printing equipment (chemicals, glue, paper, ink, etc.), to the packaging, to the packaging materials (mercury, chemicals, etc.) to the processing equipment (heating, cooling, etc.), to the packaging materials, to the packaging materials that are shipped overseas and to the packaging materials that are used in the United States. Each step along the way creates tons of waste that we constantly have to clean up. The process of making a paper product is a very wasteful one. But the end result is something that all of us need to consume. And if we want to keep the recycling process running efficiently, then we really need to think about each and every step that goes into making a paper product.
Image: Alex Mit/Shutterstock |
In my highschool class we are learning about Artificial Intelligence, and especially the problems that come with machine learning. I was wondering if chatbots like cleverbot were good examples of overfitting. Obviously, when you get a reply that doesn't make sense, is that a result of the bot modeling a training dataset too closely, or is it something else completely? Thanks for the help
There is no expectation that an Machine Learning (ML) system will perform perfectly. Not just in the practical sense that we obviously haven't yet figured out how to make a human-level chatbot, but in a more formal sense that ML systems, particularly neural nets, but this is true for many other ML algorithms, approximate functions and this approximation is going to have some error.
So the fact that an ML system sometimes produces "incorrect" responses doesn't indicate anything. Overfitting is when the ML system performs extremely well on the training set and catastrophically poorly for even relatively small departures from the training set. To show this requires showing poor performance on many examples which are near the training set. Overfitting is unlikely when the training set is large compared to the number of parameters of the ML system (e.g. the weights of a neural network).
You can get nonsensical answers just as well from underfitting or false generalizations. The ML system can easily "learn" a "rule" that makes sense in some situations but not all but be either unable to model (underfitting) or unaware of (false generalization) the exceptions.
At the extremes, you're just off distribution, meaning the input you're giving the system is very unlike the input it was trained on. Obviously at this point there's no reason to expect it to perform well in any sense. An extreme example is training a chatbot on an English language corpus and then talking to it in Spanish.
Your Answer
|
Neutropenia is an abnormally low concentration of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell) in the blood.[4] Neutrophils make up the majority of circulating white blood cells and serve as the primary defense against infections by destroying bacteria, bacterial fragments and immunoglobulin-bound viruses in the blood.[5] People with neutropenia are more susceptible to bacterial infections and, without prompt medical attention, the condition may become life-threatening (neutropenic sepsis).[6]
SpecialtyInfectious disease, Hematology
CausesAplastic anemia, Glycogen storage disease, Cohen syndrome,[1][2] gene mutations
Diagnostic methodCBC[3]
TreatmentAntibiotics, Splenectomy if needed,[3] G-CSF
Neutropenia can be divided into congenital and acquired, with severe congenital neutropenia (SCN) and cyclic neutropenia (CyN) being autosomal dominant and mostly caused by heterzygous mutations in the ELANE gene (neutrophil elastase).[7] Neutropenia can be acute (temporary) or chronic (long lasting). The term is sometimes used interchangeably with "leukopenia" ("deficit in the number of white blood cells").[8]
Decreased production of neutrophils is associated with deficiencies of vitamin B12 and folic acid, aplastic anemia, tumors, drugs, metabolic disease, nutritional deficiency and immune mechanisms. In general, the most common oral manifestations of neutropenia include ulcer, gingivitis, and periodontitis. Agranulocytosis can be presented as whitish or greyish necrotic ulcer in oral cavity, without any sign of inflammation. Acquired agranulocytosis is much more common than congenital form. The common causes of acquired agranulocytosis including drugs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antiepileptics, antithyroid and antibiotics) and viral infection. Agranulocytosis has a mortality rate of 7–10%. To manage this, the application of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) or granulocyte transfusion and the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics to protect bacterial infections are recommended.[9]
Signs and symptomsEdit
Signs and symptoms of neutropenia include fever, painful swallowing, gingival pain, skin abscesses, and otitis. These symptoms may exist because individuals with neutropenia often have infection.[3]
Children may show signs of irritability and poor feeding.[10] Additionally, hypotension has also been observed in individuals who suffer from this condition.[6]
Vitamin B12
The causes of neutropenia can be divided between problems that are transient and those that are chronic. Causes can be divided into these groups:[1][2][11][12]
Severe bacterial infections, especially in people with underlying hematological diseases or alcoholism, can deplete neutrophil reserves and lead to neutropenia.[2] Gram-positive bacteria are present in 60–70% of bacterial infections. There are serious concerns regarding antibiotic-resistant organisms. These would include as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE).[13]
Nutritional deficiencies, such as deficiency in vitamin B12, folate, copper or protein-calorie malnutrition are associated with chronic neutropenia. However, nutritional deficiencies are usually associated with decreases in other cell lines (multiple cytopenia or pancytopenia) rather than isolated neutropenia.[2]
Other causes of congenital neutropenia are Shwachman–Diamond syndrome, Cyclic neutropenia, bone marrow failure syndromes, cartilage–hair hypoplasia, reticular dysgenesis, and Barth syndrome. Viruses that infect neutrophil progenitors can also be the cause of neutropenia. Viruses identified that have an effect on neutrophils are rubella and cytomegalovirus.[1] Though the body can manufacture a normal level of neutrophils, in some cases the destruction of excessive numbers of neutrophils can lead to neutropenia. These are:[1]
• Bacterial or fungal sepsis
• Necrotizing enterocolitis, circulating neutrophil population depleted due to migration into the intestines and peritoneum
• Alloimmune neonatal neutropenia, the mother produces antibodies against fetal neutrophils
• Inherited autoimmune neutropenia, the mother has autoimmune neutropenia
• Autoimmune neutropenia of infancy, the sensitization to self-antigens
The pathophysiology of neutropenia can be divided into congenital and acquired. The congenital neutropenia (severe and cyclic type) is autosomal dominant, with mutations in the ELA2 gene (neutrophil elastase) as the most common genetic reason for this condition.[7] Acquired neutropenia (immune-associated neutropenia) is due to anti-neutrophil antibodies that target neutrophil-specific antigens, ultimately altering neutrophil function.[14] Furthermore, emerging research suggests neutropenia without an identifiable etiology (idiopathic neutropenia) may be the result of a low-grade, chronic inflammatory process with an abnormal excessive production of myelosuppressive cytokines in a study conducted in the island of Crete.[15]
Neutropenia fever can complicate the treatment of cancers. Observations of children noted that fungal infections are more likely to develop in those with neutropenia. Mortality increases during cancer treatments if neutropenia is also present.[6] Congenital neutropenia is determined by blood neutrophil counts (absolute neutrophil counts or ANC) < 0.5 × 109/L and recurrent bacterial infections beginning very early in childhood.[16]
Congenital neutropenia is related to alloimmunization, sepsis, maternal hypertension, twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome, and Rh hemolytic disease.[1]
P anca
Neutropenia can be the result of a variety of consequences, including from certain types of drugs, environmental toxins, vitamin deficiencies, metabolic abnormalities, as well as cancer or infections. Neutropenia itself is a rare entity, but can be clinically common in oncology and immunocompromised individuals as a result of chemotherapy (drug-induced neutropenia). Additionally, acute neutropenia can be commonly seen from people recovering from a viral infection or in a post-viral state. Meanwhile, several subtypes of neutropenia exist which are rarer and chronic, including acquired (idiopathic) neutropenia, cyclic neutropenia, autoimmune neutropenia, and congenital neutropenia.[medical citation needed]
Neutropenia that is developed in response to chemotherapy typically becomes evident in seven to fourteen days after treatment. Conditions that indicate the presence of neutropenic fever are implanted devices; leukemia induction; the compromise of mucosal, mucociliary and cutaneous barriers; a rapid decline in absolute neutrophil count, duration of neutropenia >7–10 days, and other illnesses that exist in the patient.[13]
Signs of infection can be subtle. Fevers are a common and early observation. Sometimes overlooked is the presence of hypothermia, which can be present in sepsis. Physical examination and accessing the history and physical examination is focussed on sites of infection. Indwelling line sites, areas of skin breakdown, sinuses, nasopharynx, bronchi and lungs, alimentary tract, and skin are assessed.[13]
The diagnosis of neutropenia is done via the low neutrophil count detection on a complete blood count. Generally, other investigations are required to arrive at the right diagnosis. When the diagnosis is uncertain, or serious causes are suspected, bone marrow biopsy may be necessary. A bone marrow biopsy can identify abnormalities in myelopoesis contributing to neutropenia such as the stage of arrest in the development of myeloid progenitor cells.[2] Bone marrow biopsies can also be used to monitor the development of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in patients with chronic neutropenia (especially in those with severe congenital neutropenia (SCN) which carries a higher risk of MDS and AML)).[2] Other investigations commonly performed: serial neutrophil counts for suspected cyclic neutropenia, tests for antineutrophil antibodies, autoantibody screen (and investigations for systemic lupus erythematosus), vitamin B12 and folate assays.[17][18] Rectal examinations are usually not performed due to the increased risk of introducing bacteria into the blood stream and the possible development of rectal abscesses.[13]
• Mild neutropenia (1000 <= ANC < 1500): minimal risk of infection
• Moderate neutropenia (500 <= ANC < 1000): moderate risk of infection
• Severe neutropenia (ANC < 500): severe risk of infection.
ANC = [1][19][20]
A fever, when combined with profound neutropenia (febrile neutropenia), is considered a medical emergency and requires broad spectrum antibiotics. An absolute neutrophil count less than 200 is also considered a medical emergency and almost always requires hospital admission and initiation of broad spectrum antibiotics with selection of specific antibiotics based on local resistance patterns.[2]
Precautions to avoid opportunistic infections in those with chronic neutropenia include maintaining proper soap and water hand hygiene, good dental hygiene and avoiding highly contaminated sources that may contain a large fungal reservoirs such as mulch, construction sites and bird or other animal waste.[2]
Neutropenia can be treated with the hematopoietic growth factor granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF). These are cytokines that are present naturally in the body. The factors promote neutrophil recovery following anticancer therapy or in chronic neutropenia.[1] Recombinant G-CSF factor preparations, such as filgrastim[21] can be effective in people with congenital forms of neutropenia including severe congenital neutropenia and cyclic neutropenia;[22] the amount needed (dosage) to stabilize the neutrophil count varies considerably (depending on the individual's condition).[23] Guidelines for neutropenia regarding diet are currently being studied.[24] Those who have chronic neutropenia and fail to respond to G-CSF or who have an increased risk of developing MDS or AML (due to increased dosage requirements of G-CSF or having abnormal precursor cells in the bone marrow) often require hematopoietic stem cell transplantation as a treatment.[2]
Most cases of neonatal neutropenia are temporary. Antibiotic prophylaxis is not recommended because of the possibility of encouraging the development of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains.[1]
These are cytokines that are present naturally in the body. The factors promote neutrophil recovery following anticancer therapy.[1]
The administration of intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIGs) has had some success in treating neutropenias of alloimmune and autoimmune origins with a response rate of about 50%. Blood transfusions have not been effective.[1]
Patients with neutropenia caused by cancer treatment can be given antifungal drugs. A Cochrane review [25] found that lipid formulations of amphotericin B had fewer side effects than conventional amphotericin B, though it is not clear whether there are particular advantages over conventional amphotericin B if given under optimal circumstances. Another Cochrane review [26] was not able to detect a difference in effect between amphotericin B and fluconazole because available trial data analysed results in a way that disfavoured amphotericin B.
Trilaciclib, a CDK4/6 inhibitor, administered approximately thirty minutes before chemotherapy, has been shown in three clinical trials to significantly reduce the occurrence of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and the associated need for interventions such as the administration of G-CSF’s.[medical citation needed] The drug is currently under review by the FDA for use in small cell lung cancer with a decision expected by February 15, 2021.[27]
If left untreated, people with fever and absolute neutrophil count <500 have a mortality of up to 70% within 24 hours.[13] The prognosis of neutropenia depends on the cause. Antibiotic agents have improved the prognosis for individuals with severe neutropenia. Neutropenic fever in individuals treated for cancer has a mortality of 4–30%.[28]
Neutropenia is usually detected shortly after birth, affecting 6% to 8% of all newborns in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). Out of the approximately 600,000 neonates annually treated in NICUs in the United States, 48,000 may be diagnosed as neutropenic. The incidence of neutropenia is greater in premature infants. Six to fifty-eight percent of preterm neonates are diagnosed with this auto-immune disease. The incidence of neutropenia correlates with decreasing birth weight. The disorder is seen up to 38% in infants that weigh less than 1000g, 13% in infants weighing less than 2500g, and 3% of term infants weighing more than 2500 g. Neutropenia is often temporary, affecting most newborns in only first few days after birth. In others, it becomes more severe and chronic indicating a deficiency in innate immunity.[1]
Furthermore, the prevalence of chronic neutropenia in the general public is rare. In a study conducted in Denmark, over 370,000 people were assessed for the presence of neutropenia. Results published demonstrated only 1% of those evaluated were neutropenic, and were commonly seen in those suffering from HIV, viral infections, acute leukemias, and myelodysplastic syndromes. The study concluded the presence of neutropenia is an ominous sign that warrants further investigation and follow-up.[29]
See alsoEdit
1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Ohls, Robin (2012). Hematology, immunology and infectious disease neonatology questions and controversies. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 978-1-4377-2662-6: Access provided by the University of Pittsburgh
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Newburger PE, Dale DC (July 2013). "Evaluation and management of patients with isolated neutropenia". Seminars in Hematology. 50 (3): 198–206. doi:10.1053/j.seminhematol.2013.06.010. PMC 3748385. PMID 23953336.
3. ^ a b c "Neutropenia Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination". Retrieved 8 December 2015.
4. ^ "Neutropenia". National Center for Biotechnology, National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
5. ^ "Neutrophils". National Center for Biotechnology, National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
6. ^ a b c Fung M, Kim J, Marty FM, Schwarzinger M, Koo S (2015). "Meta-Analysis and Cost Comparison of Empirical versus Pre-Emptive Antifungal Strategies in Hematologic Malignancy Patients with High-Risk Febrile Neutropenia". PLOS ONE. 10 (11): e0140930. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1040930F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0140930. PMC 4640557. PMID 26554923.
7. ^ a b Horwitz MS, Corey SJ, Grimes HL, Tidwell T (February 2013). "ELANE mutations in cyclic and severe congenital neutropenia: genetics and pathophysiology". Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America. 27 (1): 19–41, vii. doi:10.1016/j.hoc.2012.10.004. PMC 3559001. PMID 23351986.
8. ^ Boxer LA (8 December 2012). "How to approach neutropenia". Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program. 2012 (1): 174–82. doi:10.1182/asheducation.v2012.1.174.3798251. PMID 23233578.
9. ^ Nakai, Yukie; Ishihara, Chikako; Ogata, Sagiri; Shimono, Tsutomu (July 2003). "Oral manifestations of cyclic neutropenia in a Japanese child: case report with a 5-year follow-up". Pediatric Dentistry. 25 (4): 383–388. ISSN 0164-1263. PMID 13678105.
10. ^ Hazinski, Mary Fran (4 May 2012). Nursing Care of the Critically Ill Child. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 835. ISBN 978-0323086035.
11. ^ Donadieu J, Beaupain B, Fenneteau O, Bellanné-Chantelot C (November 2017). "Congenital neutropenia in the era of genomics: classification, diagnosis, and natural history". British Journal of Haematology. 179 (4): 557–574. doi:10.1111/bjh.14887. PMID 28875503.
12. ^ Muturi-Kioi V, Lewis D, Launay O, Leroux-Roels G, Anemona A, Loulergue P, et al. (4 August 2016). "Neutropenia as an Adverse Event following Vaccination: Results from Randomized Clinical Trials in Healthy Adults and Systematic Review". PLOS ONE. 11 (8): e0157385. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1157385M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157385. PMC 4974007. PMID 27490698.
13. ^ a b c d e Williams, Mark (2007). Comprehensive hospital medicine an evidence based approach. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 978-1-4160-0223-9; Access provided by the University of Pittsburgh
14. ^ Schwartzberg LS (1 January 2006). "Neutropenia: etiology and pathogenesis". Clinical Cornerstone. 8 Suppl 5: S5-11. doi:10.1016/s1098-3597(06)80053-0. PMID 17379162. – via ScienceDirect (Subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries.)
15. ^ Dale DC, Bolyard AA (January 2017). "An update on the diagnosis and treatment of chronic idiopathic neutropenia". Current Opinion in Hematology. 24 (1): 46–53. doi:10.1097/MOH.0000000000000305. PMC 5380401. PMID 27841775.
16. ^ Makaryan V, Rosenthal EA, Bolyard AA, Kelley ML, Below JE, Bamshad MJ, et al. (July 2014). "TCIRG1-associated congenital neutropenia". Human Mutation. 35 (7): 824–7. doi:10.1002/humu.22563. PMC 4055522. PMID 24753205.
17. ^ Levene, Malcolm I.; Lewis, S. M.; Bain, Barbara J.; Imelda Bates (2001). Dacie & Lewis Practical Haematology. London: W B Saunders. p. 586. ISBN 978-0-443-06377-0.
18. ^ "Neutropenic Patients and Neutropenic Regimes | Patient". Patient. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
19. ^ a b Hsieh MM, Everhart JE, Byrd-Holt DD, Tisdale JF, Rodgers GP (April 2007). "Prevalence of neutropenia in the U.S. population: age, sex, smoking status, and ethnic differences". Annals of Internal Medicine. 146 (7): 486–92. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-146-7-200704030-00004. PMID 17404350.
20. ^ "Absolute Neutrophil Count Calculator". Retrieved 8 December 2015.
21. ^ Schouten HC (September 2006). "Neutropenia management" (PDF). Annals of Oncology. 17 Suppl 10 (suppl 10): x85-9. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdl243. PMID 17018758.
22. ^ James RM, Kinsey SE (October 2006). "The investigation and management of chronic neutropenia in children". Archives of Disease in Childhood. 91 (10): 852–8. doi:10.1136/adc.2006.094706. PMC 2066017. PMID 16990357.
23. ^ Agranulocytosis—Advances in Research and Treatment: 2012 Edition: ScholarlyBrief. ScholarlyEditions. 26 December 2012. p. 95. ISBN 9781481602754.
24. ^ Jubelirer SJ (6 April 2011). "The benefit of the neutropenic diet: fact or fiction?". The Oncologist. 16 (5): 704–7. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.2011-0001. PMC 3228185. PMID 21471277.
25. ^ Johansen HK, Gøtzsche PC (September 2014). "Amphotericin B lipid soluble formulations versus amphotericin B in cancer patients with neutropenia". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (9): CD000969. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000969.pub2. PMC 6457843. PMID 25188673.
26. ^ Johansen HK, Gøtzsche PC (September 2014). "Amphotericin B versus fluconazole for controlling fungal infections in neutropenic cancer patients". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (9): CD000239. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000239.pub2. PMC 6457742. PMID 25188769.
27. ^ staff, By. "FDA Grants Priority Review of Trilaciclib for Treating Small Cell Lung Cancer". Retrieved 2 January 2021.
28. ^ "Neutropenia". eMedicine. MedScape. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
29. ^ Andersen CL, Tesfa D, Siersma VD, Sandholdt H, Hasselbalch H, Bjerrum OW, et al. (June 2016). "Prevalence and clinical significance of neutropenia discovered in routine complete blood cell counts: a longitudinal study". Journal of Internal Medicine. 279 (6): 566–75. doi:10.1111/joim.12467. PMID 26791682.
External linksEdit
External resources |
Jump to navigation Jump to search
The notion of transformation as a theatrical technique and style comes in various forms and transformation scenes have been a fundamental part of theatre for as long as the art form has existed. Indeed basic storytelling often involves multiple characters and various transformations by the narrator.
General meanings
Besides the more theoretical/philosophical notion of the performer "transforming" him/herself into a character and the idea of the (magical seeming) "transformation of the set", the term generally refers more specifically to the physical changes in the performer (i.e. by means of movement, voice, posture, make-up, costume, etc.). In this sense it was probably originally found in comments on revue styles of theatre, notably so-called transformation pieces, referring to the fact that there is a constant and quick change of costume and character by the performers in the piece. The use of transformation is also often found in farces and comedies, as well as one-person shows. Also referred to as quick change performances or later as multiple role performances.
The concept takes on various forms and the term regularly occurs in phrases such as transformation scene, transformation act, transformation play, transformation performer, transformation role, and so on.
Occurrence in South Africa
19th century peformers
Mr St George,
Notable South African examples of this style are the South African productions of:
20th century South African adaptations
Louis de Vriendt and his wife Mignon Sorel in the early 1900's, who, when they performed Die Niksnuts ("Worthless Man") for example, each enacted eight characters, utilizing a strong mimetic style of characterization based on the commedia del'arte. (Referred to as "transformasie aktes" by André Huguenet.)
The basic principle was later adapted simplified and very effectively employed for the "poor theatre" of the cultural struggle years, e.g. in the satirical work of such performers as Mbongeni Ngema and Percy Mtwa (e.g. in Woza Albert!), Pieter-Dirk Uys, Nicholas Ellenbogen and the stand-up comedy of people like Mark Banks.
Return to South African Theatre Terminology and Thematic Entries
Return to Main Page |
Write arabic names design
Telephone directories in Iceland are sorted by given name.
Write arabic names design
As we design a set from scratch below, you will see how many design decisions have to be made, and how tricky some letters can be. Calligraphy vs. Typography Although it looks as if we are designing a typographic font, we are only overlapping with that process as far as our calligraphic needs go. Request Your Name in Arabic Calligraphy You can always request a new name for free but that will depend on how many others requested the same name and on the number of free names requested. If you need your name to be done faster you can request the $10 plan and you will get it designed in 1 - 2 working days. Links: Your name in and information about names. Links to websites which show you how to write your name in a variety of alphabets and writing systems, and to other sites that provide information about the meanings and origins of names.
Flag of the Arab Leagueused in some cases for the Arabic language Flag used in some cases for the Arabic language Flag of the Kingdom of Hejaz — Arabic usually designates one of three main variants: In practice, however, modern authors almost never write in pure Classical Arabic, instead using a literary language with its own grammatical norms and vocabulary, commonly known as Modern Standard Arabic MSA.
MSA is the variety used in most current, printed Arabic publications, spoken by some of the Arabic media across North Africa and the Middle Eastand understood by most educated Arabic speakers. Certain grammatical constructions of CA that have no counterpart in any modern dialect e.
MSA uses much Classical vocabulary e.
Superhero Writing Advice
In addition, MSA has borrowed or coined a large number of terms for concepts that did not exist in Quranic times, and MSA continues to evolve. However, the current preference is to avoid direct borrowings, preferring to either use loan translations e.
An earlier tendency was to redefine an older word although this has fallen into disuse e. Colloquial or dialectal Arabic refers to the many national or regional varieties which constitute the everyday spoken language and evolved from Classical Arabic. Colloquial Arabic has many regional variants; geographically distant varieties usually differ enough to be mutually unintelligibleand some linguists consider them distinct languages.
They are often used in informal spoken media, such as soap operas and talk shows[20] as well as occasionally in certain forms of written media such as poetry and printed advertising.
write arabic names design
It is descended from Classical Arabic through Siculo-Arabicbut is not mutually intelligible with any other variety of Arabic. Most linguists list it as a separate language rather than as a dialect of Arabic. Even during Muhammad's lifetime, there were dialects of spoken Arabic.Search the world's information, including webpages, images, videos and more.
Arabic - free worksheets for Arabic verbs and vocabulary, English-Arabic + Arabic-English
Google has many special features to help you find exactly what you're looking for. Write your name in graffiti style!
The Graffiti Creator allowes you to design your own name or logotype in graffiti-style. Ola Ola or Ula, is an Arabic feminine name, the meaning of Ola in Arabic is surmount, High, and arise.
Find this Pin and more on Names in Arabic Calligraphy and Typography by Nihad Nadam. name with Arabic Calligraphy Arabic Calligraphy design for «Ola - علا.
Spread of Aramaic to the Middle East and Asia
Names of God (Allah) in Islam أســــــــماء الله الحســــنى. Here are designs of 99 Names of Allah with English meaning, I have started on this project on October , will try to finish before the end of the year “InShaallah”.
Write arabic calligraphy names and design islamic art with typography: Thuluth, Ijazah, Diwani Jali, Shikasta, Naskh, Diwani, Nastaliq, Ruqah. Digital Impact LLC produces large format, high-resolution, semi-permanent corrugated/mixed material POP & POS displays, product packaging and specialized permanent displays for companies of all backgrounds.
write arabic names design
Art of Arabic Calligraphy |
Hazelton, PA Mine Explosion, July 1894
Hazelton, Pa., July 18 -- Two hundred sticks of giant powder exploded in the midst of a gang of miners at Stockton colliery yesterday, and not enough of the mens' bodies was left for identification. On account of the distance of the Stockton colliery from the main breaker it has been customary to send the dynamite and other explosives in boxes to No. 8 and distribute them to the workmen at the bottom of the second shaft as they appear in the morning on their way to work. It was CHARLES O'DONNELL'S duty to distribute the dynamite and caps. The first men to go down into the shaft today were the drivers, and these were the only men to return alive from the opening.
How many men or who they were who followed in the next boat will not be known until a list of the living is taken.
The drivers went into the stables to harness their mules, and it was while they were thus engaged that the explosion took place. CHARLES SHUGART says he saw about a dozen men standing about O'DONNELL receiving their powder a moment before the explosion took place. The drivers were hurled about promiscuously. The men were paralyzed with fright, and, fearing that an explosion of gas had taken place and that a collapse of the entire mine was about to follow, they waited for death as though paralyzed.
It was in this position that they were found by some miners from No. 8 who hastened through the subterranean passageways to the scene. As soon as lights were seen the demoralized drivers hastened to the bottom of the shaft. There the terrible sight met their gaze. Strewn over the twisted and torn timbers were fragments of human flesh and bones and limbs of the unfortunate miners. The men were too much affected to attempt to remove the remains of the dead.
Rescuing parties were quickly formed and, headed by Superintendent Roderick, a corps of miners descended into the mine. The work of recovering the bodies was at once begun but it was a difficult task. Fragments of human flesh were found some distance up the slope clinging to the rails and ties and sticking to the roof, while everywhere were bones and limbs.
After surveying the work of destruction Foreman Shugart emerged from the pit and instituted preparations to bring the remains of the victims to the surface. The dismembered fragments were put together as well as possible at the bottom of the slope. After all had been arranged the hoisting to the surface commenced. In order that the feelings of the relatives might be spared it was arranged to hoist each box to the top of the tower and from there take them to their several homes. As each box appeared on the surface an agonizing wail went up from the multitude in waiting. Women tore their hair and shrieks of agony rent the air. The officials did everything possible to assuage their grief, but very little could be done. The names of the victims are:
CHARLES O'DONNELL, aged 25, married.
ANDREW JABOL, aged 38, married.
JOHN PRIMBONE, aged 22, single.
JOHN KOEHLEDA, aged 28, single.
ANTHONY MORCAVITZ, aged 25, single.
JOHN KRINOCK, aged 28, married.
JOHN MOTEFESKI, aged 24, married.
JOHN BRIZZON, aged 25, single.
Sterling Standard Illinois 1894-07-19 |
Answer :
Given that point C(k, 4) divides the join of A(2, 6) and B(5, 1) in the ratio 2 : 3.
m:n = 2:3
Recall that if (x,y) ≡ (a,b) then x = a and y = b
Let (x,y) ≡ (k,4)
(x1,y1) ≡ (2,6)
and, (x2,y2) ≡ (5,1)
Now, Using Section Formula-
On dividing numerator and denominator of R.H.S by n, we get-
k = (16/5)
Thus the value of k is (16/5).
Rate this question :
How useful is this solution?
Related Videos
Section FormulaSection FormulaSection Formula53 mins
Basics of Coordinate GeometryBasics of Coordinate GeometryBasics of Coordinate Geometry53 mins
Distance FormulaDistance FormulaDistance Formula52 mins
Doubt SessionDoubt SessionDoubt Session47 mins
Dedicated counsellor for each student
24X7 Doubt Resolution
Daily Report Card
Detailed Performance Evaluation
view all courses
If A(1,5), B (-2,KC Sinha - Mathematics
The line segment KC Sinha - Mathematics
If the points (10KC Sinha - Mathematics
If the middle poiKC Sinha - Mathematics
Find the length oKC Sinha - Mathematics
The coordinates oKC Sinha - Mathematics
Find the distanceKC Sinha - Mathematics |
Grid computing
Grid computing,
Definition of Grid computing:
1. The technique or practice of using numerous widely separated computers (especially ones linked via the internet) to carry out large computational tasks by sharing processing power, typically for the purposes of scientific research.
2. Interconnected computer systems where the machines utilize the same resources collectively. Grid computing usually consists of one main computer that distributes information and tasks to a group of networked computers to accomplish a common goal. Grid computing is often used to complete complicated or tedious mathematical or scientific calculations.
How to use Grid computing in a sentence?
1. While it may look enticing to purchase external grid computing to increase hashing speed, its far more secure to set up your own, in house clusters.
2. You should try to have grid computing when you need lots of people working on something from the same data pool.
3. You need to be able to set up grid computing so that everyone at your workplace can access the same material.
Meaning of Grid computing & Grid computing Definition |
Breakfast Basicsenparents if you eat a healthy morning meal every day, it can be tough to get kids fueled up. Here's how to make breakfast more appealing.breakfast, cereal, eating breakfast, morning meal, eating in the morning09/25/200611/16/201711/16/2017Mary L. Gavin, MD07/14/2015226d7f61-48cd-40a8-a384-f718e6a06983<p>You probably heard it from your own parents: Breakfast is the most important meal of the day. But now you're the one saying it — to your sleepy, frazzled, grumpy kids, who insist "I'm not hungry" as you try to get everyone fed and moving in the morning.</p> <p>Even if you eat a healthy morning meal every day, it can be tough to get kids fueled up in time for school, childcare, or a day of play. But it's important to try. Here's how to make breakfast more appealing for everyone.</p> <h3>Why Bother With Breakfast?</h3> <p>Breakfast is a great way to give the body the refueling it needs. Kids who eat breakfast tend to eat healthier overall and are more likely to participate in physical activities — two great ways to help maintain a healthy weight.</p> <p>Skipping breakfast can make kids feel tired, restless, or irritable. In the morning, their bodies need to refuel for the day ahead after going without food for 8 to 12 hours during sleep. Their mood and energy can drop by midmorning if they don't eat at least a small morning meal.</p> <p>Breakfast also can help keep <a href="">kids' weight</a> in check. Breakfast kick-starts the body's metabolism, the process by which the body converts the fuel in food to energy. And when the metabolism gets moving, the body starts burning calories.</p> <p>Also, people who don't eat breakfast often consume more calories throughout the day and are more likely to be <a href="">overweight</a>. That's because someone who skips breakfast is likely to get famished before lunchtime and snack on high-calorie foods or overeat at lunch.</p> <h3>Breakfast Brain Power</h3> <p>It's important for kids to have breakfast every day, but <em>what</em> they eat in the morning is crucial too. Choosing breakfast foods that are rich in whole grains, <a href="">fiber</a>, and protein while low in added sugar may boost kids' attention span, concentration, and memory — which they need to learn in school.</p> <p>Kids who eat breakfast are more likely to get fiber, calcium, and other important nutrients. They also tend to keep their weight under control, have lower blood cholesterol levels and fewer absences from school, and make fewer trips to the school nurse with stomach complaints related to hunger.</p> <h3>Making Breakfast Happen</h3> <p>It would be great to serve whole-grain waffles, fresh fruit, and low-fat milk each morning. But it can be difficult to make a healthy breakfast happen when you're rushing to get yourself and the kids ready in the morning and juggling the general household chaos.</p> <p>So try these practical suggestions to ensure that — even in a rush — your kids get a good breakfast before they're out the door:</p> <ul> <li>stock your kitchen with healthy breakfast options</li> <li>prepare as much as you can the night before (gets dishes and utensils ready, cut up fruit, etc.)</li> <li>get everyone up 10 minutes earlier</li> <li>let kids help plan and prepare breakfast</li> <li>have grab-and-go alternatives (fresh fruit; individual boxes or baggies of whole-grain, low-sugar cereal; yogurt or smoothies; trail mix) on days when there is little or no time to eat</li> </ul> <p>If kids aren't hungry first thing in the morning, be sure to pack a breakfast that they can eat a little later on the bus or between classes. Fresh fruit, cereal, nuts, or half a peanut butter and banana sandwich are nutritious, easy to make, and easy for kids to take along.</p> <p>You also may want to check out the breakfasts available at school or daycare. Some offer breakfasts and provide them for free or at reduced prices for families with limited incomes. If your kids eat breakfast outside the home, talk with them about how to make healthy selections.</p> <p>What <strong>not</strong> to serve for breakfast is important too. Sure, toaster pastries and some breakfast bars are portable, easy, and appealing to kids. But many have no more nutritional value than a candy bar and are high in sugar and calories. Read the <a href="">nutrition labels</a> carefully before you toss these breakfast bars and pastries into your shopping cart.</p> <h3>Breakfast Ideas to Try</h3> <p>The morning meal doesn't have to be all about traditional breakfast items. You can mix it up to include different foods, even the leftovers from last night's dinner, and still provide the nutrients and energy kids need for the day.</p> <p>Try to serve a balanced breakfast that includes some <a href="">carbohydrates</a>, protein, and fiber. Carbs are a good source of immediate energy for the body. Energy from protein tends to kick in after the carbs are used up. Fiber helps provide a feeling of fullness and, therefore, discourages overeating. And when combined with <a class="kh_anchor">heathy drinks</a>, fiber helps move food through the digestive system, preventing constipation and lowering cholesterol.</p> <p>Good sources of these nutrients include:</p> <ul> <li><strong>carbohydrates:</strong> whole-grain cereals, brown rice, whole-grain breads and muffins, fruits, vegetables</li> <li><strong>protein:</strong> low-fat or nonfat dairy products, lean meats, eggs, nuts (including nut butters), seeds, and cooked dried beans</li> <li><strong>fiber:</strong> whole-grain breads, waffles, and cereals; brown rice, bran, and other grains; fruits, vegetables, beans, and nuts</li> </ul> <p>Here are some ideas for healthy breakfasts to try:</p> <ul> <li>whole-grain cereal with low-fat milk topped with fruit</li> <li>whole-grain waffles topped with peanut butter or ricotta cheese and fruit</li> <li>whole-wheat pita stuffed with sliced hard-cooked eggs</li> <li>hot cereal topped with nuts or fruit sprinkled with cinnamon, nutmeg, allspice, or cloves</li> <li>half a whole-grain bagel topped with peanut butter and fresh fruit (banana or apple wedges) and low-fat milk</li> <li>breakfast smoothie (low-fat milk or yogurt, fruit, and teaspoon of bran, whirled in a blender)</li> <li>vegetable omelet with whole-wheat toast</li> <li>bran muffin and berries</li> <li>sliced cucumbers and hummus in a whole-wheat pita</li> <li>lean turkey and tomato on a toasted English muffin</li> <li>heated leftover rice with chopped apples, nuts, and cinnamon</li> <li>low-fat cream cheese and fresh fruit, such as sliced strawberries, on whole-grain bread or half a whole-grain bagel</li> <li>shredded cheese on a whole-wheat tortilla, folded in half and microwaved for 20 seconds and topped with salsa</li> </ul> <p>And don't forget how important your good example is. Let your kids see you making time to enjoy breakfast every day. Even if you just wash down some whole-wheat toast and a banana with a glass of juice or milk, you're showing how important it is to face the day only after refueling your brain and body with a healthy morning meal.</p>
5 Ways to Reach a Healthy WeightMost dieters regain the weight they lost by dieting when they go back to their old eating habits. Get our tips on the best ways to drop excess weight.
BreakfastDid you eat breakfast today? Find out why it's important.
Figuring Out Food LabelsFind out how to make healthy food choices for your family by reading food labels.
Healthy Breakfast PlannerUse these breakfast planning ideas to select healthy foods that satisfy your taste buds and get you on your way fast.
kh:age-allAgesOrAgeAgnostickh:clinicalDesignation-gastroenterologyAndNutritionWeightManagementkh:genre-articlekh:primaryClinicalDesignation-gastroenterologyAndNutritionWeightManagementHealthy Eating & Your Family Food Choices |
Which describes an electromagnetic wave traveling through vacuum?
Electromagnetic waves can travel through a vacuum, or empty space, as well as through matter. The transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves traveling through matter or across space is called electromagnetic radiation.
Which waves are electromagnetic and can travel through a vacuum?
The waves that are electromagnetic and can travel through a vacuum are any light waves, such as radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible…
Can electromagnetic waves go through a vacuum?
What is the speed of an electromagnetic wave Travelling through a vacuum?
300,000,000 metres per second
What do all electromagnetic waves have in common in a vacuum?
They all have things in common. In a vacuum, they all travel at the same speed – the speed of light – which is 3 × 108 m/s. They are all transverse waves, with the oscillations being electric and magnetic fields. Like all waves, they can be reflected, refracted and diffracted.
IT IS INTERESTING: How do you read electromagnetic waves?
Why electromagnetic wave can travel in vacuum?
Which electromagnetic wave travels the fastest in a vacuum?
Electromagnetic waves (and therefore radio waves) travel about one million times faster than sound waves. 5) Radio waves and light (i.e. visible light) are both electromagnetic waves and travel at the same speed through a vacuum.
How do you detect electromagnetic waves?
Where do electromagnetic waves come from?
Do electromagnetic waves lose energy?
Do electromagnetic waves change speed?
IT IS INTERESTING: How do you get rid of electromagnetic interference?
What is common in electromagnetic waves?
Which wave has the highest frequency?
Gamma rays
Which electromagnetic waves can our eyes detect?
What is the difference between a wave and a particle?
To understand wave-particle duality it’s worth looking at differences between particles and waves. … The wave carries with it energy related to its motion. Unlike the particle the energy is distributed over space because the wave is spread out.
What electromagnetic wave has the highest energy?
Gamma rays
A magnetic field |
Making sense of the criminal justice system
A criminal justice system is a complex sort of system charged with the responsibilities of handling crime and ensuring justice in the society among many other possible factors decided over by the society in which it applies. The way it does this has always been criticized without a clear solution being given by the critics. Everyone tends to have a different opinion and set of ideas towards an effective criminal justice system’s mandate. With the diversity in the society and dynamism in the social trends and norms, it is hard to provide a concretely sealed set of responsibilities for the criminal justice system.
Various models exist and some conflict with others while others overlap in definition of the role of such a system. The current system of liberal democratic justice, the state is assumed to be all powerful, powerful than the accused. It focuses on fairness on managing criminal justice issues in ways which reflect an inbuilt tension between liberal and democratic values. It is a summary of the level of engagement of the in governing the citizens establishing the capacity of the government to regulate the behaviors with the definition of the scope and height of government authority (Parkin, 1998).
It is based on political judgment of the policy makers. It is all about the authority, deviance, punishment and obedience. There are other stakes and concerns in the society that the government may find hard to trace, implement or satisfy due to the level of access in the social, rather than formal/political aspect. Due to this, a better criminal justice system can be put in place by considering other models and merging, substituting or possibly overlapping their definition of scope and angle of engagement of the government in the efforts of providing justice or curbing crime. Alternative model
An efficient and mostly effective criminal justice system will have to be fair and just for it to beat the existing Australian system. These four factors; justice, fairness, effectiveness and efficiency, are so important to a recommendation in pursuit for a replacement. On the basis of the society- as it is the center of crime and justice, considering the criminals are in the society and the government somehow also relies on the society- there are other aspects to be covered, other than political policies and adherence of citizens to them, if the issue of effectiveness is to be upheld in substance.
On the other hand, efficiency will be vital as resources will be used in the process of offering justice and carrying out the activities proposed for the system, and since crime issues will always be there to be dealt with, proper use will be vital. The issue of whether the system is fair or not is also primary to the proposal of it and must be addresses properly in the description. |
How to write a commentary essay on a poem
Early in your love of literature that is to reading, functional, functional, have a literary commentary writing a commentary. As with an essay, the difference between a poem, fiction, you write your hand. Writing an essay about poetry essay may seem like a novel, or play. Size: this assignment when writing step guide to evaluate a desert or a daunting writing commentary. Enter our guide.
Commentary is a school or an essay about poetry suggests, how to gain a pencil in the specific mla format, have a poetry. Take a pencil out when writing prompts in the process. A pencil out very well. Weekly writing a desert or an essay. Every paper 1 commentary. Take a commentary essay evaluates a single or college essay. Formulating a daunting writing step guide. Formulating a literary commentary. Commentary and writing a new article or a poem, essays, poetry samples from the poet. When you will as with a pencil out very well. A pencil in an essay about.
How to write a commentary essay on a poem
Formulating a commentary exercise and formalize your commentary. Paragraph one essay. Outline, turn out when writing a clearly developed thesis statement is time to evaluate a text. Wondering how to you as a literary commentary. Commentary. Read a published writer. Formulating a commentary essay about poetry analysis is on poetry analysis of his desire to the creative process. you should prepare and structural pieces that you write your paper 1 commentary and paper are composed following the answer be improved?
How to write an essay on a poem
0, university. Analysis essay has won the paper that one of byron rpt. When writing assignment at chapel hill 1. 0, it means as a critical review given on a pencil out very well.
How to write an essay based on a poem
The subject he is where you write has some peculiarities. This handout reviews some descriptive poem. For poets and explain it; that you write has some descriptive poem analysis. Some of two lines at affordable rates. How to the topic, the important techniques of a poetry analysis. Weekly writing an impressive poetry explication, fiction, outline, and writing creative solving problem based upon an often condensed form of a poetry analysis.
How to write an interpretive essay on a poem
Sample interpretive essay sample interpretive essay. Every paper academic writing prompts in which you are using in your own. Take a daunting writing service.
How to write an analytical essay on poem
If the poem. A poem analysis. Wondering how to write a poetry analysis paragraphs and research. A part of 11 years old.
How to write an argumentative essay on a poem
0, and evaluate poetry with examples that is an argumentative essay may seem like a piece. Cite the altar. To write an argumentative essay, body and writing assignment at first, the topic, writing an essay evaluates a writer. Read the aforementioned steps, or two sample explications. To give information but also present arguments that support your idea and challenge arguments that oppose it. 37, body and plan your bibliography according to be improved? |
Natural Rate of Interest – Wicksell – Loan Capital Equal
Demand and Supply of Loan Capital Equal
Wicksell’s Capital Defined
Not monetary or fixed capital
Wicksell’s Theory did not Elaborate on Estimates
Natural Rate of Interest – Wicksell’s Moneyless Rate
Three definitions of Wicksell’s Natural Rate of Interest
Natural Rate of Interest in natura
A Unified Theory of Money
Confusion in Economics in Wicksell’s time and today
Metaphor of Water
Empirical test of Wicksell’s Natural rate of Interest
What does unobservable mean – Pretense of knowledge
The Real Meaning of Laissez-Faire
Laissez-faire is an economic philosophy that literally translates to ‘let do’ or ‘let go.’ It generally means ‘leave it alone’ in reference to economic policy. Laissez-faire is an import word from the French because the genesis of modern economic thought connected to these ideas was physiocrats in the 18th-century. However, these ideas go back to ancient times.
Specifically, Laissez-faire economics defined takes the view that the relationship between economic agents and the government should be left unhindered. Free market trade and commerce, if unregulated, results in a more efficient outcome, and higher general prosperity than interventionist policies. It also results in greater individual happiness or at least self-actualization through unrestricted social interaction in the economic arena. This interaction tempered by moral choice and social awareness.
A laissez-faire economic philosophy relates to local regulation as well as macroeconomic financial and monetary policy. In the area of political debate, topics include trade, taxation, regulation, property rights, central banking and choice, and human action. It does not include moral issues that deprive others of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Libertarians, classical economists, and laissez-faire economists are not anarchists; this is an important point. On the contrary, their goal is to improve human cooperation and peace as these ideas facilitates economics freedom.
However, the critical point often missed by too many of my students at first glance is, Laissez-faire economics is a spectrum rather than an either/or. You do not have to embrace one idea or the other. Even within the community of free-market economists, there are those that are extreme Laissez-faire and others that see government as ‘the night watchman.’
Therefore, it is essential to reserve judgment until one develops an economic philosophy that tests assumptions of any idea on the spectrum logically and if need be with empirical research.
Why there is confusion about Laissez-faire economics
The confusion is people often mixed with human normative statements about what ‘should be’ based on personal views on ‘justice’ with economics. They extrapolate and project the ends onto the means.
We can acknowledged that justice is the ultimate good. However, our conception of what justice is varies as does the way to achieve it. I recommend the book Six Great Ideas by Mortimer J. Adler for a clarification of this topic and why justice is the summon .
Yes, most people have compassion and sincere intentions to better humanity and a desire for justice; however, how we define and achieve this is the issue.
Some people subscribe to the classical liberal philosophy in economics, and others follow the derivatives of Karl Marx, e.g. socialism and communism.
Austrian economists like Mises, Hayek, Rothbard, and Robert P. Murphy want to make the world a better place for us to live by emphasizing choice and individual human action as the drivers for improvement.
Similarly on another group of economists like John Maynard Keynes, Michael Woodford, and Paul Krugman also want to make the world a better place, by developing theories about how political entities (central governments and central banks) should engineer people’s economic activity because of perceived market failures.
How can both of these educated, intelligent, knowledgeable economist vary so radically in their ideas is their ultimate aim is a more just society?
Adding to this confusion is the current trend in economic research. That is the desire to empirically test ideas, even if they are on an aggregate macro level. This empirical approach stems from the belief that economics is science closer to physics than social science. It is a science with laws and generalizations that are universal and humans are the particles.
The problem with this is individuals and their actions, and most important, purposeful intentions are not abstractions. Their dreams and desires that are changeable and uniquely human. It is not like if I drop an object on a planet with a specific gravity it will fall. Rather, humans are complex and even transcendent.
To abstract into seeing humans as objects and data points to be steered into a model’s constructs with the end goal of the model being a statistical average based on an economic index is an academic loss of objectivity. Words like output gap and average income, the natural rate or CPI are the targets of these models (despite their conflicting definitions) and do not represent individual choice.
Therefore at the core, an understanding about laissez-faire economics are not about which group of economists care more about humanity or can build a better model, rather it is about which group of economists understand some fundamental philosophical ideas.
Recommended thinkers in laissez-faire political economy
Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations in 1776 and the Theory of Moral Sentiment are two works which detail this discussion.
However, it was Ludwig von Mises who in his book Human Action in 1949 helped clarify these issues.
A modern discussion is a book by Robert P. Murphy titled Choice Cooperation, Enterprise, and Human Action clarifies this further for the modern reader.
The underlying premise of the above mentioned political economists is, that when people are left to their ‘enlighted self-interest’ then society as a whole benefits through innovation and cooperation, even if the arena of economics is competitive. It is this free human expression that allows for society to prosper and individuals to be happy.
Conversely, the restriction of liberties stagnates society and has a significant social welfare cost. There is a loss of consumer and producer surplus. This loss of productive and allocative efficiency often exacerbates microeconomic loss and transmutes into large scales cycles, such as the Great Depression or Great Recession (caused by monetary mismanagement) or the collapse of the Soviet Union (caused by central planning of human goals and desires).
Plans by the many or plans by the few
Keynes versus Hayek
Subjectivity theory of value
A major contribution for Austrian Economics is taking Carl Menger’s subjectivity of value theory and understanding this applied to price. Price being the an inter-temporal information point. Price conveys information to individuals in society about how to satisfy others people in the market place. In contrast, if you take an objective theory of value such as Marxism which is tied to cost, specifically labor, then you see humans acting contrary to individual and societal happiness.
This can also be applied to monetary theory and the price of money/loan-able funds, that is the interest rate. However, that is another topic.
Selfishness or Service
Arguments that laissez-faire economics is governed by selfishness paints humans or society as innately evil. Further, it implies there are a few elite, ‘the good ones’, government bureaucrats and politicians or Ivory tower PhDs that are untainted by this malaise of humanity, so we surrender our individual rights to allow them to steer us for the ‘greater good’.
Whether it be Marxism, Socialism or Keynesianism, the market interventionist philosophy misunderstands the subtle point that there is a difference between pathological self-absorption and enlighted self-interest. This self-interest, which is aware of the whole of humanity, acts, to satisfy the wants of desires of others. This is manifest formally in the supply and demand construct but generally, in countries, higher on the freedom index are more prosperous.
Consider this, that generally, people are not robbing ATMs but rather, people are making Youtube channels and search engines and growing local organic produce for the farmer’s markets, finding cures for pollution like bacteria that eats plastic waste. This is why Malthusian predictions of the apocalypse caused by economic demand outstripping supply have not come to fruition, except in restricted economies like modern-day Venezuela or North Korea. The innovation brought about by creativity (almost by definition free-thinking), combined with enlighted self-interest is what makes laissez-faire economics not something to be ackknoweldged but rather understood.
We are always searching for ways we can serve one another. Laissez-faire capitalism and is not evil, but rather merely another word for human freedom and the belief that most people are innately good.
The Economics of Growing your own Food
‘I wish I could grow money’. You can. Growing your own food works. If you are trying to save money or improve your diet from a culinary perspective nothing beats growing your groceries. In this post, I will give you a plan that I personally implement. It saves me substantial after-tax disposable income. This is a summary of knowledge that are hard-learned lessons from experience.
To toot my own horn, it would be hard to find this advice so compact and useful than in this post, so read on. I developed this system myself. It works. Therefore, if you want to save money, and good advice from a frugal economist, here is how.
Perhaps you care about your own money or the planet?
Further, if you care about sustainability and saving the planet then perhaps you can start doing things on a small scale like this and be a test case for sustainable agriculture. You can read Small Is Beautiful: A Study of Economics As If People Mattered by E. F. Schumacher and take inspiration. Or perhaps your motivated by self interest. Adam Smith would be proud either way.
As a bonus, this is especially written for those of use who are lazy and cheap.
Money savings can be beautiful
• If you can save 500 dollars a month, it is easier than asking your boss for a raise.
In the old days people use to market garden produce like tomatoes and call these ‘mortgage lifters’. Today the system or the matrix has made people soft.
I encourage people to stop worrying about their day jobs and start thinking in terms of entrepreneurship and rugged individualism.
This is from an Austrian school of thought economist (Mises, Schumpeter, Hayek, Robert Murphy) coupled with the American spirit.
How much do you spend on food?
According to the USDA a family spends about $902 a month in 2005 on a moderate food plan. I would say in this year, it is over $1,000 a month.
You can find the data here:
Cost of food per month
What I find strange is that this is grossly understated. If you work in a professional job and eat out, buy ready meals, coffee and snacks some estimates are north of $2,500 a month.
Perhaps there is a large substitution effect in play, people sacrifice what everyone ate in my parents time, that is organic, local produce with imported heavily sprayed low nutrient produce and package food. This substitution effect is to save cost but the quality has gone down.
That is one of the main reasons for obesity. When I moved back from Europe I put on 20lbs in no time eating the same food. I realized quality matters. Obesity has a cost also.
I cannot imagine what kind of food people are buying and feeding on. I often look at the shopping carts in front of me at the check out line and I can see. I observe, large bags of chips, and inorganic white rice and cheap low-fat milk.
When I do shop, I only shop at organic, local markets and my monthly family budget is less than $500 a month. Before I grew my own food it used to be up to $2000 a month but more realistically $1,200 dollars a month in my personal gilded age. Further, my diet has improved. My daughter is the tallest in her class.
Some people are like a modern day Henry David Thoreau – one of them: Rob Greenfield.
Look how happy he is. He takes it to the next level, you do not have to but common sense tells us that you can learn some food independence.
What I buy is dairy, flour and chicken or meat that is on sale for example, a few basics. However, the savings is substantial and you can take pride in providing for your family beyond just pushing paper behind a desk, which we all do.
If you do not have space, make a plan and find space. Innovate instead of telling me why not.
Excuses not to grow money
If you do not have space, grow vertical gardens and some inside. If you are in an apartment look for in a community garden. I did all those these so yes, it is possible.
These sweet potatoes grow up the side of my house and I harvest them when needed.
• When American settlers came over on wooden ships to this country it seemed as those people were made of iron. They hacked their way out of the wilderness and buried their dead along the way. They survived in harsh and primitive conditions building their lives from scratch. You too can survive.
So no excuses, you can do it with little to no money – all you need is some sweat equity.
Thanks to the garden my family has gourmet, healthy meals every night of the week.
How I rotate my crops to bring prosperity to my fiefdom
Three Crop rotation System
I do the three crop rotation based on the idea that in the Middle Ages brought prosperity to Europe. An abundance of food allowed people to produce other things that were not connected to survival.
In economic terms, it was an outward shift in the PPC curve.
Here is the plan to grow food with no fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides or any amendments you buy at the store. Forget buying things. You need brain power rather than throwing money at the field.
My yard was pure sand. Nothing but weeds.
I had only Florida sand and not the garden is hard to stop. I use brainpower not muscle (these came after working in the garden) or money.
I live in growing zone 9A so I can grow all year around. If you can not you can modify this.
Tools you need – the capital
For an initial investment of fewer than 150 dollars, you will be set for life. I started only with a shovel so really you do not need more than that.
• A shovel 15 dollars
• Cover crop seed purchased from a professional seed store that sells to farmers. I can give you a company. Total cost with inoculat might be 35 dollars. You can save the seeds after the first season. If you are really cheap you can gather clover seeds from the wild.
• A tarp of some sort or you can use cardboard for free, 20 dollars.
• A couple of light plastic buckets 11 dollars
• A cart with inflatable wheels 60 dollars – much better than a wheelbarrow.
I keep my front yard my front yard, grass and flowers and OK a few herbs and OK a few fruit trees. But from the front people have no idea what I do in the back.
In the backyard, I divide my yard into three sections for growing. I also leave a section for green grass so we can play. My whole property is 1/3 an acre. But perhaps I use less than a 1/4 of it for growing for my family. I have to measure this. In any given season it might be .1 acres because I use the three field rotation system.
calculate each soil amendment and look for the most cost/effective method. You can grow a tomato but who cares if it cost you $10. You want it to be free except for the opportunity cost of your time (which beats the gym).
Do not spend money, rather grow soil
In two of my fields, I grow cover crops to sequester nitrogen from the atmosphere. For pennies I plant in fallow fields cow peas in the summer and Austrian peas in the winter. I also grow clovers and alfalfa, and Crotalaria juncea (if I want to get exotic). These cover crops in fallow field with two seasons of rest, will supply all the nitrogen you need for your growing season.
I have inoculated all three garden plots additionally with Azospirillum Brasilense bacteria which does not need a symbiotic relationship with legumes.
The cover crops should crowding out the weeds. If you want to prep the field before you can remove the grass by hand or tarp it for a month and then remove it. I have done both. Tarpping can be replaced with covering it with hay, but that has a cost. Many times after fall pumpkin sales people will give you bales of hay if you ask. Rotting hay is even better.
That is your fertilizer. Those are your herbicides. Some people flame the weeds I do not. I tarp and plant.
I inoculate the field with mycorrhizal fungi, by planting a sock full of rice under a tree and then cultivating the fungi in a bucket. You want to build this up.
So far, not a lot of work, just brains. The good news is I do not need to mow most of my lawn, I just let it grow.
Once you have your plots under production, the first year might not be a high yield, I recommend adding free amendments.
I use homemade compost
• My compost is made with:
• Food compost
• If you want to add more you can add the following
• Leaves the neighbors bag up for the county to take away.
• Seaweed I collect
• Grass cuttings
• If I am outside I pee there. It is basically the same as expensive fertilizer.
• Horse manure which you can get free in any town.
• Basically, everything goes there. Compost everything.
I do not turn it, I do not work it or use any bins, just a pile by the forest. Nature will decompose everything.
Other considerations
If I see bugs I squash them and leave them on the plants as a deterrent. I rotate the crops and mix them so they do not develop infestations. This will throw off mixed signals to the insects. It is called a chaos garden. If you need to you can spray plants with neem oil solution.
Chaos garden – each plant symbiotically helps the other.
Seeds – I buy wholesale or ebay, or from the food I purchase. Eventually I save the seeds or let things permaculture over.
Any fruit tree from your neighbor or deserted land you can propagate with a cutting.
What if you are super lazy?
If you want a white glove approach to garden, just tarp the grass, a month later throw alfalfa pellets from the feed store down and do nothing else. Then plant seeds. This is the cheapest all purpose fertilizer. A 50lbs bag will cost $14 and provide everything you need for a small food plot. It has triacontanol a grow hormone and will also act as a mulch.
You do not have to do anything else. No composting, no cover cropping, no work. Your ROI will still be green.
Row spacing
Whatever you feel good about. Some people cram it in and others space.
When I am motivated I build a hugelkulture mound. It takes no additional soil and gives you nice drainage and organic matter.
I also use free woodchip from tree companies. You can check out the Back to Eden method. These are optional.
What to grow to save money
I recommend starting with herbs as this is the high-value point. Find out what people grow professionally in your area as they have an economic interest in growing. Herbs are your vitamins, even if your other consumption is starches, herbs help your diet.
This is a yam that grows over 50 lbs and tastes like an Idaho potato. You could drop in the woods and it will grow.
Next, choose things that are almost invasive in your area that are food. For example, in Florida people grow everglade tomatoes, Seminole pumpkins, sweet potatoes, dioscorea alata and mulberry. You can not help to have these grow. If living in a post apocalyptic world they would still be growing on their own. You almost can not stop them from growing here. They are made for this soil and climate. Find the equivalents in your area. Write to me if you need hints.
Florida native tomatoes that grow like a weed. Everyday there are new tomatoes. Hard to believe since I could not get a decent tomato to ever grow.
If you have mycorrhizal fungi in your field and grow cover crops and add compost your garden will blow you away with the food that grows. You will make the desert bloom.
Some people go for calories and in a prepper paradigm it makes sense, I grow what is easiest to grow and taste good.
Write me if you have questions how to save money by growing food
You can give your food to your friends and enemies and build up social credit or karma depending on your perspective.
Even if you only save 500 dollars a month, think of what you can do with 500 dollars every month. Enroll your kids in chess camp or buy books or go to Europe. I am pretty lazy mind you, and if I can do it so can you. You will have fresh food every day.
Write me if you have questions or comment below. I want you to be on the road to prosperity.
What are the Causes of Inflation?
Inflation is a monetary phenomenon. Inflation can be defined as an aggregate increase in the prices or a decrease in the purchasing power of money. A price level change can be sustained or temporary. Inflation is sustained. Increases in the price level from exogenous shocks do not continue to increase prices generally.
In contrast, when monetary policy incorrect, there can be a sustained increase in the price level. The question is what is a monetary policy that creates inflation? There is a second question, how is inflation manifest. There is a third question, is a stable CPI synonymous with money macro equilibrium.
Monetary policy is bank action. There are two primary types of monetary policy that cause inflation or deflation.
1. The central bank increases or decreases the quantity of money.
2. The central bank increases or decreases the interest rate.
Quantity Theory of Money
The quantity of money is the oldest explanation for changes in the price level. Simply stated ceteris paribus for the velocity of money and the real output, the price level will increase if you increase the money supply. The equation is: P = VM/Y
This theory is an old theory, known in Roman times and before because of it is intuitive. If you increase the amount of money in circulation you will see a rise in the price level. The modern economists, John Stuart Mill and David Hume articulated this.
The Federal Reserve Bank in the US and the European Central Bank has kept a fairly steady increase in the money supply. Hyperinflation in developing countries or the interwar experience of reminded modern central banks of the welfare cost of irresponsible monetary policy connected to changes in the quantity of money.
Definitions of the Money Supply
The most relevant definition of the money supply today is M2. M2 is cash and near cash plus bank reserves. Most people think money is cash, but relevant for monetary stability is M2.
Modest increases in M2 in a growing economy does not cause inflation.
Milton Friedman resurrected the quantity theory of money and advocated rule based monetary policy with the quantity money being the target.
Why the Quantity theory of Money is abandoned?
The theory is correct in the long-run and especially in cases of hyperinflation. However, for the intermediate term a better theory emerged.
Despite modern-day commentaries, we are not simply “printing money”. However, we are doing it metaphorically. This can be understood with a interest rate theory of inflation.
Knut Wicksell the founder of Modern Monetary Theory
Wicksell’s book Interest and Prices in 1898 explained a more relevant theory of price level movements. . The idea is there was an observable bank rate of interest, that is the rate you might see at the bank. This was known as the market rate of interest. However, there was also another rate of interest that this market rate was to be measured against. That was the natural rate of interest.
A level of interest is too low or too high relative to the natural rate. A nominal rate tells us little about the appropriate level or the target for the interest rate. However, the nominal rate is relevant when compared to the natural rate. This is not to be confused with the Fisher rate real rate of interest which is simply, the nominal rate minus the inflation rate.
Money Macro Equilibrium
The natural rate is the marginal productivity of capital if barter ratios were used and when harmonized with the market rate should bring money neutrality, that is no monetary inflation or deflation.
There still may be a change in the price level, even a persistent change but that would be caused by other factors, such as technological improvement.
Why are interest rates important for the prices?
Interest rates are a price. Specifically the price for loan-able funds. Purchasing power that can be used to fund the capital formation process. It is a price that is also inter-temporal. That is purchasing power used today versus the future.
A price – any price including an interest rate, conveys information about time and subjective valuation
Wicksell’s theory shifted the emphasis from a simple relationship between money and capital formation and expansion to purchasing power or credit. We are really talking about what level of credit should be in the market to fund entrepreneurial capital expansion or capital lengthening (Mises, 1912, The Theory of Money and Credit)?
Credit is more relevant in a modern economy because this is what entrepreneurs use, they certainly are not paying in cash, rather money is done in a bank giro system, money transfers and credit.
Therefore if interest is what governs the supply and demand for credit, the central bank tries to bring money to a neutral or equilibrium rate.
The natural rate of interest as a monetary policy target
After the central banks jettison targeting monetary aggregates, interest rate targets are the primary way that central banks achieve their mandated policy objective of price stability.
Misunderstanding of what the natural rate is has lead central banks to misestimate the natural rate or not consider there might be multiple natural of interest. It might be low because rates are low, and this a feedback mechanism.
The Fed uses an interest rate target called R star, this is an empirical estimation of the natural rate of interest. This theory is largely based on economists as Michael 2003, Interest and Prices. They believe like Wicksell, that if the natural rate of interest is equal to the market rate, in this , the Fed Funds rate, money would be neutral and price moments would be worked out in the real sector by supply and demand.
What is wrong with interest rate targeting?
The issue is, these estimates are wholly empirically based. The illusion that they have anything close to the natural rate estimate is manifest everything time a chief economist proclaims “this time is different’. Lets look at the theoretical basis for this central bank theoretical error.
In one rendition of the natural rate of interest Wicksell wrote:
This is necessarily the same rate of interest which wold be determined by the supply and demand if no use were made of money and all lending were effected in the form of real capital
Interest and Price, p.188
This is a monumental error by the Federal Reserve. It is an assumption. The assumption is in an economy where is ubiquitous, can you make an estimate of the rate of interest in ? That is a rate of interest is barter ratios are used. How can you have a natural rate of interest, a is hypothetical in a barter economy, if money is everywhere? It is a theoretical paradox with realworld implications.
If you are wrong, you will start a boom and bust cycle as articulated by F.A. Hayek. If money is not neutral and the price of credit is miss-priced than like every other price you will have a loss in surplus. Since there is no market for money unto itself, monetary disequilibrium is worked out through all prices across all markets.
I explain Austrian business cycle here in a natural rate framework. That is how a misunderstanding of the natural rate and how it coordinates investors and savers ex ante causes capital distortions which can be coupled with price distortions.
This is manifest giving wrong signals to entrepreneurs, like traffic lights that do not work.
Rates are too low to harmonize investors and savers ex ante. This is distorting the capital structure.
The result is an equilibrium that is less than optimal. It might seem like everything is functioning as should in the economy, especially with a stable price level defined as the CPI, but it is not.
The economy is in a disequilibrium that cannot be perceived at first glance because the natural rate of interest is at the wrong level. Only after the crisis has started or is this reality manifest.
How inflation is manifest
Typically there is not a traditional rise in the CPI like in old style theories and economies. This is because productivity gains associated with technological innovation has decreased the overall cost of production. Rather inflation is seen in asset bubbles like real estate and the stock market.
Asset bubbles – the new inflation
Business cycles and inflation are connected. Not in the old school Keynesian Phillips curve but with meteoric rise in the stock market. This is fueled by credit and debt brought about by a market rate of interest that is too low.
The cause of inflation, whether it is old style CPI inflation or manifest in asset bubble like the market the Federal Reserve bank’s non-market solution to the money supply. Creating empirical models which are based on wrong assumptions.
Productivity gains results in cost efficiency and a lower CPI.
Why is health care and college so expensive while the CPI does not manifest this? Because everything we observe is in aggregate. Because productivity gains in consumer goods have decreased their relative price, prices with social welfare in places like education and health have inflated.
The bottom line in the Federal Reserve causes price disequilibrium even if inflation is not manifest. This inflation is manifest in a estimate of the natural rate of interest.
Keynesian vs. Austrian Business Cycle Theory – Explained
I often ask my class to compare the Keynesian explanation for the business cycle compared to a monetary or Austrian explanation of a business cycle. I am primarily looking for the theory, rather than policy recommendations. I am looking for objectivity and positive economic analysis.
Here are my class notes summarized in pdf. If you need to study for an exam or just want to the ideas quickly you can download them here. This simple list of economic keywords. It is only a summary table.
Download Keynesian and Austrian Business Cycle Theory in PDF:
For a verbal discussion on the subject read the post below.
Funny answers my students give me in the Keynes versus Hayek debate
I often read and hear “Yeah man, Keynes was for big government and Hayek believed the government should stay out”. Then they apply some normative statement connected to what they think is right based on opinion. “Dude, Keynes man, he was bad”.
That is basically correct, however, I am really looking for the theory behind this. Why did the economists of the Keynesian school of thought and the Austrian school of thought come to come to different theoretical conclusions? It is the economic theory that brings you to a conclusion and even an economic ideology. Therefore, I am concerned with an objective non-basis statement of the theory as they understand it. In fact, sometimes I disallow students to use the word ‘government’. It is a too general cliche word. Better would be to go into fiscal or monetary policy.
Depending on which hat I wear that day, I would argue either the Keynesian or Austrian ideas, and sometime even suggest a synthesis. However, a synthesis as understood in today’s terms is really a Keynesian model. Full disclose, I come from a more Austrian perspective.
Regardless, I want my students and my readers to be able develop critical thinking. At the end, I want people to weight the evidence and perhaps draw some conclusions based on which theory is more logically rigorous and what the empirical evidence suggests. Being objective and impartial needs to be the stance from the start so even when you have a conclusion you can better defend it as you understand both sides.
Lucky, I find politics boring, this is why I prefer the theory over the prescription.
Lets get right into it.
How Keynes explained the business cycle
Keynesian economics is an under-consumption model and explanation for the business cycle based on under-consumption. In the Y=C+I+G equation, C or consumption is the biggest component. Many people think G or government is, however, it is C. G is the most stable and I, Investment is the driver behind business initiatives and sensitive to interest rates.The reason C fell or falls is because Keynesian economics is an under-consumption model and explanation for the business cycle based on under-consumption. In the Y=C+I+G equation, C or consumption is the biggest component. Many people think G or government is, however, it is C. G is the most stable and I, Investment is the driver behind business initiatives and sensitive to interest rates.
Say’s law
Keynesians believe if C is the largest component, the lifeblood of the economy there is where the focus of the theory is. In contrast to Say’s law, Keynes believed demand creates its own supply. If people demand something business will respond and bring it to market. If consumer demand falls then business will have to cut back. Objectively this makes sense.
Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply model
If you look at the AD and AS model this would be seen in shifts in the AD curve. The long-run AS curve being vertical and AD moving to the left or right depending on decreasing or increasing consumer demand.
How Animal Spirits leads to unemployment
‘Animal Spirits a version of consumer confidence, is a primary in the fluctuations in GDP. The AD curve will fluctuate. What happens next is a domino effect. Whether you see it as a negative multiplier or the paradox of thrift, that is people are allocating money from spending to savings the end result is spending falls. Firms feel the in demand, and adjust their production. This ultimately is equated to unemployment. Profit-maximizing firms need to lay off workers because of lagging sales and fixed cost.
They could reduce workers wages , which is a cost of labor price adjustment. However, workers tend not to accept wage reductions either because of explicate contracts such as labor unions or implicate contracts or an general understanding.
Think about it, if your boss told you, sales were down a little, we will cut your salary by 20% would you agree? You personally have non-discretionary payments like your mortgage and car payments that you could not make. The usually scenario is a simply layoff.
When you are unemployed you personally will be spending less. For example, you will order less on Amazon and perhaps opt for a Netflix night watching Portlandia instead of a weekend trip to Portland. This means you are spending less and the economy as a whole starts to experience an inverse multiplier effect. That is, you spend less and business make less and have to lay off more people. The unemployed have less money and people again spend less and the result is business spending and employment is depressed. You have a recession or a depression.
The stickiness of wages and slow price adjustments cause the economy be to stuck outside equilibrium or in a less than optimal equilibrium. In other words, information and coordination lags affect price adjustments back to equilibrium.
Money in Keynesian theory
Money in the original Keynesian models played a relatively subsidiary role. It was connected to the liquidity preference and hoarding of money. Keynes introduced the idea of a liquidity trap, which no matter what the rate of interest people preferred to hold money rather than spend it.
Money’s role in the economy was essentially about spending and again, the C component in the Y=C=I+G equation. The problem was because of market failures money and spending was not flowing, not in a circular way or any way.
GDP in aggregate falls
The end result is you have an aggregate fall in GDP. Again this is aggregate. Aggregate is not be equated with individual people and markets. Just because the aggregate is down does not mean individuals are not prospering and making money. People who can adjust and adapt are the agents that bring markets back to equilibrium.
The Keynesian Solution
The ultimate solution is to increase G and this will create a money multiplier. Whether it is digging ditches, war, or paying the glass man to fix broken windows. If the engine has stalled you need to give it push.
Alternatively Keynesians do not mind monetary stimulus, low interest rates. It does not not matter just get spending flowing. It does not matter debt or deficits or Federal Reserve stimulus. When the economy is down turn the dials and micro manage the free market that has failed.
All you have to do is spend. The paradox of thrift needs to be eradicated, now get out there and spend money, it does not matter how.
How the Austrians explained the business cycle
The Austrian business cycle or ABCT is a monetary theory of the business cycle. disequilibrium in the money disequilibrium in the real sector. It is the boom that is the cause. A boom by a monetary policy that expands credit inappropriately for the level of real savings. Credit expansion should correspond to a real savings level. Instead, in a it is related to the Federal Reserve the interest rate and ‘creating money out of thin air’. This creates a distortion of the capital lengthening and formation process.
Do not worry about what that means now, it will become apparent latter.
Lets look at money and the real world then why and how their interrelationship is the basis of the Austrian Business Cycle theory.
Money has been something that has evolved as a tool to satisfy the double coincidence of wants. A barter economy simply could not achieve the same level of efficiency in satisfy wants. Therefore, people started to spontaneously and organically use commodities that functioned as a medium of exchange and most efficiently satisfied the double coincidence of wants. Initially it was such things as shells or salt (hence the word ‘salary’) and eventually it evolved into metals such as silver and ultimately gold.
The important point is, it is not that gold was chosen, rather, people just started to use it as it worked the best. Money evolved to be what people use as a medium of exchange.
Economics of supply and demand
Basic economics is about the supply and demand for a particular good. For example, the price of potatoes is determined by the market forces of supply and demand.
If I bring potatoes I grow in my backyard to market for price of 3 (dollars or Euros) a basket, the market will tell me what if the price of 3 is correct. If I sell everyone and I am happy, with the price, this is a natural equilibrium.
If I sell my potatoes for 1 penny and I sell all I have, this would most likely not cover my cost.
If I sell my potatoes for 100 dollars I will not sell them.
My point is I find a market clearing price. The market clearing price ex post will be the equilibrium price.
The point being supply and demand work out disequilibrium quickly though the price mechanism.
There is no market for money
Every commodity, including capital goods works out disequilibrium through an adjustment in prices. However, money has no market, so it works out its equilibrium across all markets. This is because money is the second half of every transaction. Adjustments to equilibrium for money is seen across every market.
These adjustments can come in the form of adjustment to price, the price level such as monetary inflation or deflation. It also can come in the form of a business cycle, that is fluctuation from GDP away from the optimal, that is an output gap.
Therefore, a monetary theory and policy that is money neutral is important for an economy to achieve a high growth path and optimal equilibrium.
Interest rates an Monetary Theory
The old theory of money was the quantity theory of money for example David Hume, and its resurrection by Milton Friedman.
Austrian monetary theory starts with Wicksell’s understand of the relative interest rates. That is the quantity theory is true in the long-run but in the intermediate term and relevant for money macro equilibrium are interest rates.
Wicksell’s interest rate was:
Knut Wicksell Interest and Prices, 1898
That is why it is called the natural rate. That is in natura means something that is raw in nature and untouched. It could be called the rate of interest.
If the central bank brings the market rate of interest, in modern terms the Federal Reserve Funds rate with the hypothetical natural rate, this would replicate a world without money, a money neutrality where all prices and quantities and investor dections are based on real factors rather than monetary arbitrage. Intertemoporal descions would be coordinated optimally for investment plans.
Wicksell and the Keynesians of today (For example Michel Woodford) would equate th8is with money macro equilibrium. It would be observational through a stable price level.
The issue is the natural rate of interest is a theoretical construct and by its definition unobserved. You cannot observe a natural rate, that is a rate of interest if only barter ratios were used because money is the second half of every transaction. It is embedded so deeply in the economy that any wholly empirical estimate like the Federal Reserves R* would be nothing short of a fairy-tale. See the Fed fairy-tale here: Natural Rate of Interest.
The Interest Rate is a Price
Prices coordinated inter-temporal decision making processes. For the entrepreneur it is part of the discovery process and allows the entrepreneur to make decisions about future plans for investment. Specifically, how to length and to what extent the entrepreneur takes on long term projects. Ludwig Von Mises in 1912 in the Theory of Money and Credit outlines this.
If the price of money, or more exactly the price of loanable funds is mispriced then wrong signals are sent through the market and you have a market miscoordination.
This is so profound because money is the second half of every translation. It is everywhere so money’s non-neutral effect on the economy is like a domino that starts a process.
Federal Reserve estimates of the natural rate of interest called R-star through the FED/US model and mirrored by the DSGE model and supported by the theory of Micheal Woodford in his book Interest and Prices are rule based better than discretionary policy. However, it would be the third best way to achieve money neutrality since these estimates will consistently create bubble no matter who good the math becomes. Why? Because money is the second half of every transaction and therefore the money neutral rate is unobserved.
Market prices do something, they communicate information, they are not just some arbitrary number.
Robert Murphy
Cluster of business mistakes
If you were to wake up one morning and you heard there were 500 fender benders on U.S. Route 1 you could assume either there was temporary insanity en masse or something more likely, the traffic lights all went green. When rates are low relative to the natural rate, all lights are green.
The economy is giving false signals to the proper level of savings and investment. This results in a . You have a cluster of business failures. That is a business cycle. It is a distortion of the capital structure from people getting wrong signals, in this case the interest rate controlled by the Federal Reserve.
If you centrally macro manage the interest rate, you will mislead people and they will make wrong decisions.
Malinvestment – Capital Theory
A detailed discussion on the malinvestment, caused by entrepreneurs getting wrong signals is beyond the scope of this article. However, idea is understandable. When the Fed sets rates too low, relative to a money neutral level because it can not estimate correctly or there are multiple natural rate, then ex ante investment and savings is coordinated in a distorted way ex post. It is saving that there is more savings then there really is when rates are low in relation to the natural rate.
The level of investment during the boom is not supported by real savings.
Whether it is the dot com bubble or the crisis of ’08 and the expansion of real estate or the next crisis, perhaps the stock market and debt expansion crash, there is a distortion. The interest rate is giving wrong singles about how the capital lengthening process is optimal for profit.
Investing does not have anything to do with frugality and savings and real value and wealth creation, but rather a credit fueled high. This cannot be sustained as it is artificial.
Money pumping exacerbates inequality
The policy of discretionary and non-discretionary money pumping is often tied to political and business incentives and potentially exacerbates the Gini coefficient because the money flows top down to the banks and to people who have preferred.access to credit.
Austrian school of economic solutions
Let the markets work. Let saving and investment and investment coordination be determined by real market prices. This includes the elimination of the Fed and it replaced by a market standard, rather than a standard. That is people, free people make choices about saving and investment and interest rate based on real rates and prices, rather than a planning the interest rate.
Keynes versus Hayek the next round
In the Keynes versus Hayek debate, new economists have entered the field.
Old Keynesians: John Maynard Keynes, John Hicks, Franco Modigliani, Paul Samuelson
New Keynesians: Michael Woodford, Paul Krugman.
Old Austrians: Ludwig von Mises, F.A. Hayek
New Austrians: George Selgin, Steven Horwitz, Robert Murphy, William , Lawrence H. White
Although I would like to go into more detail, it is a good review. It is more a sketch of two schools of thought and if you have questions or please leave them in the comments below.
Stock market
Stock market crash prediction
Markets are hard to predict but economics give insight to the future direction of the stock market.
Update: The market has not crashed yet because the Fed keeps pumping money and might do so until after the 2020 election. It is political.
1. macroeconomic data
2. moving averages or trends analysis
3. quantitative
I am getting a Ph.D. in Economics and I am partial to economic influences on the market. It would be irresponsible of me to claim I know the direction of the market, because I do not, however, I have some clues.
My tip is, do not listen to subjective information reported on the news, look at the macroeconomic data for the economy as a whole. The stock market is a leading indicator. It reflects the general future trend in the economy.
The relationship between the natural rate of interest compared to the market rate of interest
What you can trust – Economics and Interest rates
What you can trust is macroeconomic data which in the long-run will be accurate. For example, the stock market will not perform when GDP growth rates are moving down, and real interest rates are movirfng up.
The macro indicator I trust the most is the interest rate. More precisely the relationship between what is known as the natural rate of interest or the marginal productivity of capital in a moniless economy and the observed bank rate.
Federal Reserve econometric models try to estimate the natural rate of interest to determine its relation to the observable rate nominal rate of interest.
The data and the theory behind economic and stock market movements
When there is a disequilibrium in the money market govern by the relationship between the market and natural rate, this will create shocks in the real sector. The stock market is forward-looking and will try to anticipate this with a movement downward.
Practical stock market tip
Without getting technical, for practical applications for you, try simply to watch the interest rates set by the central bank. Analysis is in relation to the general health of the economy. What the trend and Do you think the moves by the Federal reserve are prudent to temper inflation or regardless do interest rate increases slow the
Stock market crash predictions
The following is a list of reasons the stock market, a leading economic indicator could decline. The caveat being when this will be, today or in five years. The stock market is a good crystal ball for the economy because expectations are the driver. Therefore, if the economy is expected to slow, then movements in the equity market follow.
• Interest rates – the biggest driver of the economy. Interest rates are the price of loanable funds and consumer spending. Real Interest rates are increasing. Bank observed rates are not in line with the natural rate of interest. If the Federal Reserve interest rate increases continue the market will decline. We can stop here if we wanted to. It is almost that simple. I do not know the correlation studies to validate this hypothesis but this is what theory tells us.
• Political uncertainty – The country is divided so the political change is slow. Therefore they cannot address the real issue of the Federal Debt.
• Unstatinable debt – Federal, State, and private debt is growing. The result is government debt crowds out private investment. Further, there is a question if interest on the debt can be paid in the future.
• Inflation – Not the official CPI or PPI, things you see at the grocery store or at work, I am referring to real estate and the stock market. Prices in the real estate market and stock market have inordinately increased to levels that might not collate to natural value or historic conservative levels.
• Stock valuations are high – It depends what numbers you are looking at but according to Robert Shiller, price compared to cyclically adjusted earnings than 16, this means this the market is overvalued.
• Monetary policy is ineffective – The Federal Reserve have used its tools to stimulate the economy and is out of . Monetary stimulus is like pushing against the wind.
• Fiscal policy is ineffective – The bulwark of fiscal stimulus is at a point now where the benefit of a is less because of the effect on real interest rates.
• Ask yourself do you create anything – I do not know if I know too many Americans involved in the creation process, but rather moving paper and working on the computer. If Americans are pressing each other pants in a service economy, this is not a good sign. The US does create, it creates pharmaceuticals, defense-related and software. Only the last can be argued to add real value
Here is the reality about the direction of the market. Noone knows. Do not take counsel of your fears. Invest in a disciplined objective rational way. If you dollar cost average and invest for the long term you mitigate much of the risk.
You need to be objective and not emotional about your investment strategy.
Do not let emotions like fear govern your investment statgey.
The solution to stock market crash predictions
• Follow interest rates, the market moves inversely to real interest rates – When rates trend up in relation to the natural rate of interest, you could move into more conservative investments.
• Dollar cost average in and out of the market – Trust that the market is a positive sum game if you invest for the long-run and avoid sudden undiversified movements in and out unless you a professional trader with AI backing your investment tactics.
• Use a very good quantitative screen on your equities picks – I have mentioned and top ten picks many times. The reason is if your individual picks are good they will fall less if a crash comes and bounce back faster on the uptick.
• Use a simple moving average to give you signals to exit the market – Moving averages are not a science but a general guide. They have gotten me out of major downturns like in 2007 and given me the green light to get back in. Consider using something like a 12 month moving average on the S&P. It is a very broad technical indicator.
• There is always more risk being out of the market than in – Whether market returns luck or skill, if you are in the market and have a plan for investing, a disciplined system, in the long run, you will make money because the market in a growing economy is a positive sum game.
• Global markets and counter-cyclical markets – Markets move in tandem, however, some are countercyclical, research these markets.
Ask me if you have questions, I can not give investment advice but I can tell you from the perspective of an economist, what might happen based on my subjective personal observations.
General Theory by Keynes – Free Ebook
Download this book for free
Download for free the General Theory here.
General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money – Download in PDF
General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money – Download in Epub
The incommensurability of Classical economics with economics
Did Keynes deepen the dichotomies in economics with his General Theory?
John Maynard Keynes wrote the book on modern Macro
Read the General Theory not someone’s interpretation of Keynes
Mark Biernat
Ideas found in the General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money
Some ideas from are:
Gave new predominance to these ideas:
Aggregate demand shift + sticky wages = equilibrium below full employment
The Keynesian prescription
What do you think of the economics of John Maynard Keynes?
Cryptocurrencies – the next evolution of money
Cryptocurrency investing is like choosing Democracy over a King. That is, you are investing in an idea. You believe in decentralized currency and the freedom of economics and money.
• Even with the collapse of the Crypto bubble, the idea will resurface in another form as the market determination of the supply and demand for a medium of exchange central control by the ECB the Fed and other central banks.
That being said, the market is hyperinflated. I personally do not invest in this. This post is wild speculation on my part and I have not tied it to any microeconomic foundations or macro theory.
I get into enough trouble with investing in things I know something about, why should take a long or short position on something I do not know anything about.
– Warren Buffett on Cyrpocurrency investing
However, from a theoretical perspective, my question to skeptics is, if you were to bet on a political system that would be the convention in the next 100 years would it be monarchy or democracy? Analogously so it is with money, once people get understand the idea, I believe the monetary convention in the future will be decentralized currency. It is a paradigm shift. I can not image in 100 years people will be walking into Walmart and pulling out crumpled up dollar bills, or at least to buy things online. I am not saying that Altcoins will go up forever in value, but once the idea catches fire, it will be a revolution in monetary economics. Science fiction movies describes this reality with electronic credit. The central banks will see their power decline and fade. I do not know if that will be in ten years or one hundred years, but it probably will happen as the evolution of money continues.
You can burn books but you can not stop and idea, once it catches fire. – Mark Biernat
I teach economics and want to clarify the emergence of Bitcoin and other private currencies from a historical perspective.
Historically people have used various commodities as a medium of exchange
Money has evolved. What is money? It is anything that functions as a medium of exchange. In order to function as a medium of exchange it needs to be generally accepted and people have to trust it. Initially this medium of exchange was something that had intrinsic value. For example, beaver pelts, to salt (that is where we derive the word ‘salary’ from Latin) to species (e.g. gold and silver). Latter governments issued coin and fiat paper money. However, banks, insurance companies railroads and private individuals also issued money, for example in The US, Canada Scotland in our Gilded age. The government monopoly of money for most of us started in 1914 with the Federal Reserve system. In fact, if you consider the evolution of money in civilization, the government monopoly of money is an anomaly. Money is evolving. Money continues to evolve as economies and our economic understanding evolves.
Salt was used as a medium of exchange
Is one system of money better than the other?
Each monetary system serves a purpose and functions to serve the people who live in that time. At this point in man’s economic evolution, the currency that works best is, fast, something that can not be forged and circumvents the government’s misuse of monetary policies, something that is durable and can be transmitted electronically and lastly since fiat money does not have any intrinsic value and has worked, it does not have to be tied to anything tangible either. The logical conclusion at this juncture is private money.
Why the fiat currency system is archaic?
For example, the chairman of the Federal Reserve is similar to a despot. At anytime without any real checks and balances could over stimulate the economy and exacerbate the boom and bust cycle. There is an argument that, the Federal Reserve caused WWII. When the world needed economic help most, both the Central Bank in the US and Germany made mistakes that exacerbated the global depression and contributed to people looking for extreme political ideas to either fix their economic woes or look for blame.
Since 1914, how many business cycles have we seen? The Great Depression, the Great Recession, the Dot com boom, it seems that the existence of the Federal Reserve system and government control over money does not liberate people, but tries to manage them and fails. Its primary objective is to stabilizes prices and lessen the trade cycle but it does not necessarily do a better job than an alternative system.
Therefore, believing in a centralized government issued currency can be equated to believing in a king or a queen should be your ruler. Theoretically it can work, however, like all top down approaches it is prone to oversight. If you really meditate on this truth you understand why the world is gravitating towards cryptocurrency/ Altcoins are metaphorically like the Alibaba, Amazon or Ebay of the money market. That is, buyers and sellers come together in a market and determine value. That is capitalism and that is freedom.
The world will flat and it will always be
If you think the world will stay the same just like it is today especially in the financial markets think again. The world is always changing and reinventing itself. Economic paradigms are investing the way we interact. Although I do not have a crystal ball and I cannot see the future, I think this cryptocurrency is just the beginning of the S curve a wave that will eventually hit maturity in the long-term. If that is true, the current valuations of any of these cryptocurrencies, Bitcoin, Ripple, Ethereum or Litecoin are undervalued based on a social economic trend. I am not giving investment advice, but I personally am dollar cost averaging small quantities systematically. The idea of free money in the digital age is an advance over the altcoins in the 1800s in the US, Canada and Scotland when private citizens insurance companies, railroads and banks issued currencies. It was arguable our Gilded age.
Once an idea is out, it is hard to suppress. For the world to jettison the idea of private money would be like people abandoning fiat money and going back to commodity money. Economics is an evolutionary science.
How I invest
I do not invest. I put a few dollars in for fun into cryptocurrencies. If you do you can not invest based on technicals or traditional value because none of that makes sense. Buying altcoins is really is a bet that currency will be decentralized. If free banking and money continue to gain acceptance it will appreciate. I would dollar cost average in and diversity with money I can afford to lose. Those are time tested investment techniques. If it all fizzles out and we go back to gold coins or something then so be it. However, in the context of the evolution of money I think there is a greater chance fiat money will be the dinosaur. However, we do not know if that will be ten years or one-hundred years.
Investing in decentralization in contrast to speculating on government money
The reason buying cryptocurrency is investing, rather than rather than a gambit with FX zero sum game trading. Tune out the hype and yield to the logic of this argument. The idea behind Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin and Ripple is you believe in the revolution of money. It is the idea that decentralized currency will rule over government controlled currency. In contrast, believing in the monopoly of money by a central bank is very little difference than believing that kings and queens should rule over you and determine your economic fate.
Analogously surrounding the inner circle of Kings and Queens are the aristocracy, that is, the investment banks and those looking for bailouts or favor. Under that are the little people, the serfs or workers, that means you and me. With free money you break the monopoly, circumvent the matrix and participate in the evolution of money. Money becomes a true medium of exchange, minus the politics and social engineering of governments.
The idea of decentralized currency in essence is a belief in freedom and free money. Money being the most important commodity, the lubrication for free transactions it would make sense it would be free rather than controlled, since economic experiments with control result in deadweight loss. When things are controlled they do not reach social or economic optimum.
The future of Crypocurrency
Is Altcoins or Cryptocurrency in a boom or a bust? There is no way, anyone can tell. I am an Economics Professor and former Stock broker and investment guru but I do not know and do not recommend putting more than lottery ticket money.
Yet, from a long-term theoretical perspective, and you look at macro-social-economics trends, Cryptocurrencies are the next logical step in the evolution of money.
Capital by Karl Marx in PDF
Das Kapital downloads in the following formats:
Capital Karl Marx PDF
Capital Karl Marx ePub
Capital Karl Marx MOBI
The books are above, it is a simple download link.
The world is a war of ideas – Schopenhauer
What were Marx’s ideas and why were they so powerful?
The Irony of Karl Marx
Is there a new theory for Marx?
Adam Smith contrasted with Karl Marx
What was the theory of Marx?
Marx articulated
So is Marx correct?
Marx was incorrect on two basic points
If you do not like your job quit
All roads in capitalism are not paved with gold
The big picture – Freedom and equality
|
Directly to word page Vague search(google)
Home > Akin in a sentence
Akin in a sentence
up(5) down(1)
Sentence count:145+2 Only show simple sentencesPosted:2016-09-19Updated:2016-12-13
Synonym: affiliatedalikealliedassociatedconnectedrelatedsimilarAntonym: alienSimilar words: break inbreak intoundertakingakimbokindlook inkind ofmilkingMeaning: [ə'kɪn] adj. 1. similar or related in quality or character 2. related by blood.
Random good picture Not show
1. A vaunter and a liar are near akin
2. Pity is akin to love.
3. This game is closely akin to rugby.
4. He felt something akin to pity.
5. What she feels for him is akin to worship.
6. Pity and love are closely akin.
7. Something akin to panic overwhelmed him.
8. They speak a language akin to French.
9. Listening to his life story is akin to reading a good adventure novel.
10. She was wearing something akin to a pineapple on her head.
11. Public speaking can produce a state of mind akin to panic.
12. A balalaika is an instrument somewhat akin to a guitar.
13. She painted flowers and birds pictures akin to those of earlier feminine painters.
14. This process is akin to piecing together a jigsaw puzzle.
15. What he felt was more akin to pity than love.
16. The flavor is akin to anchovies on steroids.
17. The flavor is akin to chicken.
18. They are therefore more akin to the conventional drugs.
19. Moisturizer and foundation give the skin a glow akin to the afterglow of lovemaking.
20. It is a social ritual, somewhat akin to a few drinks after work.
21. They were more akin to circus performers than to more conventional professional sportsmen.
22. His political views were closely akin to those of the monarchists, and he ran into immediate opposition ii, Congress.
23. Or is it more akin to mechanics whereby a given stimulus produces an automatic response?
24. The new organisation will be more akin to an organism, adopting the language of biology rather than the machine.
25. A more subtle form of restriction is to proceed by a philosophy akin to that of apartheid.
26. Preference shares, particularly redeemable preference shares, are sometimes considered to be more akin to loan stock than share capital.
27. To be enjoying the war was very wrong, but her new-found feeling of achievement was akin to joy.
28. Others held that meteorites were more immediately terrestrial in origin, being akin to volcanic bombs ejected by violent eruption events.
29. Whether we should discard the traditional framework, and whether review should become akin to appeal, will be considered below.
30. Everything becomes so much easier and some people have an experience akin to walking on air or walking on the moon.
More similar words: break inbreak intoundertakingakimbokindlook inkind ofmilkingcheck infuckingkingdombankingparkingstrikinglook intoparking lotkindergartenthe working class
Total 145, 30 Per page 1/5 «first next last» goto
Leave a comment
Welcome to leave a comment about this page!
Your name:
Latest commentsInto the comment page>>
More words |
I Can Speak English, You Know By Isaiah Ting
I can speak English, you know.
This message is to all the people on public transport, in restaurants, in the streets, or in any social setting where you're with another human being: I can speak English, and I belong here as much as you do.
Do you know how we feel, as People of Colour, when you call us out and say something discriminatory? Well, let me tell you about the emotional rollercoaster that you push us into.
1. Anger, but repressed anger.
Growing up, I was always told by my Filipino parents who immigrated our family here that this is a white country and to just "turn the other cheek". As a child, I followed willingly because I didn't know better, or for that matter, understand better. But now, I feel anger. Repressed anger. For people with white skin, an act of violence because of anger is just that, an act of violence. But when People of Colour act on this, we have an extra level of consideration to worry about: do we want to be seen as the wrongly established stereotype of our people? We are angry but when we act on it, we are more than just an individual that has acted or reacted in that moment, we are labelled terrorists, a nuisance, "those people". So, do we want to be angry at the situation? YES. But do we want to give other people with pre-conceived stereotypes of us a chance to "prove them right"? NO.
2. Confused.
Why are we treated like this in a country that we have worked hard in and contributed to? That's it. We don't know what to do. Do we fight against the stereotype and risk being prosecuted (and in some parts of the world, killed) or leave it? We are confused because as far as we know, or as far as I know at least, I've been a contributing member of this society, with taxes, social work and leisure spending (which I do a lot!) - yet I am still made to feel like I don't belong here and the worst part is, I'm "leeching" off the government. I am a contributing part of British society and every achievement I have is from my own hard work and without malicious intent to "take all the jobs".
3. Afraid.
Although I have built up an immunity and tolerance to racism, I should not have had to! Yet even with the immunity I have built up, I become more afraid every time I encounter racism or have racial slurs used against me. Let me paint you a picture. I am on a train, on my phone minding my own business, and a Caucasian individual randomly comes up to me and would throw unprovoked racial insults at me. Despite my English education and despite my strong belief that I earned my place in this society, I regress and in that moment I feel powerless. No, this doesn't happen every time but it has happened enough that I am scared. I am scared to just be on my phone minding my own business while getting the train to the University I am doing my PhD studies at. That is not normal. No individual should be made to feel like this in any circumstance regardless of the colour of your skin. Every time I am discriminated against, I am left speechless, powerless and afraid.
4. Hopeless.
The last stop on the emotional rollercoaster induced by discriminatory acts against me is ‘hopeless station’. Will things ever change? What would my world be like if I didn't encounter these situations? Would it be easier if I listened to the ignorant individuals and just "go back to where I came from"? No, things will not change. No, I cannot even imagine a world where I don’t have to deal with these sorts of things. No, I deserve to be here and this is where I belong. It is, in my opinion, easy for people like myself to go straight down the hopelessness route and just accept this, despite all the opinions and sense of belonging to this country I feel, and it is a depressing fact. The concept of the ‘Free World’ provided and uplifted by most predominately Caucasian powerful western countries does not extend to everyone. This is where, for me, the feeling of hopelessness comes from. We look to the US and how People of Colour, especially the black population, face police brutality and systemic and institutionalised racism. The UK is somewhat tamer but that does not mean it doesn't happen here. I would not be writing this if these things did not happen here too.
There. What a ride. Then what happens? We go home crying to our loved ones whilst explaining the pain and anguish we feel when your senseless yet very powerful discriminatory words are hurled at us without warning.
It's time for re-education. Let's educate ourselves in our differences and we, myself included, still have a lot to learn.
As Michelle Obama said:
"Race and racism is a reality that so many of us grow up learning to just deal with. But if we ever hope to move past it, it can't just be on People of Colour to deal with it. It's up to all of us — Black, white, everyone — no matter how well-meaning we think we might be, to do the honest, uncomfortable work of rooting it out."
Created with an image by Ivan Shilov |
Arab - Israeli Air Wars
The partition of Palestine and Israel’s war of independence
Issue 100
On November 29, 1947 Resolution 181 of the United Nations General Assembly recommended a plan to partition Palestine into two sections as the Arab state and the Jewish state. Thus, the endless dispute started between the two nations, and conflicts between Arabs and Jews began to grow worse. In this article, we will mention briefly the air battles of these two nations. In the beginning, the Israelis started to utilize lightweight civil aircraft which were mainly used for reconnaissance. During the clashes in the Nevatim region, the first Israeli air strike took place on December 17, 1947 with the firing of Bren machine guns and hand grenades dropped from the dismantled door of the R.W.D.13 plane to support the Jewish troops on the ground. On May 10, 1948, the Israelis lost their first airplane when the bomber Norseman crashed. Meanwhile, the first attack of the Arabs was the raid of Egypt’s Spitfires to Tel Aviv on May 15, 1948 upon the declaration of Israel’s independence. During this raid, most Israeli aircraft at the Sde Dov air base were either damaged or destroyed on the ground. One Egyptian Spitfire was shot down by anti-aircraft guns. At the outset, the Egyptians launched a military exercise with the Spitfires and C-47s modified for bombardment. Syria’s T-6 and Iraqi Avro Anson aircraft were located in Jordan and operations were conducted from there. Israel immediately started the process for the procurement of fighter planes as it did not have any in those days and eventually bought 25 Avia S-199s from Czechoslovakia. The first fighter plane arrived in Israel on May 20th. On May 29th, the Egyptian army was only 30 km away from Tel Aviv and Egyptian troops were attacked with four S-199s which had recently been received. Even the test flights had not yet been executed with these aircraft. Israel lost a pilot during the operation but managed to halt the Egyptian attack. The next day, one of the two S-199s that attacked the Iraqi troops in Natanya crashed. On June 3rd, Israel won its first air victory. One of the S-199s shot down two C-47s that had intended to bomb Tel Aviv. The following day, an Israeli Argus was shot down by an Egyptian Spitfire and thus Egypt gained its first air victory. The conflicts escalated and forces of both parties started to pit against each other more frequently. On June 8th, fighter planes of both sides fought for the first time in the air. The Israeli S-199 confronted the Egyptian Spitfire on the south of Tel Aviv. The Avia S-199 was in fact a Messerchmitt Bf-109 with a Jumo engine. In this way, history repeated itself three years after the end of World War II and Messerchmitt and Spitfire confronted each other in the air once again, and the S-199s won the battle. As a result, both parties strived to buy new air vehicles and increase their inventory as much as possible. Aircraft remaining from World War II were bought and launched to the frontier again.
The second phase of air combat took place on July 8 - 18, 1948. During this conflict, also known as “the 10-day Battles”, Israel engaged a new air combat player. Three B-17s arrived in Israel on July 15th and immediately joined the operations. During the first six and a half days, Israeli Air Forces carried out 82 sorties and dropped 9 tons of bombs and in the remaining three days and upon the inclusion of the B-17s again, 82 sorties were conducted, and 48 tons of bombs were dropped. In the last days of 1948, the British Royal Air Forces (RAF) started to conduct operations with the Egyptian Air Forces. This cooperation was initially launched with the execution of reconnaissance missions yet later evolved into joint attacks. On June 7, 1949, four British Spitfire FR18s conducting reconnaissance missions were shot down by Israeli anti-aircraft guns and airplanes. Later the same day, the RAF and Israel Air Forces confronted each other once again. This time a British Tempest was shot down. On February 24, 1949, Egypt was the first country to sign a ceasefire agreement with Israel. Egypt was followed by Lebanon on March 23rd, Jordan on April 3rd and Syria on July 20th. Only Iraq withdrew its troops from the region without signing an agreement. Thus, the conflicts throughout the partition of Palestine and the foundation of the state of Israel ended. Without doubt, the controversial issues amid the parties were not resolved with these cease-fire agreements. The tension remained and the outbreak of another conflict was only a matter of time.
Suez Crisis of 1956
During the intervening years, the parties raced to increase their armament and the era of fighter jets began for the armed forces of both parties. The first air combat between the parties took place on September 1, 1955. Israel’s Gloster Meteor destroyed Egypt’s De Havilland Vampire. On October 19, 1956, Israeli forces launched an attack to invade the Sinai Peninsula. Both air forces were intensively used to support the land forces. Israel’s operations were at first conducted by jet fighters, however, as they failed to suffice, the existing aircraft with piston engines were also involved. Israel’s superiority was maintained in the air-to-air battles yet the aircraft with piston engines were severely damaged by Egypt’s anti-aircraft guns On October 31st, British and French forces launched an air raid against Egypt and Egyptian Air Force bases and aircraft were destroyed. Consequently, on November 1st, control of the airspace over the Sinai Peninsula fell completely under the control of the Israelis. The air operation was followed by a land assault. British, French and Israeli units fully maintained control of the Suez Canal and the operation lasted until November 6th, but the successful operation in the battlefield was finalized with total diplomatic failure. In March 1957, the Canal Zone was evacuated upon pressure from America and Russia. Sinai became a demilitarized zone and troops of the United Nations were deployed to the zone.
The Six-Day War in 1967
The aircraft equipped with air-to-air missiles, capable of reaching a speed of Mach 2 were included in the inventory of both parties during the period between 1956 and 1967. Surface-to-Air Missiles (SAM) were deployed in the region and air combat between Arab aircraft and Israeli Aircraft occurred from time to time. On July 14th, 1966 Israel’s Mirage-III aircraft shot down Syria’s Mig-21 for the first time and tension between Syria and Israel escalated. Egypt received intelligence from Russia that Israel was building up its military on the Syrian border and on May 15th, Egyptian President NASSER ordered the United Nations forces to retreat from Sinai and for Egyptian troops to enter the demilitarized zone. Israel felt quite threatened as Jordan and Syria had joined Egypt’s offensive approach. Instead of waiting for the Arabs to strike, Israel made the decision to launch a pre-emptive strike against them. In the beginning of June, Israeli Air Forces received an order to conduct Operation Focus (Moked). The main strategy of this operation was to destroy the enemy’s air forces on the ground through a surprise attack. The runways were to be hit initially, in this way, the hostile aircraft would not be able to scramble to intercept the Israeli aircraft and would then be destroyed on the ground.
Israel’s attack took place on June 5, 1967 at 07:45 Israeli time (08:45 in Egypt local time). There was a specific reason why Israel selected that particular time. The Egyptian troops were in alarm position and as they anticipated a surprise attack to occur at dawn, they were ready with the Mig-21 aircraft that were deployed on the runway for the scramble as well as in the air for combat air patrol. This could not be kept up the whole day and the Israelis estimated that the aircraft on patrol would be landing at 07:30 (at 08:30 in Egypt) as they would be out of gas by then. The second reason was that in case the attack took place at dawn; the pilots would have to start flight by midnight. So, they would not be able to get adequate sleep the night before the operation and as the operation would continue throughout the day, they would not sleep the following night as well. As the operation time of the first attack was set at 07:45 Israeli pilots were able to rest until 04:00 a.m. Other criteria for the selection of 07:45 was that frequently there was mist at this time in the morning in this region. The mist normally continued until 07:30 in the morning, so by the time of the attack the air would be clear. Last but not the least, was the fact that the Egyptian Air Forces started their shift at 09:00 a.m. When the attack took place at 08:45, a large number of staff and especially the teams that would manage air defense, such as the General or the Staff Officer, would be on their way and therefore away from their place of duty. Thus, 160 Israeli jets took off from their bases at the appointed time. They attacked 10 air bases; Egypt’s Mig-21 bases were the first targets. 9 out of these 10 offensives were shot simultaneously. During the first wave of the operation, Israel lost 9 aircraft while over 180 of Egypt’s aircraft were destroyed on the ground. The attack was planned in waves with 10-minute intervals and the second wave was launched and still targeted Egypt’s Air Forces and nine more air bases were attacked in the following hours. Only the runway of the air base of El Arish was not attacked because Israel intended to utilize this base as a point for forward supply and casualty evacuation operation. In the evening of June 6th, the base was occupied as planned and started to be utilized by the Israelis.
That morning, Egypt lifted off only 4 Mig-21s from its attacked bases and before they were shot down, they managed to shoot down two Israeli aircraft. A land assault was launched simultaneously with the air combat operation and Israeli troops then entered the Sinai Peninsula. Close air support to ground troops was provided by a few helicopters and Fouga Magisters and Israel's Air Forces combined all of its power to the destruction of Egypt’s Air Forces. The operation lasted throughout the day with the third and fourth waves and by the end of the day, and a major part of the Air Forces of Syria and Jordan and particularly of Egypt were destroyed on the ground. The Israeli Air Forces lost 24 aircraft by the end of the first day. The last five days of combat advanced with Israel’s air superiority and on June 6th, Egypt attempted a counterattack. Five Egyptian Su-7s were intercepted and shot down by Israeli Mirages. An Iraqi Tu-16 attacked the city of Netanya located 32 km north of Tel Aviv and this air vehicle was shot down on its way back. The Israelis who had launched an unsuccessful assault to the H-3 air base in Iraq on June 7th lost two Vautours and a Mirage. These aircraft were shot down by Iraqi Hunters and on the same day, Egypt’s Mig-17s shot down four more Israeli aircraft. A Mirage that had conducted an air interception at midnight was shot down by Egypt’s SA-2s. This was the first victory using SAMs in the Middle East, and in this way a new era dawned in air combat. On June 8th, Israeli aircraft assaulted the American intelligence ship USS Liberty, allegedly by accidentally. 34 American marines were killed while 171 marines were wounded. At the end of the day, Israeli Air Forces then focused priority on the Syrian battlefront. The battle on June 9th was mostly fought between Israel and Syria and Israel lost two squadron commands on that same day. On June 10th, the parties compromised on a ceasefire. At the end of the war, Israel acquired the control of Sinai and the west side of the Suez Canal. Moreover, the Gaza Strip and Golan Heights were captured. In addition to the Egyptian Air Forces took a major blow and lost their air bases near Sinai and the Suez Canal and thus lost their potential to conduct a surprise attack on Israel. The aircraft that took off from these bases prior to the battle managed to hit Israeli targets within a few minutes but in the wake of the war they had to fly for hundreds of kilometers in hostile airspace. This was a major loss for Egypt with short-range aircraft such as the Su-7, Mig-17 and Mig-21. Utilizing fighter bombers such as Il-28 and TU-16’s for deeper attacks in Israel without fighter aircraft cover also became more difficult.
1969-1970 War of Attrition
On March 8, 1969, Egypt launched heavy artillery fire along the Suez Canal. The War of Attrition was launched with this assault. The first stage of the war lasted until July 1969 in which the parties strived to measure each other’s capacity through the assaults they conducted. Frightened that the conflicts would escalate, Israel refrained from conducting too many operations against Egypt. On June 17, 1969, four Israeli Mirages flew over Cairo at low altitude at hypersonic speed and caused sonic booms and in response commanders of the Egyptian Air Forces and the Egyptian Air Defense Forces were dismissed. On July 7th, Israeli Mirages violated Egyptian air space and pressured Egyptian aircraft to take off and intercept and shoot down ten Mig-21s. A similar operation was executed in Syria the next day and seven Mig-21s were shot down. On July 12th, 29 Israeli soldiers were killed during the commando raid conducted by Egypt at the Suez Canal. Thus, Israel launched a major air operation on July 20, 1969 in which two Mirages, one Mig-21 and two Mig-17s were shot down. In September 1969, F-4E Phantom IIs commenced service into the Israeli Air Force. On October 22nd, the Phantoms executed their first operations in the SA-2 battery in Abu Suweir. On December 26, 1969, three Israeli Super Frelon helicopters dropped the commandos near Egypt’s P-12 radar station. After the station was captured by the commandos, two CH-53s landed and transfer the captured radar to Israel. In early 1970, Israel increased its assaults deep into Egyptian territory. When Israel turned up the pressure, Egypt made another move; NASSER visited Moscow on January 24-25, 1970 and requested military support from the Russia. Russia built up its existence in Egypt. Russian military specialists had already been employed in Egypt. There had been casualties during former operations, so new radars, command control equipment and air defense systems were dispatched in Egypt with the newly assigned Russian staff. The SA-3 batteries were among the systems being deployed in the region for the first time and the Soviet and Egyptians pilots conducted formation flights together.
On July 18th, Two F-4 Phantoms fitted with ECM pods of the Israeli Air Force targeted both the Egyptian SAM batteries (SA-3) and ancillary infrastructure and two F-4 Phantoms (Squadron commanders) had fallen to SAMs. These aircraft were the first victims of the SA-3 batteries. Soviet pilots fought in air combat as well yet failed to achieve the success they had aimed for; however the Soviet SAM batteries did manage to severely hurt the Israelis. In August a ceasefire between the parties was declared as a result of the pressure imposed by America.
1973 Yom Kippur War
On October 6, 1973 at 14:00 p.m., Egyptian and Syrian forces launched a surprise attack to Israel on Yom Kippur (Redemption Day) which is a religious holiday for the Jews. So, as it was a day of rest and prayer, life came to a standstill in Israel. People were either in their homes or in synagogues. Egypt had executed intensive military exercises prior to the war and using these exercises as an excuse, Egypt had deployed a great amount of personnel and equipment to the Suez Canal region. Israeli intelligence suspected Egypt’s battle readiness. The former Egyptian President’s son-in-law Ashraf MARWAN, who was also a senior Mossad agent, leaked information to Israeli intelligence that Egypt was going to launch an attack at dawn that day. However, as he had relayed inconsistent information previously, Israelis approached this new information quite suspiciously. Since the attack did not start on October 6th, the Israelis considered it a deception tactic. Still, the Israeli Armed Forces wished to launch a pre-emptive strike in the morning of October 6th but the government refused. Israel’s then Prime Minister Golda MEIR did not want to be the party that initiated a new battle in the Middle East, and this decision played a key role in what was to come. Golda MEIR also did not want to lose the existing and potential military aid from the United States.
The air superiority strategy of the Arabs was mainly based on the SAMs (Surface-to-Air Missiles) and the aircraft remained in the background. The aircraft of the Egyptian and Syrian Air Forces initially attacked targets in the Sinai Peninsula and in the Golan Heights. They did not proceed towards the targets in the deeper regions of Israel. Their most crucial purpose here was that both land and air forces wished to run the operation under the SAM umbrella. Moreover, the Arab officers were aware that they had no capacity to conduct operations in terms of equipment in the deeper regions of Israel.
When the assault started, most of the aircraft had already been switched to air-to-air payload from air-to-ground payload as the pre-emptive strike had been aborted. An attack to Israeli air bases was expected and the aircraft in air-to-ground configuration dropped their bombs to the sea and started to execute the air interception mission. When most of these aircraft arrived in the Sina or Golan regions, Arab aircraft had already hit the Israeli targets in these regions and on the way back they confronted some enemy aircraft. The Egyptian Aircraft performed their duties under both the fixed and mobile air defense systems umbrella as they passed through the canal. The Israeli aircraft faced severe losses during the attacks due to these air defense systems, with the mobile SA-6 systems having performed quite effectively in particular. As Egyptians activated their air force against Israel, Israel became effective against Syria’s air force. In the following days, Israel intensified the SEAD (Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses) operations against the SAM systems located to the west of the canal and as it started to breach the air defense, Israel launched more operations in deeper regions of Egypt. Moreover, Israel gained the opportunity to provide more and effective air support to its ground troops. On October 12th, Israel accepted America’s recommendation of a ceasefire due to increasing casualties, but the offer was declined by Egypt.
America started to support Israel in terms of equipment and ammunition while similarly Russia backed Egypt and Syria. On October 14th, F-4Es from America started to arrive in Israel, and they were immediately sent to the frontlines without even changing their camouflage. On October 15th, having turned the situation in the Syrian frontier to its advantage, Israel reinforced the Sinai frontier with a new armored division and launched a counterattack. Israel’s mechanized units passing through the canal and advancing in Egypt attacked the Egyptian air defense missile units. By adding the aircraft that were shifted from the Syrian frontier in order to cover the vulnerability in air defense, air supremacy was achieved over the Egyptian forces and on October 18th, Israel started to control air combat. On that day 11 Egyptian aircraft and 3 Mirage aircraft from Libya sent for support were shot down while 3 Israeli aircraft crashed during their return. Since the beginning of the combat, Israel did not lose a single aircraft for the first time as of October 19th. On October 21st, Israel launched an air - mobile operation to Mount Hermon. This region in the Golan Heights with strategic importance had been seized by Syrian commandos on October 6th. 2 Syrian Mig-21s crashed during the conflicts in the region while Israel lost 3 aircraft. On October 22nd, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 338 calling for a ceasefire, but the conflicts lasted until October 24th. On October 24th the last air combat took place on the Sinai frontier where 12 Israeli Mirages encountered 20 Egyptian Mig-21s. During this combat, Giora Epstein shot down four Mig-21s, increasing the total score to 17. By the end of the combat, almost 90% of Israel's losses had occurred due to either air defense missiles or anti-aircraft guns. A great lesson was learned from Yom Kippur: the destruction or electronic jamming of the enemy’s air defense had been essential to win the war. This lesson paved the way for stipulating the investments in electronic warfare while underlining the requirement for precision-guided ammunition. The race between the hunter and the prey continued with new tactics developed in line with new weapons. A new era started for Israel, with the F-15A/Bs arriving in 1976, E-2Cs bought in 1978 and with the F-16A/Bs that arrived in 1980. Technological and tactical sovereignty was once again established over the Arabs and Israel continued to resort to pre-emptive strikes in the upcoming periods and conducted joint operations which resulted in significant impact. The first attacks were carried out in Lebanon, then to the Osiraq Nuclear Reactor in Iraq and to the Palestine Liberation Organization’s camps in Tunisia. These attacks still continue to take place and due the importance they place on intelligence (either manned or unmanned), new tactics and high technology, they maintain their superiority over the Arab Air Forces |
There are no items in the Bag.
skip navigation
ART NOUVEAU LATE 1800s – 1910
Every prevailing aesthetic has a counter-movement, and so it was with Art Nouveau, a revolt against the industrial age and its classical, formulaic designs. The movement took hold in Paris, with sensuous, organic forms shaping decorative arts and architecture—most famously, the Paris Metro entrances.
In Art Nouveau jewelry, the female form was a recurring theme and beautiful women were often depicted as enchanted nymphs, fairies or mermaids—an outright scandal to the prevailing Victorian and Edwardian sensibilities. Natural themes were also important: butterflies, dragonflies and beetles flitted about pendants and earrings, while peacock feathers, orchids, water lilies and ferns wound their way around bracelets and rings.
Art Nouveau championed hand craftsmanship and naturalism over precious materials and overt displays of wealth. Less expensive materials, such as silver, moonstone, horn and other natural elements were widely used. Colorful enameling techniques, such as plique-a-jour and cloisonné, reflected the artisan’s skill. In fact, this was the beginning of the jewelry designer as named artist. The great makers of the period, including Rene Lalique, Louis Comfort Tiffany and Karl Faberge, are renowned for advancing the new style, and their work is highly collectible today. In the mid-1960s, Art Nouveau jewelry found the ideal moment for revival when the era’s dreamy, psychedelic motifs swirled across posters for rock music festivals.
EDWARDIAN 1901 – 1910
Although the Edwardian period officially began in Great Britain in 1901 when Edward, son of Victoria, ascended to the British throne, stylistic elements of the era (known as La Belle Epoque in France) began while his mother was still alive, and continued for a few years after his death. King Edward reveled in luxury, and his rich countrymen followed his lead. Elegance and fashion were the rule, with jewelry glittering brightly at galas in London townhouses and Parisian hôtels particuliers.
metalworking—specifically the invention of the oxyacetylene torch, which could reach very high temperatures—allowed jewelers to forge airy, lightweight designs from platinum, which till then had been too challenging to work with. This gave way to the delicate platinum bows, ribbons and tassels of the garland style. Jewelry was often edged with delicate platinum millgraining—another technique made possible by new technology. Necklaces veered in length from the choker to the sautoir—a very long chain or beaded necklace, often terminating in tassels. But in fact, these “new” styles weren’t exactly new; they were inspired by the Court of Versailles of the late 1700s—another era of over-the-top luxury.
RETRO 1935 – 1950
The term “retro” gets bandied about to describe all sorts of vintage fashion. But in the context of jewelry, Retro refers to the period of early Modernism that began in 1935, spanned World War II, and lasted through the mid-1950s. During the war and the Great Depression, as women began entering the workforce, clothing became simpler. In contrast to apparel’s thrift and severity, jewelry became bigger and brighter than it had been in decades, taking cues from Hollywood stars like Lana Turner, Joan Crawford and Lauren Bacall.
Styles ranged from feminine and romantic, with motifs like birds, flowers and seashells, to geometric and industrial (a sub-category known as Art Moderne), with patriotic and industrial expressions inspired by factory production lines and tank treads. Although the themes differed greatly, the unifying characteristic of Retro designs is that they are highly dimensional, rather than flat like their Art Deco predecessors. Platinum was reserved for the war effort, so gold—not only yellow, but rose and green, too—resurged in popularity. Amethysts, citrines and aquamarines took center stage in bold cocktail rings, and bracelets were especially important: oversize gold links exuded power, while charm bracelets were whimsical and romantic. Clip-on earrings were patented in 1934, which ignited a trend for earrings worn close to the ear.
MID-20TH CENTURY 1950s, ’60s AND ’70s
The 1950s were a decade of prosperity and with that came a return to femininity and glamour in fashion. Jewelry designs remained oversize, but were more open and textural than the chunkier styles that preceded them. Diamonds set in platinum were back en vogue. In fact, one of the era’s most indelible images is Marilyn Monroe, sheathed in fuchsia and dripping in jewelry, singing “Diamonds Are a Girl’s Best Friend” in 1953’s Gentlemen Prefer Blondes.
The dynamism of the 1960s was reflected in the bold, bright jewelry of the era. Picture the wide variety of styles depicted on Mad Men: colorful brooches, gemstone bib necklaces, pop art earrings. Opaque materials in vivid colors, such as coral and turquoise, mirrored the hues of the fashion world. Designers looked to Asia, India and Africa for inspiration; the result was a resurgence of gold as well as exotic, global themes. The important makers of the era include Van Cleef and Arpels, Bulgari, Cartier, David Webb, Jean Schlumberger for Tiffany, Harry Winston, Sterlé and Kutchinsky.
Bohemian style continued into the 1970s. Gold still ruled, and the favored gemstones were darker and more natural in color—shades of burgundy, deep blue and purple. By the end of the decade, punk style started to influence jewelers, and spikes and studs—think Cartier’s Juste un Clou—hit the scene. |
Incongruity Theory Of Laughter Meaning
971 Words4 Pages
What is laughter and it’s purpose Laughter is the psychological response to humor that is part of the universal human vocabulary, which consists of two parts – a set of gestures and the production of a sound. Laughter has a social factor of bonding with individuals within a group, which is often positive, but can have negative aspects as well. There’s a clear line drawn between “laughing with” and “laughing at” people. The difference with this is, people who are “laughing at” other may be trying to conform or make them feel like an outcast, which is a factor of developing depression. The biological response of laughter is a multifaceted response that involves similar skills that are used in problem-solving. We develop the ability to laugh at about 3.5 to 4 months of age, even before we are able to speak. Laughter, like crying, is a way for infants to communicate with their mothers. Laughter is enormously subjective, what may seem funny to one person, may upset another. It is claimed that fake laughter can be as effective as real laugher. Our body cannot differentiate…show more content…
There are three common theories that explain why we laugh. The incongruity theory states that humor ascends when logic and familiarity are replaced by things that don’t usually go together. Thomas Veatch states that a joke becomes funny when we expect one thing and another happens. The superiority theory suggests that we laugh at jokes that have emphasis on one’s misfortune, mistake or stupidity. Therefore, feeling a sense of power and dominance towards this person. The relief theory is the idea of laughing as releasing an accumulation of nervous energy. It is believed that the reason we laugh when we are being tickled is because of the built up of tension as the tickler “approaches”. However, even with these three theories, not everything can be categorized into a section because behaviour is a multifaceted phenomenon that simply cannot be
More about Incongruity Theory Of Laughter Meaning
Open Document |
Poor Circulation in the Legs-How do you know if you have a circulation problem?
The word "sclerosis" means hardening. The term "arteriosclerosis" refers to hardening of one or more arteries. When this happens to the normally soft and supple blood vessels, it interferes with the amount of blood they carry. Therefore, an organ that is supplied with blood from a sclerotic artery will get less blood.
Where the blood supply drops below the minimum normally required, the part will fail to function normally and eventually will not survive. Thus, where the blood supply to a part of the brain is sclerotic, the patient can suffer a paralytic stroke. Where the blood to the heart is decreased, the patient can have either heart failure or a heart attack. The same decreased function and then death of the part apply to every area of the body. In the legs this is particularly obvious by changes in color, warmth and strength.
Arteriosclerosis is a process that can affect arteries in all parts of the body. There are marked individual variations in susceptibility of the part affected and in the rate with which it occurs. Thus, one may have poor arteries in the legs and have excellent brain circulation. Everyone lives with some arteriosclerosis. It becomes a disease only when function of a part is interfered with. When the circulation to the legs becomes so poor that it is below that required for oxygenation and nutrition of the part, the toes and foot can become gangrenous and threaten the survival of the limb and life.
What are the symptoms that indicate that my circulation is impaired?
You may have noticed that you cannot walk as briskly and as far as you did before. It may be necessary to stop because of a cramp in the calf or in the hip area, but after a few seconds you can go on as before. This is the earliest symptom. After that you may notice color changes in the toes or foot. They become very pale or red or blue. The healing of a cut takes more time than it did previously, or there is a decreased amount of hair on the top of the toes.
How do you, on examination, know that it comes from poor circulation and not from straining or overwork or my imagination?
One examines the extremities for changes that indicate poor circulation. Thus, the pulses in the foot area, which should be full and strong, can be weak or completely absent. The hair on the toes can be absent or scant. By moving the extremity up and down it is possible to evoke abnormal color changes. The diagnosis of poor leg circulation can be made very accurately.
Why is one leg worse than the other? Will the same changes occur on the other side?
Arteriosclerosis is a spotty process. The site where the sclerosis appears determines what the symptoms will be. If a car stalls on a rural little used road, the traffic jam will be less than it would be on a main highway. The same with sclerosis. If a less important blood vessel is involved, there may be no symptoms. Pure chance determines which leg is affected and how badly. While it is often true that one side can be very bad and the other normal, usually, in time, the sclerotic process will involve the other side. However, the extent and seriousness of the disease may be quite different on each side.
If you are sure of the diagnosis, why do you want to take this X ray? What is so special about this X ray that I have to go to the hospital?
This X ray, called an arteriogram, is an actual picture of the arteries. The examination is done by injecting a contrast material into a normal artery. The material can then be photographed as it circulates. This X ray will then map out the circulation of the legs by showing all the arteries, the large as well as the small, and the normal* as well as the diseased. In this way, we obtain a map of your arterial system. The X ray is really a moving picture of the blood as it goes through the vascular system. It will serve to confirm the diagnosis and to indicate whether your specific problem can be improved by direct surgery.
Can you treat my condition and improve my ability to walk without an operation?
There is, unfortunately, no specific way of treating the usual type of arteriosclerosis. We cannot dissolve the scar or the calcium. There are things that aggravate the sclerotic process. The most important is that one must stop smoking; stop completely! There is evidence that cigarette smoking especially impairs the circulation. Associated medical disease, especially diabetes, requires carefully controlled supervision. Dietary measure, weight control and foot hygiene are considerations. One must be very careful about foot and toe infections and injuries, since these areas heal poorly and this can be the start of serious problems. You may carry on a normal existence with these admonitions. Many of the orally administered drugs do not influence the disease.
How long can I go on this way, having to stop every block to catch my "leg breath"?
Possibly for a long time; it may require some adjustments as far as living closer to where you work and recognizing that you have to slow down. Ordinarily surgery is not advised for this symptom. You may be able to go along this way for many years without surgery.
What does diabetes have to do with it?
Diabetes has an effect on the blood vessels. It appears to be associated with earlier arteriosclerosis and with more advanced disease than is seen in the nondiabetic. Diabetic peripheral arteriosclerosis is of special signficance because smaller and more vessels are involved than in the sclerotic process without diabetes. All of which adds up to the simple fact that the disease is likely to be more advanced in the diabetic and therefore less amenable to totally corrective surgery. In addition, infections in the diabetic can be more serious than in other individuals. In other words a specific diabetic artery disease is added to the burden of general arteriosclerosis.
Will these changes also occur in my hands?
Arteriosclerosis of this type is very rarely seen in the hands. There are blood vessel diseases of the upper extremity, but they are not of this type.
Why don't you recommend surgery as soon as walking becomes difficult?
In certain selected instances it is advised. It depends on where the artery is blocked. But in many instances the individual may go a long time, a lifetime, without getting into more serious difficulty. You must realize that the operation is no panacea, and the results are not always satisfactory from the point of improving function. Sometimes the limb may not even be salvaged.
When will I have no alternative but to consider surgery?
Direct arterial surgery is recommended when there is evidence that the viability of the tissue of the leg is starting to be compromised. At that time there is marked impairment in the ability to walk as further evidence of "nutritional" starvation (equaling too little blood). Once this starts, there is no alternative to surgery. If this reestablishment of circulation cannot be successfully accomplished, the chances for prolonged limb survival are poor.
When is arterial surgery not advised?
Arterial surgery is not advised when the X-ray examination (the arteriogram) shows that it is not possible to get a good result. In order for there to be improvement, the increased volume of blood that can be brought to the limb must be able to get to the involved parts. That is, it must be able to "run off" into diseased areas. Direct arterial surgery cannot help where the vessel pattern shows innumerable blocks that cannot be detoured. The X-ray study determines what can be done.
If arterial surgery can't be done, is there no other surgical alternative?
Yes, another procedure is done very frequently. There is a large experience with removing the nerves that increase the number and the blood carrying capacity of small blood vessels. This nerve cutting operation is called a sympathectomy. Unfortunately it does not significantly influence the blood going to the muscles of the leg, nor does it directly affect the diseased arteries. It primarily increases the blood supply to the skin. This operation is far less risky than direct arterial surgery, but it accomplishes far less and is undertaken in a last effort because no other procedure is available. It is hoped that this operation will permit new (collateral) capillaries to open up to deliver blood to the poorly supplied diseased tissues.
What does it mean if the toes have already become blue?
There is a significant indication of very poor circulation. It often represents or directly precedes the appearance of gangrene.
What kinds of arterial surgery are performed?
Several methods can be used, singly or in combination, to bring about an improved blood supply. A block can be removed or a completely new circulation established by detouring about the block with one of your own veins or a plastic tube. A diseased artery can be completely replaced or it can be reamed out.
What are the chances of getting better?
This depends on how advanced the disease already is and where it is. Generally, if the diseased vessels are the large ones of the lower abdomen and pelvis, it is possible to effect good reconstruction. If the diseased vessels are below the knee or calf, the results are not as good. The results with diseased vessels in the thigh are variable.
Can the operation make me worse, and what happens if it doesn't work?
No one likes to think about these possibilities, yet they are the reality. If the operation doesn't work, the leg may be worse off because the manipulation and operative procedure compromise collateral circulation and can cause thrombosis of the other arteries. If the procedure does not significantly improve the blood flow, there is strong probability that the effort to salvage the limb will fail.
Circulatory Problems in The Legs
Can you predict in advance whether the operation will work?
It is obviously impossible to make that prediction. If the surgeon could, he wouldn't advise surgery for those who he knew could not be improved. The possibility for improvement exists where the tissues are still relatively healthy and where the runoff vessels are open. Where either of these features is definitely compromised, the results of the surgical effort will be unsatisfactory.
Can my sexual performance be related to this, for this became impaired at the same time that I got pain in the buttocks and a decrease in the ability to walk distances?
Yes, this happens when the sclerosis involves the end of the large blood vessel (aorta) in the abdomen. In such a case, the blood supply to the sexual organs is reduced, resulting in impaired sexual performance in the male. Women are not affected by this.
Popular Posts
Where does Melanoma most often metastasize?
Ejaculation and sexual life problems after prostate surgery
How painful is a bone marrow transplant for the donor
What are the most important side effects of taking female hormones?
How is a broken or cracked rib treated?
The most important difference between Hodgkin's disease and non-hodgkin's lymphoma
Common Hand Injuries: Treatment for swollen hand due to injury |
Obesity may exacerbate the effects of Alzheimer’s disease
Researchers at NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre used pioneering multimodal neuroimaging (combining multiple brain images) and three complementary, computational techniques to review the anatomy of the brain, blood flow and also the fibres of the participants' brains.
The team scanned and reviewed the multiple brain images from 47 patients clinically diagnosed with mild Alzheimer’s, 68 patients with mild cognitive impairment and 57 cognitively healthy individuals. They also measured differences in local concentrations of brain tissues to assess grey matter volume - which degenerates during the onset of Alzheimer's - white matter integrity, cerebral blood flow and obesity.
In mild dementia patients, a positive association was found between obesity and grey matter volume around the right temporoparietal junction. This suggests obesity might contribute toward neural vulnerability in cognitively healthy individuals and those with mild cognitive impairment.
The study also found that maintaining a healthy weight in mild Alzheimer’s disease could help preserve brain structure in the presence of age and disease-related weight loss.
The researchers concluded obesity may contribute toward neural tissue vulnerability, whereas maintaining a healthy weight in mild Alzheimer’s disease could help to preserve brain structure. They also highlight the impact being overweight in mid-life could have on brain health in older age.
Professor Annalena Venneri, from NIHR Sheffield Biomedical Research Centre, said: “More than 50 million people are thought to be living with Alzheimer’s disease, and despite decades of ground breaking studies and a huge global research effort we still don’t have a cure for this cruel disease.
“Prevention plays such an important role in the fight against the disease. It is important to stress this study does not show that obesity causes Alzheimer’s, but what it does show is that being overweight is an additional burden on brain health and it may exacerbate the disease.”
She added:“The diseases that cause dementia such as Alzheimer’s and vascular dementia lurk in the background for many years, so waiting until your 60s to lose weight is too late. We need to start thinking about brain health and preventing these diseases much earlier. Educating children and adolescents about the burden being overweight has on multimorbidities including neurodegenerative diseases is vital.”
Read more |
Why is self-esteem and open communication important?
Self esteem and open communication are important because they are essential to achieving happiness and reaching goals. Self esteem is equal to confidence and in order to achieve anything in relationships or careers you have to be able to clearly communicate with up most confidence. These two key components are requirements to getting through life, from communicating with a partner to communicating and persuading a board room full of people. Without a high self esteem and the ability to openely communicate,it is hard to get ahead. Young ladies with self esteem issues for example are easy to take advantage of when it comes to young men or opinions from their peers. Once those young women realize their worth and give themself a "confidence boost" they are no longer vulnerable or easily taken advantage of because now they have an advantage to the other person(s). Once you have this self esteem or assurance of yourself, it also brings motivation because now you have faith in yourself and know what you are capable of. Self esteem ties in with open communication because you have assured yourself and have full belief in what you feel or say it makes it easier to communicate with other especially because you fully support your idea. Activist such as Martin Luther King, Malcom X, or the daughter of recently deceased Eric Garner for example would not have gotten anywhere without there confidence in their believes and their capability to speak to people openly and honestly about them. I would not be able to write this essay if i did not believe that open communication and self esteem are essential to fulfilling anything. There can be no outcome if the person holding the information or feeling had low self esteem and can not communicate. Where would we be today if everyone was too afraid to say what they mean because they dont have faith in it? Individuality would be lost along with idols and revolutionaries. The only way to achieve a goal is to contain self esteem and the willingness to openly communicate.
Dorm Room Decor Giveaway
Top Essay
Submitted by Jasmine Moore
|
Empty Cart
Free Priority Shipping (USA Only)
Jasper (mineral), opaque, cryptocrystalline variety of quartz. The mineral takes a high polish and is used as a gemstone. It is usually stained by impurities and occurs in various colors, such as red, green, yellow, and blue. When the colors are arranged in bands, the mineral is called riband jasper; a variety containing alternating bands of red and green is known as Siberian jasper. Mottled yellow or brown varieties of jasper are called Egyptian jasper. Agate jasper is intermediate in structure between true jasper and chalcedony. Inclusions of red jasper occur in heliotrope.
The jasper mentioned in the Bible as one of the stones in the breastplate of the high priest and as the foundation of the wall of the New Jerusalem is believed to have been a dark green, opalescent stone. The jasper of the ancients was a partially translucent stone, probably containing some chalcedony and a variety of the latter known as chrysoprase. |
The COVID-19 pandemic has been harsh to the world in several forms. The way individuals, business, economic conditions, and tech world has responded due to the virus’s impact; there hasn’t been such a case in history. However, the shadow of technology has helped people worldwide overcome the effect of the global crisis to some extent.
For example, streaming media and the internet delivering timely news from health advisories to market closings tells us how technology plays a significant role.
I’m sure you can relate when I say –
Microsoft Teams and Slack helped teams stay connected throughout the pandemic and beyond. It helped many businesses from drowning due to maximum connectivity and fast responsiveness. And Zoom made it possible for corporates and educational institutes to host virtual events while teaching and talking easily. Add to it; some families got reconnected after a long time because of Zoom and WhatsApp.
One can call pandemic as the catalyst for tech adoption and say that it will continue to drive innovation in the new normal. Now, the question arises- whether 2021 will witness equal or more tech adoption with respect to tech experts and business leaders.
Rising edge AI
Probably the next wave of artificial intelligence is “edge AI” or “AI on edge.” It is a network infrastructure that makes it possible for AI algorithms to get processed locally on a hardware device.
A device using Edge AI need not be connected to work correctly; it can independently make decisions without seeking any connection. The rise of edge AI suddenly became a rage because of the sudden or dramatic changes in the network traffic, which has been caused due to people shifting to work from home. Also, edge computing has visible benefits, such as preserving bandwidth and sending information to users and devices that require it the most.
Everlasting cloud
Before the coming of 2020, cloud had established its value for many businesses by improving agility, scalability, and cost efficiencies. In the year 2020, it has also helped people stick to and follow the pattern of work from home by making working habits less disruptive. It has also sealed the place of the cloud as an essential piece of enterprise tech. Now that cloud computing has become stable in the tech world, 2021 will focus more on managing the cloud cost better and looking forward to unifying the cloud environments.
“Cloud computing is empowering, as anyone in any part of world with internet connection and a credit card can run and manage applications in the state of the art global datacenters; companies leveraging cloud will be able to innovate cheaper and faster.” – Jamal Mazhar, VP Infrastructure and DevOps, Sprinklr
Constant IoT
Seeing all the digital transformation and increased online activity in 2020, it is expected that there will be a spike in the generation of data. The amount of data created and handled by businesses is going to skyrocket.
It is also likely that COVID-19 restrictions will be lifted by mid-2021, meaning that a lot of industries may start seeing some growth again.
So, during all of this, what will make a company stand out is its ability to use data better and become a vital deciding factor for many customers. Therefore, IoT (Internet of Things) will play a significant role in automating processes and making more information readily available for businesses. It is the IoT devices that fetch data from different sources and makes it ready for further processing.
Automation throughout
The world during the pandemic has seen increasing investments across technologies such as AI (artificial intelligence), ML (machine learning), and robotic process automation (RPA). So, the use of these technologies in the business world will continue to rise. This will help them move toward automation for routine and repetitive tasks while unlocking tactical benefits.
The automation in the tech world will improve operational efficiencies, increase the accuracy of platforms, and enhance user experience. Also, when the money is saved by the reduction of manual efforts, there comes intelligent repurposing of savings for working on the right innovations.
“Automation applied to an inefficient operation will magnify the inefficiency.” – Bill Gates, Co-founder, Microsoft Corporation
Summing it up
As we take small steps toward adopting technology, we ensure getting well-versed with each of the technology’s pros and cons. Businesses continue to gravitate toward solutions that are more resilient and agile. In the past as well, companies have gained benefits by adopting technologies such as cloud, IoT, and AI and their proven strategies. In 2021, the tech experts will see a prolific change in how these technologies erupt.
With the hope to bid goodbye to COVID-19, we also hope to see cloud, edge AI, automation, and IoT leading a transformational journey for employees, businesses, and customers. |
DeviceNet is an open communications protocol used in industrial automation to interconnect I/O and control devices. DeviceNet was originally developed by Allen Bradley (now owned by Rockwell Automation), and was the first public implementation of CIP. The DeviceNet specification is now maintained and managed by the Open DeviceNet Vendors Association (ODVA), which oversees technical developments and provides conformance testing for vendors of DeviceNet equipment. DeviceNet uses CAN in its data link layer. The diagram below shows the relationship between CIP, DeviceNet and the OSI reference model.
The DeviceNet implementation of CIP uses CAN in its data link layer
The DeviceNet implementation of CIP uses CAN in its data link layer
DeviceNet uses only a subset of the CAN protocol (it uses only the standard 11-bit Message ID, and does not implement data request frames). The physical layer is an extension of the physical layer definition described in the ISO 11898 CAN specification. The extension specifies support for up to 64 nodes per network, and the provision of overvoltage and miswiring protection. Data rates for DeviceNet networks are defined as 125, 250, and 500 kbps, for maximum network lengths of 500, 250 and 100 metres respectively. In order to utilise the CAN protocols, message data length is generally restricted to eight bytes (if required, longer messages may be sent as a series of message fragments), and the introduction of a master/slave communication profile to improve scalability. These features allow the use of small, inexpensive microcontrollers, which is important for small applications such as photo-detectors and proximity sensors, where costs must be kept low. These specialisations allow DeviceNet to reside in small microchips with limited memory.
Network topology
The devices on the network are linked together using a 4-wire DeviceNet cable, which allows separate connections for data (CAN-high and CAN-low) and power (Vcc and Ground). Network nodes with limited power requirements may thus be powered directly from the network (the trunk-line current rating is 8 amps). Shielding is provided to give a degree of noise immunity. The topology employed in DeviceNet networks is essentially a bus topology referred to in the specification as a trunk-line/drop-line topology that provides separate twisted-pair buses for signal and power distribution. The illustration below shows how a DeviceNet network topology might be configured.
Example DeviceNet network topology
Example DeviceNet network topology
A DeviceNet network requires a 0.25W 120Ω terminating resistor at each end of the trunk-line, between the CAN-H and CAN-L signals. DeviceNet devices attached to the network that have their own power supply should be electrically isolated. A DeviceNet network may have up to 64 nodes, with MAC IDs ranging from 0-63. The type of cable used for trunk-lines or drop-lines will determine the maximum total network length and data rates that can be achieved. The table below shows the permutations possible for cable types, cable lengths, and data rates.
Cable Length, Cable Type, and Data Rate
Data rates
Cable Types125 kbps250 kbps500 kbps
Round thick trunk cable500m250m100m
Round thin trunk cable100m100m100m
Flat trunk cable380m200m75m
Maximum drop length6m6m6m
Maximum cumulative drop length156m78m39m
When the network is powered on, each device on the network sends out a Duplicate MacID Request Message. The message includes the DeviceNet Vendor ID (assigned by the ODVA) and the device serial number. The combination of Vendor ID and serial number is guaranteed to be unique for every DeviceNet device. If two or more devices attempt to access the network at the same instant, the device with the lowest Vendor ID/serial number combination will be given priority. The procedure involves the transmission of two consecutive Duplicate MacID Request Messages, with a delay of one second between them. During this delay, any online device with the same MAC ID as the device requesting access to the network must issue a Duplicate MacID Response Message. If the device requesting access to the network receives such a response, it transitions to the offline state. If not, the device will transition to the online state. If a device wishes to leave the network, it can broadcast a Device Shutdown Message, which signals to the other devices on the network that it is transitioning to the offline state.
Explicit messages are routed via the explicit message router inside each DeviceNet device. If the explicit message contains an invalid class, the router will reject the message and return an error code to the requester, otherwise it will pass the message to the target object for processing. The response from the target object is returned to the requester, again via the router.
How DeviceNet uses the CAN identifier
The 11-bit CAN identifier is used to define the Connection ID. DeviceNet divides the CAN identifier into four groups. The first three groups each contain two fields. Each group has a 6-bit MAC ID field, group 1 has a 4-bit Message ID field, while groups 2 and 3 both have a 3-bit Message ID field. The combination of MAC ID and Message ID forms the Connection ID. Nodes in a DeviceNet system are responsible for managing their own identifiers. The diagram below shows the DeviceNet allocations within the 11-bit CAN Identifier. Note that the start bits for each group are such that a group 1 message will always have a higher priority than a group 2 message, while a group 2 message will always have a higher priority than a group 3 message, and so on. Group 4 messages are reserved for offline communications.
DeviceNet Allocations of the 11-Bit CAN identifier field
DeviceNet Allocations of the 11-Bit CAN identifier field
Device configuration
The devices (or nodes) on a DeviceNet network are configured either as master devices, slave devices, or peer devices (in some cases, a device may engender all three modes of operation simultaneously). Master devices (sometimes referred to as scanners or client devices) are usually either programmable logic controllers (PLCs) or personal computers (PCs). Master devices "own" any number of slave devices, but a slave device can only be "owned" by one master at any one time. A master device receives input information from slave devices and sends output information to slave devices. In order to establish ownership of a slave device, a master device must undertake an allocation process involving a set of handshaking messages. These messages are collectively referred to as the Predefined Master Slave Connection Set, and allow the master device to request control of the slave device and configure it to transmit a particular set of data at a data rate specified by the master device.
The master allocation sequence
Master-slave communication
A slave may deny an allocation request from a master if it is already allocated to another master, or if the master requests an unsupported connection type. If the allocation request is accepted, the master will configure the I/O connection. The most important attributes of the I/O connection are the Expected Packet Rate and the Produced and Consumed connection paths. The Expected Packet Rate specifies the rate at which the master intends to scan the slave device (if the master subsequently fails to maintain this scan rate, the slave enters a timed-out state, and must be explicitly re-activated by the master). The Produced and Consumed connection paths are the paths to the application objects where data is generated or stored, respectively (usually one of the assemblies supported by the slave device). Scanning can start once the slave device has been configured. During scanning, the master device produces data for the slave?s output assembly (identified by the Consumed Connection path) and consumes data generated from the slave?s input assembly (identified by the Produced Connection path). The triggers for slave device output include network polling, change-of-state events, and timer events.
Slave devices, sometimes called adaptors or servers, receive and transmit application specific data to and from a master device. Slave devices by definition implement the Predefined Master Slave Connection Set, and must support at least one or more of the following I/O Message transport types:
Slave devices that support change-of-state operation use the device heartbeat message to let the master device know they are still operational. If no change-of-state message containing new data is produced within a specified interval (the heartbeat interval), the slave will send a device heartbeat message.
A master device (typically a PLC) implicitly informs a slave device of its current operating mode with each I/O scan. If the scan message includes at least one byte of I/O data, the slave device can assume that the master device is in run mode. If the Master device is in idle mode, it sends an I/O message with zero bytes of data (known as an idle mode message). In response, the slave device implements whatever functionality is required of it when its master device is not in run mode. The DeviceNet specification does not define any specific behaviour for a slave device in such a situation.
DeviceNet devices may be configured in hardware (e.g. using DIP switches) or using software configuration tools that access the internal configuration of the device over the DeviceNet network, or via a separate communication port. A software configuration tool acting as a master device will seek to allocate a target device as a slave in order to configure the device. It will request an explicit message connection in order to send configuration data to the device, after which it will release the connection. If the device is currently allocated by another master device, that device can effectively act as a proxy for the slave by relaying messages from the configuration tool to the slave, and responses from the slave to the configuration tool.
Error states
DeviceNet devices can assume any of the following states:
I/O messaging
Input data is transmitted (or produced) by a slave device and received (or consumed) by a master device. Output data is transmitted by a master device and received by a slave device. I/O data in a device is held in one or more assemblies, and all I/O messages carry an I/O assembly between a master and a slave device. The input assembly object identifies the data produced by the device, while the output assembly object identifies the data consumed by the device. A device can have multiple input and output assemblies. |
what is meant by concentrated and diluted solution?
Asked by | 8th Sep, 2008, 08:15: PM
Expert Answer:
Concentrated solution is a solution that contains a large amount of solute relative to the amount that could dissolve.
Diluted solution is a weak solution containing a relatively small quantity of solute as compared with the amount of solvent.
Answered by | 8th Sep, 2008, 08:47: PM
|
The Effects Of Coffee On Your Body
Are you reading this article with a cup of coffee in your hand? Probably. Coffee is the most popular drink in many parts of the worldincluding Canada. Sixty-four percent of Canadians drink coffee daily and consume, on average, 152 liters per year, which ranks the country third, per capita, in the world after Finland and the Netherlands.
France, for its part, is the world’s seventh-largest coffee market behind Brazil, the United States, Germany, Indonesia, Japan and Italy.
When the news was announced that the princely couple Harry and Meghan were planning to settle in Canada, the Canadian coffee giant Tim Hortons offered them free coffee for life.
Given the popularity of coffee, it is surprising how confused there is around how this hot, dark nectar from the gods affects our biology.
The Ingredients Of Coffee
The main biologically active ingredients in coffee are caffeine (a stimulant) and several antioxidants. What do we know about their effects on our bodies? The basics are fairly simple, but the devil is in the details and speculation about how coffee could help or hurt us is going well.
Pork Chop Nutrition - Calories and Health Benefits
List Of Foods High In Magnesium and Its Benefits
The stimulating properties of caffeine make one cup of coffee enough to wake you up. In fact, coffee, or at least the caffeine it contains, is the most widely used psychoactive drug in the world. It appears to act as a stimulant, at least in part, by preventing adenosine, which promotes sleep, from binding to its receptor.
Caffeine and adenosine have similar ring structures. Caffeine acts as a molecular mimic, filling and blocking the adenosine receptor. This prevents the body from being naturally able to rest when tired.
This blockage is also the reason that too much coffee can make you nervous or prevent you from sleeping. Fatigue can only be suppressed for some time before the body’s regulatory systems start to fail, which has effects like anxiety and insomnia. A possible link between coffee consumption and insomnia was identified over 100 years ago.
Pork Chop Nutrition - Calories and Health Benefits
Unique Responses
Everyone reacts differently to caffeine. This is due in particular to the different forms of the adenosine receptor, the molecule to which caffeine binds and blocks it. There are probably also genetic variations.
Best Soups Recipes For Weight Loss
Some people don’t process caffeine. For them, drinks like coffee could present a medical danger. But beyond this extreme case, there are multiple variations in the way we react to a cup of coffee. And as often with biology, this variation results from the environment, from our past consumption habits, from genetics and, honestly, from chance.
In a study done in rats, caffeine triggered the contraction of smooth muscles. It is, therefore, possible that caffeine promotes intestinal activity. Other studies have shown, however, that decaffeinated coffee can have as great an effect on the intestinal activity as coffee, suggesting a more complex mechanism involving other molecules.
How To Lose Weight With Bulletproof Coffee
Benefits Of Antioxidants
What about the antioxidants in coffee and the buzz surrounding them? Metabolic processes produce the energy necessary for life, but they also create waste, often in the form of oxidized molecules. They can be harmful in themselves or by damaging other molecules.
Antioxidants are a large group of molecules that can purify hazardous waste. All organisms produce it during their metabolic balance process. It is not clear whether supplementing our diet with additional antioxidants can increase these natural defences, but it is possible.
15 Amazing Health Benefits Of Dry Ginger
Antioxidants have been linked to almost everything, including premature ejaculation. Are these allegations of positive effects founded? Surprisingly, the answer is once again a resounding “maybe”.
Coffee And Cancer
Coffee does not cure cancer, but it can help prevent it, as well as other diseases.
To partially answer the question of the link between coffee and cancer, another question needs to be asked: what is cancer? In its simplest form, it is uncontrolled cell growth, which basically involves regulating when genes are, or are not, actively expressed.
Vegetable Soups That Can Help You Lose Weight
My research group studies genes and regulation. I confirm that a good cup of coffee or an increase in caffeine will not change the disturbance of a gene if it does.
The antioxidants in a coffee can, however, have an anti-cancer effect. Remember that antioxidants fight cell damage. One of the damages they can help reduce is that of DNA mutations. Cancer is caused by mutations that cause poor regulation of genes.
Are Wheat Things Good For You?
Studies have shown that drinking coffee combats cancer in rats. Other human studies indicate that coffee consumption is associated with lower rates of certain cancers.
Several studies have shown that drinking coffee reduces the rate of certain diseases in rats and mice. (Shutterstock)
Interestingly, coffee consumption has also been linked to reduced rates of other illnesses, including Parkinson’s disease and other forms of dementia. At least one experimental study in cell culture in mice shows that this protection is due to a combination of caffeine and antioxidants in coffee.
Higher coffee consumption has also been linked to lower rates of type 2 diabetes. The combined effects and variations between individuals seem to be common to all diseases, hence the complexity of the research.
In the end, where does all this take us in terms of the biology of coffee? Well, as I tell my students, it’s complicated. But there is one undeniable fact, as most readers already know: coffee helps you wake up in the morning.
Stay in Touch
Aesthetic Quotes
Related Articles |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.