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eval_testing_mns

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passing through the brain. Now let us see what pathways actually are.
The reflex arc
LA
Not until the end of the inter neuron
nineteenth century the reflex was spinal cord
understood in terms of pathways.
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sensory nerve
Picking up information of a
stimulus to generate a response motor nerve
involves a pathway from detectors effector muscle
to brain or spinal cord or a set of
nerve cell heads near spinal cord
to the effectors. Such a single
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pathway going upto the spinal detector
cord from detectors and returning
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fig-9: Reflex arc
to effectors is a reflex arc.
If you accidentally touch a very sharp surface with your feet, several
such arcs would operate to cause the muscles of the leg to withdraw the
feet. Observe the fig-9, how our leg muscle responds when we step on a
sharp edged object.
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What other effectors would act under these circumstances?
What does this tell us about the association of nerves?
In fact, you must have experienced, what happens when you do things
consciously and otherwise. Say for example, when you are performing an
action such as running upstairs. If you start to think about where your feet
are going you often stumble. The interesting thing is that the same effectors
Free distribution by T.S. Government 2019-20 99
in the leg muscles can be made to perform very special movement under the control of the
conscious mind (voluntarily). Hence in a football game, the muscles of the leg operate
both by reflexes and voluntarily. Most actions of our body are actually controlled together
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by voluntary and involuntary pathways.
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Do you know ?
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Nerve transmission from stimulus to a response can occur at a maximum speed of
about 100 meters per second.
Shrews (tiny rat) have the highest, brain to body mass ratio.
Think of any action and try to make a sketch of the reflex arc.
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NG
The voluntary and involuntary actions in our body are controlled by nervous system as
a whole.We may study our nervous system on the basis of areas from which nerves originate
and then spread out to the whole body as mainly two divisions one is the central nervous
system (CNS) and the other is peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Central Nervous System (CNS)
LA
Central nervous system includes brain and spinal cord. It coordinates all neural functions.
Brain
When compare to body weight human brain is the largest of all the animals. The brain is
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present in the hard bony box like structure called cranium. It is covered by three layers
called the meninges. The meninges are continuous and cover the spinal cord as well. The
space between the inner layers is filled with fluid called cerebro-spinal fluid. It serves as a
shock-absorbing medium and protects the brain against shocks/jerks along with the meninges
and cranium. Mainly the nerve cell bodies together with capillaries form a mass called
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grey matter while the myelinated axons or those covered by fatty sheaths form white matter.
The grey matter is usually present on the periphery while white matter is present towards
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the center. This is mainly due to the fact that there is a small area from where the myelinated
axons leave the brain. As we have already
cerebrum
studied, the function of the brain as a
control center was known nearly 2000