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512293 | Family-based clusters of cognitive test performance in familial schizophrenia | Background Cognitive traits derived from neuropsychological test data are considered to be potential endophenotypes of schizophrenia. Previously, these traits have been found to form a valid basis for clustering samples of schizophrenia patients into homogeneous subgroups. We set out to identify such clusters, but apar... | Background Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness which tends to run in families. Moreover, schizophrenia is a complex disorder with multiple environmental as well as genetic predisposing effects. Previous studies have shown that many neuropsychological functions are impaired in schizophrenia patients, and, to a less... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC512293.xml |
516778 | Prospective open-label study of add-on and monotherapy topiramate in civilians with chronic nonhallucinatory posttraumatic stress disorder | Background In order to confirm therapeutic effects of topiramate on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) observed in a prior study, a new prospective, open-label study was conducted to examine acute responses in chronic, nonhallucinatory PTSD. Methods Thirty-three consecutive newly recruited civilian adult outpatients ... | Background Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a difficult-to-treat condition that over a lifetime affects approximately 10% of the general population [ 1 ]. The condition develops after traumatic events such as combat, terror activities, disaster, or rape, and has 3 main features: (1) reexperiencing the trauma thr... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516778.xml |
516036 | Microarray analysis reveals genetic pathways modulated by tipifarnib in acute myeloid leukemia | Background Farnesyl protein transferase inhibitors (FTIs) were originally developed to inhibit oncogenic ras , however it is now clear that there are several other potential targets for this drug class. The FTI tipifarnib (ZARNESTRA™, R115777) has recently demonstrated clinical responses in adults with refractory and r... | Background The investigative agent tipifarnib is a member of a new class of drugs that were designed to function as a non-peptidomimetic competitive farnesyltransferase inhibitor (FTI). The principal behind this drug class is that protein farnesylation is required for many cell-signaling processes and that dysregulatio... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516036.xml |
549532 | Hesperidin, a citrus bioflavonoid, decreases the oxidative stress produced by carbon tetrachloride in rat liver and kidney | Background CCl 4 is a well-established hepatotoxin inducing liver injury by producing free radicals. Exposure to CCl 4 also induces acute and chronic renal injuries. The present study was designed to establish the protective effect of hesperidin (HDN), a citrus bioflavonoid, on CCl 4 -induced oxidative stress and resul... | Background Drug exposure, ionizing radiations and environmental pro-oxidant pollutants induce free radical formation. Lipid peroxidation initiated by free radicals is considered to be deleterious for cell membranes and has been implicated in a number of pathological situations. Carbontetrachloride (CCl 4 ), an industri... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549532.xml |
340942 | Engineered Biosynthesis of Regioselectively Modified Aromatic Polyketides Using Bimodular Polyketide Synthases | Bacterial aromatic polyketides such as tetracycline and doxorubicin are a medicinally important class of natural products produced as secondary metabolites by actinomyces bacteria. Their backbones are derived from malonyl-CoA units by polyketide synthases (PKSs). The nascent polyketide chain is synthesized by the minim... | Introduction Polyketides are a large class of structurally and pharmacologically diverse molecules, including many antibiotics and antitumor drugs ( O'Hagan 1991 ). They are produced as secondary metabolites primarily by bacteria and fungi ( Hopwood 1997 ). Analogous to fatty acid synthases (FASs), polyketide synthases... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC340942.xml |
549526 | Epidemiological, clinical and biological features of malaria among children in Niamey, Niger | Background Malaria takes a heavy toll in Niger, one of the world's poorest countries. Previous evaluations conducted in the context of the strategy for the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness, showed that 84% of severe malaria cases and 64 % of ordinary cases are not correctly managed. The aim of this survey was... | Background Malaria accounts for 1 in 5 of all children deaths in Africa. Late presentation, misdiagnosis, inadequate management, unavailability or stock-outs of effective drugs are factors that influence high case-fatality rates even among hospital in-patients [ 1 ]. One of the targets of the Roll Back Malaria (RBM) in... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549526.xml |
547912 | Histopathological changes in the human larynx following expanded polytetrafluroethylene (Gore-Tex®) implantation | Background Expanded polytetrafluroethelyne (e PTFE, Gore-Tex ® ) has been advocated as an implant material for medialization of the vocal fold. Animal studies involving rabbits and a porcine model have demonstrated host tolerance of the implant. There have been no reports describing the histological changes in a human ... | Background Unilateral vocal fold paralysis is symptomatic when it results in failure of the mobile vocal fold to approximate the paralyzed vocal fold during adduction. Despite the lack of movement, the paralyzed vocal fold will often contact the contra lateral mobile vocal fold permitting adequate glottic closure [ 1 ]... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC547912.xml |
514609 | Ancestry reported by white adults with cutaneous melanoma and control subjects in central Alabama | Background We sought to evaluate the hypothesis that the high incidence of cutaneous melanoma in white persons in central Alabama is associated with a predominance of Irish and Scots descent. Methods Frequencies of country of ancestry reports were tabulated. The reports were also converted to scores that reflect propor... | Background The incidence of cutaneous melanoma in Alabama is high (16.9 and 8.6 per 100,000 men and women, respectively, in 1998) [ 1 ]. The average annual incidence rate in Alabama during 1996 was 15.5 per 100,000 for men and 8.8 per 100,000 for women, indicating that the incidence in men is increasing. This is consis... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514609.xml |
518999 | Identification of Birds through DNA Barcodes | Short DNA sequences from a standardized region of the genome provide a DNA barcode for identifying species. Compiling a public library of DNA barcodes linked to named specimens could provide a new master key for identifying species, one whose power will rise with increased taxon coverage and with faster, cheaper sequen... | Introduction The use of nucleotide sequence differences in a single gene to investigate evolutionary relationships was first widely applied by Carl Woese ( Woese and Fox 1977 ). He recognized that sequence differences in a conserved gene, ribosomal RNA, could be used to infer phylogenetic relationships. Sequence compar... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC518999.xml |
516022 | Immunopathogenesis of brain abscess | Brain abscess represents a significant medical problem despite recent advances made in detection and therapy. Due to the emergence of multi-drug resistant strains and the ubiquitous nature of bacteria, the occurrence of brain abscess is likely to persist. Our laboratory has developed a mouse experimental brain abscess ... | Pathogenesis of brain abscess Brain abscesses develop in response to a parenchymal infection with pyogenic bacteria, beginning as a localized area of cerebritis and evolving into a suppurative lesion surrounded by a well-vascularized fibrotic capsule. The leading etiologic agents of brain abscess are the streptococcal ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516022.xml |
520751 | Scoliosis treatment using a combination of manipulative and rehabilitative therapy: a retrospective case series | Background The combination of spinal manipulation and various physiotherapeutic procedures used to correct the curvatures associated with scoliosis have been largely unsuccessful. Typically, the goals of these procedures are often to relax, strengthen, or stretch musculotendinous and/or ligamentous structures. In this ... | Background In the MEDLINE- indexed literature, chiropractic treatment has shown to be largely ineffective at significantly reducing scoliotic curvatures. Chiropractic treatment for scoliosis typically consists of spinal manipulation, electric stimulation, some form of isotonic, active exercises, and shoe lifts [ 1 ]. H... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC520751.xml |
506782 | "A calorie is a calorie" violates the second law of thermodynamics | The principle of "a calorie is a calorie," that weight change in hypocaloric diets is independent of macronutrient composition, is widely held in the popular and technical literature, and is frequently justified by appeal to the laws of thermodynamics. We review here some aspects of thermodynamics that bear on weight l... | Review The recent awareness of an epidemic of obesity coincides with, and may have contributed to a dramatic increase in the popularity of a variety of low carbohydrate diets. This rapid switch in dietary habits of a significant part of the population, and the virtual revolution in the food industry, is unusual in that... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC506782.xml |
544599 | The association of Alu repeats with the generation of potential AU-rich elements (ARE) at 3' untranslated regions. | Background A significant portion (about 8% in the human genome) of mammalian mRNA sequences contains AU (Adenine and Uracil) rich elements or AREs at their 3' untranslated regions (UTR). These mRNA sequences are usually stable. However, an increasing number of observations have been made of unstable species, possibly d... | Background Varying more than ten-fold, messenger RNA degradation is essential for the regulation of gene expression [ 1 , 2 ]. Differential mRNA decay rates were determined by specific cis -acting sequences within mRNA. For example, the mRNA sequences of yeast, many mammalians, and other eukaryotes contain AU-rich elem... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544599.xml |
549081 | Associations between diet and disease activity in ulcerative colitis patients using a novel method of data analysis | Background The relapsing nature and varying geographical prevalence of ulcerative colitis (UC) implicates environmental factors such as diet in its aetiology. Methods In order to determine which foods might be related to disease activity in UC a new method of dietary analysis was developed and applied. Eighty-one UC pa... | Background Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic, relapsing mucosal disorder that extends in continuous fashion proximally from the rectum and is limited to the colon. The aetiology of UC includes a genetic component possibly involving an abnormal cell-mediated immune response to commensal enteric bacteria in the large ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549081.xml |
532396 | When Immune Defenses Turn Traitor | null | When pathogens enter your body, most wind up engulfed (by phagocytes), poisoned (by stomach acids), or flushed out of your system. These defenses kick in when a bacterium's toxic secretions bind to cellular receptors that trigger a chain of events ending in an innate response. A wide variety of cells and chemicals, inc... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC532396.xml |
553967 | Comparison of patterns of use, beliefs, and attitudes related to waterpipe between beginning and established smokers | Background To compare patterns of use, beliefs, and attitudes related to waterpipe smoking between university students (beginning smokers) and café customers (established smokers) in Aleppo Syria, in order to explore the evolution of this smoking method. Methods Two cross-sectional surveys were conducted among represen... | Background Waterpipe, is a generic name for tobacco use methods that share a common feature; passage of smoke through the water before inhalation. It is known under different names and shapes in different cultures and countries (e.g. shisha, narghile, hookah, hubble bubble) [ 1 ]. Although waterpipe smoking is centurie... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC553967.xml |
449903 | Translating DNA into Synthetic Molecules | The unique ability of nucleic acids to replicate has recently been combined with the power of combinatorial chemistry, providing a new approach to the science of drug design | At some time almost 4 billion years ago, nature likely was faced with a chemical dilemma. Nucleic acids had emerged as replicable information carriers and primitive catalysts ( Joyce 2002 ), yet their functional potential was constrained by their structural homogeneity and lack of reactive groups. These properties rend... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC449903.xml |
524523 | Activation of the hedgehog pathway in advanced prostate cancer | Background The hedgehog pathway plays a critical role in the development of prostate. However, the role of the hedgehog pathway in prostate cancer is not clear. Prostate cancer is the second most prevalent cause of cancer death in American men. Therefore, identification of novel therapeutic targets for prostate cancer ... | Background The hedgehog (Hh) pathway plays a critical role in embryonic development and tissue polarity [ 1 ]. Secreted Hh molecules bind to the receptor patched (PTC-PTCH1, PTCH2), thereby alleviating PTC-mediated suppression of smoothened (SMO), a putative seven-transmembrane protein. SMO signaling triggers a cascade... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524523.xml |
535348 | Effect of dietary palm olein oil on oxidative stress associated with ischemic-reperfusion injury in isolated rat heart | Background Palm olein oil (PO), obtained from refining of palm oil is rich in monounsaturated fatty acid and antioxidant vitamins and is widely used as oil in diet in many parts of the world including India. Palm oil has been reported to have beneficial effects in oxidative stress associated with hypertension and arter... | Background Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is a major cause of death all over the world. Reduction in the blood flow to myocardium leads to IHD and its restitution (reperfusion), spontaneously or by drug / surgery, is essential for tissue/organ survival. However, reperfusion itself exacerbates myocardial injury, commonly ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535348.xml |
549042 | HIV-1 Tat, apoptosis and the mitochondria: a tubulin link? | The Tat protein of HIV-1 is a powerful activator of viral gene expression. Besides this essential function at the HIV-1 promoter, the protein also exerts a remarkable number of other biological activities, among which the induction of cellular apoptosis. Two papers now published in Retrovirology provide possible molecu... | Although more than 20 years have passed since the identification of HIV as the cause of AIDS, several essential questions about its pathogenicity remain as yet unanswered. In particular, a central, still unresolved issue is the mechanism underlying the progressive development of immunodeficiency. It is now well establi... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549042.xml |
553973 | Novel hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) binding domains on fibronectin and vitronectin coordinate a distinct and amplified Met-integrin induced signalling pathway in endothelial cells | Background The growth of new blood vessels in adult life requires the initiation of endothelial cell migration and proliferation from pre-existing vessels in addition to the recruitment and differentiation of circulating endothelial progenitor cells. Signals emanating from growth factors and the extracellular matrix ar... | Background The generation and repair of blood vessels in adult life requires the regulation of endothelial cell survival, migration, proliferation and their differentiation from lineage-committed progenitors by the coordinated action of several classes of vaso-active agents including growth factors, cytokines, and the ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC553973.xml |
546417 | The burden of non communicable diseases in developing countries | Background By the dawn of the third millennium, non communicable diseases are sweeping the entire globe, with an increasing trend in developing countries where, the transition imposes more constraints to deal with the double burden of infective and non-infective diseases in a poor environment characterised by ill-healt... | Background For centuries, communicable diseases were the main causes of death around the world. Life expectancy was often limited by uncontrolled epidemics. After the second World War, with medical research achievements in terms of vaccination, antibiotics and improvement of life conditions, non communicable diseases(N... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546417.xml |
524251 | Tuberculous Granuloma Formation Is Enhanced by a Mycobacterium Virulence Determinant | Granulomas are organized host immune structures composed of tightly interposed macrophages and other cells that form in response to a variety of persistent stimuli, both infectious and noninfectious. The tuberculous granuloma is essential for host containment of mycobacterial infection, although it does not always erad... | Introduction Infection with pathogenic mycobacteria is thought to proceed through a series of defined steps. Mononuclear cells present at or recruited to sites of infection phagocytose bacteria and migrate deeper into tissues. Then additional macrophages and other immune cells are recruited to form complex, tightly agg... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524251.xml |
552304 | Response of SII cortex to ipsilateral, contralateral and bilateral flutter stimulation in the cat | Background A distinctive property of SII is that it is the first cortical stage of the somatosensory projection pathway that integrates information arising from both sides of the body. However, there is very little known about how inputs across the body mid-line are processed within SII. Results Optical intrinsic signa... | Background There is general agreement that in cats and monkeys (and presumably in humans) the spike discharge activity a mechanical stimulus sets up in rapidly adapting (RA), slowly adapting (SA), and Pacinian (PC) skin mechanoreceptors is projected centrally, at short latency and with relatively minor transformation, ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC552304.xml |
547906 | Irradiation specifically sensitises solid tumour cell lines to TRAIL mediated apoptosis | Background TRAIL ( t umor necrosis factor r elated a poptosis i nducing l igand) is an apoptosis inducing ligand with high specificity for malignant cell systems. Combined treatment modalities using TRAIL and cytotoxic drugs revealed highly additive effects in different tumour cell lines. Little is known about the effi... | Background TRAIL ( T umour necrosis factor r elated a poptosis i nducing ligand) is one of the most promising anti-cancer agent being currently under investigation (for review see [ 1 - 5 ]). Initially it was shown that TRAIL specifically induces tumour cell apoptosis and tumour regression in nude mice, even when appli... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC547906.xml |
544566 | A functional hierarchical organization of the protein sequence space | Background It is a major challenge of computational biology to provide a comprehensive functional classification of all known proteins. Most existing methods seek recurrent patterns in known proteins based on manually-validated alignments of known protein families. Such methods can achieve high sensitivity, but are lim... | Background The explosive growth in the number of sequenced proteins has created a glut of proteins that are sequenced but whose structure and function are as yet unknown. A common way to tackle this problem is to use database searches to find proteins similar to a newly discovered protein, thus inferring protein functi... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544566.xml |
509314 | Inhibition of the DNA Damage Pathway by a Telomere-Binding Protein | null | To maintain the integrity of their genetic content, cells closely monitor the state of their chromosomal DNA. Any break or pairing anomaly in the double helix is perceived as damage that must be repaired. Mechanisms that sense DNA damage enlist the help of cell cycle checkpoint proteins, which stall cell division until... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509314.xml |
554775 | p27Kip1 is expressed in proliferating cells in its form phosphorylated on threonine 187 | Background G1/S cell cycle progression requires p27 Kip1 (p27) proteolysis, which is triggered by its phosphorylation on threonine (Thr) 187. Since its levels are abundant in quiescent and scarce in cycling cells, p27 is an approved marker for quiescent cells, extensively used in histopathology and cancer research. Met... | Background Immunocytochemistry (ICH) is an important method for identification of proteins in cells and in tissues. Since the biological activity of many proteins is dependent on their phosphorylation status, a challenge for immunocytochemistry is to characterize the protein form and not just the total amount [ 1 ]. p2... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC554775.xml |
554991 | The chalcone butein from Rhus verniciflua Stokes inhibits clonogenic growth of human breast cancer cells co-cultured with fibroblasts | Background Butein (3,4,2',4'-tetrahydroxychalone), a plant polyphenol, is a major biologically active component of the stems of Rhus verniciflua Stokes. It has long been used as a food additive in Korea and as an herbal medicine throughout Asia. Recently, butein has been shown to suppress the functions of fibroblasts. ... | Background Butein (3,4,2',4'-tetrahydroxychalone-Figure 1 ), a plant polyphenol, is one of the major biologically active components of the bark and stems of Rhus verniciflua Stokes. In Far Eastern countries such as Korea, Japan, and China, the compound has been traditionally used for treatment of pain, thrombotic disea... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC554991.xml |
553998 | Direct analysis of thymic function in children with Down's syndrome | Background Down's syndrome (DS) is characterized by several immunological defects, especially regarding T cell compartment. DS is considered the best example of accelerated ageing in humans. Direct observations of the thymus have shown that in DS this organ undergoes severe histological and morphological changes. Howev... | Introduction Down's Syndrome (DS) is the most common chromosomal abnormality in humans, that occurs in 1 out of every 800–1,000 births. It is an autosomal disorder resulting by triplication of chromosome 21. Many characteristics are commonly seen in DS, including some degree of intellectual impairment, that varies wide... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC553998.xml |
554761 | Acute effects of cigarette smoking on inflammation in healthy intermittent smokers | Background Chronic smoking is the main risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Knowledge on the response to the initial smoke exposures might enhance the understanding of changes due to chronic smoking, since repetitive acute smoke effects may cumulate and lead to irreversible lung damage. Methods We inv... | Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality world-wide, and its prevalence is still rising [ 1 ]. In order to develop strategies for its prevention and treatment, it is important to understand the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms of this disease.... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC554761.xml |
534095 | Genomic structure and cloning of two transcript isoforms of human Sp8 | Background The Specificity proteins (Sp) are a family of transcription factors that have three highly conserved zinc-fingers located towards the carboxy-terminal that bind GC-boxes and assist in the initiation of gene transcription. Human Sp1-7 genes have been characterized. Recently, the phenotype of Sp8 null mice has... | Background We are interested in understanding how Specificity proteins (Sp) govern extracellular matrix deposition during bone formation. The Sp proteins are a family of transcription factors with three zinc-fingers that bind GC-boxes and assist the further binding of the multiprotein complex TFIID promoting the initia... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC534095.xml |
546403 | The socioeconomic gradient and chronic illness and associated risk factors in Australia | Objective To examine the prevalence of major chronic diseases and their risk factors in different socioeconomic groups in the Australian population, in order to highlight the need for public policy initiatives to reduce socioeconomic inequalities in health. Methods Data were provided by the Australian Bureau of Statist... | Background As in other developed countries, chronic diseases in Australia are major contributors to the extent of illness, disability and premature mortality in the population. They are estimated to make up the greatest proportion of the burden of disease, mental problems and injury for the population as a whole (about... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546403.xml |
544572 | Colorectal cancer screening among African American church members: A qualitative and quantitative study of patient-provider communication | Background A healthcare provider's recommendation to undergo screening has been shown to be one of the strongest predictors of completing a colorectal cancer (CRC) screening test. We sought to determine the relationship between the general quality of self-rated patient-provider communication and the completion of CRC s... | Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening among average risk adults 50 years and older can decrease the incidence and mortality rates for CRC [ 1 - 7 ]. National policy-making expert organizations recognize and support this evidence by recommending a variety of CRC screening testing strategies [ 8 - 13 ]. However, t... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544572.xml |
552310 | Optimal sampling of MRI slices for the assessment of knee cartilage volume for cross-sectional and longitudinal studies | Background MRI slices of 1.5 mm thickness have been used in both cross sectional and longitudinal studies of osteoarthritis, but is difficult to apply to large studies as most techniques used in measuring knee cartilage volumes require substantial post-image processing. The aim of this study was to determine the optima... | Background Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis and a leading cause of musculoskeletal disability in most developed countries [ 1 ]. The knee is one of the most frequently affected joints with a prevalence of 30% in people older than 65 years [ 2 ] and high resultant disability [ 3 ]. Defects in car... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC552310.xml |
520745 | Enhancer trapping in zebrafish using the Sleeping Beauty transposon | Background Among functional elements of a metazoan gene, enhancers are particularly difficult to find and annotate. Pioneering experiments in Drosophila have demonstrated the value of enhancer "trapping" using an invertebrate to address this functional genomics problem. Results We modulated a Sleeping Beauty transposon... | Background Human, mouse and rat genomes likely have less than 40 000 genes each [ 1 - 4 ]. This is only two to three times as many genes as in Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster , and only six times as many as Saccharomyces cerevisiae [ 5 - 7 ]. The increased complexity of vertebrates therefore can not ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC520745.xml |
521498 | Variable Surface Glycoprotein RoTat 1.2 PCR as a specific diagnostic tool for the detection of Trypanosoma evansi infections | Background Based on the recently sequenced gene coding for the Trypanosoma evansi ( T. evansi ) RoTat 1.2 Variable Surface Glycoprotein (VSG), a primer pair was designed targeting the DNA region lacking homology to other known VSG genes. A total of 39 different trypanosome stocks were tested using the RoTat 1.2 based P... | Background Surra is an animal disease occurring in Africa, Asia and Latin America, caused by Trypanosoma evansi . T. evansi belongs to the subgenus Trypanozoon , together with T. equiperdum and T. brucei . The parasite can infect different host species and is mechanically transmitted by different biting flies such as T... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521498.xml |
509300 | IRE1-Independent Gain Control of the Unfolded Protein Response | Nonconventional splicing of the gene encoding the Hac1p transcription activator regulates the unfolded protein response (UPR) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae . This simple on/off switch contrasts with a more complex circuitry in higher eukaryotes. Here we show that a heretofore unrecognized pathway operates in yeast to reg... | Introduction In eukaryotes, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) serves as the first station of the secretory pathway, through which all secreted and membrane proteins must pass. Within the ER, proteins are folded into their native structure and multisubunit protein complexes are assembled. The ER is a dynamic organelle, cap... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509300.xml |
554984 | Ageing and the immune system in vivo: commentary on the 16th session of British Society for Immunology Annual Congress, Harrogate, December 2004 | The problems associated with the ageing immune system coupled with possible solutions were discussed recently at the British Society for Immunology Annual Congress in Harrogate in December 2004. The session "Ageing and the Immune System in vivo" dealt in details with the immune risk phenotype and the potential methods ... | From an early age our immune system is introduced to a variety of infectious agents through contact with infected individuals. We also deliberately present our immune responses either to attenuated organisms or to components of infectious pathogens in order to provoke a response. A successful response to these organism... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC554984.xml |
554985 | Postage stamp multiple anterior capsulorhexisotomies in pediatric cataract surgery | Background Capsule related complications are common following pediatric cataract surgery. We report a new technique of multiple anterior capsulorhexisotomies after lens aspiration and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. Methods After performing automated lens aspiration, an IOL was implanted into the capsular bag. A b... | Background Pediatric cataract surgery has always been a challenge for the anterior segment surgeons and short term and long term complications have been reported in the literature [ 1 ]. Automated lens aspiration is the preferred technique employed these days for pediatric cataracts and central continuous curvilinear c... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC554985.xml |
522807 | cuticleDB: a relational database of Arthropod cuticular proteins | Background The insect exoskeleton or cuticle is a bi-partite composite of proteins and chitin that provides protective, skeletal and structural functions. Little information is available about the molecular structure of this important complex that exhibits a helicoidal architecture. Scores of sequences of cuticular pro... | Background One particular family of cuticular proteins constitutes one of the largest multigene families known in insects [ 1 ]. Unrelated cuticular proteins are also numerous within a single species [ 2 , 3 ]. This diversity of cuticular proteins is extraordinary when one considers that chitin, the other principal con... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC522807.xml |
554760 | New York City HIV superbug: fear or fear not? | On February 11, 2005, the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene announced that a city resident had recently been infected with a multi-drug resistant form of HIV and rapidly progressed to AIDS. The Health Commissioner, Thomas R. Frieden, called for increased vigilance against this new strain. Is this si... | On February 11, 2005, New York City (NYC) health officials announced the discovery of a "rare strain of multi-drug resistant HIV that rapidly progresses to AIDS." According to the NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, a man in his mid-40s was diagnosed with HIV infection in December 2004. Shortly after his diagn... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC554760.xml |
553999 | Reduction of motion artifact in pulse oximetry by smoothed pseudo Wigner-Ville distribution | Background The pulse oximeter, a medical device capable of measuring blood oxygen saturation (SpO2), has been shown to be a valuable device for monitoring patients in critical conditions. In order to incorporate the technique into a wearable device which can be used in ambulatory settings, the influence of motion artif... | Introduction Wearable medical devices are capable of continuously monitoring an individual's vital signs in real time. These devices are particularly important to the world's increasingly aging population, whose health conditions have to be assessed regularly or monitored continuously. The devices can warn individuals ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC553999.xml |
554990 | Sarcocystosis of chital-dhole: conditions for evolutionary stability of a predator parasite mutualism | Background For parasites with a predator-prey life cycle, the completion of the life cycle often depends on consumption of parasitized prey by the predator. In the case of such parasite species the predator and the parasite have common interests and therefore a mutualistic relationship is possible. Some evidence of a p... | Background Preferential killing of sick and disabled prey individuals by the predator has been the focus of many ecologists working with different predator – prey systems. In a variety of prey predator systems, diseased or weaker animals are shown to be consumed in greater proportion by predators [ 1 - 5 ]. Increased s... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC554990.xml |
509315 | Extinction, Slime, and Bottoms | Is biodiversity decreasing or is it being replaced by a splendid profusion of microbes -- and does this matter? | There is an old Chinese curse: ‘May you live in interesting times.’ According to those who know about such things, we live in a momentous time, the time of the Sixth Mass Extinction! But most of us do not feel at all cursed. Because, in fact, the Sixth is quite different to the previous Big Five—no-one would notice thi... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509315.xml |
522812 | Early visual evoked potentials are modulated by eye position in humans induced by whole body rotations | Background To reach and grasp an object in space on the basis of its image cast on the retina requires different coordinate transformations that take into account gaze and limb positioning. Eye position in the orbit influences the image's conversion from retinotopic (eye-centered) coordinates to an egocentric frame nec... | Background In humans, goal-directed movements to an object in space are improved by foveal vision, namely by gaze anchoring on the object [ 1 ]. Since motor and visual information are encoded in different reference frames, accurate reaching and grasping movements in space require ongoing registration and coordinate tra... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC522812.xml |
522813 | Localization of ABCG5 and ABCG8 proteins in human liver, gall bladder and intestine | Background The molecular mechanisms that regulate the entry of dietary sterols into the body and their removal via hepatobiliary secretion are now beginning to be defined. These processes are specifically disrupted in the rare autosomal recessive disease, Sitosterolemia (MIM 210250). Mutations in either, but not both, ... | Background The gastrointestinal tract is the initial barrier to dietary constituents and is important in regulating nutrient entry, as well as keeping non-nutrients out. Additionally, the hepatobiliary system acts as an additional filter to rapidly excrete such non-nutrients into bile, thus keeping the net retention of... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC522813.xml |
521499 | Use of satellite imagery in constructing a household GIS database for health studies in Karachi, Pakistan | Background Household-level geographic information systems (GIS) database are usually constructed using the geographic positioning system (GPS). In some research settings, GPS receivers may fail to capture accurate readings due to structural barriers such as tall buildings. We faced this problem when constructing a hous... | Introduction Geographic data are increasingly being employed in health studies [ 1 ]. By studying disease patterns in space, we can understand the relationships between socioecological exposure and illness [ 2 , 3 ]. Such understanding may help the formulation of need based healthcare systems and health intervention pr... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521499.xml |
552311 | Resorbable screws versus pins for optimal transplant fixation (SPOT) in anterior cruciate ligament replacement with autologous hamstring grafts: rationale and design of a randomized, controlled, patient and investigator blinded trial [ISRCTN17384369] | Background Ruptures of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) are common injuries to the knee joint. Arthroscopic ACL replacement by autologous tendon grafts has established itself as a standard of care. Data from both experimental and observational studies suggest that surgical reconstruction does not fully restore knee... | Background Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture belongs to the most common musculoskeletal injuries in the western world. In the United States, 100,000 new cases occur each year, with 10% of all injuries leading to occupational disability [ 1 ]. In Germany, the prevalence of torn ACL among subjects between 20 and 3... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC552311.xml |
534094 | A randomised controlled trial to determine the effect on response of including a lottery incentive in health surveys [ISRCTN32203485] | Background Postal questionnaires are an economical and simple method of data collection for research purposes but are subject to non-response bias. Several studies have explored the effect of monetary and non-monetary incentives on response. Recent meta-analyses conclude that financial incentives are an effective way o... | Background Self-completed postal questionnaires are an economical and simple method of data collection for both research studies and audit activity. They are cheaper than telephone or personal interviews [ 1 ] and may be particularly useful in medical research as the response rate to sensitive questions may be greater ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC534094.xml |
532397 | The History of the Intron—Balancing Gains and Losses | null | In the 25 years since they were first discovered, introns have puzzled molecular biologists because of their uncertain function and mysterious origin. Introns are non-coding DNA sequences that reside inside a gene, splitting it into discrete units called exons. The resulting disruption of coding sequence continuity wou... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC532397.xml |
546402 | The Australian Health Care Agreements 2003–2008 | The Australian Health Care Agreements for the five years 1 July 2003 to 30 June 2008 were signed in August 2003 after vituperative debate and intransigence from the Commonwealth that vitiated the negotiation process. The new Agreements, which were not as generous as the Agreements they replaced, increase accountability... | Introduction The most significant Australian health policy event for 2003 was the signing of the five-year Australian Health Care Agreements. The Agreements were preceded by an ultimatum to the States and Territories from the Commonwealth indicating that there would be no changes from the offer on the table. This led t... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546402.xml |
449902 | No Rest for the Weary: Migrating Songbirds Keep Their Wits without Sleep | null | Every spring and fall, billions of songbirds fly thousands of miles between their summer breeding grounds in North America and their wintering grounds in the more hospitable climes of southern California, Mexico, and Central and South America. While some birds fly during the day, most, including the white-crowned sparr... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC449902.xml |
522806 | A combinational feature selection and ensemble neural network method for classification of gene expression data | Background Microarray experiments are becoming a powerful tool for clinical diagnosis, as they have the potential to discover gene expression patterns that are characteristic for a particular disease. To date, this problem has received most attention in the context of cancer research, especially in tumor classification... | Background With the successful completion of the Human Genome Project (HGP), we are entering the post genomic era. Facing mass amounts of data, traditional biological experiments and data analysis techniques encounter great challenges. In this situation, cDNA microarrays and high-density oligonucleotide chips are novel... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC522806.xml |
544573 | The Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Insertion/Deletion polymorphism is not associated with an increased risk of death or bronchopulmonary dysplasia in ventilated very low birth weight infants | Background The ACE gene contains a polymorphism consisting of either the presence (insertion, I) or absence (deletion, D) of a 287 bp alu repeat in intron 16. The D allele is associated with increased ACE activity in both tissue and plasma. The DD genotype is associated with risk of developing ARDS and mortality. The f... | Background Prematurely born infants who require mechanical ventilation (MV) frequently develop chronic lung disease known as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Oxidant injury, mechanical disruption of the lung, inflammation and subsequent failure of lung development are considered the major mechanisms in the pathogenesi... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544573.xml |
546416 | A case study of type 2 diabetes self-management | Background It has been established that careful diabetes self-management is essential in avoiding chronic complications that compromise health. Disciplined diet control and regular exercise are the keys for the type 2 diabetes self-management. An ability to maintain one's blood glucose at a relatively flat level, not f... | Background It is well established that diabetes can lead to acute and chronic complications, compromising the health and quality of life. Results from various studies [ 1 ] have demonstrated that improved control of blood glucose in type 2 diabetes reduces related complications. Type 2 diabetes results from the metabol... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546416.xml |
554774 | Methodological bias in cluster randomised trials | Background Cluster randomised trials can be susceptible to a range of methodological problems. These problems are not commonly recognised by many researchers. In this paper we discuss the issues that can lead to bias in cluster trials. Methods We used a sample of cluster randomised trials from a recent review and from ... | Background The randomised controlled trial (RCT) has a number of important features that make it the 'gold-standard' evaluation method. One of the most important aspects of random allocation is that it eliminates selection bias. Randomisation ensures that the two or more groups formed are similar, except for chance dif... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC554774.xml |
552305 | International outbreak of Salmonella Oranienburg due to German chocolate | Background This report describes a large international chocolate-associated Salmonella outbreak originating from Germany. Methods We conducted epidemiologic investigations including a case-control study, and food safety investigations. Salmonella ( S .) Oranienburg isolates were subtyped by the use of pulsed-field gel ... | Background Non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. is a substantive cause of human gastroenteritis in many parts of the world [ 1 ]. In Germany, non-typhoidal salmonellosis remains the most frequently reported infectious disease. For example, in 2001, the 77,185 Salmonella reports (incidence:94/100,000) received at the federal l... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC552305.xml |
549043 | Mental health first aid responses of the public: results from an Australian national survey | Background The prevalence of mental disorders is so high that members of the public will commonly have contact with someone affected. How they respond to that person (the mental health first aid response) may affect outcomes. However, there is no information on what members of the public might do in such circumstances.... | Background Surveys in many countries have found that mental disorders have a high prevalence and are a major cause of disability in the population [ 1 - 3 ]. For example, the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing found that close to one in five adults met the criteria for a mental disorder at some t... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549043.xml |
544567 | Covariates of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from healthy humans | Background Define covariates of cerebrospinal corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) levels in normal humans. CRH CSF was measured in 9 normal subjects as part of an intensive study of physiological responses stressors in chronic pain and fatigue states. CRH CSF was first correlated with demographic, vital sign, HPA axi... | Background Corticotropin – releasing hormone (CRH) plays a major role in regulating the hypothalamic – pituitary – adrenal (HPA) axis, acute responses to stressors, and other neurological functions [ 1 ]. The cerebrospinal concentrations of CRH (CRH CSF ) and neuropeptide Y (NPY), another important neuropeptide involve... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544567.xml |
549719 | The functional landscape of mouse gene expression | Background Large-scale quantitative analysis of transcriptional co-expression has been used to dissect regulatory networks and to predict the functions of new genes discovered by genome sequencing in model organisms such as yeast. Although the idea that tissue-specific expression is indicative of gene function in mamma... | Background Tissue-specific gene expression has traditionally been viewed as a predictor of tissue-specific function: for example, genes specifically expressed in the eye are likely to be involved in vision. But microarray analysis in model organisms such as yeast and Caenorhabditis elegans has established that coordina... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549719.xml |
553972 | Individual patient data meta-analysis : Cervical stitch (cerclage) for preventing pregnancy loss in women | Background Cervical cerclage is a surgical procedure involving suturing the cervix with a purse type stitch to keep it closed during pregnancy. This procedure has been used widely in the management of pregnancies considered at high risk of preterm delivery. Several observational studies into the efficacy of cervical ce... | Background Cervical cerclage is a surgical procedure carried out during pregnancy. The operation involves suturing the neck of the womb (cervix) with a purse type stitch to keep the cervix closed. This surgical procedure has been used widely in the management of pregnancies considered to be at high risk of preterm deli... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC553972.xml |
520744 | Iterative class discovery and feature selection using Minimal Spanning Trees | Background Clustering is one of the most commonly used methods for discovering hidden structure in microarray gene expression data. Most current methods for clustering samples are based on distance metrics utilizing all genes. This has the effect of obscuring clustering in samples that may be evident only when looking ... | Background Clustering is one of the most common methods for discovering hidden structure in micro-array gene expression data. Clustering of samples has been used to discover new disease taxonomies [ 1 - 3 ]. Cluster analysis is often performed with hierarchical [ 4 ], K-means [ 5 ] or Self-Organizing Map [ 6 ] algorith... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC520744.xml |
535349 | Are both sympatric species Ilex perado and Ilex canariensis secretly hybridizing? Indication from nuclear markers collected in Tenerife | Background Intra-specific and intra-individual polymorphism is frequently observed in nuclear markers of Ilex (Aquifoliaceae) and discrepancy between plastid and nuclear phylogenies is the rule in this genus. These observations suggest that inter-specific plastid or/and nuclear introgression played an important role in... | Background Aquifoliaceae comprise one genus, Ilex [ 1 ] and approximately 400 species. The fossil record indicates that the genus was cosmopolitan during the Eocene. It is now largely extinct in Australia, Europe and Africa where only few species persist. Most diversity is currently found in South-America and in Southe... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535349.xml |
547907 | Quetiapine augmentation of SRIs in treatment refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study [ISRCTN83050762] | Background Although serotonin reuptake inhibitors are effective in the treatment of OCD, many patients fail to respond to these agents. Growing evidence from open-label and placebo-controlled trials suggests a role for augmentation of SRIs with atypical antipsychotics in OCD. Quetiapine is generally well tolerated and ... | Background Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a prevalent, chronic and disabling disorder [ 1 ]. Controlled pharmacotherapy studies have established superiority of serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SRI's) over noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors and over placebo in OCD and these currently form the cornerstone of pharma... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC547907.xml |
509301 | The Zebrafish moonshine Gene Encodes Transcriptional Intermediary Factor 1γ, an Essential Regulator of Hematopoiesis | Hematopoiesis is precisely orchestrated by lineage-specific DNA-binding proteins that regulate transcription in concert with coactivators and corepressors. Mutations in the zebrafish moonshine (mon) gene specifically disrupt both embryonic and adult hematopoiesis, resulting in severe red blood cell aplasia. We report t... | Introduction Hematopoiesis involves the coordinated processes of cell proliferation and differentiation of a relatively small number of progenitor cells into billions of circulating red and white blood cells ( Thisse and Zon 2002 ). Hematopoiesis in vertebrates, from zebrafish to humans, is an evolutionarily conserved ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509301.xml |
506783 | Accounting for regional background and population size in the detection of spatial clusters and outliers using geostatistical filtering and spatial neutral models: the case of lung cancer in Long Island, New York | Background Complete Spatial Randomness (CSR) is the null hypothesis employed by many statistical tests for spatial pattern, such as local cluster or boundary analysis. CSR is however not a relevant null hypothesis for highly complex and organized systems such as those encountered in the environmental and health science... | Background Cancer mortality maps are important tools in health research, allowing the identification of spatial patterns, clusters and disease 'hot spots' that often stimulate research to elucidate causative relationships [ 1 , 2 ]. In most spatial analysis software a statistical pattern recognition approach has been i... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC506783.xml |
547913 | MILANO – custom annotation of microarray results using automatic literature searches | Background High-throughput genomic research tools are becoming standard in the biologist's toolbox. After processing the genomic data with one of the many available statistical algorithms to identify statistically significant genes, these genes need to be further analyzed for biological significance in light of all the... | Background In the post-genomic era, biologists encounter a flood of information derived mainly from microarray experiments. The blessing of this wealth of information is accompanied by a great difficulty in identifying the biologically significant findings, which are often embedded in irrelevant information. Currently,... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC547913.xml |
544598 | Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) Val108/158 Met polymorphism does not modulate executive function in children with ADHD | Background An association has been observed between the catechol-O-methyltransferase ( COMT ) gene, the predominant means of catecholamine catabolism within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), and neuropsychological task performance in healthy and schizophrenic adults. Since several of the cognitive functions typically defici... | Background Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a childhood psychiatric disorder characterized by symptoms of inattention, impulsivity and motor hyperactivity afflicting 6–8% of school-aged children in North America [ 1 , 2 ]. Although ADHD is a disorder with complex and heterogeneous etiology, genetic fa... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544598.xml |
524522 | Translation research: from accurate diagnosis to appropriate treatment | This review article focuses on the various aspects of translational research, where research on human subjects can ultimately enhance the diagnosis and treatment of future patients. While we will use specific examples relating to the asbestos related cancer mesothelioma, it should be stressed that the general approach ... | The Ultimate Goal Our systematic approach to translational medicine has been designed to achieve a vision shared by numerous "ambitious" investigators who are focused on applying bench-side discoveries to the clinical setting (Figure 1 ). We share a vision of future medicine, in which it will be possible to predict the... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524522.xml |
549527 | Correlation of sperm penetration assay score with polyspermy rate in in-vitro fertilization | Background The sperm penetration assay (SPA) is used to predict the fertilizing capacity of sperm. Thus, some programs rely on SPA scores to formulate insemination plans in conjunction with in-vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles. The purpose of this study was to evaluate if a relationship exists between SPA scores and pol... | Findings The sperm penetration assay (SPA) is used to evaluate the fertilizing capacity of human spermatozoa [ 1 ]. Some in-vitro fertilization (IVF) programs rely on the SPA to formulate their insemination plans in conjunction with IVF cycles [ 1 , 2 ]. Couples with normal SPA scores normally undergo conventional IVF ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549527.xml |
516779 | The link between thyroid autoimmunity (antithyroid peroxidase autoantibodies) with anxiety and mood disorders in the community: a field of interest for public health in the future | Background To evaluate the association between mood and anxiety disorders and thyroid autoimmunity in a community sample. Methods: A community based sample of 222 subjects was examined. Psychiatric diagnoses were formulated using the International Composite Diagnostic Interview Simplified (CIDIS), according to DSM-IV c... | Background Autoimmune thyroid disease may be linked to depression [ 1 ] and anxiety [ 2 ]. Autoimmune disease and depression are not uncommon: the prevalence of autoimmune thyroid disease in the community ranged from 4 to 25% [ 3 ] and lifetime prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder ranged from 6 to 17% [ 4 ]. Thus th... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516779.xml |
514608 | Epidemiological evidence of higher susceptibility to vCJD in the young | Background The strikingly young age of new variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (vCJD) cases remains unexplained. Age dependent susceptibility to infection has been put forward, but differential dietary exposure to contaminated food products in the UK population according to age and sex during the bovine spongiform enceph... | Background Owing to the lack of data concerning age dependent dietary exposure to bovine material in food in the UK, mathematical models used in the study of new variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (vCJD) have postulated an age risk function for contamination where the influence of age dependent dietary exposure to conta... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514608.xml |
549080 | A new example of viral intein in Mimivirus | Background Inteins are "protein introns" that remove themselves from their host proteins through an autocatalytic protein-splicing. After their discovery, inteins have been quickly identified in all domains of life, but only once to date in the genome of a eukaryote-infecting virus. Results Here we report the identific... | Background Mimivirus is the largest known virus, both in particle size (>0.4 μm in diameter) and genome length, recently discovered in amoeba, following the inspection of a hospital cooling tower prompted by a pneumonia outbreak [ 1 ]. Recently, its entire 1.2-Mbp genome sequence was determined [ 2 ]. Extensive phyloge... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549080.xml |
553966 | Expression analysis of the mouse S100A7/psoriasin gene in skin inflammation and mammary tumorigenesis | Background The human psoriasin (S100A7) gene has been implicated in inflammation and tumor progression. Implementation of a mouse model would facilitate further investigation of its function, however little is known of the murine psoriasin gene. In this study we have cloned the cDNA and characterized the expression of ... | Background Human S100A7 or psoriasin was first identified as an over-expressed secreted protein in psoriatic skin[ 1 ]. More recently its expression in both pre-invasive (ductal carcinoma in situ , DCIS) and invasive human breast cancer was demonstrated [ 2 ]. Although highly expressed in DCIS and generally down-regula... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC553966.xml |
544956 | Is immunotherapy an effective treatment for Alzheimer's disease? | Immunotherapy in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is rapidly becoming a hot topic of modern geriatric and clinical gerontology. Current views see immunization with Aβ peptide, the amyloidogenic protein found in senile plaque of AD patient's brains, or the infusion of preformed antibody specific for human Aβ, as p... | Immunotherapy in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is rapidly becoming a hot topic of modern geriatric and clinical gerontology. M.E. Weksler [ 1 ] in the article entitled "The immunotherapy of Alzheimer's disease" published in Immunity and Ageing discussed this theme. Current views see immunization with Aβ peptid... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544956.xml |
516037 | Upper limb neuropathy in computer operators? A clinical case study of 21 patients | Background The character of upper limb disorder in computer operators remains obscure and their treatment and prevention have had limited success. Symptoms tend to be mostly perceived as relating to pathology in muscles, tendons or insertions. However, the conception of a neuropathic disorder would be supported by obje... | Background Upper limb pain and dysfunction are frequent complaints associated with computer work. However, the responsible pathology and the pathophysiological mechanisms are insufficiently understood. In addition, there is no consensus with regard to physical findings that may reflect symptoms. The involvement of the ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516037.xml |
520750 | The efficacy of duloxetine: A comprehensive summary of results from MMRM and LOCF_ANCOVA in eight clinical trials | Background A mixed-effects model repeated measures approach (MMRM) was specified as the primary analysis in the Phase III clinical trials of duloxetine for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). Analysis of covariance using the last observation carried forward approach to impute missing values (LOCF_ANCOVA) ... | Background Treatment effects are often evaluated by comparing change over time in outcome measures. However, valid analyses of longitudinal data can be problematic, particularly if some data are missing for reasons related to the outcome measure [ 1 , 2 ]. Since the problem of missing data is almost ever-present in cli... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC520750.xml |
516792 | Mohmmar Qadaffi, Open Access, and Retrovirology | Retrovirology has been publishing as an Open Access online journal for approximately six months. In this editorial, I review the reasons for and the advantages of Open Access publishing, update our progress to date, and summarize where we intend to go with this journal. | Qadaffi's lesson Thirty-five years ago, on September 1 st , 1969, I was an eleven year old boy living with my family in Benghazi, Libya. That morning, I awoke to an eerie silence. The normally bustling traffic outside of our apartment in a busy suburb of Benghazi was not to be heard. In fact, there was to be little or ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516792.xml |
549533 | From wealth to health: modelling the distribution of income per capita at the sub-national level using night-time light imagery | Background Sub-national figures providing information about the wealth of the population are useful in defining the spatial distribution of both economic activity and poverty within any given country. Furthermore, since several health indicators such as life expectancy are highly correlated with household welfare, sub-... | Background Economy, income and poverty do affect and are affected by population's health in many ways. At broad scale, the macro relationship between life expectancy and the gross national product (GNP) is well known and has been presented in different publications [ 1 ]. At a smaller scale a very robust relationship e... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549533.xml |
340957 | Engineering Bacteria to Make “Unnatural” Natural Drugs | null | Faced with new and ongoing threats to public health, researchers are becoming increasingly resourceful in their quest to discover new drugs. Drug researchers have long looked to living organisms for inspiration, either mimicking or extracting chemical formulas from naturally occurring compounds. Bacteria and fungi, for... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC340957.xml |
340943 | Cracking the Polyketide Code | Polyketides, natural products from microorganisms, have been a main source of antibiotics. Understanding the 'programming' of the enzymes that produce these complex molecules has opened a new field of drug discovery | For half a century, natural products from microorganisms have been the main source of medicines for treating infectious disease. The most important chemical class of these antibiotics, apart from the penicillins, is the polyketides. They are made by the stepwise building of long carbon chains, two atoms at a time, by m... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC340943.xml |
518967 | Frequency of myasthenic crisis in relation to thymectomy in generalized myasthenia gravis: A 17-year experience | Background Myasthenic crisis is the most serious life-threatening event in generalized myasthenia gravis (MG) patients. The objective of this study was to assess the long-term impact of thymectomy on rate and severity of these attacks in Iranian patients. Methods We reviewed the clinical records from 272 myasthenic pat... | Background Myasthenia Gravis (MG) is the mostly known autoimmune disease in human, mediated by autoantibodies against the nicotinic receptor of acetylcholine in neuromuscular junctions [ 1 ]. Two cardinal features of this disease are muscle weakness and fatigability. Although periorbital area contains the only affected... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC518967.xml |
524250 | Unanticipated Antigens: Translation Initiation at CUG with Leucine | Major histocompatibility class I molecules display tens of thousands of peptides on the cell surface for immune surveillance by T cells. The peptide repertoire represents virtually all cellular translation products, and can thus reveal a foreign presence inside the cell. These peptides are derived from not only convent... | Introduction Immune surveillance by cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) is a key mechanism for detecting and eliminating abnormal cells. These include cells infected with viruses or bacteria, and those that have suffered tumorigenic transformations ( Townsend and Bodmer 1989 ). The antigen receptors of CTLs probe the repertoire o... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524250.xml |
544942 | The role of the applied epidemiologist in armed conflict | Background Applied epidemiologists are increasingly working in areas of insecurity and active conflict to define the health risks, suggest feasible means to reduce these risks and, monitor the capacity and reconstruction of the public health system. In 2001, The Carter Center and the United States Institute for Peace s... | Introduction In 2004 it is estimated that there are 95 violent conflicts worldwide [ 1 , 2 ]. The profound consequences to the well-being of communities from these conflicts are disproportionately distributed. Ninety percent of those who die in war are civilians, half are female, and more children will die or be disabl... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544942.xml |
517498 | Liver, spleen, pancreas and kidney involvement by human fascioliasis: imaging findings | Background Fasciola hepatica primarily involves the liver, however in some exceptional situations other organs have been reported to be involved. The ectopic involvement is either a result of Parasite migration or perhaps eosinophilic reaction. Case presentation Here we report a known case of multiple myeloma who was u... | Background Human fascioliasis, a commonplace infection caused by a leaf-shaped Trematode Fasciolahepatica affects a human host by chance [ 1 - 4 ]. It seems that the rate of infection is increasing in many countries worldwide [ 1 , 5 ]. Human fascioliasis has to be differentially diagnosed from such hepatic and biliary... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517498.xml |
546199 | Validating viral quasispecies with digital organisms: a re-examination of the critical mutation rate | Background In this report we re-examine some recent experiments with digital organisms to test some predictions of quasispecies theory. These experiments revealed that under high mutation rates populations of less fit organisms previously adapted to such high mutation rates were able to outcompete organisms with higher... | Background RNA viruses are among the most infective pathogens affecting plants, animals and humans. Several of their features such as their reduced genomes, high genetic heterogeneity, large population sizes, short generation times and fast evolutionary rates place them among the best models for evolutionary and popula... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546199.xml |
516023 | Analysis of HIV-1 Vpr determinants responsible for cell growth arrest in Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Background The HIV-1 genome encodes a well-conserved accessory gene product, Vpr, that serves multiple functions in the retroviral life cycle, including the enhancement of viral replication in nondividing macrophages, the induction of G2 cell-cycle arrest, and the modulation of HIV-1-induced apoptosis. We previously re... | Background Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) Vpr is a small virion-associated protein that is incorporated into virions through a specific interaction with the p6 domain of the p55 gag precursor protein [ 1 , 2 ]. Increasing evidence suggests that Vpr plays important roles during HIV-1 replication and pathogenesis... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516023.xml |
518973 | Emergence of new Salmonella Enteritidis phage types in Europe? Surveillance of infections in returning travellers | Background Among human Salmonella Enteritidis infections, phage type 4 has been the dominant phage type in most countries in Western Europe during the last years. This is reflected in Salmonella infections among Swedish travellers returning from abroad. However, there are differences in phage type distribution between ... | Background Salmonella Enteritidis is the most common serovar causing food-borne salmonellosis in humans, causing approximately 80% of salmonellosis cases reported in Europe [ 1 ]. During the 80s and early 90s, a steady increase in S. Enteritidis infections was reported in Europe and North America [ 2 - 4 ]. The most co... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC518973.xml |
512292 | The oncogenic fusion protein RUNX1-CBFA2T1 supports proliferation and inhibits senescence in t(8;21)-positive leukaemic cells | Background The fusion protein RUNX1-CBFA2T1 associated with t(8;21)-positive acute myeloid leukaemia is a potent inhibitor of haematopoetic differentiation. The role of RUNX1-CBFA2T1 in leukaemic cell proliferation is less clear. We examined the consequences of siRNA-mediated RUNX1-CBFA2T1 depletion regarding prolifera... | Background The chromosomal translocation t(8;21) (q22;q22), which is associated with 10–15% of all cases of acute myeloid leukaemia, fuses the DNA binding domain of the transcription factor RUNX1 (also called AML1 or CBFα) to the almost complete open reading frame of CBFA2T1 (also named MTG8 or ETO) [ 1 , 2 ]. The resu... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC512292.xml |
523846 | Different HIV Drugs Cause Different Lipid Profiles | null | Nevirapine and efavirenz are the most commonly prescribed of the class of antiretroviral drugs called non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). Efavirenz has the advantage of once-daily dosing. In a recent study called the 2NN study (Lancet 363: 1253–1263), it appeared to be only marginally superior to ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC523846.xml |
517507 | Comparison of IgG4 assays using whole parasite extract and BmR1 recombinant antigen in determining antibody prevalence in brugian filariasis | Background Brugia malayi is endemic in several Asian countries with the highest prevalence in Indonesia. Determination of prevalence of lymphatic filariasis by serology has been performed by various investigators using different kinds of antigen (either soluble worm antigen preparations or recombinant antigens). This i... | Background Lymphatic filariasis affects approximately 120 million people worldwide. Ten percent of these infections are attributed to Brugia malayi and Brugia timori [ 1 ]. Thick blood smear examination is the routine parasitological method used for diagnosis and prevalence studies in the Brugia endemic countries of Ma... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517507.xml |
545490 | Mapping and mutation of the conserved DNA polymerase interaction motif (DPIM) located in the C-terminal domain of fission yeast DNA polymerase δ subunit Cdc27 | Background DNA polymerases α and δ play essential roles in the replication of chromosomal DNA in eukaryotic cells. DNA polymerase α (Pol α)-primase is required to prime synthesis of the leading strand and each Okazaki fragment on the lagging strand, whereas DNA polymerase δ (Pol δ) is required for the elongation stages... | Background Three conserved DNA polymerase enzymes whose activities are essential for complete chromosomal DNA replication have been identified through biochemical studies in mammalian systems [ 1 ] and combined genetic and biochemical studies in yeast [ 2 ]. During S-phase, the DNA polymerase α-primase complex synthesi... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545490.xml |
512286 | The six-minute walk test in community dwelling elderly: influence of health status. | Background The 6 minutes walk test (6MWT) is a useful assessment instrument for the exercise capacity of elderly persons. The impact of the health status on the 6MWT-distance in elderly, however, remains unclear, reducing its value in clinical settings. The objective of this study was to investigate to what extent the ... | Background Aging results in an important decrease of muscle power and exercise capacity[ 1 ]. Therefore, elderly often function at the limit of their capacity in order to fulfill the activities of daily living [ 2 ]. Determination of the remaining physical capacity can be important in clinical decision-making. From pre... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC512286.xml |
550670 | A case-control study to evaluate urinary tract complications in radical hysterectomy | Background This study has evaluated urinary tract injuries and dysfunction after Radical Hysterectomy (RH) performed in patients with cervical cancer and has compared the cystometric parameters and urinary complications occurring in these patients with those occurring in patients who had undergone Simple Hysterectomy (... | Background Although the incidence of lower urinary tract complications after RH has been reported with variable rates, up to one half of patients undergoing RH experience at least one lower urinary tract symptom that develops after surgery and at a variable period of time [ 1 , 2 ]. Several retrospective studies have e... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC550670.xml |
515310 | Intensive language training enhances brain plasticity in chronic aphasia | Background Focal clusters of slow wave activity in the delta frequency range (1–4 Hz), as measured by magnetencephalography (MEG), are usually located in the vicinity of structural damage in the brain. Such oscillations are usually considered pathological and indicative of areas incapable of normal functioning owing to... | Background Cerebrovascular stroke is a highly prevalent condition and the major cause of language impairment in adults. Immediately following a stroke about 38% of the affected population experience aphasia [ 1 ]. Spontaneous recovery is reported within the first six months after the event, while only minimal spontaneo... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC515310.xml |
516786 | Combination of contrast with stress echocardiography: A practical guide to methods and interpretation | Contrast echocardiography has an established role for enhancement of the right heart Doppler signals, the detection of intra-cardiac shunts, and most recently for left ventricular cavity opacification (LVO). The use of intravenously administered micro-bubbles to traverse the myocardial microcirculation in order to outl... | I. Imaging principles Micro-bubbles Two aspects of micro-bubbles are important – their gas content and the nature of their shell. Recently-approved micro-bubbles almost universally involve encapsulation of a high molecular weight gas, which improves the persistence of the bubble, optimising the number available in the ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516786.xml |
546012 | MDM2 negatively regulates the human telomerase RNA gene promoter | Background We have previously demonstrated that NF-Y and Sp1 interact with the human telomerase RNA (hTR) promoter and play a central role in its regulation. We have also shown that pRB activates the hTR promoter, but the mechanism of pRb directed activation is unknown. It has recently been reported that pRB induces Sp... | Background Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein complex that consists of an essential RNA molecule, hTR, with a template domain for telomeric DNA synthesis and of a catalytic protein, hTERT, with reverse transcriptase activity. Functional telomerase is minimally composed of both hTR and hTERT [ 1 , 2 ]. The transcriptiona... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546012.xml |
515304 | Sensitization of interferon-γ induced apoptosis in human osteosarcoma cells by extracellular S100A4 | Background S100A4 is a small Ca 2+ -binding protein of the S100 family with metastasis-promoting properties. Recently, secreted S100A4 protein has been shown to possess a number of functions, including induction of angiogenesis, stimulation of cell motility and neurite extension. Methods Cell cultures from two human os... | Background The S100 protein family consists of at least 21 small, acidic, Ca 2+ -binding proteins with different expression patterns and apparently diverse functional and biological properties [ 1 ]. The S100A4 protein has been associated with increased metastatic capacity of cancer cells [ 2 - 4 ], but how S100A4 exer... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC515304.xml |
538282 | Inhibition of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase or extracellular signal-regulated kinase improves lung injury | Background Although in vitro studies have determined that the activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases is crucial to the activation of transcription factors and regulation of the production of proinflammatory mediators, the roles of c-Jun NH 2 -terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinas... | Background Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) causes acute lung injury associated with the activation of macrophages, an increase in alveolar-capillary permeability, neutrophil influx into the lungs, and parenchymal injury [ 1 ]. This pulmonary response contributes to the pathogenesis of various acute inflammatory respiratory di... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC538282.xml |
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