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546006 | General practitioners' reasoning when considering the diagnosis heart failure: a think-aloud study | Background Diagnosing chronic heart failure is difficult, especially in mild cases or early in the course of the disease, and guidelines are not easily implemented in everyday practice. The aim of this study was to investigate general practitioners' diagnostic reasoning about patients with suspected chronic heart failu... | Background Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality and it has a considerable impact on the health care system [ 1 ]. In a recent study, the prevalence in Sweden was estimated at 1.3–2.5% [ 2 ]. Early detection of CHF has become increasingly important, as modern drug treatment has the pot... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546006.xml |
368177 | Conserved Genes Preferentially Duplicated in Evolution | null | Over the course of evolution, some organisms have gained many genes and become increasingly complex whereas other, simpler, organisms have survived with comparatively fewer genes. (Compare, for example, the 30,000 genes of humans to the 5,500 of brewer's yeast.) But where do these “new” genes come from? Evolutionary bi... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC368177.xml |
521076 | Psychosocial risk factors for obesity among women in a family planning clinic | Background The epidemiology of obesity in primary care populations has not been thoroughly explored. This study contributes to filling this gap by investigating the relationship between obesity and different sources of personal stress, mental health, exercise, and demographic characteristics. Methods A cross-sectional ... | Background Many variables may influence eating behavior and therefore may also influence obesity, including depression, anxiety, stress, social support, race, ethnicity, education and income [ 1 - 8 ]. While the national media and federal websites emphasize the importance of physical activity in controlling body weight... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521076.xml |
550664 | Assembly of a gene sequence tag microarray by reversible biotin-streptavidin capture for transcript analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana | Background Transcriptional profiling using microarrays has developed into a key molecular tool for the elucidation of gene function and gene regulation. Microarray platforms based on either oligonucleotides or purified amplification products have been utilised in parallel to produce large amounts of data. Irrespective ... | Background Extensive transcriptional profiling of the plant model system Arabidopsis thaliana has been limited when compared to other model organisms, such as human and mouse, mainly due to the lack of high-quality cDNA microarrays offering genome-wide coverage. However, during the recent years both academic and commer... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC550664.xml |
544836 | In vitro activity of antiamoebic drugs against clinical isolates of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar | Background Amoebiasis is a major public health problem in tropical and subtropical countries. Although a number of antiamoebic agents are used for its treatment, yet the susceptibility data on clinical isolates of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar are not available. Therefore, the present study was aimed to as... | Background Entamoeba histolytica , is the etiological agent of amoebic dysentery and amoebic liver abscess (ALA). Worldwide, 40–50 million symptomatic cases of amoebiasis occur annually and 70,000 to 100,000 deaths due to this infection [ 1 ]. There are two distinct, but morphologically identical species of Entamoeba :... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544836.xml |
523852 | Characterization of a new full length TMPRSS3 isoform and identification of mutant alleles responsible for nonsyndromic recessive deafness in Newfoundland and Pakistan | Background Mutant alleles of TMPRSS3 are associated with nonsyndromic recessive deafness (DFNB8/B10). TMPRSS3 encodes a predicted secreted serine protease, although the deduced amino acid sequence has no signal peptide. In this study, we searched for mutant alleles of TMPRSS3 in families from Pakistan and Newfoundland ... | Background Genetic analysis of inherited deafness is a powerful tool for discovering the molecular mechanisms that control the development, function and maintenance of the auditory system. Linkage analysis of deafness segregating in large families has resulted in the mapping of more than 55 non-overlapping loci and the... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC523852.xml |
538255 | Mitochondrial inhibition of uracil-DNA glycosylase is not mutagenic | Background Uracil DNA glycosylase (UDG) plays a major role in repair of uracil formed due to deamination of cytosine. UDG in human cells is present in both the nucleus and mitochondrial compartments. Although, UDG's role in the nucleus is well established its role in mitochondria is less clear. Results In order to iden... | Introduction Mitochondrion plays an important role in various cellular functions ranging from synthesis of lipids to maintenance of ion homeostasis [ 1 , 2 ]. However, the singular function that defines this organelle is the production of energy by the electron transport chain. Mitochondrion is also a significant sourc... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC538255.xml |
550658 | Nonrandom distribution and frequencies of genomic and EST-derived microsatellite markers in rice, wheat, and barley | Background Earlier comparative maps between the genomes of rice ( Oryza sativa L.), barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) were linkage maps based on cDNA-RFLP markers. The low number of polymorphic RFLP markers has limited the development of dense genetic maps in wheat and the number of availab... | Background The genetic maps of grass species have been constructed using a variety of marker types. Most of the older species-specific molecular maps were constructed with RFLP markers, but in recent times there has been increased utilization of PCR-based markers because of accessibility and higher throughput. Conserva... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC550658.xml |
551591 | Chronic pneumonia with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and impaired alveolar fluid clearance | Background While the functional consequences of acute pulmonary infections are widely documented, few studies focused on chronic pneumonia. We evaluated the consequences of chronic Pseudomonas lung infection on alveolar function. Methods P. aeruginosa , included in agar beads, was instilled intratracheally in Sprague D... | Introduction Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram negative bacteria producing a wide array of virulence factors frequently responsible for chronic airway infections in cystic fibrosis (CF) or chronic obstructive pneumonia disease (COPD) patients, as well as acute nosocomial airway infections in intensive care units [ 1 - 3... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC551591.xml |
544188 | Haplotype frequency estimation error analysis in the presence of missing genotype data | Background Increasingly researchers are turning to the use of haplotype analysis as a tool in population studies, the investigation of linkage disequilibrium, and candidate gene analysis. When the phase of the data is unknown, computational methods, in particular those employing the Expectation-Maximisation (EM) algori... | Background Haplotype analysis has become a valuable tool for researchers in population genetics. In particular, the value attached to the prediction of the constituent haplotypes of a given sample and their frequency of occurrence is such that a variety of methods have been developed for this purpose. Many of these met... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544188.xml |
406387 | Neural Induction in Xenopus: Requirement for Ectodermal and Endomesodermal Signals via Chordin, Noggin, β-Catenin, and Cerberus | The origin of the signals that induce the differentiation of the central nervous system (CNS) is a long-standing question in vertebrate embryology. Here we show that Xenopus neural induction starts earlier than previously thought, at the blastula stage, and requires the combined activity of two distinct signaling cente... | Introduction Vertebrate development results from a series of cell–cell interactions in which groups of cells induce their neighbors to acquire new cell differentiation fates. This process, known as embryonic induction, was first reported for the induction of the lens in surface ectoderm by the optic vesicles originatin... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC406387.xml |
517705 | Adaptation of an amphibian mucociliary clearance model to evaluate early effects of tobacco smoke exposure | Rationale Inhaled side-stream tobacco smoke brings in all of its harmful components impairing mechanisms that protect the airways and lungs. Chronic respiratory health consequences are a complex multi-step silent process. By the time clinical manifestations require medical attention, several structural and functional c... | Background Respiratory diseases, infectious and non-infectious, are a prime cause of morbidity, mortality and health system utilization in many countries. Exposure to cigarette smoke is an important factor in causing as well as increasing complications in several pulmonary disorders. The mucociliary clearance constitut... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517705.xml |
548956 | A New Paradigm in Eukaryotic Biology: HIV Tat and the Control of Transcriptional Elongation | Studies of the transcriptional transactivator (Tat), a key regulatory protein of HIV, have yielded insight into the control of eukaryotic transcription | Viruses are intracellular pathogens that are subject to intense selective pressures during their ongoing battles within the host. To propagate successfully, they must exploit numerous machineries of the infected cell. Thus, studies of their replicative cycles have yielded fundamental insights into eukaryotic biology. A... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548956.xml |
520817 | Mitoxantrone pleurodesis to palliate malignant pleural effusion secondary to ovarian cancer | Background Advanced ovarian cancer is the leading non-breast gynaecologic cause of malignant pleural effusion. Aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of mitoxantrone sclerotherapy as a palliative treatment of malignant pleural effusions due to ovarian cancer. Methods Sixty women with known ovarian cancer and mali... | Background Cancer accounts for 40% of all pleural effusions, especially in patients over 50 years old [ 1 ]. Bronchogenic and breast cancer account for 75% of malignant pleural effusions, with the remaining 25% represented by a cross-section of other neoplastic diseases [ 2 ]. Approximately two thirds of malignant pleu... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC520817.xml |
368163 | Endosymbiosis: Lessons in Conflict Resolution | Endosymbiotic bacteria live within a host species. There are many and diverse examples of such relationships, the study of which provides important lessons for ecology and evolution | Symbiosis, an interdependent relationship between two species, is an important driver of evolutionary novelty and ecological diversity. Microbial symbionts in particular have been major evolutionary catalysts throughout the 4 billion years of life on earth and have largely shaped the evolution of complex organisms. End... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC368163.xml |
406393 | A Neutral Model of Transcriptome Evolution | Microarray technologies allow the identification of large numbers of expression differences within and between species. Although environmental and physiological stimuli are clearly responsible for changes in the expression levels of many genes, it is not known whether the majority of changes of gene expression fixed du... | Introduction Advances in microarray technology have made the systematic study of expression levels of thousands of transcripts possible. This has been heralded as a major step forward in understanding the function of genomes, since transcript expression levels are expected to correlate with biological functions. Althou... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC406393.xml |
545057 | Catheter-related bacteremia due to Kocuria rosea in a patient undergoing peripheral blood stem cell transplantation | Background Micrococcus species may cause intracranial abscesses, meningitis, pneumonia, and septic arthritis in immunosuppressed or immunocompetent hosts. In addition, strains identified as Micrococcus spp . have been reported recently in infections associated with indwelling intravenous lines, continuous ambulatory pe... | Background Long-term indwelling central venous access devices are indispensable to the supportive care of cancer patients. Infection remains a major complication of Hickman type catheters [ 1 ]. Intravascular catheter-related infections can be the cause of morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing autologous perip... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545057.xml |
538269 | Characterisation of weak magnetic field effects in an aqueous glutamic acid solution by nonlinear dielectric spectroscopy and voltammetry | Background Previous reports indicate altered metabolism and enzyme kinetics for various organisms, as well as changes of neuronal functions and behaviour of higher animals, when they were exposed to specific combinations of weak static and alternating low frequency electromagnetic fields. Field strengths and frequencie... | Background Weak magnetic fields and extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) are omnipresent in natural environmental and increasingly man-made factors. A possible influence on life processes was already mentioned in the late 19 th century [ 1 ]. It is now recognized, that many organisms are capable of perc... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC538269.xml |
544349 | Streptococcal necrotising fasciitis from diverse strains of Streptococcus pyogenes in tropical northern Australia: case series and comparison with the literature | Background Since the mid-1980's there has been a worldwide resurgence of severe disease from group A streptococcus (GAS), with clonal clusters implicated in Europe and the United States. However GAS associated sepsis and rheumatic fever have always remained at high levels in many less developed countries. In this conte... | Background Necrotising fasciitis (NF) is an aggressive and rapidly destructive soft tissue infection resulting in high mortality and significant long term morbidity. Two groups of infectious agents have been described – Type I which are polymicrobial, involving anaerobic bacteria and streptococci other than serogroup A... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544349.xml |
555536 | Can Zipf's law be adapted to normalize microarrays? | Background Normalization is the process of removing non-biological sources of variation between array experiments. Recent investigations of data in gene expression databases for varying organisms and tissues have shown that the majority of expressed genes exhibit a power-law distribution with an exponent close to -1 (i... | Background DNA microarrays have become a widely used biotechnology for assessing expression levels of tens of thousands of genes simultaneously in a single experiment [ 1 , 2 ]. Whether microarrays are being used for global tissue profiling or for differential expression studies, data normalization is an essential prel... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555536.xml |
523885 | An Immune Basis for Lung Parenchymal Destruction in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Emphysema | ABSTRACT Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema are a frequent result of long-term smoking, but the exact mechanisms, specifically which types of cells are associated with the lung destruction, are unclear. Methods and Findings We studied different subsets of lymphocytes taken from portions of h... | Introduction Chronic inhalation of tobacco smoke causes progressive lung destruction in susceptible individuals, resulting in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and emphysema, two well-described clinical syndromes with poorly understood pathogenesis [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. A role for T helper cells in the pathogenesis... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC523885.xml |
545043 | Effects of PM10 in human peripheral blood monocytes and J774 macrophages | The effects of PM 10 , one of the components of particulate air pollution, was investigated using human monocytes and a mouse macrophage cell line (J774). The study aimed to investigate the role of these nanoparticles on the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and IL-1α gene expression. We also investigated ... | Introduction Increased exposure to PM 10 particles is associated with adverse health effects [ 1 , 2 ]. Much of the mass of PM 10 is low in toxicity and it has been suggested that, combustion-derived nanoparticles (ultrafine particles) [ 3 - 5 ] are a key component that drives these effects, especially inflammation. In... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545043.xml |
509249 | Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the parotid metastasizing to liver: case report | Background Adenoid cystic carcinoma is a rare malignant parotid tumor. Metastasis can occur even a decade or more after initial treatment of the primary. Case presentation We report a 60 year old female patient who presented with adenoid cystic carcinoma of the parotid gland. She underwent a total conservative parotide... | Background Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignant neoplasm of the salivary gland. Salivary gland neoplasms constitute 3% of cancers of all sites, of which, 10–15% are malignant [ 1 , 2 ]. Though ACC is the most common malignant tumor of the submandibular, sublingual and minor salivary glands, it accounts fo... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509249.xml |
544361 | The effect of ethnicity on outcomes in a practice-based trial to improve cardiovascular disease prevention | Background Health disparities are a growing concern. Recently, we conducted a practice-based trial to help primary care physicians improve adherence with 21 quality indicators relevant to the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease and stroke. Although the primary concern in that study was whether pa... | Introduction In 2002, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) issued a report suggesting that minorities are more likely than non-minorities to receive a lower quality of healthcare [ 1 ]. Because of the issues such as those raised in the IOM report, health disparities are a growing concern. This concern is reflected in many w... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544361.xml |
517711 | Fingersomatotopy in area 3b: an fMRI-study | Background The primary sensory cortex (S1) in the postcentral gyrus is comprised of four areas that each contain a body map, where the representation of the hand is located with the thumb most laterally, anteriorly and inferiorly and the little finger most medially, posteriorly and superiorly. Previous studies on somat... | Background The first somatotopic maps of the homuncular organisation of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) were established in 1937 by using intra-operative electrical stimulation of the brain surface [ 1 ]. Subsequent, non-invasive investigations in humans on the hand representation in S1 have described a somatotop... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517711.xml |
514556 | Assessing computer skills in Tanzanian medical students: an elective experience | Background One estimate suggests that by 2010 more than 30% of a physician's time will be spent using information technology tools. The aim of this study is to assess the information and communication technologies (ICT) skills of medical students in Tanzania. We also report a pilot intervention of peer mentoring traini... | Background Developments in information and communication technology occur at an astonishing rate. The World Wide Web (WWW) doubled in size during the first 6 months of 2000 and by 2005 the number of Internet users is likely to pass the one billion mark [ 1 ]. This has had huge implications for medical practice througho... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514556.xml |
526282 | Is nebulized saline a placebo in COPD? | Background Many trials of nebulized therapy have used nebulized saline as a "placebo". However, nebulized isotonic saline is sometimes used to assist sputum expectoration and relieve breathlessness in COPD patients. We designed this study to establish if nebulized saline had a placebo effect or a clinical effect. Metho... | Background Nebulized saline is used by some doctors and physiotherapists to assist mucus clearance and to relieve breathlessness in patients with COPD, bronchiectasis and Cystic Fibrosis. This practice is justified by a small number of studies which have demonstrated enhanced sputum expectoration or improved breathless... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526282.xml |
547898 | Large scale hierarchical clustering of protein sequences | Background Searching a biological sequence database with a query sequence looking for homologues has become a routine operation in computational biology. In spite of the high degree of sophistication of currently available search routines it is still virtually impossible to identify quickly and clearly a group of seque... | Background With the overwhelming growth of biological sequence databases, handling of these amounts of data has increasingly become a problem. Protein sequences constitute one such data type. The number of unique entries in all protein sequence databases together exceeds now about a million. However, biological evoluti... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC547898.xml |
546238 | Nutrition education: a questionnaire for assessment and teaching | It is generally recognized that there is a need for improved teaching of nutrition in medical schools and for increased education of the general population. A questionnaire, derived in part from a study of physician knowledge, was administered to first year medical students in order to assess their knowledge of various... | Background Like many medical schools, SUNY Downstate Medical Center has been trying to improve the teaching of nutrition in the curriculum. The study presented here had two goals. First, we wanted to assess the knowledge of the first year class on the subject and, second, we hoped to use the questionnaire method, with ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546238.xml |
526296 | Chemotherapy with cisplatin and vinorelbine for elderly patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) | Background Although modest improvements in the survival of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) can be achieved with cisplatin-based chemotherapy (CT), its value is disputed in the geriatric setting. In this study, we evaluate the feasibility of vinorelbine/cisplatin CT for elderly NSCLC patients. Methods I... | Background Lung cancer is a disease with a great incidence in older people. In Brazil, its incidence rate in male sex was expected to reach 18.8:100.000 in 1999, and aged patients may have accounted for 57% of all lung cancer deaths. Unfortunately, up to two thirds will present at diagnosis with advanced disease, requi... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526296.xml |
545080 | Systematic reviews of epidemiology in diabetes: finding the evidence | Background Methodological research to support searching for those doing systematic reviews of epidemiological studies is a relatively neglected area. Our aim was to determine how many databases it is necessary to search to ensure a comprehensive coverage of the literature in diabetes epidemiology, with the aim of exami... | Background Review articles have a valuable role in the medical literature, because the volume of journals and articles is such that keeping up to date is very difficult. Reviews are much more valuable if they are systematic reviews done to internationally agreed standards, as non-systematic reviews are known to be subj... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545080.xml |
524495 | The validity of the SF-36 in an Australian National Household Survey: demonstrating the applicability of the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey to examination of health inequalities | Background The SF-36 is one of the most widely used self-completion measures of health status. The inclusion of the SF-36 in the first Australian national household panel survey, the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey, provides an opportunity to investigate health inequalities. In this an... | Background While much health research focuses on objective outcome measures such as mortality or morbidity defined through clinical assessment, there is an increasing emphasis on self-reported measures of health status and health-related quality of life. Self-reported measures of health status have been included in epi... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524495.xml |
546210 | Immunolocalization of KATP channel subunits in mouse and rat cardiac myocytes and the coronary vasculature | Background Electrophysiological data suggest that cardiac K ATP channels consist of Kir6.2 and SUR2A subunits, but the distribution of these (and other K ATP channel subunits) is poorly defined. We examined the localization of each of the K ATP channel subunits in the mouse and rat heart. Results Immunohistochemistry o... | Background ATP-sensitive (K ATP ) channels are widely expressed in both excitable and non-excitable tissue types throughout the body. However, differences exist in the functional and pharmacological properties of various K ATP channels in different tissues. This functional diversity of K ATP channels is also reflected ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546210.xml |
535573 | The Emergence of Complexity: Lessons from DNA | The same molecular qualities that endowed DNA with its capacity to carry hereditary information make it a powerful tool to explore the self-assembly of complex nanostructures | How did life emerge from a soup of chemicals? How do patterns such as schools of fish form from individuals? How do voting patterns emerge? Such a diverse array of problems seems completely unrelated. However, they all involve “emergence of complexity.” When individuals come together, they form patterns, structures, an... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535573.xml |
539349 | Evaluation of the clinical value of bone metabolic parameters for the screening of osseous metastases compared to bone scintigraphy | Background Bone metastases are common in many types of cancer. As screening methods different imaging modalities are available. A new approach for the screening of osseous metastases represents the measurement of bone metabolic markers. Therefore aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of the determination of ... | Background Bone metastases are common in advanced cancers of the lung, breast, kidney, prostate and others. In autopsy studies the prevalence ranges from 47–85% [ 1 ]. In patients with osseous metastases early detection is needed, since without effective treatment these bone metastases can cause severe complications le... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539349.xml |
524481 | Control and maintenance of mammalian cell size | Background Conlon and Raff propose that mammalian cells grow linearly during the division cycle. According to Conlon and Raff, cells growing linearly do not need a size checkpoint to maintain a constant distribution of cell sizes. If there is no cell-size-control system, then exponential growth is not allowed, as expon... | Background Conlon and Raff have described experiments that they claim casts doubt on a basic assumption regarding the way mammalian cell size is maintained during proliferation [ 1 ]. The key question studied by Conlon and Raff asks, "How do cells maintain a constant cell size and cell size distribution during extended... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524481.xml |
514542 | The p68 and p72 DEAD box RNA helicases interact with HDAC1 and repress transcription in a promoter-specific manner | Background p68 (Ddx5) and p72 (Ddx17) are highly related members of the DEAD box family and are established RNA helicases. They have been implicated in growth regulation and have been shown to be involved in both pre-mRNA and pre-rRNA processing. More recently, however, these proteins have been reported to act as trans... | Background The DEAD/H box family of RNA helicases has been demonstrated to be involved in virtually all processes that require manipulation of RNA including transcription, pre-mRNA and pre-rRNA processing, RNA export, ribosome assembly and translation [ 1 ]. Although, in vitro , several members of this family have been... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514542.xml |
535567 | Spectrum of clinical disease in a series of 135 hospitalised HIV-infected patients from north India | Background Literature on the spectrum of opportunistic disease in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients from developing countries is sparse. The objective of this study was to document the spectrum and determine the frequency of various opportunistic infections (OIs) and non-infectious opportunistic dise... | Background The first case of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) in India was detected in 1986 in the state of Tamilnadu [ 1 ] and since then the spread of HIV/AIDS across the nation has been relentless. Cases have been reported from all states and union territories of India. Thou... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535567.xml |
546204 | Prolactin daily rhythm in suckling male rabbits | Background This study describes the 24-h changes in plasma prolactin levels, and dopamine (DA), serotonin (5HT), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and taurine concentration in median eminence and adenohypophysis of newborn male rabbits. Methods Animals were kept under controlled light-dark cycles (LD 16:8, lights on at 08... | Background The mechanisms that regulate prolactin secretion are complex [ 1 ]. Two major regulatory inhibitory inputs for prolactin secretion are dopamine [ 2 ] and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) [ 3 - 6 ]. In addition, many other neuromodulators have been implicated in the control of prolactin secretion, among them, v... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546204.xml |
517936 | The role of circulating anti-p53 antibodies in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer and their correlation to clinical parameters and survival | Background Lung cancer causes approximately one million deaths each year worldwide and protein p53 has been shown to be involved in the intricate processes regulating response to radiation and/or chemotherapeutic treatment. Consequently, since antibodies against p53 (anti-p53 antibodies) are associated with mutations w... | Background Lung cancer causes approximately one million deaths each year worldwide [ 1 ]. Treatment of these patients is based on surgery, but at diagnosis approximately 80 % of NSCLC patients are inoperable [ 2 ]. These inoperable patients are treated with radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. Several studies have tried t... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517936.xml |
517934 | TM4SF10 gene sequencing in XLMR patients identifies common polymorphisms but no disease-associated mutation | Background The TM4SF10 gene encodes a putative four-transmembrane domains protein of unknown function termed Brain Cell Membrane Protein 1 (BCMP1), and is abundantly expressed in the brain. This gene is located on the short arm of human chromosome X at p21.1. The hypothesis that mutations in the TM4SF10 gene are associ... | Background Brain Cell Membrane Protein 1 (BCMP1) cDNA was fortuitously isolated from a thyroid cDNA library [ 1 ]. It encodes a 181aa-long putative four-transmembrane domain protein which appears related to both Peripheral Myelin Protein 22 / Epithelial Membrane Proteins and Claudins protein families, and exhibits sign... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517934.xml |
533880 | Validating the Time and Change test to screen for dementia in elderly Koreans | Background We assessed the applicability of the T&C test as an accurate and convenient means to screen for dementia in primary care and community settings. Methods The study group comprised 59 patients and 405 community participants, all of who were aged 65 years and over. The time component of the T&C test evaluated t... | Background Dementia, an acquired persistent impairment of cognitive functioning is an increasingly common problem in Korea, and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, functional loss, caregiver burden, and institutionalization [ 1 ]. Nevertheless, most patients with dementia are not detected by family me... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC533880.xml |
535565 | Endotracheal tube cuff pressure in three hospitals, and the volume required to produce an appropriate cuff pressure | Background Cuff pressure in endotracheal (ET) tubes should be in the range of 20–30 cm H 2 O. We tested the hypothesis that the tube cuff is inadequately inflated when manometers are not used. Methods With IRB approval, we studied 93 patients under general anesthesia with an ET tube in place in one teaching and two pri... | Background A critical function of the endotracheal tube cuff is to seal the airway, thus preventing aspiration of pharyngeal contents into the trachea and to ensure that there are no leaks past the cuff during positive pressure ventilation. However, complications have been associated with insufficient cuff inflation. C... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535565.xml |
533882 | The impact of two multiple-choice question formats on the problem-solving strategies used by novices and experts | Background Pencil-and-paper examination formats, and specifically the standard, five-option multiple-choice question, have often been questioned as a means for assessing higher-order clinical reasoning or problem solving. This study firstly investigated whether two paper formats with differing number of alternatives (s... | Background The assessment of problem-solving skills, and specifically diagnostic skills, was once reserved for examination formats such as free-response questions, patient management problems (PMPs) or oral examinations. These evaluation methods, however, are all resource-intensive, thus making it difficult to provide ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC533882.xml |
545082 | A power law global error model for the identification of differentially expressed genes in microarray data | Background High-density oligonucleotide microarray technology enables the discovery of genes that are transcriptionally modulated in different biological samples due to physiology, disease or intervention. Methods for the identification of these so-called "differentially expressed genes" (DEG) would largely benefit fro... | Background DNA microarrays have become common tools for monitoring genome-wide expression in biological samples harvested under different physiological, pathological or pharmacological conditions. One of the most challenging problems in microarray data analysis is probably the identification of differentially expressed... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545082.xml |
526257 | Autoimmune inflammatory disorders, systemic corticosteroids and pneumocystis pneumonia: A strategy for prevention | Background Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is an increasing problem amongst patients on immunosuppression with autoimmune inflammatory disorders (AID). The disease presents acutely and its diagnosis requires bronchoalveolar lavage in most cases. Despite treatment with intravenous antibiotics, PCP carries a worse prognosis... | Background Pneumocystis carinii was identified a hundred years ago by Chagas [ 1 ] and recognised as a pathogen in marasmic children at the end of World War II [ 2 ]. The organism came to the fore again in the early 1980s when apparently healthy homosexual men developed PCP and heralded the acquired immunodeficiency sy... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526257.xml |
534109 | Use of interrupter technique in assessment of bronchial responsiveness in normal subjects | Background A number of subjects, especially the very young and the elderly, are unable to cooperate and to perform forced expiratory manoeuvres in the evaluation of bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR). The objective of our study was to investigate the use of the interrupter technique as a method to measure the response... | Background It is known that assessment of bronchial responsiveness incorporating measurements of forced expiration can be problematic because of limited co-operation and fatigue and dizziness due to repeated forced expiratory manoeuvres. In addition, a deep inspiration, as it is required during an FEV 1 (Forced Expirat... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC534109.xml |
539361 | α1-antitrypsin and its C-terminal fragment attenuate effects of degranulated neutrophil-conditioned medium on lung cancer HCC cells, in vitro | Background Tumor microenvironment, which is largely affected by inflammatory cells, is a crucial participant in the neoplastic process through promotion of cell proliferation, survival and migration. We measured the effects of polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) conditioned medium alone, and supplemented with serine pro... | Background The relationship between inflammation, innate immunity and cancer is widely accepted. Early in the neoplastic process, inflammatory cells and their released molecular species influence the growth, migration and differentiation of all cell types in the tumor microenvironment, whereas later in the tumorigenic ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539361.xml |
535571 | The What and Why of Research on Reinforcement | Reinforcement - a process that helps prevent interbreeding between hybridising populations - is an important and little understood mechanism driving the completion of speciation | Reinforcement, like sympatric speciation (see Box 1 ), has charisma. Evolutionary biologists are still deeply uncertain about how often these processes take place, and hence how important they are in explaining the biological diversity we see today. Empirical and theoretical support for both ideas has waxed and waned o... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535571.xml |
535559 | The in vitro effect of gefitinib ('Iressa') alone and in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy on human solid tumours | Background Activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) triggers downstream signaling pathways that regulate many cellular processes involved in tumour survival and growth. Gefitinib ('Iressa') is an orally active tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) targeted to the ATP-binding domain of EGFR (HER1; erbB1). Met... | Background The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is involved in many cellular processes including cell proliferation, motility, adhesion and angiogenesis via the activation of three pathways: phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3)/Akt pathway, the Jak/STAT pathway and the ras/raf pathway. EGFR is expressed or highly... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535559.xml |
514554 | Estimating the beginning of the waterpipe epidemic in Syria | Background Waterpipe smoking is becoming a global public health problem, especially in the Eastern Mediterranean region (EMR). Methods We try in this study, which is a cross sectional survey among a representative sample of waterpipe smokers in cafes/restaurants in Aleppo-Syria, to assess the time period for the beginn... | Background Waterpipe smoking is becoming increasingly a worldwide phenomenon, with populations in the Eastern Mediterranean region (EMR) being especially affected [ 1 ]. This centuries-old tobacco use method comes under many different names (e.g., shisha, hookah, narghile, arghile), shapes, and sizes, depending on the ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514554.xml |
524497 | Health, human rights and mobilization of resources for health | Background There has been an increased interest in the role of a human rights framework to mobilize resources for health. Discussion This paper argues that the human rights framework does provide us with an appropriate understanding of what values should guide a nation's health policy, and a potentially powerful means ... | Background During the past few years there has been an increasing interest in attempts to utilize a human rights framework to argue that we have obligations, in one way or another, to do something about the human suffering among the large number of poor in the world. The argument is that the suffering of the poor is a ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524497.xml |
526280 | General practitioners believe that hypnotherapy could be a useful treatment for irritable bowel syndrome in primary care | Background Irritable bowel syndrome is a common condition in general practice. It occurs in 10 to 20% of the population, but less than half seek medical assistance with the complaint. Methods A questionnaire was sent to the 406 GPs listed on the West Sussex Health Authority Medical List to investigate their views of th... | Background This study explores general practitioners' beliefs about irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and whether they see hypnotherapy as an appropriate complementary therapy for its management; and if so, who should deliver it. IBS is estimated to occur in 10–20% of the population in most countries [ 1 ]. It is known t... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526280.xml |
520829 | Analysis of cardiac signals using spatial filling index and time-frequency domain | Background Analysis of heart rate variation (HRV) has become a popular noninvasive tool for assessing the activities of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). HRV analysis is based on the concept that fast fluctuations may specifically reflect changes of sympathetic and vagal activity. It shows that the structure generati... | Background Bio-signals are essentially non-stationary signals; they display a fractal like self-similarity. They may contain indicators of current disease, or even warnings about impending diseases. The indicators may be present at all times or may occur at random – in the time scale. However, to (study and) pinpoint a... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC520829.xml |
546206 | Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a multidisciplinary intervention programme to prevent new falls and functional decline among elderly persons at risk: design of a replicated randomised controlled trial [ISRCTN64716113] | Background Falls are common among community-dwelling elderly people and can have a considerable impact on quality of life and healthcare costs. People who have sustained a fall are at greater risk of falling again. We replicated a British randomised controlled trial which demonstrated the effectiveness of a multidiscip... | Background Publishing the design of a study This article describes the design of a replication of a randomised controlled trial (RCT) evaluating the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a multidisciplinary intervention programme to prevent further falls among elderly people at risk. Publishing the design and protoco... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546206.xml |
514568 | Tissue Doppler echocardiography – A case of right tool, wrong use | Background The developments in echocardiography or ultrasound cardiography (UCG) have improved our clinical capabilities. However, advanced hardware and software capabilities have resulted in UCG facilities of dubious clinical benefits. Is tissue Doppler echocardiography (TDE) is one such example? Presentation of the h... | Background Echocardiography or Ultrasound Cardiography (UCG) is a key investigation in cardiology. Its non-invasive nature makes it a widely acceptable and safe form of investigation. In many cases it has surpassed cardiac catheterisation in diagnostic yield and has become the investigation of choice. The rapid develop... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514568.xml |
509288 | Specific TATAA and bZIP requirements suggest that HTLV-I Tax has transcriptional activity subsequent to the assembly of an initiation complex | Background Human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) Tax protein is a transcriptional regulator of viral and cellular genes. In this study we have examined in detail the determinants for Tax-mediated transcriptional activation. Results Whereas previously the LTR enhancer elements were thought to be the sole Tax-targe... | Background In eukaryotes, transcription by RNA polymerase II requires the orderly recruitment of basal transcription factors and activators to the core promoter and enhancers, respectively [ 1 , 2 ]. The core promoter contains the transcription initiation site, and it provides the docking sites for the basal transcript... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509288.xml |
545069 | Computer-aided DSM-IV-diagnostics – acceptance, use and perceived usefulness in relation to users' learning styles | Background CDSS (computerized decision support system) for medical diagnostics have been studied for long. This study was undertaken to investigate how different preferences of Learning Styles (LS) of psychiatrists might affect acceptance , use and perceived usefulness of a CDSS for diagnostics in psychiatry. Methods 4... | Background Different types of decision support (DS) methods have been used in medicine for long. Computerized decision support systems (CDSS) including so-called "expert systems" can be used in for example interpretation of medical images, medical diagnostics or other areas. Examples are MYCIN for antibiotic treatments... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545069.xml |
533869 | Isoform-specific expression of the Coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR) in neuromuscular junction and cardiac intercalated discs | Background The Coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR) has a restricted expression pattern in the adult. In skeletal muscle, although CAR is expressed in immature fibers, its transcript levels are barely detectable in mature muscle. This is in contrast to the robust expression observed in the heart. However, both heart... | Background The Coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR) [ 1 , 2 ], a transmembrane protein of the immunoglobulin super-family, serves as a receptor for adenovirus (Ad) subgroups A, C, D, E and F [ 3 ] as well as Coxsackie B viruses (CVB) [ 4 ]. CAR is a highly conserved protein with two predominant isoforms, produced th... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC533869.xml |
514540 | Similarities in transcription factor IIIC subunits that bind to the posterior regions of internal promoters for RNA polymerase III | Background In eukaryotes, RNA polymerase III (RNAP III) transcribes the genes for small RNAs like tRNAs, 5S rRNA, and several viral RNAs, and short interspersed repetitive elements (SINEs). The genes for these RNAs and SINEs have internal promoters that consist of two regions. These two regions are called the A and B b... | Background Phylogenetic relationships among animals, fungi, and plants have been a controversial issue. Although fungi traditionally had been considered more closely related to plants than to animals, Whittaker and Margulis [ 1 ] classified the fungi as a separate kingdom in their five-kingdom classification: the three... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514540.xml |
524483 | Evolution and distribution of RNA polymerase II regulatory sites from RNA polymerase III dependant mobile Alu elements | Background The primate-specific Alu elements, which originated 65 million years ago, exist in over a million copies in the human genome. These elements have been involved in genome shuffling and various diseases not only through retrotransposition but also through large scale Alu-Alu mediated recombination. Only a few ... | Background In the post genome sequence era, repetitive sequences, erstwhile considered junk and devoid of function, are increasingly being implicated in many cellular functions, genome organization and diseases [ 1 - 8 ]. Alu repeats, which belong to SINE (short interspersed nucleotide elements) family of repetitive se... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524483.xml |
368175 | mRNA Targets of RNA-Binding Proteins Suggest an Extensive System for Post-Transcriptional Regulation | null | The single-celled Saccharomyces cerevisiae , commonly known as baker's yeast, measures just 2 microns—it takes about 4 billion to fill a teaspoon. But as a eukaryote (its cells have nuclei), its genes function in much the same way a human's do. For a gene to function, its DNA sequence must first be transcribed into RNA... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC368175.xml |
517713 | An economic analysis of premarriage prevention of hepatitis B transmission in Iran | Background To assess the economic aspects of HBV (hepatitis B virus) transmission prevention for premarriage individuals in a country with cultural backgrounds like Iran and intermediate endemicity of HBV infection. Methods A cost-effectiveness analysis model was used from the health care system and society perspective... | Background Hepatitis B is an important health problem and a major cause of acute and chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Approximately 30% of the world population (1.8 billion people) have the serologic evidence of HBV infection of whom 350 million are estimated to suffer from chronic HBV (hepati... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517713.xml |
517707 | Bayesian model accounting for within-class biological variability in Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) | Background An important challenge for transcript counting methods such as Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE), "Digital Northern" or Massively Parallel Signature Sequencing (MPSS), is to carry out statistical analyses that account for the within-class variability, i.e., variability due to the intrinsic biological... | Background An important challenge in Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) [ 1 ] analysis is the decision whether a gene is differentially expressed between two classes, for example tumoral vs. normal classes. In statistical terms, this essential step is to test the null hypothesis H 0 : "gene has no differential e... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517707.xml |
548954 | Progress on the Origin of Species | Two new books on speciation update the classic texts by Mayr and Grant and help set the stage for a renaissance of research into one of the most important processes in evolution | Despite the biases that a single author inevitably brings to a subject, only one or a few closely interacting authors can bring coherence, synthesis, and vision to a broad and complex topic. A symposium volume just doesn't do the job. Few topics in biology are as simultaneously encompassing, complex, and controversial ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548954.xml |
555534 | Low frequency of defective mismatch repair in a population-based series of upper urothelial carcinoma | Background Upper urothelial cancer (UUC), i.e. transitional cell carcinomas of the renal pelvis and the ureter, occur at an increased frequency in patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). Defective mismatch repair (MMR) specifically characterizes HNPCC-associated tumors, but also occurs in subse... | Background Upper urothelial carcinomas (UUC) represent about 5% of the urinary tract tumors, with transitional cell carcinomas of the renal pelvis and the ureter being the most common [ 1 ]. Exogenous agents such as smoking and occupational exposures to e.g. acrylamines constitute risk factors that are estimated to cau... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555534.xml |
423139 | A Calculus of Purpose | Biological systems are so complex that we must ask: "What purpose does all this complexity serve?" Lander argues that computational biology may help provide answers | Why is the sky blue? Any scientist will answer this question with a statement of mechanism: Atmospheric gas scatters some wavelengths of light more than others. To answer with a statement of purpose—e.g., to say the sky is blue in order to make people happy—would not cross the scientific mind. Yet in biology we often p... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC423139.xml |
546212 | Structure and evolution of the mouse pregnancy-specific glycoprotein (Psg) gene locus | Background The pregnancy-specific glycoprotein ( Psg ) genes encode proteins of unknown function, and are members of the carcinoembryonic antigen ( Cea ) gene family, which is a member of the immunoglobulin gene ( Ig ) superfamily. In rodents and primates, but not in artiodactyls (even-toed ungulates / hoofed mammals),... | Background In mammalian pregnancy the interaction between the maternal uterine tissues and foetal trophoblasts is regulated by a wide variety of cellular and endocrinological mechanisms. These mechanisms underpin trophoblastic invasion and remodelling of maternal tissues, placental angiogenesis, and the modulation of m... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546212.xml |
520815 | Experimental evaluation of the relationship between lethal or non-lethal virulence and transmission success in malaria parasite infections | Background Evolutionary theory suggests that the selection pressure on parasites to maximize their transmission determines their optimal host exploitation strategies and thus their virulence. Establishing the adaptive basis to parasite life history traits has important consequences for predicting parasite responses to ... | Background Over the last few decades there has been considerable effort to introduce an evolutionary perspective to biomedical research and examine the extent to which adaptionist argumentation can be used to address questions pertinent to disease management, particularly that of pathogen virulence [ 1 , 2 ]. Contrary ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC520815.xml |
529428 | The Intangible Magic of Celebrity Marketing | Drug industry insiders share their tips on using celebrities to market drugs and diseases | As the Hispanic world well knows, the word in Spanish for advertising is ‘propaganda’, its meaning derived literally from the propagation of the faith, the antithesis of science's Enlightenment ideals. The old word somehow seems perfect for describing the new world of drug promotion and its growing use of the famous fa... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529428.xml |
551593 | A phase I study of dexosome immunotherapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer | Background There is a continued need to develop more effective cancer immunotherapy strategies. Exosomes, cell-derived lipid vesicles that express high levels of a narrow spectrum of cell proteins represent a novel platform for delivering high levels of antigen in conjunction with costimulatory molecules. We performed ... | Introduction Vaccine immunotherapy as an approach to cancer treatment has evolved over the last 10 years as the basic biology of the immune response has been elucidated. Tumor-associated antigens that are capable of eliciting cytotoxic T cell responses have been identified. Among the most frequently expressed across ma... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC551593.xml |
516800 | Estimating mutual information using B-spline functions – an improved similarity measure for analysing gene expression data | Background The information theoretic concept of mutual information provides a general framework to evaluate dependencies between variables. In the context of the clustering of genes with similar patterns of expression it has been suggested as a general quantity of similarity to extend commonly used linear measures. Sin... | Background The evaluation of the complex regulatory networks underlying molecular processes poses a major challenge to current research. With modern experimental methods in the field of gene expression, it is possible to monitor mRNA abundance for whole genomes [ 1 , 2 ]. To elucidate the functional relationships inher... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516800.xml |
521074 | A high-throughput cell migration assay using scratch wound healing, a comparison of image-based readout methods | Background Cell migration is a complex phenomenon that requires the coordination of numerous cellular processes. Investigation of cell migration and its underlying biology is of interest to basic scientists and those in search of therapeutics. Current migration assays for screening small molecules, siRNAs, or other per... | Background When wounded or scratched, cell monolayers respond to the disruption of cell-cell contacts and an increased concentration of growth factors at the wound margin by healing the wound through a combination of proliferation and migration [ 1 - 3 ]; these processes reflect the behavior of individual cells as well... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521074.xml |
406391 | Early Myocardial Function Affects Endocardial Cushion Development in Zebrafish | Function of the heart begins long before its formation is complete. Analyses in mouse and zebrafish have shown that myocardial function is not required for early steps of organogenesis, such as formation of the heart tube or chamber specification. However, whether myocardial function is required for later steps of card... | Introduction The genetic programs and developmental processes that lead to organ formation are still poorly understood. We are currently witnessing an expansion in research that aims to identify the genes responsible for the structural development of organs and their later function. Among the organs of the body, the he... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC406391.xml |
548940 | Exploring the equity of GP practice prescribing rates for selected coronary heart disease drugs: a multiple regression analysis with proxies of healthcare need | Background There is a small, but growing body of literature highlighting inequities in GP practice prescribing rates for many drug therapies. The aim of this paper is to further explore the equity of prescribing for five major CHD drug groups and to explain the amount of variation in GP practice prescribing rates that ... | Background The aim of this paper is to provide data on the equity of general medical practitioner (GP) prescribing rates for coronary heart disease (CHD) drugs. Since CHD represents a major cause of premature mortality in the Western world, it is vital that those populations with the highest need for CHD drugs actually... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548940.xml |
555939 | Searching QTL by gene expression: analysis of diabesity | Background Recent developments in sequence databases provide the opportunity to relate the expression pattern of genes to their genomic position, thus creating a transcriptome map. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) are phenotypically-defined chromosomal regions that contribute to allelically variant biological traits, and ... | Background Understanding the molecular etiology of disease processes is a pressing goal of 21 st century medicine. Completion of the mouse genome holds considerable promise in the discovery of genes responsible for genetically determined complex diseases. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) are allelically variant regions de... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555939.xml |
544834 | Inhibition of HIV-1 replication in primary human monocytes by the IκB-αS32/36A repressor of NF-κB | Background The identification of the molecular mechanisms of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, HIV-1, transcriptional regulation is required to develop novel inhibitors of viral replication. NF-κB transacting factors strongly enhance the HIV/SIV expression in both epithelial and lymphoid cells. Controversial results... | Background HIV-1 infection is characterized by a long period of clinical latency followed by the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, AIDS. During latency and when viral replication is being controlled in patients treated with antiretroviral therapy, HIV-1 is present in cellular reservoirs and continues t... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544834.xml |
368161 | Interaction Networks in Yeast Define and Enumerate the Signaling Steps of the Vertebrate Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor | The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a vertebrate protein that mediates the toxic and adaptive responses to dioxins and related environmental pollutants. In an effort to better understand the details of this signal transduction pathway, we employed the yeast S. cerevisiae as a model system. Through the use of arrayed... | Introduction The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor found in a variety of vertebrate species. The AHR is a prototype member of the Per–Arnt–Sim (PAS) superfamily of signaling molecules. Members of this superfamily regulate cellular responses to a variety of environmental stimuli,... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC368161.xml |
545055 | Years of Life Lost due to exposure: Causal concepts and empirical shortcomings | Excess Years of Life Lost due to exposure is an important measure of health impact complementary to rate or risk statistics. I show that the total excess Years of Life Lost due to exposure can be estimated unbiasedly by calculating the corresponding excess Years of Potential Life Lost given conditions that describe stu... | Introduction The most common epidemiological exposure-disease effect measures are based on exposure or disease frequency statistics, like risks or odds. Such frequency statistics focus on the question whether an exposure or disease occurred in a population. This information is used to measure the effect of exposure on ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545055.xml |
523850 | What can we learn from noncoding regions of similarity between genomes? | Background In addition to known protein-coding genes, large amounts of apparently non-coding sequence are conserved between the human and mouse genomes. It seems reasonable to assume that these conserved regions are more likely to contain functional elements than less-conserved portions of the genome. Methods Here we u... | Background Since the publication of draft sequences for the human [ 1 ] and mouse [ 2 ] genomes, several groups have run large-scale comparisons of the sequences to detect regions of conserved sequence. An initial survey of these was published along with the draft mouse genome [ 2 ], with additional comparisons appeari... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC523850.xml |
546010 | ACRATA: a novel electron transfer domain associated to apoptosis and cancer | Background Recently, several members of a vertebrate protein family containing a six trans-membrane (6TM) domain and involved in apoptosis and cancer (e.g. STEAP, STAMP1, TSAP6), have been identified in Golgi and cytoplasmic membranes. The exact function of these proteins remains unknown. Methods We related this 6TM do... | Background A family of vertebrate proteins containing a six transmembrane domain (6TM) has been recently implicated in apoptosis and cancer. Up to date, this family contains four vertebrate members: STEAP, STAMP1/STEAP2, TIARP and TSAP6/pHyde. STEAP (six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate) was the first d... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546010.xml |
538257 | The biological effects of diagnostic cardiac imaging on chronically exposed physicians: the importance of being non-ionizing | Ultrasounds and ionizing radiation are extensively used for diagnostic applications in the cardiology clinical practice. This paper reviewed the available information on occupational risk of the cardiologists who perform, every day, cardiac imaging procedures. At the moment, there are no consistent evidence that exposu... | Introduction Over the last 30 years, medical cardiology imaging has rapidly grown, becoming an essential part of the cardiology clinical practice. Imaging procedures include conventional imaging tests such as echocardiography, radionuclide imaging, and angiography as well as a newer imaging techniques such as emission ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC538257.xml |
523844 | Distribution of Major Health Risks: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study | ABSTRACT Background Most analyses of risks to health focus on the total burden of their aggregate effects. The distribution of risk-factor-attributable disease burden, for example by age or exposure level, can inform the selection and targeting of specific interventions and programs, and increase cost-effectiveness. Me... | Introduction Reliable and comparable analysis of risks to health is an important component of evidence-based policies and programs for disease prevention [ 1 , 2 ]. An important feature of risk assessment, with implications for specific interventions as well as broad prevention policies, is the distribution of disease ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC523844.xml |
406408 | Defects in Ribosomal Protein Genes Cause Cancer in Zebrafish | xx | To investigate the genetic underpinnings of a particular biological process, geneticists screen large collections of mutant organisms to characterize their physical defects. By comparing the genetic makeup of nonmutant (called wild-type) organisms to mutants, it's possible to tease out the genes responsible for a defec... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC406408.xml |
550672 | Stress-echocardiography in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: instructions for use | A number of studies have suggested that stress-echocardiography may be used for prognostic stratification in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. There is no consensus on which protocol or which measurements of left ventricular contractile reserve to use. The most frequently used protocol is low-dose dobuta... | Epidemiologic data from United States indicate that idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is diagnosed in approximately 36/100.000 persons each year, and that it is responsible for more than 10.000 deaths per year [ 1 ]. Faced with the fact that the number of patients with DCM is constantly increasing [ 2 ], accurate... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC550672.xml |
535940 | SMAC is expressed de novo in a subset of cervical cancer tumors | Background Smac/Diablo is a recently identified protein that is released from mitochondria after apoptotic stimuli. It binds IAPs, allowing caspase activation and cell death. In view of its activity it might participate in carcinogenesis. In the present study, we analyzed Smac expression in a panel of cervical cancer p... | Background Apoptosis is an evolutionarily conserved biological process that plays a fundamental role in development and tissue homeostasis in metazoans [ 1 ]. This type of cell death is executed by a family of proteases known as caspases [ 2 ]. There are two well-characterized apoptotic pathways that converge in caspas... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535940.xml |
517505 | Wireless local area network in a prehospital environment | Background Wireless local area networks (WLANs) are considered the next generation of clinical data network. They open the possibility for capturing clinical data in a prehospital setting (e.g., a patient's home) using various devices, such as personal digital assistants, laptops, digital electrocardiogram (EKG) machin... | Background The development of the Internet has encouraged doctors to use computers and hospitals to use wireless communications [ 1 ], since wireless technology offers many benefits over its wired counterpart, including ease of installation and access to network information [ 2 - 6 ], and higher productivity and conven... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517505.xml |
340955 | New Antibiotics—Resistance Is Futile | It is the certain fate of all antibacterials to be fought off eventually by the pathogens they target. We need new ways to defeat disease, and we will need them forever | By next summer, more than 40% of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains in the United States will resist both penicillin and erythromycin, according to a recent prediction from the Harvard School of Public Health. The forecast, based on mathematical modeling, was published in the spring of 2003. It's too early to tell whethe... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC340955.xml |
538280 | Characterization of the chicken inward rectifier K+ channel IRK1/Kir2.1 gene | Background Inward rectifier potassium channels (IRK) contribute to the normal function of skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. The chick inward rectifier K + channel cIRK1/Kir2.1 is expressed in skeletal muscle, heart, brain, but not in liver; a distribution similar but not identical to that of mouse Kir2.1. We set out t... | Background The inward rectifier potassium channel IRK1/Kir2.1 helps controls cell excitability through setting the resting membrane potential [ 1 ]. Its dominant role of inward rectification for the normal function of skeletal and cardiac muscles is shown by the complete loss of inward rectifying current and K + -induc... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC538280.xml |
546004 | A minor alternative transcript of the fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase gene produces a protein despite being likely subjected to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay | Background Coupling of alternative splicing with nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) may regulate gene expression. We report here the identification of a nonsense alternative transcript of the fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase ( fah ) gene, which produces a protein despite the fact that it is subject to NMD. Results During ... | Background Cells have evolved surveillance mechanisms to ensure the fidelity of gene expression. One such mechanism, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), was discovered about twenty years ago in yeast [ 1 ] and then described in human inherited diseases caused by nonsense or frameshift mutations [ 2 - 4 ], which introdu... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546004.xml |
550666 | Role of religion and spirituality in medical patients: Confirmatory results with the SpREUK questionnaire | Background Spirituality has become a subject of interest in health care as it is was recognized to have the potential to prevent, heal or cope with illness. There is less doubt that values and goals are important contributors to life satisfaction, physical and psychological health, and that goals are what gives meaning... | Background Spirituality has become a subject of interest in health care, and an increasing number of studies, commentaries and reviews examine the connection between religiosity/spirituality and health, its potential to prevent, heal or cope with diseases [ 1 - 10 ]. Moreover, research has confirmed that spiritual well... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC550666.xml |
515306 | Case-control study on uveal melanoma (RIFA): rational and design | Background Although a rare disease, uveal melanoma is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults, with an incidence rate of up to 1.0 per 100,000 persons per year in Europe. Only a few consistent risk factors have been identified for this disease. We present the study design of an ongoing incident case-co... | Background Although a rare disease, uveal melanoma of the eye is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults, with an incidence rate of up to 1.0 per 100,000 person years (age-standardized, world standard) in Europe [ 1 ]. Only a few consistent risk factors have been identified for this disease. One set of... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC515306.xml |
517511 | Durable cytotoxic immune responses against gp120 elicited by recombinant SV40 vectors encoding HIV-1 gp120 ± IL-15 | Background A vaccine that elicits durable, powerful anti-HIV immunity remains an elusive goal. In these studies we tested whether multiple treatments with viral vector-delivered HIV envelope antigen (gp120), with and without IL-15, could help to approach that goal. For this purpose, we used recombinant Tag -deleted SV4... | Introduction The development of an effective vaccine against HIV has been hindered by a variety of problems. The high mutation rate of the virus itself is such that it represents a moving antigenic target during the course of an infection [ 1 - 4 ]. Furthermore, HLA-A and -B expression is directly downregulated by HIV ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517511.xml |
518971 | Screening for Parkinson's disease with response time batteries: A pilot study | Background Although significant response time deficits (both reaction time and movement time) have been identified in numerous studies of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), few attempts have been made to evaluate the use of these measures in screening for PD. Methods Receiver operator characteristic curves were us... | Background The success of dopaminergic interventions in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) symptoms has been significant. Nevertheless, a misdiagnosis of PD can cause psychological trauma and unnecessarily expose patients to PD drugs. Additionally, as new, and possibly neuroprotective, drugs become available for... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC518971.xml |
515299 | A genome-wide screen identifies a single β-defensin gene cluster in the chicken: implications for the origin and evolution of mammalian defensins | Background Defensins comprise a large family of cationic antimicrobial peptides that are characterized by the presence of a conserved cysteine-rich defensin motif. Based on the spacing pattern of cysteines, these defensins are broadly divided into five groups, namely plant, invertebrate, α-, β-, and θ-defensins, with t... | Background Defensins constitute a large family of small, cysteine-rich, cationic peptides that are capable of killing a broad spectrum of pathogens, including various bacteria, fungi, and certain enveloped viruses [ 1 - 5 ]. These peptides play a critical role in host defense and disease resistance by protecting the ho... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC515299.xml |
512290 | Elevated expression of MMP-13 and TIMP-1 in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas may reflect increased tumor invasiveness | Background Matrix metalloproteinases [MMPs], which degrade the extracellular matrix, play an important role in the invasion and metastasis of squamous cell carcinomas. One MMP, MMP-13, is thought to play a central role in MMP activation. The purpose of this study was to investigate MMP-13 and TIMP-1 expression in squam... | Background The invasion of surrounding tissues by neoplastic cells is one of the most important steps in tumor progression. Proteolytic enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinases [MMPs] contribute to tumor expansion by degrading components of the extracellular matrix [ECM]. MMPs are a 21-member family of zinc-dependent ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC512290.xml |
516790 | Immature rats show ovulatory defects similar to those in adult rats lacking prostaglandin and progesterone actions | Gonadotropin-primed immature rats (GPIR) constitute a widely used model for the study of ovulation. Although the equivalence between the ovulatory process in immature and adult rats is generally assumed, the morphological and functional characteristics of ovulation in immature rats have been scarcely considered. We des... | Introduction Ovulation, the release of mature oocytes from the ovary, requires proteolytic degradation of the follicle wall, as well as the overlying ovarian tissues. This happens through the expression of a series of critical genes, triggered in a precise temporal and spatial pattern by the preovulatory LH surge [ 1 ,... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC516790.xml |
512284 | Discovery of induced point mutations in maize genes by TILLING | Background Going from a gene sequence to its function in the context of a whole organism requires a strategy for targeting mutations, referred to as reverse genetics. Reverse genetics is highly desirable in the modern genomics era; however, the most powerful methods are generally restricted to a few model organisms. Pr... | Background Rapid progress being made in genome sequencing projects provides raw material for the potential understanding of gene function, so effective reverse genetic strategies are increasingly in demand [ 1 ]. Sequence information alone may be sufficient to consider a gene to be of interest, because sequence compari... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC512284.xml |
544954 | Immunity & Ageing: a new journal looking at ageing from an immunological point of view | In the elderly, many alterations of both innate and clonotypic immunity have been described. Alterations to the immune system in the elderly are generally viewed as a deterioration of immunity, leading to the use of the term immunosenescence. However, although many immunological parameters are often notably reduced in ... | Immunity & Ageing is a new Open Access, peer reviewed journal that aims to provide a forum for articles examining ageing from an immunological point of view. During the past century, humans have gained more years of average life expectancy than in the last 10,000 years; we are now living in a rapidly ageing world. The ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544954.xml |
544940 | Emerging Themes in Epidemiology: Form and function | Emerging Themes in Epidemiology is a new, online Open Access journal. This editorial – which coincides with the Journal's launch – describes its unique review and publication model. The editorial board and review process of ETE will be managed by research degree students and will therefore be a training ground for stud... | The idea that has given birth to Emerging Themes in Epidemiology (ETE) was conceived late on a Friday afternoon. As the rest of the academic and professional work week was coming to an end, the creators of this journal were just beginning to think straight. Clearly the work of students. However, it was not just clandes... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544940.xml |
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