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100 | occasions because of its being obscured by the Sun , except at its new phase during a transit . Mercury is technically brightest as seen from Earth when it is at a full phase .Although Mercury is farthest from Earth when it is full, the greater illuminated area that is visible and the opposition brightness surge more t... | [0.06643262505531311, -0.0483124665915966, 0.06603233516216278, 0.0007515998440794647, 0.08611943572759628, -0.024067217484116554, -0.061652589589357376, 0.004434652626514435, 0.04162858426570892, -0.04170100390911102, -0.003245873609557748, -0.025465600192546844, 0.005899609532207251, -0.06792557239532471, 0.138929158... | Mercury (planet) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_... |
101 | conditions are clear , ideally when it is at its greatest elongation . This allows the planet to be found easily , even when using telescopes with 8 cm ( 3.1 in ) apertures .However, great care must be taken to obstruct the Sun from sight because of the extreme risk for eye damage. This method bypasses the limitation o... | [0.028575750067830086, 0.015327108092606068, 0.04760831221938133, 0.009777488186955452, 0.043986205011606216, -0.08112119883298874, 0.013255327939987183, 0.04317883402109146, 0.07803842425346375, -0.045546237379312515, 0.04624946415424347, -0.03160974755883217, 0.02245716191828251, -0.05618634447455406, -0.045953713357... | Mercury (planet) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_... |
102 | Phases system of metaphysics . Modern Chinese , Korean , Japanese and Vietnamese cultures refer to the planet literally as the `` water star '' ( 水星 ) , based on the Five elements .Hindu mythology used the name Budha for Mercury, and this god was thought to preside over Wednesday. The god Odin (or Woden) of Germanic pa... | [0.004890347830951214, 0.07647682726383209, -0.015106623992323875, 0.09076564013957977, -0.019957933574914932, -0.08549322187900543, 0.015036636963486671, -0.047101181000471115, 0.09086370468139648, -0.0848599299788475, -0.03275708481669426, -0.08084071427583694, -0.007245643530040979, -0.03173213452100754, 0.015876386... | Mercury (planet) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_... |
103 | . In 1612 , Simon Marius observed the brightness of Mercury varied with the planet 's orbital position and concluded it had phases `` in the same way as Venus and the Moon '' .In 1631, Pierre Gassendi made the first telescopic observations of the transit of a planet across the Sun when he saw a transit of Mercury predi... | [-0.016240224242210388, -0.021753599867224693, 0.024371081963181496, 0.07877565920352936, 0.06193450465798378, -0.08313260972499847, -0.011099639348685741, 0.01991712488234043, 0.032370444387197495, -0.03562776371836662, -0.027252478525042534, -0.007993051782250404, 0.04512983560562134, -0.03625868260860443, -0.0245525... | Mercury (planet) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_... |
104 | published a book in 1934 that included both maps and his own observations . Many of the planet 's surface features , particularly the albedo features , take their names from Antoniadi 's map .In June 1962, Soviet scientists at the Institute of Radio-engineering and Electronics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, led by Vl... | [0.025097249075770378, 0.04648203030228615, -0.0464307963848114, 0.07099046558141708, 0.006206977646797895, -0.08469279110431671, -0.04380575940012932, 0.0068713887594640255, -0.03729436919093132, -0.00801805965602398, 0.026063038036227226, 0.007085162680596113, 0.036668747663497925, -0.10101340711116791, -0.0290668457... | Mercury (planet) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_... |
105 | them , but disregarded those seen in the meantime , when Mercury 's other face was toward the Sun , because the orbital geometry meant that these observations were made under poor viewing conditions .Ground-based optical observations did not shed much further light on Mercury, but radio astronomers using interferometry... | [0.001814638264477253, -0.004865681286901236, 0.07018052041530609, 0.010925962589681149, 0.08466815203428268, -0.11213458329439163, -0.018262900412082672, 0.07302569597959518, -0.008951937779784203, -0.058539073914289474, -0.03763452544808388, -0.06047903001308441, 0.0292389877140522, -0.042558927088975906, 0.011688926... | Mercury (planet) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_... |
106 | say , Mars planetary missions . The potential energy liberated by moving down the Sun 's potential well becomes kinetic energy , requiring a delta-v change to do anything other than pass by Mercury .Some portion of this delta-v budget can be provided from a gravity assist during one or more fly-bys of Venus. To land sa... | [0.022729218006134033, -0.008864632807672024, 0.018337445333600044, 0.025367669761180878, 0.018874678760766983, -0.04739208519458771, -0.019406868144869804, 0.01532446127384901, 0.0018033110536634922, 0.016817063093185425, -0.02030106447637081, -0.013838926330208778, -0.02789200283586979, 0.014958329498767853, 0.069541... | Mercury (planet) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_... |
107 | 45 % of the planet 's surface . The spacecraft made three close approaches to Mercury , the closest of which took it to within 327 km ( 203 mi ) of the surface .At the first close approach, instruments detected a magnetic field, to the great surprise of planetary geologists—Mercury's rotation was expected to be much to... | [0.005914191249758005, 0.006892621051520109, 0.03300865367054939, -0.006066579837352037, 0.11712124943733215, -0.06587908416986465, -0.015150784514844418, 0.04757741466164589, 0.027328576892614365, -0.03403947874903679, 0.024267442524433136, -0.023734135553240776, 0.0019451577682048082, -0.004370595794171095, 0.0513055... | Mercury (planet) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_... |
108 | mapped during these fly-bys . The probe successfully entered an elliptical orbit around the planet on March 18 , 2011 . The first orbital image of Mercury was obtained on March 29 , 2011 .The probe finished a one-year mapping mission, and then entered a one-year extended mission into 2013. In addition to continued obse... | [0.03654232621192932, 0.02387925051152706, 0.04199298098683357, 0.023381713777780533, 0.08197417110204697, -0.07355018705129623, -0.01572641357779503, 0.02694723755121231, 0.00028201821260154247, -0.020703056827187538, 0.009524091146886349, 0.008422588929533958, -0.019230972975492477, -0.0015572692500427365, 0.00475743... | Mercury (planet) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_... |
109 | It will release a magnetometer probe into an elliptical orbit , then chemical rockets will fire to deposit the mapper probe into a circular orbit . Both probes will operate for one terrestrial year .The mapper probe carries an array of spectrometers similar to those on MESSENGER, and will study the planet at many diffe... | [0.0580420084297657, -0.03865553066134453, 0.006205434910953045, -0.014471719972789288, 0.016706714406609535, -0.02686047926545143, -0.04642963409423828, 0.01760617084801197, -0.04398548603057861, -0.04328411817550659, -0.006095264572650194, -0.01801443099975586, -0.015314089134335518, -0.07122808694839478, -0.02782886... | Mercury (planet) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_... |
110 | Venus is the second planet from the Sun. It is often called Earth's "twin" or "sister" among the planets of the Solar System for its orbit being the closest to Earth's, both being rocky planets, and having the most similar and nearly equal size, mass, and surface gravity. Venus, though, is significantly different, esp... | [-0.008978991769254208, -0.07894676178693771, -0.0208507739007473, 0.018581848591566086, 0.038465000689029694, -0.0028694302309304476, 0.0014497785596176982, 0.01604979671537876, 0.08917904645204544, -0.011122292838990688, -0.08282974362373352, -0.0411464162170887, 0.0452423132956028, -0.07046264410018921, 0.1020522043... | Venus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve... |
111 | economical route . Venus has no moons and a very slow retrograde rotation about its axis , a result of competing forces of solar tidal locking and differential heating of Venus 's massive atmosphere .As a result, a Venusian day is 116.75 Earth days long, about half a Venusian solar year, which is 224.7 Earth days long.... | [-0.07289303094148636, -0.028942987322807312, 0.07286814600229263, -0.012606062926352024, 0.08753548562526703, -0.013158834539353848, -0.03961622342467308, -0.041645392775535583, -0.013989671133458614, 0.002218069275841117, -0.06748317182064056, -0.03277335688471794, 0.030345460399985313, 0.017163868993520737, 0.067744... | Venus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve... |
112 | 2025 , Solar Orbiter is on its way to fly-by Venus in 2026 , and the next mission planned to launch to Venus is the Venus Life Finder , scheduled for 2026 as well .Physical characteristics
Venus is one of the four terrestrial planets in the Solar System, meaning that it is a rocky body like Earth. It is similar to Eart... | [0.013910433277487755, -0.08417680114507675, -0.023714719340205193, -0.034190259873867035, 0.03346090018749237, 0.0031003898475319147, 0.010923231951892376, 0.002073955489322543, 0.016773302108049393, 0.07364858686923981, -0.08956282585859299, -0.034178998321294785, 0.021954189985990524, -0.05111776292324066, 0.0633227... | Venus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve... |
113 | becomes a red giant in approximately seven or eight billion years . Geography The Venusian surface was a subject of speculation until some of its secrets were revealed by probes in the 20th century .Venera landers in 1975 and 1982 returned images of a surface covered in sediment and relatively angular rocks. The surfac... | [-0.0314226932823658, -0.029973112046718597, 0.016292043030261993, -0.01911984011530876, 0.051477670669555664, -0.06055327132344246, -0.04805433377623558, 0.020608335733413696, 0.026931006461381912, 0.023402618244290352, -0.079355888068676, -0.0529492050409317, -0.01054479368031025, 0.022832974791526794, 0.029759410768... | Venus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve... |
114 | the surface is relatively young , at 300–600 million years old . Venus has some unique surface features in addition to the impact craters , mountains , and valleys commonly found on rocky planets .Among these are flat-topped volcanic features called "farra", which look somewhat like pancakes and range in size from 20 t... | [-0.014923353679478168, -0.05361019819974899, 0.03574397414922714, 0.021113287657499313, 0.06182888522744179, -0.03641683608293533, -0.06395936012268066, 0.023097053170204163, 0.02043638564646244, -0.021860161796212196, -0.08226797729730606, 0.010760124772787094, -0.060607437044382095, 0.017110001295804977, 0.009426299... | Venus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve... |
115 | ocean and plate tectonics , implying that habitable condition existed on early Venus , with large bodies of water at some point . However , the nature of tessera terrains is far from certain .Studies reported in 2023 suggested for the first time that Venus may have had plate tectonics during ancient times and, as a res... | [-0.0025746372994035482, -0.05878591164946556, 0.05588798224925995, -0.06260179728269577, -0.011757801286876202, -0.008584578521549702, -0.11834009736776352, -0.0077882749028503895, 0.0025726326275616884, 0.024741530418395996, -0.03878491371870041, -0.07094846665859222, 0.0365121066570282, 0.02236183173954487, 0.059102... | Venus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve... |
116 | . In January 2020 , astronomers reported evidence suggesting that Venus is currently volcanically active , specifically the detection of olivine , a volcanic product that would weather quickly on the planet 's surface .This massive volcanic activity is fuelled by a hot interior, which models say could be explained by e... | [-0.026586521416902542, -0.050962094217538834, 0.0791955441236496, 0.058648139238357544, 0.06504416465759277, -0.053459394723176956, -0.02622331492602825, -0.020213276147842407, 0.08316421508789062, 0.007803983986377716, -0.036553479731082916, -0.023680681362748146, 0.048907570540905, -0.01981765404343605, 0.0283842366... | Venus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve... |
117 | the Moon , craters show a range of states of degradation . On the Moon , degradation is caused by subsequent impacts , whereas on Earth it is caused by wind and rain erosion .On Venus, about 85% of the craters are in pristine condition. The number of craters, together with their well-preserved condition, indicates the ... | [0.02175404690206051, -0.04588792100548744, 0.1344592124223709, -0.015113312751054764, 0.023357052356004715, -0.05477483943104744, -0.10701485723257065, 0.012017084285616875, 0.04436313733458519, 0.03486056253314018, -0.06328125298023224, -0.036220867186784744, 0.011826811358332634, -0.03927294909954071, -0.00110842997... | Venus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve... |
118 | , the Venusian core is most likely at least partially liquid because the two planets have been cooling at about the same rate , although a completely solid core can not be ruled out .The slightly smaller size of Venus means pressures are 24% lower in its deep interior than Earth's. The predicted values for the moment o... | [-0.014386005699634552, -0.09587191045284271, 0.004580762702971697, -0.042659904807806015, 0.06346370279788971, -0.03147468343377113, -0.10604347288608551, 0.050233423709869385, -0.01667558215558529, 0.017549695447087288, -0.08901519328355789, -0.016793252900242805, 0.05886916443705559, -0.029870785772800446, 0.0447440... | Venus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve... |
119 | , and convection . The core is thought to be electrically conductive and , although its rotation is often thought to be too slow , simulations show it is adequate to produce a dynamo .This implies that the dynamo is missing because of a lack of convection in Venus's core. On Earth, convection occurs in the liquid outer... | [-0.03043578937649727, -0.04652930051088333, 0.054046545177698135, -0.01022065244615078, 0.04995579645037651, -0.005723269190639257, -0.04191066697239876, -0.03512027859687805, 0.05679783225059509, 0.00047574404743500054, -0.08879221975803375, -0.002637782832607627, 0.05771283060312271, -0.03487237170338631, 0.08685592... | Venus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve... |
120 | are being created by the dissociation of water molecules due to ultraviolet radiation . The solar wind then supplies energy that gives some of these ions sufficient speed to escape Venus 's gravity field .This erosion process results in a steady loss of low-mass hydrogen, helium, and oxygen ions, whereas higher-mass mo... | [-0.018287543207406998, -0.00015955122944433242, 0.0814521312713623, 0.022875258699059486, 0.07406405359506607, 0.01278407871723175, 0.028506971895694733, -0.0028727927710860968, 0.07726693153381348, 0.023349154740571976, -0.1083727702498436, -0.020942164584994316, 0.05000085011124611, -0.03420167416334152, 0.053719889... | Venus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve... |
121 | °F ) at sea level . The CO2-rich atmosphere generates the strongest greenhouse effect in the Solar System , creating surface temperatures of at least 735 K ( 462 °C ; 864 °F ) .This makes the Venusian surface hotter than Mercury's, which has a minimum surface temperature of 53 K (−220 °C; −364 °F) and maximum surface t... | [-0.01326650008559227, 0.0023075772915035486, -0.022637661546468735, 0.021321319043636322, 0.09843957424163818, 0.008643600158393383, 0.0038001539651304483, 0.055438365787267685, 0.01784387230873108, 0.04371705651283264, -0.081612728536129, -0.07954791933298111, 0.06422603130340576, -0.03216012939810753, 0.097090758383... | Venus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve... |
122 | possibly large volcanic resurfacing caused the evaporation of the original water . A runaway greenhouse effect was created once a critical level of greenhouse gases ( including water ) was reached in the atmosphere .Although the surface conditions on Venus are no longer hospitable to any terrestrial-like life that migh... | [-0.08308213949203491, -0.03616286814212799, 0.01926104538142681, 0.016240425407886505, 0.11133252084255219, -0.028497770428657532, -0.008023934438824654, 0.001734245102852583, 0.029380161315202713, 0.0634809285402298, 0.010775192640721798, -0.01225449051707983, 0.04297716170549393, 0.049997325986623764, 0.055914174765... | Venus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve... |
123 | hour , but because of the high density of the atmosphere at the surface , they exert a significant amount of force against obstructions , and transport dust and small stones across the surface .This alone would make it difficult for a human to walk through, even without the heat, pressure, and lack of oxygen. Above the... | [0.0030845580622553825, -0.04391074180603027, 0.0770992785692215, 0.05729159712791443, 0.16347311437129974, 0.00830882042646408, 0.07421617954969406, -0.01502781081944704, 0.085557721555233, 0.0011771868448704481, -0.0746990218758583, -0.04618530347943306, -0.02405020222067833, -0.014571718871593475, 0.0211272686719894... | Venus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve... |
124 | winds reach only 10–20 % of its rotational speed . Although Venus looks featureless in visible light , there are bands or streaks in the UV , whose origin has not been pinned down .The absorption of UV may be due to a compound of oxygen and sulfur, OSSO, which has a double bond between the sulfur atoms and exists in "c... | [-0.04879800230264664, -0.05936373397707939, 0.033564094454050064, -0.002957032760605216, 0.07391829788684845, -0.018577590584754944, 0.003566740546375513, 0.02423914708197117, 0.06112294644117355, 0.017424186691641808, -0.06608116626739502, 0.00572283985093236, 0.035589952021837234, -0.05498213693499565, 0.11581584066... | Venus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve... |
125 | ) . Although Venus has no seasons , in 2019 astronomers identified a cyclical variation in sunlight absorption by the atmosphere , possibly caused by opaque , absorbing particles suspended in the upper clouds .The variation causes observed changes in the speed of Venus's zonal winds and appears to rise and fall in time... | [-0.06397130340337753, -0.10322386771440506, 0.04910098761320114, 0.05499127507209778, 0.060071248561143875, -0.004332346376031637, -0.015645718201994896, -0.04306274652481079, 0.07589571177959442, -0.0013973762979730964, -0.037308625876903534, 0.02680385299026966, -0.016650142148137093, 0.0012317385990172625, 0.042334... | Venus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve... |
126 | white . Orbit and rotation Venus orbits the Sun at an average distance of about 0.72 AU ( 108 million km ; 67 million mi ) , and completes an orbit every 224.7 days .It completes 13 orbits in 7.998 years, so its position in our sky almost repeats every eight years. Although all planetary orbits are elliptical, Venus's ... | [0.06364894658327103, -0.046434856951236725, 0.04079131782054901, 0.023489229381084442, 0.005754237528890371, -0.016298465430736542, -0.05932307243347168, -0.025252392515540123, 0.01907413825392723, 0.03532271459698677, -0.03249908611178398, 0.04914570227265358, 0.01850566454231739, -0.016899624839425087, 0.09161799401... | Venus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve... |
127 | the retrograde rotation , the length of a solar day on Venus is significantly shorter than the sidereal day , at 116.75 Earth days . One Venusian year is about 1.92 Venusian solar days .To an observer on the surface of Venus, the Sun would rise in the west and set in the east, although Venus's opaque clouds prevent obs... | [-0.013510209508240223, -0.05839335173368454, 0.09074658155441284, -0.043280161917209625, -0.03806643933057785, -0.048476338386535645, -0.07109714299440384, -0.07013054192066193, 0.015381078235805035, -0.00097269268007949, -0.036496732383966446, 0.05116524547338486, 0.05219212919473648, -0.05567118898034096, 0.10776733... | Venus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve... |
128 | years later , according to the study , another impact reversed the planet 's spin direction and the resulting tidal deceleration caused the Venusian moon gradually to spiral inward until it collided with Venus .If later impacts created moons, these were removed in the same way. An alternative explanation for the lack o... | [0.0009237083722837269, -0.11125883460044861, 0.06078751012682915, -0.040850769728422165, -0.03099401667714119, -0.04463120177388191, -0.01874680444598198, -0.014268957078456879, 0.1304766982793808, 0.003985796123743057, -0.009312331676483154, 0.06309108436107635, 0.026153480634093285, -0.09662267565727234, 0.052595146... | Venus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve... |
129 | ; then , there are none for about 60,158 years . While Venus approaches Earth the closest , Mercury is more often the closest to Earth of all planets and to any other planet .Venus has been used as a waypoint for gravity assist maneuvers, which has been identified as a faster and economic way to travel to Mercury, the ... | [0.07156134396791458, -0.11520253121852875, -0.03326490893959999, -0.004131230991333723, 0.026451589539647102, -0.0023525096476078033, -0.10054313391447067, 0.014494922943413258, 0.04774072393774986, 0.02414056845009327, -0.034173060208559036, -0.008725673891603947, 0.05075526610016823, -0.04864339157938957, 0.08557161... | Venus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve... |
130 | is often difficult to discern in twilight , Venus is hard to miss when it is at its brightest . Its greater maximum elongation means it is visible in dark skies long after sunset .As the brightest point-like object in the sky, Venus is a commonly misreported "unidentified flying object". Because Venus comes close to th... | [0.006761242635548115, -0.07089665532112122, 0.05405082926154137, 0.0030437333043664694, 0.02896246127784252, -0.009161947295069695, -0.09616024047136307, -0.07041969895362854, 0.07516089081764221, -0.003851298475638032, -0.0335036963224411, 0.028375297784805298, 0.0053604221902787685, -0.07847712934017181, 0.074421219... | Venus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve... |
131 | of the Moon in a telescopic view . The planet appears as a small and `` full '' disc when it is on the opposite side of the Sun ( at superior conjunction ) .Venus shows a larger disc and "quarter phase" at its maximum elongations from the Sun, and appears at its brightest in the night sky. The planet presents a much la... | [0.011718964204192162, -0.028309514746069908, -0.015732821077108383, -0.023615354672074318, 0.03193468227982521, -0.10180765390396118, -0.009546398185193539, 0.02894689328968525, 0.038936227560043335, 0.04019690677523613, -0.03898359090089798, -0.012466342188417912, 0.04995591938495636, -0.056995317339897156, 0.0544285... | Venus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve... |
132 | orbit of Venus is slightly inclined relative to Earth 's orbit , most inferior conjunctions with Earth , which occur every synodic period of 1.6 years , do not produce a transit of Venus .Consequently, Venus transits only occur when an inferior conjunction takes place during some days of June or December, when the orbi... | [-0.006065062712877989, -0.07216589897871017, 0.04227932170033455, 0.04249383881688118, -0.01595553196966648, -0.029310449957847595, -0.05226031690835953, -0.06739287078380585, -0.0034812490921467543, 0.05196791887283325, -0.014059865847229958, 0.0016457877354696393, 0.0401637926697731, -0.004929199814796448, 0.0026734... | Venus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve... |
133 | , seen when the planet is in the crescent phase . The first claimed observation of ashen light was made in 1643 , but the existence of the illumination has never been reliably confirmed .Observers have speculated it may result from electrical activity in the Venusian atmosphere, but it could be illusory, resulting from... | [-0.05258592963218689, -0.02764263190329075, -0.009977304376661777, 0.04163942113518715, 0.05460972338914871, -0.05023998022079468, 0.0476512610912323, -0.03799467161297798, 0.11311100423336029, 0.03885200619697571, -0.0439312607049942, -0.024884874001145363, 0.03557436168193817, -0.03351102024316788, 0.005135116633027... | Venus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve... |
134 | Ninsi'anna , and later as Dilbat . The name `` Ninsi'anna '' translates to `` divine lady , illumination of heaven '' , which refers to Venus as the brightest visible `` star '' .Earlier spellings of the name were written with the cuneiform sign si4 (= SU, meaning "to be red"), and the original meaning may have been "d... | [-0.09165064245462418, 0.02429218962788582, 0.03940817341208458, 0.08171238750219345, -0.032626986503601074, -0.05569177493453026, 0.05369742214679718, -0.001565295271575451, 0.05013858154416084, -0.04451276361942291, -0.06698967516422272, -0.00846120249480009, -0.011447743512690067, -0.011937916278839111, -0.042358599... | Venus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve... |
135 | . The 11th-century Persian astronomer Avicenna claimed to have observed a transit of Venus ( although there is some doubt about it ) , which later astronomers took as confirmation of Ptolemy 's theory .In the 12th century, the Andalusian astronomer Ibn Bajjah observed "two planets as black spots on the face of the Sun"... | [-0.042289070785045624, -0.049978967756032944, -0.032917819917201996, 0.03512435778975487, -0.035210732370615005, -0.05109468102455139, -0.032377760857343674, -0.05825402960181236, 0.028041133657097816, -0.060724224895238876, -0.017185518518090248, -0.024486631155014038, 0.04608016833662987, -0.03434361144900322, 0.027... | Venus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve... |
136 | polymath Mikhail Lomonosov . Venus 's atmosphere was observed in 1790 by German astronomer Johann Schröter . Schröter found when the planet was a thin crescent , the cusps extended through more than 180° .He correctly surmised this was due to scattering of sunlight in a dense atmosphere. Later, American astronomer Ches... | [-0.05930502340197563, -0.012631219811737537, 0.03868299350142479, 0.03219284489750862, 0.08128708600997925, 0.013622431084513664, 0.002854506252333522, 0.01435661781579256, -0.004650827497243881, 0.03147115185856819, -0.03953568637371063, -0.013144062831997871, 0.023347988724708557, 0.00512002082541585, -0.00475404458... | Venus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve... |
137 | . First missions to Venus The first interplanetary spaceflight attempt was in 1961 when the robotic space probe Venera 1 of the Soviet Venera programme flew to Venus . It lost contact en route .The first successful interplanetary mission, also to Venus, was Mariner 2 of the United States' Mariner programme, passing on ... | [-0.05799073725938797, -0.0665881410241127, -0.045215606689453125, -0.01042745728045702, 0.020351378247141838, -0.07354617118835449, -0.09417647868394852, 0.023652026429772377, -0.003913057968020439, 0.06390117108821869, -0.007940529845654964, -0.0010022004134953022, 0.025523966178297997, -0.031048551201820374, -0.0168... | Venus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve... |
138 | of the clouds , revealing the extraordinarily high wind speeds in the Venusian atmosphere . This was the first interplanetary gravity assist ever used , a technique which would be used by later probes .Radar observations in the 1970s revealed details of the Venusian surface for the first time. Pulses of radio waves wer... | [-0.050234559923410416, -0.03289533779025078, -0.0333256796002388, -0.00708773173391819, 0.0860675647854805, -0.05662551149725914, -0.02057739347219467, 0.01207608263939619, -0.014634973369538784, -0.007289385423064232, -0.055134955793619156, 0.015129553154110909, 0.049404945224523544, -0.020421594381332397, -0.0322605... | Venus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve... |
139 | in orbit until deorbiting , mapping the surface of Venus . Furthermore , probes like Galileo ( 1990 ) , and Cassini–Huygens ( 1998/1999 ) visited Venus with flybys en route to other destinations .Renewed exploration
In April 2006, Venus Express, the first dedicated Venus mission by the European Space Agency (ESA), ente... | [-0.09242220968008041, -0.08556804060935974, -0.0019331421935930848, 0.04257988929748535, 0.03145172446966171, -0.058936379849910736, 0.017179807648062706, -0.0236420426517725, -0.0307940486818552, 0.0763348862528801, -0.02484339289367199, 0.01878301054239273, -0.05808041989803314, 0.04889281094074249, 0.01389534398913... | Venus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve... |
140 | like ours are common or rare in the universe . how planetary bodies evolve from their primordial states to today 's diverse objects . the development of conditions leading to habitable environments and life .Crewed mission concepts
Venus has been considered since the 1960s as a waypoint for crewed missions to Mars thro... | [-0.008533149026334286, -0.050853829830884933, 0.002938241232186556, 0.06210307776927948, 0.07184410840272903, -0.011880148202180862, 0.03906426206231117, 0.007452063728123903, -0.01650598645210266, 0.067497618496418, -0.06319824606180191, -0.02657761238515377, 0.013890798203647137, 0.018703315407037735, 0.073733851313... | Venus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve... |
141 | and atmospheric pressure make water-based life , as currently known , unlikely . Some scientists have speculated that thermoacidophilic extremophile microorganisms might exist in the cooler , acidic upper layers of the Venusian atmosphere .Such speculations go back to 1967, when Carl Sagan and Harold J. Morowitz sugges... | [-0.12741714715957642, -0.020091885700821877, 0.032025184482336044, 0.06254561245441437, 0.14676886796951294, -0.02314610406756401, 0.018591932952404022, -0.008826560340821743, 0.020557686686515808, 0.06161770969629288, -0.027485329657793045, -0.06409173458814621, 0.03208713233470917, 0.021112913265824318, -0.004490219... | Venus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve... |
142 | Bridenstine to publicly call for a new focus on the study of Venus , describing the phosphine find as `` the most significant development yet in building the case for life off Earth '' .Subsequent analysis of the data-processing used to identify phosphine in the atmosphere of Venus has raised concerns that the detectio... | [-0.09695254266262054, -0.03788125142455101, 0.03427514433860779, -0.004526931792497635, 0.12647448480129242, -0.05325093865394592, 0.0032227179035544395, 0.004701127763837576, 0.011668906547129154, 0.03205914422869682, 0.004743391647934914, 0.03341004624962807, -0.004715269431471825, 0.005509146489202976, -0.035763334... | Venus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve... |
143 | Solar System other than Earth . Conditions , from atmospheric pressure , gravity , and temperature to radiation , but except chemical , are all very much like conditions on Earth at surface level .Because of this prospect, floating habitats for humans at such altitudes have been suggested for humans going to Venus. In ... | [0.010312771424651146, -0.03321992978453636, -0.015857920050621033, 0.020617516711354256, 0.02363181859254837, -0.057776954025030136, 0.049562569707632065, -0.0860399380326271, 0.12260083109140396, 0.005501780193299055, -0.04594032093882561, -0.07520317286252975, -0.029219089075922966, -0.033740974962711334, 0.08747837... | Venus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve... |
144 | possible that the Ancient Egyptians and Greeks knew that the morning star and the evening star were one and the same as early as the second millennium BC—or the Late Period at the latest .The Egyptians knew the morning star as Tioumoutiri and the evening star as Ouaiti. They depicted Venus at first as a phoenix or hero... | [-0.06534671038389206, 0.06631327420473099, -0.011288701556622982, 0.05449296161532402, -0.058129340410232544, -0.11028077453374863, 0.10391896218061447, -0.04121548309922218, 0.036547768861055374, 0.02517394721508026, 0.011413765139877796, -0.02575972117483616, -0.037853822112083435, -0.014980251900851727, -0.00092354... | Venus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve... |
145 | Graha , meaning 'the planet Shukra'—in reference to Shukra , a powerful saint . As appears in Vedic astrology , the Sanskrit name Shukra means 'clear , pure ' or 'brightness , clearness ' .One of the nine Navagraha, it is held to affect wealth, pleasure and reproduction; it was the son of Bhrgu, preceptor of the Daitya... | [-0.08817904442548752, 0.012272543273866177, -0.04140371084213257, 0.05921254679560661, -0.00471543287858367, -0.05987977236509323, 0.1346849501132965, -0.048519935458898544, 0.08605697005987167, -0.03685249388217926, 0.0028793253004550934, -0.03611280769109726, -0.00020263734040781856, -0.05452357977628708, 0.01015478... | Venus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve... |
146 | free rein to speculate on conditions at its surface ; all the more so when early observations showed that not only was it similar in size to Earth , it possessed a substantial atmosphere .Closer to the Sun than Earth, the planet was often depicted as warmer, but still habitable by humans. The genre reached its peak bet... | [0.0010877583408728242, -0.045207858085632324, 0.012557433918118477, 0.11231104284524918, 0.08293696492910385, -0.03410534933209419, 0.017957128584384918, -0.05706231668591499, 0.08964744210243225, 0.0435982272028923, -0.016370873898267746, -0.0024247141554951668, -0.0040090386755764484, -0.02984161674976349, 0.0851409... | Venus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve... |
147 | been used for mirrors from antiquity the symbol for Venus has sometimes been called Venus mirror , representing the mirror of the goddess , although this origin has been discredited as an unlikely origin .Besides the Venus symbol, many other symbols have been associated with Venus, other common ones are the crescent or... | [-0.040381427854299545, -0.04598541930317879, -0.0028470628894865513, -0.0009267663117498159, -0.04993996024131775, -0.044924452900886536, -0.048253580927848816, -0.029918860644102097, 0.10533006489276886, -0.006878454238176346, -0.03778057545423508, -0.0014254224952310324, 0.010190282016992569, -0.0631498396396637, 0.... | Venus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve... |
148 | Through Time : Key Science Questions , Selected Mission Concepts and Future Investigations '' . Space Science Reviews . 219 ( 7 ) : 56 . Bibcode:2023SSRv .. 219 ... 56W . doi:10.1007/s11214-023-00992-w. hdl:10852/109541 .External links
Venus profile at NASA's Solar System Exploration site
Missions to Venus Archived 10 ... | [-0.04090039059519768, -0.1244884803891182, -0.01467855740338564, -0.03827866166830063, 0.03208979591727257, -0.0554165318608284, -0.06960435211658478, 0.008023417554795742, 0.056543346494436264, 0.03400035202503204, -0.054080281406641006, 0.016984619200229645, -0.03622132167220116, -0.015607977285981178, 0.00844533648... | Venus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve... |
149 | Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life. This is enabled by Earth being an ocean world, the only one in the Solar System sustaining liquid surface water. Almost all of Earth's water is contained in its global ocean, covering 70.8% of Earth's crust. The remaining 29.... | [0.03834265097975731, -0.007166901603341103, 0.09962831437587738, -0.047258127480745316, 0.13004297018051147, -0.027593210339546204, 0.05512973666191101, -0.005168739706277847, 0.03403450548648834, 0.00791799183934927, -0.0707264095544815, -0.17242208123207092, 0.030755942687392235, -0.021334482356905937, 0.06677588075... | Earth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ea... |
150 | capturing of energy from the Sun 's light . This process maintains the current average surface temperature of 14.76 °C ( 58.57 °F ) , at which water is liquid under normal atmospheric pressure .Differences in the amount of captured energy between geographic regions (as with the equatorial region receiving more sunlight... | [0.0576300285756588, 0.043395157903432846, 0.052190616726875305, 0.00228288141079247, 0.030756354331970215, -0.042317066341638565, 0.004565505310893059, 0.0054541160352528095, 0.04552978277206421, 0.03496553748846054, -0.06950417906045914, -0.07888489961624146, 0.04425725340843201, -0.05845819413661957, 0.0647152960300... | Earth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ea... |
151 | about 4.5 billion years ago from gas and dust in the early Solar System . During the first billion years of Earth 's history , the ocean formed and then life developed within it .Life spread globally and has been altering Earth's atmosphere and surface, leading to the Great Oxidation Event two billion years ago. Humans... | [0.003242759732529521, 0.03511302173137665, 0.09279177337884903, 0.009313911199569702, 0.0953807681798935, -0.027068430557847023, -0.0008117547840811312, 0.0599098727107048, 0.025440506637096405, 0.06504473090171814, 0.049208398908376694, -0.055753786116838455, 0.0255170576274395, 0.0196459349244833, -0.002047406742349... | Earth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ea... |
152 | earth . By the period of Early Modern English , capitalization of nouns began to prevail , and the earth was also written the Earth , particularly when referenced along with other heavenly bodies .More recently, the name is sometimes simply given as Earth, by analogy with the names of the other planets, though earth an... | [0.056629445403814316, -0.0024186549708247185, 0.06847026944160461, -0.015183546580374241, 0.011829426512122154, -0.12711353600025177, 0.0651155337691307, -0.02098201774060726, 0.09238392859697342, -0.00758808059617877, -0.014742174185812473, -0.05641597881913185, 0.04106568917632103, -0.01620253175497055, 0.0613477267... | Earth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ea... |
153 | is derived from Earth . From the Latin Terra comes terran TERR-ən , terrestrial tərr-EHST-ree-əl , and ( via French ) terrene tə-REEN , and from the Latin Tellus comes tellurian teh-LUURR-ee-ən and telluric .Natural history
Formation
The oldest material found in the Solar System is dated to 4.5682+0.0002−0.0004 Ga (bil... | [-0.05484530329704285, -0.03930900618433952, 0.06607784330844879, 0.016004182398319244, 0.03646978363394737, -0.04544961079955101, 0.017320483922958374, 0.041606031358242035, 0.06719055026769638, 0.07566868513822556, 0.01110103353857994, -0.09197065234184265, 0.00572203891351819, -0.038901690393686295, 0.01581835001707... | Earth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ea... |
154 | may have been on Earth since it formed . In this model , atmospheric greenhouse gases kept the oceans from freezing when the newly forming Sun had only 70 % of its current luminosity .By 3.5 Ga, Earth's magnetic field was established, which helped prevent the atmosphere from being stripped away by the solar wind. As th... | [-0.10716988891363144, 0.023283734917640686, 0.03221603482961655, 0.08415207266807556, 0.09933916479349136, -0.020870959386229515, -0.01263092365115881, 0.020093752071261406, -0.028675617650151253, 0.04673703387379646, -0.03625365346670151, -0.05505722016096115, 0.04670986160635948, -0.030446497723460197, 0.02338783629... | Earth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ea... |
155 | areas of continental crust to group together to form supercontinents that have subsequently broken apart . At approximately 750 Ma , one of the earliest known supercontinents , Rodinia , began to break apart .The continents later recombined to form Pannotia at 600–540 Ma, then finally Pangaea, which also began to break... | [-0.11127838492393494, -0.029423458501696587, 0.03428305312991142, 0.013669217005372047, 0.0534653440117836, -0.021480783820152283, -0.05832619592547417, 0.06260083615779877, -0.0002996369730681181, 0.05749504640698433, 0.01645916886627674, -0.03939492255449295, -0.055823519825935364, -0.003930003847926855, 0.041825029... | Earth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ea... |
156 | , and remains of biotic material found in 4.1 billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia . The earliest direct evidence of life on Earth is contained in 3.45 billion-year-old Australian rocks showing fossils of microorganisms .During the Neoproterozoic, 1000 to 539 Ma, much of Earth might have been covered in ice. Thi... | [-0.027275869622826576, 0.05824853852391243, 0.0935140922665596, 0.06555487215518951, 0.01715138740837574, 0.042592957615852356, -0.010050403885543346, 0.04956916347146034, -0.018055349588394165, 0.1809816211462021, -0.03085201233625412, -0.08193229138851166, -0.04198875650763512, 0.04958701133728027, 0.020068218931555... | Earth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ea... |
157 | plants ( 10 ppm for C4 photosynthesis ) in approximately 100–900 million years . A lack of vegetation would result in the loss of oxygen in the atmosphere , making current animal life impossible .Due to the increased luminosity, Earth's mean temperature may reach 100 °C (212 °F) in 1.5 billion years, and all ocean wate... | [-0.027992049232125282, 0.0716145783662796, 0.04822075366973877, 0.047718070447444916, 0.02492545358836651, -0.027000119909644127, -0.09004586189985275, 0.026905454695224762, 0.014873112551867962, 0.03545995429158211, 0.004048449452966452, -0.03235683962702751, 0.01648884266614914, -0.024396264925599098, 0.083742707967... | Earth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ea... |
158 | . Due to Earth 's rotation it has the shape of an ellipsoid , bulging at its equator ; its diameter is 43 kilometres ( 27 mi ) longer there than at its poles .Earth's shape also has local topographic variations; the largest local variations, like the Mariana Trench (10,925 metres or 35,843 feet below local sea level), ... | [0.031690195202827454, 0.02547200582921505, 0.07730882614850998, -0.05294431000947952, 0.020372282713651657, -0.04702315852046013, -0.06536596268415451, 0.12114781141281128, 0.0047435215674340725, -0.03792686015367508, -0.019635338336229324, -0.040319617837667465, 0.017450397834181786, 0.03134625032544136, 0.0449369624... | Earth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ea... |
159 | often called the world ocean , and makes Earth with its dynamic hydrosphere a water world or ocean world . Indeed , in Earth 's early history the ocean may have covered Earth completely .The world ocean is commonly divided into the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean, and Arctic Ocean, from larg... | [0.0380743034183979, 0.014111178927123547, 0.06035183370113373, -0.04922563582658768, 0.05152176320552826, -0.04131757840514183, -0.00620102696120739, 0.046753767877817154, 0.03996267914772034, 0.02152976393699646, -0.07892893254756927, -0.08172190934419632, -0.003629579907283187, 0.03387507423758507, 0.043509624898433... | Earth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ea... |
160 | . The mean height of land above sea level is about 797 m ( 2,615 ft ) . Land can be covered by surface water , snow , ice , artificial structures or vegetation .Most of Earth's land hosts vegetation, but considerable amounts of land are ice sheets (10%, not including the equally large area of land under permafrost) or ... | [0.05529269576072693, 0.007133094593882561, 0.08633001893758774, -0.06285125017166138, 0.07054397463798523, -0.04247892647981644, -0.0027804060373455286, 0.08788945525884628, 0.04505227878689766, 0.06035366654396057, -0.03883608803153038, -0.15549711883068085, 0.038039498031139374, -0.011732795275747776, 0.061475865542... | Earth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ea... |
161 | tectonic processes including earthquakes and volcanism ; by weathering and erosion driven by ice , water , wind and temperature ; and by biological processes including the growth and decomposition of biomass into soil .Tectonic plates
Earth's mechanically rigid outer layer of Earth's crust and upper mantle, the lithosp... | [-0.07050932198762894, -0.02230953797698021, 0.11877275258302689, -0.03970059007406235, 0.011920808814466, -0.08711515367031097, -0.09475382417440414, 0.015056109987199306, 0.08711037039756775, 0.026166075840592384, -0.048038750886917114, -0.0840068832039833, -0.01255842950195074, -0.008078744634985924, 0.0427698008716... | Earth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ea... |
162 | South American . Other notable plates include the Arabian Plate , the Caribbean Plate , the Nazca Plate off the west coast of South America and the Scotia Plate in the southern Atlantic Ocean .The Australian Plate fused with the Indian Plate between 50 and 55 Ma. The fastest-moving plates are the oceanic plates, with t... | [-0.001619240501895547, -0.04154597595334053, 0.01471850648522377, -0.053195834159851074, 0.02698020078241825, -0.04693317785859108, -0.09223616868257523, 0.012300114147365093, 0.015604502521455288, 0.00948763731867075, 0.0008650721865706146, -0.12148813903331757, -0.025641361251473427, 0.029857337474822998, 0.02188553... | Earth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ea... |
163 | may be rotating at a slightly higher angular velocity than the remainder of the planet , advancing by 0.1–0.5° per year , although both somewhat higher and much lower rates have also been proposed .The radius of the inner core is about one-fifth of that of Earth. The density increases with depth. Among the Solar System... | [0.018942123278975487, -0.05952681601047516, 0.014257737435400486, -0.016483809798955917, 0.09923745691776276, -0.02833659015595913, 0.048130102455616, 0.06418777257204056, -0.0017235884442925453, 0.021369559690356255, -0.0828685387969017, -0.0760626569390297, 0.013168943114578724, -0.05119236558675766, 0.0736599937081... | Earth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ea... |
164 | uranium-238 , and thorium-232 . At the center , the temperature may be up to 6,000 °C ( 10,830 °F ) , and the pressure could reach 360 GPa ( 52 million psi ) .Because much of the heat is provided by radioactive decay, scientists postulate that early in Earth's history, before isotopes with short half-lives were deplete... | [-0.011709082871675491, 0.04160940274596214, 0.08835717290639877, 0.030799610540270805, 0.048045627772808075, -0.04511137679219246, -0.05886448547244072, 0.010566052049398422, 0.011159271001815796, 0.05457661300897598, -0.06406401842832565, -0.12105194479227066, 0.0721980556845665, -0.058223992586135864, 0.066283844411... | Earth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ea... |
165 | into electrical and magnetic field energy . The field extends outwards from the core , through the mantle , and up to Earth 's surface , where it is , approximately , a dipole .The poles of the dipole are located close to Earth's geographic poles. At the equator of the magnetic field, the magnetic-field strength at the... | [0.024601558223366737, 0.02168416604399681, 0.08278142660856247, 0.006654950324445963, 0.04646754637360573, -0.020878897979855537, -0.048894789069890976, 0.04336570203304291, 0.020988021045923233, -0.032988883554935455, -0.05407864972949028, 0.03987690433859825, 0.00048372126184403896, -0.08961298316717148, 0.069843731... | Earth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ea... |
166 | but with paths that are still dominated by the magnetic field , and the Van Allen radiation belts are formed by high-energy particles whose motion is essentially random , but contained in the magnetosphere .During magnetic storms and substorms, charged particles can be deflected from the outer magnetosphere and especia... | [0.05234462395310402, 0.011201190762221813, 0.06313115358352661, -0.0036294879391789436, 0.01583789847791195, -0.04282451421022415, -0.007775591220706701, -0.04499364271759987, 0.065654456615448, -0.0712919682264328, -0.010968096554279327, -0.00021409508190117776, 0.07960611581802368, -0.07476752251386642, 0.0807410031... | Earth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ea... |
167 | apparent sizes of the Sun and the Moon are approximately the same . Orbit Earth orbits the Sun , making Earth the third-closest planet to the Sun and part of the inner Solar System .Earth's average orbital distance is about 150 million km (93 million mi), which is the basis for the astronomical unit (AU) and is equal t... | [0.10969054698944092, -0.01861763745546341, 0.026166468858718872, 0.009450719691812992, -0.0486312210559845, -0.06443057954311371, -0.019220156595110893, -0.007768155541270971, 0.025797724723815918, -0.011171624064445496, 0.013957204297184944, -0.054663509130477905, -0.01480895560234785, -0.03533826395869255, 0.0614630... | Earth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ea... |
168 | the Moon , and their axial rotations are all counterclockwise . Viewed from a vantage point above the Sun and Earth 's north poles , Earth orbits in a counterclockwise direction about the Sun .The orbital and axial planes are not precisely aligned: Earth's axis is tilted some 23.44 degrees from the perpendicular to the... | [0.028818244114518166, -0.01329081878066063, 0.038812097162008286, -0.05225014686584473, -0.09266279637813568, -0.0435582734644413, -0.09050518274307251, 0.011635071597993374, 0.10201503336429596, -0.03224394842982292, 0.014861606992781162, -0.016196465119719505, -0.001172256306745112, -0.06335438787937164, 0.046021670... | Earth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ea... |
169 | in the opposite hemisphere . During the summer , the day lasts longer , and the Sun climbs higher in the sky . In winter , the climate becomes cooler and the days shorter .Above the Arctic Circle and below the Antarctic Circle there is no daylight at all for part of the year, causing a polar night, and this night exten... | [0.02815823256969452, -0.031732264906167984, 0.07930994033813477, 0.025811059400439262, 0.007996156811714172, -0.003272945061326027, -0.06415030360221863, -0.0024566869251430035, 0.0814676433801651, 0.02687021717429161, -0.009158515371382236, 0.026212653145194054, 0.042597636580467224, -0.008321492932736874, 0.12127583... | Earth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ea... |
170 | polar motion has multiple , cyclical components , which collectively are termed quasiperiodic motion . In addition to an annual component to this motion , there is a 14-month cycle called the Chandler wobble .Earth's rotational velocity also varies in a phenomenon known as length-of-day variation. Earth's annual orbit ... | [0.012328450568020344, 0.004330961033701897, 0.09124239534139633, 0.005146429408341646, 0.00509055657312274, -0.06929458677768707, -0.03790334612131119, -0.039642054587602615, 0.10237476229667664, -0.019260939210653305, 0.02567763440310955, -0.03711026534438133, 0.0118425777181983, -0.006531841121613979, 0.100466266274... | Earth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ea... |
171 | 's . The most widely accepted theory of the Moon 's origin , the giant-impact hypothesis , states that it formed from the collision of a Mars-size protoplanet called Theia with the early Earth .This hypothesis explains the Moon's relative lack of iron and volatile elements and the fact that its composition is nearly id... | [0.02239542081952095, 0.03617260977625847, 0.1462932825088501, 0.01946728490293026, 0.049432966858148575, -0.038158904761075974, -0.023126358166337013, -0.02364831231534481, 0.010532130487263203, 0.026591183617711067, -0.00740984408184886, -0.04368114098906517, -0.03709643706679344, -0.09230498969554901, 0.042429342865... | Earth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ea... |
172 | , as is the case for Mars , though this is disputed . Viewed from Earth , the Moon is just far enough away to have almost the same apparent-sized disk as the Sun .The angular size (or solid angle) of these two bodies match because, although the Sun's diameter is about 400 times as large as the Moon's, it is also 400 ti... | [0.025910306721925735, -0.034239597618579865, -0.002152692526578903, -0.030648259446024895, -0.036722563207149506, -0.10881783068180084, -0.060134802013635635, 0.06281273066997528, 0.01863502338528633, 0.051065459847450256, -0.02579469606280327, -0.004229228477925062, 0.04721670225262642, -0.053589168936014175, 0.07154... | Earth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ea... |
173 | land , including clouds , inland seas , lakes , rivers , and underground waters . The mass of the oceans is approximately 1.35×1018 metric tons or about 1/4400 of Earth 's total mass .The oceans cover an area of 361.8 million km2 (139.7 million sq mi) with a mean depth of 3,682 m (12,080 ft), resulting in an estimated ... | [-0.0008709027897566557, 0.004544255789369345, 0.08709553629159927, -0.0428813137114048, 0.010296400636434555, -0.046604182571172714, -0.007414096500724554, 0.07516685128211975, 0.028633108362555504, 0.021999122574925423, -0.08331513404846191, -0.13114258646965027, 0.056531451642513275, 0.005487114191055298, 0.02584496... | Earth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ea... |
174 | Earth 's oceans is about 35 grams of salt per kilogram of seawater ( 3.5 % salt ) . Most of this salt was released from volcanic activity or extracted from cool igneous rocks .The oceans are also a reservoir of dissolved atmospheric gases, which are essential for the survival of many aquatic life forms. Sea water has a... | [-0.03603053465485573, 0.014757568947970867, 0.0667504146695137, -0.055586569011211395, 0.07963299751281738, 0.00658334419131279, 0.07101152837276459, -0.025522705167531967, 0.06293836236000061, 0.0036746931727975607, -0.07670881599187851, -0.1308729499578476, 0.055994223803281784, -0.051064904779195786, 0.039960104972... | Earth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ea... |
175 | equator , with some variation resulting from weather and seasonal factors . Earth 's biosphere has significantly altered its atmosphere . Oxygenic photosynthesis evolved 2.7 Gya , forming the primarily nitrogen–oxygen atmosphere of today .This change enabled the proliferation of aerobic organisms and, indirectly, the f... | [-0.008789816871285439, 0.05835011973977089, 0.03208974376320839, 0.0332077257335186, 0.1401691883802414, -0.02075398899614811, 0.05499078333377838, 0.016597013920545578, 0.10343072563409805, 0.04764653369784355, 0.0047358316369354725, -0.06524678319692612, -0.029297204688191414, 0.004896017722785473, 0.080557554960250... | Earth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ea... |
176 | climate through redistribution of thermal energy . The primary atmospheric circulation bands consist of the trade winds in the equatorial region below 30° latitude and the westerlies in the mid-latitudes between 30° and 60° .Ocean heat content and currents are also important factors in determining climate, particularly... | [0.05690549686551094, 0.016316264867782593, 0.03828071430325508, 0.0266097541898489, 0.04887799173593521, -0.023187225684523582, 0.0076382094994187355, -0.03277227282524109, 0.06281533092260361, 0.012444037944078445, -0.01570308767259121, -0.07440356910228729, 0.036664318293333054, -0.018119536340236664, 0.151495426893... | Earth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ea... |
177 | through surface evaporation is transported by circulatory patterns in the atmosphere . When atmospheric conditions permit an uplift of warm , humid air , this water condenses and falls to the surface as precipitation .Most of the water is then transported to lower elevations by river systems and usually returned to the... | [0.02590753696858883, -0.028771214187145233, 0.026600005105137825, -0.004871980287134647, 0.07975371181964874, -0.0490361712872982, 0.07425814121961594, -0.016212979331612587, 0.04902911186218262, 0.0183880515396595, -0.028897270560264587, -0.0894646868109703, 0.02979552187025547, 0.0037765696179121733, 0.0355435721576... | Earth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ea... |
178 | life on Earth . The Kármán line , defined as 100 km ( 62 mi ) above Earth 's surface , is a working definition for the boundary between the atmosphere and outer space .Thermal energy causes some of the molecules at the outer edge of the atmosphere to increase their velocity to the point where they can escape from Earth... | [-0.062121424823999405, 0.013275213539600372, 0.011477953754365444, 0.05300918594002724, 0.13237245380878448, 0.012636583298444748, 0.03527342900633812, 0.061391741037368774, 0.0649266242980957, 0.010689293034374714, 0.02771521545946598, -0.05759482830762863, -0.023689880967140198, -0.03222202509641647, 0.0452968925237... | Earth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ea... |
179 | the atmosphere . These nutrients are constantly recycled between different species . Earth 's life has been shaping and inhabiting many particular ecosystems on Earth and has eventually expanded globally forming an overarching biosphere .Earth's life has also over time greatly diversified, allowing the biosphere to hav... | [0.028083013370633125, -0.013972284272313118, 0.11212369799613953, 0.029306409880518913, 0.1435108184814453, -0.008723280392587185, -0.011930021457374096, 0.02727094665169716, 0.059743549674749374, 0.04679672792553902, -0.0045177931897342205, -0.08185906708240509, -0.017939439043402672, 0.039235033094882965, 0.03855340... | Earth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ea... |
180 | driving changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets , a global rise in average sea levels , increased risk of drought and wildfires , and migration of species to colder areas .Human geography
Humans, who originated from earlier primates in Eastern Africa 300,000 years ago, have since been migrating around Ea... | [0.053578946739435196, -0.034160058945417404, 0.0321672298014164, 0.013521873392164707, 0.07327710837125778, -0.0200473815202713, -0.02344447560608387, 0.009215869009494781, -0.05062168464064598, 0.11826100945472717, 0.03585335984826088, -0.08607453107833862, -0.016020674258470535, 0.07670846581459045, 0.03285912796854... | Earth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ea... |
181 | beyond Earth , a tiny fraction of whom have reached another celestial body , the Moon . Earth has been subject to extensive human settlement , and humans have developed diverse societies and cultures .Most of Earth's land has been territorially claimed since the 19th century by sovereign states (countries) separated by... | [-0.02060149796307087, 0.044761382043361664, 0.09276784211397171, -0.010533034801483154, 0.11738887429237366, -0.0339663103222847, 0.022230040282011032, -0.02650117687880993, -0.053160544484853745, 0.021682508289813995, -0.0593617744743824, -0.09843182563781738, -0.04125487059354782, -0.04354849457740784, 0.00774534139... | Earth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ea... |
182 | pharmaceuticals , oxygen , and the recycling of organic waste . The land-based ecosystem depends upon topsoil and fresh water , and the oceanic ecosystem depends on dissolved nutrients washed down from the land .In 2019, 39 million km2 (15 million sq mi) of Earth's land surface consisted of forest and woodlands, 12 mil... | [0.054117728024721146, 0.024579284712672234, 0.08096946030855179, 0.04290033131837845, 0.11146051436662674, -0.06257779896259308, 0.011810464784502983, 0.03209743648767471, 0.02907845936715603, 0.10623407363891602, -0.009099270217120647, -0.0841180756688118, -0.02273709513247013, 0.061859130859375, 0.042224012315273285... | Earth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ea... |
183 | planetary boundaries . It is thought possible to provide all basic physical needs globally within sustainable levels of resource use . Cultural and historical viewpoint Human cultures have developed many views of the planet .The standard astronomical symbols of Earth are a quartered circle, , representing the four corn... | [0.01232337485998869, 0.02782229334115982, 0.025127822533249855, 0.01228327676653862, 0.07015056163072586, -0.09658884257078171, 0.03923977166414261, -0.0002903759013861418, 0.0627397671341896, 0.007722853217273951, -0.007759172935038805, -0.08289851993322372, -0.0013953851303085685, 0.008412410505115986, 0.00712843798... | Earth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ea... |
184 | was a moving object , one of the planets of the Solar System . It was only during the 19th century that geologists realized Earth 's age was at least many millions of years .Lord Kelvin used thermodynamics to estimate the age of Earth to be between 20 million and 400 million years in 1864, sparking a vigorous debate on... | [0.009961201809346676, 0.0758514404296875, 0.02664763107895851, 0.023079529404640198, 0.05544376000761986, 0.006254149600863457, -0.05255580693483353, 0.041240472346544266, -0.005720500368624926, 0.043114013969898224, -0.004051870200783014, -0.065268874168396, 0.07724177092313766, -0.01155740488320589, -0.0260621309280... | Earth | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ea... |
185 | Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun. It is also known as the "Red Planet", for its orange-red appearance. Mars is a desert-like rocky planet with a tenuous atmosphere that is primarily carbon dioxide (CO2). At the average surface level the atmospheric pressure is a few thousandths of Earth’s, atmospheric temperatur... | [0.07695122063159943, 0.007609081920236349, 0.010032951831817627, 0.014975246042013168, 0.12376479059457779, -0.03571852669119835, 0.059776075184345245, -0.00700969947502017, 0.015272669494152069, 0.07854145765304565, -0.04157387837767601, -0.04845968633890152, 0.030680567026138306, -0.0179926585406065, 0.0452736727893... | Mars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https... |
186 | largest canyons in the Solar System ( Valles Marineris , 4,000 km or 2,500 mi long ) . Mars has two natural satellites that are small and irregular in shape : Phobos and Deimos .With a significant axial tilt of 25 degrees, Mars experiences seasons, like Earth (which has an axial tilt of 23.5 degrees). A Martian solar y... | [0.009427743032574654, 0.009936283342540264, 0.07159484177827835, -0.002730804029852152, 0.04917079582810402, -0.06372788548469543, -0.04844062775373459, -0.0029439707286655903, 0.022677231580018997, 0.08073362708091736, 0.03474877402186394, -0.021009843796491623, -0.018428906798362732, 0.014531932771205902, 0.04918850... | Mars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https... |
187 | body other than the Moon , Sun or Earth ; following in the same year were the first uncontrolled impact ( Mars 2 ) and first successful landing ( Mars 3 ) on Mars .Probes have been active on Mars continuously since 1997. At times, more than ten probes have simultaneously operated in orbit or on the surface, more than a... | [0.043519556522369385, -0.029236096888780594, 0.048827163875103, 0.07348077744245529, 0.134598046541214, -0.08826783299446106, 0.07031938433647156, 0.007536389399319887, 0.06141158193349838, 0.1220860481262207, 0.027567481622099876, -0.009546794928610325, 0.03865670785307884, -0.017570337280631065, 0.028721000999212265... | Mars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https... |
188 | which would be the largest impact basin yet discovered if confirmed . It has been hypothesized that the basin was formed when Mars was struck by a Pluto-sized body about four billion years ago .The event, thought to be the cause of the Martian hemispheric dichotomy, created the smooth Borealis basin that covers 40% of ... | [-0.004521538503468037, 0.02811914123594761, 0.019394787028431892, -0.003687647869810462, 0.02417207881808281, -0.08567526936531067, -0.07013916224241257, 0.08127661794424057, 0.06890349090099335, 0.07782824337482452, -0.013553247787058353, -0.020328037440776825, -0.040506187826395035, -0.004092475865036249, 0.00746717... | Mars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https... |
189 | Mars . Named after Amazonis Planitia . Recent geological activity Geological activity is still taking place on Mars . The Athabasca Valles is home to sheet-like lava flows created about 200 million years ago .Water flows in the grabens called the Cerberus Fossae occurred less than 20 million years ago, indicating equal... | [0.02652924507856369, -0.011879603378474712, -0.010838677175343037, 0.012155124917626381, 0.08249202370643616, -0.06824364513158798, 0.027288855984807014, -0.007212496362626553, 0.08622261881828308, 0.07685411721467972, -0.05723641812801361, -0.09171126037836075, 0.058203622698783875, 0.009604151360690594, 0.0252958405... | Mars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https... |
190 | Earth 's crust averages 27.3 ± 4.8 km in thickness . The most abundant elements in the Martian crust are silicon , oxygen , iron , magnesium , aluminum , calcium , and potassium .Mars is confirmed to be seismically active; in 2019, it was reported that InSight had detected and recorded over 450 marsquakes and related e... | [0.006145371124148369, -0.0336381234228611, 0.06737980991601944, -0.0028373338282108307, 0.06463883072137833, -0.06763183325529099, -0.05735334753990173, 0.07343816757202148, 0.023550665006041527, 0.04080694168806076, -0.050910621881484985, -0.013828247785568237, 0.012154118157923222, -0.05080230161547661, 0.0498416572... | Mars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https... |
191 | elements such as sulfur , oxygen , carbon , and hydrogen . The temperature of the core is estimated to be 2000–2400 K , compared to 5400–6230 K for Earth 's solid inner core .In 2025, based on data from the InSight lander, a group of researchers reported the detection of a solid inner core 613 kilometres (381 mi) ± 67 ... | [0.03704722970724106, -0.041416771709918976, 0.034639861434698105, 0.021286314353346825, 0.1437162160873413, -0.08457670360803604, 0.03677859902381897, 0.02442098967730999, 0.012269711121916771, 0.050821468234062195, -0.092404305934906, -0.04595920816063881, 0.016560537740588188, 0.004919095430523157, -0.00427239201962... | Mars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https... |
192 | . The streaks can start in a tiny area , then spread out for hundreds of metres . They have been seen to follow the edges of boulders and other obstacles in their path .The commonly accepted hypotheses include that they are dark underlying layers of soil revealed after avalanches of bright dust or dust devils. Several ... | [0.11370313912630081, 0.01400984451174736, 0.06841909885406494, 0.0355423279106617, 0.025069495663046837, -0.07818150520324707, 0.0041902149096131325, 0.04147078096866608, -0.018449267372488976, 0.04416155070066452, -0.03583430498838425, -0.09079378098249435, 0.0850246474146843, 0.0025546259712427855, 0.030182920396327... | Mars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https... |
193 | Heinrich von Mädler and Wilhelm Beer were the first areographers . They began by establishing that most of Mars 's surface features were permanent and by more precisely determining the planet 's rotation period .In 1840, Mädler combined ten years of observations and drew the first map of Mars. Features on Mars are name... | [0.03767526522278786, -0.004410357680171728, 0.027849897742271423, 0.032021455466747284, 0.050527192652225494, -0.10639563202857971, -0.013560251332819462, -0.002688526175916195, 0.023131513968110085, 0.017879728227853775, 0.03414493799209595, -0.032128483057022095, 0.023206651210784912, -0.0041643413715064526, -0.0795... | Mars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https... |
194 | Meridian was specified , as was Earth 's ( at Greenwich ) , by choice of an arbitrary point ; Mädler and Beer selected a line for their first maps of Mars in 1830 .After the spacecraft Mariner 9 provided extensive imagery of Mars in 1972, a small crater (later called Airy-0), located in the Sinus Meridiani ("Middle Bay... | [0.004124522674828768, 0.03270005062222481, 0.00854786392301321, -0.05219920352101326, 0.01580033265054226, -0.057404812425374985, -0.07036007940769196, 0.0339287631213665, 0.05557134374976158, 0.022863613441586494, 0.03346170485019684, -0.04205109551548958, -0.00143961061257869, 0.005935539025813341, -0.01854966767132... | Mars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https... |
195 | The edifice is over 600 km ( 370 mi ) wide . Because the mountain is so large , with complex structure at its edges , giving a definite height to it is difficult .Its local relief, from the foot of the cliffs which form its northwest margin to its peak, is over 21 km (13 mi), a little over twice the height of Mauna Kea... | [0.024683447554707527, 0.10546863824129105, 0.06661414355039597, -0.031153397634625435, 0.03213278204202652, -0.07599829137325287, -0.10796447843313217, 0.12467414140701294, 0.04873238876461983, 0.07982730865478516, -0.03376195952296257, -0.0477965772151947, -0.02069944515824318, 3.31975934386719e-05, 0.045170474797487... | Mars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https... |
196 | Moon 's South Pole–Aitken basin as the largest impact crater in the Solar System . Mars is scarred by 43,000 impact craters with a diameter of 5 kilometres ( 3.1 mi ) or greater .The largest exposed crater is Hellas, which is 2,300 kilometres (1,400 mi) wide and 7,000 metres (23,000 ft) deep, and is a light albedo feat... | [0.10917174071073532, -0.0004864547518081963, 0.05124010518193245, 0.00466086296364665, 0.06121530011296272, -0.060071006417274475, -0.05778159573674202, 0.11174978315830231, 0.039031557738780975, 0.0514812134206295, -0.019372330978512764, -0.0477898009121418, 0.0026688596699386835, 0.006830564700067043, -0.04164976626... | Mars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https... |
197 | nearly 2 kilometres ( 1.2 mi ) deep . Valles Marineris was formed due to the swelling of the Tharsis area , which caused the crust in the area of Valles Marineris to collapse .In 2012, it was proposed that Valles Marineris is not just a graben, but a plate boundary where 150 kilometres (93 mi) of transverse motion has ... | [0.0362137071788311, 0.034703660756349564, 0.014356535859405994, -0.05164872482419014, -0.012975651770830154, -0.10790219902992249, -0.12722201645374298, 0.046864449977874756, 0.051613323390483856, 0.09103774279356003, -0.04546298086643219, -0.06165947765111923, 0.02590319886803627, -0.05018465220928192, 0.016189415007... | Mars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https... |
198 | detected ionized atmospheric particles trailing off into space behind Mars , and this atmospheric loss is being studied by the MAVEN orbiter . Compared to Earth , the atmosphere of Mars is quite rarefied .Atmospheric pressure on the surface today ranges from a low of 30 Pa (0.0044 psi) on Olympus Mons to over 1,155 Pa ... | [0.009946629405021667, 0.06829554587602615, 0.030486077070236206, -0.028925636783242226, 0.08600630611181259, -0.06254441291093826, 0.084361732006073, 0.0052439565770328045, 0.013513040728867054, 0.10122951865196228, -0.03136681020259857, -0.050149597227573395, 0.032599154859781265, -0.002968353684991598, -0.0318907573... | Mars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https... |
199 | non-biological process such as serpentinization involving water , carbon dioxide , and the mineral olivine , which is known to be common on Mars , although it could also be produced by Martian life .Compared to Earth, its higher concentration of atmospheric CO2 and lower surface pressure may be why sound is attenuated ... | [0.024096550419926643, -0.06655389070510864, 0.011689538136124611, 0.028064385056495667, 0.12353511154651642, -0.06574053317308426, -0.0015354156494140625, -0.09680105745792389, 0.012760921381413937, 0.050778280943632126, -0.01779770478606224, -0.03715662658214569, 0.024886086583137512, -0.015146886929869652, 0.0327610... | Mars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars.https... |
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