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Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | has been that the main breakthroughs, | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:11:18.920 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | the main recent breakthroughs, really start from neuroscience. | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:11:23.760 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | I can mention reinforcement learning as one. | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:11:32.160 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | It's one of the algorithms at the core of AlphaGo, | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:11:35.800 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | which is the system that beat the kind of an official world | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:11:41.040 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | champion of Go, Lee Sedol, two, three years ago in Seoul. | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:11:45.200 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | That's one. | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:11:52.760 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | And that started really with the work of Pavlov in 1900, | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:11:53.760 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | Marvin Minsky in the 60s, and many other neuroscientists | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:12:00.920 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | later on. | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:12:05.800 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | And deep learning started, which is at the core, again, | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:12:07.720 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | of AlphaGo and systems like autonomous driving | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:12:12.560 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | systems for cars, like the systems that Mobileye, | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:12:17.720 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | which is a company started by one of my ex postdocs, | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:12:22.520 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | Amnon Shashua, did. | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:12:25.600 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | So that is at the core of those things. | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:12:28.480 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | And deep learning, really, the initial ideas | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:12:30.720 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | in terms of the architecture of these layered | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:12:34.520 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | hierarchical networks started with work of Torsten Wiesel | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:12:37.120 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | and David Hubel at Harvard up the river in the 60s. | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:12:43.160 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | So recent history suggests that neuroscience played a big role | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:12:47.800 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | in these breakthroughs. | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:12:53.240 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | My personal bet is that there is a good chance they continue | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:12:54.320 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | to play a big role. | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:12:58.720 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | Maybe not in all the future breakthroughs, | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:12:59.880 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | but in some of them. | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:13:01.840 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | At least in inspiration. | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:13:03.280 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | At least in inspiration, absolutely, yes. | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:13:05.000 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | So you studied both artificial and biological neural networks. | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:13:07.320 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | You said these mechanisms that underlie deep learning | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:13:12.160 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | and reinforcement learning. | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:13:17.080 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | But there is nevertheless significant differences | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:13:19.760 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | between biological and artificial neural networks | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:13:23.880 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | as they stand now. | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:13:26.080 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | So between the two, what do you find | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:13:27.280 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | is the most interesting, mysterious, maybe even | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:13:30.800 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | beautiful difference as it currently | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:13:33.080 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | stands in our understanding? | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:13:35.560 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | I must confess that until recently, I | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:13:37.800 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | found that the artificial networks, too simplistic | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:13:41.560 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | relative to real neural networks. | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:13:46.040 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | But recently, I've been starting to think that, yes, | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:13:49.720 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | there is a very big simplification of what | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:13:53.360 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | you find in the brain. | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:13:57.440 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | But on the other hand, they are much closer | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:13:59.040 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | in terms of the architecture to the brain | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:14:03.000 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | than other models that we had, that computer science used | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:14:07.080 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | as model of thinking, which were mathematical logics, LISP, | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:14:11.280 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | Prologue, and those kind of things. | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:14:16.560 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | So in comparison to those, they're | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:14:19.480 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | much closer to the brain. | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:14:21.520 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | You have networks of neurons, which | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:14:23.320 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | is what the brain is about. | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:14:26.360 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | And the artificial neurons in the models, as I said, | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:14:27.840 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | caricature of the biological neurons. | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:14:32.200 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | But they're still neurons, single units communicating | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:14:35.480 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | with other units, something that is absent | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:14:38.520 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | in the traditional computer type models of mathematics, | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:14:41.400 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | reasoning, and so on. | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:14:48.520 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | So what aspect would you like to see | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:14:50.840 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | in artificial neural networks added over time | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:14:53.120 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | as we try to figure out ways to improve them? | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:14:57.280 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | So one of the main differences and problems | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:14:59.920 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | in terms of deep learning today, and it's not only | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:15:07.320 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | deep learning, and the brain, is the need for deep learning | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:15:11.840 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | techniques to have a lot of labeled examples. | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:15:16.760 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | For instance, for ImageNet, you have | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:15:23.160 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | like a training set, which is 1 million images, each one | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:15:24.920 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | labeled by some human in terms of which object is there. | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:15:29.160 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | And it's clear that in biology, a baby | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:15:34.600 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | may be able to see millions of images | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:15:42.720 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | in the first years of life, but will not | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:15:44.840 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | have millions of labels given to him or her by parents | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:15:47.560 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | or caretakers. | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:15:52.720 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | So how do you solve that? | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:15:56.360 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | I think there is this interesting challenge | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:15:59.560 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | that today, deep learning and related techniques | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:16:03.880 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | are all about big data, big data meaning | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:16:08.080 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | a lot of examples labeled by humans, | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:16:11.200 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | whereas in nature, you have this big data | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:16:18.760 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | is n going to infinity. | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:16:24.400 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | That's the best, n meaning labeled data. | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:16:26.280 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | But I think the biological world is more n going to 1. | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:16:30.200 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | A child can learn from a very small number | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:16:34.920 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | of labeled examples. | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:16:38.920 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | Like you tell a child, this is a car. | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:16:42.720 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | You don't need to say, like in ImageNet, this is a car, | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:16:44.920 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | this is a car, this is not a car, this is not a car, | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:16:48.880 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | 1 million times. | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:16:51.120 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | And of course, with AlphaGo, or at least the AlphaZero | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:16:54.360 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | variants, because the world of Go | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:16:57.720 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | is so simplistic that you can actually | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:17:01.360 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | learn by yourself through self play, | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:17:05.040 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | you can play against each other. | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:17:06.720 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | In the real world, the visual system | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:17:08.520 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | that you've studied extensively is a lot more complicated | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:17:10.600 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | than the game of Go. | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:17:14.200 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | On the comment about children, which | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:17:16.720 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | are fascinatingly good at learning new stuff, | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:17:18.400 |
Tomaso Poggio: Brains, Minds, and Machines | Lex Fridman Podcast #13 | how much of it do you think is hardware, | https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0013-large.html#00:17:23.000 |
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