episode
stringlengths
45
100
text
stringlengths
1
528
timestamp_link
stringlengths
56
56
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
Somebody invented electricity in the ocean. When did this get invented?
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:56:13.280
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
Yeah. So, I mean, it is incredible. The guy who discovered gap junctions,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:56:17.440
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
Werner Loewenstein, I visited him. He was really old.
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:56:22.800
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
A human being?
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:56:25.360
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
He discovered them.
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:56:26.720
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
Because who really discovered them lived probably four billion years ago.
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:56:27.360
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
Good point.
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:56:32.480
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
So you give credit where credit is due, I'm just saying.
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:56:32.880
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
He rediscovered gap junctions. But when I visited him in Woods Hole, maybe 20 years ago now,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:56:35.600
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
he told me that he was writing, and unfortunately, he passed away, and I think this book never got
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:56:43.200
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
written. He was writing a book on gap junctions and consciousness. And I think it would have been
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:56:47.840
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
an incredible book, because gap junctions are magic. I'll explain why in a minute.
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:56:52.800
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
What happens is that, just imagine, the thing about both these ion channels and these gap
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:56:57.920
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
junctions is that many of them are themselves voltage sensitive. So that's a voltage sensitive
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:57:02.720
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
current conductance. That's a transistor. And as soon as you've invented one, immediately,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:57:08.880
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
you now get access to, from this platonic space of mathematical truths, you get access to all of the
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:57:13.600
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
cool things that transistors do. So now, when you have a network of cells, not only do they talk to
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:57:20.240
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
each other, but they can send messages to each other, and the differences of voltage can propagate.
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:57:26.000
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
Now, to neuroscientists, this is old hat, because you see this in the brain, right? This action
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:57:30.160
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
potentials, the electricity. They have these awesome movies where you can take a zebra,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:57:34.000
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
like a transparent animal, like a zebrafish, and you can literally look down, and you can see all
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:57:40.000
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
the firings as the fish is making decisions about what to eat and things like this. It's amazing.
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:57:45.040
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
Well, your whole body is doing that all the time, just much slower. So there are very few things
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:57:49.120
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
that neurons do that all the cells in your body don't do. They all do very similar things, just
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:57:54.160
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
on a much slower timescale. And whereas your brain is thinking about how to solve problems in
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:57:59.360
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
three dimensional space, the cells in an embryo are thinking about how to solve problems in
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:58:04.320
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
anatomical space. They're trying to have memories like, hey, how many fingers are we supposed to
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:58:08.880
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
have? Well, how many do we have now? What do we do to get from here to there? That's the kind of
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:58:12.240
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
problems they're thinking about. And the reason that gap junctions are magic is, imagine, right,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:58:15.840
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
from the earliest time. Here are two cells. This cell, how can they communicate? Well,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:58:20.720
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
the simple version is this cell could send a chemical signal, it floats over, and it hits
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:58:29.360
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
a receptor on this cell, right? Because it comes from outside, this cell can very easily tell that
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:58:34.800
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
that came from outside. Whatever information is coming, that's not my information. That information
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:58:39.200
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
is coming from the outside. So I can trust it, I can ignore it, I can do various things with it,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:58:44.240
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
I can do various things with it, whatever, but I know it comes from the outside. Now imagine
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:58:48.640
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
instead that you have two cells with a gap junction between them. Something happens,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:58:52.160
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
let's say this cell gets poked, there's a calcium spike, the calcium spike or whatever small
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:58:55.360
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
molecule signal propagates through the gap junction to this cell. There's no ownership
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:58:59.760
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
metadata on that signal. This cell does not know now that it came from outside because it looks
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:59:04.400
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
exactly like its own memories would have looked like of whatever had happened, right? So gap
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:59:10.000
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
junctions to some extent wipe ownership information on data, which means that if I can't, if you and
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:59:15.200
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
I are sharing memories and we can't quite tell who the memories belong to, that's the beginning of a
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:59:21.440
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
mind melt. That's the beginning of a scale up of cognition from here's me and here's you to no,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:59:26.320
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
now there's just us. So they enforce a collective intelligence gap junctions. That's right. It
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:59:31.840
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
helps. It's the beginning. It's not the whole story by any means, but it's the start.
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:59:36.640
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
Where's state stored of the system? Is it in part in the gap junctions themselves? Is it in the
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:59:39.680
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
cells? There are many, many layers to this as always in biology. So there are chemical networks.
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:59:48.240
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
So for example, gene regulatory networks, right? Which, or basically any kind of chemical pathway
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#00:59:55.360
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
where different chemicals activate and repress each other, they can store memories. So in a
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:00:00.320
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
dynamical system sense, they can store memories. They can get into stable states that are hard to
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:00:04.480
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
pull them out of. So that becomes, once they get in, that's a memory, a permanent memory or a
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:00:09.120
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
semi permanent memory of something that's happened. There are cytoskeletal structures that are
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:00:13.200
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
physically, they store memories in physical configuration. There are electrical memories
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:00:17.760
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
like flip flops where there is no physical. So if you look, I showed my students this example
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:00:24.640
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
as a flip flop. And the reason that it stores a zero one is not because some piece of the hardware
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:00:30.560
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
moved. It's because there's a cycling of the current in one side of the thing. If I come over
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:00:37.920
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
and I hold the other side to a high voltage for a brief period of time, it flips over and now it's
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:00:42.880
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
here. But none of the hardware moved. The information is in a stable dynamical sense. And
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:00:50.080
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
if you were to x ray the thing, you couldn't tell me if it was zero or one, because all you would
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:00:54.880
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
see is where the hardware is. You wouldn't see the energetic state of the system. So there are
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:00:58.560
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
bioelectrical states that are held in that exact way, like volatile ram basically, like in the
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:01:03.120
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
electrical state. It's very akin to the different ways that memory is stored in a computer.
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:01:09.680
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
So there's ram, there's hard drive. You can make that mapping, right? So I think the interesting
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:01:15.840
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
thing is that based on the biology, we can have a more sophisticated, you know, I think we can
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:01:21.120
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
revise some of our computer engineering methods because there are some interesting things that
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:01:26.960
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
biology we haven't done yet. But that mapping is not bad. I mean, I think it works in many ways.
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:01:32.560
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
Yeah, I wonder because I mean, the way we build computers at the root of computer science is the
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:01:38.400
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
idea of proof of correctness. We program things to be perfect, reliable. You know, this idea of
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:01:43.280
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
resilience and robustness to unknown conditions is not as important. So that's what biology is really
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:01:52.240
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
good at. So I don't know what kind of systems. I don't know how we go from a computer to a
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:01:58.240
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
biological system in the future. Yeah, I think that, you know, the thing about biology is all
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:02:04.000
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
about making really important decisions really quickly on very limited information. I mean,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:02:10.480
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
that's what biology is all about. You have to act, you have to act now. The stakes are very high,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:02:15.280
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
and you don't know most of what you need to know to be perfect. And so there's not even an attempt
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:02:19.600
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
to be perfect or to get it right in any sense. There are just things like active inference,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:02:24.080
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
minimize surprise, optimize some efficiency and some things like this that guides the whole
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:02:29.920
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
business. I mentioned too offline that somebody who's a fan of your work is Andre Kapathy.
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:02:37.120
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
And he's, amongst many things, also writes occasionally a great blog. He came up with
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:02:44.640
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
this idea, I don't know if he coined the term, but of software 2.0, where the programming is
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:02:52.720
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
done in the space of configuring these artificial neural networks. Is there some sense in which that
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:03:00.720
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
would be the future of programming for us humans, where we're less doing like Python like programming
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:03:08.240
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
and more... How would that look like? But basically doing the hyperparameters of something
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:03:16.400
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
akin to a biological system and watching it go and adjusting it and creating some kind of feedback
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:03:25.680
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
loop within the system so it corrects itself. And then we watch it over time accomplish the goals
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:03:33.360
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
we want it to accomplish. Is that kind of the dream of the dogs that you described in the Nature
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:03:40.800
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
paper? Yeah. I mean, that's what you just painted is a very good description of our efforts at
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:03:46.880
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
regenerative medicine as a kind of somatic psychiatry. So the idea is that you're not trying
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:03:54.960
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
to micromanage. I mean, think about the limitations of a lot of the medicines today. We try to
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:04:01.040
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
interact down at the level of pathways. So we're trying to micromanage it. What's the problem? Well,
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:04:07.920
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
one problem is that for almost every medicine other than antibiotics, once you stop it, the
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:04:14.560
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
problem comes right back. You haven't fixed anything. You were addressing symptoms. You
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:04:20.800
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
weren't actually curing anything, again, except for antibiotics. That's one problem. The other
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:04:23.680
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
problem is you have massive amount of side effects because you were trying to interact at the lowest
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:04:28.560
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
level. It's like, I'm going to try to program this computer by changing the melting point of
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:04:33.600
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
copper. Maybe you can do things that way, but my God, it's hard to program at the hardware level.
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:04:40.400
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
So what I think we're starting to understand is that, and by the way, this goes back to what you
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:04:46.640
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
were saying before about that we could have access to our internal state. So people who practice that
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:04:53.360
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
kind of stuff, so yoga and biofeedback and those, those are all the people that uniformly will say
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:04:58.800
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
things like, well, the body has an intelligence and this and that. Those two sets overlap perfectly
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:05:04.000
Michael Levin: Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Lex Fridman Podcast #325
because that's exactly right. Because once you start thinking about it that way, you realize that
https://karpathy.ai/lexicap/0325-large.html#01:05:08.480