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95d6294332f866744ea42e5e6f65cc4c
https://www.britannica.com/topic/An-Enquiry-into-the-Present-State-of-Polite-Learning-in-Europe
An Enquiry into the Present State of Polite Learning in Europe
An Enquiry into the Present State of Polite Learning in Europe His rise began with the Enquiry into the Present State of Polite Learning in Europe (1759), a minor work. Soon he emerged as an essayist, in The Bee and other periodicals, and above all in his Chinese Letters. These essays were first published in the journa...
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/An-Essay-on-the-Application-of-Mathematical-Analysis-to-the-Theories-of-Electricity-and-Magnetism
An Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism
An Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism In his Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theory of Electricity and Magnetism (1828), Green generalized and extended the electric and magnetic investigations of the French mathematician Siméon-Denis P...
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/An-Essay-on-Woman
An Essay on Woman
An Essay on Woman …the proof sheets of “Essay on Woman,” an obscene parody on Alexander Pope’s “Essay on Man,” which had been written by Wilkes and Thomas Potter years before. Wilkes had commenced, but not completed, printing 12 copies, probably for the “Monks.” At the start of the parliamentary session in November… …o...
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/An-Experiment-in-Education
An Experiment in Education
An Experiment in Education …of his Madras system in An Experiment in Education (1797), but his ideas had little popularity in England until they were adapted by Joseph Lancaster in a school opened at Southwark in 1801 and by Robert Owen in New Lanark, Scotland. (See monitorial system.) Meanwhile, Bell was made rector o...
cf50cecba7460102f362811fd487b78a
https://www.britannica.com/topic/An-Experiment-in-Love
An Experiment in Love
An Experiment in Love …for the clear-eyed coming-of-age novel An Experiment in Love (1995). Three years later she returned to historical fiction with The Giant, O’Brien, which imaginatively explores and contrasts the lives of two real 18th-century figures—a freakishly tall sideshow performer steeped in the Irish oral t...
27d601b8587cea622f7383145369bc58
https://www.britannica.com/topic/An-Explanation-of-the-Effect-of-Lime-upon-Alkaline-Salts
An Explanation of the Effect of Lime upon Alkaline Salts
An Explanation of the Effect of Lime upon Alkaline Salts …concerning an industrial process, “An Explanation of the Effect of Lime upon Alkaline Salts,” which was published in Home’s Experiments on Bleaching (1771). Another approach to the bleaching problem was to look for a cheaper way of making potash. Cullen turned h...
9355f4a6e7e6ac3d07c3b53a167b27a7
https://www.britannica.com/topic/An-Introduction-to-Social-Psychology
An Introduction to Social Psychology
An Introduction to Social Psychology …physiological psychology and author of An Introduction to Social Psychology (1908; 30th ed. 1960), which did much to stimulate widespread study of the basis of social behaviour. …the publication of McDougall’s book An Introduction to Social Psychology (1908), his purposive psycholo...
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/An-Introduction-to-the-Theory-of-Mental-and-Social-Measurements
An Introduction to the Theory of Mental and Social Measurements
An Introduction to the Theory of Mental and Social Measurements …research, chiefly through his handbook, An Introduction to the Theory of Mental and Social Measurements (1904). Other important works in the early part of his career were The Principles of Teaching Based on Psychology (1906), Education: A First Book (1912...
8b4ea95b4120500f136466e79761f05a
https://www.britannica.com/topic/An-Island-in-the-Moon
An Island in the Moon
An Island in the Moon …is visible in the satirical An Island in the Moon (written c. 1784–85); he then took the bolder step of setting aside sophistication in the visionary Songs of Innocence (1789). His desire for renewal encouraged him to view the outbreak of the French Revolution as a momentous event. In works…
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/An-Ordinary-Life
An Ordinary Life
An Ordinary Life …judgments; and Obyčejný život (1934; An Ordinary Life) explores the complex layers of personality underlying the “self” an “ordinary” man thinks himself to be.
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/An-Unsuitable-Job-for-a-Woman
An Unsuitable Job for a Woman
An Unsuitable Job for a Woman James also wrote An Unsuitable Job for a Woman (1972) and The Skull Beneath the Skin (1982), which centre on Cordelia Gray, a young private detective. The first of these novels was the basis for both a television movie and a short-lived series. James expanded beyond the mystery…
80f5475015b6e4bd65603832bf19afaf
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Anahiti
Anāhiti
Anāhiti Anāhiti, also called Anāhitā, ancient Iranian goddess of royalty, war, and fertility; she is particularly associated with the last. Possibly of Mesopotamian origin, her cult was made prominent by Artaxerxes II, and statues and temples were set up in her honour throughout the Persian empire. A common cult of th...
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/Anales-de-la-corona-de-Aragon
Anales de la corona de Aragón
Anales de la corona de Aragón …in his major work, the Anales de la corona de Aragón (1562–80). Covering the period from the Moorish invasions (8th century) until the death of King Ferdinand II (1516), this was the first national history of Aragon, and it remains a useful source for Spanish history.
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/analog-information
Analog information
Analog information …called analog-form information, or simply analog information. Until the development of the digital computer, cognitive information was stored and processed only in analog form, basically through the technologies of printing, photography, and telephony.
0db14ffb9b5e16e3d5a3172b9d538938
https://www.britannica.com/topic/analytic-philosophy
Analytic philosophy
Analytic philosophy Analytic philosophy, also called linguistic philosophy, a loosely related set of approaches to philosophical problems, dominant in Anglo-American philosophy from the early 20th century, that emphasizes the study of language and the logical analysis of concepts. Although most work in analytic philos...
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/analytical-Marxism
Analytical Marxism
Analytical Marxism Analytical Marxism, a movement within Marxist theory and in various branches of social science and philosophy that seeks to investigate and develop the substantive theses of standard Marxism using the techniques of conceptual analysis associated with analytic philosophy and the methods of standard n...
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/Anarchy-Is-What-States-Make-of-It-The-Social-Construction-of-Power-Politics
Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics
Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics …publication of Wendt’s essay “Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics” (1992) established him as the leading thinker of constructivism in international relations. Broadly defined, constructivism is a theor...
573c75e2822a28cf03925dadd54c73c0
https://www.britannica.com/topic/ancient-Iranian-religion/Cosmography
Cosmography
Cosmography The Iranians conceived of the cosmos as a three-tiered structure consisting of the earth below, the atmosphere, and the stone vault of heaven above. Beyond the vault of heaven was the realm of the Endless Lights, and below the earth was the realm of darkness and chaos. The earth itself rested on the cosmic ...
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ancrene-Wisse
Ancrene Wisse
Ancrene Wisse Ancrene Wisse, (Middle English: “Guide for Anchoresses”) also called Ancrene Riwle (“Rule for Anchoresses”), anonymous work written in the early 13th century for the guidance of women recluses outside the regular orders. It may have been intended specifically for a group of women sequestered near Limebr...
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/And-Everything-Is-Going-Fine
And Everything Is Going Fine
And Everything Is Going Fine He then directed And Everything Is Going Fine (2010), a documentary about the life of Spalding Gray, and the big-budget ensemble thriller Contagion (2011), which portrayed the rapid spread of a deadly airborne virus. The adrenaline-fueled spy film Haywire (2011) focused on a female covert-o...
2c9f00d7980a5405361f1b9819b8f4bd
https://www.britannica.com/topic/androcentrism
Androcentrism
Androcentrism …ecofeminists, for example, claim that androcentrism (male-centredness), rather than anthropocentrism, is the true cause of the degradation of nature. They maintain that androcentrism as seen in traditional power-wielding patriarchal society is responsible for the striving to dominate nature. Just as male...
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/Andromache-Mourning-Hector
Andromache Mourning Hector
Andromache Mourning Hector …pathos and painterly skill of Andromache Mourning Hector brought him election to the Académie Royale in 1784; and that same year, accompanied this time by his wife and studio assistants, he returned to Rome with a commission to complete a painting that appears to have been originally inspire...
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/Andromache-play-by-Euripides
Andromache
Andromache Andromache, drama by Euripides, performed about 426 bce. Set in the aftermath of the Trojan War, the play has an exciting beginning marked by strong anti-Spartan feeling. Most of the original characters disappear, however, and interest is soon dissipated.
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/Andromaque-et-Pyrrhus
Andromaque et Pyrrhus
Andromaque et Pyrrhus >Andromaque et Pyrrhus (1810) are melodramatic, highly calculated pieces. His best painting, the only one to show feeling for colour and atmosphere, is Enée racontant à Didon les malheurs de la ville de Troie (1817). He was director of the Académie de France in Rome…
b9a5f66e2f4f7f60e2a28e0d0f124c1d
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Andronicus-or-the-Unfortunate-Politician
Andronicus, or the Unfortunate Politician
Andronicus, or the Unfortunate Politician …London in 1646 and wrote Andronicus, or the Unfortunate Politician (1646), a satire against Oliver Cromwell. In 1649 he was given the parish of Waltham Abbey, Essex, where he became a friend of the other leading biographer of the age, Izaak Walton.
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/Andy-Hardy-Gets-Spring-Fever
Andy Hardy Gets Spring Fever
Andy Hardy Gets Spring Fever Van Dyke was then assigned Andy Hardy Gets Spring Fever (1939), which was not a very prestigious project for a director of his stature. However, his films of the previous year or two had been uneven, and that might have been an attempt to get him back on track. Whatever…
861f59757bd35e185be871262ef7ce6b
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ang
Ang
Ang Ang, in the Khmer language, a person of royal blood, usually translated “prince” or “princess.” For articles on such persons, see the personal name; e.g., for Ang Duong, see Duong.
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/Angel-Face
Angel Face
Angel Face …period included the underrated thriller Angel Face (1953), with Jean Simmons as a murderous psychotic and Robert Mitchum as a chauffeur she pursues. Preminger then acquired the rights to F. Hugh Herbert’s stage success The Moon Is Blue. The 1953 romantic comedy centres on a womanizing architect (William Hol...
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/angel-religion
Angel and demon
Angel and demon Angel and demon, demon also spelled daemon, respectively, any benevolent or malevolent spiritual being that mediates between the transcendent and temporal realms. Throughout the history of religions, varying kinds and degrees of beliefs have existed in various spiritual beings, powers, and principles t...
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/Angelica-fictional-character
Angelica
Angelica Angelica, fictional character who is beloved by Orlando (Roland) in two epic Italian poems, Matteo Maria Boiardo’s Orlando innamorato (1483; Roland in Love) and Ludovico Ariosto’s Orlando furioso (1516; Mad Roland). Angelica, daughter of the king of Cathay, is a beautiful young woman with whom many men, inclu...
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/Angels-and-Demons-novel-by-Brown
Angels & Demons
Angels & Demons In his next novel, Angels & Demons (2000), Brown introduced Robert Langdon, a Harvard professor of symbology. The fast-paced thriller follows Langdon’s attempts to protect the Vatican from the Illuminati, a secret society formed during the Renaissance that opposed the Roman Catholic Church. Although the...
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/Angels-with-Dirty-Faces
Angels with Dirty Faces
Angels with Dirty Faces Angels with Dirty Faces, American gangster film, released in 1938, that is considered a classic of the genre, influencing countless subsequent movies. The story centres on boyhood friends Rocky Sullivan (played by James Cagney) and Jerry Connolly (Pat O’Brien), who take radically different path...
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/Anger-Management
Anger Management
Anger Management Deeds (2002) and Anger Management (2003), Sandler made forays into drama with Punch-Drunk Love (2002) and Spanglish (2004). The latter performances won him critical accolades. He reunited with Barrymore in the romantic farce 50 First Dates (2004). In 2007 he appeared in Reign over Me, a dark comedy… …t...
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/Angiosperm-Phylogeny-Group-III
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III …update in 2009 known as APG III, and into another revision in 2016 known as APG IV. The synopsis of flowering-plant classification presented here follows the APG IV system. It is important to recognize that modifications to the APG IV system continue as new data become available. …euaste...
a50f803a9e5a2797ae463d9f95d1ad31
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Angkasawan
Angkasawan
Angkasawan …enter the Malaysian spaceflight program, Angkasawan. Angkasawan was the product of a Malaysian-Russian agreement in which Malaysia purchased 18 Russian fighter jets and Russia arranged to train and fly a Malaysian cosmonaut on a mission to the International Space Station (ISS).
b25c1dc9a8018ba174f7d688c4223f97
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Anglican-religious-community
Anglican religious community
Anglican religious community Anglican religious community, any of various religious communities for men and for women that first began developing within the Anglican Communion in the 19th century. Although monastic communities were numerous in the pre-Reformation English Church, they were suppressed in the 16th centur...
2034af2a94ca0dc0c4efb686e89194d8
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Anglo-American-Chain-of-Command-in-Western-Europe-June-1944-1673115
Anglo-American Chain of Command in Western Europe, June 1944
Anglo-American Chain of Command in Western Europe, June 1944 When U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill met at the Arcadia Conference (December 1941–January 1942), they began a period of wartime cooperation that, for all the very serious differences that divided the two count...
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/Anglo-Saxon
Anglo-Saxon
Anglo-Saxon Anglo-Saxon, term used historically to describe any member of the Germanic peoples who, from the 5th century ce to the time of the Norman Conquest (1066), inhabited and ruled territories that are today part of England and Wales. According to St. Bede the Venerable, the Anglo-Saxons were the descendants of ...
12286215b0eafcb943cf50cc58bb8699
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Angry-Young-Men
Angry Young Men
Angry Young Men Angry Young Men, various British novelists and playwrights who emerged in the 1950s and expressed scorn and disaffection with the established sociopolitical order of their country. Their impatience and resentment were especially aroused by what they perceived as the hypocrisy and mediocrity of the uppe...
146efc0f4fea614eb788628def1c20bb
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Animal-Dreams
Animal Dreams
Animal Dreams In Animal Dreams (1990) a disconnected woman finds purpose and moral challenges when she returns to live in her small Arizona hometown. Pigs in Heaven (1993), a sequel to her first novel, deals with the protagonist’s attempts to defend her adoption of her Native American daughter.…
6dd82a8b538f05fda5ee8569b48e00c3
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Animal-Enterprise-Protection-Act
Animal Enterprise Protection Act
Animal Enterprise Protection Act …passage in 1992 of the Animal Enterprise Protection Act (AEPA). The act defined a new legal category of “animal enterprise terrorism” as the intentional “physical disruption” of an animal enterprise (e.g., a factory farm, a slaughterhouse, an animal experimentation laboratory, or a rod...
28ebda6178e3bad7bc7b7ae2b9969d3d
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Animal-Enterprise-Terrorism-Act
Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act
Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act In 2005 the Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act (AETA) expanded the definition of animal enterprise terrorism to include “interfering with” the operations of an animal enterprise, extended protection to third-party enterprises having a relationship to or transactions with an animal enterpris...
5f538ca7649b7ea7ffa4706d4c1776f0
https://www.britannica.com/topic/animal-social-behaviour
Animal social behaviour
Animal social behaviour Animal social behaviour, the suite of interactions that occur between two or more individual animals, usually of the same species, when they form simple aggregations, cooperate in sexual or parental behaviour, engage in disputes over territory and access to mates, or simply communicate across s...
a53b7f0d69daaceaa060f24f5c8afdac
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Anna-Karenina-fictional-character
Anna Karenina
Anna Karenina Anna Karenina, fictional character, the tragic heroine of Anna Karenina (1875–77) by Leo Tolstoy. The character has been notably portrayed by Greta Garbo (1935; she also starred in a 1927 adaptation, Love) and by Vivien Leigh (1948).
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/Anna-Karenina-novel
Anna Karenina
Anna Karenina Anna Karenina, novel by Leo Tolstoy, published in installments between 1875 and 1877 and considered one of the pinnacles of world literature. The narrative centres on the adulterous affair between Anna, wife of Aleksey Karenin, and Count Vronsky, a young bachelor. Karenin’s discovery of the liaison arous...
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/Anna-Livia-Plurabelle
Anna Livia Plurabelle
Anna Livia Plurabelle Anna Livia Plurabelle, fictional character in James Joyce’s novel Finnegans Wake (1939) who symbolizes the eternal and universal female.
3d6bad285245024139bed3fc7e73ea1a
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Annie-John
Annie John
Annie John Annie John (1984) and Lucy (1990) were novels but were autobiographical in nature, as were most of Kincaid’s subsequent works, with an emphasis on mother-daughter relationships. A Small Place (1988), a three-part essay, continued her depiction of Antigua and her rage at its despoliation. Kincaid’s…
53ae5c291c3b352a297da970ab58a306
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Annou-Prince-and-Peasant
Annou: Prince and Peasant
Annou: Prince and Peasant …of the first Hebrew novel, Ahavat Ziyyon (1853; Annou: Prince and Peasant), an idyllic historical romance set in the days of the prophet Isaiah. Couched in florid biblical language, it artfully depicts pastoral life in ancient Israel; the book attained immediate popularity and was later trans...
2fc721517b1e752155ef125fdfbc6dba
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Anomoean
Anomoean
Anomoean Anomoean, (from Greek anomoios, “unlike”), any member of a religious group of the 4th century that represented an extreme form of Arianism (q.v.), a Christian heresy that held that the essential difference between God and Christ was that God had always existed, while Christ was created by God. Aëtius, the fo...
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/anonymity
Anonymity
Anonymity First, anonymity prevents people from being isolated or identified, which leads to a feeling of being untouchable and to a loss of a sense of personal responsibility. Le Bon further argued that such loss of control leads to contagion, in which a lack of responsibility spreads…
7fb9a8c6bafcaaf7f92b2b320b3c8a27
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Anonymous-film-by-Emmerich
Anonymous
Anonymous In Anonymous (2011), which advanced the theory that the plays attributed to Shakespeare were written by Edward de Vere, 17th earl of Oxford, Redgrave portrayed Elizabeth I. She then appeared as the strong-willed Volumnia in a 2011 film adaptation of Shakespeare’s Coriolanus and played a cancer…
8cf14f3e42368f908381d37689322137
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Another-America-Otra-America
Another America (Otra America)
Another America (Otra America) Another America (Otra America) (1991), a poetry collection in English, with a Spanish translation, primarily concerns the struggles of impoverished women against sexual and political abuse, war, and death.
cac97e22951487d54384de6ae9242126
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Another-Country-motion-picture-1984
Another Country
Another Country …Guy Burgess in the play Another Country. In 1984 Firth starred in the film adaptation, though he was cast in a different role. Over the next decade Firth worked steadily, appearing in numerous stage, movie, and television productions. In 1988 he received critical praise for the TV film Tumbledown, in…
9e9b513cc9f6fa544c7875f291742756
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Another-Day-on-Earth
Another Day on Earth
Another Day on Earth …vocal album of his own, Another Day on Earth (2005). He returned to the producer’s chair for Paul Simon’s critically lauded Surprise (2006) and Coldplay’s multi-platinum Viva la Vida (2008).
5bf57b272b06ecd57f9ff7d25a0bd56e
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Another-Part-of-the-Forest-film-by-Gordon
Another Part of the Forest
Another Part of the Forest …was handed the prestige project Another Part of the Forest (1948), playwright Lillian Hellman’s prequel to The Little Foxes (1941), with the impressive cast of O’Brien, Fredric March, and Dan Duryea.
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/Another-Place
Another Place
Another Place For Another Place (1997; at Crosby in Merseyside, England), for example, Gormley placed 100 cast-iron figures facing out to sea over a 2-mile (3.2-kilometre) stretch of beach. For 6 Times (2010; in Edinburgh), he placed six figures along the Water of Leith, four of them partly…
3e8f1056698247051dd5e2c2287f603e
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Another-Thin-Man
Another Thin Man
Another Thin Man Another Thin Man (1939) was a more-expected project, and Van Dyke spun another enjoyable confection; that installment included Nick and Nora Charles’s new baby.
64b29e110610854cf44b700689a9af0c
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Antagonia
Antagonía
Antagonía …most significant accomplishment, his tetralogy Antagonía, comprises Recuento (1973; “Recounting”), Los verdes de mayo hasta el mar (1976; “May’s Greenery as Far as the Sea”), La cólera de Aquiles (1979; “The Rage of Achilles”), and Teoría del conocimiento (1981; “Theory of Knowledge”), which reveal him as a ...
8d0db05f5174dc16c5a129c239cdad74
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Antarctic-Treaty-System
Antarctic Treaty System
Antarctic Treaty System …agreements are collectively called the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS). The granting of consultative status within the Antarctic Treaty, permitting full participation in its operation with that of the original 12 contracting states, depends on long-term scientific commitment. It began in 1977 wit...
8d635d755f150da51f6a4fe4d89d09e8
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Anthesteria
Anthesteria
Anthesteria Anthesteria, one of the several Athenian festivals in honour of Dionysus, the wine god, held annually for three days in the month of Anthesterion (February–March) to celebrate the beginning of spring and the maturing of the wine stored at the previous vintage. On the first day (Pithoigia, or “Jar Opening”)...
a14ffcb96984273950f0f640f6cf5c27
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Anthony-Adverse-fictional-character
Anthony Adverse
Anthony Adverse Anthony Adverse, fictional character, hero of the historical novel Anthony Adverse (1933) by Hervey Allen. Adverse is an illegitimate but well-born child and the heir to his wealthy grandfather, under whom he apprentices.
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/Anthony-Blanche
Anthony Blanche
Anthony Blanche Anthony Blanche, fictional character in the novel Brideshead Revisited (1945) by Evelyn Waugh. Blanche, a homosexual friend of Sebastian Marchmain, is an intellectual and an aesthete whose astute critical faculties fascinate and impress his Oxford classmates.
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/Antichrist
Antichrist
Antichrist Antichrist, the polar opposite and ultimate enemy of Christ. According to Christian tradition, he will reign terribly in the period prior to the Last Judgment. The Antichrist first appeared in the epistles of St. John (I John 2:18, 22; I John 4:3; II John 1:7), and the fully developed story of Antichrist’s ...
2d08db42e348f090b9149fd0acccd615
https://www.britannica.com/topic/antipasto
Antipasto
Antipasto Antipasto, in Italian cuisine, a first course or appetizer. In the home, cured or smoked meats and sausages, olives, salted anchovies, sardines, fresh or pickled vegetables, shellfish, peppers, and cheeses are favoured, while restaurant presentations add to these elaborate prepared dishes such as seafood sal...
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/Anuket
Anuket
Anuket Anuket, Greek Anukis, in Egyptian religion, the patron deity of the Nile River. Anuket is normally depicted as a beautiful woman wearing a crown of reeds and ostrich feathers and accompanied by a gazelle. She was originally a Nubian deity. Anuket belonged to a triad of deities worshipped at the great temple at ...
b3e1adadac29071f5af4f13ad829d14e
https://www.britannica.com/topic/apathy
Apathy
Apathy Apathy, in Stoic philosophy, condition of being totally free from the pathē, which roughly are the emotions and passions, notably pain, fear, desire, and pleasure. Although remote origins of the doctrine can probably be found in the Cynics (second half of the 4th century bc), it was Zeno of Citium (4th–3rd cent...
587f08e46362026a1f2fe00f2b7961da
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Aphrodite-Greek-mythology
Aphrodite
Aphrodite Aphrodite, ancient Greek goddess of sexual love and beauty, identified with Venus by the Romans. The Greek word aphros means “foam,” and Hesiod relates in his Theogony that Aphrodite was born from the white foam produced by the severed genitals of Uranus (Heaven), after his son Cronus threw them into the sea...
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/Apollo-11
Apollo 11
Apollo 11 Apollo 11, U.S. spaceflight during which commander Neil Armstrong and lunar module pilot Edwin (“Buzz”) Aldrin, Jr., on July 20, 1969, became the first people to land on the Moon and walk the lunar surface. Apollo 11 was the culmination of the Apollo program and a massive national commitment by the United St...
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/Apollo-15
Apollo 15
Apollo 15 …Worden were launched on the Apollo 15 flight. After a 31/2-day trip Scott and Irwin landed on the Moon, at the base of the Apennine Mountains near a gorge called Hadley Rille. Using the Lunar Roving Vehicle, they covered about 28 km (18 miles) on three separate treks and spent…
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/Apollo-7
Apollo 7
Apollo 7 …and civilian participant in the Apollo 7 mission (October 11–22, 1968), in which the first crewed flight of Apollo Command and Service modules was made.
c6fb27e1533342d7f4fe1ba275238196
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Apollo-and-Daphne
Apollo and Daphne
Apollo and Daphne …to the hallucinatory vision of Apollo and Daphne (1622–24), which was intended to be viewed from one spot as if it were a relief. In his David (1623–24), Bernini depicts the figure casting a stone at an unseen adversary. Several portrait busts that Bernini executed during this period, including that…...
bbf8606ba426d967a3caf854e835fc02
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Apollo-Theater
Apollo Theater
Apollo Theater Apollo Theater, theatre established in 1913 at 253 West 125th Street in the Harlem district of New York City. It has been a significant venue for African American popular music. The Apollo was the central theatre on Harlem’s main commercial street, and its position reflects its central role in Harlem’s ...
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/Appalachian-Spring
Appalachian Spring
Appalachian Spring Appalachian Spring, ballet by Aaron Copland, first performed in Washington, D.C., on October 30, 1944. The ballet, which won the Pulitzer Prize for music in 1945, contains some of the composer’s most familiar music, particularly his set of variations on the Shaker hymn “Simple Gifts.” Appalachian Sp...
94369601d4df0ddcf19c4758ede4de86
https://www.britannica.com/topic/appetizer
Appetizer
Appetizer Appetizer, food eaten to pique the appetite or to moderate the hunger stimulated by drink. Cocktails, especially apéritifs, the characteristic “dryness” of which allegedly stimulates the appetite, are customarily served with appetizers. Hors d’oeuvres, small portions of savoury foods, often highly seasoned,...
41703eabc798da4d968b61fc7d18f18a
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Apple-Inc
Apple Inc.
Apple Inc. Apple Inc., formerly Apple Computer, Inc., American manufacturer of personal computers, smartphones, tablet computers, computer peripherals, and computer software. It was the first successful personal computer company and the popularizer of the graphical user interface. Headquarters are located in Cupertino...
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/April-Fools-Day
April Fools' Day
April Fools' Day April Fools’ Day, also called All Fools’ Day, in most countries the first day of April. It received its name from the custom of playing practical jokes on this day—for example, telling friends that their shoelaces are untied or sending them on so-called fools’ errands. Although the day has been observ...
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/apsara
Apsara
Apsara Apsara, in Indian religion and mythology, one of the celestial singers and dancers who, together with the gandharvas, or celestial musicians, inhabit the heaven of the god Indra, the lord of the heavens. Originally water nymphs, the apsaras provide sensual pleasure for both gods and men. They have been beautifu...
673bbad2b15c1dcd7470916e55955697
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arab-Legion
Arab Legion
Arab Legion Arab Legion, Arabic al-Jaysh al-ʿArabī, police force raised in 1923 by British Lieut. Col. Frederick Gerard Peake (who had served with T.E. Lawrence’s Arab forces in World War I), in what was then the British protectorate of Transjordan, to keep order among Transjordanian tribes and to safeguard Transjorda...
3cc223ed4c6734a34b636fea3f7627e0
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arabian-religion
Arabian religion
Arabian religion Arabian religion, beliefs of Arabia comprising the polytheistic beliefs and practices that existed before the rise of Islam in the 7th century ce. Arabia is here understood in the broad sense of the term to include the confines of the Syrian desert. The religion of Palmyra, which belongs to the Aramai...
51c84494a2a788ead48cb76adfbd3dfe
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Aramis-fictional-character
Aramis
Aramis Aramis, fictional character, one of the swashbuckling heroes of The Three Musketeers by Alexandre Dumas père. With the other two musketeers, Athos and Porthos, Aramis fights against various enemies, notably Cardinal Richelieu, during the reigns of the French kings Louis XIII and Louis XIV.
edab7c57a655a20b8a33c3c0cf720060
https://www.britannica.com/topic/arbitrage
Arbitrage
Arbitrage Arbitrage, business operation involving the purchase of foreign exchange, gold, financial securities, or commodities in one market and their almost simultaneous sale in another market, in order to profit from price differentials existing between the markets. Opportunities for arbitrage may keep recurring be...
4e94a3e1771e5bd166dfe0ac0c447444
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arbor-Day
Arbor Day
Arbor Day Arbor Day, holiday observed in many countries by planting trees. It was first proposed in the 19th century by J. Sterling Morton, an American journalist and politician, who famously wrote, “Other holidays repose upon the past; Arbor Day proposes for the future.” Arbor Day is observed in the United States on ...
2fd51329d24924fad1f58789c7690d16
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Archduke-Trio
Archduke Trio
Archduke Trio Archduke Trio, byname of Piano Trio No. 7 in B-flat Major, Op. 97, German Erzherzog-Trio or Erzherzogtrio, trio for piano, violin, and cello by Ludwig van Beethoven, which premiered on April 11, 1814, in Vienna. The premiere of the Archduke Trio was one of Beethoven’s final concert performances as a pian...
1ea5e5584220e96ff77becca253977dd
https://www.britannica.com/topic/architecture/Architectural-planning
Architectural planning
Architectural planning The architect usually begins to work when the site and the type and cost of a building have been determined. The site involves the varying behaviour of the natural environment that must be adjusted to the unvarying physical needs of human beings; the type is the generalized form established by so...
3adf98a2c55cdf9dc5108c21c4b904df
https://www.britannica.com/topic/architecture/Methods
Methods
Methods The two types of wall are load bearing, which supports the weight of floors and roofs, and nonbearing, which at most supports its own weight. The load-bearing wall of masonry is thickened in proportion to the forces it has to resist: its own load, the load of floors, roofs, persons, etc., and the lateral forces...
0188c1435fcebd97ffde5c466a95282d
https://www.britannica.com/topic/architecture/Texture
Texture
Texture Texture plays a dual role in architecture: it expresses something of the quality of materials, and it gives a particular quality to light. Although one absorbs both qualities simultaneously by eye, the first has tactile, the second visual associations. Specific tactile textures are peculiar to every material by...
ac48d9158d48adbfa2a0c016fbbc5775
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ardh-satya
Ardh satya
Ardh satya …of others in the film Ardh satya (1983). His other notable films include the comedy Jaane bhi do yaaro (1983), the thriller Mirch masala (1987), the crime drama Maqbool (2003), and the caper comedy Singh Is Kinng (2008).
c96417e3c8fde28e3fafea850635839d
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ardhanarishvara
Ardhanarishvara
Ardhanarishvara Ardhanarishvara, (Sanskrit: “Lord Who Is Half Woman”) composite male-female figure of the Hindu god Shiva together with his consort Parvati. As seen in many Indian and Southeast Asian sculptures, the right (male) half of the figure is adorned with the traditional ornaments of Shiva. Half of the hair is...
a2fb8269df87e97ca4ae660de9fe47e6
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ardi
Ardi
Ardi Ardi, nickname for a partial female hominid skeleton recovered at Aramis, in Ethiopia’s Afar rift valley. Ardi was excavated between 1994 and 1997 and has been isotopically dated at 4.4 million years old. She is one of more than 100 specimens from the site that belong to Ardipithecus ramidus, a species considered...
0593bde32c01cd6b038752e32624de79
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Are-These-Our-Children
Are These Our Children?
Are These Our Children? …then made the socially conscious Are These Our Children? (1931), a cautionary tale of a youth (played by Eric Linden) who turns to a life of crime and ends up sentenced to death. His films from 1932 include No Man of Her Own, a solid romance with Clark Gable and…
ae86317b2ad1b757ff5ecc7c1515078e
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Are-You-Smarter-Than-a-5th-Grader
Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?
Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader? …they competed against one another; Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader? (2007–19), a game show hosted by comedian Jeff Foxworthy where the contestant had to correctly answer questions typical of elementary-school quizzes; and Sarah Palin’s Alaska (2010–11), which chronicled the outdoor...
3bead76990942a3d800ed04214d5a86e
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Are-You-There-God-Its-Me-Margaret
Are You There God? It’s Me, Margaret
Are You There God? It’s Me, Margaret …literature with the publication of Are You There God? It’s Me, Margaret, a preteen novel told from the perspective of Margaret Simon, an 11-year-old girl whose family has moved to a new town. Margaret, who has a Christian mother and a Jewish father, struggles to understand her deve...
ed843ca157536f9435575de394d2fcf7
https://www.britannica.com/topic/area-studies
Area studies
Area studies Area studies, multidisciplinary social research focusing on specific geographic regions or culturally defined areas. The largest scholarly communities in this respect focus on what are loosely defined as Asian, African, Latin American, or Middle Eastern studies, together with a variety of subfields (South...
668cd2b44fde89179369365117c3a09e
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Argo-by-Theotokis
Argo
Argo …trenches in World War I; Argo (2 vol., 1933 and 1936) by Yórgos Theotokás, about a group of students attempting to find their way through life in the turbulent 1920s; and Eroica (1937) by Kosmás Polítis, about the first encounter of a group of well-to-do schoolboys with love and death.
394f1d1ea99cae093a801a4163cccce5
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Argobba-language
Argobba language
Argobba language …northern Ethiopia and central Eritrea; Argobba; Hareri; and Gurage. Although some scholars once considered the so-called Ethiopic languages to be a branch within Semitic, these languages are now referred to as Ethio-Semitic. They are generally grouped together with the dialects of the South Arabic lan...
b73f4ffe7cf8a523f78a5920c2aeb28e
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Argonaut-Jr
Argonaut, Jr.
Argonaut, Jr. Lake’s first experimental submarine, the “Argonaut, Jr.,” built in 1894, had a wooden hull and was about 14 feet (4 metres) long. It travelled the sea bottom on wheels turned by hand. The “Argonaut,” built in 1897, was 36 feet (11 metres) long and was powered by a 30-horsepower gasoline…
ccb816d10d5174aae74efe2a9957dce0
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Argonaut-proto-submarine
Argonaut
Argonaut Argonaut, first submarine to navigate extensively in the open sea, built in 1897 by the American engineer and naval architect Simon Lake. Designed to send out divers rather than to sink ships, the Argonaut was fitted with wheels for travel on the bottom of the sea and had an airtight chamber with a hatch tha...
743bfd02fb0d2fd102717205a5ce7270
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Argonautica-by-Valerius-Flaccus
Argonautica
Argonautica …epic poet, author of an Argonautica, an epic which, though indebted to other sources, is written with vivid characterizations and descriptions and style unmarred by the excesses of other Latin poetry of the Silver Age.
24d6cd44aad7745686f6120629f1a0a3
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Argonauts-of-the-Western-Pacific
Argonauts of the Western Pacific
Argonauts of the Western Pacific …lesser extent by Malinowski in Argonauts of the Western Pacific (1922) and Magic, Science and Religion (1925). Radcliffe-Brown posited that the function of magic was to express the social importance of the desired event, while Malinowski regarded magic as directly and essentially conce...
73f7a2e436cf6c1b79c10958ebda5ce3
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Argonne-National-Laboratory
Argonne National Laboratory
Argonne National Laboratory Argonne National Laboratory, the first U.S. national research laboratory, located in Argonne, Illinois, some 40 km (25 miles) southwest of Chicago, and operated by the University of Chicago for the U.S. Department of Energy. It was founded in 1946 to conduct basic nuclear physics research a...