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82ae9a8838fb1938e6d4429487dc470a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/argot | Argot | Argot
…States, is more often called argot. The term dialect refers to language characteristic of a certain geographic area or social class.
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fec1c3b72de7eb0c299d9f5d75d981c7 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arguments-for-Socialism | Arguments for Socialism | Arguments for Socialism
…ideas in a book called Arguments for Socialism (1979). Benn believed that Britain’s consensus-based, Keynesian, managed welfare state economy had collapsed. The “democratic socialism” that he advocated would involve a large measure of public investment, public expenditure, and public ownership ... |
508e81e60c51d819c1264c6e8f7fd267 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/argumentum-ad-ignorantiam | Argumentum ad ignorantiam | Argumentum ad ignorantiam
…respect, ( e) the argument ad ignorantiam (an appeal “to ignorance”), which argues that something (e.g., extrasensory perception) is so since no one has shown that it is not so, and (f) the argument ad baculum (an appeal “to force”), which rests on a threatened or implied use of force…
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94e1a4ed612aba7651ad1b2341726236 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/argumentum-ad-misericordiam | Argumentum ad misericordiam | Argumentum ad misericordiam
…injustice, ( c) the argument ad misericordiam (an appeal “to pity”), as when a trial lawyer, rather than arguing for his client’s innocence, tries to move the jury to sympathy for him, (d) the argument ad verecundiam (an appeal “to awe”), which seeks to secure acceptance of the conclusion o... |
0d19cf831c7ded7c67b81a76f4680389 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/argumentum-ad-populum | Argumentum ad populum | Argumentum ad populum
…false, ( b) the argument ad populum (an appeal “to the people”), which, instead of offering logical reasons, appeals to such popular attitudes as the dislike of injustice, ( c) the argument ad misericordiam (an appeal “to pity”), as when a trial lawyer, rather than arguing for his client’s innoce... |
084b2009792c2ffa1f25ec837e5dbddd | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Argus-Corp | Argus Corp. | Argus Corp.
…1978 Black assumed control of Argus Corp., an investment holding corporation in which his father was a major shareholder. At the time, Argus held controlling interests in several Canadian corporations, including Hollinger Mines, Dominion Stores (a grocery chain), Standard Broadcasting, and Massey Ferguson ... |
885fc47260ccea9000b7a309370cc839 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Argus-ship | Argus | Argus
Argus, the first true aircraft carrier. Construction of the Argus began in 1914, and initially it was an Italian liner; it was purchased in 1916 by the British Royal Navy and converted, work being completed in September 1918. The Argus had an unobstructed flight deck about 560 feet (170.7 metres) long and a hang... |
313138e4452adec3b0cb6aedad894529 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arhanniti | Arhanniti | Arhanniti
…King Kumarapala and wrote the Arhanniti, a work on politics from a Jain perspective. A prodigious writer, he produced Sanskrit and Prakrit grammars, textbooks on science and practically every branch of Indian philosophy, and several poems, including the Trishashtishalakapurusha-charita (“Deeds of the 63 Illu... |
6e25664bc5b1abbef961538de3c44f11 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arhuaco | Arhuaco | Arhuaco
…terracing, by the Antillean Arawak, Arhuaco, Chibcha, Jirajara, Páez, and Timote, all of whom showed evidence of other cultural elaborations as well. In contrast with such highly developed groups, a few cultures in the area were based more on hunting or fishing than on even simple farming; among those were…
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c9a0f01a94b3bd6cbced94d19c6c95eb | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arhus-Convention | Århus Convention | Århus Convention
…Rio Declaration and the 1998 Århus Convention, which committed the 40 European signatory states to increase the environmental information available to the public and to enhance the public’s ability to participate in government decisions that affect the environment. During the 1990s the Internet became... |
20b56c825249a11d505eb19a5106243d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ari | Ari | Ari
…from the influence of the Ari, a Mahāyāna Tantric Buddhist sect that was at that time predominant in central Myanmar. Primarily through his efforts, Theravāda Buddhism became the dominant religion of Myanmar and the inspiration for its culture and civilization. He maintained diplomatic relations with King Vijayabā... |
4e5dfa41f8d646cce92f96ee6010a642 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ari-nohem | Ari nohem | Ari nohem
Leone’s major work was Ari nohem (1840; “The Lion Roars”), in which he attempted to demonstrate, with much erudition, that the Zohar, the major text of Kabbala, is not the work of antiquity that its proponents claimed.
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a64663a26bdf62b39e0b63964e6175bb | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ariadne-and-Bluebeard | Ariadne and Bluebeard | Ariadne and Bluebeard
…scoring; and, in his opera Ariane et Barbe-Bleue (1907), on the play of Maurice Maeterlinck, the atmosphere and musical texture make up for the lack of dramatic impact.
…Dukas’s Ariane et Barbe-Bleue (1907; Ariadne and Bluebeard)—like Pelléas, an almost verbatim setting of a Maeterlinck play.
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540fb7a12f2b3f84dfb47f7f92ee166a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ariadne-auf-Naxos-by-Gerstenberg | Ariadne auf Naxos | Ariadne auf Naxos
…the text of a cantata, Ariadne auf Naxos (1767), that was set to music by Johann Adolph Scheibe and Johann Christian Bach and later adapted for a well-known duodrama by Jiří Antonín Benda.
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f7b44ad271c32516c5249000830b6f4e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ariadne-auf-Naxos-opera-by-Strauss | Ariadne auf Naxos | Ariadne auf Naxos
Their subsequent operas together were Ariadne auf Naxos (1912; Ariadne on Naxos), Die Frau ohne Schatten (1919; The Woman Without a Shadow), and Die ägyptische Helena (1928; The Egyptian Helen). But in 1929 Hofmannsthal died while working on the opera Arabella, leaving Strauss bereft.
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31bd0b8380e8f592c3abd20f2466df92 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ariadne-Greek-mythology | Ariadne | Ariadne
Ariadne, in Greek mythology, daughter of Pasiphae and the Cretan king Minos. She fell in love with the Athenian hero Theseus and, with a thread or glittering jewels, helped him escape the Labyrinth after he slew the Minotaur, a beast half bull and half man that Minos kept in the Labyrinth. Here the legends d... |
0cc96deb5c73a64d9760805ce19dc7d6 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arian-controversy | Arian controversy | Arian controversy
The lingering disagreements about which Christological model was to be considered normative burst into the open in the early 4th century in what became known as the Arian controversy, possibly the most-intense and most-consequential theological dispute in early Christianity. The two protagonists,…
…co... |
f4080f577c12ad7401920a455f8c3e65 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arianespace-Corporation | Arianespace Corporation | Arianespace Corporation
…was Europe, which formed the Arianespace Corporation to market Ariane launches to commercial customers. Arianespace was a mixed public-private corporation with close ties to the French government; the French space agency was a major shareholder.
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939ba4319d866a7e0b48a6418546fa86 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ariel-2 | Ariel 2 | Ariel 2
-British Ariel 2, launched in 1964, which studied long-wavelength radio noise from Earth’s ionosphere and the Milky Way Galaxy. Ariel 2 was followed by two more satellites in the Ariel series and by the U.S. satellites Radio Astronomy Explorers 1 and 2, launched in 1968 and…
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d13557b81403aed6e9b8e6b312e53052 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ariel-astronomy | Ariel | Ariel
Ariel, second nearest of the five major moons of Uranus. It was discovered in 1851 by William Lassell, an English astronomer, and bears the name of characters in Alexander Pope’s poem The Rape of the Lock and William Shakespeare’s play The Tempest.
Ariel revolves around Uranus at a mean distance of 190,900 km (1... |
1f97e1f8535ec60f609db67e7d79aea1 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arien | Arien | Arien
His Arien (1638–50), published in eight volumes, are generally strophic settings for one or more voices and continuo, with texts by his friend Simon Dach, himself, and other contemporary poets. The songs are also important for the study of basso continuo performance practice, for some of…
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bb4f9de605fd412b5566436b17e17bf3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/arika | Arika | Arika
The ariki, or alii, the nobility of Polynesia, have more mana than commoners, and both their land and the insignia associated with them have mana. Besides areas and symbolic elements that are associated with the ariki, many objects and animals having special relationships with chiefs, warriors,…
…a chief or chief... |
642ec77abc2a9876bd3b8dbb385948df | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arild-Asnes-1970 | Arild Asnes, 1970 | Arild Asnes, 1970
…political turn with the novel Arild Asnes, 1970 (1971), which traced the development of a young man to the point at which he perceived that political revolution was necessary and must be brought about by conflict. In 25 September Plassen (1974; “September 25th Square”) he showed the growing political... |
9e3476e2be381d8e31e37ef06abddb34 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/arimanni | Arimanni | Arimanni
…people in arms—the exercitales, or arimanni, who formed the basis of the Lombard army. This concept did not leave much room for Romans, who indeed largely disappear from the evidence, even when documents increase again in the 8th century; it is likely that any Romans who wished to remain politically…
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ac26a994977aec1b198522a7e7a5e171 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arin-language | Arin language | Arin language
…also called Assan or Asan), Arin, and Pumpokol, now extinct members of this group, were spoken chiefly to the south of the present-day locus of Ket and Yug.
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394ace0781bee6f2ec0d2fe5a7932af0 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Aristotelianism/Aristotelianism-from-the-19th-century | Aristotelianism from the 19th century | Aristotelianism from the 19th century
The anti-Aristotelian movement was countered mainly by historical and philological scholarship. As Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg, a German philosopher, saw it, Aristotle’s personality and works must be known as exactly as possible because he provides the indispensable historical ba... |
89e1d07417d3c32a61e73a1700e91948 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Aristotelianism/The-later-Latin-tradition | The later Latin tradition | The later Latin tradition
Before 1115 only the very short Categories and De Interpretatione (On Interpretation) were known in Latin, and these two works circulated, from about 800, in a version by Boethius. By 1278 practically the whole of the Aristotelian corpus existed in translations from the Greek, and much of it h... |
23609b1961a816e09f0de2d2e212cc33 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Aristotle-Contemplating-the-Bust-of-Homer | Aristotle Contemplating the Bust of Homer | Aristotle Contemplating the Bust of Homer
…three years later, when Rembrandt’s Aristotle Contemplating the Bust of Homer was purchased by New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art for \$2.3 million.
…of these paintings, the famous Aristotle with a Bust of Homer, without knowing its subject, it must surely have been mainly ... |
c7a14fd71d76ccd22b38d025be91e59c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/arithmomancy | Arithmomancy | Arithmomancy
Arithmomancy, also called arithmancy, from the Greek arithmos (“number”) and manteia (“divination”), was practiced by the ancient Greeks, Chaldeans, and Hebrews; its successor is numerology. In these forms of number mysticism the letters of an alphabet are assigned numbers by some rule, typically A…
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86372df17c10ade76b4b7a928e7c889e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/ariyah | ʿārīyah | ʿārīyah
ʿārīyah, (Arabic: “gratuitous loan”), in Islāmic law, the gratuitous loan of some object—e.g., a utensil, a tool, or a work animal—to another person for a specific period of time, after which the object is returned to the lender. The recipient is required under law to restore the object after use. ʿĀrīyah neve... |
e408bbca2d20232ffc647624d5ed0637 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arizona-Cardinals | Arizona Cardinals | Arizona Cardinals
Arizona Cardinals, American professional gridiron football team based in Phoenix. The Cardinals are the oldest team in the National Football League (NFL), but they are also one of the least successful franchises in league history, having won just two NFL championships (1925 and 1947) since the team’s... |
87683f4f8cbe9f3f101dc6a692f7bdbf | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arizona-State-University | Arizona State University | Arizona State University
Arizona State University, public, coeducational institution of higher learning with its main campus in Tempe, Arizona, U.S. The university offers bachelor’s, master’s, and doctorate degrees in areas including agriculture, engineering, business, education, and the arts and sciences. It also inc... |
23725b4689db329a36a9331389c3e734 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arkansas-River-Navigation-System | Arkansas River Navigation System | Arkansas River Navigation System
Arkansas River Navigation System, official name Mcclellan-Kerr Arkansas River Navigation Systems, improved portion of the Verdigris and Arkansas rivers, extending southeastward for 439 mi (767 km) from Catoosa (near Tulsa) in northeastern Oklahoma, U.S., through Arkansas to the Mississ... |
a46365f0cbcb09118f0c9381c37bb93b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Armada-Spanish-naval-fleet | Spanish Armada | Spanish Armada
Spanish Armada, also called Armada or Invincible Armada, Spanish Armada Española or Armada Invencible, the great fleet sent by King Philip II of Spain in 1588 to invade England in conjunction with a Spanish army from Flanders. England’s attempts to repel this fleet involved the first naval battles to be... |
083e7ba104a508c2b88446fbe7060753 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/armature-modeling | Armature | Armature
Armature, in sculpture, a skeleton or framework used by an artist to support a figure being modeled in soft plastic material. An armature can be made from any material that is damp-resistant and rigid enough to hold such plastic materials as moist clay and plaster, which are applied to and shaped around it. ... |
0349ef34d966f54fe68f3ca104ef2bcb | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Armed-Forces-Day-Egyptian-holiday | Armed Forces Day | Armed Forces Day
Armed Forces Day, public holiday observed in Egypt on October 6, celebrating the day in 1973 when combined Egyptian and Syrian military forces launched a surprise attack on Israel and crossed into the Sinai Peninsula, which marked the beginning of the October (Yom Kippur) War.
Egyptian Pres. Anwar Sad... |
73e463b3affe97e54c985cd629bab4cc | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Armed-Forces-Revolutionary-Council | Armed Forces Revolutionary Council | Armed Forces Revolutionary Council
…for the coup, formed the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC), which included members of the RUF, to rule the country; President Kabbah was sent into exile. The AFRC met with increasing resistance on all fronts: domestically, its troops were engaged in battle with militia forces... |
55dfd0b58d68637d5664a79644bea6b3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Armenian-language | Armenian language | Armenian language
Armenian language, Armenian Hayeren, also spelled Haieren, language that forms a separate branch of the Indo-European language family; it was once erroneously considered a dialect of Iranian. In the early 21st century the Armenian language is spoken by some 6.7 million individuals. The majority (abou... |
902cb217f0644deaa2ee1afc03dff213 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Armenian-language/Morphology-and-syntax | Morphology and syntax | Morphology and syntax
Old Armenian had preserved to some degree the general morphological character of older Indo-European languages based on the inflexion of nouns and verbs. It was close typologically to Greek, though the shapes of words were very, even surprisingly, different. The nominal and pronominal declension h... |
3ac64cb62818f5fb8538f0472f7883c4 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Armenian-Secret-Army-for-the-Liberation-of-Armenia | Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia | Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia
Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA), terrorist group formed in 1975 to force Turkey to admit its guilt for the Armenian Genocide of 1915–16. At its founding, the group’s stated goals were to force the Turkish government to acknowledge the genoci... |
7f7013d75ea90b8f0e13260b9c63ab14 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Armida | Armida | Armida
Armida, a grand opera requiring a trio of tenors and a dramatic soprano (Colbran), appeared in 1817. Rossini was now finding interpreters that suited his music. Colbran, the tenor Manuel del Popolo García, the bass Filippo Galli (“the most beautiful voice in Italy”), and the…
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b503ecd32b77becead923aa68cd664ed | https://www.britannica.com/topic/armorial-ensign | Armorial ensign | Armorial ensign
Armorial ensign, heraldic symbol carried on a flag or shield. The term is much misunderstood because of the popular use of ensign as a generic term for flag. A grant of arms or a matriculation (registration of armorial bearings) may in its text use the term ensigns armorial to mean the heraldic design ... |
1099686b9bba1ba4275079edae38739a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/armour-protective-clothing/Modern-armour | Modern armour | Modern armour
Modern warfare subjects soldiers to a variety of lethal projectiles. Bullets fired from rifles, pistols, and machine guns can penetrate flesh and often create terrible wounds by “tumbling” when they hit a hard substance such as bone. Shell fragments—jagged pieces of metal formed by the explosion of a gren... |
bab6e45fc742d96cc8f45483a92c9e12 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Armoured-Train-14-69 | Armoured Train 14–69 | Armoured Train 14–69
In 1927 he reworked Armoured Train 14–69— which had been severely criticized for neglecting the role of the Communist Party in the partisan movement—into a play, correcting this flaw. The drama enjoyed immediate success and has become one of the classics of the Soviet repertory. In his works compos... |
bc686040d67cc37c8234edb6723d8af9 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Armoury-Museum | Armoury Museum | Armoury Museum
Armoury Museum, Russian Oruzheinaya Palata, in Moscow, oldest museum in Russia. It is housed in a building between the Great Kremlin Palace and the Kremlin wall, was designed by Konstantin A. Thon, and was built between 1844 and 1851. The museum was originally founded to house the treasures accumulated ... |
4ab4a302d9c9e92924dd2de420103a31 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Armstrong-Flight-Research-Center | Armstrong Flight Research Center | Armstrong Flight Research Center
…of positions, mainly at the Dryden Flight Research Center in Edwards, California, until his retirement in 2008.
…then became director of the Dryden Flight Research Center at Edwards Air Force Base. He left the space program in 1977 to enter private business in Los Angeles. In 2004 he w... |
a8bdb05c49ecd32a0a1e21273d44b42d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Army-of-Tennessee | Army of Tennessee | Army of Tennessee
Army of Tennessee, primary Confederate army of the Western Theatre during the American Civil War (1861–65). Although the army fought in numerous engagements, it won few victories. In addition to facing some of the Union’s most capable generals, the army was plagued by problems of command, supply, and... |
0353363e2fee9d92d515d8b0adce50cd | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Army-of-the-Andes | Army of the Andes | Army of the Andes
Army of the Andes, military force of 3,500 soldiers organized by the South American independence leader José de San Martín. In 1817 San Martín led the soldiers from Argentina across the Andes Mountains to liberate Chile from Spanish colonial rule. San Martín’s challenge was to coordinate the difficul... |
04442633473f8ca80edf36dbec699bf2 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Around-the-World-in-Eighty-Days-by-Verne | Around the World in Eighty Days | Around the World in Eighty Days
Around the World in Eighty Days, French Le Tour du monde en quatre-vingts jours, travel adventure novel by French author Jules Verne, published serially in 1872 in Le Temps and in book form in 1873. The work tells the story of the unflappable Phileas Fogg’s trip around the world, accomp... |
b0c5e41886e3caa28507c49687570915 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arrighi | Arrighi | Arrighi
Italics included Arrighi, a version of the letter used by the 16th-century papal writing master and printer (see above). Among the modern faces whose design Morison supervised were Eric Gill’s Sans Serif, which enjoyed a wide vogue in advertising and avant-garde book typography; Gill’s Perpetua, based upon…
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3186d9a54821fcdbb29a48c6ae143738 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arringatore | Arringatore | Arringatore
…orator popularly called the “Arringatore” at Florence and a terra-cotta married pair on the lid of a cinerary chest (for ashes of the dead) in the Museo Etrusco Guarnacci, at Volterra, is earlier than c. 100 bce; works of that type may be reckoned as provincial interpretations of the…
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090bf14366e8ed0df4d33b6554fc37e7 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/arrondissement | Arrondissement | Arrondissement
It comprises 20 arrondissements (municipal districts), each of which has its own mayor, town hall, and particular features. The numbering begins in the heart of Paris and continues in the spiraling shape of a snail shell, ending to the far east. Parisians refer to the arrondissements by number…
…subdivis... |
39ebba12a0848e7c5e992296c0676cd5 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arrow-British-ship | Arrow | Arrow
…officials boarded the British-registered ship Arrow while it was docked in Canton, arrested several Chinese crew members (who were later released), and allegedly lowered the British flag. Later that month a British warship sailed up the Pearl River estuary and began bombarding Canton, and there were skirmishes b... |
95a91f4c783bc3128c7e25f83dfff9f3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arrow-of-God | Arrow of God | Arrow of God
In Arrow of God (1964), set in the 1920s in a village under British administration, the principal character, the chief priest of the village, whose son becomes a zealous Christian, turns his resentment at the position he is placed in by the white man against his…
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2e60c722ee1652692f272d564355e8b1 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arrowsmith-novel-by-Lewis | Arrowsmith | Arrowsmith
Arrowsmith, novel by Sinclair Lewis, published in 1925. The author declined to accept a Pulitzer Prize for the work because he had not been awarded the prize for his Main Street in 1921.
The narrative concerns the personal and professional travails of Martin Arrowsmith, a Midwestern physician. Disheartened ... |
34952267706a05f6c5ee9f096bfd4441 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ars-amatoria | Ars amatoria | Ars amatoria
Ars amatoria, (Latin: “Art of Love”) poem by Ovid, published about 1 bce. Ars amatoria comprises three books of mock-didactic elegiacs on the art of seduction and intrigue. One of the author’s best-known works, it contributed to his downfall in 8 ce on allegations of immorality. The work, which presents a... |
8cc84a634ffffb31e0c6bd4c7c4d43d4 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ars-cantus-mensurabilis | Ars cantus mensurabilis | Ars cantus mensurabilis
…mid-13th century), a theorist, whose Ars cantus mensurabilis (“The Art of Measured Song”) served to organize and codify the newly formed mensural system (a more precise system of rhythmic notation, the direct ancestor of modern notation); and Pierre de la Croix (flourished last half of 13th cen... |
f968fff47ec5f47a5d0086846354756c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ars-Conjectandi | Ars Conjectandi | Ars Conjectandi
Jakob Bernoulli’s pioneering work Ars Conjectandi (published posthumously, 1713; “The Art of Conjecturing”) contained many of his finest concepts: his theory of permutations and combinations; the so-called Bernoulli numbers, by which he derived the exponential series; his treatment of mathematical and m... |
030fd8d7cb4789468513da8e3d12a14d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ars-maior | Ars maior | Ars maior
…and a small school grammar, Ars maior and Ars minor. The latter was written for young students and gives, by question and answer, elementary instruction in the eight parts of speech. It remained in use throughout the European Middle Ages, and its author’s name in the forms donat and donet…
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72ed88dc5e0c27b90f7f763f7a175035 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ars-Nova-by-Vitry | Ars Nova | Ars Nova
…and authoritative treatise of music Ars nova (c. 1320; “New Art”), which dealt with the theoretical aspects of French music in the first half of the 14th century. It included an explanation of new theories of mensural notation, a detailed account of the various uses and meanings of the coloured…
When the infl... |
6266bccf6717deaac818de367a1f0fba | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ars-novae-musicae | Ars novae musicae | Ars novae musicae
In his treatise Ars novae musicae (1319; “The Art of the New Music”) he enthusiastically supported the great changes in musical style and notation occurring in the 14th century and associated with the composer and theorist Philippe de Vitry, whose book, Ars Nova (1320; “The New Art”), gave…
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9b9e9d0bc6e3a7e62ea2008554e30125 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arsenal-film-by-Dovzhenko | Arsenal | Arsenal
…different stages of Ukrainian history; Arsenal (1929), an epic film poem about the effects of revolution and civil war upon the Ukraine; and Zemlya (Earth, 1930), which is considered to be his masterpiece. Earth tells the story of the conflict between a family of wealthy landowning peasants (kulaks) and the…
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f1d70a3dc55e8f3aa8ff8b4ab1385a0b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arsene-Lupin | Arsène Lupin | Arsène Lupin
Arsène Lupin, fictional character in stories and novels by Maurice Leblanc. The debonair Lupin is a reformed thief, a criminal genius who has turned detective. The police are not convinced of his change of heart and often suspect him when a daring robbery occurs.
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3ed5a446dd94777f0de3e8884220c683 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/arson | Arson | Arson
Arson, crime commonly defined by statute as the willful or malicious damage or destruction of property by means of fire or explosion. In English common law, arson referred to the burning of another person’s dwellings under circumstances that endangered human life. Modern statutes have expanded this definition so... |
9d811e34a7a5431a4967d7b1b5023a57 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Art-Institute-of-Chicago | Art Institute of Chicago | Art Institute of Chicago
Art Institute of Chicago, museum in Chicago, Illinois, U.S., featuring European, American, and Asian sculpture, paintings, prints and drawings, decorative arts, photography, textiles, and arms and armour, as well as African, pre-Columbian American, and ancient art. The museum contains more th... |
cc4f8191249569fed0fe4a3e6bacced3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Art-Museums-and-Their-Digital-Future-2119647 | Art Museums and Their Digital Future | Art Museums and Their Digital Future
With the dramatic growth of museums around the world—over 2,000 built in China alone since the advent of the 21st century and new ones springing up on a regular basis throughout Europe and North America, the Middle East, and Latin America—this is a good moment to reflect on these in... |
938575c2f73b760297eb7706d20e02fc | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Art-poetique | Art poétique | Art poétique
In 1882 his famous “Art poétique” (probably composed in prison eight years earlier) was enthusiastically adopted by the young Symbolists. He later disavowed the Symbolists, however, chiefly because they went further than he in abandoning traditional forms: rhyme, for example, seemed to him an unavoidable n... |
834bcdbbe23b16d916b4d1c9a13ca985 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Art-Through-the-Ages | Art Through the Ages | Art Through the Ages
…one herself, and the resulting Art Through the Ages (1926) far surpassed other available works in readability, breadth of coverage, and wealth of illustration. It remained a widely used text for decades. In 1932 she published Understanding the Arts, aimed at a wide general audience. A second editi... |
6feb0ee7a0ba35144bf80e6b2c7114ae | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Art-Worlds | Art Worlds | Art Worlds
In Art Worlds (1982), a book that greatly influenced the sociology of art, Becker examined the cultural contexts (the “art worlds”) in which artists produce their work.
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e1285874109b2764c23cfd38bd6d6f6e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Artamenes-or-The-Grand-Cyrus | Artamènes; or, The Grand Cyrus | Artamènes; or, The Grand Cyrus
…ou, le grand Cyrus (1649–53; Artamenes; or, The Grand Cyrus) and Clélie (1654–60; Eng. trans. Clelia), both by Madeleine de Scudéry, are set in Persia and Rome, respectively. Such novels reflect the society of the time. They also show again what influenced the readers and playgoers of th... |
4c06f57b68e9a24c11437948bea0ee07 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Artemis-Greek-goddess | Artemis | Artemis
Artemis, in Greek religion, the goddess of wild animals, the hunt, and vegetation and of chastity and childbirth; she was identified by the Romans with Diana. Artemis was the daughter of Zeus and Leto and the twin sister of Apollo. Among the rural populace, Artemis was the favourite goddess. Her character and ... |
35b5eeb8b24b3f3f6e4d81e55b3bf79c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Artha-shastra | Artha-shastra | Artha-shastra
Artha-shastra, (Sanskrit: “The Science of Material Gain”) also spelled Artha-śāstra, singularly important Indian manual on the art of politics, attributed to Kautilya (also known as Chanakya), who reportedly was chief minister to the emperor Chandragupta (c. 300 bce), the founder of the Mauryan dynasty. ... |
a3bb98258e7d047b1c392bb8d2aa2855 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arthur-Bell-and-Sons-PLC | Arthur Bell & Sons PLC | Arthur Bell & Sons PLC
In 1985 the firm acquired Arthur Bell & Sons PLC, a distiller of Scotch whisky, and in 1986 it bought The Distillers Co. PLC, which was the largest Scotch distiller in the world. Guinness’s use of clandestine and apparently illegal stock transactions in acquiring Distillers created a major corpor... |
d97dfa616c9106c0c5aaf6c6cb28deb6 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arthurian-legend | Arthurian legend | Arthurian legend
Arthurian legend, the body of stories and medieval romances, known as the matter of Britain, centring on the legendary king Arthur. Medieval writers, especially the French, variously treated stories of Arthur’s birth, the adventures of his knights, and the adulterous love between his knight Sir Lancel... |
c8495dd08512b434039f2fd011e3ca30 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Artis-Analyticae-Praxis-ad-Aequationes-Algebraicas-Resolvendas | Artis Analyticae Praxis ad Aequationes Algebraicas Resolvendas | Artis Analyticae Praxis ad Aequationes Algebraicas Resolvendas
…however, was the posthumously published Artis Analyticae Praxis ad Aequationes Algebraicas Resolvendas (1631; “Application of Analytical Art to Solving Algebraic Equations”). (The editor of this work introduced the signs ∙ for multiplication, > for greater... |
a846e3f5c44bbbdd78f39c358e7a4e5a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Artisans-Dwellings-Act | Artisans’ Dwellings Act | Artisans’ Dwellings Act
… authority in every area; the Artizans’ and Labourers’ Dwellings Improvement Act of the same year enabled local authorities to embark upon schemes of slum clearance; a factory act of 1878 fixed a 56-hour workweek; while further legislation dealt with friendly societies (private societies for mu... |
454d9d32d1364ac843a0a9cc23b899a8 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/artistic-regimes | Artistic regimes | Artistic regimes
…broadest of which Rancière calls artistic “regimes”—determine distributions of the sensible in the artistic domain and lend insight into the distributions that characterize larger society.
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8c50edfb6df3a16c7efedb464150e93d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Artistry-of-the-Mentally-Ill | Artistry of the Mentally Ill | Artistry of the Mentally Ill
…and art historian Hans Prinzhorn’s Artistry of the Mentally Ill (1922), which became something of a touchstone for the Surrealists, especially Max Ernst, as well as for Dubuffet and subsequently many others.
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0037406c1fdf0aca91c4fb446ea5b4eb | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arts-and-Letters | Arts and Letters | Arts and Letters
…establishment placed him second to Arts and Letters. Despite a field of only eight horses, the race hinged on which of the two favoured horses would come out on top from their blistering drive down the stretch. Majestic Prince did so by a neck. It was the fifth Derby victory…
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d52a804ec326b07fc8e7b4a362b71542 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arts-Council-of-Great-Britain | Arts Council of Great Britain | Arts Council of Great Britain
The independent Arts Council of Great Britain, which was founded in 1946, supported many kinds of contemporary creative and performing arts until 1994, when it devolved into the Arts Council of England (which became Arts Council England in 2003 after joining with the Regional Arts Boards),... |
8548aa7e91d2f0282e5cdf9bd3525c4f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arts-in-Society | Arts in Society | Arts in Society
…political and economic problems; and Arts in Society (founded 1958), a forum for the discussion of the role of art, which also publishes poetry and reviews. Of general political journals, the oldest still in publication in the 1990s was The Nation, founded in 1865 by E.L. Godkin and edited in…
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47a9135c4ea10ca04441f47b3f4ec662 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Artuqid-dynasty | Artuqid Dynasty | Artuqid Dynasty
Artuqid Dynasty, Turkmen dynasty that ruled the province of Diyarbakır in northern Iraq (now in southeastern Turkey) through two branches: at Ḥiṣn Kayfā and Āmid (1098–1232) and at Mardin and Mayyāfāriqīn (1104–1408).
Artuq ibn Ekseb, founder of the dynasty, was rewarded for his services to the Seljuq... |
bb18d8b5c65f70abbce2cf2c5cb7ce37 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arturos-Island | Arturo’s Island | Arturo’s Island
…novel, L’isola di Arturo (1957; Arturo’s Island), examines a boy’s growth from childhood dreams to the painful disillusions of adulthood. This novel, for which she won the Strega Prize, is notable for its delicate lyricism and its mingling of realistic detail with an air of unreality; it is often compa... |
62974bfeee4964e00acd82c8d66a895c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arukh | ʿArukh | ʿArukh
…Talmudic Aramaic and Hebrew, the ʿArukh, which is still used.
…chose to revise the classic ʿArukh (“Lexicon”), a Hebrew and Aramaic dictionary compiled by Nathan ben Yehiel, a medieval Italian Hebrew lexicographer. Kohut worked on his magnum opus for some 25 years. During this period, he emigrated to the United... |
7994205457624f187c0872438dfd2728 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arukh-ha-shalem | ʿArukh ha-shalem | ʿArukh ha-shalem
…the last volume of his ʿArukh ha-shalem was published (the first volume had appeared in 1878), and the work brought him honours from learned Jewish bodies throughout the world.
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c65d0a0ca4ac0f3391915cc808734532 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/arupa-loka | Arūpa-loka | Arūpa-loka
Arūpa-loka, (Sanskrit and Pāli: “world of immaterial form”), in Buddhist thought, the highest of the three spheres of existence in which rebirth takes place. The other two are rūpa-loka, “the world of form,” and kāma-loka, “the world of feeling” (the three are also referred to as arūpa-dhātu, rūpa-dhātu, a... |
1d86c21a03f586929267e9248d7c2c5d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arusha-Declaration | Arusha Declaration | Arusha Declaration
…planning, as outlined in the Arusha Declaration of 1967. The declaration also resulted in the nationalization of a number of industries and public services. In the long term, however, the centrally planned economy contributed to a marked economic decline.
…the philosophical basis for the Arusha Decl... |
61cafc3abfaca08e0d466e176ea903f7 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Aryabhatiya | Aryabhatiya | Aryabhatiya
In his commentary on the Aryabhatiya, Bhaskara explains in detail Aryabhata’s method of solving linear equations and provides a number of illustrative astronomical examples. Bhaskara particularly stressed the importance of proving mathematical rules rather than just relying on tradition or expediency. In su... |
628824af85a00232d7aa95c34946a874 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Aryan | Aryan | Aryan
Aryan, name originally given to a people who were said to speak an archaic Indo-European language and who were thought to have settled in prehistoric times in ancient Iran and the northern Indian subcontinent. The theory of an “Aryan race” appeared in the mid-19th century and remained prevalent until the mid-20t... |
a9a96964e4d41307b23557ad7b562ef6 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arzamas-society | Arzamas society | Arzamas society
Arzamas society, Russian literary circle that flourished in 1815–18 and was formed for the semiserious purpose of ridiculing the conservative “Lovers of the Russian Word,” a group dominated by the philologist Aleksandr S. Shishkov, who wished to keep the modern Russian language firmly tied to Old Chur... |
a047443a7ebf760756ab89554abfbff3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/As-Farpas | As Farpas | As Farpas
…Queirós, started the satirical review As Farpas (“The Darts”) in 1871, and, after the departure overseas of Queirós late in 1872, Ortigão produced the review alone until 1888. In his hands, As Farpas gradually became less satirical and more didactic and descriptive, a vehicle for disseminating and popularizi... |
3f319ca24efdfdff1dbfe04826a33431 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/As-Lagrimas-e-o-Vento | As Lagrimas e o Vento | As Lagrimas e o Vento
…de Janeiro, and his second, As Lagrimas e o Vento (1975; “Tears and Wind”), in Lisbon. The latter work is a fictional account of the war of liberation that resulted in independence. Lima also published a volume of poems, Kissange (1961), and a play, A Pele do Diabo (1977; “The…
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a08aaba3abf34082378c5875fc9c33ab | https://www.britannica.com/topic/asabiyyah | ʿaṣabīyyah | ʿaṣabīyyah
…by his central concept of ʿaṣabiyyah, or “social cohesion.” It is this cohesion, which arises spontaneously in tribes and other small kinship groups, but which can be intensified and enlarged by a religious ideology, that provides the motive force that carries ruling groups to power. Its inevitable weakenin... |
8d50be5504a87ff6c491693edb4e8d4d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Asamando | Asamando | Asamando
Asamando, in Akan religion, the land of the spirits and the dwelling place of the Nsamanfo, or ancestors.
For the Akan, physical death (owuo) does not mark the end of life but represents the transition from earthly life to spiritual life, a transition that each individual must make to reach Asamando and join ... |
ae4e5e38af63a0e1fab1d007813822b0 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Asben | Asben | Asben
…region in the west, the Asben (Kel Aïr) in the Aïr region, and the Itesen (Kel Geres) to the south and east of Aïr. The Tuareg people are also found in Algeria and in Mali. The Kanuri, who live to the east of Zinder, are divided into a number of…
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a8850fab77f48e71b12f2637f95624e1 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/ASBO-British-law | ASBO | ASBO
The ill-fated ASBO (Anti-Social Behaviour Order), restricting the movement of offenders, was celebrated by some as an appropriately strong response to troublemaking neighbours and gangs but was condemned by others as an attack on civil liberties.
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8fd9034e0151144a2325f3772ee1216a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/asceticism | Asceticism | Asceticism
Asceticism, (from Greek askeō: “to exercise,” or “to train”), the practice of the denial of physical or psychological desires in order to attain a spiritual ideal or goal. Hardly any religion has been without at least traces or some features of asceticism.
The origins of asceticism lie in man’s attempts to ... |
5c7b8cd8095326cf8ce72a7a721e4e35 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/ASCII | ASCII | ASCII
ASCII, abbreviation of American Standard Code For Information Interchange, a standard data-transmission code that is used by smaller and less-powerful computers to represent both textual data (letters, numbers, and punctuation marks) and noninput-device commands (control characters). Like other coding systems, ... |
b7d038d4b22e2e3326db855e1c6db928 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ashes-and-Diamonds-by-Andrzejewski | Ashes and Diamonds | Ashes and Diamonds
…in Popiół i diament (1948; Ashes and Diamonds), translated into 27 languages and generally considered his finest novel. It presents a dramatic conflict between young Polish patriots and the communist regime during the last days of World War II. In 1958 Andrzej Wajda, the leading director of the Poli... |
d3a69420848c762917123d7f57abafeb | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ashes-by-Deledda | Ashes | Ashes
…his brother’s bride; Cenere (1904; Ashes; film, 1916, starring Eleonora Duse), in which an illegitimate son causes his mother’s suicide; and La madre (1920; The Woman and the Priest; U.S. title, The Mother), the tragedy of a mother who realizes her dream of her son’s becoming a priest only to…
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