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6085e50f5f2de94117e9fb4e35477031 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/economic-stabilizer/Model-of-a-Keynesian-depression | Model of a Keynesian depression | Model of a Keynesian depression
Another possible cause of a general depression was suggested by Keynes. It may be approached in a highly simplified way by lumping all occupations together into one labour market and all goods and services together into a single commodity market. The aggregative system would thus include... |
47c680f0f4d10f744ccdffe3291b5730 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/economic-system/Centrally-planned-systems | Centrally planned systems | Centrally planned systems
No survey of comparative economic systems would be complete without an account of centrally planned systems, the modern descendants of the command economies of the imperial past. In sharpest possible contrast to those earlier tributary arrangements, however, modern command societies have virtu... |
091ba068180e64e81c388e273b98846e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/economic-warfare | Economic warfare | Economic warfare
Economic warfare, the use of, or the threat to use, economic means against a country in order to weaken its economy and thereby reduce its political and military power. Economic warfare also includes the use of economic means to compel an adversary to change its policies or behaviour or to undermine i... |
a750c42a4553072bff04d6314b1e75bc | https://www.britannica.com/topic/economics/Fields-of-contemporary-economics | Fields of contemporary economics | Fields of contemporary economics
One of the principal subfields of contemporary economics concerns money, which should not be surprising since one of the oldest, most widely accepted functions of government is control over this basic medium of exchange. The dramatic effects of changes in the quantity of money on the le... |
d02762f03443105e71627ad187dbd388 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/economics/Financial-economics | Financial economics | Financial economics
Although news about the stock market has come to dominate financial journalism, only since the late 20th century was the stock market recognized as an institution suitable for economic analysis. This recognition turned on a changed understanding of the “efficient market hypothesis,” which held that ... |
220d2c2327d07d202eb067d47d22d633 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/economics/Keynesian-economics | Keynesian economics | Keynesian economics
The second major breakthrough of the 1930s, the theory of income determination, stemmed primarily from the work of John Maynard Keynes, who asked questions that in some sense had never been posed before. Keynes was interested in the level of national income and the volume of employment rather than i... |
ee133b325669ea87be8e9b2b0b54b9f3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/economics/Methodological-considerations-in-contemporary-economics | Methodological considerations in contemporary economics | Methodological considerations in contemporary economics
Economists, like other social scientists, are sometimes confronted with the charge that their discipline is not a science. Human behaviour, it is said, cannot be analyzed with the same objectivity as the behaviour of atoms and molecules. Value judgments, philosoph... |
2863359e0bf40741b741f50124514e55 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/ecumenical-council | Ecumenical council | Ecumenical council
, the ecumenical Council of Nicaea). Though these councils are known primarily for their consideration of doctrinal conflicts, they also ruled on practical matters (such as jurisdictional and institutional concerns), which were set down in canons. In the West there was less imperial interference, and... |
2bcfaeab2a3fbc8359efe87a37d6c865 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/ecumenism | Ecumenism | Ecumenism
Ecumenism, movement or tendency toward worldwide Christian unity or cooperation. The term, of recent origin, emphasizes what is viewed as the universality of the Christian faith and unity among churches. The ecumenical movement seeks to recover the apostolic sense of the early church for unity in diversity, ... |
08a9eb239edb04609177c59120bd442c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Edge-browser | Edge | Edge
…Explorer and replaced it with Edge in 2015.
Microsoft Edge replaced Internet Explorer as the company’s preferred browser in 2016.
…and a new Web browser, Microsoft Edge, which replaced Internet Explorer.
…IE and replaced it with Edge in 2015.
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c2a8bb7d9e277251b49da992c08e4424 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Edictum-Rothari | Edictum Rothari | Edictum Rothari
…had similar functions, while the Edictum Rothari (643) applied to Lombards only.
Liutprand emended King Rothari’s Edict of 643, which served as the code of Lombard law; his revision added 153 articles and abolished the guidrigild, a fine of money, like the Germanic wergild, levied to compensate for per... |
ef4a00a54e5ad10ae32652e48a925dd2 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Edinboro-University-of-Pennsylvania | Edinboro University of Pennsylvania | Edinboro University of Pennsylvania
Edinboro University of Pennsylvania, public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Edinboro, Pennsylvania, U.S. It is one of 14 universities in Pennsylvania’s State System of Higher Education. The university includes the schools of Liberal Arts, Education, and Science, Man... |
6da6cb55e1639fbec04b36a77ab0441e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Edmonton-Eskimos | Edmonton Eskimos | Edmonton Eskimos
Edmonton Eskimos, Saskatchewan Roughriders, and Winnipeg Blue Bombers. In the East Division are the Hamilton Tiger-Cats, Ottawa Redblacks, Montreal Alouettes, and Toronto Argonauts.
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77afe33b8c78dd208d8a91b01c8f9092 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/EdTech-Challenge-The-2120108 | The EdTech Challenge | The EdTech Challenge
No one marvels at the ballpoint pen or overhead projector as a powerful “learning technology.” In short order, most of today’s educational technology apps and Chromebooks may cease to be cool gadgets, too, settling into the background of established tools that help students learn.
But the greatest ... |
ce00b0edd0df5cbb2eeb2edeea0ef8bf | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Education-Act-United-Kingdom-1918 | Education Act | Education Act
The Education Act of 1918 (The Fisher Act) aimed at the establishment of a “national system of public education available for all persons capable of profiting thereby.” Local authorities were called upon to prepare plans for the orderly and progressive development of education. The age of…
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67d9fb63183405f7b3db07d1bcf530c8 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/education/Aims-and-purposes-of-Muslim-education | Aims and purposes of Muslim education | Aims and purposes of Muslim education
Islam placed a high value on education, and, as the faith spread among diverse peoples, education became an important channel through which to create a universal and cohesive social order. By the middle of the 9th century, knowledge was divided into three categories: the Islamic sc... |
d50e9be506b52cb6f9dd36afceb2029f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/education/Changes-in-higher-education | Changes in higher education | Changes in higher education
The pedagogical experimentalism that marked America’s elementary learning during the century’s first quarter was less robust in the high school and feebler still in the college. The first venture of any consequence into collegiate progressivism was undertaken in 1921 at Antioch College in Oh... |
58f979472e5525654c82f12e79ffe16a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/education/Colonialism-and-its-consequences | Colonialism and its consequences | Colonialism and its consequences
Following World War I and the destruction of the Ottoman Empire, new states emerged, which—with the exception of Turkey and Iran—fell under French or British control. Although the new countries inherited educational institutions of various size, each needed to build a new educational sy... |
047213c7c32e637e98d99fc1494628ca | https://www.britannica.com/topic/education/Education-after-World-War-II | Education after World War II | Education after World War II
On Aug. 14, 1945, Japan accepted the Potsdam Declaration and surrendered unconditionally to the Allied powers. The overriding concern at the general headquarters (GHQ) of the Allied powers was the immediate abolition of militaristic education and ultranationalistic ideology. This was the th... |
068b1887d07415c0ef150d601f97ad12 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/education/Education-and-economic-development | Education and economic development | Education and economic development
One explanation for the changes evidenced in this “institutionalist” view of education can be found in the human-capital theory first popularized by American economist Theodore Schultz in “Investment in Human Capital,” his presidential address to the American Economic Association in 1... |
89a8a90d7214426f374c5c5ad2c09ad8 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/education/Education-during-the-Enlightenment | Education during the Enlightenment | Education during the Enlightenment
The writings of the late 17th-century empiricist John Locke on philosophy, government, and education were especially influential during the Enlightenment. In the field of education, Locke is significant both for his general theory of knowledge and for his ideas on the education of you... |
8b673bfd4ebca81f6f2bc0c49fb7a08e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/education/Education-in-British-colonies-and-former-colonies | Education in British colonies and former colonies | Education in British colonies and former colonies
In the British colonies, as elsewhere, religious missions were instrumental in introducing European-style education. The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, the Moravian Mission, the Mission of Bremen, the Methodists, and Roman Catholic missionar... |
06c0b0c9575216b5be85a7a9d03cabb6 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/education/Education-in-classical-cultures | Education in classical cultures | Education in classical cultures
India is the site of one of the most ancient civilizations in the world. The Indo-European-speaking peoples who entered India in the 2nd millennium bce established large-scale settlements and founded powerful kingdoms. In the course of time, a group of intellectuals, the Brahmans, became... |
d549ad201db1b7d5861fac7ec492b54f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/education/Education-in-the-later-Roman-Empire | Education in the later Roman Empire | Education in the later Roman Empire
The dominant fact is the extraordinary continuity of the methods of Roman education throughout such a long succession of centuries. Whatever the profound transformations in the Roman world politically, economically, and socially, the same educational institutions, the same pedagogica... |
5dc991e89867175525d1d6e30ff45051 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/education/Education-in-the-Tokugawa-era | Education in the Tokugawa era | Education in the Tokugawa era
In 1603 a shogunate was established by a warrior, Tokugawa Ieyasu, in the city of Edo (present Tokyo). The period thence to the year 1867—the Tokugawa, or Edo, era—constitutes the later feudal period in Japan. This era, though also dominated by warriors, differed from former ones in that i... |
18b42970afbe3799d66719bc2870765a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/education/French-Quebec | French Québec | French Québec
Soon after the founding of the Québec colony in 1608, the first organized educational activity began with missionary work among the Indians, carried on mainly by members of the Récollet and Jesuit orders and, from 1639, by Ursuline nuns. The first mission “school” recorded was that of Pacifique du Plessis... |
9cf53c2ce82dd26388dbcb435908a737 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/education/Froebel-and-the-kindergarten-movement | Froebel and the kindergarten movement | Froebel and the kindergarten movement
Next to Pestalozzi, perhaps the most gifted of early 19th-century educators was Froebel, the founder of the kindergarten movement and a theorist on the importance of constructive play and self-activity in early childhood. He was an intensely religious man who tended toward pantheis... |
2702d499d559ff5c0d432d56e9d2ec7c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/education/Further-education | Further education | Further education
Further education was officially described as the “post-secondary stage of education, comprising all vocational and nonvocational provision made for young people who have left school, or for adults.” Further education thus embraced the vast range of university, technical, commercial, and art education... |
dd306795f8a0a432de41d92dac073d36 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/education/Global-trends-in-education | Global trends in education | Global trends in education
One of the most significant phenomena of the 20th century was the dramatic expansion and extension of public (i.e., government-sponsored) education systems around the world—the number of schools grew, as did the number of children attending them. Similarly, the subjects taught in schools broa... |
2def8367fc113c9375873c20aa64a7c7 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/education/Indian-influences-on-Asia | Indian influences on Asia | Indian influences on Asia
An account of Indian education during the ancient period would be incomplete without a discussion of the influence of Indian culture on Sri Lanka and Central and Southeast Asia. It was achieved partly through cultural or trade relations and partly through political influence. Khotan, in Centra... |
140bb4041298cab80027e441094dc03f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/education/Japan | Japan | Japan
In 1867 the Tokugawa (Edo) shogunate, a dynasty of military rulers established in 1603, was overthrown and the imperial authority of the Meiji dynasty was restored, leading to drastic reforms of the social system. This process has been called the Meiji Restoration, and it ushered in the establishment of a politic... |
c5bf58612fdae39651d298a455a9304e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/education/Lay-education-and-the-lower-schools | Lay education and the lower schools | Lay education and the lower schools
The founding of universities was naturally accompanied by a corresponding increase in schools of various kinds. In most parts of western Europe, there were soon grammar schools of some type available for boys. Not only were there grammar schools at cathedrals and collegiate churches,... |
81cdcec3cb969ccdef7626e1082bd0f7 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/education/Literacy-as-a-measure-of-success | Literacy as a measure of success | Literacy as a measure of success
Between 1950 and 2000 the worldwide illiteracy rate dropped from approximately 44 percent to 20 percent of the population aged 15 and older. Yet the number of illiterate people, according to UNESCO data, increased from approximately 700 million in 1950 to some 860 million in 2000 due to... |
4af8bb633e22d127d52e4dd4244efd65 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/education/Luther-and-the-German-Reformation | Luther and the German Reformation | Luther and the German Reformation
Luther specifically wished his humble social origins to be considered a title of nobility. He wanted to create educational institutions that would be open to the sons of peasants and miners, though this did not mean giving them political representation. (The German princes were glad to... |
319813470479a335cec517cd1a2daa91 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/education/Nonscholastic-traditions | Nonscholastic traditions | Nonscholastic traditions
Leon Battista Alberti, one of the most intelligent and original architects of the 15th century, also dedicated a treatise, Della famiglia (1435–44; “On the Family”), to methods of education. Alberti felt that the natural place for education was the home and not scholastic institutions. The lang... |
f5b31c0e21249a0aa76e6daabec70f07 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/education/Patterns-of-education-in-non-Western-or-developing-countries | Patterns of education in non-Western or developing countries | Patterns of education in non-Western or developing countries
Between 1894 and 1905 Japan experienced two conflicts—the Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese wars—that increased nationalistic feelings. Japan also experienced accelerated modernization and industrialization. In accord with the government’s new nationalism and ... |
bddcf446a15ac6efec363b0dd67b2c4f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/education/South-Africa | South Africa | South Africa
From the time of the first white settlements in South Africa, the Protestant emphasis on home Bible reading ensured that basic literacy would be achieved in the family. Throughout the development from itinerant teachers to schools and school systems, the family foundation of Christian education remained, t... |
c00c7c31397ad842294f76ac96cdd885 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/education/The-background-and-influence-of-Pietism | The background and influence of Pietism | The background and influence of Pietism
The dispute over the correct religious dogma—fought for almost 200 years with the utmost strength, controversy, and academic subtlety and reaching its terrible culmination in the Thirty Years’ War—led to a certain ill feeling against dogmatically sanctioned religious revelation. ... |
e5f5d5ab9d7b326429a8553f2b2aa649 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/education/The-Calvinist-Reformation | The Calvinist Reformation | The Calvinist Reformation
The Protestant reformer John Calvin was of French origin, but he settled in Geneva and made this Swiss city one of the most prominent centres of the Reformation. Unlike Luther, whose reforms were backed by princes hoping to gain greater political independence, Calvin was supported by the new m... |
153c5f10ff60adb255397cbbd052ad1d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/education/The-Carolingian-renaissance-and-its-aftermath | The Carolingian renaissance and its aftermath | The Carolingian renaissance and its aftermath
Charlemagne (742/743–814) has been represented as the sponsor or even creator of medieval education, and the Carolingian renaissance has been represented as the renewal of Western culture. This renaissance, however, built on earlier episcopal and monastic developments, and,... |
66542c2aec3fbcad37625c585ff37e77 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/education/The-educational-awakening | The educational awakening | The educational awakening
When Jefferson died in 1826, the nation stood on the threshold of a stupendous transformation. During the ensuing quarter century it expanded enormously in space and population. Old cities grew larger and new ones more numerous. The era saw the coming of the steamboat and the railroad. Commerc... |
824d124d34aa096b6a41ba0bbc2e5680 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/education/The-English-universities | The English universities | The English universities
The University of Paris became the model for French universities north of the Loire and for those of central Europe and England; Oxford would appear to have been the earliest. Certain schools, opened early in the 12th century within the precincts of the dissolved nunnery of St. Frideswide and o... |
30ffafb6cea18d392bf784410009ed75 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/education/The-Hellenistic-Age | The Hellenistic Age | The Hellenistic Age
Alexander the Great’s conquest of the Persian empire between 334 and 323 bce abruptly extended the area of Greek civilization by carrying its eastern frontier from the shores of the Aegean to the banks of the Syr Darya and Indus rivers in Central and South Asia. Its unity rested henceforward not so ... |
aab9fefabeb3b7cfb9c9639f4a1b69e5 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/education/The-new-scientism-and-rationalism | The new scientism and rationalism | The new scientism and rationalism
These social and pedagogic changes were bound up with new tendencies in philosophy. Sir Francis Bacon of England was one who criticized the teachers of his day, saying that they offered nothing but words and that their schools were narrow in thought. He believed that the use of inducti... |
41d685fbcb74d1b9d0e0d44457fa741b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/education/The-postindependence-period-in-India | The postindependence period in India | The postindependence period in India
India and Pakistan were partitioned and given independence in 1947, after which there was remarkable improvement in scientific and technological education and research; illiteracy, however, remained high. The new constitution adopted by India did not change the overall administrativ... |
b22818caf58c8382a3a7ff3dbd7d7cbb | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Edward-Cullen | Edward Cullen | Edward Cullen
…Swan and her vampire boyfriend, Edward Cullen. Meyer described her vampires as “very light”—sensitive, thoughtful, even beautiful figures rather than blood-guzzling predators. Some, like Edward and his family, do not drink human blood. They also do not turn into bats or sleep in coffins, and they travel ... |
a1eeb70425d4c5a20cc07d11e4f21a6f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Edwardian-era | Edwardian era | Edwardian era
The Edwardian era (1901–10) was one of intense concern over the decline of Britain’s naval and commercial dominance. German firms shouldered aside the British in numerous markets (even though they remained each other’s best trading partners). The new German navy menaced Britain in her home waters.…
The 20... |
ba81b253e155bf617fe71023673602b2 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Edwin-Drood-fictional-character | Edwin Drood | Edwin Drood
Edwin Drood, fictional character, the alleged victim in the unfinished novel The Mystery of Edwin Drood (1870) by Charles Dickens.
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d5de08f0360a7347086e737a181fd0f4 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/egoism | Egoism | Egoism
Egoism, (from Latin ego, “I”), in philosophy, an ethical theory holding that the good is based on the pursuit of self-interest. The word is sometimes misused for egotism, the overstressing of one’s own worth.
Egoist doctrines are less concerned with the philosophic problem of what is the self than with the com... |
9acdd9d585d2196972a17bc37749e052 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/eidetic-reduction | Eidetic reduction | Eidetic reduction
Eidetic reduction, in phenomenology, a method by which the philosopher moves from the consciousness of individual and concrete objects to the transempirical realm of pure essences and thus achieves an intuition of the eidos (Greek: “shape”) of a thing—i.e., of what it is in its invariable and essent... |
f1be409b96cb4bc80e777d40dcaae1eb | https://www.britannica.com/topic/eight-ball | Eight ball | Eight ball
Eight ball, also called stripes and solids, popular American pocket-billiards game in which 15 balls numbered consecutively and a white cue ball are used. Those numbered 1–7 are solid colours; 9–15 are white with a single thick stripe in varying colours; and the eight ball is black. To begin, the balls are ... |
e6b4fbf3be46863ad794700d1e799a3e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/eighteen-schools | Eighteen schools | Eighteen schools
Eighteen schools, the division of the Buddhist community in India in the first three centuries following the death of the Buddha in c. 483 bc. Although texts speak of the “18 schools,” the lists differ considerably; and more than 30 names are mentioned in various chronicles.
The first division in the ... |
f56a1fa881fa19f501a2410f4d8ef645 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eighteenth-Dynasty | Eighteenth Dynasty | Eighteenth Dynasty
Although Ahmose (ruled c. 1539–14 bce) had been preceded by Kamose, who was either his father or his brother, Egyptian tradition regarded Ahmose as the founder of a new dynasty because he was the native ruler who reunified Egypt.…
ancient Egypt of the 18th dynasty, who established a new cult dedicate... |
d6c044c54dd51a3f76516cda426666a4 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eightfold-Path | Eightfold Path | Eightfold Path
Eightfold Path, Pali Atthangika-magga, Sanskrit Astangika-marga, in Buddhism, an early formulation of the path to enlightenment. The idea of the Eightfold Path appears in what is regarded as the first sermon of the founder of Buddhism, Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha, which he delivered after hi... |
dded79d0d1e4029e2a5f96b31305e848 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eighth-Amendment | Eighth Amendment | Eighth Amendment
Eighth Amendment, amendment (1791) to the Constitution of the United States, part of the Bill of Rights, that limits the sanctions that may be imposed by the criminal justice system on those accused or convicted of criminal behaviour. It contains three clauses, which limit the amount of bail associate... |
2fe6dd00774f992fcba91aa8507c190a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eikonoklastes | Eikonoklastes | Eikonoklastes
In his rebuttal, Eikonoklastes (1649; “Image-Breaker”), Milton shatters the image of the king projected in Eikon Basilike. Accusing Charles of hypocrisy, Milton cites Shakespeare’s portrayal of Richard, duke of Gloucester, in Richard III as an analogue that drives home how treachery is disguised by the pr... |
6cebe0e553c85a6a4ce2d3eec9a068e8 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eimi | Eimi | Eimi
Eimi (1933) recorded, in 432 pages of experimental prose, a 36-day visit to the Soviet Union, which confirmed his individualist repugnance for collectivism. He published his discussions as the Charles Eliot Norton lecturer on poetry at Harvard University (1952–53) under the title i: six nonlectures…
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48c58c723ed89013a4054c1db2b47e9d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Einaudi | Einaudi | Einaudi
…of the publishing house of Einaudi, Pavese also edited the anti-Fascist review La Cultura. His work led to his arrest and imprisonment by the government in 1935, an experience later recalled in “Il carcere” (published in Prima che il gallo canti, 1949; in The Political Prisoner, 1955) and the novella…
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e351cd217d1f23753a115502951c5afa | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Einsteins-Monsters | Einstein’s Monsters | Einstein’s Monsters
His short-story collection Einstein’s Monsters (1987) finds stupidity and horror in a world filled with nuclear weapons. The forced-labour camps under Soviet leader Joseph Stalin are the subject of both the nonfiction Koba the Dread (2002) and the novel House of Meetings (2006). In his novel The Pre... |
7b0af11193713f5361c15bb91822d3c8 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/ejective | Ejective | Ejective
…resulting sound is called an ejective. Amharic, the national language of Ethiopia, uses this mechanism to produce both ejective stops and fricatives, which contrast with the more usual stops and fricatives made with a pulmonic airstream mechanism. A downward movement of the glottis is used in the production o... |
c863f4f7e5eb5c31421f894493a48fec | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ekoi | Ekoi | Ekoi
Ekoi, group of peoples situated in extreme southeastern Nigeria and extending eastward into neighbouring Cameroon. Ekoid Bantu languages are spoken by many groups, including the Atam, Boki, Mbembe, Ufia, and Yako. The Ekoi live in proximity to the Efiks of southeastern Nigeria and claim to have migrated from the... |
c15f93ee528ac7c5765bd63f76088a3f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/El-Al-Israel-Airlines | El Al Israel Airlines | El Al Israel Airlines
El Al Israel Airlines, Hebrew El Al Netive Awir Le-yisraʾel, Israeli airline founded by Israel in November 1948 after the establishment of the new nation. It flew its first commercial scheduled flights—to Rome and Paris—in July 1949, and by the 1980s it was flying routes from Jerusalem and Tel Av... |
f94adcb3f66732297f1a93218bb55242 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/El-arte-de-la-fuga | El arte de la fuga | El arte de la fuga
El arte de la fuga (1996; “The Art of Flight”) recounted Pitol’s childhood, his experiences as a writer in Mexico during the 1950s and ’60s, and his work as a diplomat, but it also included literary analysis of books that Pitol found influential and an…
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b8d77baf2fd5297cae2bb28647deb12b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/El-Baldio | El Baldío | El Baldío
Stories collected in El baldío (1966; “The Untilled”) treat tenderly and understandingly the problems of Paraguayan exiles. In some of the stories there is a clear indictment of civil war atrocities. The story collections Los pies sobre el agua (1967; “The Feet on the Water”) and Madera quemada…
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faaeefb13bf65d5071d7629f12ab1f98 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/El-Bulli | El Bulli | El Bulli
…creative force behind the restaurant El Bulli (closed in 2011), pioneered the influential culinary trend known as molecular gastronomy, which uses precise scientific techniques to create inventive and evocative high-end cuisine. In the early 21st century many considered him the best chef in the world.
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f4f2e94c6dd03c6f9b135b9fd7754431 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/El-lebrel-del-cielo | El lebrel del cielo | El lebrel del cielo
… (1948; “The Ancient Noblewoman”) and El lebrel del cielo (1952), inspired by Francis Thompson’s poem “Hound of Heaven,” Benavente’s later works did not add much to his fame.
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900b86a8b4124104437c30ff414b3126 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/El-Maestro | El Maestro | El Maestro
His most noted work is El Maestro (1536; “The Teacher”), a collection of vihuela pieces and solo songs with vihuela accompaniment. This was the first of a series of vihuela books that became one of Spain’s most distinguished contributions to 16th-century music. The pieces in Milán’s book are arranged in…
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f911a4262ba2b20993d63ad0b246c497 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/El-museo-pictorico-y-escala-optica | El museo pictórico y escala óptica | El museo pictórico y escala óptica
…español; “The Spanish Parnassus”) of El museo pictórico y escala óptica (“The Pictorial Museum and Optical Scale”), published in 1724 by the court painter and art scholar Antonio Palomino. This was based on biographical notes made by Velázquez’s pupil Juan de Alfaro, who was Palomino... |
815ba1ae5f2f7ca2f8e539318169d937 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/El-principio-del-placer | El principio del placer | El principio del placer
The short stories in El principio del placer (1972; “The Pleasure Principle”) are united by the recurrent theme of anguish. In the poems of Islas a la deriva (1976; “Islands Adrift”), Pacheco reinterpreted history and mythology.
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2c939a4e84958dfb36accb08ee9856f4 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/El-profesor-inutil | El profesor inútil | El profesor inútil
…was established by his second, El profesor inútil (1926; “The Useless Professor”), a series of episodes with little narrative action that point out a professor’s ineptitude and inability to tell reality from unreality. Similar motifs occur in El convidado de papel (1928; “The Paper Guest”), in which... |
1c576e662bfa4d2fc77598c85bce317f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/El-Riego-phase | El Riego phase | El Riego phase
In the earlier El Riego (7000–5000 bc) and Coxcatlán (5000–3400 bc) phases of this sequence, the inhabitants of the Tehuacán Valley were probably seasonal nomads who divided their time between small hunting encampments and larger temporary villages, which were used as bases for collecting plants such as ... |
21afac83c4e2fb5b007af9ae116b635a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/El-Senor-de-Bembibre | El Señor de Bembibre | El Señor de Bembibre
The best, El Señor de Bembibre (1844) by Enrique Gil y Carrasco, reflects Gil’s carefully researched history of the Templars in Spain. Other important novels are Mariano José de Larra’s El doncel de Don Enrique el doliente (1834; “The Page of King Enrique the Invalid”) and Espronceda’s…
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eb482a7b50ca6e79516f2cee0632ca60 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/El-Topo | El Topo | El Topo
Jodorowsky’s next film, El Topo (1970; “The Mole”), brought him worldwide notoriety. In a western setting saturated with sex, violence, and religious symbolism, the gunfighter El Topo (Jodorowsky) crosses the desert with his naked son (played by Jodorowsky’s son Brontis) but leaves him behind to go on a…
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0b04ee82b84fe2a2b9dc16154ad7743f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/El-trovador | El trovador | El trovador
Based on the 1836 play El trovador by Antonio García Gutiérrez, the opera is one of three considered to represent the culmination of Verdi’s artistry to that point. (The other two are Rigoletto and La traviata.)
…1884, Madrid), dramatist whose play El trovador (1836; “The Troubadour”) was the most popular a... |
52d2b2789b2f7fd1d32ecf02df110a3d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/El-vapor | El vapor | El vapor
…editors of El Europeo and El vapor, two of the most important periodicals of the Romantic movement, the latter heavily reflecting the medievalist influence of the British novelist Sir Walter Scott. His Oda a la patria, upon which his fame rests, was a defense of regional feeling, written in the…
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37a7e8dc580309220d42f2cbb1e14263 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/elan-vital-philosophy | Élan vital | Élan vital
…as the endurance of an élan vital (“vital impulse”) that is continually developing and generating new forms. Evolution, in short, is creative, not mechanistic. (See creative evolution.)
…creative force that he called élan vital, which he held distinguishes heroic individuals and nations from the plodding he... |
5d649052a2366d362d25e56a2cbb3b41 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/election-political-science | Election | Election
Election, the formal process of selecting a person for public office or of accepting or rejecting a political proposition by voting. It is important to distinguish between the form and the substance of elections. In some cases, electoral forms are present but the substance of an election is missing, as when v... |
7120e6382fe4da6a6384dbbf8300d365 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/electoral-college | Electoral college | Electoral college
Electoral college, the system by which the president and vice president of the United States are chosen. It was devised by the framers of the United States Constitution to provide a method of election that was feasible, desirable, and consistent with a republican form of government. For the results o... |
c57ba26dddc260744f6dc1c21ce51ddb | https://www.britannica.com/topic/electronic-artificial-life-game | Electronic artificial life game | Electronic artificial life game
Electronic artificial life game, electronic game genre in which players nurture or control artificial life (A-life) forms. One of the earliest examples is The Game of Life, a cellular automaton created by the English mathematician John Conway in the 1960s. Following a few simple rules, ... |
412e088e9aaa62f9e34338295be970a6 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Electronic-Data-Systems | Electronic Data Systems | Electronic Data Systems
…and formed his own company, Electronic Data Systems (EDS), to design, install, and operate computer data-processing systems for clients on a contractual basis. EDS grew by processing medical claims for Blue Cross and other large insurance companies, and in 1968 Perot took the firm public in a s... |
f6a529c3b2e892a4d04fba778ca00e51 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/electronic-fighting-game | Electronic fighting game | Electronic fighting game
Electronic fighting game, electronic game genre based on competitive matches between a player’s character and a character controlled by another player or the game. Such matches may strive for realism or include fantasy elements. The genre originated in Japanese video arcades and continues prim... |
6f3e1212f833c419874033e91e010495 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/electronic-product-environmental-assessment-tool | Electronic product environmental assessment tool | Electronic product environmental assessment tool
Electronic product environmental assessment tool (EPEAT), online evaluation and procurement tool that helps consumers select environmentally friendly electronic products. It sets environmental criteria for examining desktop computers, laptops, computer monitors, printer... |
8d52dc62b5e3204801e11d6f7bf08e0b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/electronic-puzzle-game | Electronic puzzle game | Electronic puzzle game
Electronic puzzle game, electronic game genre, typically involving the use of logic, pattern recognition, or deduction.
Most popular puzzle games were made for personal computers, though some of them have been adapted for play on portable gaming systems and mobile telephones. Important games in ... |
d99471e0eadbdb26d03af4e5697f8f9d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/electronic-shooter-game | Electronic shooter game | Electronic shooter game
Electronic shooter game, electronic game genre in which players control a character or unit that wields weapons to shoot enemies. While shooting games involving “light guns” and photoreceptors were experimented with as early as the 1930s, the birth of this genre of electronic games really began... |
a4130d50be1be8f68e9add3970af10af | https://www.britannica.com/topic/electronic-vehicle-game | Electronic vehicle game | Electronic vehicle game
Electronic vehicle game, electronic game genre in which players control vehicles, typically in races or combat against vehicles controlled by other players or the game itself.
Pole Position (1982), created by Namco Limited of Japan and released in the United States by Atari Inc., was the first ... |
c6e3456df70ee38719d5fb84ccbbc99f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Elements-of-Charles-Babbages-Analytical-Machine | Elements of Charles Babbage’s Analytical Machine | Elements of Charles Babbage’s Analytical Machine
…de Charles Babbage” (1842; “Elements of Charles Babbage’s Analytical Machine”). Her detailed and elaborate annotations (especially her description of how the proposed Analytical Engine could be programmed to compute Bernoulli numbers) were excellent; “the Analytical Eng... |
d72b203e236c377df872751aa7723075 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Elements-of-Pure-Economics | Elements of Pure Economics | Elements of Pure Economics
…Éléments d’économie politique pure (1874–77; Elements of Pure Economics) was one of the first comprehensive mathematical analyses of general economic equilibrium. Because Walras wrote in French, his work did not get much attention in Britain, the hotbed of 19th-century economics; however, to... |
7d478b21ed49719278f3ac39b038e27a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Elias-Portolu | Elias Portolu | Elias Portolu
…divorzio (1902; After the Divorce); Elias Portolu (1903), the story of a mystical former convict in love with his brother’s bride; Cenere (1904; Ashes; film, 1916, starring Eleonora Duse), in which an illegitimate son causes his mother’s suicide; and La madre (1920; The Woman and the Priest; U.S. title, ... |
d09a12e571d60c13c4280e22f0c4cf77 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Elijah-by-Mendelssohn | Elijah, Op. 70 | Elijah, Op. 70
Elijah, Op. 70, oratorio by Felix Mendelssohn that premiered August 26, 1846, in Birmingham, England.
The oratorio presents episodes from the story of the biblical prophet Elijah. The title role, sung by a baritone or bass, requires a nearly operatic range of emotional expression for the arias, which ar... |
f6dea9f83b45922ec299c4b4a532b7a8 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/elixir-alchemy | Elixir | Elixir
Elixir, in alchemy, substance thought to be capable of changing base metals into gold. The same term, more fully elixir vitae, “elixir of life,” was given to the substance that would indefinitely prolong life—a liquid that was believed to be allied with the philosopher’s stone. Chinese Taoists not only sought ... |
26398cd5792efe694a16f462343c8a87 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eliza-Doolittle | Eliza Doolittle | Eliza Doolittle
Eliza Doolittle, fictional character, a Cockney flower girl who is transformed into a woman of poise and polish in George Bernard Shaw’s play Pygmalion (performed 1913; filmed 1938; adapted as the stage musical My Fair Lady, 1956; filmed 1964).
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daf8dc4146683994ae17ae0674a8858f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Elizabeth-The-Golden-Age | Elizabeth: The Golden Age | Elizabeth: The Golden Age
…and cowrote the score for Elizabeth: The Golden Age (2007). However, his true breakthrough to Western audiences came with Danny Boyle’s rags-to-riches saga Slumdog Millionaire (2008). Rahman’s score, which captured the frenzied pace of life in Mumbai’s underclass, dominated the awards circuit... |
85f96632a2863bc1b12ef9b68657a849 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Emaux-et-camees | Émaux et camées | Émaux et camées
These poems, published in Émaux et camées (1852; “Enamels and Cameos”), are among his finest, and the book was a point of departure for the writers Théodore de Banville and Leconte de Lisle. Charles Baudelaire paid tribute to Gautier in the dedication of his verse collection Les Fleurs du…
Gautier’s Éma... |
244a97a70439ff0fd8018cd0e514b51d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/embargo-international-law | Embargo | Embargo
Embargo, legal prohibition by a government or group of governments restricting the departure of vessels or movement of goods from some or all locations to one or more countries.
Embargoes may be broad or narrow in scope. A trade embargo, for example, is a prohibition on exports to one or more countries, though... |
1bdc99b2e3f8806cfe17294c77d68c31 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Emergency-Economic-Stabilization-Act-of-2008 | Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 | Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008
Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 (EESA), legislation passed by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by Pres. George W. Bush on Oct. 3, 2008. It was designed to prevent the collapse of the U.S. financial system during the subprime mortgage crisis, a severe contr... |
d4d0798272ef756b1ad99bcca1df5e9c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Emile-or-On-Education | Emile: or, On Education | Emile: or, On Education
Émile, his major work on education, describes an attempt to educate a simple and pure natural child for life in a world from which social man is estranged. Émile is removed from man’s society to a little society inhabited only by the child and his…
…in 1762 when his treatise Émile; ou, de l’educ... |
ffaa962434bdcbac34ab12f4a37d3b69 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Emily-fictional-character | Emily | Emily
Emily, also called Little Em’ly, fictional character, the childhood playmate and first love of David Copperfield in Charles Dickens’s novel David Copperfield (1849–50).
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0905043a9f809c5523199c51d68f32ac | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eminent-Victorians | Eminent Victorians | Eminent Victorians
Eminent Victorians, collection of short biographical sketches by Lytton Strachey, published in 1918.
Strachey’s portraits of Cardinal Manning, Florence Nightingale, Thomas Arnold, and General Charles “Chinese” Gordon revolutionized English biography. Until Strachey, biographers had kept an awestruck... |
06ae796a4f9ff8005f9896533704a66f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/emir | Emir | Emir
Emir, Arabic Amīr, (“commander,” or “prince”), in the Muslim Middle East, a military commander, governor of a province, or a high military official. Under the Umayyads, the emir exercised administrative and financial powers, somewhat diminished under the ʿAbbāsids, who introduced a separate financial officer. So... |
1a9d9057a01fd5771804cb84b465c597 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Emma-Bovary | Emma Bovary | Emma Bovary
Emma Bovary, fictional character, heroine of the novel Madame Bovary (1857) by Gustave Flaubert. Flaubert’s depiction of Bovary made her the best-known heroine in 19th-century French literature.
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