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7e89d26e930ed430f778cdecad002442 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Emma-film-by-McGrath | Emma | Emma
…of Emma were released in 1996 and 2009.
…supporting roles in films, including Emma (1996), Clockwatchers (1997), and Velvet Goldmine (1998), followed. Her performance in The Sixth Sense (1999)—in which she evinced the distress of a mother whose son can see ghosts—brought her an Academy Award nomination for best s... |
6a2e8c8133fa98135fe928126574d9de | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Emma-o | Emma-ō | Emma-ō
Emma-ō, in Japanese Buddhist mythology, the overlord of hell (Jigoku), corresponding to the Indian deity Yama. He judges the souls of men, while his sister judges the souls of women. The sinner is sent to one of the 16 regions of fire or ice assigned him by Emma-ō for a fixed period of time until the next rebir... |
a5b504aba185a21cef299ae02beaa81f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/emollient | Emollient | Emollient
Emollient, any substance that softens the skin by slowing evaporation of water. Sesame, almond, and olive oils were used in ancient Egypt; beeswax, spermaceti, almond oil, borax, and rosewater in Greece; and lanolin (sheep fat) in medieval Europe. Modern emollients include petrolatum, zinc oxide, paraffin, m... |
e0af47088c1f9d21df5b08db3220bc7c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/emoluments-clause | Emoluments clause | Emoluments clause
During the presidential election campaign, some of Trump’s critics had warned that his presidency could create a unique and immediate constitutional crisis because of his possible violation of the foreign emoluments clause of the U.S. Constitution, which generally prohibits federal officeholders from ... |
088b35adbb266ddae245820b3c886ae3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/emoticon | Emoticon | Emoticon
Emoticon, glyph used in computer-mediated communications that is meant to represent a facial expression in order to communicate the emotional state of the author. When the Internet was entirely text-based, between the late 1960s and the early 1990s, emoticons were rendered in ASCII and were read sideways, as ... |
a85a4a81888caf2d3c1e8f78e7aeefe0 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Empire-of-All-Russias | Empire of All Russias | Empire of All Russias
…tsardom of Muscovy into the Empire of All Russias, and he himself received the title of emperor from the Senate at the conclusion of the peace with Sweden. Not only did the title aim at identifying the new Russia with European political tradition, but it also bespoke the new conception…
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262a345ae13519e62c43cbd8238a8283 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Empire-State-Building | Empire State Building | Empire State Building
Empire State Building, steel-framed skyscraper rising 102 stories that was completed in New York City in 1931 and was the tallest building in the world until 1971. The Empire State Building is located in Midtown Manhattan, on Fifth Avenue at 34th Street. It remains one of the most distinctive and... |
450c5c0b984b689bcdbc4e076495eab5 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Emporia-State-University | Emporia State University | Emporia State University
Emporia State University, public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Emporia, Kansas, U.S. It consists of the schools of Business and of Library and Information Management, the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, and the Teachers College. In addition to undergraduate studies, th... |
cab07eed9203cfeb797793e5b9a0ee0a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Empower-America | Empower America | Empower America
…of free-market economics, he founded Empower America, a group advocating so-called supply-side policies, including low taxes and deregulation, as the best means of stimulating growth.
…he continued to work with Empower America, a conservative think tank that he had established with Steve Forbes in 1993... |
b858474bd508a215580329aa89783bf3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Empress-of-Blandings | Empress of Blandings | Empress of Blandings
Empress of Blandings, fictional creature, a huge Berkshire sow resembling a balloon with ears and a tail, in stories and novels by P.G. Wodehouse. She is the property and pride of Lord Emsworth, and she has won three consecutive Fat Pigs silver medals at the Shropshire Agricultural Show. In the co... |
8dfc8cbdf5fa9289ef7b29f28b627212 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Empty-Lot | Empty Lot | Empty Lot
Empty Lot was an installation for the inaugural Hyundai Commission at Tate Modern in London. The artist did not regard it finished until the exhibition closed on April 3, 2016. Six months earlier his team had collected earth from 36 locations across Greater London to…
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77fcb9263f5570a02772bdd43ae22688 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/En-Marche | En Marche! | En Marche!
…Macron announced the creation of En Marche! (“Forward!”), a popular movement that he characterized as a “democratic revolution” against a sclerotic political system. Echoing the third way paradigm that had been promoted by Pres. Bill Clinton in the United States and Prime Minister Tony Blair in Britain, Mac... |
278f079833ba37c598aa5c5eea85cf87 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Enaliornis | Enaliornis | Enaliornis
…evidence of foot-propelled divers (Enaliornis) and of an early relative of the flamingos (Gallornis) are known from Lower Cretaceous deposits in Europe. Upper Cretaceous deposits have yielded, besides Hesperornis and Ichthyornis and their relatives, diving birds similar to Enaliornis, other early flamingo-l... |
c33e855bc0c09366eed76bdf1b6df23d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Enciclopedia-italiana-di-scienze-lettere-ed-arti | Enciclopedia italiana di scienze, lettere ed arti | Enciclopedia italiana di scienze, lettere ed arti
Enciclopedia italiana di scienze, lettere ed arti, (Italian: “Italian Encyclopaedia of Science, Letters, and Arts”), major encyclopaedia of Italy, containing 35 volumes of text and a one-volume index. Work on the encyclopaedia began in 1925 and the volumes were publish... |
e9fb8ad9e9f49ceba66f29533f235016 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/ENCODE | ENCODE | ENCODE
ENCODE, in full Encyclopedia of DNA Elements, collaborative data-collection project begun in 2003 that aimed to inventory all the functional elements of the human genome. ENCODE was conceived by researchers at the U.S. National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) as a follow-on to the Human Genome Project (... |
e25d4355b9b0ea515e9f6d1ed5410ef3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Encratites | Encratite | Encratite
Encratite, member of an ascetic Christian sect led by Tatian, a 2nd-century Syrian rhetorician. The name derived from the group’s doctrine of continence (Greek: enkrateia). The sect shunned marriage, the eating of flesh, and the drinking of intoxicating beverages, even substituting water or milk for wine in... |
c460635f7477d90e4776dcac7578ab5d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Encyclopaedia-Britannica-English-language-reference-work/Eleventh-edition-and-its-supplements | Eleventh edition and its supplements | Eleventh edition and its supplements
The 11th edition brought a change in both plan and method of the Encyclopædia Britannica. Previous editions had consistently planned to provide comprehensive treatises on major subjects as well as detailed information on particulars and had inevitably lacked coherence because of the... |
c414068ad7d7af7f18ce1c99d68d0f77 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Encyclopaedia-Universalis | Encyclopaedia Universalis | Encyclopaedia Universalis
…interesting new encyclopaedias was the Encyclopaedia Universalis (first issued 1968–74), edited by Claude Grégory and owned by the French Book Club and Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. (since 2005 solely by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.). This work, inspired by L’Encyclopédie, eschewed the inclu... |
761a36affdc1a984da6b8180deb549a3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Encyclopedia-of-Applique | Encyclopedia of Appliqué | Encyclopedia of Appliqué
…Pieced Quilt Patterns (1979) and Encyclopedia of Applique (1993), twin compendiums of pieced (4,216) and appliquéd (1,795) quilt patterns, based on quilt collections and published sources from roughly 1800 to 1970. Brackman’s pattern compilations were also released in software format under the... |
72b7ca4d379ce7726a05842901f06d3f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Encyclopedie | Encyclopédie | Encyclopédie
Encyclopédie, in full Encyclopédie, Ou Dictionnaire Raisonné Des Sciences, Des Arts Et Des Métiers, (French: “Encyclopaedia, or Classified Dictionary of Sciences, Arts, and Trades”), the 18th-century French encyclopaedia that was one of the chief works of the Philosophes, men dedicated to the advancement... |
9ba1d17d164a3d37423753a74bdd4b78 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Endangered-Species-Act | Endangered Species Act | Endangered Species Act
Endangered Species Act, U.S. federal law passed in 1973 that obligates federal and state governments to protect all species threatened with extinction that fall within the borders of the United States and its outlying territories. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) of the Department of t... |
684b8fda9ac58f87550bac00c7773cc9 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Enderby-Outside | Enderby Outside | Enderby Outside
…of Saint Venus (1964) and Enderby Outside (1968). The latter is part of a series of humorous novels centred around the lyric poet F.X. Enderby, whom many critics have seen as a stand-in for Burgess himself. His later works include Earthly Powers (1980), The End of the World News (1983),…
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1264c03a1d73dbda0afaccd746a06e16 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Endymion-Greek-mythology | Endymion | Endymion
Endymion, in Greek mythology, a beautiful youth who spent much of his life in perpetual sleep. Endymion’s parentage varies among the different ancient references and stories, but several traditions say that he was originally the king of Elis. According to one tradition, Zeus offered him anything that he might... |
61a9732a0c85b6b6dba21b6c92f58d27 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Endymion-novel-by-Disraeli | Endymion | Endymion
…his party leadership and finished Endymion (3 vol., 1880), a mellow, nostalgic political novel viewing his early career. His health failed rapidly, and, a few days after his burial in the family vault at Hughenden, Queen Victoria came to lay a wreath upon the tomb of her favourite prime minister.
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23790d0ff780cb13cd4c64d746f05313 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eneit | Eneit | Eneit
…of Thuringia, Heinrich completed the Eneit, modeled on the French Roman d’Eneas rather than directly on Virgil’s Aeneid. Eneit was written not in Heinrich’s native Flemish but in the Franconian literary language of such works as Eilhart von Oberg’s Tristrant und Isalde. Following its French example, Eneit greatl... |
be5bd49d60d8323c473ca5743ebe6150 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Enets | Enets | Enets
Enets, also called Enet’-enche, Yeniseiok, or Yenisey Samoyeds, an indigenous Arctic people who traditionally resided on the east bank of the lower Yenisey River of Russia. They numbered about 300 in the Russian census of 2002.
The Enets live in the Arctic tundra, a region of permafrost, and are divided into two... |
b679a5b518f0b1016723da84dbf10efa | https://www.britannica.com/topic/England-and-Wales-Cricket-Board | England and Wales Cricket Board | England and Wales Cricket Board
A reorganization of English cricket took place in 1969, resulting in the end of the MCC’s long reign as the controlling body of the game, though the organization still retains responsibility for the laws. With the establishment of the Sports Council (a government agency…
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a2349ad6152d20607ee1954d9bf4016a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Englisc | Englisc | Englisc
…well as to the word Englisc, used even by Saxon writers to denote their vernacular tongue. The Angles are first mentioned by Tacitus (1st century ce) as worshippers of the deity Nerthus. According to the Venerable Bede in the Ecclesiastical History of the English People, their Continental homeland was centred…... |
5b8094342c801ce3b9293ee66d22889a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/English-language/Australian-and-New-Zealand-English | Australian and New Zealand English | Australian and New Zealand English
Unlike Canada, Australia has no concentration of a European language other than English within its borders. There are still many Aboriginal languages, though they each are spoken by small numbers and their continued existence is threatened. More than 80 percent of the population is of... |
d9eb1de92cdaeb42a93ee06d0e4064de | https://www.britannica.com/topic/English-language/Composition | Composition | Composition
Composition, or compounding, is concerned with free forms. The primary compounds cloverleaf, gentleman, and (less obviously, because of the spelling) already show the collocation of two free forms. They differ from word groups or phrases in stress, juncture, or vowel quality or by a combination of these. Th... |
d251f1f29b75f9297c670088fabe6c96 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/English-language/Middle-English | Middle English | Middle English
One result of the Norman Conquest of 1066 was to place all four Old English dialects more or less on a level. West Saxon lost its supremacy, and the centre of culture and learning gradually shifted from Winchester to London. The old Northumbrian dialect became divided into Scottish and Northern, although... |
debf275037256c982e3e9f229b4fea66 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/English-language/Varieties-of-English | Varieties of English | Varieties of English
The abbreviation RP (Received Pronunciation) denotes what is traditionally considered the standard accent of people living in London and the southeast of England and of other people elsewhere who speak in this way. RP is the only British accent that has no specific geographical correlate: it is not... |
2215171cef7481eef36e2990de1a9355 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/English-language/Vocabulary | Vocabulary | Vocabulary
The vocabulary of Modern English is approximately a quarter Germanic (Old English, Scandinavian, Dutch, German) and two-thirds Italic or Romance (especially Latin, French, Spanish, Italian), with copious and increasing importations from Greek in science and technology and with considerable borrowings from mo... |
14bbfa689ecdd1c9b4da8ee1840ef05b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/English-Romayne-Lyfe | English Romayne Lyfe | English Romayne Lyfe
Critics have found his English Romayne Lyfe (1582) of permanent interest as a detailed and entertaining, though hostile, description of life and study in the English College at Rome. By 1586 he had been appointed one of the “messengers of her majesty’s chamber,” a post he seems to have…
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54aa6012da106f5e30d2f6541e6eb84d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/English-Settled-Land-Acts | English Settled Land Acts | English Settled Land Acts
The English Settled Land Acts (1882, 1890, 1925) gave considerably more power to the present holder of settled land than the common law had given him. The Married Women’s Property Acts in both countries (originating in the United States in 1839 and in England in 1857)…
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7081fea32f407746424717cb3cba1e9b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Englishmen-Frenchmen-Spaniards | Englishmen, Frenchmen, Spaniards | Englishmen, Frenchmen, Spaniards
…Madariaga’s most notable essays are Englishmen, Frenchmen, Spaniards (1928), a study of national psychology; Guía del lector del Quijote (1926; Don Quixote), an analysis of Cervantes’ classic; and Spain (1942), a historical essay. He also published books on various periods in Latin-Ame... |
6e9e39abd2d2caf26525ec592d9cff78 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/engram-memory | Engram | Engram
>engrams. Ideas and images are held to derive from the incorporation and activation of these engrams in complex circuits involving nerve cells. Such circuits in the cortex (outer layers) of the brain appear to subserve the neurophysiology of memory, thought, imagination, and fantasy
…based on reactivation of old... |
a106de8c5eb2c7ce4e21c51838feba76 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Enigma-Variations | Enigma Variations | Enigma Variations
Enigma Variations, byname of Variations on an Original Theme (“Enigma”), Op. 36, series of 14 short musical portraits by Edward Elgar that premiered in London on June 19, 1899. The subjects of these portraits were several of the composer’s friends and family.
The work’s origins were described by Elga... |
5bdccc0050aa72a758d37a6a231e2dc0 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Enkidu | Enkidu | Enkidu
Enkidu, a legendary hero originally appearing in Sumerian literary compositions, which were incorporated, with alterations, in the Akkadian epic of Gilgamesh. Enkidu’s name has been variously interpreted: as identical with the deity Enkimdu or meaning “lord of the reed marsh” or “Enki has created.” In the epic ... |
9a3085656d502a63829e4df88412f360 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/enlightenment-religion | Enlightenment | Enlightenment
…purification (of the will); (3) illumination (of the mind); and (4) unification (of one’s being or will with the divine). Other methods are: dancing (as used by the Mawlawiyyah, or whirling dervishes, a Muslim Sufi sect); the use of sedatives and stimulants (as utilized in some Hellenistic mystery religi... |
0622daf130817011529df46e98b88e57 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/ennead | Ennead | Ennead
…ancient known grouping is the ennead, which is probably attested from the 3rd dynasty (c. 2650–2575 bce). Enneads were groups of nine deities, nine being the “plural” of three (in Egypt the number three symbolized plurality in general); not all enneads consisted of nine gods.
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c8dcbe93a6d049dcb74c726e7749bb66 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/entail | Entail | Entail
Entail, also called fee tail, in feudal English law, an interest in land bound up inalienably in the grantee and then forever to his direct descendants. A basic condition of entail was that if the grantee died without direct descendants the land reverted to the grantor. The concept, feudal in origin, supported ... |
152ee6115dcbf4012c02a328ca0fb8da | https://www.britannica.com/topic/enterprise-special-district | Enterprise special district | Enterprise special district
Enterprise special districts include gas, water, and electrical utilities. Rather than taxing all recipients, this type of special district usually charges customers by quantity consumed. Sometimes nonenterprise special districts charge use or service fees, which are minor sources of revenue... |
5b02ee437f843adbf864ee4cde919f0e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/environmental-policy/Global-policy-agreements | Global policy agreements | Global policy agreements
From the early 1970s, the United Nations (UN) has provided the main forum for international negotiations and agreements on environmental policies and objectives. The 1972 Stockholm conference was the first international conference on environmental issues and was followed by the United Nations C... |
039831627c59944fdd297c195bfa8b31 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Environmental-Protection-Agency | Environmental Protection Agency | Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), agency of the U.S. government that sets and enforces national pollution-control standards.
In 1970, in response to the welter of confusing, often ineffective environmental protection laws enacted by states and communities, President Richard Nixon c... |
5350aba6764d1454529e304a0ad61fbd | https://www.britannica.com/topic/environmentalism/Biocentric-schools-of-thought | Biocentric schools of thought | Biocentric schools of thought
An emphasis on small-scale economic structures and the social dimensions of the ecological crisis also is a feature of the school of thought known as social ecology, whose major proponent was the American environmental anarchist Murray Bookchin. Social ecologists trace the causes of enviro... |
4fd1f5689b2189bcc30320b2ba36acc8 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Envy | Envy | Envy
…published in book form 1928; Envy), the central theme of which is the fate of the intelligentsia in Russia’s postrevolutionary society. Olesha’s obvious enthusiasm for the new state of affairs did not hinder him from seeing and conveying to the reader the dramatic clash between the rational industrial state and…
... |
661392f52065fad91f7d266e604eaaa5 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Epa | Epa | Epa
Typical of Ekiti is the Epa cult, which is connected with both the ancestors and agriculture. The mask proper, roughly globular, has highly stylized features that vary little; but the superstructure, which may be 4 feet (120 cm) or more in height, is often of very great complexity—for example, a…
For example, Epa m... |
dfb63635747299e899bc46148c9f4b85 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/ephod | Ephod | Ephod
Ephod, also spelled Efod, part of the ceremonial dress of the high priest of ancient Israel described in the Old Testament (Ex. 28:6–8; 39:2–5). It was worn outside the robe and probably kept in place by a girdle and by shoulder pieces, from which hung the breast piece (or pouch) containing the sacred lots (divi... |
4d38b59bd3f64ed7f75382567f509655 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Epic-of-Gilgamesh | Epic of Gilgamesh | Epic of Gilgamesh
Epic of Gilgamesh, ancient Mesopotamian odyssey recorded in the Akkadian language about Gilgamesh, the king of the Mesopotamian city-state Uruk (Erech).
The fullest extant text of the Gilgamesh epic is on 12 incomplete Akkadian-language tablets found in the mid-19th century by the Turkish Assyriologi... |
c91854e48c0efb022cac370d86e993af | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Epigoni | Epigoni | Epigoni
…of the dead Seven, the Epigoni, or second generation, had grown to manhood, Adrastus again attacked the city and occupied it after the Thebans had evacuated it by night. He died at Megara on the homeward journey.
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8ce7678c21ccfa3570616e496c0aac50 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Epigrams-from-the-Greek-Anthology | Epigrams from the Greek Anthology | Epigrams from the Greek Anthology
…1909 he was introduced to Epigrams from the Greek Anthology. Masters was seized by the idea of composing a similar series of free-verse epitaphs in the form of monologues. The result was Spoon River Anthology, in which the former inhabitants of Spoon River speak from the grave of thei... |
08e19b88ac0f2c7189f73460b879ded5 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/epigraphy/Ancient-Iran | Ancient Iran | Ancient Iran
Epigraphically recorded history in ancient Persia began dramatically with the rise of the Achaemenid dynasty in the 6th century bce. Cyrus II the Great’s conquest of Media, Lydia, and Babylonia, Cambyses’ occupation of Egypt, and the incursions into Greece of the succeeding side branch of the family, begin... |
15bed6024d9bd24fe320be81acb3b93b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/epigraphy/Inscriptions-as-social-and-cultural-records | Inscriptions as social and cultural records | Inscriptions as social and cultural records
In the preceding section, inscriptions were evaluated as sources for the presence and migrations of peoples, the existence and chronology of political states, their dynastic histories, foreign relations, internal governance, legal institutions, and official acts. In this sect... |
c128f7a2f1a96dbe8dab8ec3e43bb15d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/epigraphy/Other-ancient-Middle-Eastern-regions | Other ancient Middle Eastern regions | Other ancient Middle Eastern regions
Regions adjacent to the power centres of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Iran were frequently mere political and administrative adjuncts, often obscure vassaldoms or adversaries without notable or attested written traditions. The Mitanni kingdom in northern Mesopotamia had some ephemeral bi... |
1d9bbdb966a082b6c54f5439f306100f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/epigraphy/The-Turkic-peoples | The Turkic peoples | The Turkic peoples
The oldest monuments of Turkic languages—inscribed on stones, and datable to the early 8th century ce—were discovered in the late 19th century in southern Siberia around the Yenisey River and in northern Mongolia near the capital of Urga (modern Ulaanbaatar). Deciphered in 1893 by the Danish scholar ... |
d8572cf953ce02cf616617ae8d8f3c1a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Epipsychidion | Epipsychidion | Epipsychidion
Epipsychidion, poem in couplets by Percy Bysshe Shelley, written in 1821 in Pisa (Italy). It is dedicated to Teresa (“Emilia”) Viviani, the teenage daughter of the governor of Pisa, who had been confined in a nunnery by her father. Shelley renamed her Emily and imagined her living in an ideal ménage à tr... |
3b781b36575caa7626d8b396d2b52381 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/epistemic-risk | Epistemic risk | Epistemic risk
Such belief inevitably involves epistemic risk—the risk of error versus the risk of missing the truth. But perhaps the right to believe that was defended by William James applies in this situation.
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5c54586307998a524421f19dc9676096 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/epistemological-argument | Epistemological argument | Epistemological argument
The epistemological argument is very simple. It is based on the idea that, according to Platonism, mathematical knowledge is knowledge of abstract objects, but there does not seem to be any way for humans to acquire knowledge of abstract objects. The…
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6aecd325583fcedcc5852f75d373863d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/epistemological-behaviourism | Epistemological behaviourism | Epistemological behaviourism
According to his “epistemological behaviourism,” Rorty held that no statement is epistemologically more basic than any other, and no statement is ever justified “finally” but only relative to some circumscribed and contextually determined set of additional statements. In the philosophy of l... |
2c0a85292671bab0953a4531908cb48b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/epistemology | Epistemology | Epistemology
Epistemology, the philosophical study of the nature, origin, and limits of human knowledge. The term is derived from the Greek epistēmē (“knowledge”) and logos (“reason”), and accordingly the field is sometimes referred to as the theory of knowledge. Epistemology has a long history within Western philosop... |
8e440add81f5633f4ebb48ca862ced1a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/epistemology/A-priori-and-a-posteriori-knowledge | A priori and a posteriori knowledge | A priori and a posteriori knowledge
Since at least the 17th century, a sharp distinction has been drawn between a priori knowledge and a posteriori knowledge. The distinction plays an especially important role in the work of David Hume (1711–76) and Immanuel Kant (1724–1804).
The distinction is easily illustrated by me... |
32a2d07ca72ec16a99dd72889cdc97f8 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/epistemology/Ancient-Skepticism | Ancient Skepticism | Ancient Skepticism
After the death of Aristotle the next significant development in the history of epistemology was the rise of Skepticism, of which there were at least two kinds. The first, Academic Skepticism, arose in the Academy (the school founded by Plato) in the 3rd century bce and was propounded by the Greek ph... |
5b3cab7326def518d62d885cba831a8b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/epistemology/David-Hume | David Hume | David Hume
Although Berkeley rejected the Lockean notions of primary and secondary qualities and matter, he retained Locke’s belief in the existence of mind, substance, and causation as an unseen force or power in objects. David Hume, in contrast, rejected all these notions.
Hume recognized two kinds of perception: “im... |
8c14cfb9322d45df93b902bdff674a1a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/epistemology/John-Locke | John Locke | John Locke
Whereas rationalist philosophers such as Descartes held that the ultimate source of human knowledge is reason, empiricists such as John Locke argued that the source is experience (see Rationalism and empiricism). Rationalist accounts of knowledge also typically involved the claim that at least some kinds of ... |
bd886c93e53c9858d9a45b5466fc17d9 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/epistemology/Knowledge-and-certainty | Knowledge and certainty | Knowledge and certainty
Philosophers have disagreed sharply about the complex relationship between the concepts of knowledge and certainty. Are they the same? If not, how do they differ? Is it possible for someone to know that p without being certain that p, or to be certain that p without knowing that p? Is it possibl... |
a2c7defd7b5401036e2e308a61445bb4 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/epistemology/Perception-and-knowledge | Perception and knowledge | Perception and knowledge
The epistemological interests of analytic philosophers in the first half of the 20th century were largely focused on the relationship between knowledge and perception. The major figures in that period were Russell, Moore, H.H. Price (1899–1984), C.D. Broad (1887–1971), Ayer, and H. Paul Grice (... |
debca1c31da9b0c2a0a7286d2fbccbac | https://www.britannica.com/topic/epistemology/St-Thomas-Aquinas | St. Thomas Aquinas | St. Thomas Aquinas
With the translation into Latin of Aristotle’s On the Soul in the early 13th century, the Platonic and Augustinian epistemology that dominated the early Middle Ages was gradually displaced. Following Aristotle, Aquinas recognized different kinds of knowledge. Sensory knowledge arises from sensing par... |
034ad78bdfdec5046f06b75f8ccb920e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/epistemology/The-history-of-epistemology | The history of epistemology | The history of epistemology
The central focus of ancient Greek philosophy was the problem of motion. Many pre-Socratic philosophers thought that no logically coherent account of motion and change could be given. Although the problem was primarily a concern of metaphysics, not epistemology, it had the consequence that a... |
489d0b8c84ebc20a3b89a356156c8bc4 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Epitafios | Epitafios | Epitafios
His next collection, Epitafios (1936; “Funeral Lament”), was symbolically burned at the foot of the Acropolis, and for nearly a decade he could not publish freely. During the Nazi occupation of Greece (1944) and the start of the civil war, Ritsos joined with the Communist guerrillas; after their…
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f466ccc30d0f6ccb42a850c915862bde | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Epitome-of-the-Almagest | Epitome of the Almagest | Epitome of the Almagest
…household and completed Peuerbach’s half-finished Epitome (c. 1462; first printed in 1496 as Epytoma…in Almagestum Ptolomei). His demonstration of an alternative to Ptolemy’s models for the orbits of Mercury and Venus with respect to the Sun gave Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) the geometric ke... |
ba5b5d7d877c202eb21da38ba4e9bff1 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/eponym-list | Eponym list | Eponym list
…at the same time as eponym lists, and a number of these annals, or the campaigns mentioned in them, were dated by eponyms who figured in the eponym lists. Moreover, some of the Assyrian kings in the annals were also kings of Babylonia and as such were included in Ptolemy’s…
…the period covered by that epon... |
87fe6cabb574255de9cd50aa86faa27e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/epulones | Epulones | Epulones
…of the other body, the epulones, supervised religious feasts. There were also fetiales, priestly officials who were concerned with various aspects of international relationships, such as treaties and declarations of war. Also six Vestal Virgins, chosen as young girls from the old patrician families, tended th... |
9d93d2a7c6f77275e98f330ae1fe400f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Equal-Employment-Opportunity-Commission | Equal Employment Opportunity Commission | Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), government agency established on July 2, 1965, by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to “ensure equality of opportunity by vigorously enforcing federal legislation prohibiting discrimination in employment”—particularly discr... |
68adb076808f75070c95982c8ef648d0 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/equality-before-the-law | Equality before the law | Equality before the law
…notion is the idea of equality before the law, which holds that no “legal” person shall enjoy privileges that are not extended to all and that no person shall be immune from legal sanctions. In addition, the application and adjudication of legal rules by various governing officials are to be…
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34cd2eb92c62d06329561b731255d6a8 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/equality-human-rights | Equality | Equality
Equality, Generally, an ideal of uniformity in treatment or status by those in a position to affect either. Acknowledgment of the right to equality often must be coerced from the advantaged by the disadvantaged. Equality of opportunity was the founding creed of U.S. society, but equality among all peoples and... |
bf49980a87b1b8f47069466d8d61053d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/eques | Eques | Eques
Eques, (Latin: “horseman”) plural equites, in ancient Rome, a knight, originally a member of the cavalry and later of a political and administrative class as well as of the equestrian order. In early Rome the equites were drawn from the senatorial class and were called equites equo publico (“horsemen whose mount... |
1b3a5d45add32a6f8fe0bb667012ab7c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/equilibrium-economics | Equilibrium | Equilibrium
Commercial banks and other corporations involved in dealings across currency frontiers are usually able to see some (but not necessarily all) of their needs in advance. Their foreign exchange experts will watch the course of the exchanges closely and, if a…
…is a point of “equilibrium”—analogous to the equi... |
0f1f5f8d0a585709828422fca3ff462e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/equilibrium-price | Equilibrium price | Equilibrium price
…is referred to as the equilibrium price and represents an agreement between producers and consumers of the good. In equilibrium the quantity of a good supplied by producers equals the quantity demanded by consumers.
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3d1d16f13f59c23cd706890ef964b1c2 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/equimarginal-principle | Equimarginal principle | Equimarginal principle
…particular examples of the “equimarginal principle,” a tool that can be applied to any decision that involves alternative courses of action. It is not only at the core of the theory of the firm and the theory of consumer behaviour, but it also underlies the theory of money, of…
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40371b9e5151d212fe64318991629068 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Equinox-by-Figes | Equinox | Equinox
Equinox (1966) examines the breakup of a marriage and the protagonist’s subsequent struggle to rebuild her world. It was published about the time of the author’s own divorce from George Figes. Winter Journey (1967) relates a day in the life of an isolated old man.…
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fb76bbc1a5321c7a1c6c15f028f36ae9 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/equity | Equity | Equity
Equity, in Anglo-American law, the custom of courts outside the common law or coded law. Equity provided remedies in situations in which precedent or statutory law might not apply or be equitable.
By the end of the 13th century, the English king’s common-law courts had largely limited the relief available in ci... |
e59e0e23795e6e78b987e2f3d5f88ed0 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/equivalence-logic | Equivalence | Equivalence
Equivalence, also called equivalence of propositions, in logic and mathematics, the formation of a proposition from two others which are linked by the phrase “if, and only if.” The equivalence formed from two propositions p and q also may be defined by the statement “p is a necessary and sufficient conditi... |
23c9156e969cd0ff2000fe8cefd2ffe9 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Erasmus | Erasmus | Erasmus
…as is also true of Erasmus (1924), a sympathetic study of a central intellectual figure of the 16th century. Huizinga’s other chief works are In de schaduwen van Morgen (1935; In the Shadow of Tomorrow), “a diagnosis of the spiritual distemper of our time,” and Homo Ludens (1938), a study…
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19336bbb62b0de6df399dd67c9f60aa7 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Erato | Erato | Erato
Erato, in Greek religion, one of the nine Muses, the patron of lyric and erotic poetry or hymns. She is often depicted playing a lyre. See also Muse.
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e40c7c985c317d05efabedf35d9a2f4a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ercole | Ercole | Ercole
In his poem Ercole (1557; “Hercules”) he tried to reconcile the Aristotelian rules with modern taste. In his Discorso delle comedie e delle tragedie (1543; “Discourse on Comedy and Tragedy”) he reacted against the austerity of the classical tragedies. In his own tragedies—Orbecche (1541), his only strictly Senec... |
5b3ccf6a03bba8ffa9596a276eb8fd29 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Erebuni | Erebuni | Erebuni
Erebuni, ancient Urartian palace-fortress probably built by King Argishti I in the first quarter of the 8th century bc; it was located on the hill of Arin Berd, near modern Yerevan in Armenia. Excavations at Erebuni have centred on the palace and temple; both buildings contained important wall paintings (done... |
a089f8001d2183185f80c69609dd4a0c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/erga-omnes | Erga omnes | Erga omnes
…has established a category of erga omnes (Latin: “toward all”) obligations, which apply to all states. Whereas in ordinary obligations the defaulting state bears responsibility toward particular interested states (e.g., other parties to the treaty that has been breached), in the breach of erga omnes obligat... |
dfc82e5c65cbbf4c613f85221ec6fb51 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Erie-Canal/From-commercial-artery-to-national-symbol | From commercial artery to national symbol | From commercial artery to national symbol
The canal was an instant commercial and financial success. Pulled by mules or horses, canal boats were capable of carrying 30 tons of produce—far more than wagons—which lowered the cost of transporting products from Buffalo to New York City from $100 per ton to less than $10 pe... |
747fb6b3db57c800b164f048e5330843 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Erie-Railroad-Company | Erie Railroad Company | Erie Railroad Company
Erie Railroad Company, U.S. railroad running between New York City, Buffalo, and Chicago, through the southern counties of New York state and skirting Lake Erie. It was incorporated in 1832 as the New York and Erie Railroad Company, to build from Piermont, N.Y., on the west bank of the Hudson Ri... |
417dfa4182e3fe2add9fc495902837c9 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/eristic | Eristic | Eristic
Eristic, (from Greek eristikos, “fond of wrangling”), argumentation that makes successful disputation an end in itself rather than a means of approaching truth. Such argumentation reduces philosophical inquiry to a rhetorical exercise. Eristic argument is closely associated with the Sophists and was ridiculed ... |
cf2dabe6d0d4a820a16b7fb85621354c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eritrean-Liberation-Front | Eritrean Liberation Front | Eritrean Liberation Front
… announced the establishment of the Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF). Its manifesto, which called for armed struggle to obtain Eritrea’s rights, attracted the support of Syria, which eagerly offered military training for rebellion in a country tied to the United States and Israel. This largely... |
fa9c42538a516aad2605d022d3b971e1 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eritrean-Peoples-Liberation-Front | Eritrean People's Liberation Front | Eritrean People's Liberation Front
Eritrean People’s Liberation Front (EPLF), later (from 1994) People’s Front for Democracy and Justice, secessionist movement that successfully fought for the creation of an independent Eritrean nation out of the northernmost province of Ethiopia in 1993.
The historical region of Erit... |
f32b7acdc68936a78daab8be813bae40 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Erlik | Erlik | Erlik
The character of Erlik in the mythologies of the Central Asiatic Turks (e.g., among the Altaics) is typical.
…khan, a figure equivalent to Erlik khan of the Altai Kizhi people, who is the ruler of the Underworld. Besides gods and the progeny of gods—both sons and daughters—other spirits also inhabit all three wor... |
8090e6b660436bb78e3fc469a90e7f69 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/ermine-heraldry | Ermine | Ermine
…or one of the furs ermine (a white field with black spots), ermines (a black field with white spots), erminois (gold field with black spots), pean (black field with gold spots), or vair (alternating blue and white figures mimicking the fur of a species of squirrel). Two other colours appear…
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e88d8c016eb2faae12e58576523c9a69 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ernst-A-Spiegel | Ernst A. Spiegel | Ernst A. Spiegel
…were pioneered by American neurologists Ernst A. Spiegel and Henry T. Wycis. Since then, a number of modifications and refinements have been made to stereotaxic devices, procedures, and atlases, and these advances have significantly improved the utility of stereotaxy.
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b66f3b0435f1348f9a6ffcf9f67adb86 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Erotemata-grammatika | Erotemata grammatika | Erotemata grammatika
…is best remembered for his Erotemata grammatika (“Grammatical Questions,” first printed in Milan, 1493), a handbook of Greek in the form of question and answer that enjoyed great popularity among Western humanists of the early Renaissance. He also compiled a lexicon of Attic Greek (Sylloge onomato... |
e4d29d78a7f6aa3618e70c383c9589e4 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/error-epistemology | Error | Error
…true is either doubt or error. In its theory of error, these philosophers maintained an uncompromising realism by holding that the object of error is still real but is only not here and now. True knowledge (prama) apprehends its object as it is; false knowledge apprehends the object as what…
According to Shankar... |
67983f9969019b6fc1cc5856aaf089eb | https://www.britannica.com/topic/errors-and-omissions | Errors and omissions | Errors and omissions
…to square the account “errors and omissions.” If the average value of this figure over a substantial period, such as 10 years—an even longer period may have to be taken if a country is in persistent surplus or deficit—has a positive or negative value of substantial amount, then it…
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9ca854e31c6246bdba1d8b902c253f4b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Erya | Erya | Erya
Erya, Wade-Giles romanization Erh-ya, an early Chinese lexicon that is considered a classic work of Chinese literature and is sometimes ranked with the Wujing (“Five Classics”) in importance and influence. The Erya, possibly assembled in the Qin (221–207 bce) or early Han (206 bce–220 ce) dynasty, is a compilatio... |
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