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0cf245e097bd7b4792c49e4d069d006f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Esagila | Esagila | Esagila
Esagila, most important temple complex in ancient Babylon, dedicated to the god Marduk (q.v.), the tutelary deity of that city. The temple area was located south of the huge ziggurat called Etemenanki; it measured 660 feet (200 m) on its longest side, and its three vast courtyards were surrounded by intricate... |
584154cd5ab74f0e95ea69ccf58343f3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/escalator-clause | Escalator clause | Escalator clause
Escalator clause, provision in union or business contracts for automatic adjustment of wages or prices in proportion to changes in an external standard, such as the U.S. cost of living index. Escalator clauses have been used most extensively since World War II. They are used in union contracts as a me... |
762ff3f7070b7c3d046c1b61c6d34d64 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Escape-at-Dannemora | Escape at Dannemora | Escape at Dannemora
…break out in the miniseries Escape at Dannemora (2018), which was based on true events. For her performance, Arquette won a second Golden Globe Award. In 2019 she assumed another real-life disquieting figure for The Act, a limited series in which she played an abusive mother who submits her daughte... |
9394ea30f0df112e10ad30a34505529c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Escape-from-Planet-Earth | Escape from Planet Earth | Escape from Planet Earth
…voice to the animated comedies Escape from Planet Earth (2013) and The Willoughbys (2020). In addition, Gervais was a frequent host of the Golden Globes ceremony (2010, 2011, 2012, 2016, and 2020), earning both praise and criticism for his often acerbic barbs.
…an alien in the animated Escape ... |
e930a19e219b8d41d1a9f4d53432da15 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Escorial-Monastery | Escorial Monastery | Escorial Monastery
…is the site of the Royal Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial, a monastery originally Hieronymite but occupied since 1885 by Augustinians.
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d8bd90e2b880bf64760ceec02c435be6 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/escrow | Escrow | Escrow
Escrow, in Anglo-American law, an agreement, usually a written instrument, concerning an obligation between two or more parties, that gives a third party instructions that concern property put in his control upon the happening of a certain condition. In commercial usage, this condition is most frequently the pe... |
259dcd81714983ac2949d4811b8c5646 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eshu | Eshu | Eshu
Eshu, also spelled Eschu, also called Elegba, trickster god of the Yoruba of Nigeria, an essentially protective, benevolent spirit who serves Ifa, the chief god, as a messenger between heaven and earth. Eshu requires constant appeasement in order to carry out his assigned functions of conveying sacrifices and div... |
38d6819bedee9058cfb438f573e9ed14 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eskimo-Aleut-languages/Grammatical-characteristics | Grammatical characteristics | Grammatical characteristics
Eskimo has a great number of suffixes but only one prefix and no compounds. In Aleut the word forms are simpler, but syntax can be more complex. Suffixes often are accompanied by changes in the stem, such as the doubling of consonants in Inuit—e.g., nanuq “polar bear,” dual nannuk “two polar... |
a5d3cab0b40a141282ad00b163411cb8 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eskimo-film-by-Van-Dyke | Eskimo | Eskimo
Eskimo (1933) was Van Dyke’s most-ambitious project to date. He and his crew traveled on a whaling schooner to the northern tip of Alaska, where the ship was iced until the spring thaw. The drama featured a number of native Inuits, whose dialogue was translated…
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1a0abce6f0f636f3fa2604caad24f62c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eskimo-language | Eskimo language | Eskimo language
Eskimo consists of two divisions: Yupik, spoken in Siberia and southwestern Alaska, and Inuit, spoken in northern Alaska, Canada, and Greenland. Each division includes several dialects. The proposed relationship of Eskimo-Aleut with other language families, such as Chukotko-Kamchatkan, Uralic, and/or In... |
a940a55c62a3ecfd4b9a0616fe563435 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/ESL-Investments-Inc | ESL Investments, Inc. | ESL Investments, Inc.
…company to Lampert’s hedge fund, ESL Investments, for \$5.2 billion.
…opened his own hedge fund, ESL Investments, Inc., which delivered annual returns of about 25 percent for its investors. He gradually gained a reputation for spotting opportunity where others did not; when he began acquiring Kma... |
7f25c53f6afc6ca76bc7ab1a2db26e90 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Espejo-de-paciencia | Espejo de paciencia | Espejo de paciencia
…of this epic tradition is Espejo de paciencia (1608; “Model of Patience”). Written in Cuba by the Canarian Silvestre de Balboa y Troya de Quesada, it is about the defeat of a French pirate who abducts a local ecclesiastic for ransom, and it reflects anti-Protestant fervour in the Spanish empire.
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6012f768e18000b9cf4353290f3b40c0 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Esperanca-de-Israel | Esperança de Israel | Esperança de Israel
…Lost Tribes of Israel in Esperança de Israel (“Hope of Israel”). To support the settlement of Jews in Protestant England, where their presence had been officially banned since 1290, he dedicated the Latin edition of this work (1650) to the English Parliament.
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f62e8178007db6d1dd9b5e6ec222fbca | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Esperanto | Esperanto | Esperanto
Esperanto, artificial language constructed in 1887 by L.L. Zamenhof, a Polish oculist, and intended for use as an international second language. Zamenhof’s Fundamento de Esperanto, published in 1905, lays down the basic principles of the language’s structure and formation.
Esperanto is relatively simple for... |
9d13daaae79d6033c2006bd53fa8891b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Esperanza-album-by-Spalding | Esperanza | Esperanza
Esperanza, released in 2008, demonstrated her ability to fuse jazz with such world music as Brazilian and Argentine folk music and featured lyrics in English, Spanish, and Portuguese. The record not only was critically acclaimed but also shot up the Billboard jazz album chart, on…
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dbb89bfa88299324c7dd26c8066b3f51 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/espresso | Espresso | Espresso
Espresso, (Italian: “fast, express”) a strong brew of coffee produced by forcing boiled water under pressure through finely ground coffee. The finely ground coffee beans means an increased amount of surface contact with the water, resulting in a highly flavoured and aromatic brew. The nuances of brewing and e... |
155a71d2397c1def7539a31745a04e32 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Esquiline-treasure | Esquiline treasure | Esquiline treasure
…and Secondus, part of the Esquiline treasure found at Rome (British Museum), is decorated with pagan scenes; and only the inscription shows that it was made for a Christian marriage. Among the few pieces with Christian subjects are small Roman cruets (condiment bottles) from Taprain, Scotland (Royal... |
041205474b3f385dd95ced9d20b20007 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Esquipulas-II | Esquipulas II | Esquipulas II
…American peace plan, also called Esquipulas II, instigated by Pres. Oscar Arias Sánchez of Costa Rica. The last included plans for a Central American national parliament along lines similar to those that established the European Union. While state sovereignty and the strength of the individual city-state... |
5b95818dc9c1527856cc10ebb9382c72 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Essai-sur-la-peinture | Essai sur la peinture | Essai sur la peinture
…won him posthumous fame; his Essai sur la peinture (written 1765, published 1796; “Essay on Painting”), especially, was admired by Goethe and later by the 19th-century poet and critic Charles Baudelaire.
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923378c36cf806f343014e1c4aedab86 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Essai-sur-larchitecture | Essai sur l’architecture | Essai sur l’architecture
…French Jesuit, Marc-Antoine Laugier, whose Essai sur l’architecture appeared in French in 1753 and in English in 1755. Advocating a return to rationalism and simplicity in building and taking the primitive hut as his example of the fundamental expression of human needs, Laugier was both reacti... |
93df856fd518207aa19d13bbd28d9661 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Essai-sur-lindifference-en-matiere-de-religion | Essai sur l’indifférence en matière de religion | Essai sur l’indifférence en matière de religion
…the first volume of his Essai sur l’indifférence en matière de religion (“Essay on Indifference Toward Religion”), which won him immediate fame. In this book he argued for the necessity of religion, basing his appeals on the authority of tradition and the general reason ... |
937493403e3164089385d6f97517cb59 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Essay-on-the-Inequality-of-Human-Races | Essay on the Inequality of Human Races | Essay on the Inequality of Human Races
(1853–55; Essay on the Inequality of Human Races), that was by far his most influential work.
The most important promoter of racial ideology in Europe during the mid-19th century was Joseph-Arthur, comte de Gobineau, who had an almost incalculable effect on late 19th-century socia... |
50a5f8130240145fd0b56c93673d4748 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Essay-on-the-Nature-and-Significance-of-Economic-Science | Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science | Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science
His Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science (1932) has become a methodological classic. In it, he argued that economics is an aspect of all human behaviour because it is based on scarcity: wants are unlimited relative to the means of achieving th... |
67a9ecaf6c2610f739963ea00eb9d47a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Essays-of-Elia | Essays of Elia | Essays of Elia
…critic, best known for his Essays of Elia (1823–33).
In The Essays of Elia (1823) and The Last Essays of Elia (1833), Charles Lamb, an even more personal essayist, projects with apparent artlessness a carefully managed portrait of himself—charming, whimsical, witty, sentimental, and nostalgic. As his fi... |
b4b2de3196724e008e764860ff4ed7f6 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/esse-est-percipi-doctrine | Esse est percipi doctrine | Esse est percipi doctrine
…of the meaning of “to be” or “to exist.” “To be,” said of the object, means to be perceived; “to be,” said of the subject, means to perceive.
…formulated his fundamental proposition thus: Esse est percipi (“To be is to be perceived”). In its more extreme forms, subjective idealism tends towar... |
954f9a611dfb0945ec619a436b28521b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/essential-oil/Chemical-composition | Chemical composition | Chemical composition
Terpenes, organic compounds consisting of multiples of isoprene units (containing five carbon atoms), are by far the most dominant constituents of essential oils. Individual oils, however, may contain appreciable quantities of straight chain, aromatic, or heterocyclic compounds. Thus allyl sulfides... |
2476dbb3ad851af144cba7b4a936f71e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/essentialism-philosophy | Essentialism | Essentialism
Essentialism, In ontology, the view that some properties of objects are essential to them. The “essence” of a thing is conceived as the totality of its essential properties. Theories of essentialism differ with respect to their conception of what it means to say that a property is essential to an object. ... |
eedbf5881ccae2dd6dc6cbcb9ccb267a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Essex-Junto | Essex Junto | Essex Junto
Essex Junto, in early U.S. history, a group of Federalist political leaders in Massachusetts. John Hancock coined the name for his Essex County opponents at the state constitutional convention of 1778. The Junto (faction) later supported the policies of the Federalist Alexander Hamilton and opposed those ... |
11d687260f58b057053fa423c84aceb8 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/established-church | Established church | Established church
Established church, a church recognized by law as the official church of a state or nation and supported by civil authority. Though not strictly created by a legal contract, the legal establishment is more like a contractual entity than like anything else and, therefore, ordinarily cannot be varied... |
8580a5912b8876669791725303d56b1e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Estado-Oriental | Estado Oriental | Estado Oriental
…its surroundings became the separate Estado Oriental (“Eastern State,” later Uruguay). Caught between the loyalism of Spanish officers and the imperialist intentions of Buenos Aires and Portuguese Brazil, the regional leader José Gervasio Artigas formed an army of thousands of gauchos. By 1815 Artigas ... |
2da4a4f325b4e964ddd87c177ae9a166 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/estancia-Latin-American-history | Estancia | Estancia
Estancia, in the Río de la Plata region of Argentina and Uruguay, an extensive rural estate largely devoted to cattle ranching and to some extent to the raising of feed grain.
From the late 18th century estancieros (owners of estancias) began to acquire tracts of land in the Pampas (grasslands) of Argentina, ... |
aaca03308e56e6f922dd12383f78ae53 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Estat-Catala | Estat Català | Estat Català
…founder of the nationalist party Estat Català (1922), who played a major role in achieving an autonomous status for Catalonia.
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f15a814acdc8fb5f6c56b14718a27f83 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/estate-group | Estate group | Estate group
…the operation of the “estate group,” a major social unit that shared ownership of a specific set of sites and stretch of territory—its “estate.” Kinship was also implicated, in that an estate group was often composed largely of people related patrilineally—that is, who traced connections to one another vi... |
b316e36031c1e7da22c300526b227ca8 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/estate-in-land | Estate in land | Estate in land
Their estates were often well distributed, consisting of manors scattered through a number of shires. In vulnerable regions, however, compact blocks of land were formed, clustered around castles. The tenants in chief owed homage and fealty to the king and held their land in return for…
…a system of diffe... |
4ebc36bc87f14c5a9e13aa5d24696189 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/estate-property-law | Estate | Estate
…distinguish between descent of real estate and distribution of personal estate. The rules applicable to the two kinds of property have been fused, but no common, overall name is yet universally accepted. In England books dealing with the subject are varyingly titled On Wills, On Probate, On Succession, or On…
…... |
61d6f8fe4af34f9c47a92cedcda517d7 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/estate-system | Estate system | Estate system
…communities were restructured into functional estates, each of which owned formal obligations, immunities, and jurisdictions. What remained of the city was comprehended in this manorial order, and the distinction between town and country was largely obscured when secular and ecclesiastical lords ruled ov... |
4651764d81fc80368cbeb6e29f059c38 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/estate-tract-of-land | Estate | Estate
In the large estates, or latifundia, of the Roman Empire, the complex organization of work resulted in the creation of a hierarchy of supervisors. The Greek historian Xenophon (5th–4th century bce) and the Roman statesman Marcus Porcius Cato (3rd–2nd century bce) wrote
William probably distributed estates to his... |
0c2234e15dcb0ac4f23298091e2a6c5d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Estates-Powers-and-Trusts-Law | Estates, Powers and Trusts Law | Estates, Powers and Trusts Law
Under the New York Estates, Powers and Trusts Law of 1966, as amended, relatives, grouped under the parentelic system, take by intestacy up to, but not beyond, the parentela of the grandparents. In the first and second parentelas, distribution is per stirpes; in the third, it is per capit... |
ab036c045bc88e83d8718c14977a2cfb | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Estienne-family | Estienne family | Estienne family
…Bade, Geoffroy Tory, and the Estienne (Stephanus) family, who published without a break for five generations (1502–1674), carried France into the lead in European book production and consolidated the Aldine type of book—compact, inexpensive, and printed in roman and italic types. The golden age of Fren... |
9f6bf0c68793ce41122ffae887c704bb | https://www.britannica.com/topic/estipite | Estípite | Estípite
…an element known as the estípite column (a square or rectangular column hidden in various places by receding and protruding planes separated by elaborate decorative elements). These columns serve as support for highly ornate Baroque decoration, primarily imitative of vegetation. His adopted son, Isidoro Vince... |
537a8653c230aad1bab00beefdff6514 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Estonian-people | Estonian | Estonian
…the Finno-Ugrians who subsequently became Estonians lived in eight recognizable independent districts and four lesser ones. Their kinsmen, the Livs, inhabited four major areas in northern Latvia and northern Courland. The western Balts were divided into at least eight recognizable groupings. The westernmost, ... |
8757821b4f09c1b0bd6cdd31184f9bf9 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Esus | Esus | Esus
Esus, (Celtic: “Lord,” or “Master”), powerful Celtic deity, one of three mentioned by the Roman poet Lucan in the 1st century ad; the other two were Taranis (“Thunderer”) and Teutates (“God of the People”). Esus’ victims, according to later commentators, were sacrificed by being ritually stabbed and hung from tr... |
6746fef8c7336bd36b1e907ddb869ffa | https://www.britannica.com/topic/ETA-VI | ETA-VI | ETA-VI
…autonomy, and the “ideologists,” or ETA-VI, who favoured a Marxist-Leninist brand of Basque independence and engaged in sabotage and, from 1968, assassination. The Franco regime’s attempts to crush ETA in the Basque provinces were severe, involving arbitrary arrest, beatings, and torture. By 1969–70 the princip... |
1d3ee8ee735349c7e94e13135f31e040 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Etana-Epic | Etana Epic | Etana Epic
Etana Epic, ancient Mesopotamian tale concerned with the question of dynastic succession. In the beginning, according to the epic, there was no king on the earth; the gods thus set out to find one and apparently chose Etana, who proved to be an able ruler until he discovered that his wife, though pregnant, ... |
9122e44e09da5f939d69e5732e00e0c2 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eternal-Peace | Eternal Peace | Eternal Peace
…Sobieski concluded with them the “Eternal” Peace of 1686 (the Grzymułtowski Peace). In this treaty, Kiev, which had been under temporary Russian rule since 1667, was permanently ceded by Poland. But despite all the failures and disappointments he experienced after 1683, Sobieski was able to deliver south... |
2b1c610d010df80fb61b59782bb922fa | https://www.britannica.com/topic/eternal-recurrence | Eternal recurrence | Eternal recurrence
The doctrine of eternal recurrence, the basic conception of Thus Spoke Zarathustra, asks the question “How well disposed would a person have to become to himself and to life to crave nothing more fervently than the infinite repetition, without alteration, of each and every moment?” Presumably most pe... |
e3489faeffe8ea57dc6796f3f5ff11b9 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eternal-Sunshine-of-the-Spotless-Mind | Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind | Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind
Kaufman’s screenplay for the genre-bending Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004) employs a disjointed timeline to tell the story of onetime lovers (played by Jim Carrey and Kate Winslet) who undergo a scientific process that erases their memories of the relationship. It earn... |
054d23be8b2df8f96353b709b941c895 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/ethical-consumerism | Ethical consumerism | Ethical consumerism
Ethical consumerism, form of political activism based on the premise that purchasers in markets consume not only goods but also, implicitly, the process used to produce them. From the point of view of ethical consumerism, consumption is a political act that sanctions the values embodied in a produc... |
81ba09e124fb327462bcf0fb514eaf74 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/ethical-monotheism | Ethical monotheism | Ethical monotheism
In ethical monotheism, individuals choose one god, because that is the god whom they need and whom they can adore, and that god becomes for them the one and only god. In intellectual monotheism, the one god is nothing but the logical result of questions concerning…
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e246d847ea9481e302ec0db625429f00 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/ethical-relativism/Criticisms-of-ethical-relativism | Criticisms of ethical relativism | Criticisms of ethical relativism
Ethical relativism, then, is a radical doctrine that is contrary to what many thoughtful people commonly assume. As such, it should not be confused with the uncontroversial thought that what is right depends on the circumstances. Everyone, absolutists and relativists alike, agrees that ... |
bc406ba5ec46a2ca975879c227fca38c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/ethics-of-care | Ethics of care | Ethics of care
Ethics of care, also called care ethics, feminist philosophical perspective that uses a relational and context-bound approach toward morality and decision making. The term ethics of care refers to ideas concerning both the nature of morality and normative ethical theory. The ethics of care perspective s... |
2c8be36c895836331362cd81ef8fad77 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/ethics-philosophy/Applied-ethics | Applied ethics | Applied ethics
The most striking development in the study of ethics since the mid-1960s was the growth of interest among philosophers in practical, or applied, ethics—i.e., the application of normative ethical theories to practical problems. This is not, admittedly, a totally new departure. From Plato onward, moral phi... |
ed77f02b1380bc8054d217465fe62c00 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/ethics-philosophy/Bioethics | Bioethics | Bioethics
Ethical issues raised by abortion and euthanasia are part of the subject matter of bioethics, which deals with the ethical dimensions of new developments in medicine and the biological sciences. Inherently interdisciplinary in scope, the field benefits from the contributions of professionals outside philosoph... |
5e676307fe64f2bfa4069e8e5a5a9b9c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/ethics-philosophy/Existentialism | Existentialism | Existentialism
At about this time a different form of subjectivism was gaining currency on the Continent and to some extent in the United States. Existentialism was as much a literary as a philosophical movement. Its leading figure, the French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–80), propounded his ideas in novels and p... |
13c77adcc394f5663adc204fb04658d6 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/ethics-philosophy/Machiavelli | Machiavelli | Machiavelli
Although the Renaissance did not produce any outstanding moral philosophers, there is one writer whose work is of some importance in the history of ethics: Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527). His book The Prince (1513) offered advice to rulers as to what they must do to achieve their aims and secure their powe... |
0d85b990fa642fd0137976664280895d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/ethics-philosophy/Moral-realism | Moral realism | Moral realism
After the publication of Moore’s Principia Ethica, naturalism in Britain was given up for dead. The first attempts to revive it were made in the late 1950s by Philippa Foot and Elizabeth Anscombe (1919–2001). In response to Hare’s intimation that anything could be a moral principle so long as it satisfied... |
3739f67872aff6e4469bc825bfb4a039 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/ethics-philosophy/Normative-ethics | Normative ethics | Normative ethics
Normative ethics seeks to set norms or standards for conduct. The term is commonly used in reference to the discussion of general theories about what one ought to do, a central part of Western ethics since ancient times. Normative ethics continued to occupy the attention of most moral philosophers duri... |
39c42058e33cb23eb5b30f2bc6f7b58b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/ethics-philosophy/Objections-to-consequentialism | Objections to consequentialism | Objections to consequentialism
Although the idea that one should do what can reasonably be expected to have the best consequences is obviously attractive, consequentialism is open to several objections. As mentioned earlier, one difficulty is that some of the implications of consequentialism clash with settled moral co... |
2369337c3bff3951b37ddddd02f687dc | https://www.britannica.com/topic/ethics-philosophy/Problems-of-divine-origin | Problems of divine origin | Problems of divine origin
A modern theist (see theism) might say that, since God is good, God could not possibly approve of torturing children nor disapprove of helping neighbours. In saying this, however, the theist would have tacitly admitted that there is a standard of goodness that is independent of God. Without an... |
2fa4ee68c6662bdae4b49848dc8c611e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/ethics-philosophy/St-Augustine | St. Augustine | St. Augustine
At its beginning Christianity had a set of scriptures incorporating many moral injunctions, but it did not have a moral philosophy. The first serious attempt to provide such a philosophy was made by St. Augustine of Hippo (354–430). Augustine was acquainted with a version of Plato’s philosophy, and he dev... |
0b719594cf5930adea05e09e2d7c9747 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/ethics-philosophy/The-Continental-tradition-from-Spinoza-to-Nietzsche | The Continental tradition from Spinoza to Nietzsche | The Continental tradition from Spinoza to Nietzsche
If Hobbes is to be regarded as the first of a distinctively British philosophical tradition, the Dutch-Jewish philosopher Benedict de Spinoza (1632–77) appropriately occupies the same position in continental Europe. Unlike Hobbes, Spinoza did not provoke a long-runnin... |
04da4f1fcc3ebb3baa04471031692eb6 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/ethics-philosophy/The-Stoics | The Stoics | The Stoics
Stoicism originated in the views of Socrates and Plato, as modified by Zeno of Citium (c. 335–c. 263 bce) and then by Chrysippus (c. 280–206 bce). It gradually gained influence in Rome, chiefly through Cicero (106–43 bce) and then later through Seneca the Younger (4 bce–65 ce). Remarkably, its chief proponen... |
d29e381f6bc565a4a6253f648b7497fd | https://www.britannica.com/topic/ethics-philosophy/Utilitarianism | Utilitarianism | Utilitarianism
At this point the argument over whether morality is based on reason or on feelings was temporarily exhausted, and the focus of British ethics shifted from such questions about the nature of morality as a whole to an inquiry into which actions are right and which are wrong. Today, the distinction between ... |
2d2a708f7ebb60b38435e87c9ebd2b1b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ethiopian-Orthodox-Tewahedo-Church | Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church | Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, autocephalous Oriental Orthodox church in Ethiopia. Headquarters are in Addis Ababa, the country’s capital.
Tradition holds that Ethiopia was first evangelized by St. Matthew and St. Bartholomew in the 1st century ce, and the first Ethiopian conver... |
97b8f3f7719acfaf076d028524b88657 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ethiopic-alphabet | Ethiopic alphabet | Ethiopic alphabet
Ethiopic alphabet, writing system used to write the Geʿez literary and ecclesiastical language and the Amharic, Tigre, and Tigrinya languages of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Apparently derived from Sabaean, a South Semitic script, the Ethiopic script probably originated in the early 4th century ad; it is u... |
2354eb9d53de5e2c9c5d47b98ef6ae77 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/ethnic-cleansing | Ethnic cleansing | Ethnic cleansing
Ethnic cleansing, the attempt to create ethnically homogeneous geographic areas through the deportation or forcible displacement of persons belonging to particular ethnic groups. Ethnic cleansing sometimes involves the removal of all physical vestiges of the targeted group through the destruction of m... |
fd4de773e8106f37b4da16ef663d106c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/etiquette | Etiquette | Etiquette
Etiquette, system of rules and conventions that regulate social and professional behaviour. In any social unit there are accepted rules of behaviour upheld and enforced by legal codes; there are also norms of behaviour mandated by custom and enforced by group pressure. An offender faces no formal trial or se... |
b693859f1face785ec7ca3a4be533d9e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/etrog | Etrog | Etrog
Etrog, (Hebrew: “citron”) also spelled ethrog or esrog, plural etrogim, ethrogim, esrogim, etrogs, ethrogs, or esrogs, one of four species of plants used during the Jewish celebration of Sukkot (Feast of Booths), a festival of gratitude to God for the bounty of the earth that is celebrated in autumn at the end o... |
88354c31c48afd3c664c09d6070a6162 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Etsy | Etsy | Etsy
Etsy, American e-commerce company, founded in 2005 by entrepreneur Rob Kalin and partners Chris Maguire and Haim Schoppik, that provides a global Internet marketplace for handmade and other wares. The company’s headquarters are in Brooklyn, New York.
Sellers create personal shops through the Etsy Web site, which ... |
acde1d2f7fa149bb4ae5c23954e0a107 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Etudes-sur-lhistoire-de-lhumanite | Études sur l’histoire de l’humanité | Études sur l’histoire de l’humanité
His greatest work was Études sur l’histoire de l’humanité, 18 vol. (1861–70), a political and cultural history of man that was extremely popular in France, Germany, and England. It was praised for its great erudition but criticized for its theistic scheme and contention that man’s pr... |
c10f9ec8124944ea138aef8fef527183 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Euclids-Windmill-1688351 | Euclid's Windmill | Euclid's Windmill
The Pythagorean theorem states that the sum of the squares on the legs of a right triangle is equal to the square on the hypotenuse (the side opposite the right angle)—in familiar algebraic notation, a2 + b2 = c2. The Babylonians and Egyptians had found some integer triples (a, b, c) satisfying the re... |
97cacdb78cfa30a5cbddc9f2f87f77bf | https://www.britannica.com/topic/eudaemonism | Eudaemonism | Eudaemonism
…Muslim, Averroës insists on the attainment of happiness in this and the next life by all believers. This is, however, qualified by Averroës as the disciple of Plato: the highest intellectual perfection is reserved for the metaphysician, as in Plato’s ideal state. But the Muslim’s ideal state provides for t... |
a8c64cd79860c98c51c88d52cf3bb404 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Euganei | Euganei | Euganei
…Etruscans and the Veneti): the Euganei, inhabiting the plain and the Alpine foothills, and the Raeti, in the valleys of the Trentino and the Alto Adige. Minor peoples in the region belonged to one or the other of these stocks or to Ligurian stocks; with regard to many of these…
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a38ac163152635dd6771f739d328e3f3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eugene-Onegin-fictional-character | Eugene Onegin | Eugene Onegin
Eugene Onegin, fictional character who is the protagonist of Aleksandr Pushkin’s masterpiece Eugene Onegin (1833). Onegin is the original superfluous man, a character type common in 19th-century Russian literature. He is a disillusioned aristocrat who is drawn into tragic situations through his inability... |
3ddb822378f9a1eab697b208b30f3889 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Euhemerism | Euhemerism | Euhemerism
, Euhemerism). His most important work was Hiera Anagraphe (probably early 3rd century bc; “The Sacred Inscription”), which was translated into Latin by the poet Ennius (239–169 bc). Only fragments survive of both the original Greek and the Latin translation.
…human, a view known as Euhemerism. Apollonius of... |
7fff4b17f2ace82d0f5eba86509e4da4 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Euphrosyne-Greek-goddess | Euphrosyne | Euphrosyne
…there were three: Aglaia (Brightness), Euphrosyne (Joyfulness), and Thalia (Bloom). They are said to be daughters of Zeus and Hera (or Eurynome, daughter of Oceanus) or of Helios and Aegle, a daughter of Zeus. Frequently, the Graces were taken as goddesses of charm or beauty in general and hence were…
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df17394729e1cf7307228cef70bfc400 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eureka-agency-Europe | Eureka | Eureka
Eureka, byname of European Research Agency, cooperative organization inaugurated in 1985 by 18 European countries and formally established with a secretariat in Brussels in 1986. Its purpose is to promote high-technology industries by linking the efforts of various companies, universities, and research centres ... |
fedb8ccd3513537fc376590bb8ffe25c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/euro-area | Euro area | Euro area
…for Estonia to join the euro zone in 2011. Ansip, his personal popularity slipping, stepped down in February 2014. He was succeeded as prime minister by Taavi Rõivas, who formed a coalition government with the centre-left Social Democratic Party. In foreign affairs, the country sought to improve its often te... |
b48351956f8df317773d3d9e2040f126 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Euro-Disney-SCA | Euro Disney S.C.A. | Euro Disney S.C.A.
…value of the parent company, Euro Disney S.C.A., had fallen by 20 percent, and the theme park had lost more than \$1 billion since its opening in 1992. His plan was to turn the park around financially by investing another \$100 million in the construction of a nearby convention centre,…
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6660973bd50266df0841b6242cc7db3f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/European-Centre-for-Disease-Prevention-and-Control | European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control | European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
…served as director of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) from 2005 to 2010. In 2019 she became deputy director general of the World Health Organization (WHO),
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4ef7fc1a99a428255c6139ab5aa697ab | https://www.britannica.com/topic/European-exploration | European exploration | European exploration
European exploration, exploration of regions of Earth for scientific, commercial, religious, military, and other purposes by Europeans, beginning about the 4th century bce.
The motives that spur human beings to examine their environment are many. Strong among them are the satisfaction of curiosity... |
010ebfc3e695dc45ae3109a3373a1164 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/European-exploration/The-land-routes-of-Central-Asia | The land routes of Central Asia | The land routes of Central Asia
The prelude to the Age of Discovery, however, is to be found neither in the Norse explorations in the Atlantic nor in the Arab activities in the Indian Ocean but, rather, in the land journeys of Italian missionaries and merchants that linked the Mediterranean coasts to the China Sea. Cos... |
9df35ff1420623f4382b557cbe3ee6e8 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/European-exploration/The-sea-route-west-to-Cathay | The sea route west to Cathay | The sea route west to Cathay
It is not known when the idea originated of sailing westward in order to reach Cathay. Many sailors set forth searching for islands in the west; and it was a commonplace among scientists that the east could be reached by sailing west, but to believe this a practicable voyage was an entirely... |
2853e4c5dd4e098cd6d10888d799bd2e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/European-Free-Trade-Association | European Free Trade Association | European Free Trade Association
European Free Trade Association (EFTA), group of four countries—Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland—organized to remove barriers to trade in industrial goods among themselves, but with each nation maintaining its own commercial policy toward countries outside the group. Head... |
b63b3f91b20646a023e936d09f2a6554 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/European-Launcher-Development-Organization | European Launcher Development Organization | European Launcher Development Organization
…to the formation of the European Launcher Development Organisation (ELDO) to develop the experimental heavy-lift satellite launcher Europa, based on the British Blue Streak and French Coralie rockets. A parallel effort set the stage for the establishment of the European Space... |
293ee448224151c41dc7e2e83fe396f3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/European-Liberal-Democrat-and-Reform-Party | European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party | European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party
European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (ELDR), byname European Liberal Democrats, formerly (1976–86) Federation of Liberal and Democratic Parties in the European Community and (1986–93) Federation of Liberal Democrat and Reform Parties, transnational political group repre... |
ab1ed717f844a98b7813d0ae90f0949c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/European-Monetary-System | European Monetary System | European Monetary System
…in the establishment of the European Monetary System in 1979.
In the early 1970s, when the IMF system of adjustable pegs broke down, the currencies of the western European countries began to float, as did most other currencies.
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70ce237153398c51b5e9b34283dfba07 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/European-Monetary-Union | European Monetary Union | European Monetary Union
…included the creation of an economic and monetary union (EMU). The treaty called for a common unit of exchange, the euro, and set strict criteria for conversion to the euro and participation in the EMU. These requirements included annual budget deficits not exceeding 3 percent of gross domestic... |
8d45d022334ecff8da3f690167d20b1a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/European-Southern-Observatory | European Southern Observatory | European Southern Observatory
European Southern Observatory (ESO), astrophysical organization founded in 1962. Its activities are financially supported and administered by a consortium of 14 European countries—Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, the Netherland... |
57f11453425a8560cefb4abcadf4f026 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/European-Space-Operations-Centre | European Space Operations Centre | European Space Operations Centre
…technological research centre, (2) the European Space Operations Centre (ESOC), located in Darmstadt, Germany, which is concerned with satellite control, monitoring, and data retrieval, (3) the European Space Research Institute (ESRIN), located in Frascati, Italy, which supports the ES... |
427d7986e19d892e0afc0173260def02 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/European-Union/The-euro-zone-debt-crisis | The euro-zone debt crisis | The euro-zone debt crisis
The sovereign debt crisis that rocked the euro zone beginning in 2009 was the biggest challenge yet faced by the members of the EU and, in particular, its administrative structures. The economic downturn began in Greece and soon spread to include Portugal, Ireland, Italy, and Spain (collective... |
53ee4edf0b96cfd68b3e3b9303abdeef | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Europoort | Europoort | Europoort
Europoort, port on the southwestern coast of the Netherlands. It lies opposite the Hoek van Holland, at the entrance of the New Waterway Canal, a distributary of the Rhine. About 17 miles (27 km) upstream on the canal lies the Port of Rotterdam, for which Europoort functions as an outport. Together they form... |
0292d0194a70f1f3dbfaa0a55c73cd54 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eurostar | Eurostar | Eurostar
The tunnel railway, known as Eurostar, has directly connected Paris and London on a dedicated line since 2007; travel time between the two cities is 2 hours 15 minutes, making the service directly competitive with airlines. Eurostar also travels between London and Brussels in less than two hours by connecting…... |
99d5288044684558340d08fba906d5aa | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Euryale-Greek-mythology | Euryale | Euryale
…Gorgons to three—Stheno (the Mighty), Euryale (the Far Springer), and Medusa (the Queen)—and made them the daughters of the sea god Phorcys and of his sister-wife Ceto. The Attic tradition regarded the Gorgon as a monster produced by Gaea, the personification of Earth, to aid her sons against the gods.
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a417d3ba509acf0e30ae398b967a6e4e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eusebio-Macario | Eusébio Macário | Eusébio Macário
…their style and subjects in Eusébio Macário (1879) and A corja (1880; “The Rabble”). Nevertheless, while continuing to express vehement opposition to naturalism, he more and more closely assimilated its descriptive objectivity and verisimilitude.
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20ade1f749ea5291a99d5d632625bfd6 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eustacia-Vye | Eustacia Vye | Eustacia Vye
Eustacia Vye, fictional character, a beautiful, sensual young woman who marries Clym Yeobright in the novel The Return of the Native (1878) by Thomas Hardy.
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93e865c737fe10e63c72c14ebc84ffe5 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/euthyna | Euthyna | Euthyna
…they underwent an examination (euthyna) of their conduct, especially financial, while in office. Membership was originally open only to nobles by birth (eupatrids or eupatridai), who served as archons for life. The term of office was eventually reduced to 10 years, then to a single year, after which, since…
…o... |
e1002a4f54769c48439fa8a37819b79b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Euvres-en-rime | Euvres en rime | Euvres en rime
His Euvres en rime (1573; “Works in Rhyme”) reveal great erudition: Greek (especially Alexandrian), Latin, neo-Latin, and Italian models are imitated for mythological poems, eclogues, epigrams, and sonnets. His verse translations include Terence’s Eunuchus and Sophocles’ Antigone.
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e10517364c06a5a11b92821d25fe0089 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Evan-Harrington | Evan Harrington | Evan Harrington
Feverel was followed by Evan Harrington (1860), an amusing comedy in which Meredith used the family tailoring establishment and his own relatives for subject matter. The hero is the son of a tailor who has been brought up abroad as a “gentleman” and has fallen in love with the…
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fc9f5dc7c0a8763832c60f9c64add0c1 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Evangelical-and-Reformed-Church | Evangelical and Reformed Church | Evangelical and Reformed Church
Evangelical and Reformed Church, Protestant church in the United States, organized in 1934 by uniting the Reformed Church in the United States and the Evangelical Synod of North America. The church brought together churches of Reformed and Lutheran background. It accepted the Heidelber... |
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