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e017ce11d13633c9ace08b030bf8bf60 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Evangelical-Lutheran-Church-in-America | Evangelical Lutheran Church in America | Evangelical Lutheran Church in America
Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA), the largest Lutheran church in North America. The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America was formed in 1988 by the merger of two major Lutheran denominations, the American Lutheran Church and the Lutheran Church in America, along wit... |
d29fcc5252cc5de896981ebad9e93e89 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Evangelical-Lutheran-Church-of-Denmark | Evangelical Lutheran Church of Denmark | Evangelical Lutheran Church of Denmark
Evangelical Lutheran Church of Denmark, Danish Evangelisk-Luthereske Folkekirke I Danmark, the established, state-supported church in Denmark. Lutheranism was established in Denmark during the Protestant Reformation.
Christianity was introduced to Denmark in the 9th century by St... |
8d36db8d3fbbc5b6b92d3b59213cda54 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Evangelicalism | Evangelicalism | Evangelicalism
…and formed the so-called “neo-Evangelical” movement. Christianity Today was founded as their major periodical. Their new intellectual centre, Fuller Theological Seminary, was opened in Pasadena, California; many of the schools formerly identified with fundamentalism, such as the Moody Bible Institute, a... |
6605071b2f3e1ff7c18bc19ec92ca124 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Even | Even | Even
Even, also spelled Evens, also called Lamut, northern Siberian people (12,000 according to the 1979 Soviet census) closely related to the Evenk (q.v.) in origin, language, and culture. They inhabit the territory to the north and northeast of the Evenki Autonomous Okrug, where they have influenced and have in turn... |
b600da5a7610d913d0760fce2e09aae2 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Even-Silence-Has-an-End | Even Silence Has an End | Even Silence Has an End
…silence a un fin (Even Silence Has an End). Her first novel, La Ligne bleue (2014; The Blue Line), was a love story set during the Argentine Dirty War.
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7b8e5ea46ff2bf4b0a3510df75f9edb5 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/event-occurrence | Event | Event
Event, notion that became of singular importance in the philosophical speculation about relativity physics. The best-known analyses are those of the 20th-century English philosopher Bertrand Russell, for whom event replaced the vaguer notion of body, and the 20th-century English philosopher Alfred North Whitehe... |
e0af7b571ae71a468e52ee9ca5baefef | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ever-Victorious-Army | Ever Victorious Army | Ever Victorious Army
…force, known as the “Ever-Victorious Army,” raised to defend the city. During the next 18 months Gordon’s troops played an important, though not a crucial, role in suppressing the Taiping uprising. He returned in January 1865 to England, where an enthusiastic public had already dubbed him “Chinese... |
e09f690255fb0103f86351d58ab8e6f0 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Everlasting-League | Everlasting League | Everlasting League
Everlasting League, also called League Of The Three Forest Cantons, German Ewige Bund, orDreiwaldstätterbund, (Aug. 1, 1291), the inaugural confederation from which, through a long series of accessions, Switzerland grew to statehood. The league was concluded by the representatives of three district... |
82c4bda44ba53e0fffde6f4226cbf6d3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Everton-F-C | Everton F.C. | Everton F.C.
…professional football (soccer) teams (Everton and Liverpool FC). Area 43 square miles (112 square km). Pop. (2001) city, 439,473; urban agglom., 816,216; (2011) city, 466,415; urban agglom., 864,122.
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bb3c3836c2b41c19e5894fc51899f779 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Every-Day-Is-Mothers-Day | Every Day Is Mother’s Day | Every Day Is Mother’s Day
…she completed her first novel, Every Day Is Mother’s Day (1985), before eventually moving back to England.
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a5f9e10c2910c03a25b1ed30e720c2c3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Everybody-Hates-Chris | Everybody Hates Chris | Everybody Hates Chris
…series based on his childhood, Everybody Hates Chris (2005–09). The show was a critical and commercial success. Rock hosted the Academy Awards ceremony in 2005.
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82b28aa4c26b056737954698a31b88ad | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Everyman-English-morality-play | Everyman | Everyman
Everyman, an English morality play of the 15th century, probably a version of a Dutch play, Elckerlyc. It achieves a beautiful, simple solemnity in treating allegorically the theme of death and the fate of the human soul—of Everyman’s soul as he tries to justify his time on earth. Though morality plays on the... |
e31f4dae68623bfe1f5b0cf1ff3e5e78 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/evidence-based-policy | Evidence-based policy | Evidence-based policy
Evidence-based policy, public policies, programs, and practices that are grounded in empirical evidence. The movement for evidence-based policy is an outgrowth of a movement in the United Kingdom in the 1990s calling for “evidence-based medicine,” which argued that only those treatment modalities... |
76832df0ba06ce491e90540ef8d45ed8 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Evoluon | Evoluon | Evoluon
Evoluon, in full Evoluon Eindhoven, former science and technology museum in Eindhoven, Netherlands, that opened in 1966 to mark the 75th anniversary of the founding of the company Philips. In 1989 the museum closed, and the building later became a conference centre.
In 1963 work began on the Evoluon’s striking... |
9c39792a90ecf1da4a370f7b2674bd2a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/evolution-of-the-atmosphere-1703862/Biological-carbon-cycle | Biological carbon cycle | Biological carbon cycle
The biological processes of photosynthesis and respiration mediate the exchange of carbon between the atmosphere or hydrosphere and the biosphere,
In these reactions, CH2O crudely represents organic material, the biomass of bacteria, plants, or animals; and A represents the “redox partner” for c... |
aeb3b32799c911c8fc042b803499a8ab | https://www.britannica.com/topic/evolution-of-the-atmosphere-1703862/Early-composition | Early composition | Early composition
The most critical parameter pertaining to the chemical composition of an atmosphere is its level of oxidation or reduction. At one end of the scale, an atmosphere rich in molecular oxygen (O2)—like Earth’s present atmosphere—is termed highly oxidizing, while one containing molecular hydrogen (H2) is t... |
9fc64c0e661b4c32e988c765d55c8a55 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/evolution-of-the-atmosphere-1703862/Outgassing-of-the-solid-planet | Outgassing of the solid planet | Outgassing of the solid planet
The release of gases during volcanic eruptions is one example of outgassing; releases at submarine hydrothermal vents are another. Although the gas in modern volcanic emanations commonly derives from rocks that have picked up volatiles at Earth’s surface and then have been buried to depth... |
6860d607d8e26deddb18fb33f722298a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/evolution-of-the-atmosphere-1703862/Sequence-of-events-in-the-development-of-the-atmosphere | Sequence of events in the development of the atmosphere | Sequence of events in the development of the atmosphere
If the planet grew large (and had, therefore, a substantial gravitational field) before all gases were dispersed from its orbit, it ought to have captured an atmosphere of nebular gases. The size and composition of such an atmosphere would depend on temperature as... |
d6cecff6bf9c6fb17c198fafd5b1c51d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/evolution-of-the-atmosphere-1703862/Sinks | Sinks | Sinks
The dominant pathways by which gases are removed from the present atmosphere are discussed below in the section on biogeochemical cycles. Apart from those processes, three other sinks merit attention and are described here.
Sunlight can provide the energy required to drive chemical reactions that consume some gas... |
76bce0e682b77a6719cae819b6ca0875 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/evolutionary-economics | Evolutionary economics | Evolutionary economics
Evolutionary economics, field of economics that focuses on changes over time in the processes of material provisioning (production, distribution, and consumption) and in the social institutions that surround those processes. It is closely related to, and often draws upon research in, other socia... |
f7d04e56ee2f6df04a0fb8f311d81ae7 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/examination-law | Examination | Examination
Examination, in law, the interrogation of a witness by attorneys or by a judge. In Anglo-American proceedings an examination usually begins with direct examination (called examination in chief in England) by the party who called the witness. After direct examination the attorney for the other party may con... |
426b6401afedac777585a6e61fa3dff3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/examining-magistrates | Examining magistrates | Examining magistrates
…the magistrates sit as “examining justices,” whereby they carry out inquiries preliminary to trial in serious matters that may require committal of the accused to a higher court for trial. All criminal charges are initially brought before magistrates’ courts. More serious charges are subsequently... |
79f47fcde7a656c9fd8d68a0cad85c72 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/excess-profits-tax | Excess-profits tax | Excess-profits tax
Excess-profits tax, a tax levied on profits in excess of a stipulated standard of “normal” income. There are two principles governing the determination of excess profits. One, known as the war-profits principle, is designed to recapture wartime increases in income over normal peacetime profits of t... |
bc6fdd58a757624ff7a79b16745d0275 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Exclusive-Agreement | Exclusive Agreement | Exclusive Agreement
By the terms of the Exclusive Agreement of 1892, its foreign affairs were placed under British control. During the long rule of Sheikh Zayd ibn Khalīfah (1855–1908), Abu Dhabi was the premier power of the Trucial Coast, but in the early 20th century it was outpaced by Al-Shāriqah and Dubai.…
…States... |
4c07a0ae53fdf54f967636a3b34eb00e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Exclusive-Brethren | Exclusive Brethren | Exclusive Brethren
…churches and were known as Exclusive Brethren; the others, called Open Brethren, maintained a congregational form of church government and less rigorous standards for membership. Exclusive Brethren have suffered further divisions.
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3bd6ca82cc6211243c043cb0aff46c87 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/excommunication | Excommunication | Excommunication
Excommunication, form of ecclesiastical censure by which a person is excluded from the communion of believers, the rites or sacraments of a church, and the rights of church membership but not necessarily from membership in the church as such. Some method of exclusion belongs to the administration of al... |
1a56effd1182a6a1272293f214242927 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Executive-order-13780-United-States-history | Executive Order 13780 | Executive Order 13780
Donald Trump signed an executive order that suspended immigration from certain Muslim countries. The following year Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau formally apologized for his country’s failure to grant asylum to the Jews on board the St. Louis.
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8a4cbe2d5e720971ba5acdbc236c91d8 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/executive-privilege | Executive privilege | Executive privilege
Executive privilege, principle in the United States, derived from common law, that provides immunity from subpoena to executive branch officials in the conduct of their governmental duties.
Although the term executive privilege was coined by the administration of Pres. Dwight D. Eisenhower in the 1... |
3a7486837cf9cf9220615aa196296c74 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Executive-Suite | Executive Suite | Executive Suite
…films of the decade was Executive Suite (1954), the chronicle of a cutthroat power struggle at a furniture company. It featured a large distinguished cast (including William Holden, Fredric March, Barbara Stanwyck, Walter Pidgeon, June Allyson, and Shelley Winters ) and several subplots, the various st... |
a6c31b1cc84ca238e7c170f851b02446 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/executor | Executor | Executor
Executor, in law, person designated by a testator—i.e., a person making a will—to direct the distribution of his estate after his death. The system is found only in countries using Anglo-American law; in civil-law countries the estate goes directly to the heir or heirs. The executor is usually a surviving sp... |
d00f732be7a57564585f38807ff0ffd9 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Exemplar-Humanae-Vitae | Exemplar Humanae Vitae | Exemplar Humanae Vitae
…after writing a short autobiography, Exemplar Humanae Vitae (1687; “Example of a Human Life”), he shot himself. Acosta’s Exemplar depicted revealed religion as disruptive of natural law and a source of hatred and superstition. In contrast, he advocated a faith based on natural law and reason.
In... |
4894d8a09cc66d9e2cf7a45344b0ba1a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/exemption | Exemption | Exemption
…weakened by a variety of exemptions. In the United States, for example, exemptions apply to about one-third of the land area in the average locality. Most of the land exempted from a property tax comprises streets, schools, parks, and other property of local government, meaning that the application of the…
O... |
978050282867d5261fc4f9c7927e978f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/exequatur | Exequatur | Exequatur
…Ferdinand claimed the right of exequatur, according to which all papal bulls and breves (authorizing letters) could be published only with his permission. A letter from Ferdinand to his viceroy in Naples, written in 1510, upbraids the viceroy for permitting the pope to publish a brief in Naples, threatens th... |
7f6d65c01187fb62b4d5b9949591ba12 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Exequias-de-la-lengua-castellana | Exequias de la lengua castellana | Exequias de la lengua castellana
…two most important works are Exequias de la lengua castellana (1795; “Exequies of the Castilian Language”), a defense of Castilian literature; and Oración apologética por la España y su mérito literario (1786; “Arguments on Behalf of Spain and Her Literary Merits”), in which he refuted... |
2ce3d12bacaabf63616a000089305355 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/exercise-physical-fitness | Exercise | Exercise
Exercise, the training of the body to improve its function and enhance its fitness.
The terms exercise and physical activity are often used interchangeably, but this article will distinguish between them. Physical activity is an inclusive term that refers to any expenditure of energy brought about by bodily m... |
8c4274d2b7876a0b8471164156c3b84c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/exercise-physical-fitness/Overall-conditioning | Overall conditioning | Overall conditioning
Much emphasis has been given in the foregoing discussion to aerobic fitness, because this form of conditioning is extremely important. It should be noted, however, that other types of conditioning also have benefits. A total exercise program should include strengthening exercises, to maintain body ... |
064c0f013872973dde4d2ad73b67ce1f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Exercitatio-alphabetica | Exercitatio alphabetica | Exercitatio alphabetica
…engraved metal plates was the Exercitatio alphabetica (1569; “Alphabet Practice”) by the 17-year-old Clément Perret. Perret’s book contains examples in many different hands chosen to match the language of the text. The beautifully ornate writing in Exercitatio is somewhat overshadowed by the fi... |
be172d7e0f034d4bcc18d9f02163ee4c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Exercitationes-Centum-de-Cognitione-Dei-et-Nostri | Exercitationes Centum de Cognitione Dei et Nostri | Exercitationes Centum de Cognitione Dei et Nostri
In Exercitationes Centum de Cognitione Dei et Nostri (1656; “One Hundred Exercises on the Knowledge of God and Ourselves”), he proceeded from his proof for the existence of God based on a concept of the infinite to an account of knowledge and being in general. The…
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f1c9d31d4e7ad9b03aba1a7bedaa93f6 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Exercitationes-paradoxicae-adversus-Aristoteleos | Exercitationes paradoxicae adversus Aristoteleos | Exercitationes paradoxicae adversus Aristoteleos
Gassendi’s work Exercitationes paradoxicae adversus Aristoteleos (“Paradoxical Exercises Against the Aristotelians”), the first part of which was published in 1624, contains an attack on Aristotelianism and an early version of his mitigated skepticism. Gassendi thereafte... |
22852bc11ba13aaeb808b9168838af33 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Exeter-Book | Exeter Book | Exeter Book
Exeter Book, the largest extant collection of Old English poetry. Copied c. 975, the manuscript was given to Exeter Cathedral by Bishop Leofric (died 1072). It begins with some long religious poems: the Christ, in three parts; two poems on St. Guthlac; the fragmentary “Azarius”; and the allegorical Phoenix... |
95f8e13c399681035021bc25e2f24e94 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/exhibition-museum | Exhibition | Exhibition
Many museums have abandoned the traditional view of exhibition, by which storage and display are ends in themselves, in favour of an approach that enhances the setting of the object or collection. To this end museums use the expertise of a number of specialists—designers,…
Extensive sites offering “virtual e... |
2d8db760b12e54b1a0fa76998244a503 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Exhibition-of-a-Rhinoceros-at-Venice | Exhibition of a Rhinoceros at Venice | Exhibition of a Rhinoceros at Venice
, The Dancing Master and Exhibition of a Rhinoceros at Venice. Popular for their charm and seeming naivete, his paintings have a Rococo sense of the intimate and manifest the interest in social observation characteristic of the Enlightenment. His works, like those of Antoine Watteau... |
9c487da466bd6d84073c16907e3af947 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Exhibition-Place | Exhibition Place | Exhibition Place
The fair is staged at Exhibition Place, a venue that covers about 200 acres (80 hectares) west of downtown Toronto, on the shore of Lake Ontario. One of the largest fairs in North America, it features concerts, ice and stunt shows, parades, shopping, carnival attractions, agricultural displays, talent ... |
65add5b420b48231c208c68b31d9acb2 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Exhortation-to-Martyrdom | Exhortation to Martyrdom | Exhortation to Martyrdom
…he addressed to Ambrose his Exhortation to Martyrdom. During this period falls the “Discussion with Heracleides,” a papyrus partially transcribing a debate at a church council (probably in Arabia) where a local bishop was suspected of denying the preexistence of the divine Word and where obscu... |
5a804c63f1dfdc7f30dc85b7c80973f6 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Exiang-jicheng | Exiang jicheng | Exiang jicheng
…Soviet life were published as Exiang jicheng (1921;“Journey to the Land of Hunger”). That book made a considerable impression on Chinese intellectuals, as did his second book, Chidu xinshi (1924; “Impressions of the Red Capital”).
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6c8a8ec73fd0665cb5be79bc296994d7 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Exile-on-Main-Street | Exile on Main Street | Exile on Main Street
…Flash” and the double album Exile on Main Street (1972) remains their creative and iconic peak. Including the studio albums Let It Bleed (1969) and Sticky Fingers (1971) plus the in-concert Get Yer Ya-Yas Out! (1970), it gave them the repertoire and image that still defines them and on which…
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7544d62d590df4d23d325f140e25730f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Exim-Bank-of-China | Exim Bank of China | Exim Bank of China
Financed largely by the Export-Import Bank of China, the $3.4 billion project was completed in October 2016. Capable of accommodating freight trains at speeds of up to 75 miles (120 km) per hour and passenger trains at speeds of up to 100 miles (160 km) per hour, the electrified…
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54d22d406c60e999b62427dac8f99251 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/existential-import | Existential import | Existential import
Existential import, in syllogistic, the logical implication by a universal proposition (i.e., a proposition of the form “All S is P” or “No S is P”) of the corresponding particular statement (i.e., “Some S is P” or “Some S is not P,” respectively). The validity of some syllogistic figures (see syllo... |
65906bf7db293bfe590e812ef38af4b3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/existential-quantifier | Existential quantifier | Existential quantifier
The existential quantifier, symbolized (∃-), expresses that the formula following holds for some (at least one) value of that quantified variable.
…and the universal (∀) and existential (∃) quantifiers (formalized by the German mathematician Gottlob Frege [1848–1925]). (The modern notation owes m... |
58f74f3d030edf71d073630eccbea668 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/existentialism/Problems-of-existentialist-philosophy | Problems of existentialist philosophy | Problems of existentialist philosophy
The key problems for existentialism are those of the individual himself, of his situation in the world, and of his more ultimate significance.
Existentialist anthropology is strictly connected with its ontology. The traditional distinction between mind and body (or soul and body) i... |
2b1e5b3c778b6632fc3b31a955fab3a2 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Exit-57 | Exit 57 | Exit 57
…created the award-winning sketch show Exit 57 (1995–96) and the bizarre sitcom Strangers with Candy (1999–2000), both on the Comedy Central cable network. Colbert worked on several other television projects before joining in 1997 Comedy Central’s The Daily Show, which was hosted by Jon Stewart. For eight years... |
81b35570c9c7c9f8c7fc4000c8086716 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Exit-Ghost | Exit Ghost | Exit Ghost
Exit Ghost (2007) revisits Zuckerman, who has been reawoken to life’s possibilities after more than a decade of self-imposed exile in the Berkshire Mountains. Indignation (2008; film 2016) is narrated from the afterlife by a man who died at age 19. The Humbling (2009; film…
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b326e07a3d3c225f38aac019643e266f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/exit-interview | Exit interview | Exit interview
Exit interview, typically a survey given by an employer to a departing employee, though exit interviews can also involve people leaving other types of organizations or institutions, such as an educational facility. The purpose of exit interviews is to understand why talent is leaving, what might have pr... |
1e3193c596c49a9883fc9511cd5aa583 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Exit-Music | Exit Music | Exit Music
In 2007 Rankin published Exit Music, in which Rebus retires. Though Rankin maintained at the time that it was to be the last novel in the series, the superannuated Rebus was on the case again in Standing in Another Man’s Grave (2012), Saints of the Shadow Bible (2013), Even…
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e79c6b91817d018fd74d3bc352c94f48 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Exit-Through-the-Gift-Shop | Exit Through the Gift Shop | Exit Through the Gift Shop
Banksy directed the 2010 film Exit Through the Gift Shop, a documentary that ostensibly profiled the lives and work of the world’s most talented graffiti artists. Critics were divided on the film, though, as some chose to accept it at face value while others saw it as a satire, with…
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e86a3c4da11a399143dbfb9c873c2d74 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Exodus-by-Uris | Exodus | Exodus
…novel Battle Cry (1953) and Exodus (1958), which deals with the struggle to establish and defend the state of Israel.
…big-budget adaptation of Leon Uris’s best seller about the founding of the modern state of Israel in 1948.
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8a1e175ee09348f7064a52f213c978fc | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Exodus-Gods-and-Kings | Exodus: Gods and Kings | Exodus: Gods and Kings
… in Ridley Scott’s biblical epic Exodus: Gods and Kings (2014) and then portrayed an eccentric money manager in the black comedy The Big Short (2015), about the 2008 financial crisis. His work in the latter film earned Bale his third Oscar nomination. In director Terrence Malick’s Knight of Cups... |
5994fd57372a99707133ae91fc8fd7a1 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/exorcism | Exorcism | Exorcism
Exorcism, an adjuration addressed to evil spirits to force them to abandon an object, place, or person; technically, a ceremony used in both Jewish and Christian traditions to expel demons from persons who have come under their power. The rites and practices of preliterate people to ward off or to expel evil... |
dcb5aa3ec5e763b116a5086cec647264 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/exorcist | Exorcist | Exorcist
(doorkeeper), lector, exorcist, and acolyte.
…of the lower clergy, called exorcists, to whom was entrusted this special function. About the same time, exorcism became one of the ceremonies preparatory to baptism, and it has remained a part of the Roman Catholic baptismal service.
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f52df3537fbccf771882f0812fcfe22f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/expected-utility | Expected utility | Expected utility
Expected utility, in decision theory, the expected value of an action to an agent, calculated by multiplying the value to the agent of each possible outcome of the action by the probability of that outcome occurring and then summing those numbers. The concept of expected utility is used to elucidate d... |
0b5aec1b7772754bfbe617c6fb53e497 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/expenditure-tax | Expenditure tax | Expenditure tax
Expenditure tax, tax levied on the total consumption expenditure of an individual. It may be a proportional or a progressive tax; its advantage is that it eliminates the supposed adverse effect of the personal income tax on investment and saving incentives. Difficult to administer, it has been applied ... |
02bccd3b7cc01e6360d68207980352ea | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Experience-and-Education | Experience and Education | Experience and Education
Later, in Experience and Education (1938), he criticized those of his followers who took his theories too far by disregarding organized subject matter in favour of vocational training or mere activity for their students. If prudently applied, progressive education could, Dewey believed, “shape ... |
1f89dfd313c826d76fe87e30af778bc1 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Experience-and-Prediction | Experience and Prediction | Experience and Prediction
…to California, proposed, in his Experience and Prediction (1938), a probabilistic conception. If hypotheses, generalizations, and theories can be made more or less probable by whatever evidence is available, he argued, then they are factually meaningful. In another version of meaningfulness, ... |
0318c425cd6a305a88b396c421945488 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Experience-of-the-Theory-of-Taxation | Experience of the Theory of Taxation | Experience of the Theory of Taxation
…most prominent of these being Experience of the Theory of Taxation (1818). Abroad at the time of the December uprising, Turgenev became an emigré (having been tried in absentia and sentenced to hard labour for life). In 1847 he published Russia and the Russians, regarded as one of ... |
ddf56c14f5935882082b8596a74406b7 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/experiencing-as | Experiencing-as | Experiencing-as
The enlarged concept of experiencing-as (developed by the British philosopher John Hick) refers to the way in which an object, event, or situation is experienced as having a particular character or meaning such that to experience it in this manner involves being in a dispositional state to behave in…
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8ef0452b18cc8f524db1d04d334ca13c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Experiment-railroad-locomotive | Experiment | Experiment
…this post he designed the Experiment (1832), the first locomotive to have four of its six wheels mounted on a swiveling truck. This radical innovation enabled the Experiment to reach speeds of up to 96 km (60 miles) per hour, making it the fastest locomotive in the world.
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26fb009e0112c5503672638033b14828 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Experimental-and-Theoretical-Applications-of-Thermodynamics-to-Chemistry | Experimental and Theoretical Applications of Thermodynamics to Chemistry | Experimental and Theoretical Applications of Thermodynamics to Chemistry
…Regel und der Thermodynamik (1893; Experimental and Theoretical Applications of Thermodynamics to Chemistry), in which he stressed the central importance of Avogadro’s law, thermodynamics, and both physics and chemistry in the treatment of chemic... |
02f612a9a531b8a33e9b6f21974a0697 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Experimental-Essay-on-the-Circulation-of-the-Blood | Experimental Essay on the Circulation of the Blood | Experimental Essay on the Circulation of the Blood
In his Experimental Essay on the Circulation of the Blood (1831), he was the first to show that the capillaries bring the blood into contact with the tissues.
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0e5c3500e1fbb95784593f56796337ab | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Experiments-and-Observations-on-Electricity | Experiments and Observations on Electricity | Experiments and Observations on Electricity
…in an 86-page book titled Experiments and Observations on Electricity. In the 18th century the book went through five English editions, three in French, and one each in Italian and German.
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ac4e04d208445a0bf40440ff19183af1 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Experiments-in-Hearing | Experiments in Hearing | Experiments in Hearing
Békésy’s book Experiments in Hearing, published in 1960, is the magnum opus of the modern theory of the ear.
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6ec587f78efbc019440c2d00f32eec8c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Experiments-Upon-Magnesia-Alba-Quicklime-and-Some-Other-Alcaline-Substances | Experiments Upon Magnesia Alba, Quicklime, and Some Other Alcaline Substances | Experiments Upon Magnesia Alba, Quicklime, and Some Other Alcaline Substances
…paper of his career, “Experiments upon Magnesia Alba, Quicklime, and Some Other Alcaline Substances,” given to the Philosophical Society of Edinburgh in 1755. The earlier series of experiments for his thesis were conducted on magnesium salt ... |
934225e4f8714692646f771ab7e5e300 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Experiments-with-Plant-Hybrids | Experiments with Plant Hybrids | Experiments with Plant Hybrids
His paper “Experiments on Plant Hybrids” was published in the society’s journal, Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereines in Brünn, the following year. It attracted little attention, although many libraries received it and reprints were sent out. The tendency of those who read it was t... |
664ed15dba17bc584c83590ca0b1924b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/expert-evidence | Expert evidence | Expert evidence
Expert witnesses must have specialized knowledge, skill, or experience in the area of their testimony. For the most part, they do not testify concerning facts but draw inferences from them. With a few exceptions, they are treated in Anglo-American law as ordinary witnesses…
Examination of an expert is o... |
38cf80be28d00de2594b8bb5d38ee6ba | https://www.britannica.com/topic/expiation-penology | Expiation | Expiation
…punishment is a kind of expiation: offenders should undergo punishment in their own interests to discharge their guilt and to make themselves acceptable to society again.
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5c0abcbe48681a6b5cc5c61ecccc30b7 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Explication-des-maximes-des-saints-sur-la-vie-interieure | Explication des maximes des saints sur la vie intérieure | Explication des maximes des saints sur la vie intérieure
…Mme Guyon, Fénelon responded with Explication des maximes des saints sur la vie intérieure (1697; “Explanation of the Sayings of the Saints on the Interior Life”). Defending Mme Guyon’s integrity, Fénelon not only lost Bossuet’s friendship but also exposed himse... |
9920ad4eb622d6ce839583a4ad5ec12d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/explicit-plea-bargaining | Explicit plea bargaining | Explicit plea bargaining
…formal agreements are termed “explicit plea bargains.” However, some plea bargains are called “implicit plea bargains” because they involve no guarantee of leniency. Explicit bargains are the more important of the two.
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a79d8da2ad3336deb81fc628bf7e34b5 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/exploitation | Exploitation | Exploitation
…instance, the experience of economic exploitation can lead workers to recognize that they have a stake in each other’s well-being, and from there they will develop class consciousness and class solidarity. Mann’s focus was placed on consciousness itself and thus departed to some extent from Marx’s attempt... |
05c52d72e917149db263f2ea334e9f34 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Explosion-in-a-Cathedral | Explosion in a Cathedral | Explosion in a Cathedral
…Carpentier published another historical novel, El siglo de las luces (Explosion in a Cathedral), which chronicles the impact of the French Revolution on Caribbean countries. It was very successful and there were calls to award Carpentier a Nobel Prize, something that eluded him. In his final y... |
5f42855c46c576d959a276129a9ded1c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/exponential-growth | Exponential growth | Exponential growth
In an ideal environment, one that has no limiting factors, populations grow at a geometric rate or an exponential rate. Human populations, in which individuals live and reproduce for many years and in which reproduction is distributed throughout the year,…
…social change is that of exponential growth... |
861e3d4ba3ec03d8b03fa2734239ad40 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Export-Import-Bank-of-the-United-States | Export-Import Bank of the United States | Export-Import Bank of the United States
Export-Import Bank of the United States, byname Ex-Im Bank, one of the principal agencies of the U.S. government in international finance, originally incorporated as the Export-Import Bank of Washington on February 12, 1934, to assist in financing the export of American-made goo... |
39aaed279d35ed5b191457e23771012b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Express-Mail | Express Mail | Express Mail
One such service is express mail, known under different service names according to the country (Express Mail in the United States, Datapost in Great Britain and Germany). At additional cost, this service, in which about half the UPU membership participates, provides expedited conveyance and individualized ... |
c5a9a97160193430cf028f8987de5978 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Expulsion-of-the-Money-Changers-from-the-Temple | Expulsion of the Money Changers from the Temple | Expulsion of the Money Changers from the Temple
…in such scenes as the “Expulsion of the Money Changers from the Temple” and the “Nativity” betray knowledge of Mantegna’s frescoes in the Church of the Eremitani in Padua. Pacher, however, rejected Mantegna’s statuesque compositions in favour of a dynamic sense of moveme... |
555181148caea45eaadb00f40a592609 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/extended-family | Extended family | Extended family
Extended family, an expansion of the nuclear family (parents and dependent children), usually built around a unilineal descent group (i.e., a group in which descent through either the female or the male line is emphasized). The extended family system often, but not exclusively, occurs in regions in whi... |
2c42d92e3453c546a67c7e615f38aba4 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/extended-producer-responsibility | Extended producer responsibility | Extended producer responsibility
Extended producer responsibility, a practice and a policy approach in which producers take responsibility for management of the disposal of products they produce once those products are designated as no longer useful by consumers. Responsibility for disposal may be fiscal, physical, or... |
dff23293ec64d2a321723820218bedfd | https://www.britannica.com/topic/extraordinary-rendition | Extraordinary rendition | Extraordinary rendition
Extraordinary rendition, extrajudicial practice, carried out by U.S. government agencies, of transferring a prisoner to a foreign country for the purposes of detention and interrogation. Those agencies asserted that the practice exempted detainees from the legal safeguards afforded to prisoners... |
a0bb6fc40c1c44c243d1aaf299c5d982 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Extras | Extras | Extras
…as a struggling actor in Extras (2005–07), another collaboration with Merchant; his performance won him an Emmy Award in 2007 for best actor in a comedy series. In 2005–06 Gervais hosted The Ricky Gervais Show, an Internet podcast in which he, Merchant, and Karl Pilkington engaged in casual (if sometimes…
…on t... |
9669d6a988daabdfd25339f0e1c5b52c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eyvind-of-the-Mountains | Eyvind of the Mountains | Eyvind of the Mountains
…Bjærg-Ejvind og hans hustru, 1911; Eyvind of the Mountains; filmed 1917, by Victor Sjöström), which created a sensation in Scandinavia and in Germany and was later produced in England and the United States. Some contemporary critics hailed him as a peer of Henrik Ibsen, B.M. Bjørnson, and Augus... |
b4b4213fecb49f917f7930cde6820196 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ezo-people | Ezo | Ezo
…large conscript armies against the Ezo (Emishi), a nonsubject tribal group in the northern districts of Honshu who were regarded as aliens. The Ezo eventually were pacified, although the northern border was never fully brought under the control of the central government. Those Ezo who submitted to government force... |
f5866cac982fc0b3907c7d25c98b82b0 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/F-for-Fake | F for Fake | F for Fake
F for Fake (1973) was an “essay film” (as Welles called it) about the nature of truth in art. The film had its basis in documentary footage shot by François-Arnold Reichenbach of art forger Elmyr de Hory and his biographer Clifford Irving. As Welles started…
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0a56e4cba3d2a53e53847624bbdcb00f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/F-I-S-T | F.I.S.T. | F.I.S.T.
…Rollerball (1975); the union saga F.I.S.T. (1978), starring Sylvester Stallone; and the legal drama ...And Justice for All (1979), with Al Pacino. He again examined racial prejudice in A Soldier’s Story (1984), about the murder of an African American army sergeant. Later efforts included Moonstruck (1987), a ... |
d820138c34c2a601fe8c89630ab3686c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/F-ring | F ring | F ring
…A ring lies the narrow F ring at 2.33 Saturn radii. The F ring is a complicated structure that, according to Cassini observations, may be a tightly wound spiral. Between the A and F rings, distributed along the orbit of the inner moon Atlas, is a tenuous band of material…
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f9e7e2292cc2897491d6a890b26d835a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Facade-by-Walton | Façade | Façade
During this period he composed Façade (1923)—a set of pieces for chamber ensemble, to accompany the Sitwells’ sister Edith in a recitation of her poetry—as well as Sinfonia Concertante for piano and orchestra (1928; revised 1943) and Portsmouth Point (1926), which established his reputation as an orchestral comp... |
29371d313554f54b6a21b8d9ba366108 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Face-to-Face-by-Gordimer | Face to Face | Face to Face
Gordimer’s first book was Face to Face (1949), a collection of short stories. In 1953 a novel, The Lying Days, was published. Both exhibit the clear, controlled, and unsentimental style that became her hallmark. Her stories concern the devastating effects of apartheid on the lives of South Africans—the con... |
a18838231770a5750d8c1cae1dea4afb | https://www.britannica.com/topic/factoring | Factoring | Factoring
Factoring, in finance, the selling of accounts receivable on a contract basis by the business holding them—in order to obtain cash payment of the accounts before their actual due date—to an agency known as a factor. The factor then assumes full responsibility for credit analysis of new accounts, payments co... |
50422a85d2c4c3b201ee2edf446d8913 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Facts-Forum | Facts Forum | Facts Forum
…funded his own foundation, called Facts Forum, which produced radio and television programs of conservative, anti-Communist political commentary. The foundation also distributed books by Senator Joseph R. McCarthy and others. In 1958 he revived the foundation as Life Line, to distribute a daily 15-minute r... |
ae0eb4669e0f81a1e78eb7c2364b8935 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Fagin | Fagin | Fagin
Fagin, fictional character, one of the villains in Charles Dickens’s novel Oliver Twist (1837–39) and one of the most notorious anti-Semitic portraits in English literature.
Fagin is an old man in London who teaches young homeless boys how to be pickpockets and then fences their stolen goods. Although a miser an... |
0bd6bc92b258a24d6c567c2ce3ececf5 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Fahrenheit-451-film-by-Truffaut | Fahrenheit 451 | Fahrenheit 451
Fahrenheit 451, British science-fiction film, released in 1966, based on Ray Bradbury’s classic dystopian novel of the same name. It was French director François Truffaut’s only English-language film and his first colour production.
In a futuristic town, Guy Montag (played by Oskar Werner) works as a fi... |
a8d590b58a0a204c3f127abcf3e1c552 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/fair | Fair | Fair
Fair, temporary market where buyers and sellers gather to transact business. A fair is held at regular intervals, generally at the same location and time of year, and it usually lasts for several days or even weeks. Its primary function is the promotion of trade. Historically, fairs displayed many different kinds... |
c5fdb91af4f4513f9364cc65e40f1607 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Fair-Annie | Fair Annie | Fair Annie
…from the Gallows” and “Fair Annie,” among others, win through to happiness after such bitter trials that the price they pay seems too great. The course of romance runs hardly more smoothly in the many ballads, influenced by the cheap optimism of broadsides, where separated lovers meet without recognizing…
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2e520ecd0d7bcc75bec62418600d7fd2 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/fair-equal-opportunity | Fair equal opportunity | Fair equal opportunity
…resulting position is often called fair, or substantive, equal opportunity, in contrast to the formal equal opportunity provided by open competition on its own.
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