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2096d4e7f6e98d896be37914f26e3699 | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWaef.htm | American Expeditionary Force | American Expeditionary Force
When the USA declared war in April 1917, Wilson sent the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) under the command of General John Pershing to the Western Front. By May 1918, there were over 500,000 US soldiers in France.
By July 1918 there were over a million US soldiers in France. General John... |
831034c516afbc2cda1dc06494d4e81c | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWalbertK.htm | King Albert I | King Albert I
Albert, the younger son of Philip, Count of Flanders, was born in 1875. Albert succeeded his uncle, Leopold II, as king of Belgium, in 1909.
As Belgium occupied the only wide open space between France and Germany, its neutrality was a vital component of the European balance of power. The king's foreign po... |
c078e2e465ca4e089959cfc5b84533de | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWallies.htm | Allies in the First World War | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Allies in the First World War
The countries at war with the Central Powers were originally refered to as the Entente Powers. This reflected the membership of the prewar Triple Entente Alliance. As more states joined Britain, France and Russia in the war, the grouping became known as the Allies.
Firs... |
96d30e36ddbf7eaa7290aabb07093270 | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWantisubmarine.htm | Anti-Submarine Weapons | Anti-Submarine Weapons
When submarines first started firing torpedoes, ships attempted to use a high speed zigzagging strategy to avoid being hit. As the speed of submarines improved, ships resorted to other methods. Light steel nets were hung around warships beneath the water line to deflect incoming torpedoes. These ... |
79bb9d426f3005675f4f554913ae312b | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWapis.htm | Dragutin Dimitrijevic | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Dragutin Dimitrijevic
Dragutin Dimitrijevic was born in Serbia in 1877. At eighteen Dimitrijevic went to the Belgrade Military Academy. A brilliant student, Dimitrijevic, graduated from the academy with such a good record he was immediately recruited into the General Staff of the Serbian Army. An ar... |
2a1a17bc662e1e5c7b9de1cac8a34446 | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWarras.htm | Battle of Arras | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Battle of Arras
In October, 1914, the French Tenth army attempted to outflank German forces on the Western Front by advancing along a line between Arras and Lens. After initial progress towards Douai was forced to withdraw after a counter-attack from Crown Prince Rupprecht and the German Sixth Army.... |
e350d52ef7cbb9a9a882209b33f15326 | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWatrocities.htm | Atrocities in the First World War | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Atrocities in the First World War
During the First World War most countries publicized stories of enemy soldiers committing atrocities. It was believed that it would help persuade young men to join the armed forces. As one British general pointed out after the war: "to make armies go on killing one ... |
05eb124440ac7431a4036062f5e27858 | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWaustralia.htm | Australian Imperial Force | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Australian Imperial Force
Australia's regular army was formed in 1901 and was backed-up by a part-time volunteer militia. All males of combat age were required by law to undertake military training on a regular basis. On the outbreak of the First World War the Australian government immediately offer... |
755d9a9e7d1c13582ebbdceccc383be4 | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWbattlecruisers.htm | Battlecruisers | Battlecruisers
A battlecruiser had the speed of a cruiser and the striking power of a battleship. It was Admiral John Fisher, the First Sea Lord, who first suggested the idea of battlecruisers. The first three battlecruisers; Invincible, Indomitable and Inflexible , were completed was the Royal Navy in 1908. Fisher arg... |
1b9d9e28f7f8452228d259fa2fdff8a1 | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWbattleship.htm | Battleships | Battleships
Battleships in the 19th century were built to mount the largest naval guns available. The first British battleship was the Minotaur . Completed in 1863 it was armed with a 9-inch muzzle-loading guns. By 1898 battleships like Germany's 10,000-ton Fuerst Bismark , had become slow moving gun platforms.
The all... |
8c3be82fa04ce7b6edd5e4a887576ed1 | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWbeatty.htm | David Beatty | David Beatty
David Beatty was born in Nantwich, Cheshire, in 1871. He entered the Royal Navy in 1884 and served in the Sudan (1896-98). As a commander of a battleship he took part in the China War (1900). During this period Beatty developed a reputation for dash and aggression. By 1912 Beatty was commander of the 1st B... |
0cac69d0f7c20ce45c857edd3db0a131 | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWblackhand1.htm | The Black Hand Secret Society | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
The Black Hand Secret Society
In May 1911, ten men in Serbia formed the Black Hand Secret Society. Early members included Colonel Dragutin Dimitrijevic, the chief of the Intelligence Department of the Serbian General Staff, Major Voja Tankosic and Milan Ciganovic.
The main objective of the Black Han... |
2d1420efcd354c8b08170d10cbd736b2 | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWbotha.htm | Louis Botha | Louis Botha
Louis Botha was born in Greytown, Natel in 1862. Elected to the Transvaal Volksraad in 1897 he was South Africa's most impressive military leader during the Boer War (1899-1902). His success at Spion Kop resulted in him being promoted to commander-in-chief of the Boer forces.
After the signing of the Vereen... |
2bee98b1e00d2c1d6c2f255b26623f66 | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWcarol.htm | King Carol | King Carol
Carol of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen was born in 1839. He was educated at the military school in Munster and the artillery school in Berlin.
In 1866 Count Phillipe of Flandra refused the Romanian throne. Prince Carol was then asked and he accepted. A relative of Kaiser Wilhelm II, Carol was pro-German, a view t... |
db85e7c65ae27e38e0b91467539a9c1b | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWchlorine.htm | Chlorine Gas | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Chlorine Gas
On the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 Fritz Haber, the talented chemist, offered his services to the German Army. He began experimenting with chlorine gas to be used in Trench Warfare. His wife, Clara Haber disagreed that he should use his talents in this way. She later committ... |
30ec2338512d5ed407e88213593e3f1d | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWchristmas.htm | Christmas Truce and the First World War | Christmas Truce and the First World War
SectionsPrimary SourcesStudent Activities
On the Western Front in December 1914 there was a spontaneous outburst of hostility towards the killing. On 24th December, arrangements were made between the two sides to go into No Mans Land to collect the dead. Negotiations also began t... |
997ea28ffaed101bf5dd19a8842c15dd | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWcowdray.htm | Lord Cowdray | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Lord Cowdray
Weetman Dickinson Pearson, the son of George Pearson, the Conservative M.P. for Edinburgh University, was born in 1856.
Weetman Pearson went into business and by 1900 was the owner of S. Pearson & Son, a company employing 20,000 men building railways, docks, harbours, waterworks and dra... |
8dfd476af4d5193fe471b2e3e2eb96c5 | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWcruisers.htm | Cruisers : First World War | Cruisers : First World War
The first cruisers were built around 1880. Cruisers were smaller than battleships but were designed to be faster. They were basically large fast ocean-going warships. Cruisers had a top speed of around 30 knots and had a crew of roughly 600 men. There were two main types of cruisers. The firs... |
37520c8e218813aa03622269152d0923 | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWdades.htm | Kati Dadeshkeliani | Kati Dadeshkeliani
Kati Dadeshkeliani, the daughter of Prince Alexander and Princess Eristavi, was born in Georgia in 1891. Her father, an inspector of State Forests, was assassinated in 1909.
During the First World War Dadeshkeliani joined the Russian Army. A member of the 4th Tarter Regiment, she served as an ambulan... |
20fab160e702d98f66895fbfbc6966e8 | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWdogger.htm | Battle of Dogger Bank | Battle of Dogger Bank
In December 1914 Admiral Franz von Hipper and the First High Seas Fleet bombarded the costal towns of Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby. The attack killed 18 civilians and created a great deal of anger against Germany and the Royal Navy for failing to protect the British coast.
Admiral Hipper pla... |
fc152b1fcb76b2a28b61bda2d81b279a | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWdoumergue.htm | Gaston Doumergue | Gaston Doumergue
Gaston Doumergue was born in Aigues-Vives, France, on 1st August, 1863. After service as an official in Indochina and Africa (1885-93) Doumergue was elected to the Chamber of Deputies.
A member of the Radical Party, Doumergue became minister for the colonies (1902-1905). In 1910 he was elected to the S... |
164ea43542459e7aad08a030cade5b13 | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWeastern.htm | Eastern Front | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Eastern Front
The Eastern Front was the vast theatre of the First World War that took place between Russia, Austria-Hungary and Germany. All three countries expected conflict in this area. The German Schlieffen Plan assumed an invasion of Russia and the Russian Army had its own Plan 19, that involve... |
b25ab978a3cb616802700b392340ead1 | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWentente.htm | Triple Entente | Triple Entente
In 1882 Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy formed the Triple Alliance. The three countries agreed to support each other if attacked by either France or Russia. France felt threatened by this alliance. Britain was also concerned by the growth in the German Navy and in 1904 the two countries signed the Ent... |
5d38bf152fce437df4bf90dc2de1f0ed | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWferdinand.htm | King Ferdinand | King Ferdinand
Ferdinand was born in Romania in 1865. His uncle, King Carol, a relative of Kaiser Wilhelm II, was strongly pro-German. Ferdinand was a close friend of Emperor Franz Josef and shared these views. However, he was also influenced by his British wife and on the outbreak of the First World War, argued for ne... |
ba5c9146ae4c84f211639f21ff18eeca | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWflers.htm | Flers-Courcelette | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Flers-Courcelette
The attack at Flers-Courcelette was part of the larger offensive at the Somme. General Sir Douglas Haig took the controversial decision to use this operation to test out the British Army's new weapon, the tank. This went against the advice that they should be employed when they cou... |
73d3c6fab1cfe34c0770e1b20605e0b5 | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWfokker.htm | Anthony Fokker | Anthony Fokker
Anthony Fokker was born in Java in 1890. When Fokker was twenty-years old he started an aviation company in Wiesbaden, Germany. His first aircraft, Spin I, made a couple of 100 yard flights at the beginning of December, 1910. However, later that month it crashed into a tree and was destroyed. His second ... |
453509e8dee551af3a0557f158fb9d1d | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWfrenchN.htm | French Navy | French Navy
Expenditure on the French Navy doubled between 1910 and 1914. Fourteen new battleships were ordered along with cruisers, destroyers and submarines.
On the outbreak of the First World War France had 19 battleships, 32 cruisers, 86 destroyers, 34 submarines and 115 torpedo boats.
During the Dardanelles operat... |
22165f9864c4ce85a5112f5d382213da | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWgermanA.htm | First World War: The German Army | First World War: The German Army
SectionsPrimary SourcesStudent Activities
In 1914 Germany was recognised as having the most efficient army in the world. Its structure included universal mass conscription for short-term military service followed by a longer period in reserve. The German Army placed great emphasis on hi... |
6aa117903bb904683136e3a910575880 | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWgermanN.htm | German Navy | German Navy
Until the late 1890s Germany relied on his large German Army for defence. However, in 1897, Germany's new head of the Imperial German Navy, Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz, advised the Kaiser Wilhelm II that the country needed a large modern navy. Tirpitz argued that this would help protect Germany's growing ove... |
5ee9f4c9f37485c18d2001ab5cb91fc9 | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWgiolitti.htm | Giovanni Giolitti | Giovanni Giolitti
Giovanni Giolitti, the son of a magistrate, was born in Mondovi, Italy, in 1842. Trained as a lawyer he had socialist political sympathies as a young man. After working as a civil servant in 1882 he became a member of parliament as a Liberal. Giolitti soon established himself as an expert on economics... |
d54273a817afad94b70c8870ff952245 | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWgreece.htm | Greece and the First World War | Greece and the First World War
In 1914 both the Triple Entente and the Central Powers, tried to form alliances in the Balkans. Both alliances promised privileges to any country that took their side. Eventually, Serbia allied with the Triple Entente while Bulgaria and Turkey preferred the Central Powers.
In Greece, the ... |
fa5fb246e7e714ccc8662f97016d8dba | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWgrey.htm | Edward Grey | Edward Grey
SectionsPrimary SourcesStudent Activities
Edward Grey, the son of Lieutenant-Colonel George Henry Grey, and grand-nephew of Earl Grey, was born in 1862. Educated at Winchester and Balliol College, Oxford, he was a strong supporter of the Liberal Party.
In the 1885 General Election Grey was elected to repres... |
39e5fac8a5e797ce6a20b58177d67064 | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWheinkel.htm | Ernst Heinkel | Ernst Heinkel
Ernst Heinkel was born in Grunbach, Germany, in 1888. Working for the Albatros Aviation Company, Heinkel designed the Albatros B-II, a reconnaissance aircraft used during the early stages of the First World War. After leaving the Albatros, Heinkel designed several seaplanes for the Hansa-Brandenburg compa... |
17a41205041c181a24a2283268dda7a3 | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWheligoland.htm | Battle of Heligoland | Battle of Heligoland
In August 1914 Admiral Sir David Beatty devised a plan to draw the German Navy into a major sea battle. Beatty used two light cruisers, the Fearless and Arethusa and 25 destroyers to raid German ships close to the German naval base at Heligoland. When the German Navy responded to the attack, Beatty... |
3cde84329ee148ffcf31aed850114995 | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWhotchkiss.htm | Benjamin Hotchkiss | Benjamin Hotchkiss
Benjamin Hotchkiss was born in Watertown, Connecticut in 1826.
He invented an improved type of cannon shell, a revolving-barrel machine gun (1872) and a bolt-action magazine rifle (1875).
Hotchkiss died in 1885 but his company continued to produce the machine-gun and in 1897 it was adopted by the Fre... |
7166d9b70ef6f178a502559d4cfccae3 | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWhughesW.htm | William Hughes | William Hughes
SectionsPrimary SourcesStudent Activities
William (Billy) Hughes was born in London in 1864. After being educated in Llandudno, he emigrated to Australia in October, 1884. He worked as a labourer and cook. He moved to Balmain, where he eventually opened a small shop, where he sold political pamphlets, d... |
e100c950d82c847257a9ae24fa1a047c | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWinFrance.htm | France in 1914 | France in 1914
The French Third Republic was created following the defeat of France by Prussia in 1871. After the war, the leader of the new unified Germany, Otto von Bismarck, was able to take Alsace and Lorraine, Strasburg and the great fortress of Metz from France.
The new French parliament established after the Fra... |
4b6f6a7063007e5fcd62d75dbe10c873 | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWinRussia.htm | Russia in 1914 | Russia in 1914
In 1914 the Russia Empire included Poland, Finland and large parts of Transcaucasia. The majority of the 166 million population were Slavs but as well as Jews and Turks there were dozens of other nationalities. Several of these groups wanted regional autonomy and this was the cause of a constant source o... |
0b63f84f63cabbc07126b43711e7cc78 | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWjaures.htm | Jean Jaurés | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Jean Jaurés
Jean Jaurés, the son of an unsuccessful businessman, was born in Castres, France, on 3rd September, 1859. He won a scholarship to the Ecole Normale Supérieure in Paris. After graduating he taught in schools before becoming a lecturer on philosophy at the University of Toulouse (1883-85).... |
4b8d43016c23576970242abafc71278a | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWjellicoe.htm | John Jellicoe | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
John Jellicoe
John Jellicoe, the son of a sea captain, was born in Southampton in 1859. He joined the British Navy and served in the Egyptian War of 1882 and was one of the survivors of the collision between Victoria and Camperdown in 1893.
In 1900 Jellicoe was chief of staff on the international ov... |
a5686114f1b105954d8ce6f8becb30ec | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWjutland.htm | Battle of Jutland | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Battle of Jutland
The fleet of the British Navy had been designed to contest a huge, decisive battle, with the enemy. After the outbreak of the First World War, attempts were made to draw the smaller German Navy into the North Sea for a major battle. Admiral Hugo von Pohl, the commander of the Germa... |
e0fe49f81c686790398c2e2c82453588 | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWlaurier.htm | Wilfrid Laurier | Wilfrid Laurier
Wilfrid Laurier was born in St Lin, Quebec, in 1841. He became a lawyer and in 1874 was elected to the Ottawa parliament. A member of the Liberal Party, Laurier became minister of inland revenue in 1877 and was eventually appointed leader of the Liberal Party. In 1896 Laurier became Canada's prime minis... |
ee1bb92dfd0eceeae8c302686bb79f7e | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWletters.htm | Letters from the Trenches | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Letters from the Trenches
Twelve and a half million letters were sent to the Western Front every week. In 1914 the Postal Section of the Royal Engineers had a staff of 250 men. By 1918 the Army Postal Service employed 4,000 soldiers. Letters only took two or three days to arrive from Britain. Even s... |
cbbb763f7255dfa83bb5299f9d104e15 | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWlyautey.htm | Hubert Lyautey | Hubert Lyautey
Hubert Lyautey was born in Nancy in 1854. He joined the French Army and held administrative posts in Algeria, Tonking and Madagascar.
Lyautey was commissary-general in Morocco during the early stages of the First World War. In December 1916 he was recalled to Paris and became War Minister in the governme... |
7c4cdd9498250d9df97952c06cbc088c | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWm5.htm | Military Intelligence (MI5) | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Military Intelligence (MI5)
In 1907 Major Vernon Kell become Director of the Home Section of the Secret Service Bureau with responsibility for investigating espionage, sabotage and subversion within and outside Britain. Later the organisation became known as Military Intelligence (MI5).
In 1911 MI6 ... |
30f33963002f9d5e17668894ec02e045 | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWmarconi.htm | Guglielmo Marconi | Guglielmo Marconi
Guglielmo Marconi was born at Bologna, Italy, on 25th April 1874. His father, Giuseppe Marconi, was an Italian landowner, and his mother, Annie Jameson, was from Ireland.
Marconi was educated at the Technical Institute of Livorno and attended the University of Bologna. In 1890 he began experimenting w... |
30314b9a42b1d93684c763fe6da9cc70 | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWmasaryk.htm | Tomas Masaryk | Tomas Masaryk
Tomas Masaryk was born in Hodonin, Moravia in 1850. The son of a coachman, Masaryk was educated at Vienna and Leipzig and in 1882 became Professor of Philosophy at the Czech University in Prague.
Masaryk, a member of the Vienna Parliament in 1891-93 and 1907-14, advocated the reconciliation of all western... |
f64dbc4416e585120dc65de263f619ab | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWmesopotamia.htm | Mespotamia | Mespotamia
Mesopotamia is the land which lies between the rivers Euphrates and Tigres in the Middle East. The area was devastated by the Mongols in the 15th century and eventually became part of the Turkish Ottoman Empire.
In the summer of 1914 the British government suspected an imminent war with Turkey and took measu... |
631abad34278fabbb63470151daea4b7 | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWnurses.htm | Voluntary Aid Detachment | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Voluntary Aid Detachment
In 1909 it was decided to form Voluntary Aid Detachments (VADs) to provide medical assistance in time of war. By the summer of 1914 there were over 2,500 Voluntary Aid Detachments in Britain. Of the 74,000 VADs in 1914, two-thirds were women and girls.
Katharine Furse took t... |
13b23cd90c0241efbddcf6d4b25c1e11 | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWpasic.htm | Nikola Pasic | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Nikola Pasic
Nikola Pasic was born in Zajecar on the borders of Serbia and Bulgaria in 1845. He became involved in radical politics and in 1883 was condemned to death for his part in the plot against King Milan.
Pasic escaped to Austria and on the accession of King Peter in 1904 became prime ministe... |
0534caf3265469dbcc135cc394021106 | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWpeter.htm | King Peter | King Peter
Peter Karadjordjevic, the son of Prince Alexander Karadjordjevic, was born in Belgrade in 1844. He fought in the French Army in the Franco-Prussian War (1870-71).
In 1903 Dragutin Dimitrijevic, Voja Tankosic and a group of junior officers planned the assassination of the the autocratic and unpopular King Ale... |
e55b83c0ed760fc0c152ab7e1b4058f2 | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWprimroseN.htm | Neil Primrose | Neil Primrose
Neil Primrose, he second son of Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery and Hannah de Rothschild, was born on 14th December 1882. His father was prime minister from 1894-1895 and he was also active in the Liberal Party.
Primrose was commissioned into the Royal Buckinghamshire Hussars in 1909. Primrose co... |
7a954954858030fa1daad08fbdbcf793 | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWputnik.htm | Radomir Putnik | Radomir Putnik
Radomir Putnik was born in Serbia in 1847. A veteran of Serbia's Balkan conflicts in the 1870s and 1880s, Putnik was forced into early retirement in 1895.
On the accession of King Peter in 1903 Putnik became the head of the Serbian Army. He also held the post of war minister and his programme of military... |
3c3c725cb7c3770d1bbfac05002beabb | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWscout.htm | Scout Cruisers and the First World War | Scout Cruisers and the First World War
The Royal Navy built 15 scout cruisers between 1904 and 1913. Designed for speed with little or no armour protection, they were intended for scouting operations or as guards of destroyer flotillas. It was the scout cruisers that first engaged the enemy at the Battle of Jutland.
Fi... |
2333304fabd3a898408418687eb0c301 | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWsmoke.htm | Smokeless Powder | Smokeless Powder
Military commanders had been complaining since the Napoleonic Wars about the problems of giving orders on a battlefield that was swathed in thick smoke from the gunpowder used by the guns. In 1886 Paul Vieille invented a smokeless gunpowder called Poudre B. Made from gelatinized nitrocellulose mixed wi... |
83cd3f66cbdb1aa5afc454ff7781bcf6 | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWsmuts.htm | Jan Smuts | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Jan Smuts
Jan Christian Smuts was born in Malmesbury, Cape Colony in 1870. Educated at Christ's College, Cambridge he returned to South Africa where he became the state attorney of Johannesburg and a member of Paul Kruger's government. In 1899 Smuts contributed to A Century of Wrong, a pamphlet that... |
b89c2a68959b3daab2db1f6f6921324b | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWspencerHS.htm | Harold S. Spencer | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Harold S. Spencer
Harold Spencer was born in the United States. He attended the United States Naval Academy. According to a reporter from the New York Times based in Annapolis: "While at the academy he was something of a poet and musician, and took a prominent part in the artistic and social life of... |
a2fa545d51531598f1d068a72a3122fd | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWstretcher.htm | Stretcher Bearers | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Stretcher Bearers
Advancing troops were not allowed to stop and care for wounded soldiers. All men carried an emergency field-dressing and if possible attempted to treat their own wounds. The wounded soldier then had to wait until the stretcher-bearers arrived. There were only four stretcher-bearers... |
7129df85741f7dcc75602c06c2ff55a2 | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWsubmarine.htm | Submarines : First World War | Submarines : First World War
The American inventor, David Bushnell, began experimenting with the idea of producing a ship that could travel underwater in the latter years of the eighteenth-century. Attempts were also made to produce submarines during the American Civil War.
The first Royal Navy submarine was developed ... |
e00a8193c59000e40af72dd2fe31f51d | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWswaffer.htm | Hannen Swaffer | Hannen Swaffer
SectionsFleet Street Drama Critic Hannen Swaffer & Socialism Primary Sources
Hannen Swaffer, the eldest of eight children, four boys and four girls, of Henry Joseph Swaffer and his wife, Kate Eugenie Hannen, was born at Lindfield, West Sussex, on 1st November 1879. His father was a draper in Folkestone.
... |
7455c2f23f519ad91651ef0694312e4b | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWtimes.htm | The Times and the First World War | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
The Times and the First World War
In 1898, Lord Northcliffe purchased the The Times for £320,000 was accepted. Circulation of the paper had fallen to 38,000 and was losing money. Northcliffe re-equipped its outdated printing plant, reduced the newspaper's price by a penny to twopence, and appointed ... |
a2a223a7591f067437520cb728cf7cb3 | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWtorpedoB.htm | Torpedo Boats and the First World War | Torpedo Boats and the First World War
Torpedo Boats were fast, light surface craft armed with torpedoes that were developed at the end of the 19th century. As torpedoes could destroy large warships this boats became an important feature of all navies in the period before the First World War. Consequently, the British N... |
eb50051c6c4f8881aac8a7a2ce2f2f24 | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWunrestricted.htm | Unrestricted Submarine Warfare | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
In 1897 Alfred von Tirpitz was appointed state secretary of state of the Imperial German Navy. He was responsible for the massive increase in the size of the German navy. Tirpitz wanted a fleet to challenge British supremacy of the seas. He declared that Germany must b... |
9d2407c475c59270215b6071f6680e20 | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWusa.htm | The United States Army and the First World War | The United States Army and the First World War
In 1914 the United States Army comprised 98,000 men, of whom some 45,000 were stationed overseas. The regular army was backed up by the 27,000 troops in the National Guard. In December 1914 General Leonard Wood helped to form the National Security League and began arguing ... |
7ea5c4aaced8ebf7631c821999fb49c7 | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWvenizelos.htm | Eleftherious Venizelos | Eleftherious Venizelos
Eleftherios Venizelos was born in Chania, Crete in 1864. After studying law in Athens Venizelos became leader of the Liberal Party in Crete. In 1896 he took a prominent role in the Cretan rising against Turkish rule. In 1905 Venizelos becoming the island's first independent prime minister.
In 191... |
773a57b7de0115559c13a3fe66c4d864 | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWwilson.htm | Henry Wilson | Henry Wilson
Henry Wilson was born in Edgeworthson, County Longford, Ireland, in 1864. He served in Burma and the Boer War (1899-1901) and then served as commander of the British Staff College. In 1910 he was appointed director of military operations at the War Ministry. In this position he worked closely with Ferdinan... |
537f601837c07ead98acc75765be1145 | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWwomen.htm | Women at War | Women at War
Women's Organisations and Issues Administrators Doctors and Nurses Women and Recruitment Women and the Home Front Women Writers and the War
Women's Organisations and Issues Women and the First World War Voluntary Aid DetachmentsFirst Aid Nursing YeomanryWomen's Land ArmyThe MunitionettesScottish Women's... |
1df27c683c52d1c1a4cf93b668c45ea9 | https://spartacus-educational.com/FWWzeppelinraids.htm | Zeppelin Raids | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Zeppelin Raids
Count Ferdinand Zeppelin, a German army officer, began developing his ideas on airships in 1897. The first Zeppelin flew on 2nd July 1900. The LZ-3 Zeppelin was accepted into army service in March 1909. By the start of the First World War the German Army had seven military Zeppelins.
... |
19aab98cf11b6797e8bd071d3fceb68c | https://spartacus-educational.com/GE1922.htm | 1922 General Election | 1922 General Election
Sections Primary SourcesStudent ActivitiesReferences
Alan Percy, 8th Duke of Northumberland, had been an opponent of David Lloyd George since he had attacked his father, Henry Percy, 7th Duke of Northumberland, for exploiting land values. Northumberland held extreme right-wing views who financed a... |
ba1d7ac567e09b4f615d365b991e7752 | https://spartacus-educational.com/George_Sims.htm | George Sims | George Sims
Sections1909 Student StrikeCentral Labour College George Sims: 1914-1943Primary SourcesStudent ActivitiesReferences
George Sims began work at the age of eight as a page in a Park Lane mansion. It is claimed that he "whetted his intellectual curiosity" by reading The Times. (1)
Sims became a carpenter and a... |
b47e87eb9a03a2aa617a5eaee9c1c74e | https://spartacus-educational.com/GER2WW.htm | Germany and the Second World War | Germany and the Second World War
Foreign Policy: 1932-40AppeasementSudetenlandCzechoslovakiaAnti-Comintern PactPolandRhinelandAnschlussMunich AgreementNazi-Soviet PactGerman-Japanese Pact
Military Campaigns and OperationsInvasion of FinlandWestern OffensiveOperation SealionBattle of BritainPearl HarborEl AlameinD-Day L... |
e5754f9ef83e0a9e682d125c81a18c3d | https://spartacus-educational.com/GERbellG.htm | Bishop George Bell | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Bishop George Bell
George Bell, the eldest child of James Allen Bell, the vicar of Hayling Island, and his wife, Sarah Georgina Megaw, was born on 4th February 1883. As his biographer, Andrew Chandler, has pointed out: "The Bells moved by stages northwards, first to Southampton, then to Pershore in ... |
5fdc73fd3e5d666a8b3239c94f5eeb1f | https://spartacus-educational.com/GERbf109.htm | Messerschmitt Bf 109 | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Messerschmitt Bf 109
The Messerschmitt Bf 109 was designed by Willy Messerschmitt and Walter Rethel and had its first test flight in 1935. The all-metal aircraft had a closed cockpit and a retractable under-carriage. It was initially powered by a Rolls-Royce Kestrel V engine. It had a maximum speed ... |
d9aa544756b9fdb7a4d6d2972f692c46 | https://spartacus-educational.com/GERbouhlerP.htm | Philip Bouhler | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Philip Bouhler
Philip Bouhler was born in Munich on 11th September 1899. He served in the German Army in the First World War where he was badly wounded.
After the war he worked for the Völkischer Beobachter. Bouhler was an early member of the Nazi Party and by 1925 was its business manager. He held ... |
8a6e1ca3cbed307f3d6e28c27a0f49bd | https://spartacus-educational.com/GERbrandtW.htm | Willy Brandt | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Willy Brandt
Willy Brandt was born in Lubeck in 1913. He joined the Social Democratic Party in 1930 and was active in the campaign against Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party.
Brandt, like many young radicals, was critical of the leadership of people like Rudolf Breitscheild. In 1931 he helped form Soci... |
bcd8318527aeda05c6c47ee6b43758ec | https://spartacus-educational.com/GERbuchenwald.htm | Buchenwald | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Buchenwald
Buchenwald was a concentration camp built just outside of Weimar. The camp supplied prisoners to local manufacturing plants producing armaments. Staffed by members of the SS Death's Head units, it is believed an average of 200 inmates died every day.
As well as the one built at Buchenwald... |
e25edf2c41b813151859e0b6cea5d6a4 | https://spartacus-educational.com/GERdawes.htm | Dawes Plan | Dawes Plan
After the First World War Germany had great difficulty paying the reparations that had been agreed under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. When the German government failed to keep up the payments in 1923 French and Belgian troops occupied the Ruhr. This was followed by massive inflation and growing une... |
4509cb0661fd5cb2bfcf0cea39b1ff44 | https://spartacus-educational.com/GERehrhardt.htm | Hermann Ehrhardt | Hermann Ehrhardt
Herman Ehrhardt was born in Diersburg, Germany, on 29th November, 1881. During the First World War Ehrhardt was a commander in the German Navy. After the war, former senior officers in the German armed forces began raising private armies called Freikorps. Captain Kurt von Schleicher, of the political d... |
dd98342e8866e1fcbbfaabdfec9020ae | https://spartacus-educational.com/GEReichhorn.htm | Emil Eichhorn | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Emil Eichhorn
Emil Eichhorn was born in Chemnitz-Röhrsdorf on 9th October, 1863. He became an apprentice as a glass worker in 1878. Eichhorn became active in politics and became a member of the Social Democratic Party (SDP). He also wrote for socialist newspapers.
In 1893 Eichhorn became a full-time... |
e99a4f796a5a795f8be23b106fc2891c | https://spartacus-educational.com/GERfascist.htm | German Fascism | German Fascism
Once in power Adolf Hitler turned Germany into a fascist state. Fascist was originally used to describe the government of Benito Mussolini in Italy. Mussolini's fascist one-party state emphasized patriotism, national unity, hatred of communism, admiration of military values and unquestioning obedience. H... |
1f7445bad1c1996aa048ad9e7a251d44 | https://spartacus-educational.com/GERfrankA.htm | Anne Frank | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Anne Frank
Anne Frank was born into a Jewish family in Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany, on 12th June, 1929. When Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, Otto Frank, his wife and two children, Anne and Margot moved to Amsterdam.
When the German Army occupied the Netherlands, the family went into hiding. For t... |
45db46489b42fbb0fb7fd185383f0718 | https://spartacus-educational.com/GERgalland.htm | Adolf Galland | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Adolf Galland
Adolf Galland, the son of an estate manager, was born in Westerholt, Germany, on 19th March, 1911. As a young man he learnt to fly gliders and as soon as he was old enough he joined the Luftwaffe.
In October 1934 he was commissioned as a lieutenant and led a squadron during the Spanish... |
53eb2aa6b9798c0aea6a5ad55be784c7 | https://spartacus-educational.com/GERgestapo.htm | Gestapo : Nazi Germany | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Gestapo : Nazi Germany
When Hermann Goering became minister of the interior in Prussia in 1933 he recruited Rudolf Diels as head of Dept 1A of the Prussian State Police. Goering was impressed by Diels and made him head of what became known as the Gestapo. Others who held senior positions in the orga... |
02f966bc3ba80ee2d10d084767fce6d2 | https://spartacus-educational.com/GERheisenberg.htm | Werner Heisenberg | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Werner Heisenberg
Werner Heisenberg was born in Wurzburg, Germany, in 1901. He studied in Munich and in 1923 began working with Max Born in Gottingen. The following year he joined Niels Bohr at the Institute of Theoretical Physics in Copenhagen.
Heisenberg was involved in trying to developing a math... |
11e0c1468bde99653a56284e50ae8b2e | https://spartacus-educational.com/GERhitler2.htm | Adolf Hitler: 1924-1932 | 1889-19241924-19321932-19351935-19391939-19431943-1945
Adolf Hitler: 1924-1932
SectionsSchutzstaffeinel (SS) Industrialists and the Nazi Party Geli Raubal Wall Street CrashDeath of Geli RaubalChancellor Adolf HitlerPrimary SourcesStudent ActivitiesReferences
Adolf Hitler was sent to Landsberg Castle in Munich to serve ... |
3b633cc34d9d347543983a8d5216467d | https://spartacus-educational.com/GERhitler4.htm | Adolf Hitler: 1935-1939 | 1889-19241924-19321932-19351935-19391939-19431943-1945
Adolf Hitler: 1935-1939
SectionsPrimary SourcesStudent Activities
In 1935 Heinrich Hoffman, who worked as a photographer for Adolf Hitler, was treated by Dr. Theodor Morell for gonorrhoea. Franziska Braun, the mother of Eva Braun, was also treated successfully by h... |
db1ea4d79ae8b35dd5f6799739b54353 | https://spartacus-educational.com/GERhitler5.htm | Adolf Hitler: 1939-1943 | 1889-19241924-19321932-19351935-19391939-19431943-1945
Adolf Hitler: 1939-1943
SectionsPrimary SourcesStudent Activities
Ilse Braun, the sister of Eva Braun, met Hitler for the first time in 1939. "Hitler came towards me, took my hand, and raised it to his lips. His eyes were sky-blue, intense in their gaze, striking ... |
3ed303caa92c924853edff73f9796699 | https://spartacus-educational.com/GERhonecker.htm | Eric Honecker | Eric Honecker
Eric Honecker, the son of a miner, was born in Neunkirchen, Germany, in 1912. He joined the German Communist Party and was active in the resistance movement against Adolf Hitler. Honecker was arrested in 1935 and remained in prison until the end of the Second World War.
Honecker joined the Socialist Unity... |
319d93c3e5704568300ecbae27ee10ed | https://spartacus-educational.com/GERkappP.htm | The Kapp Putsch | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
The Kapp Putsch
In March 1920, according to the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, the Germans were obliged to dismiss between 50,000 and 60,000 men from the armed forces. Among the units to be disbanded was a naval brigade commanded by Captain Herman Ehrhardt, a leader of a unit of Freikorps. The b... |
2f15170beb23717c938f43c9cc4d2428 | https://spartacus-educational.com/GERlandauer.htm | Gustav Landauer | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Gustav Landauer
Gustav Landauer, the son of Hermann and Rosa Landauer, was born in Karlsruhe on 7th April, 1870. His parents owned a shoe store. He was an academic child who spent a lot of time on his own and sought refuge in "theatre, music, and especially books".
In 1888 Landauer entered the Unive... |
284ff3d2f28c49cca65e1929b1dba38b | https://spartacus-educational.com/GERlevine.htm | Eugen Levine | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Eugen Levine
Eugen Levine, the son of wealthy Jewish parents, was born in St Petersberg, Russia, on 10th May 1883. His father, Julius Levine, was a self-made man who had amassed a large fortune. It was claimed that "Levine's mother, Rosalia, was a woman of great beauty and charm, intelligent and det... |
801b4ae7e9a30d82da22b696dd2e194f | https://spartacus-educational.com/GERluftwaffe.htm | Luftwaffe | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Luftwaffe
Under the terms of the Versailles Treaty Germany was forbidden to own military aircraft. The design and manufacture of civil aircraft was permitted and important figures such as Hugo Junkers, Ernst Heinkel and Willy Messerschmitt continued to work in the industry.
After Adolf Hitler came t... |
b13a60fbb8d39ba2b09cfc0efe074de4 | https://spartacus-educational.com/Germany.htm | German History - Democracy & Dictatorship | German History - Democracy & Dictatorship
German History Germany and the First World War German Political PartiesWeimar RepublicGerman Foreign Policy: 1932-40Nazi Germany German Military Figures: 1930-45Germany and the Second World WarGerman ScientistsResistance in Nazi GermanyGerman Art: 1930-45Holocaust Nazi Germany... |
6ad14b6b6667181219b1eafc6d5e1ec5 | https://spartacus-educational.com/GERmein.htm | Mein Kampf : Nazi Germany | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Mein Kampf : Nazi Germany
Adolf Hitler was found guilty of taking part in the Beer Hall Putsch in 1923 he sentenced to five years in prison. Hitler was sent to Landsberg Castle in Munich to serve his prison sentence. He was treated well and was allowed to walk in the castle grounds, wear his own clo... |
b763c01aacdb782a63f526a7deb4a6d6 | https://spartacus-educational.com/GERnazigermany.htm | Nazi Germany | Nazi Germany
Germany: 1918-45 Significant Figures in the Nazi Party Foreign Policy: 1932-45 Civilians in Nazi Germany German Resistance to Nazism German Military Figures German Armed Forces Source-based Student Activities
Germany: 1918-45 Abwehr Anti-Semitism in Nazi Germany Beer Hall Putsch Christianity in Nazi Germ... |
6359fda550775ab052675aa7e4394f5d | https://spartacus-educational.com/GERresistance.htm | Resistance in Nazi Germany | Resistance in Nazi Germany
German Resistance to NazismKonrad Adenauer Hannah Arendt Karl BarthLudwig BeckEduard Bernstein Heinrich Blücher Dietrich BonhofferKlaus BonhofferWilly Brandt Bertolt Brecht Rudolf Breitscheid Axel von dem Bussche Wilhelm Canaris Gottfried von Cramm Georgi DimitrovHans Dohnanyi Otto Dix Erich... |
d4855cf216f5523895742f05bb46b1c3 | https://spartacus-educational.com/GERrevolution.htm | German Revolution | German Revolution
SectionsNovember Uprising in Bavaria The Spartacus League Council of the People's DeputiesGerman Revolution in Berlin Bavarian Soviet Republic Primary SourcesStudent ActivitiesReferences
The German government of Max von Baden asked President Woodrow Wilson for a ceasefire on 4th October, 1918. "It was... |
bc81a6adff50f18268a3020d0462dcd7 | https://spartacus-educational.com/GERroehm.htm | Ernst Röhm | Ernst Röhm
SectionsErnst Röhm in Munich Beer Hall PutschErnst Röhm and Politics Conflict with Adolf Hitler Ernst Röhm and the Brownshirts Rudolf Diels ReportNight of the Long KnivesAftermathPrimary SourcesStudent ActivitiesReferences
Ernst Röhm, the son of a railway official, was born in Ingolstadt, Bavaria, on 28th ... |
8872dcc3fd479d528b3b9f22a5a44407 | https://spartacus-educational.com/GERrommel.htm | Erwin Rommel | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Erwin Rommel
Erwin Rommel was born in Heidenheim an der Brenz, Germany, on 15th November, 1891. According to Mark M. Boatner III: "His stoutly middle-class family had the admirable qualities of their native Swabia. Young Rommel was small for his age, quiet, docile, and at first a poor student. But h... |
f754415c198d65001ef38de1563222ce | https://spartacus-educational.com/GERsdp.htm | German Social Democratic Party | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
German Social Democratic Party
The German Social Democratic Party (SDP) was established in 1875 with the publication of its Gotha programme. The programme was a mixture of the ideas of Karl Marx and Ferdinand Lasselle. Its originally leaders included Ferdinand Bebel and Wilhelm Liebknecht.
In the 18... |
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