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7deca019da06189f13daf4aa1a739944 | https://spartacus-educational.com/GERseyss.htm | Arthur Seyss-Inquart | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Arthur Seyss-Inquart
Arthur Seyss-Inquart, the son of a teacher, was born in Stannern, in Austria, on 22nd July, 1892. The family moved to Vienna in 1907 and Seyss-Inquart studied law before joining the Austro-Hungarian Army. During the First World War he saw action against the Russian Army on the E... |
50d0c0acd57977bfb893ea17f86316d7 | https://spartacus-educational.com/GERspeer.htm | Albert Speer | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Albert Speer
Albert Speer, the son of an architect, was born in Mannheim on 19th March, 1905. After studying architecture at the Munich Institute of Technology and at the Berlin-Charlottenburg Institute, he became an architect in 1927.
In 1931 Speer joined the National Socialist German Workers Party... |
b5596e761112abb196e1dfb9ad698f1b | https://spartacus-educational.com/GERwomen.htm | Women in Nazi Germany | Women in Nazi Germany
SectionsUnemployment and the Nazi Party Women as MothersReduction of UnemploymentGertrud Scholtz-KlinkEducation LebensbornClothes and MakeupAdolf Hitler and Eva BraunWomen in the Second World War Women and the Resistance Primary SourcesStudent ActivitiesReferences
After the First World War women i... |
adcfd7b28c58f95e0c70d8047a3519fe | https://spartacus-educational.com/Gold_Standard.htm | The Gold Standard | The Gold Standard
SectionsFirst World War and the Gold StandardWinston Churchill: Chancellor of the Exchequer John Maynard Keynes National Government and the Gold Standard Primary SourcesReferences
During the 19th century all the main countries of the world adhered to a fixed-exchange rate system known as the Gold Stan... |
da9e5da7ed23314b8c15910344864aae | https://spartacus-educational.com/Harold_Glasser.htm | Harold Glasser | Harold Glasser
SectionsPrimary SourcesReferences
Harold Glasser was born in Chicago on 24th November, 1905. His Jewish parents had emigrated from Lithuania. After the death of his father in 1909 the family lived a life of extreme poverty. Despite his circumstances, Glasser managed to study economics at the University o... |
e8d53b8e26290161394262716fb615c6 | https://spartacus-educational.com/Henrietta_Barnett.htm | Henrietta Barnett | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Henrietta Barnett
Henrietta Octavia Weston, the daughter of Alexander William Rowland, whose family fortune derived from Rowland's Macassar Oil Company, and Henrietta Monica Margaretta Ditges, was born in Clapham, London, on 4th May 1851. Her mother died shortly after giving birth to Henrietta.
Acc... |
cc6c73f2faa1a1b02932eaa1ee18c3d5 | https://spartacus-educational.com/Henry_Stuart.htm | Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley | Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley
SectionsTreaty of Edinburgh Marriage to Mary, Queen of ScotsMurder of David Rizzio Death of Lord DarnleyStudent ActivitiesPrimary SourcesStudent ActivitiesReferences
Henrt Stuart, the son of Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox (1516–1571) was born at Temple Newsam, near Leeds, on 7th December... |
1df1068a4ce03beb052d07207c11516d | https://spartacus-educational.com/Hermann_Esser.htm | Hermann Esser | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Hermann Esser
Hermann Esser, the son of a civil servant, was born in Röhrmoos, Bavaria, on 29th July, 1900. He served in the German Army in the later stages of the First World War. Esser returned to Germany as a radical socialist and took a job working for a left-wing provincial newspaper.
Esser was... |
c86f56eefd28bb6d6656f9cdab0d85ea | https://spartacus-educational.com/HISrude.htm | George Rudé | George Rudé
George Rudé was born in 1910. After the war Rudé joined E. P. Thompson, Christopher Hill, Eric Hobsbawn, Raphael Samuel, George Rudé, John Saville, Dorothy Thompson, Edmund Dell, Victor Kiernan and Maurice Dobb in forming the Communist Party Historians' Group.
In 1952 members of the Communist Party Historia... |
f311169bea77f176b8dd0fd738815035 | https://spartacus-educational.com/HISwalvin.htm | James Walvin | James Walvin
James Walvin is Professor of History Emeritus at University of York. He is the author or editor of thirty books. This includes Black Presence: A Documentary History of the Negro in England (1971), Black and White: The Negro and English Society, the winner of the 1975 Martin Luther King Memorial Prize and w... |
420940ddbc076b4e8e27d8ae7aeb34e2 | https://spartacus-educational.com/Ian_Dishart_Suttie.htm | Ian Dishart Suttie | Ian Dishart Suttie
SectionsPrimary SourcesStudent ActivitiesReferences
Ian Dishart Suttie, the third of four children, was born in Glasgow in 1898. His father was a general practitioner and both of his brothers and his sister became doctors as well. He qualified from Glasgow University in 1914. After a year he went int... |
6e0e4f7594b589e0c407e4d503bad7d1 | https://spartacus-educational.com/Ilse_Ollendorff.htm | Ilse Ollendorff | Ilse Ollendorff
SectionsPrimary SourcesStudent ActivitiesReferences
Ilse Ollendorff, the daughter of Georg Ollendorff and Margarete Ollendorff, was born in Breslau, Poland, on 13th March, 1909.
After a failed first marriage, Ollendorff emigrated to the United States. She met the psychologist, Wilhelm Reich, in October... |
79209ec1004f0353776020f26d3d2927 | https://spartacus-educational.com/INDchatto.htm | Virendranath Chattopadhyaya | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Virendranath Chattopadhyaya
Virendranath Chattopadhyaya was born in India in 1880. He was the eldest son of Agonerath Chattopadhyaya, a Western-educated journalist and the principal of a college in Hyderabad.
Chattopadhyaya moved to Britain in 1901 to study law. A strong Indian nationalist, Chattopa... |
8467aa9cdebef1eb2f585fd7a86fa008 | https://spartacus-educational.com/IndustrialRevolution.htm | The Industrial Revolution | The Industrial Revolution
The Domestic System The Textile Industry Inventors Textile Inventions Textile Entrepreneurs Life in a Textile Factory Factory Workers Debate on Child Labour Railway and Bridge Engineers Railway Entrepreneurs Railway Companies The Railways Industrial Revolution: Events & Issues Classroom Lesson... |
9e12ed1d377097273f4741e255c9f3db | https://spartacus-educational.com/industry.html | British History | British History
British History The MonarchyBritish Prime Ministers Medieval History Women's Suffrage The TudorsBritain and Slavery The StuartsBlack People in Britain The Industrial RevolutionBritish RailwaysThe Textile SystemBritish EducationChild Labour in BritainPoverty, Health and Housing Entrepreneurs and Bus... |
9fa6bd84ffbcca7a7abb684eefc5ed6e | https://spartacus-educational.com/IR1802.htm | 1802 Factory Act | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
1802 Factory Act
R. W. Cooke-Taylor, the author of The Factory System was also an Inspector of Factories. In his book he explained the 1802 Factory Act.
The first Factory Act ever passed by the British Parliament was called "The Factory Health and Morals Act, 1802" and applied principally, though no... |
e4a888cd1cce6e7d543ba1c5f07610b1 | https://spartacus-educational.com/IR1847.htm | 1847 Factory Act | 1847 Factory Act
R. W. Cooke-Taylor, the author of The Factory System was also an Inspector of Factories. In his book he explained the 1847 Factory Act.
After the 1844 Factory Act the agitation for a Ten Hour Bill continued. Early in 1846 Lord Ashley again brought forward a measure cast in this mould, which, on his def... |
0eee14e38e7ec86f15b1d7bdbe218652 | https://spartacus-educational.com/IRallett.htm | John Allett | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
John Allett
John Allett started working in a textile factory when he was fourteen years old. Allett was fifty-three when he was interviewed by Michael Sadler and his House of Commons Committee on 21st May, 1832.
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2afab927bf33aaffe6923ac356e7eabf | https://spartacus-educational.com/IRashley.htm | Lord Ashley, Earl of Shaftesbury | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Lord Ashley, Earl of Shaftesbury
Anthony Ashley Cooper, the eldest son of the 6th Earl of Shaftesbury (1768–1851) and Lady Anne Spencer-Churchill (1773–1865), was born on 28th April, 1801. At the age of seven he was sent to boarding school and five years later he was transferred to Harrow (1813-16)A... |
0827ba2ec0f4b3930eea67e35f4f8c47 | https://spartacus-educational.com/IRElarkin.htm | James Larkin | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
James Larkin
James Larkin, the son of Irish parents, was born in Liverpool on 21st January 1876. When he was five years old he was sent to live with his grandparents in Newry in Ireland.
Larkin returned to England in 1885 and found employment as a dock labourer. Converted to socialism, Larkin joined... |
be0716d42aca810d17067be889f7275d | https://spartacus-educational.com/IRpiecers.htm | Piecers in the Textile Industry | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Piecers in the Textile Industry
The youngest children in the textile factories were usually employed as scavengers and piecers. Piecers had to lean over the spinning-machine to repair the broken threads. One observer wrote: "The work of the children, in many instances, is reaching over to piece the ... |
662a0537732bf2ff8c2dad3a0521200b | https://spartacus-educational.com/IRQlawrence.htm | T. E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia) | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
T. E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia)
Thomas Edward Lawrence, the illegitimate son of Sir Thomas Chapman (1846–1919), an Anglo-Irish baronet, was born in Tremadoc, Wales on 16th August, 1888. His mother, Sarah Junner (1861–1959), was Chapman's mistress and they assumed the name Lawrence after giving b... |
602efef41fafcded9c6ce7a1ef91e090 | https://spartacus-educational.com/IRsmith.htm | Samuel Smith | Samuel Smith
Sir Samuel Smith worked as a doctor in Leeds. He was interviewed by Michael Sadler and his House of Commons Committee on 16th July, 1832.
Question How long have you practised in your profession?Answer I have been in actual practice upwards of nineteen years.Question Have you had extensive practice, particu... |
42d6c5e46e48a721c3fab97b2f0314ed | https://spartacus-educational.com/ITaberdeen.htm | Aberdeen | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Aberdeen
Aberdeen is a seaport on the north-east coast of Scotland. Lying between the mouths of the Don and the Dee (its name means "mouth of the Dee" in Gaelic). It was initially established by the Romans but it was the Normans who exploited its potential as a port. By the end of the 13th century i... |
d35d1316384807b9b29c065dfe193fcc | https://spartacus-educational.com/ITbirmingham.htm | Birmingham | Birmingham
Birmingham was a small town specializing in metal work during the Middle Ages. The area was rich in coal and iron but a poor transport system undermined the growth of this settlement in the very centre of England. For two hundred years craftsmen had been attracted to the the area. Small workshops produced a ... |
a4e8fca270faa5b68fce11f80fa15289 | https://spartacus-educational.com/ITderby.htm | Derby | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Derby
The the 2nd century AD the Romans built a fort by the side of the River Derwent at Derby. In Norman times Derby became a busy market town. Later it developed as a manufacturing centre making woollen cloth, beer and soap.
The 18th century saw new industries emerge in Derby. England's first silk... |
8f05cae233bf9011bd43d8f1b790fc08 | https://spartacus-educational.com/ITedinburgh.htm | Edinburgh | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Edinburgh
Ice Age glaciers shaped the ancient volcanic mass that provided the excellent natural defensive site at Edinburgh. The rock was fortified in prehistoric times and a castle was built in the 7th century by King Edwin of Northumbria.
From the 11th century a town developed around the castle an... |
e3d3d94c79f525e9bbc01bbe159905a2 | https://spartacus-educational.com/ITglasgow.htm | Glasgow | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Glasgow
Glasgow is believed to have grown up round a Christian settlement established in the late 6th century by St Mungo, whose church was probably on the site of the present cathedral.
Glasgow University was founded in 1451, making it the fourth oldest in the United Kingdom and the second oldest i... |
2ec414797e6177c5de819b3ce10251be | https://spartacus-educational.com/ITlondon.htm | London | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
London
The Romans settled here in the first century AD, calling the place Londinium. The heart of London was London Bridge, the furthest point downstream at which a bridge could be built over the Thames. The Normans recognised the importance of London when William the Conqueror built the White Tower... |
3c33e4f2553adbe8aaae29a3d847d528 | https://spartacus-educational.com/ITmiddlesbrough.htm | Middlesbrough | Middlesbrough
Middlesbrough, on the south bank of the Tees estuary, was a small fishing village of 40 people before a group of Quakers, including Joseph Pease and Joseph Gurney, associated with the Stockton & Darlington Railway, decided to turn it into a town in 1829. The original purpose of the railway was to convey c... |
86116154d0bf1115bab221060cfbc3aa | https://spartacus-educational.com/ITstoke.htm | Stoke | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Stoke
Pottery was first made in the Stoke area about 3,500 years ago. The work of Josiah Wedgwood in the second-half of the 18th century helped establish this part of Staffordshire as the centre of the pottery industry. Wedgwood also helped finance the building of the Trent & Mersey Canal which enab... |
41431c036a232ae502312fd0bd4ed2b0 | https://spartacus-educational.com/ITsunderland.htm | Sunderland | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Sunderland
Sunderland is situated at the head of the River Wear and became an important port in the early 18th century. The North-East of England, around the valleys of the rivers Tyne and Wear became the nation's chief coal-mining area. This increased the amount of work for people working in ports ... |
1d27dfbeea6c1b79f4ea87ce3b63cc4d | https://spartacus-educational.com/Itzhak_Akhmerov.htm | Itzhak Akhmerov | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Itzhak Akhmerov
Itzhak Akhmerov was born in Troitsk in 1901. He joined the Bolshevik Party in 1919 and received a university education. He graduated from the School of International Relations in 1930 and immediately was recruited into the NKVD.
In 1932 Akhmerov transferred to the foreign intelligenc... |
daad4daf8e51aaca55c0e99ab6c324ec | https://spartacus-educational.com/Jacob_Bright.htm | Jacob Bright | Jacob Bright
SectionsPrimary SourcesStudent ActivitiesReferences
Jacob Bright, the fourth son in the family of eleven children of Jacob Bright (1775–1851) and his wife, Martha Wood Bright, was born in Rochdale on 26th May 1821. John Bright was his elder brother, and Priscilla Bright was his elder sister.
His father wa... |
6c54c3f9e73bc529d56d868b1e18fcbf | https://spartacus-educational.com/Jbriton.htm | North Briton | North Briton
In 1762, the new king, George III, arranged for his close friend, the Earl of Bute, to become prime minister. This decision upset a large number of MPs who considered Bute to be incompetent. John Wilkes became Bute's leading critic in the House of Commons. In June 1762 Wilkes established The North Briton, ... |
a425eb86345f2e6b4db2aa6eea3ea1c7 | https://spartacus-educational.com/Jcarlyle.htm | Thomas Carlyle | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Thomas Carlyle
Thomas Carlyle, the eldest son of James Carlyle (1757–1832), a stonemason, and Margaret Aitken (1771–1853), the daughter of a bankrupt Dumfriesshire farmer, was born in Ecclefechan in Scotland, on 4th December, 1795. His mother gave birth to eight children after Thomas: Alexander (179... |
a65413b9ca14a1e33cb9939f5798edfa | https://spartacus-educational.com/Jchesterton.htm | G. K. Chesterton | G. K. Chesterton
Gilbert Keith Chesterton, the elder son of Edward Chesterton and his wife, Marie Louise Grosjean, was born on 29th May 1874 at 32 Sheffield Terrace, Campden Hill, London. His father was an estate agent.
According to his biographer, Bernard Bergonzi, when his younger brother, Cecil Chesterton, was bor... |
338c1d05bea23c5254301571b4609fde | https://spartacus-educational.com/Jchronicle.htm | The Morning Chronicle | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
The Morning Chronicle
The Morning Chronicle was first established by William Woodfall in 1769. It became a more successful newspaper after it was acquired by James Perry in 1789. Perry, a supporter of the Whigs, recruited well known radicals such as Richard Sheridan and Henry Brougham to write for t... |
7a8ba9c8ac7104cc2003dbd114968a90 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JchronicleD.htm | The Daily Chronicle | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
The Daily Chronicle
The Daily Chronicle was founded in 1872. Purchased by Edward Lloyd for £30,000 in 1876, it achieved a high reputation under the editorship of H. W. Massingham (1895-99) and Robert Donald who took charge in 1904.
Circulation was increased when Robert Donald transformed it into a h... |
a1db360666af4e5c4fb4cbe6cbef2151 | https://spartacus-educational.com/Jconan.htm | Arthur Conan Doyle | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Arthur Conan Doyle
Arthur Conan Doyle, the son of Charles Doyle and Mary Foley, was born in Edinburgh on 22nd May 1859. Arthur's father was an alcoholic and the family was always short of money. At school, Arthur developed a strong interest in the books written by Sir Walter Scott and Edgar Allan Po... |
dda8fddb7ba70f78f6bee2b96c101a5c | https://spartacus-educational.com/Jdore.htm | Gustave Doré | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Gustave Doré
Gustave Doré, the second of the three children of Pierre Louis Christophe Doré, an engineer, and his wife, Alexandrine Marie Anne Pluchart, was born in Strasbourg on 6th January 1832. His biographer, David Kerr, has pointed out: "A child prodigy, Doré received little formal artistic tra... |
c50d81e738ed5a742f6c3b57f3ba2e58 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JdoyleJ.htm | John Doyle | John Doyle
SectionsPrimary SourcesStudent Activities
John Doyle was born into an impoverished Roman Catholic family in Dublin in 1797. Doyle arrived in London in 1821 where he hoped to establish himself as a portrait painter. Although he occasionally exhibited at the Royal Academy he failed to sell enough pictures and ... |
b56331e04b282f1bfcb69f7043cb1813 | https://spartacus-educational.com/Jenifer_Hart.htm | Jenifer Hart | Jenifer Hart
SectionsJenifer Hart - Soviet SpyCivil ServantOpen Marriage Anthony Blunt & Jenifer Hart Primary SourcesReferences
Jenifer Hart, the second of the four daughters of Sir John Fischer Williams, an international lawyer and Marjorie Hay Murray, was born on 29th January, 1914.
According to Nicola Lacey: "She w... |
5e3871311c30a612afe5904896d6e914 | https://spartacus-educational.com/Jexpress.htm | The Daily Express | The Daily Express
The Daily Express was founded by Arthur Pearson in 1900. It created an immediate impact as it was the first ever newspaper to carry news instead of advertisements on its front page.
In 1916 the newspaper was purchased by Max Aitken, the Conservative MP for Ashton-Under-Lyne. He told his readers that h... |
267af547668aa6bec0f321f34da58d72 | https://spartacus-educational.com/Jfiennes.htm | Celia Fiennes | Celia Fiennes
Celia Fiennes was born in Salisbury in 1662. Celia's father was a Colonel in the Parliamentary Army during the English Civil War. From 1685 until 1703 Celia travelled extensively around England. Apart from two servants, Celia travelled alone. On her journey Celia kept notes in her journal about the places... |
662c57eedb443e7a9b25a8e7970d0ce4 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKalpha.htm | Alpha 66 | Alpha 66
Alpha 66 was established by Cuban exiles after Fidel Castro gained power in Cuba. It received considerable funding from right-wing figures such as Henry Luce and Claire Booth Luce. In 1962 Alpha 66 launched several raids on Cuba. This included attacks on port installations and foreign shipping. The authors of ... |
0b614db5b7a9a739db0ce15ca7542323 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKanticastro.htm | Anti-Castro Cubans | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Anti-Castro Cubans
After Fidel Castro gained power in Cuba a large number of Cubans went to live in the United States. These people developed a variety of different organizations. These anti-Castro organizations received considerable funding from right-wing figures such as Henry Luce, Claire Booth L... |
1b8b237c1b45c55cf7f66e2af5975ddb | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKartimeM.htm | Manuel Artime | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Manuel Artime
Manuel Artime Buesa was born in Cuba on 29th January, 1932. He became involved in politics and was a founder member of the Radical Liberal Party. He went into the Sierra Maestra to join Fidel Castro just 72 hours before the triumph of the revolution.
In 1959 Artime emerged as a leading... |
441c82e07215f521c4ab10964083e2c1 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKbakerF.htm | Fred Black | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Fred Black
Fred Black was born in Webb City, Missouri, in 1913 and grew up in nearby Carterville. He went to Washington D.C. as an acquaintance of Harry S. Truman, then a Senator from Missouri. In the 1950s he became a business associate and political adviser to Lyndon B. Johnson. He was also a clos... |
2d86b80bfe730297416c8e4b0e915003 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKbernsteinC.htm | Carl Bernstein | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Carl Bernstein
Carl Bernstein was born in Washington on 14th February, 1944. Both his parents, Al and Sylvia Bernstein, were active trade unionists and members of the American Communist Party. As a result of the Red Scare they were both blacklisted and after the execution of Julius Rosenberg and Eth... |
d8b13c2cb7aeb1ad30a3ddea00d20aa4 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKbillings.htm | Richard (Dick) Billings | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Richard (Dick) Billings
Richard Billings was the son of John Shaw Billings (1891–1975) the first managing editor of Life Magazine. Richard Billings also became a staff writer with the magazine. He was also involved in working with the Central Intelligence Agency in its attempt to overthrow Fidel Cas... |
e3db047e951b5f5f5c3e1e4a1af01d3d | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKblakey.htm | G. Robert Blakey | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
G. Robert Blakey
George Robert Blakey was born in Burlington, North Carolina on 1st July, 1936. He studied at Notre Dame Law School (1957-60). Blakey was admitted to the bar of the District of Columbia and worked as a Special Attorney at the Department of Justice in the Organized Crime & Racketeerin... |
a64bb65e446e9f88477918bce9465296 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKbloomfield.htm | Louis Mortimer Bloomfield | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Louis Mortimer Bloomfield
Louis Mortimer Bloomfield, the son of Harry Bloomfield, was born in Canada, about 1910. A Zionist, Bloomfield joined the British military and served in Palestine as an Intelligence Officer under General Charles Orde Wingate. Bloomfield was involved in training the Jewish ar... |
7cb7e601f43cc17413cf8e437a6d6a37 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKbohlen.htm | Charles "Chip" Bohlen | Charles "Chip" Bohlen
Charles (Chip) Bohlen, the son of the banker, Charles Bohlen, was born in Clayton, New York, on 30th August, 1904. Bohlen grew up in Aiken, South Carolina and Ipswich, Massachusetts. After graduating with a history degree from Harvard University he became a government official. During the Second W... |
9784cfb13b4d7f3927405b51dc849779 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKbradleeB.htm | Ben Bradlee | Ben Bradlee
SectionsBen Bradlee - 1945-1950 Government Spokesman Ben Bradlee in Paris John F. Kennedy Sale of NewsweekMary Pinchot Meyer Assassination of John F. KennedyDeath of Mary Pinchot MeyerEditor of Washington Post The Pentagon Papers WatergateJames Truitt and Ben Bradlee Deborah Davis and Ben BradleeJanet Cooke... |
3c065b4ae6b116ac5e9393d2b35fd3cb | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKbremer.htm | Arthur Bremer | Arthur Bremer
SectionsArthur Bremer: Stalking PoliticiansGeorge Wallace Investigation and Trial Unanswered Questions Primary SourcesStudent ActivitiesReferences
Arthur Bremer, one of four sons, was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin on 21 August 1950. His father, William Bremer, was a truck driver. Arthur hated school and la... |
295a920b1613ff61c93e973b76cf931e | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKbryceI.htm | Ivar Bryce | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Ivar Bryce
Ivar Bryce was born in 1906. His father had made a fortune trading guano, the phosphate-rich deposit of fish-eating seabirds which had been widely used as a natural fertilizer. His mother was a painter and a published author of detective novels.
In 1917 Bryce met Ian Fleming and his broth... |
146b2c40e893bcee1a36b4690699c9ce | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKbullS.htm | Stephen Bull | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Stephen Bull
Stephen Bull was born in New York on 12th November, 1941. After graduating from St. Lawrence University in 1963 Bull joined the U.S. Marine Corps. In 1966 Bull became Special Projects Manager at Canada Dry Corporation.
A member of the Republican Party, Bull helped Richard Nixon with his... |
1b04d6b3e53e113b319ed47494e0648c | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKbushG.htm | George H. W. Bush | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
George H. W. Bush
George Herbert Walker Bush, the son of Prescott Bush, a senator from Connecticut, was born in Milton, Massachusetts, on 12th June 1924. On his 18th birthday he enlisted in the armed forces, becoming the country's youngest commissioned pilot. During the Second World War he served on... |
99e9fafe39a669d8e071c40663c27a09 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKbutlerED.htm | Edward Scannell Butler | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Edward Scannell Butler
Edward Scannell Butler was born in New Orleans in 1934. He went into the Army Management School from 1957-59 at Fort Belvoir, Virginia. After completing the course he was employed as an account executive with Brown, Friedman and Company, an advertising firm.
Butler became frie... |
ab9771be2528f2403249a39943bfc713 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKcaddyD.htm | Douglas Caddy | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Douglas Caddy
Douglas Caddy was born in 1938. He was educated at Georgetown University School of Foreign Service (B.S. degree) and New York University School of Law (J.D. degree).
While a student he developed right-wing opinions and as a teenager became a strong supporter of Barry Goldwater. In 1960... |
6b6c79622d4b29aad2e1d0fb8f6e1a2f | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKcarter.htm | Clifton C. Carter | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Clifton C. Carter
Clifton Crawford Carter was born in Bryan, Texas, in 1918. He first became involved in politics in 1937 when he was a volunteer worker in the Lyndon B. Johnson election campaign. According to the historian, Alfred Steinberg (Sam Johnson's Boy), Carter was used to smear political ri... |
a4fa4a562a3e59654c68e74ce6bfb00c | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKchapelle.htm | Dickey Chapelle | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Dickey Chapelle
Georgette Louise Meyer (Dickey Chapelle) was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on 14th March 1919. After leaving Shorewood High School she briefly attended aeronautical design classes at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. According to her biographer: "She returned home a few months l... |
fa817212481993dc503a476f21f3395d | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKcofer.htm | John Cofer | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
John Cofer
John Cofer studied law and eventually acted as criminal attorney for Clark, Thomas and Winters, a law firm headed by Edward A. Clark. Cofer represented Lyndon B. Johnson when he was accused of ballot-rigging when elected to the Senate in 1948.
On 22nd October, 1951, Mac Wallace murdered J... |
5c06ae49181aacefbdfa73ff4977bb91 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKdavisD.htm | Deborah Davis | Deborah Davis
SectionsPrimary SourcesStudent Activities
Deborah Davis is a journalist who has published articles in the New York Times, Village Voice and Ramparts. In 1979 Davis published a book about Katharine Graham (Katharine the Great).
The book also looked at the connections between Philip Graham and the Central I... |
8baa1b70f7e8deb248b18266698ee603 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKervin.htm | Sam Ervin | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Sam Ervin
Samuel Ervin was born in Morganton, Burke County, North Carolina on 27th September, 1896. After graduating from the University of North Carolina he served in the First World War on the Western Front.
On his return to the United States he studied at Harvard Law School. In 1922 he began work... |
da21c78b59eb232dc118f767186045e7 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKferrie.htm | David Ferrie | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
David Ferrie
David Ferrie was born in Cleveland, Ohio, on 28th March, 1918. a Roman Catholic, Ferrie attended St. Mary's Seminary, where he studied for the priesthood. Later he spent several years at the St. Charles Seminary in Carthagena, Ohio. He suffered from alopecia praecox, which left him with... |
0419b948b4ceb9e12f78f269dca9cf15 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKfiles.htm | James Files | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
James Files
James Files (Sutton) was born in Alabama in January 1942. His family moved to Chicago and he lived there until joining the United States Army and served with the 82nd Airborne in Vietnam (1959-60). After leaving the army he met Charlie Nicoletti, a leading figure in the Chicago Mafia. Fi... |
5957e6efe4d9125e572ab0b66f54b705 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKgreggD.htm | Donald P. Gregg | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Donald P. Gregg
Donald P. Gregg studied at Williams College before joining the Central Intelligence Agency in 1951. According to Webster Griffin Tarpley and Anton Chaitkin (George Bush: The Unauthorized Biography) Gregg worked at JM/WAVE in Miami where he recruited Felix Rodriguez and Luis Posada as... |
9ac94a199999b8023dd909ece7f8cb67 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKhaldeman.htm | H. R. Haldeman | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
H. R. Haldeman
Harry Robbins Haldeman, the son of a successful businessman, was born in Los Angeles on 27th October, 1926. His father, Harry Francis Haldeman, ran a successful heating and air conditioning supply company and was active in the Republican Party. Haldeman and his brother and sister were... |
ccbbc5251e77fb9ac3cb9a44814553be | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKhaleyE.htm | J. Evetts Haley | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
J. Evetts Haley
James Evetts Haley was born in Belton, Texas, on 5th July, 1901. His father, John Alva Haley, ran a hardware business and hotel in Midland, Texas. Haley worked as a rancher and as a young man competed at local rodeos. After graduating from West Texas Normal College he was appointed f... |
d8ac8a8f567d5371a2fdd0c7f49f5595 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKhancockE.htm | Eugene A. Hancock | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Eugene A. Hancock
Eugene Hancock was a business partner of Grant Stockdale and George Smathers. Their company, Automatic Vending Services Incorporated, based in Florida, was involved in providing vending machines to government institutions.
In March, 1961, President John F. Kennedy appointed Grant S... |
f2d4e6ca64325b25616bed507caeca9e | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKheymann.htm | C. David Heymann | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
C. David Heymann
Clemens Claude Oscar Heymann was born in Manhattan on 14th January, 1945. A member of a German-Jewish family he earned a bachelor’s degree in hotel administration from Cornell University in 1966, followed by a master of fine arts from the University of Massachusetts in 1969.
Heymann... |
da41ce219c42627eed0f58cd3b5511e7 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKhillJ.htm | Jean Hill | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Jean Hill
Jean Hill was born in 1931. She worked as a teacher in Oklahoma City before moving to a Dallas school in 1962. On 22nd November, 1963, Hill, watched the motorcade of President John F. Kennedy from the grassy knoll facing the Texas School Depository Building. Hill and her friend, Mary Moorm... |
e384eb702156cd0148a3626a369f02ee | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKhinckle.htm | Warren Hinckle | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Warren Hinckle
Warren Hinckle was born in 1938. He worked as a journalist until being appointed editor of Ramparts Magazine in 1961. The magazine became the voice of the American New Left. It was also highly critical of the Warren Commission.
At the end of 1966 Desmond FitzGerald head of the Directo... |
29b8568882deebbc3d2ed63d08b6511b | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKholt.htm | Chauncey Holt | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Chauncey Holt
Chauncey Holt was born in Kentucky on 23rd October, 1921. When he was 19 he joined the United States Army Airforce (USAAF). The following year he was court-martialed and sent to the U.S. penitentiary barracks at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, for attacking another soldier with a Springfield... |
30c507ae2b331d1b36ed3cd6a5114804 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKhumes.htm | James Humes | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
James Humes
James Humes was born in 1925. He obtained a M.D. degree from Jefferson Medical College in 1948 and completed his residency in pathology at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology in 1956.
In 1960 Captain Humes became the chief of anatomic pathology at the Bethesda Naval Hospital. The fol... |
7e1cd41ba22daa4dc0d421590152787a | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKindex.htm | The Assassination of John F. Kennedy | The Assassination of John F. Kennedy
Important Figures in the Case Important Witnesses Investigators, Researchers and Journalists Possible Conspirators Organizations and Operations Reports on the Assassination Kennedy Assassination Issues Websites on the JFK Assassination JFK Assassination on Facebook Primary Sources:... |
b7227934d5779cb4e9e2e4b0d727e2da | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKjenkinsC.htm | Carl Elmer Jenkins | Carl Elmer Jenkins
SectionsOperation Mongoose AM/WORLDFrank Church Committee Assassination Records Review BoardGene Wheaton Interview Primary SourcesStudent ActivitiesReferences
Carl Elmer Jenkins, the son of Willis Jenkins, was born in Glenmora, Louisiana on 1st October, 1926. Educated at Glenmora High School, he join... |
92c7995df3898887e165a4db71ceab7e | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKjmwave.htm | JM-WAVE | JM-WAVE
JM WAVE was the Central Intelligence Agency station in Florida. Located south of Miami in a heavily wooded 1,571-acre tract. The numerous buildings were said to belong to Zenith Technological Enterprises.
After the Bay of Pigs disaster President John F. Kennedy created a committee (SGA) charged with overthrowin... |
f08b94518bd8ac7e2c0f5dcb755e1cc7 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKjonesP.htm | William Penn Jones Jr. | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
William Penn Jones Jr.
William Penn Jones, the son of sharecroppers, was born in Annona, Texas, on 15th October, 1914. He was a hobo during the Great Depression and then worked his way through the University of Texas at Austin by working in various unskilled occupations.
He joined the United States ... |
5459530547dbef99dbcbcfcdf40c1552 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKkinser.htm | John Douglas Kinser | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
John Douglas Kinser
John Douglas Kinser was the owner of a miniature golf course in Austin, Texas. He was also having an affair with Josefa Johnson, the sister of Lyndon B. Johnson. Josefa was also having a relationship with Mac Wallace, who worked for Johnson at the Department of Agriculture.
Accor... |
da40d2d0a86cb639bc64aa53cd59a9f0 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKkopechne.htm | Mary Jo Kopechne | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Mary Jo Kopechne
Mary Jo Kopechne, the daughter of an insurance salesman, was born in the village of Forty Fort, Pennsylvania, on 26th July 1940. After graduating from Caldwell College for Women in New Jersey, she moved to Washington where she worked as a secretary for George Smathers and Robert Ken... |
e72e8d48b46bb5f68d87642a091cc28b | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKkrutilek.htm | George Krutilek | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
George Krutilek
George Krutilek was born in 1913. He became an accountant and worked for Billie Sol Estes, a businessman based in Texas. Estes's business encountered problems when the Department of Agriculture began to control the production of cotton. Allotments were issued telling the cotton farme... |
7d908ee878d9260add9cbb3c4c78ac69 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKlawW.htm | William M. Law | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
William M. Law
William Matson Law was born in Oregon. His interest in the assassination of John F. Kennedy began in 1975 when he first saw the Zapruder Film on television. Another important factor was reading Best Evidence by David Lifton. Law began researching the assassination and his work appeare... |
10567795457ca8d167fddee0c815e9b0 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKlifton.htm | David Lifton | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
David Lifton
David Lifton was born in New York in 1939. A graduate of the Cornell University School of Engineering Physics he worked as a computer engineer for North American Aviation in Los Angeles. Lifton worked on the Apollo space program but left the company in 1966.
Lifton now concentrates on h... |
ef30910c5d6c9ba58dfeae1fa2bbd3e4 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKluceC.htm | Clare Boothe Luce | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Clare Boothe Luce
Ann (Clare) Boothe, the second of two children, was born in New York City on 10th April, 1903. Her father, William Franklin Boothe, a violinist, had a succession of jobs in orchestras, and had been married before. Her mother, Anna Clara Schneider, was a singer and dancer. She was d... |
f8aaf4dcdc9219259f5ad7255d8194ef | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKmartino.htm | John Martino | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
John Martino
John Martino was born in Atlantic City, New Jersey, in 1910. In his youth he got into trouble with the police as a result of his involvement in illegal gambling.
In 1935 Martino moved to Miami. Soon afterwards he was arrested for running a lottery. During the Second World War Martino mo... |
cb6eacfb29d71ffec49e0fa08b3426b5 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKmarzani.htm | Carl Marzani | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Carl Marzani
Carl Aldo Marzani was born in Rome, Italy, on 4th March 1912. The family emigrated to the United States in 1924 and settled in Scranton, Pennsylvania. An extremely intelligent boy he won a scholarship to Williams College. Soon afterwards he became a socialist.
In 1936 Marzani won a plac... |
60e8eb5610a7f50435d49bf34fd4d9af | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKmccone.htm | John McCone | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
John McCone
John Alex McCone was born in Los Angeles on 4th January, 1902. A child of Scotch-Irish parents, he was raised a devout Roman Catholic. McCord studied engineering at Berkeley, where he met Stephen D. Bechtel, his future business partner. Following graduation, McCone found work at the Llew... |
8a43220a53ddb03652c71684ebc5f757 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKmccoyA.htm | Alfred W. McCoy | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Alfred W. McCoy
Alfred W. McCoy studied Southeast Asian history at Yale University. In 1971 he was commissioned to write a book on the opium trade in Laos. During his research he discovered that the French equivalent of the Central Intelligence Agency (SDECE), financed all their covert operations fr... |
001b1657bc7c408cb7d37278b34660f8 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKmcwilliamsC.htm | Carey McWilliams | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Carey McWilliams
Carey McWilliams was born in Steamboat Springs, Colorado, on 13th December, 1905. The family moved to California in 1922 and McWilliams attended the University of Southern California, from which he obtained a law degree in 1927.
McWilliams practiced law in Los Angeles and developed ... |
c8b8068ea10ef3079c0f277cac6a2fe8 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKmorales.htm | David Sanchez Morales | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
David Sanchez Morales
David Sanchez Morales was born on 26th August, 1925. He spent his early life in Phoenix, Arizona. A Mexican-American, Morales was later to be nicknamed El Indio because of his dark skin and Indian features. As a boy his best friend was Ruben Carbajal. After his mother divorced ... |
6055512900ca5d973a79950661d3985d | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKmorrow.htm | Robert Morrow | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Robert Morrow
Robert D. Morrow was born in about 1930. After attending Pennsylvania Military College he became an engineer in Pittsburgh. In 1956 he joined Martin Company as a senior engineer in Baltimore, Maryland.
In January, 1958, Morrow moved to Washington where he set up an independent laborato... |
75a65b9e1d6e1b1a2f9c89aaac815a2c | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKnugan.htm | Frank Nugan | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Frank Nugan
Francis John Nugan was born in Sydney, Australia, on 29th January, 1943. His parents were German who had emigrated to Australia. By 1950 Alfred Nugan was running one of the largest fruit and vegetable operations in the area. One of the Nugan Group's major customers was the United States ... |
b7165dfdef4e29d08c0e412255c70959 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKobrien.htm | Larry O'Brien | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Larry O'Brien
Lawrence (Larry) O'Brien was born in Springfield, Massachusetts, on 7th July, 1917. As a young man O'Brien met John F. Kennedy and helped him in his various political campaigns. This included managing his successful campaigns for the Senate in 1952 and 1958. O'Brien also played a signi... |
d58bcccb6c3cfb56b8a17ff4d4eeb63f | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKodonnell.htm | Kenneth O'Donnell | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Kenneth O'Donnell
Kenneth O'Donnell was born in Worcester, Massachusetts, on 4th March, 1924. During the Second World War O'Donnell served in the US Airforce (1942-1945). After the war O'Donnell studied at Harvard University where he met Robert Kennedy. He also attended Boston College Law School.
In... |
5f0911341739d340cdc0a73e5d3dd412 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKoglesby.htm | Carl Oglesby | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Carl Oglesby
Carl Oglesby, the son of a rubber mill worker, was born in Akron, Ohio on 30th July, 1935. He went to Kent State University but dropped out in his final year and moved to Greenwich Village where he made attempts to become an actor and playwright. After failing to establish himself in hi... |
f80bfdf089cf639327be87e6a5adfaa9 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKoswald.htm | Lee Harvey Oswald | Lee Harvey Oswald
SectionsU.S. MarinesOswald in the Soviet Union Marriage to Marina Prusakova Oswald in New Orleans John F. Kennedy in DallasDeath of J. D. TippetPrimary Sources
Lee Harvey Oswald was born in New Orleans on 18th October, 1939. His father, Robert Oswald, died two months before his son was born. At the ag... |
cbd58c3bb1569749e55d570bf282ed95 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKpatterson.htm | John Malcolm Patterson | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
John Malcolm Patterson
John Malcolm Patterson was born in Goldville, Alabama, on 27th September, 1921. He joined the US Army in 1939 and during the Second World War and took part in the campaigns in Sicily, Italy, France and Germany. By 1945 he had achieved the rank of major.
On his return to the Un... |
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