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d281ffb1780b53fa43d04688f8170e92 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKpawley.htm | William Pawley | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
William Pawley
William Douglas Pawley was born in Florence, South Carolina, on 7th September, 1896. His father was a wealthy businessman based in Cuba and Pawley attended private schools in both Havana and Santiago. He later returned to the United States where he studied at the Gordon Military Acade... |
cd73af125e0a01d9380970cbcd2e1f33 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKrobertsonW.htm | Rip Robertson | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Rip Robertson
William (Rip) Robertson was born in Texas. He joined the United States Marines and served in the Pacific during the Second World War.
After the war Robertson joined the Central Intelligence Agency. He was employed as a counter-intelligence agent and was involved in what became known as... |
db08b518b1e7fe605a4bf52e5cd80658 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKroderiguez.htm | Felix Rodriguez | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Felix Rodriguez
Félix Ismael Rodríguez was born into a wealthy, landowning family, in Cuba, in 1941. His uncle, José Antonio Mendigutia Silvera, was minister of public works and close collaborator of Fulgencio Batista. Rodriguez fled the country soon after Fidel Castro gained power in 1959. Most of ... |
4df8d1919ff9c50eda0050ec38437673 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKrussellL.htm | Louis James Russell | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Louis James Russell
Louis James Russell, the son of a FBI agent was born in Louisville, Kentucky in 1912. In his youth Russell was a professional baseball player.
In 1937 Russell joined the FBI. During the Second World War he worked on the Alger Hiss case but in 1944 he was forced to leave the burea... |
d29ac862fc4992cf564c4aebbe22e816 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKrussellR.htm | Dick Russell | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Dick Russell
Dick Russell graduated from the University of Kansas in 1969. He was a staff writer in the Hollywood Bureau of TV Guide Magazine (1977-79) and a staff reporter for Sports Illustrated (1969-70) in New York. His articles have appeared in numerous publications, ranging from Family Health t... |
422d0f511d1fce6cd06ea8e7f7f21e32 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKseagraveS.htm | Sterling Seagrave | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Sterling Seagrave
Bestselling author Sterling Seagrave grew up on the China-Burma border, fifth generation of an American family of medical missionaries and teachers working in Burma since 1832. His father, Dr. Gordon Seagrave, was the author of Burma Surgeon. Sterling was educated in Burma, India, ... |
cb94fd8f9be416ab94fca721f42e8174 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKseal.htm | Barry Seal | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Barry Seal
Barry Seal, the son of a candy wholesaler, was born in Baton Rouge on 16th July, 1939. Seal's father was a member of the Ku Klux Klan.
Seal became obsessed with aircraft and took his first solo flight at the age of fifteen and was soon making a living towing advertising banners. In 1955 S... |
69949964312b5ea840e55b9558acfc27 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKseigenthaler.htm | John Seigenthaler | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
John Seigenthaler
John Seigenthaler, the oldest of eight children, was born in Nashville, Tennessee, on the 27th July, 1927. He attended Father Ryan High School and served in the U.S. Air Force after the Second World War.
In 1949 Seigenthaler was employed by The Tennessean. During this period he too... |
70575275bbd9e20929d07daad2f45aa0 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKshackley.htm | Theodore (Ted) Shackley | Theodore (Ted) Shackley
SectionsBay of Pigs JM/WAVEOperation 40 Secret War in Laos Overthrow of Salvador Allende Jimmy Carter and the CIA Research Associates Nugan Hand Bank The Secret Team Iran-Iraq War Contras in Nicaragua Primary Sources
Theodore (Ted) Shackley was born in 1927. His mother was a Polish immigrant and... |
6a47bc56803ecd78703dc40e16d4dbc2 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKshawG.htm | J. Gary Shaw | J. Gary Shaw
Gary Shaw was formerly co-director with Larry N. Howard of the JFK Assassination Information Center in Dallas. He has written several books on the assassination of John F. Kennedy. He was co-author with Larry R. Harris of Cover-Up: The Government Conspiracy to Conceal the Facts About the Public Execution o... |
9f0114881344d54fabf88b220ed83788 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKsibertW.htm | James W. Sibert | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
James W. Sibert
James W. Sibert served in the United States Army Air Force (USAAF) as a squadron-leader during the Second World War. He joined the Federal Bureau of Investigation in 1949.
When John F. Kennedy was assassinated on 22nd November, 1963, Francis X. O'Neill was sent to Andrews Air Force B... |
1ac5ec88fbbd854842e73659aac76123 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKSinvestBirch.htm | JFK Theory: John Birch Society | JFK Theory: John Birch Society
Harry Dean was an undercover agent for the Federal Bureau of Investigation. In 1962 he infiltrated the John Birch Society. He later reported that leading members of the society, including John Rousselot and Edwin Walker, hired two gunman, Eladio del Valle and Loran Hall, to kill President... |
eace596710d3f7567e22302af601b01f | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKSinvestCIA.htm | JFK Theory: CIA | JFK Theory: CIA
After the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, CIA agent, Gary Underhill told his friend, Charlene Fitsimmons, that he was convinced that he had been killed by members of the CIA. He also said: "Oswald is a patsy. They set him up. It's too much. The bastards have done something outrageous. They'v... |
c18765b9e26c82be525ef9a738a5082c | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKskolnick.htm | Sherman H. Skolnick | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Sherman H. Skolnick
Sherman H. Skolnick was born in 1933. A paraplegic invalid he became a campaigning author and journalist. In 1963 he established Citizen's Committee to Clean Up the Courts, a public interest group researching and disclosing certain instances of judicial bribery and political murd... |
018f150dba45012b17c0bd69ed16abde | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKspecter.htm | Arlen Specter | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Arlen Specter
Arlen Specter was born in Wichita, Kansas, on 12th February, 1930. After graduating from the University of Pennsylvania he served in the the United States Air Force (1951-1953). Specter then attended Yale University Law School before being admitted to the Pennsylvania bar in 1956.
Spec... |
d8c41602f5fb6e76093facbc71c2cb3d | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKsprague.htm | Richard A. Sprague | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Richard A. Sprague
Richard A. Sprague was born in Philadelphia. He received his B.S. from Temple University and his LL.B. from the University of Pennsylvania Law School. After joining the Philadelphia District Attorney's Office in 1958, Sprague served as a Chief Assistant District Attorney, Chief of... |
cdd4c04cc7cbcca71f8faff35d0ce311 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKstatement.htm | Kennedy and King Family Members and Advisors Call for Congress to Reopen Assassination Probes | Kennedy and King Family Members and Advisors Call for Congress to Reopen Assassination Probes
SectionsThe Truth and Reconciliation Committee's Calls for Action: A Joint Statement on the Kennedy, King and Malcolm X Assassinations and Ongoing Cover-ups: People who have signed the statementBiographies
On the occasion of M... |
1304e61dda15da0616edcfefb9949c6b | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKstokes.htm | Louis Stokes | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Louis Stokes
Louis Stokes was born in Cleveland on 23rd February, 1925. Educated in Cleveland he served in the United States Army during the Second World War.
After the war he was educated at the Western Reserve University (1946-48) and Cleveland Marshall Law School (1948-1953). He worked as a lawye... |
81e9a58678f29bbf0f130e58d3f99c7e | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKstoneO.htm | Oliver Stone | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Oliver Stone
Oliver Stone was born in New York City on 15th September, 1946. He attended Yale University but dropped out and taught English at the Free Pacific Institute before working briefly as a merchant marine. Stone returned to university but dropped out for a second time.
Stone now joined the ... |
a495e4c19d97465ffeae471d99cb9431 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKsullivan.htm | William C. Sullivan | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
William C. Sullivan
William C. Sullivan was born in 1912. Sullivan joined the Federal Bureau of Investigation and during the Second World War he was sent to Spain. He spent several months in Madrid before returning to Washington.
In 1961 Sullivan was appointed assistant director of the FBI's Intelli... |
c44bcb364f836bbdcb577ddd81c642c1 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKtaylorM.htm | Maxwell Taylor | Maxwell Taylor
Maxwell Davenport Taylor was born in Keytesville, Missouri, on 26 August 1901. After graduating from the United States Military Academy in 1922 he was commissioned a Second Lieutenant of the 3rd Engineers. In 1926 he was transferred to the 10th Field Artillery.
Taylor was promoted to First Lieutenant in ... |
3ebb52050d4b536e352438702f55693e | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKtilt.htm | Operation Tilt | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Operation Tilt
In the winter of 1962 Eddie Bayo (Eduardo Perez) claimed that two officers in the Red Army based in Cuba wanted to defect to the United States. Bayo added that these men wanted to pass on details about atomic warheads and missiles that were still in Cuba despite the agreement that fol... |
d397574b948dff56a0338ff6ac3d86bd | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKtruitt.htm | James Truitt | James Truitt
SectionsAnne Truitt - ArtistMary Pinchot Meyer & John F. Kennedy Death of Mary Pinchot Meyer National Enquirer Primary SourcesReferences
James Truitt was born in Chicago, but grew up in Baltimore. He served in the United States Navy during the Second World War. In 1945 James Truitt met Anne Dean: "Toward ... |
76e2fa8b6f465ba075614acf70093ae7 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKturnerN.htm | Nigel Turner | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Nigel Turner
Nigel Turner is the producer of the television series, The Men Who Killed Kennedy. Made for the Central Independent Television company, it started off a two-part documentary broadcast in October, 1988: The Coup d'Etat and The Forces of Darkness. Three more installments were made two yea... |
1d4fbbbb2498d843afb1b6e2abe324ea | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKturnerW.htm | William Weyland Turner | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
William Weyland Turner
William Weyland Turner was born in Buffalo, New York, on 14th April, 1927. At seventeen he enlisted in the United States Navy. During the Second World War he served on board an LST in the Pacific.
After the war Turner enrolled at Canisius College, a Jesuit school, and in 1949 ... |
aa03a60b79c9e8ec4115a62e9116b3c2 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKwheaton.htm | Gene Wheaton | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Gene Wheaton
Gene Wheaton was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma on 19th May, 1935. After serving in the Marine Corps he became a police officer in Tulsa. Later he became an OSI agent in the Air Force. After nine years in the Air Force he became an officer in the (CID) of the United States Army. He was based a... |
1da8e70d6fe88d68f401573be89d883b | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKwilliamsBT.htm | Edward Bennett Williams | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Edward Bennett Williams
Edward Bennett Williams was born in Hartford, Connecticut, on 31st May, 1920. He studied law at Georgetown University and eventually became a lawyer. In the early fifties, Williams represented several liberals, socialists and communists before the House Un-American Activities... |
b2453d31e7f6307567ec5bafaeba3bae | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKwilsonE2.htm | Edwin P. Wilson | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Edwin P. Wilson
Edwin Wilson was born in Idaho in 1928. The son of an unsuccessful farmer who died of cancer in 1940, Wilson managed to obtain a degree in psychology before joining the Marine Corps in 1953.
Wilson joined the Central Intelligence Agency in 1956. As a CIA agent, he spied on European u... |
c64d66216aa06999ec2838228c5bc939 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JFKwisner.htm | Frank Wisner | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Frank Wisner
Frank Gardner Wisner was born in Laurel, Mississippi, in 1910. He was educated at Woodberry Forest School in Orange and the University of Virginia. He was a good sprinter and hurdler and in 1936 was asked to compete in the Olympic trials.
After graduating Wisner worked as a Wall Street ... |
254b9386856a89ceb96a6d985fdaf46d | https://spartacus-educational.com/Jfyfe.htm | Henry Hamilton Fyfe | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Henry Hamilton Fyfe
Henry Hamilton Fyfe, the son of James Hamilton Fyfe and Mary Jonas, was born on 28th September, 1869. After finishing his education at Fettes School, he joined his father on the staff of The Times. As a young man he was a strong supporter of the Conservative Party and acted as a ... |
817bcdae84bfc08c2e4f1bfbf5d0e30d | https://spartacus-educational.com/Jgibbons.htm | Floyd Gibbons | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Floyd Gibbons
Floyd Gibbons was born in Washington in 1887. His father ran a butter and egg company. He wanted Gibbons to join the family business but he insisted on attending Georgetown University. On leaving in 1907 he found work as a police reporter for the Minneapolis Daily News.
In 1909 Gibbons... |
fd4acdbdfef83e29e20088ee357543c3 | https://spartacus-educational.com/Jgraphic.htm | The Graphic | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
The Graphic
The Graphic was founded in December, 1869 by William Luson Thomas, a wood-engraver who believed that illustrations had the power to influence public opinion on political issues. He later recalled: "The originality of the scheme consisted in establishing a weekly illustrated journal open ... |
826d4e07e7e906a35cbd76060608e1a6 | https://spartacus-educational.com/Jhousman.htm | Laurence Housman | Laurence Housman
Laurence Housman was born in Bromsgrove, Worcestershire, on 18th July, 1865. His father, Edward Housman (1831–1894), was a solicitor who held very conservative views. His mother died when he was only five years old, leaving five sons (Laurence, Alfred Edward Housman, Robert, Basil, and Herbert) and two... |
27210b926a26c0f70d853bd0f07d7978 | https://spartacus-educational.com/Jjoad.htm | C. E. M. Joad | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
C. E. M. Joad
Cyril Edwin Mitchinson Joad, the son of Edwin Joad, a university lecturer,was born in Durham on 12th August, 1891. His father became a school inspector and moved the family to Southampton. Cyril attended the Dragon School, Oxford, and Blundell's School, Tiverton, before entering Ballio... |
bbf0bdbd3c9c4128db297ea77809f53d | https://spartacus-educational.com/JkingC.htm | Cecil King | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Cecil King
Cecil King, the son of Sir Lucas White King and Geraldine Harmsworth, was born on 20th February, 1901. His mother was the sister of Lord Northcliffe and Lord Rothermere. King was educated at Winchester and Christchurch College, Oxford.
After university, Rothermere, employed his nephew on ... |
aeac07891dea91277e5e730f6f02fcbc | https://spartacus-educational.com/JlawrenceDH.htm | D. H. Lawrence | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
D. H. Lawrence
David Herbert Lawrence, the fourth of the five children of Arthur John Lawrence (1846–1924), a miner, was born in Eastwood near Nottingham on 11th September, 1885. His father was barely literate, but his mother, Lydia Lawrence, was better educated and was determined that David and his... |
6e43dad112e2aa32eea21d2ee5d2b8ef | https://spartacus-educational.com/JlondonJ.htm | Jack London | Jack London
SectionsJack London: Factory Worker Political Development Jack London & Karl Marx Klondike Gold RushEarly Writing CareerJack London and WomenSocialist Candidate for Mayor A Daughter of the SnowsThe People of the Abyss Jack London and Anna Strunsky Call of the Wild DivorceAmerican Socialist Party First Worl... |
3a52a169ee0a27d6e899fcc9ff0ec44a | https://spartacus-educational.com/Jmail.htm | The Daily Mail : 1896-1940 | The Daily Mail : 1896-1940
SectionsThe Daily Mail and the Conservative PartyThe Boer War Lord Northcliffe Dreadnoughts or Old Age Pensions The Daily Mail and the Welfare State Lord Northcliffe and GermanyThe First World War Military ConscriptionRemoval of H. H. Asquith Director of PropagandaPeace SettlementLord Rotherm... |
a1d1731890a1cd8b31bd52186365ccc6 | https://spartacus-educational.com/Jmansell.htm | Charles Mansell-Moullin | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Charles Mansell-Moullin
Charles Mansell-Moullin was born in 1851. He entered Pembroke College in 1869 and according to his friend, H. S. Souttar "he took a brilliant degree, became a Fellow of Pembroke, and obtained the Radcliffe Travelling Fellowship, which enabled him to travel to Vienna, Strasbou... |
3442581cb90c6fd11af5b43bcc0fb2be | https://spartacus-educational.com/Jmaugham.htm | Somerset Maugham | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Somerset Maugham
William Somerset Maugham was born in the British Embassy in Paris on 25th January, 1874. William's father, Robert Ormond Maugham, a wealthy solicitor, worked for the Embassy in France. Maugham's mother died of tuberculosis when he was seven and his father of cancer three years later... |
e5630bc36620dd5e5c3e37b7c12f226e | https://spartacus-educational.com/Jmillay.htm | Edna St Vincent Millay | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Edna St Vincent Millay
Edna St Vincent Millay was born in Rockland, Maine on 22nd February, 1892. Cora St Vincent Millay raised Edna and her three sisters on her own after her husband left the family home. When Edna was twenty her poem, Renascence , was published in The Lyric Year . A wealthy woman ... |
e6e292feed183c413f3f8e5d6e2334a8 | https://spartacus-educational.com/Jmurry.htm | John Middleton Murry | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
John Middleton Murry
John Middleton Murry, the son of a clerk in the inland revenue, was born in Peckham on 6th August 1889. As Kate Fulbrook has pointed out, his father: "John Murry was a determined man from an impoverished and illiterate background who taught himself to write. Poor but ambitious, ... |
72fdb9f2f0196028b63e92bc01f7fb02 | https://spartacus-educational.com/Jnicholson.htm | Harold Nicolson | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Harold Nicolson
Harold Nicolson, the third son of Arthur Nicolson, first Baron Carnock, and his wife, Mary Katharine Rowan was born in Teheran on 21st November, 1886. His father was a diplomat and his childhood was spent in Turkey, Spain, Morocco and Russia.
In 1895, he was sent away to attend The G... |
8e3d6d9d89e65a5f457d7033ad551144 | https://spartacus-educational.com/John_Bowlby.htm | John Bowlby | John Bowlby
SectionsJohn Bowlby: Childhood & EducationChild PsychologistChild Care and the Growth of LoveTheory of Bereavement Later Life Primary SourcesStudent ActivitiesReferences
John Mostyn Bowlby, the fourth child and second son in the family of three daughters and three sons of Major-General Sir Anthony Alfred B... |
aa3258026e47fddf9492dabe91d0aa6c | https://spartacus-educational.com/Joseph_Katz.htm | Joseph Katz | Joseph Katz
SectionsJoseph Katz - Soviet Spy Elizabeth Bentley Joseph Katz - Assassin Primary SourcesReferences
Joseph Katz was born in Lithuania in 1912. He moved to New York City and became a member of the Communist Party of the United States (CPUSA). He joined the Soviet spy network led by Jacob Golos. His codename ... |
da9597daa3c1b2a268e4bced056dabb5 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JOUfoot.htm | Paul Foot | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Paul Foot
Paul Foot, the son of Sir Hugh Foot (Lord Caradon) was born on 8th November, 1937. He was educated at Shrewsbury College and University College, Oxford.
After leaving university he became a reporter on the Daily Record in Glasgow. It was while covering local issues that Foot became convert... |
528c881fcf585e7c61c051134646ab30 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JpalmerF2.htm | Frederick Palmer | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Frederick Palmer
Frederick Palmer was born in Pleasantville, Pennsylvania, on 29th January, 1873. Palmer attended Allegheny College in Meadville, before becoming a journalist in New York City. He eventually joined the New York World and in 1897 he covered the Greco-Turkish War. Palmer also reported ... |
becb4e07ffb161430ff50744404e3e42 | https://spartacus-educational.com/Jpartridge.htm | Bernard Partridge | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Bernard Partridge
Bernard Partridge, the son of Richard Partridge, a teacher of anatomy at the Royal Academy, was born in London in 1861. After being educated at Stonyhurst he entered an architect's office and then a firm of stained-glass designers. Partridge also acted in several plays and for a ti... |
ab1ab100c7b30683cca62220dd10e6c9 | https://spartacus-educational.com/Jpassos.htm | John Dos Passos | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
John Dos Passos
John Dos Passos, the illegitimate son of a prominent American attorney, John Randolph Dos Passos Jr., was born in Chicago in 1896. His mother was Lucy Addison Sprigg Madison. Alan Wald has argued: "Dos Passos spent his early years traveling semi-clandestinely about the United States ... |
c2a944ed59807dc8c4c74e960eb77387 | https://spartacus-educational.com/Jpulitzerprizes.htm | Pulitzer Prize | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Pulitzer Prize
When Joseph Pulitzer, the newspaper publisher died in 1911, he left $2 million for the establishment of a school of journalism at Columbia University. He stipulated that one-forth of this sum was to be "applied to prizes or scholarships for the encouragement of public, service, public... |
04eb4a5bc008ac27ec14ac416697825a | https://spartacus-educational.com/Jpunch.htm | Punch Magazine | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Punch Magazine
One evening at the beginning of June, 1841, Mark Lemon and Henry Mayhew, met at the Edinburgh Castle public house in the Strand, London, to discuss the possibility of starting a new journal. Lemon and Mayhew were both reforming liberals and the plan was to combine humour and political... |
321251f4268c38c86f9b1a4bbb80b8c5 | https://spartacus-educational.com/Jquarterly.htm | Quarterly Review | Quarterly Review
The Quarterly Review was established by John Murray in 1809 as a Tory rival to the Whig supporting Edinburgh Review. The idea for the journal came from Sir Walter Scott, a Tory who had previously worked for Francis Jeffrey's Edinburgh Review. The first editor was William Gifford and contributors includ... |
fc51aa8cd0d1fa6b6abc4fcf2645410d | https://spartacus-educational.com/Jquentin_reynolds.htm | Quentin Reynolds | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Quentin Reynolds
Quentin Reynolds was born in New York City on 11th April, 1902. He became a sports journalist working for the New York Telegram. Reynolds became friendly with Heywood Broun, the newspaper's leading columnist. According to a mutual friend: "Reynolds patterned himself in the Broun mol... |
5568a21cef7462cb24deca926b5b4f28 | https://spartacus-educational.com/Jreynolds.htm | Joshua Reynolds | Joshua Reynolds
Joshua Reynolds, the seventh of ten children of Samuel Reynolds (1681–1745), schoolmaster, and his wife, Theophila Potter (1688–1756), was born at Plympton, Devon on 16th July, 1723. His his great-grandfather was the eminent mathematician, Thomas Baker.
Reynolds was educated by his father. According to ... |
009dfd1af72f7b0452152ad8b9ace668 | https://spartacus-educational.com/JreynoldsN.htm | Reynolds News | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Reynolds News
George Reynolds founded the Reynolds's Weekly Newspaper in May, 1850. Reynolds was a strong supporter of Chartism and in its first edition he stated that his newspaper would be "devoted to the cause of freedom and in the interests of the enslaved masses". However, Reynolds added it wil... |
ecdf973cc92382ad35eb565c8c50cc41 | https://spartacus-educational.com/Jroy_howard.htm | Roy Wilson Howard | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Roy Wilson Howard
Roy Wilson Howard, the son of a railroad brakeman, was born in Gano, Ohio, on 1st January 1883. After the death of his father he was forced to end his education in order to contribute to the family income. He found work on the Indianapolis News and eventually became a journalist.
H... |
216e8b5c54662973358524ca835af57e | https://spartacus-educational.com/Jsackville.htm | Vita Sackville-West | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Vita Sackville-West
Vita Sackville-West, the only daughter of Lionel Edward Sackville-West (1867–1928), and his wife and first cousin, Victoria Josefa Dolores Catalina Sackville-West (1862–1936), was born in Knole House, near Sevenoaks on 9th March 1892.
Vita was educated at home by a governess unti... |
fe7d681e6be49c7b6f698a13df1d8b1c | https://spartacus-educational.com/JscottCP.htm | C. P. Scott | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
C. P. Scott
Charles Prestwich Scott, the son of Russell Scott, a successful businessman, was born in Bath in 1846. His grandfather, also called Russell Scott, had worked closely with Joseph Priestley to establish the Unitarian movement in Britain.
Charles was educated at Hove House, a Unitarian scho... |
85512862aa432762ad7ab37d397d61ab | https://spartacus-educational.com/Jsinclair.htm | Sinclair Lewis | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Sinclair Lewis
Sinclair Lewis, the son of a doctor, Edwin J. Lewis, was born in Sauk Centre, Minnesota, on 7th February 1885. His mother, Emma Kermott Lewis, died when he was six.
In 1892 his father married Isabel Warner. Although he got on fairly well with his step-mother, at the age of thirteen he... |
3cd750380e68d3c7b009e4ed3e9cf137 | https://spartacus-educational.com/Jstatesman.htm | New Statesman | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
New Statesman
In 1912 Arthur Balfour suggested to the Fabian Society that it should have its own weekly journal. George Bernard Shaw agreed with the idea and promised to provide regular articles. Shaw also wrote to his various contacts in the theatrical world in an effort to gain subscribers for the... |
c1bae13b110597c352ca935ec73f94b1 | https://spartacus-educational.com/Jstrand.htm | The Strand Magazine | The Strand Magazine
The popular illustrated monthly, the Strand Magazine, was founded by Sir George Newnes in 1891. It included fiction by writers such as Arthur Conan Doyle, H. G. Wells and P. G. Woodhouse.
Illustrators employed by the journal included Alexander Boyd, Sidney Sime, Henry M. Brock, H. M. Bateman, Leonar... |
63c4023615978b014be716353d643ce6 | https://spartacus-educational.com/Jtelegraph.htm | The Daily Telegraph (1855-1955) | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
The Daily Telegraph (1855-1955)
The Daily Telegraph & Courier was founded by Colonel Arthur Sleigh to air a personal grievance against the Duke of Cambridge, the future Commander-in-Chief of the British Army. Joseph Moses Levy, the proprietor of the Sunday Times, agreed to print the newspaper. The f... |
314eb3749a2d197cd4fd5e6e4e8dcaa5 | https://spartacus-educational.com/Jtribune.htm | The Tribune | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
The Tribune
In January 1937 Stafford Cripps and George Strauss decided to launch a radical weekly, The Tribune, to "advocate a vigorous socialism and demand active resistance to Fascism at home and abroad." William Mellor was appointed editor and others such as Aneurin Bevan, Ellen Wilkinson, Barbar... |
d80e647e47a3899a32e7517b8cb9dd2d | https://spartacus-educational.com/Julian_Wadleigh.htm | Julian Wadleigh | Julian Wadleigh
SectionsJulian Wadleigh & New Deal Named as Soviet Spy Julian Wadleigh & Alger Hiss Primary Sources
Julian Wadleigh, the son of a Episcopal minister, was born in Greenfield, Massachusetts in 1904. He was mainly educated in England and obtained a BCS from the London School of Economics and a MA from Oxfo... |
05810aafdffd6273673219724453aa36 | https://spartacus-educational.com/Juliet_Poyntz.htm | Juliet Poyntz | Juliet Poyntz
SectionsJuliet Poyntz & Morris HillquitThe Russian Revolution Juliet Poyntz opposes Stalinism The death of Juliet Poyntz Primary SourcesReferences
Juliet Poyntz was born on 25th November, 1886 in Omaha, Nebraska. Her father, John James Points, was a certified public accountant, and her mother, Alice Eula... |
d3257c46400625226a45e7c601200d65 | https://spartacus-educational.com/Karl_Harrer.htm | Karl Harrer | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Karl Harrer
Karl Harrer was born on 8th October 1890. He became a journalist and worked for several right-wing newspapers. He was also a member of the Thule Society. In January 1919 Harrer joined with Anton Drexler to form the German Workers's Party (GPW). Other early members included Hermann Esser,... |
68fcd29e6c53c44b852dc334e17246fe | https://spartacus-educational.com/Karl_Lueger.htm | Karl Lueger | Karl Lueger
SectionsPrimary SourcesStudent ActivitiesReferences
Karl Lueger, the son of Leopold Lueger, an usher at the Vienna Polytechnic, was born at Wieden on 24th October, 1844. He attended Theresianische Ritterakademie before studying law at the University of Vienna, receiving his doctorate in 1870. During this pe... |
1e68f2cdcdca513d047480a2e154b4b8 | https://spartacus-educational.com/Konrad_Heiden.htm | Konrad Heiden | Konrad Heiden
SectionsKonrad Heiden and Hitler Geli Raubal Konrad Heiden expelled from Nazi Germany Adolf Hitler's BiographerPrimary Sources
Konrad Heiden, the son of a union organizer, was born in Munich, Germany, on 7th August 1901. While at the University of Munich he led protests against Adolf Hitler and the Natio... |
f369204fd33f6526a114a3d08ce1ebb3 | https://spartacus-educational.com/Kurt_Ludecke.htm | Kurt Lüdecke | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Kurt Lüdecke
Kurt Lüdecke was born in Berlin on 5th February 1890. He came from a wealthy background and was well-educated and spoke several foreign languages and travelled widely in his youth. Lüdecke had a private income and did not have to earn a living.
Lüdecke saw Adolf Hitler speak on 11th Au... |
3d6c77ca307e6f546368b4233d4532f1 | https://spartacus-educational.com/Leopold_Potsch.htm | Leopold Potsch | Leopold Potsch
SectionsPrimary SourcesStudent Activities
Leopold Poetsch was born on 18th November 1853. He began his history teaching career in Maribor and later moved to Linz. He held strong nationalist opinions on the subject and believed that all ethnic Germans should be united by a single government. He also held ... |
2e48af605a27ee933fa9aeb07979d5d3 | https://spartacus-educational.com/Lollards.htm | The Lollards | The Lollards
SectionsJohn Wycliffe and the English Bible Peasants' Revolt Lollards as Heretics Tudor Lollards Primary SourcesStudent ActivitiesReferences
John Wycliffe, the curate of Ludgershall, Wiltshire, became a renown lecturer in theology and philosophy. On 26th July 1374, Wycliffe was appointed as one of five new... |
3c0c4fa5d6f528839007cb78b2214e15 | https://spartacus-educational.com/LONcoldbath.htm | Coldbath Fields | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Coldbath Fields
There has been a prison at Coldbath Fields since the 17th century. It got its name because in the early days the prison was surrounded by fields near an important well. Coldbath Fields Prison was rebuilt in 1794 and was enlarged during the 19th century. By the time the building was c... |
25124baa3f83efd2ec2abf629ba19557 | https://spartacus-educational.com/LONkings.htm | King's Bench Prison | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
King's Bench Prison
The first King's Bench Prison in Borough High Street, Southwark, was demolished in 1754. The rebuilt prison was mainly used for debtors or for people been convicted of libel. On 10th May, 1768, the prison was the scene of a riot after John Wilkes had been imprisoned for writing a... |
e307912d779c3b94f46d2ea503af6620 | https://spartacus-educational.com/LONnewgate.htm | Newgate Prison | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Newgate Prison
The original prison at Newgate was built in 1188 but was rebuilt in 1770. After being badly damaged during the Gordon Riots in 1780, George Dance was commissioned to design a new prison at Newgate. Completed in 1782 Newgate Prison was divided into two sections. There was a Common area... |
ac42c5be3c2fa3185a39fa6e35314830 | https://spartacus-educational.com/LONold.htm | Old Bailey | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Old Bailey
The Old Bailey is England's most important crown court. The court can try crimes from any part of the country. It was originally established as a Session House in 1539 but was rebuilt in 1774. The Old Bailey became known as the Central Criminal Court. The building was demolished in 1902 a... |
732c4bbc69942c1cf60f17549f03e439 | https://spartacus-educational.com/Ludwig_Ullman.htm | William Ludwig Ullmann | William Ludwig Ullmann
SectionsThe New Deal Elizabeth Bentley House of Un-American Activities CommitteePrimary SourcesReferences
William Ludwig Ullmann was born in Springfield, Missouri, on 14th August, 1908. He graduated from Harvard Business School with an MBA in 1935. Ullmann then took a job with the National Recove... |
a4cd9d76c3bcf1b25a99e40902332cad | https://spartacus-educational.com/MANCbusby.htm | Matt Busby | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Matt Busby
Alexander Matthew (Matt) Busby was born in the mining village of Orbiston, near Bellshill, Scotland, on 26th May 1909. The village included only 32 cottages.
Busby's mother, Nellie, was the daughter of Jimmy Greer, who worked down the pit in Orbiston with Matt's father, Alexander Busby. T... |
8b08403506600d6dd6ac7efc91aa62e1 | https://spartacus-educational.com/MANCcowanS.htm | Sam Cowan | Sam Cowan
Sam Cowan was born in Chesterfield on 10th May, 1901. He did not take up football until he was seventeen. He played for Aldwarke Juniors before joining Huddersfield Town in 1920. He failed to get into the first team and left the club to play for Denaby United in the Midland League. He also played for Bulcroft... |
7f6a90eccadc38b6df749b00b3090c9e | https://spartacus-educational.com/Marion_Bachrach.htm | Marion Bachrach | Marion Bachrach
SectionsHarold Ware Group Communist Party Marion Bachrach & Whittaker Chambers The Smith ActPrimary SourcesReferences
Marion Abet, the sister of John Abt, was born in 1898. She married Howard Bachrach, who worked at the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA). Marion Bachrach joined the Communist P... |
63c31503771b5b9d4871c83fbef26965 | https://spartacus-educational.com/Mark_Zborowski.htm | Mark Zborowski | Mark Zborowski
SectionsNKVD AgentLev SedovSuspected Informer Death of Lev SedovDeath of Rudolf Klement Alexander Orlov Primary Sources
Mark Zborowski, one of four children born into a Jewish family in Uman, in Ukraine, on 27th January, 1908. His family disapproved of the Russian Revolution and moved to Poland in 1921.
... |
a2f21bde05769bfdf15685efe1db3530 | https://spartacus-educational.com/Mary_Price.htm | Mary Price | Mary Price
SectionsMary Price visits the Soviet Union Walter Lippmann and British Security Coordination Mary Price & Duncan Chaplin LeeElizabeth Bentley Henry Agard Wallace House of Un-American Activities CommitteePrimary SourcesReferences
Mary Price was born in Rockingham County, North Carolina, in 1909. Her ancestors... |
1b106990d5f04a8f9a90e66587f1a744 | https://spartacus-educational.com/Mary_Shelton.htm | Mary Shelton | Mary Shelton
SectionsMary Sheldon & Henry VIII Henry Norris Mary HeveninghamPrimary SourcesStudent ActivitiesReferences
Mary Shelton, was the youngest daughter of Sir John Shelton and his wife, Anne Sheldon, was born in about 1520. She had three brothers and six sisters, John, Anne, Ralph, Gabriella, Elizabeth, Margare... |
993afcdad0d215ccf9b36e23186dc0c8 | https://spartacus-educational.com/MDailes.htm | Roger E. Ailes | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Roger E. Ailes
Roger Ailes, the son of a factory worker, was born in Warren, Ohio, on 15th May, 1940. After graduating from Ohio University in 1962 he joined KYW and eventually became executive producer of the Mike Douglas Show.
In 1967 Ailes met Richard M. Nixon and the following year he joined his... |
2fc5e85013b9da4e129c3081b59a8b95 | https://spartacus-educational.com/MEDbede.htm | Bede | Bede
Bede was born near Monkwearmouth, Durham, in about 673. At the age of seven he was placed in the care of Benedict Biscop at Wearmouth Monastery. After moving to Jarrow he was ordained as a priest in 703.
Bede used to library established by Benedict Biscop to study Latin, Greek and Hebrew. Over the next thirty year... |
00187556d7732ccda439e29519c5c227 | https://spartacus-educational.com/MEDgregory.htm | Gregory the Great | Gregory the Great
Gregory the Great was born in Rome in about 540. He was appointed praetor but gave up this post in 575. After distributing his wealth to the poor he went to live in a monastery in Rome. It was during this period he saw Anglo-Saxon youths in the slave-market and was seized with a desire to convert Engl... |
04c4e37028648e7e15de39b7ff77d2c2 | https://spartacus-educational.com/MEDlegion.htm | Legion d'Honneur | Legion d'Honneur
The Legion d'Honneur is France's highest decoration. It was established by Napoleon Bonaparte in May 1802 and is awarded for gallantry in action or twenty years distinguished service in military or civilian life.
|
d4a9642c64572828ade3a404084b3328 | https://spartacus-educational.com/MEDlongbow.htm | The Longbow | The Longbow
Bows had been used for thousands of years, but the first record of the longbows being employed in warfare was in South Wales during the late 12th century. In 1188 William de Braose, an English knight fighting the Welsh, reported that an arrow had penetrated his chain mail and clothing, passed through his th... |
eb22ae3301e10c6f8dc6a3cd1953987a | https://spartacus-educational.com/Meyer_London.htm | Meyer London | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Meyer London
Meyer London, the son of Efraim London, a grain merchant, was born in Kalvarija, Lithuania on 29th December, 1871. His father emigrated to the United States in 1888 but it was not until 1891 that the rest of the family joined him in New York City. The family lived in the city's largely... |
c967172fd9ada15404a3238551a92e44 | https://spartacus-educational.com/MIDDmannion.htm | Wilf Mannion | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Wilf Mannion
Wilfred (Wilf) Mannion was born in South Bank, Middlesbrough on 16th May 1918. His father, Thomas Mannion, was an Irish immigrant who worked at the Bolckow Vaughan blast furnace. Wilf was one of five brothers and five sisters.
Mannion loved playing football on the wasteground (puddling)... |
fd0dcda8b98d001534e178ef0ed828cf | https://spartacus-educational.com/MIDDpoole.htm | The Encylopedia of British Football Thomas Gibson Poole | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
The Encylopedia of British Football Thomas Gibson Poole
Thomas Gibson Poole was born in 1860. He joined the British Army and reached the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. Poole was active in politics and was a leading figure in the Conservative Party in Middlesbrough. In 1907 he was elected as mayor of th... |
c512674ee261ecd9a98dc0109ccd8b27 | https://spartacus-educational.com/ModerateNewspaper.htm | The Moderate | The Moderate
SectionsPrimary SourcesStudent Activities
During the English Civil War radicals such as John Lilburne, Richard Overton, William Walwyn, Edward Sexby and John Wildman were described as Levellers. They published pamphlets such as A Remonstrance of Many Thousand Citizens (1646), An Arrow Against All Tyrant... |
301b17c0bf8253f2d261138459ef4c9a | https://spartacus-educational.com/MOedwardVII.htm | Edward VII | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Edward VII
Edward, eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert was born in Buckingham Palace in 1841. He was educated privately and at Edinburgh University, Oxford University and Cambridge University.
In 1860 Edward became the first member of the royal family to tour the USA. When he returned to ... |
a53e5bbbe50185fcb5f25219dc275ffb | https://spartacus-educational.com/MOgeorgeV.htm | King George V | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
King George V
George, the second son of Edward VII and Alexandra of Denmark, was born at Marlborough House on 3rd June, 1865. Most of his childhood was spent at Sandringham, Buckingham Palace and Balmoral.
After being educated at home by the Rev. J. N. Dalton, George became a naval cadet at Dartmout... |
4d91768e9bdcf2d081a6bfb3fa1f8371 | https://spartacus-educational.com/Molly_Hiscox.htm | Molly Hiscox | Molly Hiscox
SectionsMolly Hiscox & Richard Houston The Right ClubMolly Hiscox & Norah BriscoePost-WarPrimary SourcesStudent ActivitiesReferences
Gertrude (Molly) Hiscox, was born in Hendon, in 1910. She held right-wing views and joined the National Union of Fascists in 1934 and was the Organizer of the 8th London Area... |
3e16ed851832f9a1e9bbd38604cbad8a | https://spartacus-educational.com/MONedwardVIII.htm | Edward VIII | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Edward VIII
Edward Saxe-Coburg-Gotha was born in Richmond, Surrey, on 23rd June, 1894. Edward was the great-grandson of Queen Victoria and his father was George V, who became king of the United Kingdom in 1910. As the king's eldest son, Edward therefore became heir to the throne.
His biographer, Col... |
517a98bbde2a3bd76537cf3625f9d90d | https://spartacus-educational.com/MONgeorgeVI.htm | George VI | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
George VI
George Saxe-Coburg-Gotha was born in Sandringham, Norfolk, on 14th December, 1895. George was the great-grandson of Queen Victoria and his father was George V, who became king of the United Kingdom in 1910. George's elder brother, Edward, was therefore heir to the throne.
George was a sick... |
fba0731c2136d90a176e7aeaafd7882d | https://spartacus-educational.com/Nathan_Silvermaster.htm | Nathan Silvermaster | Nathan Silvermaster
SectionsNathan Silvermaster: Soviet Spy The Second World War Nathan Silvermaster investigated by HUAC Elizabeth Bentley names Nathan Silvermaster House of Un-American Activities CommitteePrimary SourcesReferences
Nathan Silvermaster was born into a Jewish family in Odessa, Russia, in 1898. His fam... |
dd6ef502fb0dc2177123601eea4add09 | https://spartacus-educational.com/Nathan_Witt.htm | Nathan Witt | Nathan Witt
SectionsNathan Witt and the Ware Group Whittaker Chambers Adolf Berle House of Un-American Activities CommitteePrimary SourcesReferences
Nathan Witt was born into a Jewish family in New York City on 11th February, 1903. He came from a poor family and had to work while studying at New York University. He bec... |
91e477ec817f3da7403c7f897b4cbcf3 | https://spartacus-educational.com/NDclaude_pepper.htm | Claude Pepper | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Claude Pepper
Claude Denson Pepper, the son of sharecroppers, was born in Chambers County, Alabama, on 8th September, 1900. After leaving school he worked in a steel mill. After building up his savings he enrolled at the University of Alabama. When the United States entered the First World War in 19... |
c212f15e9b3c8d8bb5bdec4cba96a9d8 | https://spartacus-educational.com/NDedna_ferber.htm | Edna Ferber | ▼ Primary Sources ▼
Edna Ferber
Edna Ferber, the daughter of Jacob Ferber, a Jewish storekeeper, and Julia Neumann Ferber, was born in Kalamazoo, Michigan, on 15th August, 1885. When she was a child the family moved to Appleton, Wisconsin, where she attended the local high school. Ferber briefly attended Lawrence Unive... |
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