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5350b525addfed69f3309f0b823a36de | https://www.britannica.com/topic/poultry-farming | Poultry farming | Poultry farming
Poultry farming, raising of birds domestically or commercially, primarily for meat and eggs but also for feathers. Chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese are of primary importance, while guinea fowl and squabs (young pigeons) are chiefly of local interest. This article treats the principles and practices ... |
06fe70a415a75b39b08cf48136f9eaff | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pour-le-Merite | Pour le Mérite | Pour le Mérite
Pour le Mérite, English Order for Merit, distinguished Prussian order established by Frederick II the Great in 1740, which had a military class and a class for scientific and artistic achievement. This order superseded the Ordre de la Générosité (French: “Order of Generosity”) that was founded by Freder... |
7dc2ddd9245ebf5e2a9450be2ba0229a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/poutine/Cultural-significance-and-controversy | Cultural significance and controversy | Cultural significance and controversy
While the exact provenance of poutine remains contested, its birthplace is unquestionably Québec. The dish has come to be a quintessential symbol of the province. And like all symbols, it is often co-opted, appropriated, and stereotyped. In 1990, journalist Paul Wells wrote that “i... |
0799eca566114645afb96c5a86a0f3b1 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/power-of-attorney | Power of attorney | Power of attorney
Power of attorney, authorization to act as agent or attorney for another. Common-law and civil-law systems differ considerably with respect to powers of attorney, and there is also considerable diversity among the civil-law systems themselves. Many of the general powers of attorney that are important... |
998d6eefcccbe1a26353ff3e644be0e4 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Prado-Museum | Prado Museum | Prado Museum
Prado Museum, Spanish Museo del Prado, art museum in Madrid, housing the world’s richest and most comprehensive collection of Spanish painting, as well as masterpieces of other schools of European painting, especially Italian and Flemish art.
The Prado’s building had its start in 1785 when Charles III com... |
f125666e788383fbd6a97e19ffd492b8 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/praenomen | Praenomen | Praenomen
…personal name consisted of a praenomen (given name, forename) and a nomen (or nomen gentile). Only intimates used the praenomen, and its choice was restricted to fewer than 20 names, among them Gaius, Gnaeus, Marcus, Quintus, Publius, Tiberius, and Titus. The nomen that followed was hereditary in each gens (... |
fb65964bac304c2508f4e93a579e643c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pragmatic-Sanction-of-Emperor-Charles-VI | Pragmatic Sanction of Emperor Charles VI | Pragmatic Sanction of Emperor Charles VI
Pragmatic Sanction of Emperor Charles VI, (April 19, 1713), decree promulgated by the Holy Roman emperor Charles VI with the intent that all his Habsburg kingdoms and lands descend as an integral whole without partition. It stipulated that his undivided heritage go to his eldes... |
03fac76ccdd98e63c7740fb877abc5a4 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pragmatic-Sanction-of-King-Ferdinand-VII | Pragmatic Sanction of King Ferdinand VII | Pragmatic Sanction of King Ferdinand VII
Pragmatic Sanction of King Ferdinand VII, (March 29, 1830), decree of Ferdinand VII of Spain, which promulgated his predecessor Charles IV’s unpublished decision of 1789 revoking the Salic law of succession, which had denied royal succession to females. The Pragmatic Sanction w... |
37b6a80b6eaf7fe8f57b3cec22710af0 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/pragmatism-philosophy | Pragmatism | Pragmatism
Pragmatism, school of philosophy, dominant in the United States in the first quarter of the 20th century, based on the principle that the usefulness, workability, and practicality of ideas, policies, and proposals are the criteria of their merit. It stresses the priority of action over doctrine, of experien... |
4eab6b2e875e82bfd0f9c14a366199ce | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Prajnaparamita-Buddhist-literature | Prajnaparamita | Prajnaparamita
Prajnaparamita, (Sanskrit: “Perfection of Wisdom”) body of sutras and their commentaries that represents the oldest of the major forms of Mahayana Buddhism, one that radically extended the basic concept of ontological voidness (shunyata). The name denotes the female personification of the literature or ... |
296e868e3c80c9dbe14ec529f7c5f36d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Prato-della-Valle | Prato della Valle | Prato della Valle
…the botanic garden is the Prato della Valle, a large oval piazza surrounded by a canal and bordered by a group of statues of well-known Paduans.
|
0504eec52f4e35d62ca24de778eb816e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pratt-Institute | Pratt Institute | Pratt Institute
Pratt Institute, private, coeducational institution of higher learning in the Brooklyn borough of New York, New York, U.S. It comprises schools of Architecture, Art and Design (for which it is especially renowned), Liberal Arts and Sciences, and Professional Studies and the graduate school of Informati... |
42cf5b83e5596f0d6e25a12006ed4cc9 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/prayer/Forms-of-prayer-in-the-religions-of-the-world | Forms of prayer in the religions of the world | Forms of prayer in the religions of the world
The forms that prayer takes in the religions of the world, though varied, generally follow certain fixed patterns. These include benedictions (blessings), litanies (alternate statements, titles of the deity or deities, or petitions and responses), ceremonial and ritualistic... |
4861320398fff83a6b0c30a97bd73337 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Praying-Hands | Praying Hands | Praying Hands
…famous drawing by Albrecht Dürer, Praying Hands (1508). Brush drawing was used by many 20th-century artists, notably Picasso, Henri Matisse, and Max Beckmann.
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3034a9dda80313b2436ba5700485f675 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/pre-Columbian-civilizations | Pre-Columbian civilizations | Pre-Columbian civilizations
Pre-Columbian civilizations, the aboriginal American Indian cultures that evolved in Mesoamerica (part of Mexico and Central America) and the Andean region (western South America) prior to Spanish exploration and conquest in the 16th century. The pre-Columbian civilizations were extraordina... |
f27d60e2ef0e4b4980636c105ea2f9a7 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/pre-Columbian-civilizations/Early-Classic-period-100-600-ce | Early Classic period (100–600 ce) | Early Classic period (100–600 ce)
In the study of the Classic stage, there has been a strong bias in favour of the Maya; this is not surprising in view of the fact that the Maya have been studied far longer than any other people in Mesoamerica. But the concept of a “Classic” period is a case of the Maya tail wagging th... |
c033333bd45f320360fdcf51d2bcc3fd | https://www.britannica.com/topic/pre-Columbian-civilizations/Olmec-civilization-at-La-Venta | Olmec civilization at La Venta | Olmec civilization at La Venta
La Venta was located on an almost inaccessible island, surrounded at that time by the Tonalá River; the river now divides the states of Veracruz and Tabasco. As San Lorenzo’s fortunes fell, La Venta’s rose, and between 800 and 400 bce it was the most important site in Mesoamerica.
At the ... |
0b8a4b08d43fa40ec1be3f6967a74246 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/pre-Columbian-civilizations/Tenochtitlan | Tenochtitlán | Tenochtitlán
Tenochtitlán itself was a huge metropolis covering more than five square miles. It was originally located on two small islands in Lake Texcoco, but it gradually spread into the surrounding lake by a process, first of chinampa construction, then of consolidation. It was connected to the mainland by several ... |
6188e6cbeed46497ef499945f94c701c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/pre-Columbian-civilizations/The-Early-Intermediate-period | The Early Intermediate period | The Early Intermediate period
The Early Horizon was succeeded by what has been termed the Early Intermediate Period. The onset of the Early Intermediate marked the decline of Chavín’s cultural influence and the attainment of artistic and technological peaks in a number of centres, both on the coast and in the highlands... |
6c6efafb8aaf90e1e817a7c599db9479 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/pre-Columbian-civilizations/The-Initial-Period | The Initial Period | The Initial Period
The next epoch, called the Initial Period by the American scholar John H. Rowe, and the Lower Formative by the Peruvian archaeologist Luis G. Lumbreras, began with the introduction of pottery. The earliest ceramics have yielded radiocarbon dates of about 1800 bce, although Rowe has suggested that eve... |
c96c39188e0f07e318286c9a0f5b2009 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/pre-Columbian-civilizations/The-Maya-calendar-and-writing-system | The Maya calendar and writing system | The Maya calendar and writing system
It is their intellectual life that established the cultural superiority of the Maya over all other American Indians. Much of this was based upon a calendrical system that was partly shared with other Mesoamerican groups but that they perfected into a tool capable of recording import... |
fd1651082d18ce10c0d9fbfeedef631d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/pre-Columbian-civilizations/The-Spanish-conquest | The Spanish conquest | The Spanish conquest
Meanwhile, the Spaniards had landed at Tumbes on the northern coast of Peru early in 1532 and were seeking an interview with Atahuallpa so that they could kidnap him. It is clear that they understood the nature of the Inca civil war and were dealing with emissaries from both factions. Their actions... |
dcbeb2cd535f2761364b046818448354 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/pre-Columbian-civilizations/Topa-Inca-Yupanqui | Topa Inca Yupanqui | Topa Inca Yupanqui
About 1471, Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui abdicated in favour of his son Topa Inca Yupanqui, thereby ensuring the peaceful succession to the throne. Topa Inca Yupanqui was a great conqueror who was to bring most of the Central Andes region under Inca rule. Yet his first military campaign as emperor, an inv... |
afa52be620a32e600643b2afc2870e51 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/pre-Socratics | Pre-Socratics | Pre-Socratics
Pre-Socratics, group of early Greek philosophers, most of whom were born before Socrates, whose attention to questions about the origin and nature of the physical world has led to their being called cosmologists or naturalists. Among the most significant were the Milesians Thales, Anaximander, and Anaxim... |
c3a6739be2146a7c1c67430f2ebfa862 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/precedent | Precedent | Precedent
Precedent, in law, a judgment or decision of a court that is cited in a subsequent dispute as an example or analogy to justify deciding a similar case or point of law in the same manner. Common law and equity, as found in English and American legal systems, rely strongly on the body of established precedents... |
1b29a8f7932224f94b1480d83d774c4b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Precious-Based-on-the-Novel-Push-by-Sapphire | Precious: Based on the Novel ‘Push’ by Sapphire | Precious: Based on the Novel ‘Push’ by Sapphire
Push was filmed as Precious: Based on the Novel ‘Push’ by Sapphire (2009).
…worker in the critically acclaimed Precious (2009). Her later film credits included Lee Daniels’ The Butler (2013) and Girls Trip (2017). In 2013 she joined the television talent show American Ido... |
0549a471e0be9eb67dc6050d87bb1054 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/prefix-grammar | Prefix | Prefix
…three main types of affixes: prefixes, infixes, and suffixes. A prefix occurs at the beginning of a word or stem (sub-mit, pre-determine, un-willing); a suffix at the end (wonder-ful, depend-ent, act-ion); and an infix occurs in the middle. English has no infixes, but they are found in American Indian languages... |
f49b8c46b8e5f8ef80c9890a4a97fb50 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Prefontaine | Prefontaine | Prefontaine
…character in the well-received biopic Prefontaine (1997), about the American distance runner Steve Prefontaine, as well as in the period romance Basil (1998), which he followed up with the slasher movie Urban Legend (1998). He also appeared in Terrence Malick’s star-packed war drama The Thin Red Line (1998... |
4a41f8133a2587723d8d0c07d864bba6 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/prehistoric-peoples | Prehistoric peoples | Prehistoric peoples
prehistoric cultural stage, or level of human development, characterized by the creation and use of stone tools. The Stone Age, whose origin coincides with the discovery of the oldest known stone tools, which have been dated to some 3.3 million years ago, is usually divided…
The ethnobotany of prehi... |
5ba1cfeda1cb2e6db064474f3c70856f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/prehistoric-religion | Prehistoric religion | Prehistoric religion
Prehistoric religion, the beliefs and practices of Stone Age peoples.
The oldest known burials can be attributed to the Middle Paleolithic Period. The corpses, accompanied by stone tools and parts of animals, were laid in holes in the ground and sometimes the corpses were especially protected. In ... |
b503a98d0bb59de8e0167327d8c37bc9 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/prejudice | Prejudice | Prejudice
Prejudice, adverse or hostile attitude toward a group or its individual members, generally without just grounds or before sufficient evidence. It is characterized by irrational, stereotyped beliefs. In the social sciences, the term is often used with reference to ethnic groups (see also racism), but prejudic... |
3a8b0a7ff1265ed51728a85675e489a7 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/prepayment | Prepayment | Prepayment
Prepayment is ordinarily made by means of postage stamps, franking machine impression, or printed indication of postage paid; payment is not usually required of the addressee.
…postage, regardless of distance, and prepayment of postage by means of adhesive stamps sold by the post office. Hill proposed a basi... |
fc94a4701e1ea99717e7a030d7d35837 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Presbyterian-Church-of-England | Presbyterian Church of England | Presbyterian Church of England
Presbyterian Church of England, church organized in 1876 by merger of the United Presbyterian Church and various English and Scottish Presbyterian congregations in England. The United Presbyterian Church had resulted from the merger of some Scottish and English Presbyterian congregation... |
7ac6fcac6effe55833b5279c2c78eef1 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Presbyterian-churches | Reformed and Presbyterian churches | Reformed and Presbyterian churches
Reformed and Presbyterian churches, name given to various Protestant churches that share a common origin in the Reformation in 16th-century Switzerland. Reformed is the term identifying churches regarded as essentially Calvinistic in doctrine. The term presbyterian designates a colle... |
6dda93caf49ce834585fd6795f81d6bd | https://www.britannica.com/topic/presbytery-cathedral-architecture | Presbytery | Presbytery
Presbytery, in Western architecture, that part of a cathedral or other large cruciform church that lies between the chancel, or choir, and the high altar, or sanctuary. As an element of a cruciform church (i.e., one laid out in the shape of a cross), the presbytery may be located geographically west of the ... |
45e71209502ec7b510f4303e9dcdfef8 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/preservative | Preservative | Preservative
Preservative, in foods, any of numerous chemical additives used to prevent or retard spoilage caused by chemical changes, e.g., oxidation or the growth of mold. Along with emulsifying and stabilizing agents, preservatives also help to maintain freshness of appearance and consistency. See also emulsifier.... |
5ac6fea0ef766d10a03a11e05477331a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/presidency-of-the-United-States-of-America/Presidents-of-the-United-States | Presidents of the United States | Presidents of the United States
The table provides a list of U.S. presidents.
The table provides a list of U.S. electoral college results.
1789
1792
1796
1800
1804
1808
1812
1816
1820
1824
1828
1832
1836
1840
1844
1848
1852
1856
1860
1864
1868
1872
1876
1880
1884
1888
1892
1896
1900
1904
1908
1912
1916
1920
1924
1928
1... |
9902738b7cce70cf87bc24bc1c325f99 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/president-card-game | President | President
President, card game of Chinese origin that suddenly appeared in the Western world during the 1980s. President is just one of many different names for the game, most of them vulgar and some scatological, and the game itself is played in many different forms with varying rules. Common to all, besides the basi... |
7c3d107db776bac178112d818f648f5c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Presidential-Apology-for-the-Study-at-Tuskegee-1369625 | Presidential Apology for the Study at Tuskegee | Presidential Apology for the Study at Tuskegee
On May 16, 1997, in the East Room of the White House, President Bill Clinton issued a formal apology for the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male, the "longest nontherapeutic experiment on human beings" in the history of medicine and public health. That s... |
63d6b5992b4ad8b888c8ba71e9942e70 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Presidential-Medal-of-Freedom | Presidential Medal of Freedom | Presidential Medal of Freedom
Presidential Medal of Freedom, the foremost U.S. civilian decoration, awarded to individuals who have made “an especially meritorious contribution to the security or national interests of the United States, world peace, cultural or other significant public or private endeavors.” Recipient... |
9d67b02cf4e72e21caa173282e551e0c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Press-Trust-of-India | Press Trust of India | Press Trust of India
Press Trust of India (PTI), news agency cooperatively owned by Indian newspapers, which joined together to take over the management of the Associated Press of India and the Indian outlets of the Reuters news agency of Great Britain. It began operating in February 1949 and is headquartered in Mumba... |
bb374ee3bfb198a370711c853b384e31 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Priapus | Priapus | Priapus
Priapus, in Greek religion, a god of animal and vegetable fertility whose originally Asian cult started in the Hellespontine regions, centring especially on Lampsacus. He was represented in a caricature of the human form, grotesquely misshapen, with an enormous phallus. The ass was sacrificed in his honour, pr... |
ee2c33d3411b19a133362140058e1587 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/price-economics | Price | Price
Price, the amount of money that has to be paid to acquire a given product. Insofar as the amount people are prepared to pay for a product represents its value, price is also a measure of value.
It follows from the definition just stated that prices perform an economic function of major significance. So long as ... |
c095fa6b5f906a5f210f4966eba43d15 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/price-system/Limitations-and-failures-of-the-price-system | Limitations and failures of the price system | Limitations and failures of the price system
The price system is an extraordinarily powerful instrument in organizing an economic system, but it is subject to three broad classes of limitations.
Sometimes prices are not permitted to do their work. Monopolies are able to exert control over prices, and they use it, sensi... |
764aa2b09c3ce207abad22e221a05a8b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pride-and-Prejudice | Pride and Prejudice | Pride and Prejudice
Pride and Prejudice, romantic novel by Jane Austen, published anonymously in three volumes in 1813. A classic of English literature, written with incisive wit and superb character delineation, it centres on the turbulent relationship between Elizabeth Bennet, the daughter of a country gentleman, an... |
d92883a612c53d1e6a21b8630105d172 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/priesthood | Priesthood | Priesthood
Priesthood, the office of a priest, a ritual expert learned in a special knowledge of the technique of worship and accepted as a religious and spiritual leader.
Throughout the long and varied history of religion, the priesthood has been the official institution that has mediated and maintained a state of eq... |
689fa5fec565578e94693263930d88a5 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/primary-school | Primary school | Primary school
Primary school, in many countries, an elementary school. It is the preferred term in such countries as Great Britain and France (French école primaire) and in most publications of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. In the United States it is not a synonym but denotes... |
e19cbdad04ec6494e5716fa71efb6d34 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/primate-ecclesiastical-office | Primate | Primate
Primate, in Christianity, an ecclesiastical title for a bishop in some churches who has precedence over a number of other bishops. In the early church, it was one of several titles, including metropolitan, exarch, and patriarch, used to designate a chief bishop who had certain rights of superintendence over a... |
0119c661cc48cc0aca570986a03a21e4 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/primitive-culture | Primitive culture | Primitive culture
Primitive culture, in the lexicon of early anthropologists, any of numerous societies characterized by features that may include lack of a written language, relative isolation, small population, relatively simple social institutions and technology, and a generally slow rate of sociocultural change. I... |
cae4590025e4e1c9cfd4219817535980 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Primitive-Culture-by-Tylor | Primitive Culture | Primitive Culture
…chiefly upon the publication of Primitive Culture. In it he again traced a progressive development from a savage to a civilized state and pictured primitive man as an early philosopher applying his reason to explain events in the human and natural world that were beyond his control, even though his…
... |
b74e6b92e8fb9c66124de78763ff3be5 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/primitivism-philosophy | Primitivism | Primitivism
Primitivism, an outlook on human affairs that sees history as a decline from an erstwhile condition of excellence (chronological primitivism) or holds that salvation lies in a return to the simple life (cultural primitivism). Linked with this is the notion that what is natural should be a standard of human... |
0dafd2884070698a9afe6fabe42ea1c8 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/primordialist-approach | Primordialist approach | Primordialist approach
…of thought, known as the primordialist approach, explains ethnicity as a fixed characteristic of individuals and communities. According to primordialists, ethnicity is embedded in inherited biological attributes, a long history of practicing cultural differences, or both. Ethnic identity is seen... |
b9fe2c7ae317202e9076e105ef74dfbd | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Prince-Igor-opera-by-Borodin | Prince Igor | Prince Igor
Borodin’s incomplete Knyaz Igor (Prince Igor, his own libretto; completed and edited by Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov and Aleksandr Glazunov) was staged posthumously in St. Petersburg in 1890. Resembling the style of French grand opera, the work is notable for its use of an idiom based on Russian folk song and…
…... |
b109068538b2a507c4b8f7f67fddc755 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Prince-Lestat | Prince Lestat | Prince Lestat
…Farm (2002), Blood Canticle (2003), Prince Lestat (2014), Prince Lestat and the Realms of Atlantis (2016), and Blood Communion (2018). The novels focus largely on the ageless vampire Lestat and a fictitious history of vampires that begins in ancient Egypt. Rice maintained that vampires are “the perfect ... |
dda4c543463245558c79059b5bc094d9 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Prince-Lestat-and-the-Realms-of-Atlantis | Prince Lestat and the Realms of Atlantis | Prince Lestat and the Realms of Atlantis
Canticle (2003), Prince Lestat (2014), Prince Lestat and the Realms of Atlantis (2016), and Blood Communion (2018). The novels focus largely on the ageless vampire Lestat and a fictitious history of vampires that begins in ancient Egypt. Rice maintained that vampires are “the pe... |
57a33600a607cfce1472fd4b8bd0ba23 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/prince-of-Wales | Prince of Wales | Prince of Wales
Prince of Wales, title reserved exclusively for the heir apparent to the British throne. It dates from 1301, when King Edward I, after his conquest of Wales and execution (1283) of David III, the last native prince of Wales, gave the title to his son, the future Edward II. Since that time most, but not... |
a25945f8522a4a1d832de4a1d61ece44 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Prince-of-Wales-British-ship | Prince of Wales | Prince of Wales
…of Iceland, and the battleship Prince of Wales and battle cruiser Hood soon engaged it. After destroying the Hood with a shell that exploded in the magazine, the Bismarck escaped into the open sea and soon began heading for Brest in German-occupied France. Sighted by aircraft 30 hours later (May…
… and... |
3cdc238b3180228fd2d1fdf711275177 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/prince-title | Prince | Prince
Prince, feminine princess, a European title of rank, usually denoting a person exercising complete or almost complete sovereignty or a member of a royal family, but in some cases used to designate high-ranking nobles.
Although lordly vassals might conventionally be referred to as “princes,” the title of prince ... |
d7f43e9e3fc92bac01d5da3266c4ed85 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/princeps | Princeps | Princeps
Princeps, (Latin: “first one,” or “leader”) the unofficial title used by the Roman emperors from Augustus (reigned 27 bc–ad 14) to Diocletian (reigned ad 284–305). Thus this period in Roman history is known as the principate (principatus), whereas the government of the empire under Diocletian and his successo... |
71a0a4a08d56fd6bd0c35a0307f6fae2 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Princess-Mononoke | Princess Mononoke | Princess Mononoke
…stage for 1997’s Mononoke-hime (Princess Mononoke), a blockbuster that broke Japanese box-office records. The film revisited some of Miyazaki’s recurring themes, such as the conflict between human progress and natural order and the persistence of the spiritual world alongside the mundane. In addition... |
28947974fa4d86bf3a5fbd1cbca6a7ec | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Princeton-University | Princeton University | Princeton University
Princeton University, coeducational, privately endowed institution of higher learning at Princeton, New Jersey, U.S. It was founded as the College of New Jersey in 1746, making it the fourth oldest institution of higher education in the United States.
It was in Princeton’s Nassau Hall in 1783 that... |
57c694a81762f5db347f21bf3becff12 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/principate | Principate | Principate
…regime is known as the principate because he was the princeps, the first citizen, at the head of that array of outwardly revived republican institutions that alone made his autocracy palatable. With unlimited patience, skill, and efficiency, he overhauled every aspect of Roman life and brought durable peace... |
118fed117aa7e4dfe111597cc1726063 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/principle-of-personality | Principle of personality | Principle of personality
…law: the concept of legal personality and the theory of limited liability. Nearly all statutory rules are intended to protect either creditors or investors.
…ancient systems, originally adopted the principle of personality—that is, that the law of the state applied only to its citizens. Foreig... |
cefffd1f4dda92b1e80804571fa84367 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/printing-publishing/Typecasting-compositors-1880s | Typecasting compositors (1880s) | Typecasting compositors (1880s)
Finally, in the 1880s in the United States, German-born Ottmar Mergenthaler invented the Linotype, a typecasting compositor that cast a solid one-piece line, or slug, from movable matrices of each letter. Each of the matrices was individually notched so that it could return only to its p... |
6fd79f417fedb6395918117564915652 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Prison-and-Chocolate-Cake | Prison and Chocolate Cake | Prison and Chocolate Cake
…the United States—Sahgal first wrote Prison and Chocolate Cake (1954), an autobiographical memoir about her youth amid the Nehru family. She then turned to fiction, often setting her stories of personal conflict amid Indian political crises. In her fourth novel, The Day in Shadow (1971), for ... |
aaeac4adf6d093b42550e5aa0fabfff1 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Prison-Notebooks | Prison Notebooks | Prison Notebooks
…complete Quaderni del carcere (Prison Notebooks) appeared in 1975. Many of his propositions became a fundamental part of Western Marxist thought and influenced the post-World War II strategies of communist parties in the West. His reflections on the cultural and political concept of hegemony (notably ... |
7a1ca8df17da8a2dfaeb967a65500389 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/prisoner | Prisoner | Prisoner
…human rights, the concept of prisoners’ rights has been upheld by a number of international declarations and national constitutions. The underlying assumption—that people who are detained or imprisoned do not cease to be human beings, no matter how serious the associated crime—was expressed in the Internation... |
dbf6d0cfb0d4afa1ccad7b38fe199add | https://www.britannica.com/topic/prisoners-base | Prisoner's base | Prisoner's base
Prisoner’s base, also called base, bars, or prison bars, children’s game in which players of one team seek to tag and imprison players of the other team who venture out of their home territory, or base. Under the name of barres, this game is mentioned in 14th-century French writings and may have been o... |
c70c826ae5155971e0a78951ce700bf8 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/prisoners-dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma | Prisoner's dilemma
Prisoner’s dilemma, imaginary situation employed in game theory. One version is as follows. Two prisoners are accused of a crime. If one confesses and the other does not, the one who confesses will be released immediately and the other will spend 20 years in prison. If neither confesses, each will b... |
65e85905d1fd16c1bd124ed69738b5e4 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pritzker-family | Pritzker family | Pritzker family
Pritzker family, American family prominent in business and philanthropy during the later 20th century.
The family’s fortunes began with Abram Nicholas Pritzker (b. January 6, 1896, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.—d. February 8, 1986, Chicago), who was the son of a Ukrainian Jewish immigrant who had come to Chi... |
4bcae3fff1cf8f4a26973525288250be | https://www.britannica.com/topic/privatization | Privatization | Privatization
Privatization, transfer of government services or assets to the private sector. State-owned assets may be sold to private owners, or statutory restrictions on competition between privately and publicly owned enterprises may be lifted. Services formerly provided by government may be contracted out. The ob... |
e5a0a773accbe63c76af7c91331a6ae0 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pro-Plancio | Pro Plancio | Pro Plancio
…in the Pro Sulla and Pro Plancio, which Cicero sent to Pompey at the end of 63; Pompey hardly as much as acknowledged it, and Cicero was mocked about it in public later. Many letters were evidently suppressed for political reasons after Cicero’s death.
|
71edc9d1d7ff10f882c8c18a2cea9ec5 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/probable-word-method | Probable-word method | Probable-word method
…is commonly known as the probable-word method. In this approach, words that are thought most likely to occur in the text are subtracted from the cipher. For example, suppose that an encrypted message to President Jefferson Davis of the Confederate States of America was intercepted. Based on a stat... |
dc2e55a1a9f454d2afb7f632e9d3fc62 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/probation | Probation | Probation
Probation, correctional method under which the sentences of selected offenders may be conditionally suspended upon the promise of good behaviour and agreement to accept supervision and abide by specified requirements. Probation is distinct from parole, which involves conditional release from confinement aft... |
299ed080c01d1a6d43e91a85ad8cf9ae | https://www.britannica.com/topic/problem-of-evil | Problem of evil | Problem of evil
Problem of evil, problem in theology and the philosophy of religion that arises for any view that affirms the following three propositions: God is almighty, God is perfectly good, and evil exists.
An important statement of the problem of evil, attributed to Epicurus, was cited by the Scottish philosoph... |
3bcdd9d74e93a53981853dfcc97cbf1e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/problem-of-other-minds | Problem of other minds | Problem of other minds
Problem of other minds, in philosophy, the problem of justifying the commonsensical belief that others besides oneself possess minds and are capable of thinking or feeling somewhat as one does oneself. The problem has been discussed within both the analytic (Anglo-American) and the continental p... |
d42a5ad7ff7326c0fa06dda2c6f3293b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/procedural-law | Procedural law | Procedural law
Procedural law, also called adjective law, the law governing the machinery of the courts and the methods by which both the state and the individual (the latter including groups, whether incorporated or not) enforce their rights in the several courts. Procedural law prescribes the means of enforcing righ... |
21bb64d1a1a0083c3611f8daac17bc87 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/procedural-law/Criminal-procedure | Criminal procedure | Criminal procedure
The law of criminal procedure regulates the modes of apprehending, charging, and trying suspected offenders; the imposition of penalties on convicted offenders; and the methods of challenging the legality of conviction after judgment is entered. Litigation in this area frequently deals with conflicts... |
6143dc8dbd79d083424e3c744ea316c9 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Procter-and-Gamble-Company | Procter & Gamble Company | Procter & Gamble Company
Procter & Gamble Company, major American manufacturer of soaps, cleansers, and other household products. Headquarters are in Cincinnati, Ohio.
The company was formed in 1837 when William Procter, a British candlemaker, and James Gamble, an Irish soapmaker, merged their businesses in Cincinnati... |
0e9bef73fc8eeaf59945690e66940db6 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Procurator-Giovanni-Querini | Procurator Giovanni Querini | Procurator Giovanni Querini
…the superb portrait of the Procurator Giovanni Querini (?), owned by the Galleria Querini-Stampalia of Venice; it represents not only a man but also an undermined aristocracy destined to fall.
|
7d2b91c25b5dc264465bdeca5ce80b57 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/profession | Profession | Profession
Associated with Germany was the movement toward what may be called professionalism during the second half of the 19th century. Though Wolf’s example in founding a classical periodical in the vernacular had been followed elsewhere (e.g., the English Classical Journal, 1810–29), journals written primarily…
…or... |
a575786459727448470e7118e3b247f9 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Professional-Golfers-Association-of-America | Professional Golfers' Association of America | Professional Golfers' Association of America
Professional Golfers’ Association of America (PGA of America), organization formed in the United States in 1916 at the instigation of Rodman Wanamaker, a Philadelphia businessman, with the stated purpose of promoting interest in professional golf, elevating the standards of... |
b477ac4ba3ef255934a222d5fc7db3bf | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Professor-Moriarty | Professor Moriarty | Professor Moriarty
Professor Moriarty, original name in full James Moriarty, archcriminal nemesis of Sherlock Holmes in several detective stories and novels by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.
|
72726b3aa0b8ad835ceb1bafdff1edcb | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Programme-for-International-Student-Assessment | Programme for International Student Assessment | Programme for International Student Assessment
…eighth graders, and PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment), a triennial assessment of knowledge and skills of 15-year-olds, reinforced concerns in the United States. PISA 2006 results indicated that the United States had a comparatively large proportion of ... |
1bafe110221404bb4d822a618a2a03e6 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Progressive-Conservative-Party-of-Canada | Progressive Conservative Party of Canada | Progressive Conservative Party of Canada
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada, byname Conservative Party, French Parti Progressiste-Conservateur du Canada, former national political party in Canada, historically (with the Liberal Party of Canada) one of Canada’s two major parties. In the 1990s, however, its suppor... |
386f48fad09035e9a17e89a8a2dbf966 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Progressive-Democrats | Progressive Democrats | Progressive Democrats
Progressive Democrats, conservative political party that was founded in 1985 as a result of a split within Ireland’s major party, Fianna Fáil, and that officially dissolved in 2009.
The Progressive Democrat party was launched on Dec. 21, 1985, principally by Desmond O’Malley, who sought to “break... |
103ef9d92e7ec8fe3f13e38154138686 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Progressive-Party-of-the-Working-People | Progressive Party of the Working People | Progressive Party of the Working People
…of the Working People (Anorthotiko Komma Ergazomenou Laou; AKEL), founded in 1941. A pro-Moscow communist party that controlled the principal trade union federation, it received about one-third of the vote in the first 25 years of the Republic of Cyprus. Following the collapse o... |
846a66f9b8f3c136fb630100634d0e3c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Prohibition-Party | Prohibition Party | Prohibition Party
Prohibition Party, oldest minor U.S. political party still in existence. It was founded in 1869 to campaign for legislation to prohibit the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors, and from time to time has nominated candidates for state and local office in nearly every state of the Union. Rura... |
017deedacb59dbed8e10ba0ce379fc49 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Project-for-a-Perpetual-Peace | Project for a Perpetual Peace | Project for a Perpetual Peace
In Project for a Perpetual Peace (1795), Kant envisioned the establishment of a zone of peace among states constituted as republics. Although he explicitly equated democracy with despotism, contemporary scholars claim that Kant’s definition of republicanism, which emphasizes the representa... |
6cdff5cbc853910c2a218caaa5699079 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Project-Grudge | Project Grudge | Project Grudge
…Project Sign was succeeded by Project Grudge, which in 1952 was itself replaced by the longest-lived of the official inquiries into UFOs, Project Blue Book, headquartered at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio. From 1952 to 1969 Project Blue Book compiled reports of more than 12,000 sighting... |
2455e98f79383937145ce351ab284ece | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Project-Mac | Project MAC | Project MAC
Project MAC, in full Project on Mathematics and Computation, a collaborative computer endeavour in the 1960s that sought to to create a functional time-sharing system. Project MAC, founded in 1963 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), was funded by the U.S. Department of Defense’s Advanced Re... |
3ee778b2f955e41bdeebf2449544b424 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/projectivism | Projectivism | Projectivism
…to a version of “projectivism,” according to which, in making such statements, one is not seeking to correctly describe features of a mind-independent world but is merely projecting one’s own responses and attitudes onto it.
|
4f8a96fac1f733b657dffa4fefa61238 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/proletariat | Proletariat | Proletariat
Proletariat, the lowest or one of the lowest economic and social classes in a society.
In ancient Rome the proletariat consisted of the poor landless freemen. It included artisans and small tradesmen who had been gradually impoverished by the extension of slavery. The proletariat (literally meaning “produc... |
632f2b2a9389b1650b26dd9b9298e371 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Propaedia | Propædia | Propædia
…Macropædia: Knowledge in Depth, and Propædia: Outline of Knowledge. The articles in the Micropædia tended to be short, specific, and unsigned and were followed (until 1985) by index references to related content elsewhere in the set. The Micropædia also included brief summaries of the longer, broader Macropæd... |
1d8402eb8d22b588188e6644f26e96e0 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/propaganda/Measurement-of-the-effects-of-propaganda | Measurement of the effects of propaganda | Measurement of the effects of propaganda
The modern world is overrun with all kinds of competing propaganda and counterpropaganda and a vast variety of other symbolic activities, such as education, publishing, news reporting, and patriotic and religious observances. The problem of distinguishing between the effects of ... |
7632982da9fe0f838383978f46a5864b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/propaganda/Signs-symbols-and-media-used-in-contemporary-propaganda | Signs, symbols, and media used in contemporary propaganda | Signs, symbols, and media used in contemporary propaganda
Contemporary propagandists with money and imagination can use a very wide range of signs, symbols, and media to convey their messages. Signs are simply stimuli—“information bits” capable of stimulating, in some way, the human organism. These include sounds, such... |
49c1ed23ec83a7276021bd3903b325ad | https://www.britannica.com/topic/property-law/Property-law-and-the-Western-concept-of-private-property | Property law and the Western concept of private property | Property law and the Western concept of private property
In classical Roman law (c. ad 1–ad 250) the sum of rights, privileges, and powers a legal person could have in a thing was called dominium, ownership, or, less frequently, proprietas (though frequently enough for it to be clear that the two words were synonyms as... |
14eb9e3ab8dfdb14a4699cdfc82cb9e7 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/prophecy | Prophecy | Prophecy
Prophecy, in religion, a divinely inspired revelation or interpretation. Although prophecy is perhaps most commonly associated with Judaism and Christianity, it is found throughout the religions of the world, both ancient and modern.
In its narrower sense, the term prophet (Greek prophētēs, “forthteller”) ref... |
12b6a1506a37e2260f59a1f9ab46de22 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/proportional-punishment | Proportional punishment | Proportional punishment
…idea that punishments should be proportionate to the gravity of the crime, a principle of practical importance. If all punishments were the same, there would be no incentive to commit the lesser rather than the greater offense. The offender might as well use violence against the victim of a the... |
206f8ddadd4a3e22917f9cbcf22112d9 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/proposition | Proposition | Proposition
It was noted above that understanding is a relation that someone can bear to a thought. But what sort of thing is a thought? This is a topic of enormous controversy, but one can begin to get a grasp of it by noticing that…
…of as applying to “propositions,” which may be thought of as the contents, or meanin... |
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