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8e07a85f7e65a036a4417ba28ff081e9 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/propositional-calculus | Propositional calculus | Propositional calculus
Propositional calculus, also called Sentential Calculus, in logic, symbolic system of treating compound and complex propositions and their logical relationships. As opposed to the predicate calculus, the propositional calculus employs simple, unanalyzed propositions rather than terms or noun exp... |
1e9bda927793b8470ac0591220a195b0 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/proscription | Proscription | Proscription
Proscription, Latin proscriptio, plural proscriptiones, in ancient Rome, a posted notice listing Roman citizens who had been declared outlaws and whose goods were confiscated. Rewards were offered to anyone killing or betraying the proscribed, and severe penalties were inflicted on anyone harbouring them.... |
0b7e32e90683a81ca2c94189e3c2d1b7 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/prosecutor | Prosecutor | Prosecutor
Prosecutor, government official charged with bringing defendants in criminal cases to justice in the name of the state. Although responsibilities vary from one jurisdiction to another, many prosecutors are in charge of all phases of a criminal proceeding, from investigation by the police through trial and b... |
3b64d155709ec1d126e79dab9ce780be | https://www.britannica.com/topic/prostitution | Prostitution | Prostitution
Prostitution, the practice of engaging in relatively indiscriminate sexual activity, in general with someone who is not a spouse or a friend, in exchange for immediate payment in money or other valuables. Prostitutes may be female or male or transgender, and prostitution may entail heterosexual or homosex... |
bc94df867ae091786717864b080a7b70 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/protectionism | Protectionism | Protectionism
Protectionism, policy of protecting domestic industries against foreign competition by means of tariffs, subsidies, import quotas, or other restrictions or handicaps placed on the imports of foreign competitors. Protectionist policies have been implemented by many countries despite the fact that virtuall... |
d2a164caf91232fcee8059ec5f388f0e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Protestantism/Events-under-Charles-I | Events under Charles I | Events under Charles I
Despite the presence of controversy, Puritan and non-Puritan Protestants under Elizabeth and James had been united by adherence to a broadly Calvinistic theology of grace. Much of Whitgift’s restraint in handling Puritans, for instance, can be traced to the prevailing Calvinist consensus he share... |
4625ba928e3d5367deed86a9bf9a3d23 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Protestantism/The-Anabaptists | The Anabaptists | The Anabaptists
The radicals restricted their biblicism to the New Testament and espoused three tenets that have come to be axiomatic in the United States: the separation of church and state, the voluntary church, and religious liberty. They called themselves Baptists but were called Anabaptists by their enemies becaus... |
0792380aed8b3bc8ee3e9a285059df1c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Protestantism/The-role-of-John-Knox | The role of John Knox | The role of John Knox
In Scotland the Reformation is associated with the name of John Knox, who declared that one celebration of the mass is worse than a cup of poison. He faced the very real threat that Mary, Queen of Scots, would do for Scotland what Mary Tudor had done for England. Therefore, Knox defied her in pers... |
24eacdb536dfce85204169fd93ae90c6 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Proto-Semitic-language | Proto-Semitic language | Proto-Semitic language
, Proto-Chadic or Proto-Semitic), or a hypothetical common sound of origin. Languages are said to be genetically related when they meet two criteria: they match in phonology, vocabulary, and grammar in such a way that they can be systematically related to a common protolanguage, and the matches c... |
23b8934e60d7ca9c16b61a8805e63a93 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Protocols-of-the-Elders-of-Zion | Protocols of the Elders of Zion | Protocols of the Elders of Zion
Protocols of the Elders of Zion, also called Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion, fraudulent document that served as a pretext and rationale for anti-Semitism mainly in the early 20th century. The document purported to be a report of a series of 24 (in other versions, 27) meetings h... |
7df6ee4071e87b226214caac97fa6392 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Providence-Plantation | Providence Plantation | Providence Plantation
…to become one colony called Providence Plantation in Narragansett Bay.
…commission, which in 1644 incorporated Providence Plantations, afterward Rhode Island. In this office he attempted to secure a guarantee of religious liberty in the colonies. The city of Warwick, R.I., is named for him.
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5e2db9915a82f32f76c523924682f045 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Providence-theology | Providence | Providence
Providence, the quality in divinity on which humankind bases the belief in a benevolent intervention in human affairs and the affairs of the world. The forms that this belief takes differ, depending on the context of the religion and the culture in which they function.
In one view, the concept of providence... |
c25b3a31f2b5eb6a452b109b670eff26 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/pruning | Pruning | Pruning
Pruning, in horticulture, the removal or reduction of parts of a plant, tree, or vine that are not requisite to growth or production, are no longer visually pleasing, or are injurious to the health or development of the plant. Pruning is common practice in orchard and vineyard management for the improvement of... |
776c7d7f4d426089109cfcd8fadda08f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/PSA-Peugeot-Citroen-SA | PSA Group | PSA Group
PSA Group, French Groupe PSA, formerly PSA Peugeot Citroën, major French automotive manufacturer and holding company that was formed from the merger of Peugeot and Citroën in 1976. It is one of Europe’s largest carmakers. Its headquarters are in Paris.
Peugeot’s origins trace to 1810, when brothers Jean-Pier... |
3cdfb2ba426cac31df8cc601c23b8620 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/psychocultural-interpretation-theory | Psychocultural interpretation theory | Psychocultural interpretation theory
…Marc Howard Ross, drawing on psychocultural interpretation theory, defines ethnic identity as originating in “shared, deeply rooted worldviews” that shape group members’ relationships with others, their actions, and their motives. Ethnic identity cannot be changed, only made more ... |
764ab2262221f1e60eeb2de4d2867986 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ptolemaic-dynasty | Ptolemaic dynasty | Ptolemaic dynasty
Until the day when he openly assumed an independent kingship as Ptolemy I Soter, on November 7, 305 bce, Ptolemy used only the title satrap of Egypt, but the great hieroglyphic Satrap stela, which he had inscribed in 311 bce, indicates a degree…
Under the Ptolemies, whose rule followed Alexander’s, pr... |
83d8b95dbfafb597a7b7d8d35b98578c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/public-administration | Public administration | Public administration
Public administration, the implementation of government policies. Today public administration is often regarded as including also some responsibility for determining the policies and programs of governments. Specifically, it is the planning, organizing, directing, coordinating, and controlling of... |
aa01de5eb900b077ba1f118de8879574 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/public-bad | Public bad | Public bad
A public bad is similarly defined to be a “bad” that is non-excludable and nondepletable. For example, polluted air is a public bad, for the same reasons that clean air is a public good.
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3d4e391c1265eae20917a6da6399d5a3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/public-education | Public education | Public education
…services, the right to a public education, and the right to use public facilities. Civil rights are an essential component of democracy; when individuals are being denied opportunities to participate in political society, they are being denied their civil rights. In contrast to civil liberties, which ... |
34fe66fcef127e17503ea93e79a75400 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Public-Enemy | Public Enemy | Public Enemy
Public Enemy, American rap group whose dense, layered sound and radical political message made them among the most popular, controversial, and influential hip-hop artists of the late 1980s and early ’90s. The original members were Chuck D (original name Carlton Ridenhour; b. August 1, 1960, Queens, New Yo... |
99dfac8144c1a74d238ce364d12fc30a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/public-housing | Public housing | Public housing
Public housing, form of government-subsidized housing. Public housing often provides homes to people who earn significantly less than the average national income, though some countries do not set income ceilings. Public housing projects, which usually take the form of large apartment complexes situated ... |
94a247f7bb6c5abac0a0f434cebac9e2 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/public-investment | Public investment | Public investment
Public investment, investment by the state in particular assets, whether through central or local governments or through publicly owned industries or corporations.
Public investment has arisen historically from the need to provide certain goods, infrastructure, or services that are deemed to be of vi... |
a7267e16f83dd82d28b20a004743aa9c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/public-law | Public law | Public law
…found in the area of public law. England has no written constitution and restricts judicial review, whereas every court in the United States possesses the power to pass judgment on the conformity of legislation and on other official actions to constitutional norms. Throughout the 20th century and beyond, ma... |
c63ba0ef48e7a6cc853ec122bddb6099 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/public-opinion | Public opinion | Public opinion
Public opinion, an aggregate of the individual views, attitudes, and beliefs about a particular topic, expressed by a significant proportion of a community. Some scholars treat the aggregate as a synthesis of the views of all or a certain segment of society; others regard it as a collection of many diff... |
69e03c36531403596f958cf3f9808754 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/public-opinion-poll | Opinion poll | Opinion poll
Opinion poll, a method for collecting information about the views or beliefs of a given group. Information from an opinion poll can shed light on and potentially allow inferences to be drawn about certain attributes of a larger population.
Opinion polls typically involve a sample of respondents, drawn to ... |
02a9270c8bc1b0e85c618adc1f74723f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/public-sector | Public sector | Public sector
Public sector, portion of the economy composed of all levels of government and government-controlled enterprises. It does not include private companies, voluntary organizations, and households.
The general definition of the public sector includes government ownership or control rather than mere function ... |
33299cd7614488878015331d00fd6fca | https://www.britannica.com/topic/publishing | History of publishing | History of publishing
History of publishing, an account of the selection, preparation, and marketing of printed matter from its origins in ancient times to the present. The activity has grown from small beginnings into a vast and complex industry responsible for the dissemination of all manner of cultural material; it... |
44edcfb2d928e1db4261d421b866fda9 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/publishing/The-first-newspapers | The first newspapers | The first newspapers
Newspaper development can be seen in three phases: first, the sporadic forerunners, gradually moving toward regular publication; second, more or less regular journals but liable to suppression and subject to censorship and licensing; and, third, a phase in which direct censorship was abandoned but ... |
7e2a2b9ca58625fec6979ea2e78104f0 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/pukka | Pukka | Pukka
…classes of housing in Pakistan: pukka houses, built of substantial material such as stone, brick, cement, concrete, or timber; katchi (or kuchha [“ramshackle”]) houses, constructed of less-durable material (e.g., mud, bamboo, reeds, or thatch); and semi-pukka houses, which are a mix between the two. Housing stoc... |
5b3bfaae9c16af63d751890f172abf00 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pulitzer-Prize | Pulitzer Prize | Pulitzer Prize
Pulitzer Prize, any of a series of annual prizes awarded by Columbia University, New York City, for outstanding public service and achievement in American journalism, letters, and music. Fellowships are also awarded. The prizes, originally endowed with a gift of $500,000 from the newspaper magnate Josep... |
01a19f0705e0be66d82e9f7a43645cb4 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pullman-Palace-Car-Company | Pullman Palace Car Company | Pullman Palace Car Company
…and maids employed by the Pullman Company, a manufacturer and operator of railroad cars. The BSCP embodied Randolph’s belief that segregation and racism were linked to the unfair distribution of wealth and power that condemned tens of millions of black and white Americans to chronic misery.
... |
93be4dea226fb7cf8b0b7d09d5d1eb8e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Punch-British-periodical | Punch | Punch
Punch, in full Punch, orthe London Charivari, English illustrated periodical published from 1841 to 1992 and 1996 to 2002, famous for its satiric humour and caricatures and cartoons. The first editors, of what was then a weekly radical paper, were Henry Mayhew, Mark Lemon, and Joseph Stirling Coyne. Among the mo... |
dfb253f10e9d9f75cf8f71a9fdfc5f5e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/punitive-damages | Punitive damages | Punitive damages
Punitive damages, also called exemplary damages, legal damages a judge or a jury may grant a plaintiff to punish and make an example of the defendant. Punitive damages are generally meted out in only the most extreme circumstances, usually in breaches of obligation with significant evidence of oppress... |
be638d86bcd0daee6b2e05dd7715457b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Purana | Purana | Purana
Purana, (Sanskrit: “Ancient”) in the sacred literature of Hinduism, any of a number of popular encyclopaedic collections of myth, legend, and genealogy, varying greatly as to date and origin.
Puranas were written almost entirely in narrative couplets, in much the same easy flowing style as the two great Sanskri... |
6def90717f852db9d2b351f81df00b91 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/purchasing-power | Purchasing power | Purchasing power
…units—not in units of constant purchasing power. Changes in purchasing power—that is, changes in the average level of prices of goods and services—have two effects. First, net monetary assets (essentially cash and receivables minus liabilities calling for fixed monetary payments) lose purchasing power... |
6490a50af55dae4b6fe1671fdcf11190 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Purim | Purim | Purim
Purim, (Hebrew: “Lots”) English Feast of Lots, a joyous Jewish festival commemorating the survival of the Jews who, in the 5th century bce, were marked for death by their Persian rulers. The story is related in the biblical Book of Esther. Purim is celebrated on Friday, February 26, 2021.
Haman, chief minister o... |
963fcedba91401f2eb2d85bca4c5b7ae | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Puritanism | Puritanism | Puritanism
Puritanism, a religious reform movement in the late 16th and 17th centuries that sought to “purify” the Church of England of remnants of the Roman Catholic “popery” that the Puritans claimed had been retained after the religious settlement reached early in the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. Puritans became not... |
c7e0b9e6fc457da30aa15475d89d87c4 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Purple-Heart | Purple Heart | Purple Heart
Purple Heart, the first U.S. military decoration, instituted by General George Washington in 1782 and awarded for bravery in action. The records show that only three men received it during the American Revolution, all of them noncommissioned officers. Two of these coveted badges still exist. The original ... |
45a362802f2365ee6089cad981d993fd | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pushkin-Fine-Arts-Museum | Pushkin Fine Arts Museum | Pushkin Fine Arts Museum
Pushkin Fine Arts Museum, formally State Fine Arts Museum in the Name of A.S. Pushkin, Russian Gosudarstvenny Muzey Izobrazitelnykh Iskusstv Imini A.S. Pushkina, collection in Moscow, Russia, of ancient and medieval art and western European painting, sculpture, and graphic arts. It was founded... |
095def7295e81c48dfe29b8bfe523b0c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Putnam-family-American-colonial-family | Putnam family | Putnam family
…Town’s wealthy merchants, and the Putnams, who sought greater autonomy for the village and were the standard-bearers for the less-prosperous farm families. Squabbles over property were commonplace, and litigiousness was rampant.
…to be enemies of the Putnams, and Putnam family members and in-laws would e... |
10cbeede81fe7a86930b43f8aec33810 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pygmalion | Pygmalion | Pygmalion
Pygmalion, in Greek mythology, a king who was the father of Metharme and, through her marriage to Cinyras, the grandfather of Adonis, according to Apollodorus of Athens. The Roman poet Ovid, in his Metamorphoses, Book X, relates that Pygmalion, a sculptor, makes an ivory statue representing his ideal of woma... |
aceb1f6667444637da1da0a6570ce245 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pygmalion-play-by-Shaw | Pygmalion | Pygmalion
Pygmalion, romance in five acts by George Bernard Shaw, produced in German in 1913 in Vienna. It was performed in England in 1914, with Mrs. Patrick Campbell as Eliza Doolittle. The play is a humane comedy about love and the English class system.
Henry Higgins, a phonetician, accepts a bet that simply by cha... |
e32035071a8a691772052713e9d0a360 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Q-biblical-literature | Q | Q
Q, in the study of biblical literature, a hypothetical Greek-language proto-Gospel that might have been in circulation in written form about the time of the composition of the Synoptic Gospels—Mark, Matthew, and Luke—approximately between 65 and ad 95. The name Q, coined by the German theologian and biblical scholar... |
de9d7d59bcdc3f2efd0406c968a7cfa2 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Qajar-dynasty | Qājār dynasty | Qājār dynasty
Qājār dynasty, the ruling dynasty of Iran from 1794 to 1925.
In 1779, following the death of Moḥammad Karīm Khān Zand, the Zand dynasty ruler of southern Iran, Āghā Moḥammad Khān (reigned 1779–97), a leader of the Turkmen Qājār tribe, set out to reunify Iran. By 1794 he had eliminated all his rivals, inc... |
0177c0a8e7bc9a569365efa025b91a44 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Qarakhanid-dynasty | Qarakhanid Dynasty | Qarakhanid Dynasty
Qarakhanid Dynasty, also spelled Karakhanid, also called Ilek Khanid, Turkic dynasty (999–1211) that ruled in Transoxania in Central Asia.
The Qarakhanids, who belonged to the Qarluq tribal confederation, became prominent during the 9th century. With the disintegration of the Iranian Sāmānid dynasty... |
38fd41e481ac98bd131a7bffcd783821 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/qi-Chinese-philosophy | Qi | Qi
Qi, (Chinese: “steam,” “breath,” “vital energy,” “vital force,” “material force,” “matter-energy,” “organic material energy,” or “pneuma”) Wade-Giles romanization ch’i, in Chinese philosophy, medicine, and religion, the psychophysical energies that permeate the universe.
Early Daoist philosophers and alchemists, wh... |
b9baa9333d0fcc92db71d7a0847fff85 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Qin-dynasty | Qin dynasty | Qin dynasty
Qin dynasty, Qin also spelled Kin or (Wade-Giles romanization) Ch’in, dynasty that established the first great Chinese empire. The Qin—which lasted only from 221 to 207 bce but from which the name China is derived—established the approximate boundaries and basic administrative system that all subsequent Ch... |
85384f0a55feabd082472eed9a08ea65 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quarter-Day | Quarter days | Quarter days
Quarter days, the days that begin each quarter of the year. In England they are March 25 (Lady Day), June 24 (Midsummer Day), September 29 (Michaelmas Day), and December 25 (Christmas Day). Some local variations of these dates are found. They are the days on which it is usually contracted that rents shoul... |
e1df947ceda8fa9ab8975b783d977dd3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quechua | Quechua | Quechua
Quechua, Quechua Runa, South American Indians living in the Andean highlands from Ecuador to Bolivia. They speak many regional varieties of Quechua, which was the language of the Inca empire (though it predates the Inca) and which later became the lingua franca of the Spanish and Indians throughout the Andes.
... |
ced6dbbc19f8f3b1985af6e7f229f6f6 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Queens-Bench-Division | Queen's Bench Division | Queen's Bench Division
Queen’s Bench Division, also called (during a kingship) King’s Bench Division, formerly Court of Queen’s Bench, in England and Wales, one of three divisions of the High Court of Justice, the others being the Chancery Division (formerly the Court of Chancery) and the Family Division. Formerly one... |
4225d1d08812fc8f46bcd33e00eafb1d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/question | Question | Question
…(high final pitch), indicates a question.
The logic of questions and answers, also known as erotetic logic, can be approached in different ways. The most general approach treats it as a branch of epistemic logic. The connection is mediated by what are known as the “desiderata” of questions. Given a direct que... |
315fab49c7faf5298eed9d12c0806187 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/QuickTime | QuickTime | QuickTime
QuickTime, file-compression and translation format developed by Apple Computer that facilitates the distribution of audio-visual material over computer networks such as the Internet and contributes to the multimedia environment of the World Wide Web (the leading information retrieval service of the Internet)... |
8abd01f592f77aea9a7b8eaa95ca92d3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/quilombo | Quilombo | Quilombo
Quilombo, also called mocambo, in colonial Brazil, a community organized by fugitive slaves. Quilombos were located in inaccessible areas and usually consisted of fewer than 100 people who survived by farming and raiding. The largest and most famous was Palmares, which grew into an autonomous republic and by ... |
661c0193e9cf3fe9e6c8e2b9a34fc6a5 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quo-Vadis-film-by-LeRoy | Quo Vadis | Quo Vadis
Quo Vadis (1951), MGM’s \$7 million epic about the persecution of Christians under the Roman emperor Nero, had actually been initiated in 1949 with John Huston directing, but LeRoy took over the production, which was filmed on location in Rome over six grueling months. The…
…the Roman emperor Nero in Quo Vadi... |
2936d8a9c10a07235419b8db9d1c84d4 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Quran | Qurʾān | Qurʾān
Qurʾān, (Arabic: “Recitation”) also spelled Quran and Koran, the sacred scripture of Islam. According to conventional Islamic belief, the Qurʾān was revealed by the angel Gabriel to the Prophet Muhammad in the West Arabian towns Mecca and Medina beginning in 610 and ending with Muhammad’s death in 632 ce. The w... |
ad89e8f6b88c68c2919cbfe29a768fdf | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rabbinic-Judaism | Rabbinic Judaism | Rabbinic Judaism
Rabbinic Judaism, the normative form of Judaism that developed after the fall of the Temple of Jerusalem (ad 70). Originating in the work of the Pharisaic rabbis, it was based on the legal and commentative literature in the Talmud, and it set up a mode of worship and a life discipline that were to be ... |
0f29b3fc4a607109a71f7677e0b6391d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/race-human | Race | Race
Race, the idea that the human species is divided into distinct groups on the basis of inherited physical and behavioral differences. Genetic studies in the late 20th century refuted the existence of biogenetically distinct races, and scholars now argue that “races” are cultural interventions reflecting specific a... |
6aa5c6ef59ba1040862239f7b56b29fb | https://www.britannica.com/topic/race-human/Gobineaus-Essay-on-the-Inequality-of-Human-Races | Gobineau’s Essay on the Inequality of Human Races | Gobineau’s Essay on the Inequality of Human Races
The most important promoter of racial ideology in Europe during the mid-19th century was Joseph-Arthur, comte de Gobineau, who had an almost incalculable effect on late 19th-century social theory. Published in 1853–55, his Essay on the Inequality of Human Races was wide... |
6bc0fbb39a0e94678549d835c3edd075 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/race-human/Hereditarian-ideology-and-European-constructions-of-race | Hereditarian ideology and European constructions of race | Hereditarian ideology and European constructions of race
Inheritance as the basis of individual social position is an ancient tenet of human history, extending to some point after the beginnings of agriculture (about 10,000 bce). Expressions of it are found throughout the world in kinship-based societies where genealog... |
7d7845467dcfeeb60e3b68c982ee2dec | https://www.britannica.com/topic/race-human/Indias-caste-system | India’s caste system | India’s caste system
India has a huge population encompassing many obvious physical variations, from light skins to some of the darkest in the world and a wide variety of hair textures and facial features. Such variations there, as elsewhere, are a product of natural selection in tropical and semitropical environments,... |
e6b882bde7e770d35ae5caac78cfeea5 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/race-human/Scientific-classifications-of-race | Scientific classifications of race | Scientific classifications of race
In publications issued from 1735 to 1759, Linnaeus classified all the then-known animal forms. He included humans with the primates and established the use of both genus and species terms for identification of all animals. For the human species, he introduced the still-current scienti... |
78ebba3226d5ce863b75dd37253a39dc | https://www.britannica.com/topic/race-human/The-history-of-the-idea-of-race | The history of the idea of race | The history of the idea of race
Race as a categorizing term referring to human beings was first used in the English language in the late 16th century. Until the 18th century it had a generalized meaning similar to other classifying terms such as type, sort, or kind. Occasional literature of Shakespeare’s time referred ... |
10e78ea0264466b646a51602aec71f63 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/radical-feminism | Radical feminism | Radical feminism
…approach taken by liberal feminism, radical feminism aimed to reshape society and restructure its institutions, which they saw as inherently patriarchal. Providing the core theory for modern feminism, radicals argued that women’s subservient role in society was too closely woven into the social fabric... |
336b708d0298632545f5782f1a796fb3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Radical-Party-political-party-France | Radical Party | Radical Party
…as a member of the Radical Party from Vaucluse département. Daladier quickly made his mark in Paris. In June 1924 he joined the first Herriot government as the minister of colonies. In the turbulent years from 1925 to 1933 he served in several different Cabinets as minister of war, minister…
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8e0eed8999bce94e42d8b9b1163faab3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Radical-Socialist-Party | Radical-Socialist Party | Radical-Socialist Party
Radical-Socialist Party, in full Radical Republican and Radical-Socialist Party, French Parti Radical, French in full Parti Républicain Radical et Radical-Socialiste, the oldest of the French political parties, officially founded in 1901 but tracing back to “radical” groups of the 19th century.... |
d8609d135b62a76aa371c7970026e10a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/radio | Radio | Radio
Radio, sound communication by radio waves, usually through the transmission of music, news, and other types of programs from single broadcast stations to multitudes of individual listeners equipped with radio receivers. From its birth early in the 20th century, broadcast radio astonished and delighted the public... |
bb8e346d5c4cfd365635a01dd61cf08e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Radziwill-family | Radziwiłł family | Radziwiłł family
Radziwiłł family, an important Polish–Lithuanian princely family that played a significant role in Polish–Lithuanian history.
Prince Mikołaj I (d. 1509) started a long line of Radziwiłł palatines of Wilno (Vilnius) when he was named to that post in 1492; he was chancellor of Lithuania at the same time... |
d6743d51695b5ec16cf44d76bacf7828 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Raiders-of-the-Lost-Ark | Raiders of the Lost Ark | Raiders of the Lost Ark
…Belushi and Dan Aykroyd—Spielberg directed Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981), a loving, expert (if slightly redundant) tribute to old adventure serials. The film and its sequels, which starred Harrison Ford as handsome archaeologist Indiana Jones, used rich colour cinematography, brisk editing, me... |
bc22e6d4fe753b29e9675a7c86c91262 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Railroad-Tycoon | Railroad Tycoon | Railroad Tycoon
Railroad Tycoon, train business simulation game created by American game designer Sid Meier and the electronic game manufacturer MicroProse Software. The title debuted in 1990 and helped launch the successful Tycoon line of games. The game was praised for its unique premise, which combined attributes o... |
42fc829280079b3f63042b89687425a9 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Railway-Labor-Act | Railway Labor Act | Railway Labor Act
Passage of the Railway Labor Act by the U.S. Congress in May 1926 provided cause for optimism for Randolph and the porters. The act stipulated that all disputes over wages, rules, and working conditions involving railroad workers were to be settled promptly through negotiations between labour and mana... |
eeb5b0fd6f986cf1b8e21782606c55fc | https://www.britannica.com/topic/raisin | Raisin | Raisin
Raisin, dried fruit of certain varieties of grape. Raisin grapes were grown as early as 2000 bc in Persia and Egypt, and dried grapes are mentioned in the Bible (Numbers 6:3) during the time of Moses. David (Israel’s future king) was presented with “a hundred clusters of raisins” (1 Samuel 25:18), probably som... |
69eed52fea7c4ecced8cd61b9c29f8a6 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/rajjuka | Rajjuka | Rajjuka
…rural areas, such as the rajjukas (surveyors), combined judicial functions with assessment duties. Fines constituted the most common form of punishment, although capital punishment was imposed in extreme cases. Provinces were subdivided into districts and these again into smaller units. The village was the bas... |
1dc772efd43fff82dbfe92ac5ed5384d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ram-Raiyas | Rām Rāiyā | Rām Rāiyā
Rām Rāiyā, member of a group of dissenters within Sikhism, a religion of India. The Rām Rāiyās are descendants of Rām Rāī, the eldest son of Gurū Har Rāī (1630–61), who was sent by his father as an emissary to the Mughal capital at Delhi. There he won the confidence of the emperor Aurangzeb but the displeas... |
8fb74fb0cf9f6c26fdf887941562da39 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rama-Hindu-deity | Rama | Rama
Rama, one of the most widely worshipped Hindu deities, the embodiment of chivalry and virtue. Although there are three Ramas mentioned in Indian tradition—Parashurama, Balarama, and Ramachandra—the name is specifically associated with Ramachandra, the seventh incarnation (avatar) of Vishnu. His story is told brie... |
e5dc3cad65057b95cde284fd2fee24d6 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramayana-Indian-epic | Ramayana | Ramayana
Ramayana, (Sanskrit: “Rama’s Journey”) shorter of the two great epic poems of India, the other being the Mahabharata (“Great Epic of the Bharata Dynasty”). The Ramayana was composed in Sanskrit, probably not before 300 bce, by the poet Valmiki and in its present form consists of some 24,000 couplets divided i... |
719bc1993b6586d84a8daac2f8ca8d62 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rambo-Last-Blood | Rambo: Last Blood | Rambo: Last Blood
… (2008; Stallone also directed), and Rambo: Last Blood (2019)—all of which featured physical prowess, dazzling special effects, and constant action. Stallone continued that formula in such thrillers as Demolition Man (1993), Cliffhanger (1993), which he also cowrote, The Specialist (1994), Assassins ... |
9fa8ea656f2fd19523f88c96c6e2257c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramcharitmanas | Ramcharitmanas | Ramcharitmanas
Ramcharitmanas, (Hindi: “Sacred Lake of the Acts of Rama”) version, written in a dialect of Hindi, of the Sanskrit epic poem the Ramayana, one of the masterpieces of medieval Hindu literature and a work with significant influence on modern Hinduism. Written in the 16th century by the poet Tulsidas, the ... |
d63fc37acc13cf2cd4e1241759158acf | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ran | Ran | Ran
Kurosawa’s next film, Ran (1985; “Chaos”), was an even more successful samurai epic. An adaptation of Shakespeare’s King Lear set in 16th-century Japan, the film uses sons instead of daughters as the aging monarch’s ungrateful children. Ran was acclaimed as one of Kurosawa’s greatest films in the grandeur…
…five fi... |
19d07c0ad6e9b1d1f46988ff395037ad | https://www.britannica.com/topic/rand-South-African-currency | Rand | Rand
Rand, monetary unit of South Africa. Each rand is divided into 100 cents. The South African Reserve Bank has the exclusive authority to issue coins and banknotes in the country. Coins range in denomination from 5 cents to 50 rand. Banknotes are denominated in values from 10 to 200 rand. During the apartheid era, ... |
814a9d1079b9cf9cfc93eaf23ffda6e3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/random-matrix | Random matrix | Random matrix
…models using what are called random matrices. These are square arrays of numbers in which each number is chosen at random, perhaps in conformity with some appropriate general requirement on the property of the resulting matrix. Random matrices studied in physics have statistical properties similar to the... |
8c0b703c913ef9859afae76c186e24d7 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/random-variable | Random variable | Random variable
Random variable, In statistics, a function that can take on either a finite number of values, each with an associated probability, or an infinite number of values, whose probabilities are summarized by a density function. Used in studying chance events, it is defined so as to account for all possible o... |
537475f6946661d120f6321ba229952e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rango-animated-film | Rango | Rango
In the animated western Rango (2011), Depp provided the voice of the title character, a chameleon who becomes the sheriff of a colourful desert town. He then played an 18th-century vampire awakening in the 1970s in Dark Shadows (2012), Burton’s comedic adaptation of the cult-favourite soap opera of the…
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47427fb53dba302ecb4879b4ff806c1d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/rape-crime | Rape | Rape
Rape, unlawful sexual activity, most often involving sexual intercourse, against the will of the victim through force or the threat of force or with an individual who is incapable of giving legal consent because of minor status, mental illness, mental deficiency, intoxication, unconsciousness, or deception. In m... |
3b4a51d7d75817190bbc6824edf1ea18 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/rape-crime/Rape-as-a-weapon-of-war | Rape as a weapon of war | Rape as a weapon of war
The rape of women by soldiers during wartime has occurred throughout history. Indeed, rape was long considered an unfortunate but inevitable accompaniment of war—the result of the prolonged sexual deprivation of troops and insufficient military discipline. Its use as a weapon of war was gruesome... |
b4c02cfd76a21fdb495a420d3ab3bc18 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rasselas | Rasselas | Rasselas
Rasselas, in full The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abissinia, philosophical romance by Samuel Johnson published in 1759 as The Prince of Abissinia. Supposedly written in the space of a week, with the impending expenses of Johnson’s mother’s funeral in mind, Rasselas explores and exposes the vanity of the hu... |
c4cc50953e5990abbd2d2de8a15a0adc | https://www.britannica.com/topic/rationalism | Rationalism | Rationalism
Rationalism, in Western philosophy, the view that regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge. Holding that reality itself has an inherently logical structure, the rationalist asserts that a class of truths exists that the intellect can grasp directly. There are, according to the rationalists,... |
50520ab48520954ce2b57cf0023a45d8 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/rationalism/Epistemological-rationalism-in-modern-philosophies | Epistemological rationalism in modern philosophies | Epistemological rationalism in modern philosophies
The first modern rationalist was Descartes, an original mathematician whose ambition was to introduce into philosophy the rigour and clearness that delighted him in mathematics. He set out to doubt everything in the hope of arriving in the end at something indubitable.... |
2b425c24d055926a443260ff7176548c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/rationalism/Religious-rationalism | Religious rationalism | Religious rationalism
Stirrings of religious rationalism were already felt in the Middle Ages regarding the Christian revelation. Thus, the skeptical mind of Peter Abelard (1079–1142) raised doubts by showing in his Sic et non (“Yes and No”) many contradictions among beliefs handed down as revealed truths by the Church... |
91f9a4ca0c6adf9b521934c0f5ce0235 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/rawi | Rāwī | Rāwī
Rāwī, (Arabic: “reciter”), in Arabic literature, professional reciter of poetry. The rāwīs preserved pre-Islāmic poetry in oral tradition until it was written down in the 8th century.
One or more rāwīs attached themselves to a particular poet and learned his works by heart. They then recited and explained the po... |
5ed4d86f00002e7481179797efecf397 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ray-by-Hannah | Ray | Ray
…fully in the short novel Ray (1980). Hannah’s other novels include The Tennis Handsome (1983), which portrays the misadventures of a dissipated professional tennis player; Hey Jack! (1987); Never Die (1991), an offbeat treatment of the western genre; and Yonder Stands Your Orphan (2001), which tells the stories of... |
36b370038dd46a6f0fec841bb40214a7 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/RCA-Corporation | RCA Corporation | RCA Corporation
RCA Corporation, formerly (1919–69) Radio Corporation Of America, major American electronics and broadcasting conglomerate that is a unit of General Electric Company. Among its subsidiaries is the National Broadcasting Company (NBC). Headquarters are in New York City.
RCA was founded as Radio Corporati... |
d7187f7d3388b6a1d39709020bb2aa46 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rdio | Rdio | Rdio
In 2010 they created Rdio, a subscription-based music-streaming service. Rdio struggled, however, and in 2015 it was agreed that the service’s key assets would be sold to competitor Pandora for some \$75 million. As part of the deal, Rdio also filed for bankruptcy protection. Friis’s later ventures included Starsh... |
2ff911eadb3289b559f2f89f7a532335 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/reading-education | Reading | Reading
Primary symptoms include extremely poor reading skills owing to no apparent cause, a tendency to read and write words and letters in reversed sequences, similar reversals of words and letters in the person’s speech, and illegible handwriting.
The teaching of reading involved an analytical method that made the p... |
b4e50aceab1e1eb79dc20f0042a1fb0a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/real-estate-agent | Real estate agent | Real estate agent
…are the powers of the real estate agent, who may show the land and state the asking price to the potential buyer without ordinarily being empowered to make further representations. The store salesman is similarly restricted in his power to represent his principal and can usually do no more than…
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535506b331f27c2f8f147a87f9900cac | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Real-Genius | Real Genius | Real Genius
…first major Hollywood studio movie, Real Genius. Her other feature films included Rambling Rose (1991); Lost in Yonkers (1993), based on Neil Simon’s award-winning play; Angie (1994), a feminist film that examines the friendship between two women as one of them faces single motherhood; Out to Sea (1997), s... |
da8f51b5ccec3f80a3cd7acc96ef09fc | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Real-Madrid | Real Madrid | Real Madrid
Real Madrid, in full Real Madrid Club de Fútbol, byname Los Blancos (Spanish: “the White”), Spanish professional football (soccer) club based in Madrid. Playing in all-white uniforms, which led to its nickname “Los Blancos,” Real Madrid is one of the world’s best-known teams, with fans in many countries.
R... |
238a45619efe576fc6b630c73e50182a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/realism-philosophy | Realism | Realism
Realism, in philosophy, the viewpoint which accords to things which are known or perceived an existence or nature which is independent of whether anyone is thinking about or perceiving them.
The history of Western philosophy is checkered with disputes between those who have defended forms of realism and those ... |
d86e2efe348207dd81b5a40f7d0dcadb | https://www.britannica.com/topic/realism-philosophy/Universals | Universals | Universals
One of the earliest and most famous realist doctrines is Plato’s theory of Forms, which asserts that things such as “the Beautiful” (or “Beauty”) and “the Just” (or “Justice”) exist over and above the particular beautiful objects and just acts in which they are instantiated and more or less imperfectly exemp... |
cffd5ebf1a8d1ca3ed1e771013a671bd | https://www.britannica.com/topic/realism-political-and-social-science | Realism | Realism
Realism, set of related theories of international relations that emphasizes the role of the state, national interest, and military power in world politics.
Realism has dominated the academic study of international relations since the end of World War II. Realists claim to offer both the most accurate explanati... |
6bdfbd39f53d5fa9bb72e2b5ed033059 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Reasonable-Doubt | Reasonable Doubt | Reasonable Doubt
…to release his debut album, Reasonable Doubt (1996), which eventually sold more than a million copies in the United States.
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