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5e74819acfb08215219c280c68ce0b7c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rebecca-Nurse | Rebecca Nurse | Rebecca Nurse
…of the community, beginning with Rebecca Nurse, a mature woman of some prominence. As the weeks passed, many of the accused proved to be enemies of the Putnams, and Putnam family members and in-laws would end up being the accusers in dozens of cases.
…convicted persons were hanged, including Nurse and Go... |
1f186a910872574c4637972b047f3934 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rebel-in-the-Rye | Rebel in the Rye | Rebel in the Rye
In Rebel in the Rye (2017), he starred as J.D. Salinger, author of The Catcher in the Rye. Continuing to show his versatility, Hoult played an 18th-century politician in The Favourite (2018), a historical drama about Queen Anne’s court. During this time he also lent his…
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25d074f1d4682f7837a57f70453b01d0 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rechabite | Rechabite | Rechabite
Rechabite, member of a conservative, ascetic Israelite sect that was named for Rechab, the father of Jehonadab. Jehonadab was an ally of Jehu, a 9th-century-bc king of Israel, and a zealous antagonist against the worshippers of Baal, a Canaanite fertility deity. Though of obscure origin, the Rechabites appar... |
55cda406195573226f63c17b3059c08d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/recognition-memory | Recognition | Recognition
Recognition, in psychology, a form of remembering characterized by a feeling of familiarity when something previously experienced is again encountered; in such situations a correct response can be identified when presented but may not be reproduced in the absence of such a stimulus. Recognizing a familiar ... |
0fbcc0413ebae4be31674656982d1fd0 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Reconstruction-Acts | Reconstruction Acts | Reconstruction Acts
Reconstruction Acts, U.S. legislation enacted in 1867–68 that outlined the conditions under which the Southern states would be readmitted to the Union following the American Civil War (1861–65). The bills were largely written by the Radical Republicans in the U.S. Congress.
After the war ended in 1... |
705f8f032bc23d8e4152bcac80d047a0 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Reconstruction-Finance-Corporation | Reconstruction Finance Corporation | Reconstruction Finance Corporation
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC), U.S. government agency established by Congress on January 22, 1932, to provide financial aid to railroads, financial institutions, and business corporations. With the passage of the Emergency Relief Act in July 1932, its scope was broadened t... |
8528e35eddbeaf11abb12a17f456c193 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Red-Army-Faction | Red Army Faction | Red Army Faction
Red Army Faction (RAF), also called Red Army Fraction, byname Baader-Meinhof Gang, German Rote Armee Fraktion and Baader-Meinhof Gruppe, West German radical leftist group formed in 1968 and popularly named after two of its early leaders, Andreas Baader (1943–77) and Ulrike Meinhof (1934–76).
The grou... |
003d70020bfb28c1f3770504e17890a9 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Red-Brigades | Red Brigades | Red Brigades
Red Brigades, Italian Brigate Rosse, militant left-wing organization in Italy that gained notoriety in the 1970s for kidnappings, murders, and sabotage. Its self-proclaimed aim was to undermine the Italian state and pave the way for a Marxist upheaval led by a “revolutionary proletariat.”
The reputed foun... |
0f72edcc4e229cfa66e112ee043c81c5 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Red-Eyebrows | Red Eyebrows | Red Eyebrows
Red Eyebrows, Chinese peasant band that formed in response to the unrest and civil war following the floods and famines that accompanied disastrous changes in the course of the Huang He (Yellow River) between ad 2 and 11. They painted their faces to look like demons, and their leader spoke through mediums... |
612c074cbb13e22be27aede4da15b764 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Red-Hot-Chili-Peppers | Red Hot Chili Peppers | Red Hot Chili Peppers
Red Hot Chili Peppers, American rock band that combined funk and punk rock to create a new musical style in the 1980s. The original members were vocalist Anthony Kiedis (b. November 1, 1962, Grand Rapids, Michigan, U.S.), bassist Flea (original name Michael Balzary; b. October 16, 1962, Melbourne... |
4cdf5d0c322e5e29b9295b32136d2891 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Red-Rum | Red Rum | Red Rum
Red Rum, (foaled 1965), steeplechase horse who won the Grand National at Aintree, England, an unprecedented three times, in 1973, 1974, and 1977.
Bought as a crippled seven-year-old, he was reconditioned by his trainer Ginger McCain who ran him on the sand and in the sea. In 1973, ridden by Brian Fletcher, Red... |
5b95d9e0199efb14b0292c3ce47f4749 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Red-Star-Belgrade | Red Star Belgrade | Red Star Belgrade
Red Star Belgrade, byname of Fudbalski Klub Crvena Zvezda (Serbian: “Football Club Red Star”), also known as Red Star, Serbian professional football (soccer) team based in Belgrade. Best known simply as Red Star, the club is the most successful team in the history of Serbian football, with more than ... |
b0e2ed87b4fc4e2d01da4c557b607eef | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Red-Week | Red Week | Red Week
In June, “Red Week,” a period of widespread rioting throughout the Romagna and the Marche, came in response to the killing of three antimilitarist demonstrators at Ancona. When World War I broke out in August, the Salandra government stayed neutral and began to negotiate with both sides—a…
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367c41eaa31794973a3350ca6a61c9d0 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/reductionism | Reductionism | Reductionism
Reductionism, in philosophy, a view that asserts that entities of a given kind are identical to, or are collections or combinations of, entities of another (often simpler or more basic) kind or that expressions denoting such entities are definable in terms of expressions denoting other entities. Thus, the... |
ae4838df769573072dee8f521db171ca | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Reform-Judaism | Reform Judaism | Reform Judaism
Reform Judaism, a religious movement that has modified or abandoned many traditional Jewish beliefs, laws, and practices in an effort to adapt Judaism to the changed social, political, and cultural conditions of the modern world. Reform Judaism sets itself at variance with Orthodox Judaism by challengin... |
c003732d3a7d1dd7d294e1199bd9bb69 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/regiment | Regiment | Regiment
Regiment, in most armies, a body of troops headed by a colonel and organized for tactical control into companies, battalions, or squadrons. French cavalry units were called regiments as early as 1558. The word is derived from the Latin regimen, a rule or system of order, and describes the regiment’s functions... |
7c746ebf39c4a0bd9c1979e955b1b0f1 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/regulation | Regulation | Regulation
Regulation, in government, a rule or mechanism that limits, steers, or otherwise controls social behaviour.
Regulation has a variety of meanings that are not reducible to a single concept. In the field of public policy, regulation refers to the promulgation of targeted rules, typically accompanied by some a... |
cdbac656d1717095760e9a37c71bf3db | https://www.britannica.com/topic/rei-miro | Rei miro | Rei miro
Rei miro, wooden gorget, or pectoral (breast ornament), once worn by high-ranking inhabitants of Rapa Nui (Easter Island). The rei miro (according to Rongorongo: The Easter Island Script, rei is a cognate of the Hawaiian word lei, and miro means ‘wood’) is of simple, elegant design, usually crescent-shaped, w... |
6f01df5c82c798f6a7cc0c28768f9760 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Reich | Reich | Reich
Reich, (German: “Empire”), any of the empires of the Germans or Germany: the Holy Roman Empire (q.v.); the Second Reich, led by the Prussian Hohenzollerns (1871–1918); or the Third Reich of Nazi Germany (1933–45). See Germany.
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ea0b3caa8a04b626a14a7305f587f1b9 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Reichstag-German-government-1871-1945 | Reichstag | Reichstag
…adopted by the North German Reichstag on April 17, 1867. Four years later it became, almost without change, the constitution of the German Empire. Two principles were balanced against each other—the sovereignty of the German states and the national unity of the German people. In constitutional theory the fir... |
444809d4d847e1d9cb65d99eefd77aba | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Release-Therapy | Release Therapy | Release Therapy
Release Therapy (2006) also topped the chart and earned Ludacris a Grammy Award for best rap album. Later albums include Theater of the Mind (2008), Battle of the Sexes (2010), and Ludaversal (2015). Signature elements of Ludacris’s records include comical, sometimes chauvinistic wordplay, larger-than-l... |
e1b5b02a4d6afe21f448633298e295ef | https://www.britannica.com/topic/relic | Relic | Relic
Relic, in religion, strictly, the mortal remains of a saint; in the broad sense, the term also includes any object that has been in contact with the saint. Among the major religions, Christianity, almost exclusively in Roman Catholicism, and Buddhism have emphasized the veneration of relics.
The basis of Christi... |
2b74ea1f83baf1d053257eb0401b804e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/religion | Religion | Religion
Religion, human beings’ relation to that which they regard as holy, sacred, absolute, spiritual, divine, or worthy of especial reverence. It is also commonly regarded as consisting of the way people deal with ultimate concerns about their lives and their fate after death. In many traditions, this relation and... |
57e4d05b51422434adcdf0eab8b312e9 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/religious-symbolism/Gestural-and-physical-movements | Gestural and physical movements | Gestural and physical movements
Gestures and bodily movements play an important part in religious ritual and in religious conduct. Such behaviour derives its meaning from its relationship to the holy.
In proceeding to and from a holy place, a worshipper generally proceeds according to certain symbolic patterns: rectili... |
6836b87b9ff03c878ac390708e94969e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Remember-2015-film | Remember | Remember
…the West Memphis Three, and Remember (2015), in which an Auschwitz survivor suffering from dementia searches for a former Nazi official. Guest of Honour (2019) centres on the relationship between a woman wrongly convicted of sexual misconduct and her father. Egoyan also directed the documentary Citadel (2006)... |
d9bdb8f316d686a666fc866181d0b188 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/ren | Ren | Ren
Ren, (Chinese: “humanity,” “humaneness,” “goodness,” “benevolence,” or “love”) Wade-Giles romanization jen, the foundational virtue of Confucianism. It characterizes the bearing and behaviour that a paradigmatic human being exhibits in order to promote a flourishing human community.
The concept of ren reflects pre... |
12c766c75b9103977d364ac995f5fccd | https://www.britannica.com/topic/renvoi | Renvoi | Renvoi
…as those pertaining to the renvoi (French: “send back”) principle. If the foreign law, to which the forum’s conflicts rule refers, contains a conflicts rule that refers back to the law of the forum, will the latter accept the reference and apply its own law? Similarly, if the foreign law…
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2360dd33e9fde66be5e1a8c281425df3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/representation-government | Representation | Representation
Representation, in government, method or process of enabling the citizenry, or some of them, to participate in the shaping of legislation and governmental policy through deputies chosen by them.
The rationale of representative government is that in large modern countries the people cannot all assemble, ... |
063a79b40b11cc5cb618aa3c01965616 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Repsol-SA | Repsol SA | Repsol SA
Repsol SA, integrated Spanish petroleum company with a presence in more than 50 countries. Headquarters are in Madrid.
The company was organized in 1987 upon the consolidation of a number of Spanish state-owned companies engaged in exploration, production, refining, transport, and other activities in oil, ga... |
b08df0062a43efcc75f16b3394f1db06 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Republic-of-1873 | Republic of 1873 | Republic of 1873
The first Spanish Republic (1873) enacted some anticlerical laws, but these were repealed or disregarded when the monarchy was restored in 1875. During an anticlerical outbreak in 1909, mobs burned churches and attacked priests. As a pacification measure, religious orders were restricted in number and ... |
2e574218b34e187584b5989d2efd1793 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Republican-National-Committee | Republican National Committee | Republican National Committee
Republican National Committee (RNC), American political organization that oversees the activities of the Republican Party, including organizing the party’s national convention, developing its political platform, coordinating campaign strategies, and fundraising. It is headquartered in Was... |
0602c1291195579610e5c47aca36602c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Republican-Party-political-party-Pakistan | Republican Party | Republican Party
…Frontier Province, Mirza formed the Republican Party and made Khan Sahib the chief minister of the new province of West Pakistan. The Republican Party was assembled to represent the landed interests in West Pakistan, the basic source of all political power. Never an organized body, the Republican Part... |
2266fd31c9fa8b5b82d43f631d33c18a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Republican-Proposal | Republican Proposal | Republican Proposal
…foundation for the successor party, Republican Proposal (PRO). Under his leadership, over the next dozen years, PRO was transformed into Argentina’s first new nationally viable and competitive political party in more than 60 years.
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73435abf49fee097e970c7ddb1004643 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Requiem-in-D-Minor-Faure | Requiem in D Minor, Op. 48 | Requiem in D Minor, Op. 48
Requiem in D Minor, Op. 48, composition by Gabriel Fauré. Largely composed in the late 1880s, the work was not completed until 1900. Unusual gentle for a requiem mass, the work is often reminiscent of the composer’s best-known work, the restful and graceful Pavane of 1887. Fauré himself desc... |
056d07f6aeaf12276743365921e4a2e6 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Requiem-mass-by-Verdi | Requiem | Requiem
Requiem, also called Requiem Mass, Italian in full Messa da requiem per l’anniversario della morte di Manzoni 22 maggio 1874 (“Requiem Mass for the Anniversary of the Death of Manzoni May 22, 1874”), requiem mass by Giuseppe Verdi, intended as a memorial to a departed hero—the poet, playwright, and novelist Al... |
4544642bb48644edfcfcc57a01a57017 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/reredos | Reredos | Reredos
The term reredos is used for an ornamental screen or partition that is not directly attached to the altar table but is affixed to the wall behind it. The term retable simply refers to any ornamental panel behind an altar.
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771c256a6211022b6f08f4468ea9656f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/res-judicata | Res judicata | Res judicata
Res judicata, (Latin: “a thing adjudged”), a thing or matter that has been finally juridically decided on its merits and cannot be litigated again between the same parties. The term is often used in reference to the maxim that repeated reexamination of adjudicated disputes is not in any society’s interes... |
962c5954c1d178bb8fbc099ec29a58ba | https://www.britannica.com/topic/research-and-development/Types-of-laboratories | Types of laboratories | Types of laboratories
Company laboratories fall into three clear categories: research laboratories, development laboratories, and test laboratories.
Research laboratories carry out both basic and applied research work. They usually support a company as a whole, rather than any one division or department. They may be lo... |
659d5d88e6fd65c932b0ea74e3cd955d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Reserve-Officers-Training-Corps | Reserve Officers' Training Corps | Reserve Officers' Training Corps
Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC), elective military education program hosted by colleges and universities that prepares students to be commissioned as officers in the U.S. armed forces. ROTC programs are offered by the United States Army, Air Force, and Navy (including the Marin... |
b34fcd3f74314709cb585208e6ee08aa | https://www.britannica.com/topic/residence-anthropology | Residence | Residence
Residence, in anthropology, the location of a domicile, particularly after marriage. Residence has been an important area of investigation because it is a locus where biological (consanguineal) and marital (affinal) forms of kinship combine.
In traditional cultures, residence practices generally follow estab... |
5ca22348d486a6533059b31e18567749 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Resident-Evil | Resident Evil | Resident Evil
Resident Evil, electronic action-adventure game series with strong horror elements, developed by the Capcom Company of Japan. Resident Evil is one of modern gaming’s most popular and critically acclaimed series. Every release of Resident Evil has sold more than one million copies since the original’s 199... |
7cfb6f65dd2d1377f4e70493060e96d2 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Restoration-English-history-1660 | Restoration | Restoration
Restoration, Restoration of the monarchy in England in 1660. It marked the return of Charles II as king (1660–85) following the period of Oliver Cromwell’s Commonwealth. The bishops were restored to Parliament, which established a strict Anglican orthodoxy. The period, which also included the reign of Jame... |
4307ff7b6f42d4574c82174cb634bdf3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/resurrection-religion | Resurrection | Resurrection
Resurrection, the rising from the dead of a divine or human being who still retains his own personhood, or individuality, though the body may or may not be changed. The belief in the resurrection of the body is usually associated with Christianity, because of the doctrine of the Resurrection of Christ, b... |
ad02b42ca909f5b33fc3d1ad51950717 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/retributive-justice | Retributive justice | Retributive justice
Retributive justice, response to criminal behaviour that focuses on the punishment of lawbreakers and the compensation of victims. In general, the severity of the punishment is proportionate to the seriousness of the crime.
Retribution appears alongside restorative principles in law codes from the ... |
73250d53da0b81027d79476a29f4b8d6 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Revelation-to-John | Revelation to John | Revelation to John
Revelation to John, also called Book of Revelation or Apocalypse of John, abbreviation Revelation, last book of the New Testament. It is the only book of the New Testament classified as apocalyptic literature rather than didactic or historical, indicating thereby its extensive use of visions, symbol... |
594110632b646f29bf8621e61327effe | https://www.britannica.com/topic/revenue-obligation | Revenue obligation | Revenue obligation
…guaranteed by the government), or revenue obligation (backed by anticipated revenues from government-owned commercial enterprises such as toll highways, public utilities, or transit systems, and not by taxes), (3) by location of the debt, as internal (held within the government’s jurisdiction) or ex... |
fdf5cbfed6a1f8ed69beaa8c1c455cf0 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/reverse-card-game | Reverse | Reverse
…much older European game of reverse. In the late 20th century a version of hearts was included with every personal computer running the Windows operating system. This version of hearts became standard with the spread of computers and, later, computer software for playing hearts over the Internet.
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44344a5949c7febcb54a835e4623808c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Revista-de-Portugal | Revista de Portugal | Revista de Portugal
…Nemésio directed the literary journal Revista de Portugal (“Portuguese Review”), which broadened the horizons of Portuguese neorealism by publishing poetry that exemplified new trends and movements, including French Surrealism and English Imagism. (Surrealism did not manifest itself in Portuguese ... |
f47e93f017596d7d1a7af3c713201cf8 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Revive-Han-Association | Revive Han Association | Revive Han Association
…Brothers and Elders, called the Revive Han Association. This new body nominated Sun as its leader, a decision that also gave him, for the first time, the leadership of the Revive China Society. The Revive Han Association started an uprising at Huizhou, in Guangdong, in October 1900, which failed... |
f19225887256c60b8c9748bd87a4d7f6 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Revolt-of-Aranjuez | Revolt of Aranjuez | Revolt of Aranjuez
…Charles was overthrown by the Revolt of Aranjuez (March 17, 1808), and he abdicated in favour of Ferdinand. However, French troops occupied Madrid, and Napoleon summoned Ferdinand to the frontier and obliged him to return the crown to his father, who granted it to Napoleon. Napoleon made his brother... |
55d3aab0264e93d3af7633c5b4d5394c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/revolution-politics | Revolution | Revolution
Revolution, in social and political science, a major, sudden, and hence typically violent alteration in government and in related associations and structures. The term is used by analogy in such expressions as the Industrial Revolution, where it refers to a radical and profound change in economic relationsh... |
94556914c52016af40deb26d8978f545 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/revolutionary-terrorism | Revolutionary terrorism | Revolutionary terrorism
Revolutionary terrorism is arguably the most common form. Practitioners of this type of terrorism seek the complete abolition of a political system and its replacement with new structures. Modern instances of such activity include campaigns by the Italian Red Brigades, the German Red Army Factio... |
6794b7175c34e47bab617d593688a9a8 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rhetoric-by-Aristotle | Rhetoric | Rhetoric
…is by Aristotle in his Rhetoric:
” Aristotle’s Rhetoric both recorded contemporary practice and sought its reform through fitting it into its proper category among the arts. One of the masterstrokes of Aristotle’s thought on the subject is his teaching that rhetoric itself is not a productive art of making bu... |
4f2f52d26e2afde727ae0f118e21a320 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rhodes-Scholarship | Rhodes scholarship | Rhodes scholarship
Rhodes scholarship, educational grant to the University of Oxford established in 1902 by the will of Cecil Rhodes for the purpose of promoting unity among English-speaking nations. The scholarship’s requirements were revised over the years, and by the early 21st century students from all countries w... |
b86b21cafb0106df76db6da0d6b4cc14 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/right | Right | Right
Right, portion of the political spectrum associated with conservative political thought. The term derives from the seating arrangement of the French revolutionary parliament (c. 1790s) in which the conservative representatives sat to the presiding officer’s right. In the 19th century the term applied to conserva... |
0883f028444e61fdad08b0eeb8bbcbfb | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Right-You-Are-If-You-Think-You-Are | Right You Are—If You Think You Are | Right You Are—If You Think You Are
Right You Are—If You Think You Are, play in three acts by Luigi Pirandello, produced in Italian in 1917 as Così è (se vi pare) and published the following year. The title is sometimes translated as Right You Are (If You Think So), among other variations. This work, like almost all of... |
ad9bd6f85276113c20c5d09f0cc8d4b6 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/rights | Rights | Rights
…is concerned with law and rights as such: persons (i.e., people as people, quite independently of their individual characters) are the subject of rights, and what is required of them is mere obedience, no matter what the motives of obedience may be. Right is thus an abstract universal and therefore…
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41f8108c8639cb3beaf20805cc8f09cb | https://www.britannica.com/topic/rights-of-privacy | Rights of privacy | Rights of privacy
Rights of privacy, in U.S. law, an amalgam of principles embodied in the federal Constitution or recognized by courts or lawmaking bodies concerning what Louis Brandeis, citing Judge Thomas Cooley, described in an 1890 paper (cowritten with Samuel D. Warren) as “the right to be let alone.” The right ... |
80763c626c92ff1850c3e115019d3470 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rijksmuseum | Rijksmuseum | Rijksmuseum
Rijksmuseum, (Dutch: “State Museum”) national art collection of the Netherlands in Amsterdam. The galleries originated with a royal museum erected in 1808 by Napoleon I’s brother Louis Bonaparte, then king of Holland, and the first collection consisted of paintings that had not been sent to France from the... |
927cee192df0aa19e5502a50c8d1684d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/riot | Riot | Riot
Riot, in criminal law, a violent offense against public order involving three or more people. Like an unlawful assembly, a riot involves a gathering of persons for an illegal purpose. In contrast to an unlawful assembly, however, a riot involves violence. The concept is obviously broad and embraces a wide range o... |
9fccb9d9827b805c75f383bc06f5d5b5 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/risk-finance | Risk | Risk
Risk, in economics and finance, an allowance for the hazard or lack of hazard in an investment or loan. Default risk refers to the chance of a borrower’s not repaying a loan. If a banker believes that there is a small chance that a borrower will not repay a loan, the banker will charge the true interest plus a pr... |
cd8624ab0cfcc59ad61222957b96fb6f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rita-Nakashima-Brock | Rita Nakashima Brock | Rita Nakashima Brock
The American theologian Rita Nakashima Brock became influential by rejecting the traditional (Western) notion of the Atonement in favour of a focus on Christ’s radical love. The related but distinct movement of gay and lesbian theology was inspired by and drew from feminist thought and from other ... |
a6dc3402fbac57b0c21056009862fbc6 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/River-Out-of-Eden | River Out of Eden | River Out of Eden
…Literature Award in 1987, and River Out of Eden (1995). Dawkins particularly sought to address a growing misapprehension of what exactly Darwinian natural selection entailed in Climbing Mount Improbable (1996). Stressing the gradual nature of response to selective pressures, Dawkins took care to poin... |
af92e701befb2d1db0823787fcc4d79c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Robert-E-Lee-United-States-steamboat | Robert E. Lee | Robert E. Lee
…between the Natchez and the Robert E. Lee . The latter won by dint of stripping out all unnecessary superstructure and taking on extra fuel supplies from tenders while steaming upriver at full speed. Yet even as the river was at its most flamboyant, the same westward expansion that had…
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9ab2eac14295409bec1d63c4dbda0253 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Robert-Murphy | Robert Murphy | Robert Murphy
Robert Murphy, the chief U.S. diplomatic representative in North Africa, prepared the way for the landings by discreetly eliciting support from French officers whom he felt were likely to sympathize with the project. He relied particularly on Gen. Charles Mast, commander of the troops in…
…Vichy forces, h... |
dcdb5377e790f70c086833b85e7b9fe5 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Robin-Hood | Robin Hood | Robin Hood
Robin Hood, legendary outlaw hero of a series of English ballads, some of which date from at least as early as the 14th century. Robin Hood was a rebel, and many of the most striking episodes in the tales about him show him and his companions robbing and killing representatives of authority and giving the g... |
c04baa78d4abc11e70b06a4854e87a0b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/roc-legendary-bird | Roc | Roc
Roc, also spelled Rukh, Arabic Rukhkh, gigantic legendary bird, said to carry off elephants and other large beasts for food. It is mentioned in the famous collection of Arabic tales, The Thousand and One Nights, and by the Venetian traveler Marco Polo, who referred to it in describing Madagascar and other islands ... |
0dd573f8e6e262be5937c6631db8a28b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rocinante | Rocinante | Rocinante
Rocinante, fictional character, the spavined half-starved horse that Don Quixote designates his noble steed in the classic novel Don Quixote (1605, 1615) by Miguel de Cervantes.
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59d778616e8bef13c149aeb0863bb638 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rock-My-Religion | Rock My Religion | Rock My Religion
…evidenced in his video documentary Rock My Religion (1982–84), which focused on rock-and-roll culture—gained him somewhat of a cult following among younger artists.
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1098f8ff349cfb922486f2cb7bdbaada | https://www.britannica.com/topic/rock-New-York-City-1980s-overview-1371332 | New York City 1980s overview | New York City 1980s overview
By the 1980s the record business in New York City was cocooned in the major labels’ midtown Manhattan skyscraper offices, where receptionists were instructed to refuse tapes from artists who did not already have industry connections via a lawyer, a manager, or an accountant. Small labels su... |
b0bb901d44d3aec573b3b69501c6b4a1 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rock-Sand | Rock Sand | Rock Sand
…Mahubah, was the daughter of Rock Sand, winner of the 1903 British Triple Crown. There were high hopes for the colt.
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2975f05588e7a73e3500417270e3cf9c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rock-Steady-album-by-No-Doubt | Rock Steady | Rock Steady
…Return of Saturn (2000) and Rock Steady (2001), the latter of which featured the Grammy Award-winning songs “Hey Baby” and “Underneath It All.” In 2002 Stefani married Gavin Rossdale, the front man for the British alternative rock group Bush; the couple divorced in 2016.
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9b6a381817cb8807ee84042c47cfb1e3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rock-the-Kasbah | Rock the Kasbah | Rock the Kasbah
…competition program American Idol in Rock the Kasbah (2015). Murray lent his distinctive voice to a computer-animated version of the bear Baloo in a 2016 live-action adaptation of Rudyard Kipling’s The Jungle Book. He was later cast in Jarmusch’s The Dead Don’t Die (2019), a wry take on the zombie…
…in... |
553337f1d7f57c7a3c3822acf867f655 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rockefeller-Foundation | Rockefeller Foundation | Rockefeller Foundation
Rockefeller Foundation, U.S. philanthropic organization. It was endowed by John D. Rockefeller and chartered in 1913 to alleviate human suffering worldwide. Rockefeller was assisted in its management by his son John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Among its many activities, the foundation supports medical r... |
9126937acf40731543602f98984be28e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Roeseland-Theater-New-Glasgow | Roseland Theater | Roseland Theater
On the evening of November 8, 1946, Desmond made an unplanned stop in the small community of New Glasgow after her car broke down en route to a business meeting in Sydney, Nova Scotia. Told that the repair would take a number of…
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4c630bf5ac25d71a35acc7723032ce14 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rogation-Days | Rogation Days | Rogation Days
Rogation Days, in the Roman Catholic Church, festival days devoted to special prayers for crops. They comprise the Major Rogation (Major Litany) on April 25 and the Minor Rogations (Minor Litany) on the three days before the feast of the Ascension (40th day after Easter).
The Major Rogation (from Latin r... |
b5e16070f10bc18de650828f0ce5bb31 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Roger-Ebert-on-the-future-of-the-feature-film-1988414 | Roger Ebert on the future of the feature film | Roger Ebert on the future of the feature film
In 1967 Roger Ebert became the chief film critic for the Chicago Sun-Times, a position he held for more than 40 years. During that time he became, in 1975, the first person to receive a Pulitzer Prize for film criticism, and he became one of the best-known American film cri... |
d8d7a08f0fa46a611b7be86d97985266 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Roger-Ebert-on-the-future-of-the-feature-film-1988414/How-do-we-choose-approach-and-respond-to-a-film | How do we choose, approach, and respond to a film? | How do we choose, approach, and respond to a film?
That used to be a question with a fairly obvious answer. “Film appreciation” classes were held at which, after it was generally agreed that the photography was beautiful and the performances were fine, the discussion quickly turned to the film’s “meaning.” Bad films we... |
cb17a6fb7c6c91bf767d4cf4a769ef01 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rogun-Dam | Rogun Dam | Rogun Dam
Rogun Dam, partially finished large clay-core rock-fill dam, expected to be the world’s highest and tallest dam, being built on the Vakhsh River in southern Tajikistan, upstream from the Nurek Dam. It was first proposed in 1959, and construction began in 1976, when Tajikistan was part of the Soviet Union. Fo... |
d6565939535d7951ea89878de4224851 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/role-playing-video-game | Role-playing video game | Role-playing video game
Role-playing video game, electronic game genre in which players advance through a story quest, and often many side quests, for which their character or party of characters gain experience that improves various attributes and abilities. The genre is almost entirely rooted in TSR, Inc.’s Dungeons... |
70094bcee4747b9e2bea985a3de42848 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/roll-food | Roll | Roll
Most of the bakery foods consumed throughout the world are breads and rolls made from yeast-leavened doughs. The yeast-fermentation process leads to the development of desirable flavour and texture, and such products are nutritionally superior to products of the equivalent chemically leavened doughs, since…
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60878f905c5b7aa79621740c207c4c69 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rolls-Royce-PLC | Rolls-Royce PLC | Rolls-Royce PLC
Rolls-Royce PLC, major British manufacturer of aircraft engines, marine propulsion systems, and power-generation systems. Noted for much of the 20th century as a maker of luxury automobiles, the company was separated from its car-making operations and nationalized following bankruptcy in 1971. It retur... |
04e9862a0466eef46ca025683643ba30 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rolong | Rolong | Rolong
…African communities such as the Rolong, Tlhaping, Hurutshe, and Ngwaketse. For self-defense some of these African communities formed larger groupings who competed against each other in their quest to control trade routes going south to the Cape and east to present-day Mozambique.
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439c3d2497f88eba31f1df6a156c1f35 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Romaica | Romaica | Romaica
…Appian wrote in Greek the Romaica, or history of Rome, in 24 books, arranged ethnographically according to the peoples (and their rulers) conquered by the Romans. The books that survive (the preface, Books VI–VII, most of VIII and IX, most of XI, and XII–XVII) deal with Spain, Carthage, Illyria, Syria,…
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aa57c282ca788a0953751e48be992a90 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Roman-Catholicism | Roman Catholicism | Roman Catholicism
Roman Catholicism, Christian church that has been the decisive spiritual force in the history of Western civilization. Along with Eastern Orthodoxy and Protestantism, it is one of the three major branches of Christianity.
Christianity is an important world religion that stems from the life, teachings... |
bb0bddafb85dfd52e30078f8783b43a4 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Roman-Catholicism/Popular-Christianity-c-1000 | Popular Christianity c. 1000 | Popular Christianity c. 1000
By the 11th century the greater part of central Christendom had been divided into bishops’ dioceses and individual parishes. But in the northern and western regions the proliferation of small private churches had not yet been wholly absorbed, and the existence of proprietary and exempt encl... |
eb49163f01a7a15d6c7ad73464ef8070 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Roman-Catholicism/Roman-Catholicism-in-the-United-States-and-Canada | Roman Catholicism in the United States and Canada | Roman Catholicism in the United States and Canada
Although French Catholics participated in the exploration and colonization of the Mississippi valley, among the 13 colonies of the emerging United States only Maryland, which had been settled in 1634 and established in 1649, included an appreciable number of Catholics b... |
993d4fad243db978f37015f5d8f31722 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Roman-Catholicism/Roman-Catholicism-on-the-eve-of-the-Reformation | Roman Catholicism on the eve of the Reformation | Roman Catholicism on the eve of the Reformation
The transition from the Middle Ages to the Reformation was gradual. One development that was both a cause and an effect of that transition was the decline of Scholastic theology. As practiced by its leading expositors, Aquinas and Bonaventure (who differed greatly on many... |
4770debdf8a4b7dfa26043075f202870 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Roman-Catholicism/Structure-of-the-church | Structure of the church | Structure of the church
In 1965 the Roman Catholic theologian Marie-Joseph Le Guillou defined the church in these terms:
The progress of Roman Catholic theology can be seen in the contrast between this statement and the definition still current as late as 1960, which was substantially the one formulated by the Jesuit c... |
95ff2c0988adac942daf26d745a3fba6 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Roman-Catholicism/The-Babylonian-Captivity | The “Babylonian Captivity” | The “Babylonian Captivity”
The severest difficulties faced by the medieval church involved the papacy. The most extreme and inflexible advocate of papal authority, Boniface VIII, initiated a struggle with the French king, Philip IV, over Philip’s attempts to tax and judge the clergy. After Boniface issued the bull Unam... |
cfb25628851b879eb8102c0f188c4b9a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Roman-Catholicism/The-offices-of-the-clergy | The offices of the clergy | The offices of the clergy
In the day-to-day exercise of his primatial jurisdiction, the pope relies on the assistance of the Roman Curia. The Curia originated in the local body of presbyters (priests), deacons (lower order of clergy), and notaries (lower clerics with secretarial duties) upon which, like other bishops i... |
051b4c405f7438fd2b5658de48ccb274 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Roman-Congregation | Roman Congregation | Roman Congregation
In the Roman Catholic church the word is used in several senses: (1) the congregations or committees of the Sacred College of Cardinals that form administrative departments, (2) the committees of bishops for the regulation of procedure at general councils, (3) branches of a religious order, following... |
2959fccfd8144ce143d389ef36146c27 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Roman-Curia | Roman Curia | Roman Curia
Roman Curia, Latin Curia Romana, the group of various Vatican bureaus that assist the pope in the day-to-day exercise of his primatial jurisdiction over the Roman Catholic church. The result of a long evolution from the early centuries of Christianity, the Curia was given its modern form by Pope Sixtus V l... |
68c2c32fd4baf126d438e0c5ad04d6a2 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Roman-law | Roman law | Roman law
Roman law, the law of ancient Rome from the time of the founding of the city in 753 bce until the fall of the Western Empire in the 5th century ce. It remained in use in the Eastern, or Byzantine, Empire until 1453. As a legal system, Roman law has affected the development of law in most of Western civilizat... |
b41fad10de3f7237c94da8d633043301 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Roman-law/The-law-of-Justinian | The law of Justinian | The law of Justinian
When the Byzantine emperor Justinian I assumed rule in 527 ce, he found the law of the Roman Empire in a state of great confusion. It consisted of two masses that were usually distinguished as old law and new law.
The old law comprised (1) all of the statutes passed under the republic and early emp... |
ccf4c03aad4a94af02cf34ba579547f1 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Roman-numeral | Roman numeral | Roman numeral
Roman numeral, any of the symbols used in a system of numerical notation based on the ancient Roman system. The symbols are I, V, X, L, C, D, and M, standing respectively for 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500, and 1,000 in the Hindu-Arabic numeral system. A symbol placed after another of equal or greater value adds... |
ab15d7c084b7e41a124d2fe1698e7e54 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Roman-Psalter | Roman Psalter | Roman Psalter
…and is known as the Roman Psalter because it was incorporated into the liturgy at Rome. The second, produced in Palestine from the Hexaplaric Septuagint, tended to bring the Latin closer to the Hebrew. Its popularity in Gaul was such that it came to be known as the Gallican Psalter.…
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9240611247794a8e7791595a31b1cf0f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Roman-religion/Beliefs-practices-and-institutions | Beliefs, practices, and institutions | Beliefs, practices, and institutions
The early Romans, like other Italians, worshiped not only purely functional and local forces but also certain high gods. Chief among them was the sky god Jupiter, whose cult, at first limited to the communities around the Alban Hills, later gained Rome as an adherent. The Romans gav... |
3785b8a8a2375846730ceb4ea4634cbb | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Roman-religion/The-imperial-epoch-the-final-forms-of-Roman-paganism | The imperial epoch: the final forms of Roman paganism | The imperial epoch: the final forms of Roman paganism
After the prolonged horrors of civil war had ended (30 bc), the victorious Octavian, the adoptive son of the dictator Caesar and founder of the imperial regime or principate, decided, correctly, that the ancient religion was far from dead and that the restoration of... |
f6f207022fafc542512fc955c21ec1ac | https://www.britannica.com/topic/roman-script | Roman script | Roman script
Roman script, also called Antiqua Script, Italian Lettera Antica, in calligraphy, script based upon the clear, orderly Carolingian writing that Italian humanists mistook for the ancient Roman script used at the time of Cicero (1st century bc). They used the term roman to distinguish this supposedly class... |
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