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f85d64680dfbd506ee4b21eaabbf6809 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Roman-synod | Roman synod | Roman synod
At the Roman synod of 1075, Gregory signaled his determination to bring an end to the practice of lay investiture. There could be no doubt that this policy would have its most drastic impact on Germany and northern Italy, where the remains of the Ottonian system constituted…
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8d34d9f4e62de7044b99c6cd6def4ce3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Romana | Romana | Romana
…extant work is the chronicle De summa temporum vel origine actibusque gentis Romanorum (“The High Point of Time, or the Origin and Deeds of the Roman People”), also completed in 551 and called the Romana. The Getica is by far the more valuable work, because it is the major contemporary…
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f28eb18e6e49da1c54df9c4a84a49949 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Romance-languages/Classification-methods-and-problems | Classification methods and problems | Classification methods and problems
Though it is quite clear which languages can be classified as Romance, on the basis primarily of lexical (vocabulary) and morphological (structural) similarities, the subgrouping of the languages within the family is less straightforward. Most classifications are, overtly or covertly... |
45a41ace6fe437202e068b4af5ec1cfe | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Romance-languages/Latin-and-the-development-of-the-Romance-languages | Latin and the development of the Romance languages | Latin and the development of the Romance languages
Latin is traditionally grouped with Faliscan among the Italic languages, of which the other main member is the Osco-Umbrian group. Oscan was the name given by the Romans to a group of dialects spoken by Samnite tribes to the south of Rome. It is well attested in inscri... |
fa4115ad976d0d1ec94b4cfc4bc13bf8 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Romance-languages/Syntax | Syntax | Syntax
Word order is the means most used by modern Romance languages to show the grammatical relationship between words; statistically the most-frequent order in statements is subject–verb–object. In many of the Romance languages, interrogation can be shown by inversion of the subject and verb, placing the verb, as the... |
30b113cb508f1c3acc91d4d886998602 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Romance-languages/The-language-of-religion-and-culture | The language of religion and culture | The language of religion and culture
With the spread of Christianity, Latin penetrated to new lands, and it was perhaps the cultivation of Latin in a “pure” form in Ireland, whence it was exported to England, that paved the way for an 8th-century reform of the language by Charlemagne. Conscious that current Latin usage... |
e3f0d5b5162209eeda2c59ae896f1d49 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Romanian-language | Romanian language | Romanian language
Romanian language, also spelled (formerly) Rumanian, Romanian limba română, Romance language spoken primarily in Romania and Moldova. Four principal dialects may be distinguished: Dacoromanian, the basis of the standard language, spoken in Romania and Moldova in several regional variants; Aromanian (... |
1c8fab62e3a911a1e51986df8707fb88 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Romanian-Orthodox-Church | Romanian Orthodox Church | Romanian Orthodox Church
Romanian Orthodox Church, the largest autocephalous, or ecclesiastically independent, Eastern Orthodox church in the Balkans today. It is the church to which the majority of Romanians belong, and in the late 20th century it had a membership of more than 16 million.
Christianity first reached D... |
7006b74ace08b222aa3f59846bd426cf | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Romanov-dynasty | Romanov dynasty | Romanov dynasty
Romanov dynasty, rulers of Russia from 1613 until the Russian Revolution of February 1917. Descendants of Andrey Ivanovich Kobyla (Kambila), a Muscovite boyar who lived during the reign of the grand prince of Moscow Ivan I Kalita (reigned 1328–41), the Romanovs acquired their name from Roman Yurev (die... |
48a154b8fe98c9f7fe51eba190a42950 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Romany-languages | Romany languages | Romany languages
Romany languages, Romany also spelled Romani, also called řomani čhib (“Romany tongue”), řomanes (“in a Rom way”), or Gypsy (Gipsy), group of 60 or more highly divergent dialects that are genetically related to the Indo-Aryan (Indic) languages. The Romany languages are spoken by more than three millio... |
df85fb957b40b0517c45fe8b5245e898 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Romeo-and-Juliet | Romeo and Juliet | Romeo and Juliet
Romeo and Juliet, play by William Shakespeare, written about 1594–96 and first published in an unauthorized quarto in 1597. An authorized quarto appeared in 1599, substantially longer and more reliable. A third quarto, based on the second, was used by the editors of the First Folio of 1623. The charac... |
846d40812aa2aa8f9f9c1b7baf4d0fbd | https://www.britannica.com/topic/rongo-rongo | Rongo-rongo | Rongo-rongo
…covered with incised signs (called rongo-rongo) placed in boustrophedon (a method of writing in which the lines run alternately from right to left and from left to right) were copied from earlier specimens merely for ritual purposes; their proper reading was forgotten, and—despite many claims—modern attemp... |
0bb859bb3cfee8dc959f8a468ac638c2 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Room-for-One-Colour | Room for One Colour | Room for One Colour
In Room for One Colour (1997), he flooded a room with saturated yellow light, causing all other colours to be perceived as black. Conversely, in 360° Room for All Colours (2002), a circular space changed colours almost imperceptibly.
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edd0b8244476659efb052e96349fce14 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rosemarys-Baby-novel | Rosemary’s Baby | Rosemary’s Baby
…the film rights to the novel Rosemary’s Baby (1967) by Ira Levin, but Paramount studio head Robert Evans refused to allow Castle to direct. Instead, Roman Polanski was handed the reins, and Castle served only as a producer. The horror film (1968) was a box-office smash and became a classic…
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fb0881a0ac869c7de7b937e4116b9a0d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/rostrum | Rostrum | Rostrum
The English term rostrum derives from this Roman custom. In 258 Duilius was censor (magistrate responsible for the census and for public morality), and in 231 he was empowered (as a magistrate with emergency powers, or a dictator) by the Senate to hold elections.
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a73384491544767df28d09a7fc508dfc | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rouge-et-noir | Rouge et noir | Rouge et noir
Rouge et noir (1939), set to Dmitry Shostakovich’s First Symphony, had scenery and costumes by Henri Matisse. Nobilissima Visione, St. Francis (1938) had libretto and music by Paul Hindemith and decor by Pavel Tchelichew. Surrealist painter Salvador Dalí designed three major experimental ballets. Because ... |
9ebbb50df8c423026d84adbe81b659d4 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rough-Rider-United-States-cavalry | Rough Rider | Rough Rider
Rough Rider, member of 1st Volunteer Cavalry, in the Spanish-American War, member of a regiment of U.S. cavalry volunteers recruited by Theodore Roosevelt and composed of cowboys, miners, law-enforcement officials, and college athletes, among others. Their colourful and often unorthodox exploits received e... |
42736ea2220b1a052c58c851ebeb0c07 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rougon-Macquart-cycle | Rougon-Macquart cycle | Rougon-Macquart cycle
Rougon-Macquart cycle, sequence of 20 novels by Émile Zola, published between 1871 and 1893. The cycle, described in a subtitle as The Natural and Social History of a Family Under the Second Empire, is a documentary of French life as seen through the lives of the violent Rougon family and the pas... |
10bf328c1d7c6c5b2a9d133a447842e0 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/roulette-gambling-game/House-odds | House odds | House odds
When using the American-style wheel with the 0 and 00, the advantage (“vigorish”) for the bank rises to an extra 2 parts in 38, or about 5.26 percent of all bets. The only exception is the 5-number line bet, where the house advantage is about 7.89 percent.
Roulette as played in locations other than the Unite... |
d48eb75c260a7f3ae1a9c6ee35a93f92 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Round-Table-Arthurian-legend | Round Table | Round Table
Round Table, in Arthurian legend, the table of Arthur, Britain’s legendary king, which was first mentioned in Wace of Jersey’s Roman de Brut (1155). This told of King Arthur’s having a round table made so that none of his barons, when seated at it, could claim precedence over the others. The literary impor... |
e8300dd67f5a6d4c84758586cb02544f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/round-the-clock | Round the clock | Round the clock
…an inner bull’s-eye; and “round the clock,” a singles game for any number of players, which requires that, after a starting double, each player must throw one dart into each of the sectors, in order, from 1 to 20.
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9f6898be131877ffd4f1a7a6ac18d942 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/rounding | Rounding | Rounding
Rounding, also called Labialization, in phonetics, the production of a sound with the lips rounded. Vowels, semivowels, and some consonants may be rounded. In English, examples of rounded vowels are o in “note,” oo in “look,” and the u sound in “rule” and “boot”; w in “well” is an example of a rounded semivow... |
73694abf1d3a779d5ba50e7827442b17 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rowley-Mile | Rowley Mile | Rowley Mile
…southwest of the town: the Rowley Mile course, used in the spring and autumn, and the July course, used in the summer. The Rowley Mile intersects the Devil’s Ditch, or Devil’s Dyke, an earthwork thought to have been built by the East Anglians as a defense against the Mercians about…
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3194fb45377b55bc7d9cfa47b6623d2b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Royal-Academy-of-Dramatic-Art | Royal Academy of Dramatic Art | Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA), state-subsidized school of acting in Bloomsbury, London. The oldest school of drama in England, it set the pattern for subsequent schools of acting.
It was established in 1904 by actor-manager Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree, who soon moved it from Haymarke... |
aa9e98d500f6590410365a39c92f9739 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Royal-Ballet-British-ballet-company | Royal Ballet | Royal Ballet
Royal Ballet, English ballet company and school. It was formed in 1956 under a royal charter of incorporation granted by Queen Elizabeth II to the Sadler’s Wells Ballet and its sister organizations, the Sadler’s Wells Theatre Ballet and the Sadler’s Wells School.
The founders of the Sadler’s Wells Ballet ... |
e3841e7c997c856b8bfbab28ef350f25 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Royal-Canadian-Air-Force | Royal Canadian Air Force | Royal Canadian Air Force
Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF), also called Canadian Air Force (1968–2011), Canadian military organization in charge of that nation’s air defense. Since its inception in 1924, the RCAF has served Canadians in peace and war. It played a vital role in the Second World War, becoming the fourth-l... |
efbe963507cda4bcc0c6d6a12374f06a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Royal-Collection | Royal Collection | Royal Collection
…was established to make the Royal Collection more accessible; approximately three art exhibitions are arranged annually, in addition to exhibitions held at other venues, both in Britain and abroad.
…and maintaining and presenting the Royal Collection.
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a46316ec176648f8aac8fd8a18584563 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Royal-Geographical-Society | Royal Geographical Society | Royal Geographical Society
Royal Geographical Society (RGS), in full Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers), British group founded as the Geographical Society of London in 1830. Its headquarters are in the borough of Westminster, next to Royal Albert Hall. It originated in the Raleigh ... |
95f91ec34ec147ff32e52e631e917e50 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Royal-Navy | Royal Navy | Royal Navy
Royal Navy, naval military organization of the United Kingdom, charged with the national defense at sea, protection of shipping, and fulfillment of international military agreements.
Organized sea power was first used in England by Alfred the Great of Wessex, who launched ships to repel a Viking invasion. N... |
6e6978555f654d2c02ce326b953007f9 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Royal-Niger-Company | Royal Niger Company | Royal Niger Company
Royal Niger Company, 19th-century British mercantile company that operated in the lower valley of the Niger River in West Africa. It extended British influence in what later became Nigeria.
In 1885 Sir George Goldie’s National African Company, an amalgamation of British companies, signed treaties ... |
89094b6c57386b27f046f3c705d9ff09 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Royal-North-Devon-Club | Royal North Devon Club | Royal North Devon Club
With the birth of the Royal North Devon Golf Club in 1864, golf took a firm foothold in England. The Devon club was the first course on seaside links outside Scotland. The Royal Liverpool Golf Club was established in 1869 on a rabbit warren at Hoylake. In its infancy players…
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a390c881fdeccf556b2398d6dcc6b70c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Royal-Ontario-Museum | Royal Ontario Museum | Royal Ontario Museum
Royal Ontario Museum, art collection located in Toronto. Established in 1912 and opened to the public in 1914, the museum is especially known for its collections of Chinese and ancient Egyptian art, American ethnology, and Canadian arts and crafts. There are also exhibits on the life and Earth sci... |
43ec890c082ef9b0677f42e053d5bcf9 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Royal-Opera-House-London | Royal Opera House | Royal Opera House
Royal Opera House, opera house that is the home of Britain’s oldest national opera and ballet companies. It is located in Covent Garden, City of Westminster, London.
The Covent Garden Theatre, the original theatre on the site, was opened (1732) by John Rich and served for plays, pantomimes, and opera... |
d12fb7e7588493d02e8d5bae295f79ca | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Royal-Victorian-Order | Royal Victorian Order | Royal Victorian Order
Royal Victorian Order, British order of knighthood instituted by Queen Victoria in 1896 to reward personal services rendered the monarch. As it is a family order, conferment of this honour is solely at the discretion of the British sovereign.
Unlike other British orders, there is no limit on the ... |
a7b6e6e395e9de93858087a0d10e6b5f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/rubbish | Rubbish | Rubbish
Refuse includes garbage and rubbish. Garbage is mostly decomposable food waste; rubbish is mostly dry material such as glass, paper, cloth, or wood. Garbage is highly putrescible or decomposable, whereas rubbish is not. Trash is rubbish that includes bulky items such as old refrigerators, couches, or large tree... |
313a7bfd1985be3e30665ac66efc5027 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rubiks-Cube | Rubik's Cube | Rubik's Cube
Rubik’s Cube, toy, popular in the 1980s, that was designed by Hungarian inventor Erno Rubik. Rubik’s Cube consists of 26 small cubes that rotate on a central axis; nine coloured cube faces, in three rows of three each, form each side of the cube. When the cube is twisted out of its original arrangement, t... |
48a10033acea4b8b8b1bc4385facb22d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/rubrication | Rubrication | Rubrication
Rubrication, in calligraphy and typography, the use of handwriting or type of a different colour on a page, derived from the practice of setting off liturgical directions, headings of statutes, and the like in red. Specifically, it applied to the rules prescribed for the conduct of religious services as se... |
a3edcd3b238dc2eb65777bf24b3a7141 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/ruby | Ruby | Ruby
Ruby, gemstone composed of transparent red corundum (q.v.), a mineral form of aluminum oxide, Al2O3. Its colour varies from deep cochineal to pale rose red, in some cases with a tinge of purple; the most valued is a pigeon-blood red. The red colour arises from the replacement of a small number of aluminum atoms ... |
ead6843f45fc38361ecdeded097319c6 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ruby-Gentry | Ruby Gentry | Ruby Gentry
Vidor had more success with Ruby Gentry (1952), a melodrama that starred Jones as a Southern vixen who marries a wealthy man (Karl Malden) but has an eye for a former boyfriend (Charlton Heston). Vidor then waited three years for his next feature film, which turned out to be the…
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bee0bbf35766518a886d9e9efc6d884f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rudin | Rudin | Rudin
Rudin, novel by Ivan Turgenev, published as a serial in the journal Sovremennik and as a book in 1856.
The novel tells of an eloquent intellectual, Dmitry Rudin, a character modeled partly on the revolutionary agitator Mikhail Bakunin, whom Turgenev had known in Moscow in the 1830s. Rudin’s power of oratory and ... |
46ef1f82516535319ed81dc789f450cf | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ruhe-ist-die-erste-Burgerpflicht | Ruhe ist die erste Bürgerpflicht | Ruhe ist die erste Bürgerpflicht
In Ruhe ist die erste Bürgerpflicht (1852; “To Remain Calm Is the First Civic Duty”), the activities of criminals are presented as symptomatic of Prussian degeneracy in 1806. The sequel, Isegrimm (1854), foreshadows a rebirth of patriotism.
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3adf3176240ca513fa73a8088764ebf5 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/rule-of-law | Rule of law | Rule of law
Rule of law, the mechanism, process, institution, practice, or norm that supports the equality of all citizens before the law, secures a nonarbitrary form of government, and more generally prevents the arbitrary use of power. Arbitrariness is typical of various forms of despotism, absolutism, authoritarian... |
8c26c0f2f1b42e097f5a281beb074b33 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/rule-of-substitution-of-equivalents | Rule of substitution of equivalents | Rule of substitution of equivalents
Because the rule of substitution of equivalents can be shown to hold in LPC, it follows that (∃x) may be replaced anywhere in a wff by ∼(∀x)∼, or (∀x) by ∼(∃x)∼, and the resulting wff will be equivalent to the original. Similarly, because the law of double…
…further important princip... |
2dd2980a6da8514ddb6d301f125f8492 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/rules-of-engagement-military-directives | Rules of engagement | Rules of engagement
Rules of engagement (ROE), military directives meant to describe the circumstances under which ground, naval, and air forces will enter into and continue combat with opposing forces. Formally, rules of engagement refer to the orders issued by a competent military authority that delineate when, wher... |
1e934dd039a1d1385e74e82b3b01336c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/rules-of-inference | Rules of inference | Rules of inference
There is a further reason why the formulation of systems of rules of inference does not exhaust the science of logic. Rule-governed, goal-directed activities are often best understood by means of concepts borrowed from the study of games. The “game” of logic is…
…certain syntactic concepts arise—name... |
68e72b2cf6f64c434fa598df04223fca | https://www.britannica.com/topic/rum-liquor | Rum | Rum
Rum, distilled liquor made from sugarcane products, usually produced as a by-product of sugar manufacture. It includes both the light-bodied rums, typified by those of Cuba and Puerto Rico, and the heavier and fuller-flavoured rums of Jamaica.
Rums originated in the West Indies and are first mentioned in records ... |
11d42becc5135419ddba4f2434fd04ad | https://www.britannica.com/topic/RUR | R.U.R. | R.U.R.
R.U.R., in full R.U.R.: Rossum’s Universal Robots, drama in three acts by Karel Čapek, published in 1920 and performed in 1921. This cautionary play, for which Čapek invented the word robot (derived from the Czech word for forced labour), involves a scientist named Rossum who discovers the secret of creating hu... |
1fc3ca798537d0b73a508fd37efb1726 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rural-Electrification-Administration | Rural Electrification Administration | Rural Electrification Administration
…creation in 1935 of the Rural Electrification Administration (REA), which did more to bring farmers into the 20th century than any other single act. Thanks to the REA, nine out of 10 farms were electrified by 1950, compared to one out of 10 in 1935.
…the 20th century by the Rural E... |
98793a140200e0446fc43098e1b2f5d3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rural-Free-Delivery | Rural Free Delivery | Rural Free Delivery
Rural Free Delivery (RFD), service begun in the United States in 1896 to deliver mail directly to farm families. Before RFD, rural inhabitants had to pick up mail themselves at sometimes distant post offices or pay private express companies for delivery. Free mail delivery began in cities in 1863, ... |
e59ea576e92db95befc60399d2e36ac3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/rural-society | Rural society | Rural society
Rural society, society in which there is a low ratio of inhabitants to open land and in which the most important economic activities are the production of foodstuffs, fibres, and raw materials. Such areas are difficult to define with greater precision, for, although in nonindustrialized nations the tran... |
02cfea85a7fc83ed65797aa3ac652643 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rush-Hour | Rush Hour | Rush Hour
…American comedian Chris Tucker in Rush Hour (1998), which enjoyed a great deal of success and launched two sequels (2001 and 2007).
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86dbf363feb732bccc5ad96f133fc07c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ruslan-and-Lyudmila | Ruslan and Lyudmila | Ruslan and Lyudmila
Ruslan and Lyudmila, romantic narrative poem by Aleksandr Pushkin, published in Russian in 1820 as Ruslan i Lyudmila. The mock-heroic folk epic was influenced by the style of Ludovico Ariosto and Voltaire.
The hero of the poem, Ruslan, is modeled on the traditional Russian epic hero. He faces many ... |
4725a928d4732111ae169d6d3322eccc | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Russell-Majors-and-Waddell | Russell, Majors and Waddell | Russell, Majors and Waddell
Russell, Majors and Waddell, business partnership formed by William Hepburn Russell, Alexander Majors, and William Bradford Waddell that operated the most prominent freight, mail, and passenger transportation company in the United States in the mid-19th century and, most famously, establish... |
346317c3f596da99a56b870664777c98 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Russells-Magazine | Russell’s Magazine | Russell’s Magazine
…was coeditor of the influential Russell’s Magazine, launched under the leadership of William Gilmore Simms, during its three years of publication (1857–60). During the Civil War he contributed verse supporting the Southern cause—notably “The Battle of Charleston Harbor”—to the Southern Illustrated N... |
8861b8dcce193b50817e04524a47dc62 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Russian-Orthodox-Church | Russian Orthodox Church | Russian Orthodox Church
Russian Orthodox Church, one of the largest autocephalous, or ecclesiastically independent, Eastern Orthodox churches in the world. Its membership is estimated at more than 90 million. For more on Orthodox beliefs and practices, see Eastern Orthodoxy.
Christianity was apparently introduced ... |
8a8e7627ba457a3bf0d5373b4b511a36 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Russian-Social-Democratic-Workers-Party | Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party | Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party
Russian Social-Democratic Workers’ Party, Russian Rossiyskaya Sotsial-demokraticheskaya Rabochaya Partiya, Marxist revolutionary party ancestral to the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Founded in 1898 in Minsk, the Social-Democratic Party held that Russia could achieve soci... |
959890ecf4252ff070297b8701e1b755 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Russian-State-Museum | Russian State Museum | Russian State Museum
Russian State Museum, Russian Gosudarstvenny Russky Muzey, museum opened in St. Petersburg in 1898 as the central museum of Russian art and life. It is housed in the buildings of the former Mikhailovsky Palace, designed by Karl Ivanovich Rossi and built in 1819–25. The buildings were converted to ... |
06f095a205ed36fdf28d992a98cd9183 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Russo-Turkish-wars | Russo-Turkish wars | Russo-Turkish wars
Russo-Turkish wars, series of wars between Russia and the Ottoman Empire in the 17th–19th century. The wars reflected the decline of the Ottoman Empire and resulted in the gradual southward extension of Russia’s frontier and influence into Ottoman territory. The wars took place in 1676–81, 1687, 168... |
45b9bdb0dbe67b0cff025cddf7697b11 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rwanda-people | Rwanda | Rwanda
Rwanda, also spelled Ruanda, the peoples of the Republic of Rwanda who speak an Interlacustrine Bantu language known as Rwanda (also known as Kinyarwanda). The Rwanda are divided into two main groups: the Hutu, traditionally farmers; and the Tutsi, traditionally cattle-owning pastoralists. A small third group, ... |
eca7d105d9a4e8995e62b213805753d5 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Saatchi-and-Saatchi | Saatchi & Saatchi | Saatchi & Saatchi
Together with Maurice, he founded Saatchi & Saatchi in 1970. By 1986 the company—which became part of a larger conglomerate—was considered to be the largest advertising firm in the world, with offices throughout the world. Remarkably creative and efficient, Saatchi & Saatchi was an early proponent of ... |
d29c595411d82e292b48ca2921d252e0 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sabaean-people | Sabaean | Sabaean
Sabaean, member of a people of South Arabia in pre-Islāmic times, founders of the kingdom of Sabaʾ (q.v.), the biblical Sheba.
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6c8e2a81196bed667955abc9747d7695 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Saccopastore-skulls | Saccopastore skulls | Saccopastore skulls
Saccopastore skulls, two Neanderthal fossils found in 1929 and 1935 in a river deposit on the bank of a small tributary of the Tiber River outside Rome. The skulls, which represent an early phase in the development of western European Neanderthals, are between 70,000 and 100,000 years old.
The stro... |
e3dab5d3647f8458ceed9975b0760006 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/sack-clothing | Sack | Sack
…worn over this was the sack (sacque), which had been derived from the informal house dress of the early years of the century. In France this style was often called the robe volante. From a low, wide neckline the gown flared out freely over the hoop petticoat. By 1720–25 the…
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f4330fccf212451bd8925bd93ac75c6d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/sackcloth | Sackcloth | Sackcloth
…of their penitence, they wore sackcloth and were sprinkled with ashes (Tertullian, De paenitentia 11; compare the biblical precedents Jeremiah 6:26, Jonah 3:6, Matthew 11:21). This form of public penance began to die out in the 9th century. At the same time, it became customary for all the faithful to…
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0a5e7ec4d4e263b2d313bd8994549f86 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/sacrament | Sacrament | Sacrament
Sacrament, religious sign or symbol, especially associated with Christian churches, in which a sacred or spiritual power is believed to be transmitted through material elements viewed as channels of divine grace.
The Latin word sacramentum, which etymologically is an ambiguous theological term, was used in R... |
131a8aba6a2233f257da4fb75c31bbeb | https://www.britannica.com/topic/sacrament/Sacramental-ideas-and-practices-in-the-Greco-Roman-world | Sacramental ideas and practices in the Greco-Roman world | Sacramental ideas and practices in the Greco-Roman world
In the Greco-Oriental mystery cults the sacramental ritual based on the fertility motif was less prominent than in the Egyptian and Mesopotamian religions. It did, nevertheless, occur in the Eleusinia, a Greek agricultural festival celebrated in honour of the god... |
5ccbb518fb74600ef96c8d003e3b1c39 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/sacramental-order | Sacramental order | Sacramental order
…were ranked in terms of sacramental orders, minor and major. When a boy or young man entered the clergy, he received the tonsure, symbolizing his new status. He might then move in stages through the minor orders: acolyte, exorcist, lector, and doorkeeper. At the highest of minor orders the candidate…... |
d8ad08125124b156589b543597570345 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sacramento-Kings | Sacramento Kings | Sacramento Kings
Sacramento Kings, American professional basketball team based in Sacramento, California, that plays in the Western Conference of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The franchise won an NBA championship in 1951 when it was known as the Rochester Royals of New York.
The Royals franchise was foun... |
57d353815c5476962f79179d09f6d657 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sacred-College-of-Cardinals | Sacred College of Cardinals | Sacred College of Cardinals
He was interviewed by the Sacred College of Cardinals, who, less interested in his mission than in his theological tenets, asked him to recite the Nestorian creed. Reluctant to do so, as Nestorianism was considered a heresy in the West, he left Rome and traveled to Paris, staying a month…
Du... |
e1348496933f47081d658befa0566eb6 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/sacred-dance | Sacred dance | Sacred dance
The sacred dance combines rectilineal and circular movements and may also include hopping, jumping, and hand movements. Hand and finger movements in temple dances in Indian and other Asian cultures are strictly regulated and have a precise symbolic meaning. The liturgical dance in a rudimentary form…
Dance... |
792992cb12dc1102a71e30eda2130df7 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/sacred-kingship/The-king-as-priest-and-seer | The king as priest and seer | The king as priest and seer
Religious duties quite often are connected with the office of chieftain, who is also priest or seer and rainmaker—all in one. Correspondingly, in nontribal societies, cultic functions belong to the office of the king. In the 3rd dynasty of Uruk, Lugalzaggisi is described as king of the count... |
590716fb04e93b89cb6fda53355eec8e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/sacred-music | Sacred music | Sacred music
…certain ancient Israelite prophetic groups, music was used to achieve the ecstatic state, in which the participants, in their accompanying dancing, were believed to have been seized by the hand of Yahweh, the God of Israel, as in the case of Saul, the 11th-century-bce king of Israel. The Pythia (priestess... |
fa7ec2a2ea4bc2a3bb127afb5d2e42b2 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sacred-Well-of-Chichen-Itza | Sacred Well of Chichén Itzá | Sacred Well of Chichén Itzá
…and underwater exploration of the Sacred Well of Chichén Itzá. Actually a small lake, it had been traditionally regarded as the grave of girls and captive warriors sacrificed alive to propitiate the rain god, who was supposed to reside at the bottom of the well. Thompson traveled to Boston ... |
70d5195323535297d5919395b5156b73 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/sacristy | Sacristy | Sacristy
Sacristy, also called vestry, in architecture, room in a Christian church in which vestments and sacred objects used in the services are stored and in which the clergy and sometimes the altar boys and the choir members put on their robes. In the early Christian church, two rooms beside the apse, the diaconico... |
aaadbc802720284f225deab631718384 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sacrorum-antistitum | Sacrorum antistitum | Sacrorum antistitum
1, 1910, he issued Sacrorum antistitum, which prescribed that all teachers in seminaries and clerics before their ordination take an oath denouncing Modernism and supporting Lamentabili and Pascendi.
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aa35bdb82e226e46eb9da56ca197d755 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/saddle-horsemanship | Saddle | Saddle
Saddle, seat for a rider on the back of an animal, most commonly a horse or pony. Horses were long ridden bareback or with simple cloths or blankets, but the development of the leather saddle in the period from the 3rd century bc to the 1st century ad greatly improved the horse’s potential, especially for war,... |
410ec19beeb0b66f2cbc3cf6299b8193 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/sadism | Sadism | Sadism
Sadism, psychosexual disorder in which sexual urges are gratified by the infliction of pain on another person. The term was coined by the late 19th-century German psychologist Richard von Krafft-Ebing in reference to the Marquis de Sade, an 18th-century French nobleman who chronicled his own such practices. Sa... |
a53bfdef1d269331caa40e3b647e4b9a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/safflower-oil | Safflower oil | Safflower oil
Safflower oil does not yellow with age, making it useful in preparing varnish and paint. Most of the oil, however, is consumed in the form of soft margarines, salad oil, and cooking oil. It is highly valued for dietary reasons because of its high proportion…
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bbcc3a395d788cbb0056b917f12e9c98 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/saffron-bread | Saffron bread | Saffron bread
… and baked goods, such as saffron bread (lussekatter) and ginger biscuits, to the other members of the family. These traditional foods are also given to visitors during the day.
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396e0aef3213a435ae27887d062a4842 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/sago | Sago | Sago
Sago, food starch prepared from carbohydrate material stored in the trunks of several palms, the main sources being Metroxylon rumphii and M. sagu, sago palms native to the Indonesian archipelago.
Sago palms grow in low marshy areas, usually reaching a height of nearly 9 m (30 feet) and developing thick trunks. ... |
8613540f7c4c73cc3e02654f9126cc94 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Saint-Edwards-Crown | Saint Edward's Crown | Saint Edward's Crown
Saint Edward’s Crown, coronation crown of the kings and queens of England that consists of a gold- and jewel-encrusted base surmounted by a cross. The crown’s appellation was first used in the 13th century, after Henry III had transferred the body of Edward the Confessor to its present shrine in W... |
cfa41c8ac520bf9f3047e21b2b78be0e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Saint-Francis-College | Saint Francis College | Saint Francis College
Saint Francis College, private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Loretto, Pennsylvania, U.S. It is sponsored by the Franciscans of the Third Order Regular of the Roman Catholic church. This liberal arts college offers a range of bachelor’s degree programs in such areas as business,... |
c3ea703c36f19beea5654d81062531e8 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Saint-Georges-Chapel | Saint George's Chapel | Saint George's Chapel
Saint George’s Chapel, part of Windsor Castle in the district of Windsor and Maidenhead, Berkshire, Eng. This chapel was designed for the Order of the Garter and was begun by Edward IV. It is one of the finest examples of the Perpendicular style of Gothic architecture in England. The chapel was ... |
f1983e2f03038b20b899609f196fdaaf | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Saint-Louis-Post-Dispatch | Saint Louis Post-Dispatch | Saint Louis Post-Dispatch
Saint Louis Post-Dispatch, morning daily newspaper published in St. Louis, Mo., one of the most prestigious newspapers in the United States and a dominant voice of the Lower Midwest.
It was founded in 1878 when Joseph Pulitzer purchased the 15-year-old, bankrupt St. Louis Dispatch and merged ... |
9e619fd674ae64d80837225b9eaacaaa | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Saint-Nicholas-Day | St. Nicholas Day | St. Nicholas Day
St. Nicholas Day, feast day (December 6) of St. Nicholas, the 4th-century bishop of Myra. St. Nicholas is the patron saint of Russia and Greece, of a number of cities, and of sailors and children, among many other groups, and was noted for his generosity. Some countries celebrate St. Nicholas Day on D... |
db55e18d556307e232775d2d37a84fa5 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Saint-Patricks-Day | Saint Patrick's Day | Saint Patrick's Day
Saint Patrick’s Day, feast day (March 17) of St. Patrick, patron saint of Ireland. Born in Roman Britain in the late 4th century, he was kidnapped at the age of 16 and taken to Ireland as a slave. He escaped but returned about 432 to convert the Irish to Christianity. By the time of his death on Ma... |
619718559c80c5bb754dcd1c2581b7c6 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Saint-Petersburg-State-University | Saint Petersburg State University | Saint Petersburg State University
Saint Petersburg State University, formerly (1924–91) Leningrad State University, Russian Sankt Peterburgsky Gosudarstvenny Universitet, orLeningradsky Gosudarstvenny Universitet, coeducational state institution of higher learning in St. Petersburg, founded in 1819 as the University o... |
d8a1f7571ec82b09afab1715539da762 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Saka-language | Saka language | Saka language
Saka language, also called Khotanese, Middle Iranian language spoken in Xinjiang, in northwestern China, by the Saka tribes. Two dialectal varieties are distinguished. Khotanese, from the kingdom of Khotan, is richly attested by Buddhist and other texts dating from the 7th to the 10th century. Most of th... |
379043afe3ff94841c2f4f8f07e14afa | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sakaibara-Shigematsu | Sakaibara Shigematsu | Sakaibara Shigematsu
Sakaibara Shigematsu, interpreted one such attack, in October 1943, as an invasion attempt, prompting him to order the execution of the remaining civilians on the island. On September 4, 1945, two days after Japan formally surrendered, the surviving Japanese troops on Wake Island lowered their…
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d813a8e50cf51fa54b4b0bd9205a2808 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sakaida-family | Sakaida family | Sakaida family
Sakaida family, also called Kakiemon family, celebrated family of Japanese potters whose founder, Sakaida Kizaemon (1596–1666), was awarded the name Kakiemon in recognition of his capturing the delicate red colour and texture of the persimmon (kaki) in porcelain. See Kakiemon ware.
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3d0f6233f62f28fe31cc41e9e5283500 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/sake | Sake | Sake
Sake, also spelled saké, Japanese alcoholic beverage made from fermented rice. Sake is light in colour, is noncarbonated, has a sweet flavour, and contains about 14 to 16 percent alcohol.
Sake is often mistakenly called a wine because of its appearance and alcoholic content; however, it is made in a process known... |
4ae8350ff75b7d8c40520dcefb6eeae5 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sakha-people | Sakha | Sakha
Sakha, also called Yakut, one of the major peoples of eastern Siberia, numbering some 380,000 in the late 20th century. In the 17th century they inhabited a limited area on the middle Lena River, but in modern times they expanded throughout Sakha republic (Yakutia) in far northeastern Russia. They speak a Turkic... |
a797e1528116963d21159eb51899b51c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Salesians | Salesian | Salesian
Salesian, member of either of two Roman Catholic religious congregations, one of men and one of women, devoted to the Christian education of youth, especially the less privileged.
The founder of the Salesians of Don Bosco (formally, the Society of St. Francis de Sales; S.D.B.) was St. John Bosco (Don Bosco), ... |
9930274ad35a17c6c4f54228ca3abcd3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Salesians-of-Don-Bosco | Salesians of Don Bosco | Salesians of Don Bosco
The founder of the Salesians of Don Bosco (formally, the Society of St. Francis de Sales; S.D.B.) was St. John Bosco (Don Bosco), a young priest who focused his concern on the orphaned and homeless child labourers he encountered in Turin, Italy. In 1859, inspired by the example of…
…Sales (also k... |
8f2e083ce217b676c8960dd35977b6f8 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sally-Bowles | Sally Bowles | Sally Bowles
Sally Bowles, fictional character, the eccentric heroine of Christopher Isherwood’s novella Sally Bowles (1937) and of his collected stories Goodbye to Berlin (1939). Bowles is a young iconoclastic, minimally talented English nightclub singer in the Berlin of the Weimar Republic period (1919–33). She pain... |
abd7b70b21f9e96fc9eeb3d27f1e4283 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Salt-by-Lovelace | Salt | Salt
…The Wine of Astonishment (1982); Salt (1996), which won the Commonwealth Writers’ Prize (later called Commonwealth Book Prize); and Is Just a Movie (2011). Lovelace also published the short-story collection A Brief Conversion and Other Stories (1988), as well as the plays The New Hardware Store and My Name Is…
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86f72b59a5cfda3c28cd6cc1f23d1102 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Salus | Salus | Salus
Salus, in Roman religion, the goddess of safety and welfare, later identified with the Greek Hygieia (q.v.). Her temple on the Quirinal at Rome, dedicated in 302 bc, was the scene of an annual sacrifice on August 5.
The augurium salutis, not involving a personification and possibly antedating the deification of... |
60267f363bbfcdcf228c770aaee15035 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Salvador-film-by-Stone | Salvador | Salvador
He returned to directing with Salvador (1986), which he also wrote. In the film, a journalist (played by James Woods) documents the atrocities committed during the El Salvador uprisings of 1980–81. Stone again drew on the trauma of the Vietnam War in Platoon (1986), for which he won another Academy…
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e58a21ab2c8d78f36382c6759bb460d1 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/samadhi-Indian-philosophy | Samadhi | Samadhi
Samadhi, (Sanskrit: “total self-collectedness”) in Indian religion, and particularly in Hinduism and Buddhism, the highest state of mental concentration that a person can achieve while still bound to the body and which unites him with the highest reality. Samadhi is a state of profound and utterly absorptive c... |
d4085358464996e537992e54b0d1e1e0 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/samanera | Sāmaṇera | Sāmaṇera
…a novice (Pāli sāmaṇera; Sanskrit śrāmaṇera). The ceremony is also the preliminary part of higher ordination, raising a novice to a monk (see upasaṃpadā).
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