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84ab2c1bff7fb5b7e4c5d9e59b66e4cf | https://www.britannica.com/topic/latitudinarian | Latitudinarian | Latitudinarian
Latitudinarian, any of the 17th-century Anglican clerics whose beliefs and practices were viewed by conservatives as unorthodox or, at best, heterodox. After first being applied to the Cambridge Platonists, the term was later used to categorize churchmen who depended upon reason to establish the moral ... |
94967894d2358437103f761dc7118685 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Latium-maius | Latium maius | Latium maius
…pattern, the language, and the law of Latins. Their demand for Roman citizenship quickly became a political issue in Rome and was granted in 49 by Julius Caesar and Augustus to many native communities in the western provinces, and the process went on until Vespasian gave it to all the…
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d9eb15e19910f89159266f91d9f47df7 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Latter-Day-Pamphlets | Latter-Day Pamphlets | Latter-Day Pamphlets
His next important work was Latter-Day Pamphlets (1850), in which the savage side of his nature was particularly prominent. In the essay on model prisons, for instance, he tried to persuade the public that the most brutal and useless sections of the population were being coddled in the new prisons…... |
c74687115cf46e97949e797736bb78b5 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Laudes-creaturarum-o-Cantico-del-Sole | Laudes creaturarum o Cantico del Sole | Laudes creaturarum o Cantico del Sole
…work that has been called Laudes creaturarum o Cantico del Sole (“Praises of God’s Creatures or the Canticle of the Sun”). Another outstanding early master of the lauda was the gifted 13th-century Franciscan poet Jacopone da Todi, who wrote many highly emotional and mystical laudi... |
a2b263251f2fa3e48be3db7ca4980d1e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Laudi-del-cielo-del-mare-della-terra-e-degli-eroi | Laudi del cielo del mare della terra e degli eroi | Laudi del cielo del mare della terra e degli eroi
…work is the lyrical collection Laudi del cielo del mare della terra e degli eroi (1899; “In Praise of Sky, Sea, Earth, and Heroes”). The third book in this series, Alcyone (1904), a re-creation of the smells, tastes, sounds, and experiences of a Tuscan summer, is consi... |
5bed3016b42dd23a186bff9764c23555 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Laudin-family | Laudin family | Laudin family
The Laudin family dominated the production of the ware in the 17th century and were the last major enamellers at Limoges. See also Limosin, Léonard; Pénicaud family.
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3cd464113682079510570d788a818a54 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Laughing-Bill-Hyde | Laughing Bill Hyde | Laughing Bill Hyde
…starred in his first film, Laughing Bill Hyde. Though Rogers would never admit to being anything but an amateur actor, critics appreciated his natural charm and appealingly plain face. For the next few years, he appeared in silent features for producer Sam Goldwyn, as well as several comedies he pro... |
482cd4ba64756037a1c2ade00366b200 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Laughing-Boy | Laughing Boy | Laughing Boy
His first novel, Laughing Boy (1929; film version 1934), is a poetic but realistic story of the clash of two cultures; it was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for fiction in 1929. La Farge’s novels have been called lyrical, yet they are always based on social awareness. Sparks Fly…
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70b04ccfa2469e381b7c7aba4f474f98 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Laughing-in-the-Jungle | Laughing in the Jungle | Laughing in the Jungle
…the American melting pot in Laughing in the Jungle (1932). He returned to Yugoslavia on a Guggenheim Fellowship and wrote about the experience in The Native’s Return (1934), the story of a man who finds he cannot slip comfortably into his former life as a peasant. Two successful sequels, Grandso... |
ea00ebb6d2fec979cc104868dc4afbf7 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Laughing-Stalks | Laughing Stalks | Laughing Stalks
…Sea (1956), love poems; and Laughing Stalks (1958), a social satire that includes parodies of Canadian poets and critics. Dudek’s poems reflect his power of observation of people, places, and objects. The influence of Ezra Pound is evident in Europe (1954; rev. ed. 1991), a travelogue poem in 99 cantos... |
e7e9a530b3050a862db5a6aa369cc8a9 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Laughing-Truths | Laughing Truths | Laughing Truths
…stimulating essays, Lachende Wahrheiten (1898; Laughing Truths), and biographical works of charm, including Meine frühesten Erlebnisse (1914; “My Earliest Experiences”). In 1914 he published a politically influential tract, “Unser Schweizer Standpunkt,” directed against a one-sided pro-German view of W... |
332c441679aaf9217dc17e8abaae2ed0 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/laughter | Laughter | Laughter
…that tends to elicit the laughter reflex. Spontaneous laughter is a motor reflex produced by the coordinated contraction of 15 facial muscles in a stereotyped pattern and accompanied by altered breathing. Electrical stimulation of the main lifting muscle of the upper lip, the zygomatic major, with currents of... |
043f1a3e36d113e4f076ff332447ef2c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Laughter-by-Bergson | Laughter | Laughter
…comedy in his essay “Laughter,” which deals directly with the spirit of contradiction that is basic both to comedy and to life. Bergson’s central concern is with the opposition of the mechanical and the living; stated in its most general terms, his thesis holds that the comic consists of…
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9d1b8eab9f8faa1476892ebb55f4e77e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Laukika-era | Laukika era | Laukika era
…pole was the Saptarṣi, or Laukika, era (3076 bc), formerly used in Kashmir and the Punjab. The alleged movement of this constellation has been used in Purāṇa compilations and even by astronomers for indicating the centuries.
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d5aa4af018fbab25221a5265df8132bf | https://www.britannica.com/topic/lauma | Lauma | Lauma
Lauma, (Latvian), Lithuanian Laumė or Deivė, in Baltic folklore, a fairy who appears as a beautiful naked maiden with long fair hair. Laumas dwell in the forest near water or stones. Yearning for children but being unable to give birth, they often kidnap babies to raise as their own. Sometimes they marry young m... |
95cb31f9223359e0a1b34ab64792c1ab | https://www.britannica.com/topic/launch-on-warning | Launch on warning | Launch on warning
Launch on warning (LOW), military strategy that allows high-level commanders to launch a retaliatory nuclear-weapons strike against an opponent as soon as satellites and other warning sensors detect an incoming enemy missile. Though the United States had considered the possibility of adopting LOW sin... |
05bbe698349dc5cdfe4bc2332dd0a0da | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Laur-Olimpijski | Laur Olimpijski | Laur Olimpijski
…1927 a collection of poems, Laur Olimpijski (“Olympic Laurel”), for which he won a special gold medal at the 1928 Olympic Games in Amsterdam. When World War II started he left Poland for Paris but in 1940 moved to Rio de Janeiro and later to Sag Harbor on Long Island,…
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8368240a4fcdb4e0f32f61fb7cac5f6c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Laura-film-by-Preminger | Laura | Laura
Laura, American film noir, released in 1944, that is considered a classic of the genre. The movie, which was directed by Otto Preminger, is notable as both a suspenseful mystery and a compelling account of obsession.
Hard-boiled police detective Mark McPherson (played by Dana Andrews) is investigating the murder... |
e143045c759b15aaec070e49e53a6988 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Laurentian-Iroquois | Laurentian Iroquois | Laurentian Iroquois
Susquehannock, and Laurentian Iroquois. The Tuscarora, who also spoke an Iroquoian language, lived in the coastal hills of present-day North Carolina and Virginia.
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152ae78eb7afdd387d3b8df14ee61400 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lausiac-History | Lausiac History | Lausiac History
…monk, bishop, and chronicler whose Lausiac History, an account of early Egyptian and Middle Eastern Christian monasticism, provides the most valuable single source for the origins of Christian asceticism.
…5th-century historian Palladius in his Lausiac History. The Rule of Pachomius and other works by ... |
d60b389d8a2c4d8ff895e589b4124d80 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lava-Hindu-mythology | Lava | Lava
…their two children, Kusha and Lava. After they reached maturity and were acknowledged by Rama to be his sons, she called upon her mother, Earth, to swallow her up.
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669c368cc1414e2e6ab8763bae6884f5 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Laval-Mussolini-agreements | Laval-Mussolini agreements | Laval-Mussolini agreements
The Laval–Mussolini agreements of Jan. 7, 1935, declared France’s disinterest in the fate of Abyssinia in implicit exchange for Italian support of Austria. Mussolini took this to mean that he had French support for his plan to conquer that independent African country. Just six days later…
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6ad5b995e939bd95c3f8948556a9ce88 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Laval-University | Laval University | Laval University
Laval University, French Université Laval, a French-language university located on the outskirts of the city of Quebec. Laval’s predecessor institution, the Seminary of Quebec, considered the first Canadian institution of higher learning, was founded by François de Montmorency Laval, first Roman Catho... |
77049b6a724457c6c9eac7db1ff30f3b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/lavender-oil | Lavender oil | Lavender oil
Lavender oil, or lavender flower oil, is obtained by distillation of the flowers and is used chiefly in fine perfumes and cosmetics. It is a colourless or yellow liquid, the fragrant constituents of which are linalyl acetate, linalool, pinene, limonene, geraniol, and cineole. Lavender water,…
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47c2b4bd85abbc212ce7ecf89525b541 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Laverne-and-Shirley | Laverne & Shirley | Laverne & Shirley
… (1979), Joanie Loves Chachi (1982–83), Laverne and Shirley (1976–83), and Mork and Mindy (1978–82), the last two of which, like Happy Days, were produced by Gary Marshall, who went on to direct motion pictures such as Pretty Woman (1990). Howard, who had received his start in television on The Andy…... |
26fcaecf7b565d2bace0858bdc7bea2f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/LAvision-de-Christine | L’Avision de Christine | L’Avision de Christine
The story of her life, L’Avision de Christine (1405), told in an allegorical manner, was a reply to her detractors. At the request of the regent, Philip the Bold of Burgundy, Christine wrote the life of the deceased king, Charles—Le Livre des fais et bonnes meurs du sage roy Charles…
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06229cbafdbd1ee9c7d60546503be91f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lavon-Affair | Lavon Affair | Lavon Affair
…implications of the 1954 “Lavon Affair,” involving Israeli-inspired sabotage of U.S. and British property in Egypt. The affair led Ben-Gurion in 1965 to leave Mapai with a number of his supporters and to found a small opposition party, Rafi, at the head of which he fought, with little success,…
…of all ch... |
7d3fa3e551e49ddc985902ca90e19b0f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lavventura | L’avventura | L’avventura
…his first big international success, L’avventura, in 1960; his first film in colour, Il deserto rosso (Red Desert), in 1964; his first full-length English-language film, Blow-Up, in 1966; and his first American film, Zabriskie Point, in 1970. He was responsible for shaping the career of the actress Monica ... |
cd41e86f586a69e804be3db9a818d1ce | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Law-as-a-Means-to-an-End | Law as a Means to an End | Law as a Means to an End
…the 20th century was his Law As a Means to an End, 2 vol. (1877–83; originally in German), which maintained that the purpose of law was the protection of individual and societal interests by coordinating them and thus minimizing occasions for conflict. Where conflict was unavoidable, he assign... |
35914debd0f5dc33eab3559dbb0e13bd | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Law-is-a-Bottom-less-Pit-or-The-History-of-John-Bull | Law is a Bottom-less Pit; or, The History of John Bull | Law is a Bottom-less Pit; or, The History of John Bull
…1727 under the composite title Law is a Bottom-less Pit; or, The History of John Bull, and it established and popularized for the first time the character who was to become the permanent symbol of England in cartoon and literature. An edition by A.W. Bower and R.A... |
c0fa9d26a56171f8b06838ad5bb2395b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Law-of-Civilization-and-Decay | Law of Civilization and Decay | Law of Civilization and Decay
In 1895 he published his Law of Civilization and Decay, in which he expounded his theory of history. It held that the centre of trade had consistently followed a westward movement from the ancient crossroads in the East to Constantinople, Venice, Amsterdam, and finally to London, in accord... |
c9b64e8d58b900ceece645abe0bf0c3a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Law-of-Desire | Law of Desire | Law of Desire
…La ley del deseo (1987; Law of Desire), deal with the intersection between violence and sexual desire. A dizzying farce called Mujeres al borde de un ataque de nervios (1988; Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown) won international acclaim, including an Academy Award nomination for best foreign-langu... |
331907b231d1a6db9fab0e761103b188 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Law-of-Population | Law of Population | Law of Population
…Macaulay, who had criticized Sadler’s Law of Population (1830), a massive treatise attacking the pessimistic theories of the economist-demographer Thomas Robert Malthus.
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93aef7d4b287432f0cb7675b454213e9 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Law-of-Property-Act | Law of Property Act | Law of Property Act
His greatest accomplishments were the Law of Property Act (1922) and subsequent real-property statutes (1925) that replaced a convoluted, largely medieval system of land law. Although enacted after he had left office (Oct. 24, 1922), the County Courts Act (1924) and the Supreme Court of Judicature (... |
577b99979a13ee850840878c548eb40d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Law-on-Associated-Labour | Law on Associated Labour | Law on Associated Labour
…socialism, was codified in the Law on Associated Labour of 1976. Each Yugoslav worker belonged to a Basic Organization of Associated Labour (BOAL) that was based on the precise role played by the worker in the production process. The BOALs elected representatives to workers’ councils, which in... |
82bd38b7a7d31795b3973800496553bb | https://www.britannica.com/topic/law-report | Law report | Law report
Law report, in common law, published record of a judicial decision that is cited by lawyers and judges for their use as precedent in subsequent cases. The report of a decision ordinarily contains the title of the case, a statement of the facts giving rise to the litigation, and its history in the courts. It... |
dd376d1a94266240e68d42f6aa7e85a3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Law-Society | Law Society | Law Society
…organization of solicitors was the Law Society, a voluntary group, incorporated by Parliament. The society’s Regulation Board, which had extensive authority in setting and enforcing standards for solicitors, was replaced by the Solicitors Regulation Authority (SRA) in 2007. See also Inns of Court.
…body o... |
1ea3b4b9c7ee0835586d61e059235b5d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lawrence-of-Arabia-by-Aldington | Lawrence of Arabia | Lawrence of Arabia
Lawrence of Arabia (1955), one of his last books, was an uncompromising attack on T.E. Lawrence. Late in life Aldington became a best-seller in the U.S.S.R., where he celebrated his 70th birthday. A Passionate Pilgrim: Letters to Alan Bird from Richard Aldington, 1949–1962 was published…
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82ed79a23883e4764641c9ca784d295d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Laws | Laws | Laws
(The Laws, left unfinished at Plato’s death, seems to represent a practical approach to the planning of a city.) If one combines the hints (in the Republic) associating the Good with the One, or Unity; the treatment (in the Parmenides) of the One as the first…
The very lengthy Laws is thought to be Plato’s last co... |
9756eb372b22e6f08bb5534c72b85882 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Laws-Divine-Morall-and-Martial | Laws Divine, Morall and Martial | Laws Divine, Morall and Martial
…carried with him the “Laws Divine, Morall, and Martial,” which were intended to supervise nearly every aspect of the settlers’ lives. Each person in Virginia, including women and children, was given a military rank, with duties spelled out in minute detail. Penalties imposed for violati... |
03248b141e8b32733d4ecbb27d095735 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Laws-of-Maximum | Laws of Maximum | Laws of Maximum
They introduced the Maximum (government control of prices), taxed the rich, brought national assistance to the poor and to the disabled, declared that education should be free and compulsory, and ordered the confiscation and sale of the property of émigrés. These exceptional measures provoked violent re... |
730ce0bd7176eb2ea1eaa2c56261326e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/laws-of-thought | Laws of thought | Laws of thought
Laws of thought, traditionally, the three fundamental laws of logic: (1) the law of contradiction, (2) the law of excluded middle (or third), and (3) the principle of identity. The three laws can be stated symbolically as follows. (1) For all propositions p, it is impossible for both p and not p to be ... |
4fc11fd1dd1b39d3268782a26e866184 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Laxdaela-saga | Laxdæla saga | Laxdæla saga
Laxdæla saga, (Icelandic: “Saga of [the Men of] Laxárdal”) one of the Icelanders’ sagas. The tale, written about 1245 by an anonymous author (possibly a woman), is the tragic story of several generations of an Icelandic warrior family descended from Ketill Flatnose. One of the best English translations wa... |
13db8adebb4b5aec8611fe7d8dbaee06 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Laxist | Laxist | Laxist
…well as personal poverty; the Laxists, who favoured many mitigations; and the Moderates, or the Community, who wanted a legal structure that would permit some form of communal possessions.
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58c37ac7e6089166e64b61624adfb7a4 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/lay-literacy | Lay literacy | Lay literacy
Environmental literacy or lay literacy is the term used to designate that form of unspecialized competence involved in generally dealing with a literate environment. Such literacy need never be taught. It is a type of literacy that is acquired through participating in a literate environment in which writte... |
c8c90ff7442f7fc0e66a990895730fda | https://www.britannica.com/topic/lay-magistrates | Lay magistrates | Lay magistrates
Long ago, magistrates had the power to investigate crimes, but their function is now wholly concerned with the adjudicatory phase. Most magistrates are laypeople chosen for their experience and knowledge of society and are appointed by the central government on the advice of a committee, known as…
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9c5bd9e405219372a5e4827c27ec7769 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lay-Osborn-flotilla | Lay-Osborn flotilla | Lay-Osborn flotilla
Lay-Osborn flotilla, fleet of ships bought for China in the mid-19th century by a British consular official, Horatio Nelson Lay, which created a tremendous controversy when Lay falsely assumed that the Chinese government would transmit all orders to the fleet through him. This controversy prompted ... |
1d4784c8a39667c134be9736b54599ee | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lay-Preacher-essays | Lay Preacher essays | Lay Preacher essays
…the series of graceful, moralizing “Lay Preacher” essays that established his literary reputation. He served as editor of the Farmer’s Weekly from 1796 to 1798.
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9253a9d13d18b9b9cf74dbb0f40affe9 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/laya-yoga | Laya-yoga | Laya-yoga
Some Tantrists employ laya-yoga (“reintegration by mergence”), in which the female nature-energy (representing the shakti), which is said to remain dormant and coiled in the form of a serpent (kundalini) representing the uncreated, is awakened and made to rise through the six centres (chakras) of the body, wh... |
5278b4c139fd0f45383aca45a044889f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/laying-house | Laying house | Laying house
Laying house, in animal husbandry, a building or enclosure for maintaining laying flocks of domestic fowl, usually chickens, containing nests, lighting, roosting space, waterers, and feed troughs. Feeders and waterers may be automatic. In the largest houses, feed storage, egg room, and utility space may ... |
8336db59c6289a6e9f0e7e2f764e435a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lays-of-the-Scottish-Cavaliers | Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers | Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers
Shortly afterward he published Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers (1849), a set of Jacobite ballads that achieved wide popularity. In 1854, reverting to light verse, he published Firmilian, or the Student of Badajoz, a Spasmodic Tragedy, in which the writings of the spasmodic school were bril... |
baeaf5d07f8ece8806cb037abc54b1e0 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Laz-language | Laz language | Laz language
Laz language, Laz lazuri nena, Georgian čanuri ena, also called Chan language, unwritten language spoken along the coast of the Black Sea in Georgia and in the adjacent areas of Turkey. Some scholars believe Laz and the closely related Mingrelian language to be dialects of the Svan language rather than i... |
1f607dbfc9e0811524b0790d0580dab6 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lazarillo-de-Tormes-Spanish-novel | Lazarillo de Tormes | Lazarillo de Tormes
Thus, the hidalgo in the Lazarillo de Tormes (published 1554; doubtfully attributed to Diego Hurtado de Mendoza), the first of the picaresque novels, is down and out but would rather starve than work, and he expects his servant, the boy Lazarillo, to scrounge for them both. In Don Quixote (published... |
ffeb300541d73a2d3d98c5c59b688f8b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/lazzaroni | Lazzaroni | Lazzaroni
…while the Neapolitan poor, the lazzaroni, abandoned by their sovereign, remained vigorously if incomprehensibly monarchist. The nobly conceived Parthenopean Republic collapsed in a welter of blood. A punitive return by the Bourbons and the execution or exile of the republicans make the year 1799 a tragic epo... |
3024a563f269f343ac5ea84c7bdb6cc9 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Le-Boeuf-sur-le-toit | Le Boeuf sur le toit | Le Boeuf sur le toit
…music by Erik Satie, and Le Boeuf sur le toit (1920; “The Ox on the Roof”), with music by Darius Milhaud, but also in his other works; and it is sometimes quoted in his plays and films.
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db77ecddcb9691ba6bd0a689b33b1c80 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Le-Bon-Bock | Le Bon Bock | Le Bon Bock
As a result Manet painted Le Bon Bock (1873; The Good Point), which achieved considerable success at the Salon exhibition of 1873.
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b3954e75468eff68e98176fd919ee20d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Le-Cercle-Constitutionnel | Le Cercle Constitutionnel | Le Cercle Constitutionnel
…he became actively involved with Le Cercle Constitutionnel, a group of antiroyalist liberals that included Talleyrand, Joseph Fouché, Benjamin Constant, and Madame de Staël, who supported the less republican and more authoritarian structure of the Directory. His lavish lifestyle made him a sy... |
3f4665991b0fa0e7f335fe4e29be3efa | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Le-Desespere | Le Désespéré | Le Désespéré
His autobiographical novels, Le Désespéré (1886; “Despairing”) and La Femme pauvre (1897; The Woman Who Was Poor), express his mystical conception of woman as the Holy Spirit and of love as a devouring fire. The eight volumes of his Journal (written 1892–1917; complete edition published 1939) reveal him…
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6985542a8cbbda2905526e08c7db4a3d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Le-Diable-Marin | Le Diable-Marin | Le Diable-Marin
…built the 52-foot iron submarine Le Diable-Marin (“The Marine Devil”), carrying a crew of 11, 4 of whom worked a treadmill that drove a screw propeller. Through windows in this submarine Bauer made what were probably the first underwater photographs. He also experimented with underwater sound for signa... |
82de9e81eb0dc962a17003b608460807 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Le-droit-des-gens | Le droit des gens | Le droit des gens
…Neuchâtel), Swiss jurist who, in Le Droit des gens (1758; “The Law of Nations”), applied a theory of natural law to international relations. His treatise was especially influential in the United States because his principles of liberty and equality coincided with the ideals expressed in the Declarati... |
3b2d1dc04da22e33bab2e40e2cd30e42 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Le-Duo | Le Duo | Le Duo
…of figure paintings—first-rate examples are Le Duo and The Painter and His Model—and in 1937 he won the Carnegie Prize. During World War II he produced a collection of small, generally flat, decorative pieces of sculpture in a style recalling again ancient Greece and centring on vaguely mythological themes.
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488f4154839c8fa980364c918d5e6e88 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Le-Figaro | Le Figaro | Le Figaro
Le Figaro, morning daily newspaper published in Paris, one of the great newspapers of France and of the world.
Founded in 1826 as a sardonic and witty gossip sheet on the arts—named for Figaro, the barber of Seville—by 1866 Le Figaro was a daily that engaged some of the finest writers in France and filled it... |
595bea4b20b93f8e2cdb29a462069073 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Le-Jardinier-de-la-Pompadour | Le Jardinier de la Pompadour | Le Jardinier de la Pompadour
His other important novel, Le Jardinier de la Pompadour (1904; “Madame de Pompadour’s Gardener”), is set in France; in this evocation of an elegant period, Demolder’s style and subject are in perfect harmony. His L’Espagne en auto (1906; “Spain by Auto”) is one of the earliest narratives of... |
b2ede5105cd3ec904e2c1e6cc0438df3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Le-Journal-des-Debats | Le Journal des Débats | Le Journal des Débats
Le Journal des Débats, (French: “The Journal of Debates”), former Parisian daily newspaper that was one of the most influential organs of the French press in the 19th century. Founded in 1789 by Gaultier de Biauzat to report the debates of the National Assembly, the Journal des Débats was acquire... |
fdbd5f5f9e7a749f1b381c34bb4e0082 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Le-lettere-a-Maria | Le lettere a Maria | Le lettere a Maria
His love lyrics, Le lettere a Maria (1846; “The Letters to Maria”), were eagerly read; but back in Verona and prevented by the Austrian government from practicing law, he wrote a series of bitterly anti-Austrian poems, notably Le città italiane marinare e commercianti (1856; “The Maritime and Commerc... |
90b103b58dd7d67574e73d29622707a8 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Le-Libre-Echange | Le Libre-Échange | Le Libre-Échange
…Trade and used its journal, Le Libre-Échange (“Free Trade”), to advance his antiprotectionist views. In a well-known satiric parable that appeared in his Sophismes économiques (1845; Sophisms of Protection), Bastiat concocted a petition brought by candlemakers who asked for protection against the Sun,... |
930267f348d558aa035e6a49fb894867 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Le-Monde-reel | Le Monde réel | Le Monde réel
…of his long novel series, Le Monde réel (1933–44; “The Real World”), describe in historical perspective the class struggle of the proletariat toward social revolution. Aragon continued to employ Socialist Realism in another long novel, Les Communistes (6 vol., 1949–51), a bleak chronicle of the party fro... |
7599b24228ffcd309e71060ccf0898df | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Le-Morte-Darthur | Le Morte Darthur | Le Morte Darthur
Le Morte Darthur, the first English-language prose version of the Arthurian legend, completed by Sir Thomas Malory about 1470 and printed by William Caxton in 1485. The only extant manuscript that predates Caxton’s edition is in the British Library, London. It retells the adventures of the knights of ... |
57c3679bef835ea8556815f65edfd30d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Le-Parisien | Le Parisien | Le Parisien
Le Parisien, (French: “The Parisian”) morning daily newspaper published in Paris, one of the largest and most influential in France. Formerly called Le Parisien Libéré (“The Free Parisian”), it was established in Paris in 1944 as an organ of the French underground during the latter part of the German occup... |
79d56661bc0dd9f142015c5057e0ff48 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Le-Parnasse-contemporain | Le Parnasse contemporain | Le Parnasse contemporain
…anthology to which they contributed: Le Parnasse Contemporain (3 vol., 1866, 1871, 1876), edited by Louis-Xavier de Ricard and Catulle Mendès and published by Alphonse Lemerre. Their principles, though, had been formulated earlier in Théophile Gautier’s preface to Mademoiselle de Maupin (1835)... |
4f7437c76c064647a95886934ce7fb90 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Le-Pere-Goriot | Le Père Goriot | Le Père Goriot
Le Père Goriot, (French: “Father Goriot”) novel by Honoré de Balzac, originally published in French in the Revue de Paris in 1834 and published in book form in 1835. The novel is considered one of the best works of Balzac’s panoramic series La Comédie humaine (“The Human Comedy”), and it was the first t... |
252e418cd99f69a16fc12791330300a5 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Le-period | Le period | Le period
…art, at least during the Le period (15th–18th centuries), seems to have been in architectural planning, incorporating Confucian, Daoist, or Buddhist temples into the landscape environment. The plans themselves include halls for a multitude of images in the South Chinese vein and provision for a variety of ri... |
2d8a45bb3de5f3329df26952b9a2a22f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Le-Roman-maghrebin | Le Roman maghrébin | Le Roman maghrébin
His doctoral dissertation, Le Roman maghrébin (“The Maghribian Novel”), was published in 1968. His study on the novel raised the question of how the committed writer can avoid becoming a propagandist, especially in a postrevolutionary society. Khatibi argued for the need to create on the cultural lev... |
35562762c03dbb80d4521db1baeb0e36 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Le-Rubicon | Le Rubicon | Le Rubicon
Bourdet’s first plays, Le Rubicon (1910) and L’Homme enchaîné (1923; “The Man Enchained”), were not successful. His reputation was secured, however, by La Prisonnière (1926; The Captive), a psychological study of the sufferings of a troubled woman. With Vient de paraître (1928; “Just Appeared”), a satire on ... |
fa8aeb42c8f80be9be41aceeef07063a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Le-Testament | Le Testament | Le Testament
Le Testament, also called Le Grand Testament, long poem by François Villon, written in 1461 and published in 1489. It consists of 2,023 octosyllabic lines arranged in 185 huitains (eight-line stanzas). These huitains are interspersed with a number of fixed-form poems, chiefly ballades and chansons, includ... |
da1520fb1d0589c2e6f076e7d3028f96 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/leaching-field | Leaching field | Leaching field
…sewage flows out into the absorption field, through which it percolates downward into the ground. As it flows slowly through layers of soil, the settled wastewater is further treated and purified by both physical and biological processes before it reaches the water table.
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957d2963f01f5567eb91c9186f25d6a9 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Leaders-of-Muscovy-Russia-the-Russian-Empire-and-the-Soviet-Union-1832695 | Leaders of Muscovy, Russia, the Russian Empire, and the Soviet Union | Leaders of Muscovy, Russia, the Russian Empire, and the Soviet Union
Russia is a federal multiparty republic with a bicameral legislative body; its head of state is the president, and the head of government is the prime minister. What is now the territory of Russia has been inhabited from ancient times by various peopl... |
8a618869b7a93890bcfb00446bcd5cec | https://www.britannica.com/topic/leadership | Leadership | Leadership
…creates an urgent demand for leadership. People turn first to established community leaders, and, when they are equal to the demands, such figures as police and fire officials, school principals, and mass-media personages are quickly accepted as leaders. Frequently these public figures are as bewildered and... |
51be9a7e6900b249e3551fcd7192ca08 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/leading-indicator | Leading indicator | Leading indicator
A “leading indicator” is one of a statistical series that fairly reliably turn up or down before the general economy does. Common leading indicators are building permits (suggesting the future volume of new construction), common stock prices, business inventories, consumer installment debt, unemployme... |
35ca1f53b465a30827d0c8057eb9ff46 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/League-of-Cambrai | League of Cambrai | League of Cambrai
League of Cambrai, formed Dec. 10, 1508, an alliance of Pope Julius II, the Holy Roman emperor Maximilian I, Louis XII of France, and Ferdinand II of Aragon, ostensibly against the Turks but actually to attack the Republic of Venice and divide its possessions among the allies. Mantua and Ferrara, bot... |
918272db0a92c398250f0f9451129a5e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/League-of-Left-Wing-Writers | League of Left-Wing Writers | League of Left-Wing Writers
…the Zuoyi Zuojia Lianmeng (“League of Left-Wing Writers”), whose membership included many influential writers. Lu Xun, the prime organizer and titular head throughout the league’s half decade of activities, had stopped writing fiction in late 1925 and, after moving from Beijing to Shanghai ... |
98ef530be6d5d5d89e1ea9668e7f1020 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/League-of-Women-Voters | League of Women Voters | League of Women Voters
League of Women Voters, nonpartisan American political organization that has pursued its mission of promoting active and unhampered participation in government since its establishment in 1920.
First proposed by Carrie Chapman Catt at a convention of the National American Woman Suffrage Associati... |
774d09272943a458c96a055d74b8771c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/leap-of-faith | Leap of faith | Leap of faith
…in his idea of the leap of faith. He believed that without risk there is no faith, and that the greater the risk the greater the faith. Faith is thus a passionate commitment, not based upon reason but inwardly necessitated, to that which can be grasped in no other way.
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8b58072e5833530f1b677d1392e41bfc | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lear-fictional-character | Lear | Lear
…moving of Shakespeare’s tragic figures, Lear grows in self-awareness as he diminishes in authority and loses his illusions. Lear at the outset presents the very picture of foolish egotism and is tricked out of what he has expected to be a carefree retirement by his own need for flattery. Believing…
The aging King... |
428ca01698ed5bfb91217fabfd3f6ca9 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Learning-from-Las-Vegas | Learning from Las Vegas | Learning from Las Vegas
…work, with coauthor Steven Izenour, Learning from Las Vegas (1972). The authors took the thesis of Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture several steps further and analyzed with wry appreciation the neon-lit urban sprawl and the automobile-oriented commercial architecture of Las Vegas. Th... |
6f1d9c715ed48b4162fcdf184032c159 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/least-squares-approximation | Least squares method | Least squares method
Least squares method, also called least squares approximation, in statistics, a method for estimating the true value of some quantity based on a consideration of errors in observations or measurements. In particular, the line (the function yi = a + bxi, where xi are the values at which yi is measu... |
97abdf8104e71cf739df4833f0829f7b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/leatherneck | Leatherneck | Leatherneck
…nickname for Marines of “leathernecks.” The forest-green service uniform was introduced in 1912. In naval formations, Marines have the privilege of forming on the right of line or at the head of column, the traditional places of honour and seniority.
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eac0952ecc455048b637d37a1debab4e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Leave-Her-to-Heaven | Leave Her to Heaven | Leave Her to Heaven
Leave Her to Heaven (1945) was based on Ben Ames Williams’s best seller about pathological jealousy. Gene Tierney starred as an unstable woman whose obsession with her husband (Cornel Wilde) results in murder and suicide; the supporting cast included Vincent Price and Jeanne Crain. Although…
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6741ac1f55bfaaeea9b15bfddcca72a8 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/leavening | Leavening | Leavening
Many bakery products depend on the evolution of gas from added chemical reactants as their leavening source. Items produced by this system include layer cakes, cookies, muffins, biscuits, corn bread, and some doughnuts.
Leavening may result from yeast or bacterial fermentation, from chemical reactions, or fro... |
ea9fd300fd328e1e041b65d752ff994c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Leaving-Las-Vegas | Leaving Las Vegas | Leaving Las Vegas
…a self-destructive alcoholic writer in Leaving Las Vegas. He went on to star in a series of large-budget explosive-laden films that were hits at the box office. In The Rock (1996), Con Air (1997), and Face/Off (1997), he appeared opposite such actors as Sean Connery, John Cusack, and John Travolta,…
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52566676c47a1d2abc8df2df14c60dbf | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lebediny-stan | Lebediny stan | Lebediny stan
…these is the remarkable cycle Lebediny stan (“The Swans’ Camp,” composed 1917–21, but not published until 1957 in Munich), a moving lyrical chronicle of the Civil War viewed through the eyes and emotions of the wife of a White officer.
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0fd541f434575cfd633b064d72e523e0 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lebensphilosophie | Lebensphilosophie | Lebensphilosophie
…the corresponding school, known as Lebensphilosophie (“philosophy of life”), began to take on aspects of a political ideology in the years immediately preceding World War I. The work of Hans Driesch and Ludwig Klages, for example, openly condemned the superficial intellectualism of Western civilizati... |
222303a1c3ae74ae829a8ce74bf0b7a6 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lebensraum | Lebensraum | Lebensraum
…for additional living space (Lebensraum) in the east. First, however, there was the continued need to break the chains of the hated Treaty of Versailles.
…Hitler’s unbending determination to conquer Lebensraum from the Soviets for almost two years. On September 1, 1939, Hitler launched his invasion of Polan... |
a94dcfa76fa5f21222a586107c971b70 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lecciones-de-literatura-espanola | Lecciones de literatura española | Lecciones de literatura española
…“Literary and Critical Essays”); and Lecciones de literatura española (1836; “Lessons in Spanish Literature”), lectures given at the University of Madrid in 1822.
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5f789a3a2745acb7ccb3763e07736368 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lech | Lech | Lech
Legend attributes Gniezno’s origin to Lech, mythological founder of Poland, who supposedly made it his capital. Archaeological evidence indicates that a stronghold of the Polanie tribe existed there in the 8th century ce. In 1000 Gniezno became capital of the first Roman Catholic archdiocese of Poland; it received... |
a8875c8da5364b089fe5ef06ecbb12f9 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lecons-de-tenebres | Leçons de ténèbres | Leçons de ténèbres
…and greatest liturgical work, the Leçons de ténèbres (c. 1715), brings to the linear subtlety of the French vocal style and the pathos of Italian harmony a quality of mysticism that has no parallel in the French or Italian music of the period. Johann Sebastian Bach knew Couperin’s work and…
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153c1be537d9a27cf00b45196610e92a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lecons-sur-la-theorie-generale-des-surfaces-et-les-applications-geometriques-du-calcul-infinitesimal | Leçons sur la théorie générale des surfaces et les applications géométriques du calcul infinitésimal | Leçons sur la théorie générale des surfaces et les applications géométriques du calcul infinitésimal
Leçons sur la théorie générale des surfaces et les applications géométriques du calcul infinitésimal, 4 vol. (1887–96; “Lessons on the General Theory of Surfaces and the Geometric Applications of Infinitesimal Calculus”... |
1c68c574fb504129f731ece5822c19c1 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lecons-sur-le-calcul-des-variations | Leçons sur le calcul des variations | Leçons sur le calcul des variations
Hadamard’s Leçons sur le calcul des variations (1910; “Lessons on the Calculus of Variations”) helped to lay the foundations of the modern theory of functional analysis, in connection with which he introduced the term functional. Part of his work in determinants is important in the t... |
82187a9a07a1284a3aee021413f78ff5 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/lectern | Lectern | Lectern
Lectern, originally a pedestal-based reading desk with a slanted top used for supporting liturgical books—such as Bibles, missals, and breviaries at religious services; later, a stand that supports a speaker’s books and notes. In early Christian times, lecterns, then known as ambos, were incorporated into the ... |
c3b056056021522203450357c734fb44 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/lectionary | Lectionary | Lectionary
Lectionary, in Christianity, a book containing portions of the Bible appointed to be read on particular days of the year. The word is also used for the list of such Scripture lessons. The early Christians adopted the Jewish custom of reading extracts from the Old Testament on the sabbath. They soon added e... |
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