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7af6cabb0962cd2a5cf5f0c8a14fa5f3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/language-universal | Language universal | Language universal
Universalists claim that creoles developed according to universals of language development. According to the version of this hypothesis called the language bioprogram hypothesis, which was later revised and became known as the lexical learning hypothesis, children who were exposed to a pidgin at an e... |
ee153c9fd2c9332775a034409acc86e7 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/language-variant | Language variant | Language variant
The word language contains a multiplicity of different designations. Two senses have already been distinguished: language as a universal species-specific capability of the human race and languages as the various manifestations of that capability, as with English, French, Latin, Swahili, Malay, and so…
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7eafb28cdc764e67708df1fa425b78b0 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/language/Changes-through-geographical-movement | Changes through geographical movement | Changes through geographical movement
The fundamental cause of linguistic change and hence of linguistic diversification is the minute deviations occurring in the transmission of language from one generation to another. But other factors contribute to the historical development of languages and determine the spread of ... |
587eea4ad7ca222eb9dc5da6de7c6d63 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/language/Historical-attitudes-toward-language | Historical attitudes toward language | Historical attitudes toward language
As is evident from the discussion above, human life in its present form would be impossible and inconceivable without the use of language. People have long recognized the force and significance of language. Naming—applying a word to pick out and refer to a fellow human being, an ani... |
1eb0c16d04efb51d116620d4d229f36e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/language/Language-acquisition | Language acquisition | Language acquisition
In regard to the production of speech sounds, all typical humans are physiologically alike. It has been shown repeatedly that children learn the language of those who bring them up from infancy. These are often the biological parents, but one’s first language is acquired from environment and learni... |
865709b573c6a9a3229bb540fce3d8e3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/language/Language-and-social-differentiation-and-assimilation | Language and social differentiation and assimilation | Language and social differentiation and assimilation
The part played by variations within a language in differentiating social and occupational groups in a society has already been referred to above. In language transmission this tends to be self-perpetuating unless deliberately interfered with. Children are in general... |
d7f3b9da3ec8936bc84b3a1588a85d24 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/language/Language-typology | Language typology | Language typology
Language families, as conceived in the historical study of languages, should not be confused with the quite separate classifications of languages by reference to their sharing certain predominant features of grammatical structure. Such classifications give rise to what are called typological classes.
... |
ca94f02fb8cb17e36ebcfb3cac3098cb | https://www.britannica.com/topic/language/Lexical-meaning | Lexical meaning | Lexical meaning
The other component of sentence meaning is word meaning, the individual meanings of the words in a sentence, as lexical items. The concept of word meaning is a familiar one. Dictionaries list words and in one way or another state their meanings. It is regarded as a sensible question to ask of any word i... |
2d5934f988c080d0fb0847f4fe5343bf | https://www.britannica.com/topic/language/Linguistic-change | Linguistic change | Linguistic change
Every language has a history, and, as in the rest of human culture, changes are constantly taking place in the course of the learned transmission of a language from one generation to another. This is just part of the difference between human culture and animal behaviour. Languages change in all their ... |
eee643da8bd6c09825963f3a12abb628 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/language/Meaning-and-style-in-language | Meaning and style in language | Meaning and style in language
The whole object and purpose of language is to be meaningful. Languages have developed and are constituted in their present forms in order to meet the needs of communication in all its aspects.
It is because the needs of human communication are so various and so multifarious that the study... |
e22a5c4d903ec8e0335657d1d6b9982b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/language/Pidgins-and-creoles | Pidgins and creoles | Pidgins and creoles
Some specialized languages were developed to keep the outsider at bay. In other circumstances, languages have been deliberately created to facilitate communication with outsiders. This happens when people speaking two different languages have to work together, usually in some form of trade relation ... |
40f57dda21ba9cc402ad503d230810a4 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/language/Style | Style | Style
The capacity for conceptualization possessed and developed by languages is by no means the only purpose language serves. A person’s speech, supplemented by facial expression and gesture when speaker and hearer are mutually in sight, indicates and is intended to indicate a great deal more than factual information,... |
906caa774e4055cfe3c4bb82a2612a09 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Languages-of-Art | Languages of Art | Languages of Art
His Languages of Art (1968) was the first work of analytical philosophy to produce a distinct and systematic theory of art. Goodman’s theory has attracted considerable attention, the more so in that it is an extension of a general philosophical perspective, expounded in works of great…
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ddd4921103002e98a9b479d935e975fc | https://www.britannica.com/topic/langue-doil | Langue d’oïl | Langue d’oïl
…to the Alps was the langue d’oïl (the future French), and to the south it was the langue d’oc (Occitan), terms derived from the respective expressions for “yes.”
The langue d’oïl had a tradition of dance and spinning songs before the troubadours exerted by the mid-12th century an influence encouraged by, ... |
4f6119f1bd3c6ea4557068d2b040b536 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/langue-linguistics | Langue | Langue
… or actual individual utterances, from langue, the underlying system of conventions that makes such utterances understandable; it is this underlying langue that most interests semioticians.
…inner and outer form): (1) langue versus parole and (2) form versus substance. By langue, best translated in its technica... |
b2cdc4b048972d1dd909d5e52768ece2 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lankavatara-sutra | Lankavatara-sutra | Lankavatara-sutra
Lankavatara-sutra, (Sanskrit: “Sutra of the Appearance of the Good Doctrine in Lanka”) in full Saddharma-lankavatara-sutra, distinctive and influential philosophical discourse in the Mahayana Buddhist tradition that is said to have been preached by the Buddha in the mythical city Lanka. Dating from ... |
885a90ca0c863d4a90cb131312c7539a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lantern-Festival | Lantern Festival | Lantern Festival
Lantern Festival, also called Yuan Xiao Festival, holiday celebrated in China and other Asian countries that honours deceased ancestors on the 15th day of the first month (Yuan) of the lunar calendar. The Lantern Festival aims to promote reconciliation, peace, and forgiveness. The holiday marks the fi... |
6026072f17ce92339102e950c00635e8 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lantian-man | Lantian man | Lantian man
Lantian man, Wade-Giles Lan-t’ien, fossils of hominins (members of the human lineage) found in 1963 and 1964 by Chinese archaeologists at two sites in Lantian district, Shaanxi province, China. One specimen was found at each site: a cranium (skullcap) at Gongwangling (Kung-wang-ling) and a mandible (lower ... |
d68eb60b784761ec153683dcf668d48d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lao | Lao | Lao
The Lao people, the predominant ethnic group in present-day Laos, are a branch of the Tai peoples who by the 8th century ce had established a powerful kingdom, Nanzhao, in southwestern China. From Nanzhao the Tai gradually penetrated southward into the Southeast Asian mainland; their migration…
The Lao live mainly ... |
1ddfe7f05a8f688df7a21fb4366bf264 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lao-Issara | Lao Issara | Lao Issara
Lao Issara, English Free Laos, Laotian political movement against French colonial control, founded in 1945. The departure of the Japanese from Laos in 1945 left the Laotian ruling elite divided over the issue of the restoration of French control. The king welcomed the French return, but Prince Phetsarath, t... |
b6ee53fd907e2f6e6d6647488e8e963a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lao-Patriotic-Front | Lao Patriotic Front | Lao Patriotic Front
…a legal political wing, the Lao Patriotic Front (Neo Lao Hak Xat), was founded and participated in several coalition governments. In the 1960s and early ’70s the Pathet Lao fought a civil war against the U.S.-backed Vientiane regime, winning effective control in the north and east. In the spring of... |
3d5ffd04f53a1d233ff646f704c9a659 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lao-Peoples-Revolutionary-Party | Lao People’s Revolutionary Party | Lao People’s Revolutionary Party
…effectively controlled by the communist Lao People’s Revolutionary Party (LPRP). This party, in alliance with the Vietnamese communists, carried out the revolution that ended in its seizure of power and the abolition of the monarchy. Top government positions—beginning with the presiden... |
cc69b0416a41800131ac814b199b2140 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lao-Soung | Lao Soung | Lao Soung
The Lao Soung group includes peoples who have migrated into northern Laos since the early 19th century and speak Hmong-Mien (Miao-Yao) or Tibeto-Burman languages. Among the most prominent of those communities are the Hmong, Mien (also called Man or Yao), Akha (a subgroup of Hani peoples),…
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1de842e9a5672998ceb5bff034f37537 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lao-Tai | Lao Tai | Lao Tai
Lao Tai peoples of the Lao Loum group also once had a clear political hierarchy and a stratified social structure. Black Tai tribal organization, for instance, had three levels: the village, which was the smallest unit; the commune, which comprised several villages; and the muong,…
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bbc3dfc49e15ef53cb893ea1cefd2177 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Laocoon-Greek-sculpture | Laocoön | Laocoön
Laocoön, a portrayal of anguish, shows the figure of the priest Laocoön and his two sons in the grip of two snakes. The sculpture, in immobile stone, is bursting with dynamism and energy.
The Laocoön group, a famous sculpture of the Trojan priest and his two sons struggling with a huge serpent, probably made by... |
9af439cedf318c562df79eb65052bf36 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Laocoon-painting-by-El-Greco | Laocoön | Laocoön
…most Renaissance artists, is the Laocoon (1610–14). For ancient Troy he substituted a view of Toledo, similar to the one just discussed, and he displayed little regard for classical tradition in painting the highly expressive but great, sprawling body of the priest.
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1cdeaf3614f2987ad8b781e732ba6c0f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Laodameia | Laodameia | Laodameia
His bride, Laodameia, was so grief stricken that the gods granted her request that Protesilaus be allowed to return from the dead for three hours. At the expiration of the time she accompanied him to the underworld, either by taking her own life or by immolating herself…
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61157e2bd4176888e17bb24eac5aa9da | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Laozi-huhuajing | Laozi huhuajing | Laozi huhuajing
This book, the Laozi huhuajing (“Laozi’s Conversion of the Barbarians”), in which Buddhism was presented as an inferior kind of Daoism, was often condemned by the Chinese imperial authorities.
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bd269a4ab4e3283f5312f56f0c5ab78a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/lapidary-style | Lapidary style | Lapidary style
Lapidary style, in calligraphy, style of lettering characteristically used for inscription in marble or other stone by chisel strokes, as, for example, on Trajan’s Column in the Forum at Rome. The words of the inscription may be painted upon the stone slab first as a guide for the stonecutter, and the ... |
8c776e6809daadac52ec750af2cc4879 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/lappmark | Lappmark | Lappmark
Territorial subdivisions called lappmark were established for the regulation and taxation of the fur trade. As Swedish cultivators settled the coastal provinces (Västerbotten and Norrbotten) and began to move up the rivers into the interior, conflicts arose with the indigenous Sami. Twice, “limits of cultivati... |
d97de5e9b0d47481c462dec4d2f61b41 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lar-Roman-deities | Lar | Lar
Lar, plural Lares, in Roman religion, any of numerous tutelary deities. They were originally gods of the cultivated fields, worshipped by each household at the crossroads where its allotment joined those of others. Later the Lares were worshipped in the houses in association with the Penates, the gods of the store... |
8a98a883e4369d1558044ca6b59e6e78 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lara-Jonggrang | Lara Jonggrang | Lara Jonggrang
…the complex is that of Lara Jonggrang, also called Candi Prambanan (Prambanan Temple) because of its close proximity to the village. These temples were designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1999.
Shiva’s great temple at Prambanan, though not associated with the Shailendra family, is less than 50 mi... |
1df4693466c047c0d451de6e67ab7e14 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Laran-om-staten | Läran om staten | Läran om staten
In 1842 he published Läran om staten (“Political Science”), which was influenced deeply by the philosophy of G.W.F. Hegel and in which he advanced the idea that the essence of a state is a national spirit. His influence as a stimulator of the national cultural life began in 1844…
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75e35ea67590f0211dfc3c30fe225cd2 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/lard | Lard | Lard
Lard, soft, creamy, white solid or semisolid fat with butter-like consistency, obtained by rendering or melting the fatty tissue of hogs. A highly valued cooking and baking fat, lard is blended, frequently after modification by molecular rearrangement or hydrogenation, with other fats and oils to make shortening... |
93bb8b94de9b9476bd201f373484c774 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/lard-oil | Lard oil | Lard oil
Lard oil is the clear, colourless oil pressed from pure lard after it has been crystallized, or grained, at 7° C (45° F). It is used as a lubricant, in cutting oils, and in soap manufacture. The solid residue, lard stearin, is used in shortenings…
Lard oil has excellent lubricating qualities, but it tends to b... |
32a235c19889ceb1334a7442930c5a94 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lares-Compitales | Lares Compitales | Lares Compitales
…coupled in Rome with the Lares Compitales (the spirits of his ancestors). Its principal custodians (seviri Augustales) were normally freedmen. Both the Senate and the emperor had central control over the institution. The Senate could withhold a vote of posthumous deification, and the emperor could ack... |
230c38ed8072070bdccd8a460546c380 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Large-Magellanic-Cloud | Large Magellanic Cloud | Large Magellanic Cloud
One of them, the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), is a luminous patch about 5° in diameter, and the other, the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), measures less than 2° across. The Magellanic Clouds are visible to the unaided eye in the Southern Hemisphere, but they cannot be observed from most…
…supernov... |
82f3ce4baa5c1a43c6e4bfc91b32799d | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Larissa-astronomy | Larissa | Larissa
…of its discoveries, Proteus and Larissa, closely enough to detect both their size and approximate shape. Both bodies are irregular in shape and appear to have heavily cratered surfaces. The sizes of the other four are estimated from a combination of distant images and their brightnesses, based on the assumptio... |
be456dc3582675cb1bb2658bb42256cb | https://www.britannica.com/topic/LArlesienne-incidental-music-by-Bizet | L'Arlésienne | L'Arlésienne
L’Arlésienne, incidental music for orchestra by French composer Georges Bizet, written to accompany Alphonse Daudet’s play of the same name, which premiered on October 1, 1872. The most famous movement is the “Farandole,” which sets a traditional Provençal tune against a light and playful dance melody, ma... |
036f898060abc51eed8264d6385ab9ee | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Larnian-industry | Larnian industry | Larnian industry
These artifacts were named Larnian, after Larne, Northern Ireland, the site where they were first found; dates from 6000 bce onward were assigned to them. Archaeological work since World War II, however, casts considerable doubt on the antiquity and affinities of the people who were responsible for the... |
f1a68e8ff9609a89a48769e6871a2ef8 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Larvenformen-der-Dipteren | Larvenformen der Dipteren | Larvenformen der Dipteren
…work in a monograph entitled Larvenformen der Dipteren (1952; “Dipterous Larvae”), which became the standard work on the subject. He later extended his studies on dipterans to include those species of the order found in New Zealand, which afforded him the opportunity to apply the principles o... |
8799b9e6b9641d222c9d6fa1994086a2 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/laryngeal-consonant | Laryngeal consonant | Laryngeal consonant
…direct evidence for the “laryngeal” consonants reconstructed for Proto-Indo-European on purely internal grounds by linguist Ferdinand de Saussure in 1879. Study of the details of the development of these guttural (or pharyngeal) fricatives in Anatolian continues.
…consonants, for which the label la... |
6a0dd404b50f001e101541ca26469b53 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/lasagna | Lasagna | Lasagna
Ribbon types include the wide lasagna and the narrow linguini. Farfels are ground, granulated, or shredded. The wide variety of special shapes includes farfalloni (“large butterflies”), lancette (“little spears”), fusilli (“spindles”), and riccioline (“little curls”).
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706ccdefe8a3c60fdb1488023e8b0125 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lascarid-dynasty | Lascarid dynasty | Lascarid dynasty
… under the dynasty of the Lascarids. Centred in the Aegean region and Bithynia, the Lascarids established a modus vivendi with the Seljuq power and retook Constantinople from the Latins in 1261. The reconquest of Constantinople was, in fact, a disaster for the empire’s Anatolian possessions, since wit... |
d9097ecefb5c606d46af21d50fb45199 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Laser-Geodynamic-Satellite | Laser Geodynamic Satellite | Laser Geodynamic Satellite
…geodetic purposes was Lageos (Laser Geodynamic Satellite), launched by the United States on May 4, 1976, into a nearly circular orbit at a height of approximately 6,000 kilometres. It consisted of an aluminum sphere 60 centimetres (23.6 inches) in diameter that carried 426 reflectors suitabl... |
03de081cfdd86b5d2175430dd918b167 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Laser-Interferometer-Gravitational-wave-Observatory | Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory | Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory
Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO), astronomical observatory located in Hanford, Washington, and in Livingston, Louisiana, that in 2015 made the first direct detection of gravitational waves. Construction began on LIGO in 1999, and observation... |
9723baad633cc6feb60487f9a936576e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Laspeyres-index | Laspeyres index | Laspeyres index
Laspeyres index, index proposed by German economist Étienne Laspeyres (1834–1913) for measuring current prices or quantities in relation to those of a selected base period. A Laspeyres price index is computed by taking the ratio of the total cost of purchasing a specified group of commodities at curren... |
7e8e98bf044abc2444e8ec66c468c26b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lassie-Come-Home | Lassie Come Home | Lassie Come Home
The nonfantastic animal story Lassie Come Home (1940), by Eric Knight, survived adaptation to film and television. In the convention of the talking animal, authentic work was produced by Ben Lucien Burman, with his wonderful “Catfish Bend” tales (1952–67). The American-style, wholesome, humorous family... |
05bf34a2538bbefa418b9a58347ab83a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/last-clear-chance | Last clear chance | Last clear chance
…exposes himself to certain dangers; last clear chance, which allows the plaintiff to recover even though contributorily negligent—if the defendant had the last clear chance to avoid the mishap.
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2794e245c0ba9972c97223b375ac4710 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Last-Day-of-Pompeii | Last Day of Pompeii | Last Day of Pompeii
…his best-known work, the monumental “Last Day of Pompeii” (1830–33), while there; it brought him an international reputation. Though he painted other large canvases with historical subjects, none was as successful as “Pompeii.” Much of his continuing reputation rests on his more intimate portraits ... |
76420756d3c90b848cf5952534ae8d23 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Last-Exit-to-Brooklyn | Last Exit to Brooklyn | Last Exit to Brooklyn
(Last Exit to Brooklyn [1964]), documented lower-class urban life with brutal frankness. Similarly, John Rechy portrayed America’s urban homosexual subculture in City of Night (1963). As literary and social mores were liberalized, Cheever himself dealt with homosexuality in his prison novel Falcon... |
fa7615a074698992771fef3e0a282586 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/last-in-first-out | Last in, first out | Last in, first out
…(1) first-in, first-out (FIFO), (2) last-in, first-out (LIFO), or (3) average cost. The LIFO method is widely used in the United States, where it is also an acceptable costing method for income tax purposes; companies in most other countries measure inventory cost and the cost of goods sold by some…... |
db8d567037fbc6b2bb2b9c55d9cbef64 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Last-Judgment-fresco-by-Cavallini | Last Judgment | Last Judgment
…his most famous works, a Last Judgment fresco, frescoes of Old Testament scenes (only fragments survive), and an Annunciation in Santa Cecilia in Trastevere in Rome. Here the classicizing elements of his mosaics are consolidated in a powerful and grandly expressive style best illustrated by a beautiful a... |
9a0c3f6fc8e2eb6dacb2c8ea856f4411 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Last-Judgment-fresco-by-Signorelli | Last Judgment | Last Judgment
…the World” and the “Last Judgment” (1499–1502), is in the chapel of S. Brizio in Orvieto cathedral. Those frescoes, which greatly influenced Michelangelo, are crowded with powerful nudes painted in many postures that accentuate their musculature. Signorelli had little sense of colour, but here his greeni... |
0ce77a61681a1df998934aa9c7d6c66b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Last-Judgment-painting-by-Angelico | The Last Judgment | The Last Judgment
…works such as the large The Last Judgment (1440–45) and The Coronation of the Virgin (c. 1430–32), for example, the human figures receding toward the rear themselves create a feeling of space similar to that in the paintings of Angelico’s great Florentine contemporary Masaccio. The earliest work by A... |
8e430da5508626e7c16b374e221fafc1 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Last-Judgment-painting-by-Jean-Cousin-the-Younger | Last Judgment | Last Judgment
…important surviving work is the “Last Judgment,” now in the Louvre, the theme of which is the insignificance of human life; the composition suggests both Florentine Mannerism and Flemish influences. Cousin also is noted for his drawing style, best represented in the emblematic style of his “Livre de Fort... |
a315a8ca2816ddd4dcf978a4b9287fc8 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Last-Judgment-painting-by-Lucas-van-Leyden | Last Judgment | Last Judgment
…all in his masterpiece, the Last Judgment (commissioned 1526), in which the composition is unified by the clear, dominant rhythm of the figures and the logically rendered space.
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c9eb13f29509b30ac44a91b6ebfd052e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Last-Judgment-painting-by-Pacheco | Last Judgment | Last Judgment
Such paintings as the Last Judgment (1614) in the convent of Santa Isabel and the Martyrs of Granada are highly imitative and rigid works, monumental but unimpressive. Although Velázquez became Pacheco’s son-in-law, he was uninfluenced by his father-in-law’s art.
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b846c4f3a127f3221994a7cf28e28501 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Last-Moments | Last Moments | Last Moments
…a dark, moody “modernista” painting, Last Moments (later painted over), showing the visit of a priest to the bedside of a dying woman, a work that was accepted for the Spanish section of the Exposition Universelle in Paris in that year. Eager to see his own work in place and…
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fc4eec086e23e749fb88321e1ce6934b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Last-of-the-Vikings | Last of the Vikings | Last of the Vikings
…in Den siste viking (1921; Last of the Vikings, 1923).
… Islands: Den siste viking (1921; Last of the Vikings) and Folk ved sjøen (1929; Folk by the Sea), perhaps his finest work. Both of these works are epic in conception and contain remarkable passages of description.
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712fc67e36f9e586059075216bc49c03 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Last-Poems-and-Two-Plays | Last Poems and Two Plays | Last Poems and Two Plays
…verse collections, New Poems and Last Poems and Two Plays, appeared in 1938 and 1939 respectively. In these books many of his previous themes are gathered up and rehandled, with an immense technical range; the aged poet was using ballad rhythms and dialogue structure with undiminished energy a... |
253ced0ef67216b83a1f2b47034dfbdc | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Last-Supper-fresco-by-Castagno | Last Supper | Last Supper
…first notable works were a Last Supper and, in a single composition above that, a Crucifixion, a Deposition, and a Resurrection—all executed in 1447 for the refectory of the former Convent of Sant’Apollonia in Florence, now known as the Cenacolo di Sant’Apollonia. These monumental frescoes, revealing the i... |
327f90e10380ad7493e267b68dbd2e9a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Last-Supper-painting-by-Veronese | Last Supper | Last Supper
…paintings and particularly in the Last Supper commissioned in 1573 by the convent of Saints Giovanni e Paolo aroused the suspicion of the Inquisition’s tribunal of the Holy Office, which summoned Veronese to defend the painting. The tribunal objected to the painting on grounds that it included irreverent e... |
04078416d9df0bc8eb76d51245924ef6 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Last-Tango-in-Paris | Last Tango in Paris | Last Tango in Paris
…best known for his film Last Tango in Paris (1972), the erotic content of which created an international sensation.
…Bertolucci, appearing in the latter’s Last Tango in Paris (1972). An actor of limited range, Léaud nevertheless endowed the role of a scatterbrained young man with both emotional int... |
578510b9f6cb6546f4c5c3e6f83c0585 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lastuja | Lastuja | Lastuja
Aho’s short stories, Lastuja, 8 series (1891–1921; “Chips”), have been most enduring; they are concerned with peasant life, fishing, and the wildlife of the lakelands. In these, as in his reminiscences of childhood, Muistatko—? (1920; “Do You Remember?”), Aho displays a quiet lyricism.
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a673687fcebacfa0139e80e19d53376a | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Late-Archaic-Chinese-language | Late Archaic Chinese language | Late Archaic Chinese language
…became still more pronounced in Late Archaic, the language of the two major Confucian and Daoist writers, Mencius (Mengzi) and Zhuangzi, as well as of other important philosophers. The grammar by then had become more explicit in the writing system, with a number of well-defined grammatica... |
1b645f21d1d3716f3fd78c82e4b88d23 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Late-Chagatai-language | Late Chagatai language | Late Chagatai language
…Middle and Late Ottoman, Azerbaijani, Late Chagatai, and others. Ottoman is the leading language, with a rich literature comprising a variety of forms and styles. Azerbaijani reached a high level of development in the 16th century. Chagatai continued to play a major role, mixing with local eleme... |
1bf481c53275827d8e7aaf389d2bcf94 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Late-Classic-sub-period | Late Classic sub-period | Late Classic sub-period
In the Late Classic subperiod, between ad 600 and 900, ceremonial centres in the Maya Lowlands proliferated, as did the carving and erection of the inscribed and dated stelae and monuments. Farming techniques became more sophisticated, abstract thinking soared, and Maya astronomers and mathemati... |
dc14142f85dd2858fe40c36dec644a67 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Late-Hallstatt-Period | Late Hallstatt Period | Late Hallstatt Period
…but, as with Heuneburg, the Late Hallstatt Period is a distinct phase, and the brief time it took for these centres to come into existence demonstrates the potential for power available at the time. Heuneburg was one of the wealthiest of all these sites, and it is important for many…
During the L... |
de271819ed863b5d8cecc6e912220d86 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Late-Intermediate-Period | Late Intermediate Period | Late Intermediate Period
The Late Intermediate Period began about 1000 (Rowe has said 900) with the dying out of the signs of unity imposed by Huari. The seeds of the Chimú state were probably sown at the same time, but they are…
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7460bf47a5e08c300880a69c5a0f68c7 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Late-Jomon | Late Jōmon | Late Jōmon
In the Late Jōmon (c. 1500–1000 bce) colder temperatures and increased rainfall forced migration from the central mountains to the eastern coastal areas of Honshu. There is evidence of even greater interest in ritual, probably because of the extensive decrease in population. From this time are found…
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89e4f680214d5a08c28dad98fa7033d4 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Late-Middle-English-language | Late Middle English language | Late Middle English language
…and Geoffrey Chaucer; and (3) Late Middle English, from about 1400 to about 1500, which was marked by the spread of the London literary dialect and the gradual cleavage between the Scottish dialect and the other northern dialects. During this period the basic lines of inflection as they ap... |
80d46c3bba3cc75fa670f9b83d68cd1c | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Late-Night-with-David-Letterman | Late Night with David Letterman | Late Night with David Letterman
…television with the critically acclaimed Late Night with David Letterman, which premiered in 1982 on NBC. The show ran immediately after Carson’s The Tonight Show, and its ironic and offbeat humour was a hit with viewers. Late Night featured top-10 lists; sarcastic interplay between Let... |
6773b5cc0cd2a889ea8b990353d08b66 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Late-Protoliterate-Period | Late Protoliterate Period | Late Protoliterate Period
…the succeeding “Jamdat Nasr” (Late Protoliterate) phase, a large cemetery produced valuable remains allied to more sensational discoveries made at Erech.
|
df8e26939bd1c3f1620054464b3f6224 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Late-Show-with-David-Letterman | Late Show | Late Show
Late Show, in full Late Show with David Letterman (1993–2015) and The Late Show with Stephen Colbert (2015– ), American late-night talk show that began airing on the CBS television network in 1993, with comedian David Letterman as host, and won numerous Emmy Awards for its innovative, frequently off-the-wall... |
251ee0358622f23ebfcd0e683db58e2b | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Later-Jin-dynasty | Later Jin dynasty | Later Jin dynasty
…Asia, and Gaozu established the Hou (Later) Jin dynasty. When Gaozu’s son attempted to halt his tribute payments to the Khitan in 946, they reinvaded North China and carried him into captivity, thus ending the 10-year Hou Jin dynasty. The following year a former Hou Jin general who also bore…
…Tang i... |
b456d80ad1f07e9496bb7be8dd546cf3 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Later-Koguryo | Later Koguryŏ | Later Koguryŏ
…the Later Paekche (892) and Later Koguryŏ (also called Majin or T’aebong; 901) kingdoms. Together with Silla, they are commonly referred to as the Later Three Kingdoms. In this period Sŏn (Zen) Buddhism was most popular, with its emphasis on the importance of realizing, through contemplation, the inborn ... |
89470076175edb2e495469abf2f91169 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Later-Le-dynasty | Later Le Dynasty | Later Le Dynasty
Later Le Dynasty, Vietnamese Nha Hau Le, (1428–1788), the greatest and longest lasting dynasty of traditional Vietnam. Its predecessor, the Earlier Le, was founded by Le Hoan and lasted from 980 to 1009.
The Later Le was established when its founder, Le Loi, began a resistance movement against the Chi... |
5d6b5b6c6867f4603f00adbb0a2b6d34 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Later-Liang-dynasty-Chinese-history-907-923 | Later Liang dynasty | Later Liang dynasty
…the five dynasties was the Hou (Later) Liang, which was established by the rebel leader Zhu Wen after he usurped the Tang throne in 907. Zhu was murdered by his own son in 912, and the Hou Liang was overthrown by one of its generals, Zhuangzong (personal name Li Cunxu),…
…the first emperor of the H... |
3a2da21cdd881a4e9d3425f19bc30aac | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Later-Ly-dynasty | Later Ly dynasty | Later Ly dynasty
Later Ly dynasty, Vietnamese Nha Hau Ly, (1009–1225), first of the three great dynasties of Vietnam. The kingdom, known later as Dai Viet, was established by Ly Thai To in the Red River Delta area of present northern Vietnam. Its capital was Thang Long (Hanoi). (It is “later” with respect to the Earli... |
a3a801e13706d8eebd29693e1d3757e0 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Later-Paekche | Later Paekche | Later Paekche
…and Kungye, established, respectively, the Later Paekche (892) and Later Koguryŏ (also called Majin or T’aebong; 901) kingdoms. Together with Silla, they are commonly referred to as the Later Three Kingdoms. In this period Sŏn (Zen) Buddhism was most popular, with its emphasis on the importance of realiz... |
4c6ceb465d76d51852dabdd7393a9926 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Later-Tang-dynasty | Later Tang dynasty | Later Tang dynasty
…Li Cunxu), who established the Hou (Later) Tang dynasty in 923. Although Zhuangzong and his successors ruled relatively well for 13 years, the Hou Tang was finally terminated when one of its generals, Gaozu (personal name Shi Jingtang), overthrew his master with the aid of the Khitan, a seminomadic ... |
7a24703ca1873a8ea49c84258b402292 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Later-Three-Kingdoms | Later Three Kingdoms | Later Three Kingdoms
…commonly referred to as the Later Three Kingdoms. In this period Sŏn (Zen) Buddhism was most popular, with its emphasis on the importance of realizing, through contemplation, the inborn Buddha nature of the individual.
|
7a7594676b716ace875edc7401d15c84 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Later-Vedic-Period | Later Vedic Period | Later Vedic Period
The principal literary sources from this period are the Sama-, the Yajur-, and the Atharvaveda (mainly ritual texts), the Brahmanas (manuals on ritual), and the Upanishads (Upanisads) and Aranyakas (collections of philosophical and metaphysical discourses). Associated with the…
|
cfd3a457e7dc488cb67f67affeef6ed6 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Later-Zhou-dynasty | Later Zhou dynasty | Later Zhou dynasty
…usurped the throne, founding the Hou (Later) Zhou dynasty. Although progress toward a more stable government began to be made during this time, the emperor died, leaving an infant on the throne. As a result, another general, Zhao Kuangyin (Taizu), seized the throne, founding the more long-lived Song... |
c141bfbfff7fc0fd03910b91a91b7ccd | https://www.britannica.com/topic/lateral-subsurface-drainage | Lateral | Lateral
…of the subsurface system, the lateral, primarily removes water from the soil. The laterals may be arranged in either a uniform or a random pattern. The choice is governed by the crop grown and its value, the characteristics of the soil, and the precipitation pattern.
|
fc96011410521527552440e701d7c228 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lateran-Palace | Lateran Palace | Lateran Palace
…Felice (1587), and the present Lateran Palace, built on the ruins of the old medieval palace. He collaborated with Giacomo della Porta on the completion of St. Peter’s dome (1588–90) from Michelangelo’s model. His most famous undertaking was the removal of the Egyptian obelisk (brought to Rome in the 1s... |
c66bbdf2329112dba061361c53b618e1 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/latewood | Latewood | Latewood
…wood (spring wood) and the late wood (summer wood); early wood is less dense because the cells are larger and their walls are thinner. Although the transition of early wood to late wood within a growth ring may be obscure, that demarcation between the adjacent late wood of one ring…
Growth rings are visible b... |
e0f7175a0a9d5e5baa7c09972f5fd9aa | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Latha-a-Bhreitheanis | Latha à Bhreitheanis | Latha à Bhreitheanis
His Latha à Bhreitheanis (“Day of Judgment”) and An Claigeann (“The Skull”) are impressive and sombre and show considerable imaginative power.
|
ce2cddfa7602677b77a31b1cc7c91c4e | https://www.britannica.com/topic/latihan | Latihan | Latihan
…feature of Subud is the latihan, its only group spiritual activity, which is usually held for an hour twice a week. During latihan, undergone by men and women in separate rooms, members allow the power of God to express itself through unrestrained spontaneous activity. The latihan includes unprogrammed singing... |
e561e17e8317675f85ff67184101946f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Latin-America-A-Cultural-History | Latin America: A Cultural History | Latin America: A Cultural History
…continente de siete colores (1965; Latin America: A Cultural History) introduced an international audience to Arciniegas’s panoramic view of his continent.
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883507e0dc5ed7290cbf540980947973 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Latin-American-Free-Trade-Association | Latin American Free Trade Association | Latin American Free Trade Association
…of Latin America through the Latin American Free Trade Association (1960) and its successor, the Latin American Integration Association (1980). In 1985 Argentina and Brazil signed the Declaration of Iguaçu, which created a bilateral commission to promote the integration of their e... |
8bf0913de4eeef72c434b53f56c1a722 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Latin-Averroism | Latin Averroism | Latin Averroism
Latin Averroism, the teachings of a number of Western Christian philosophers who, in the later Middle Ages and during the Renaissance, drew inspiration from the interpretation of Aristotle put forward by Averroës, a Muslim philosopher. The basic tenet of Latin Averroism was the assertion that reason a... |
2fb4f674387b01b227fa85efc5f4a4e9 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Latin-Faliscan-languages | Latin-Faliscan languages | Latin-Faliscan languages
Latin-Faliscan languages, language group proposed by some scholars to be included in the Italic branch of Indo-European languages. The group includes Latin, which emanated from Rome, and Faliscan, spoken in the Falerii district in southeastern Etruria. Closely related to Latin, Faliscan is kn... |
401df1773c0b3a076b7aeb96d64427bb | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Latin-Monetary-Union | Latin Monetary Union | Latin Monetary Union
…Italy, and Switzerland formed the Latin Monetary Union in 1865. The union established a mint ratio between the two metals and provided for use of the same standard units and issuance of coins. The system was undermined by the monetary manipulations of Italy and Greece (which had been admitted late... |
af8452906f77dbc91d194c120537dd29 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Latin-scholarship | Latin scholarship | Latin scholarship
From the beginning, Roman scholarship imitated Greek: Hellenistic techniques were applied to the treatment of Latin texts, and Latin grammar adopted Greek categories and terminology. Learned Greeks such as Tyrannion, Alexander Polyhistor, and Parthenius were brought to Rome as…
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9bb6337aaa4a9057e2f743c967f743ef | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Latin-Scholasticism | Latin Scholasticism | Latin Scholasticism
Attracted to Latin Scholasticism, he made Greek translations of the major works of Western writers, including tracts by St. Augustine of Hippo (5th century) and St. Thomas Aquinas’s Summa theologiae. By 1365 he had made a profession of faith in the Latin church.
…thought and his translation of Latin... |
97d0f0ed32d7dbf4d381adb560b8028f | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Latin-War | Latin War | Latin War
…with Rome; defeated in the Latin War (340–338), it lost part of its territory and became Rome’s ally. After 90 bc it received Roman citizenship and became a municipium. In the civil wars the younger Marius was blockaded in the town by the Sullans (82 bc), who took the city,…
The Latin War (340–338 bc) was qu... |
9fb863d9adb786804af71e5b1567b253 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Latini | Latini | Latini
Noncitizens could be either Latini, inhabitants of Roman settlements that had the rights of members of the original Latin League, or peregrini, who were members of foreign communities or of those territories governed but not absorbed by Rome. The great extension of the citizenship by the emperor Caracalla in…
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8c0ce368b5f94fdbaa6984cef5c39f41 | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Latinus | Latinus | Latinus
Latinus, in Roman legend, king of the aborigines in Latium and eponymous hero of the Latin race. The Greek poet Hesiod (7th century bc), in Theogony, calls him the son of the Greek hero Odysseus and the enchantress Circe. The Roman poet Virgil, in the Aeneid, makes him the son of the Roman god Faunus and the n... |
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