REFERENCE_ID int64 273 7.3M | TITLE stringlengths 4 390 | AUTHORS stringlengths 5 1.43k ⌀ | YEAR int64 1.85k 2.02k ⌀ | ABSTRACT stringlengths 1 18.4k ⌀ | CITED int64 0 1 |
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80,819 | Epidemiological studies of the respiratory effects of air pollution | Lebowitz, MD | 1,996 | Environmental epidemiological studies of the health effects of air pollution have been major contributors to the understanding of such effects. The chronic effects of atmospheric pollutants have been studied, but, except for the known respiratory effects of particulate matter (PM), they have not been studied conclusive... | 0 |
57,666 | Annual reduction of solar UV exposure to the facial area of outdoor workers in southeast Queensland by wearing a hat | Wong, JCF; Airey, DK; Fleming, RA | 1,996 | null | 0 |
82,712 | Nasal lavage as tool for health effect assessment of photochemical air pollution | Steerenberg, PA; Fischer, PH; Meyling, FG; Willighagen, J; Geerse, E; van de Vliet, H; Ameling, C; Boink, ABTJ; Dormans, JAMA; van Bree, L; Van Loveren, H | 1,996 | #It is widely accepted that humans exposed to known concentrations of ozone under controlled conditions exhibit reversible changes that affect the large and small airways as well as the alveolar region of the lung. Among the reversible changes, the induction of inflammatory responses in the lung are of major concern. M... | 0 |
79,935 | A critical review of the evidence on particulate air pollution and mortality | Moolgavkar, SH; Luebeck, EG | 1,996 | American Iron and Steel Institute. #We review epidemiologic studies of particulate air pollution and mortality in U.S. cities with respect to important methodologic issues. Many of these studies suffer from serious deficiencies in their control of the confounding effects of other pollutants. As a consequence, the small... | 0 |
80,723 | Comments on "Understanding the greenhouse effect and the ozone shield: an index of scientific literacy among university students" | Fuchs, M | 1,996 | null | 0 |
56,547 | Estimation of ozone exposures experienced by outdoor children in nine urban areas using a probabilistic version of NEM | Johnson, T; Capel, J; Mozier, J; Mccoy, M | 1,996 | Within the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS) has responsibility for establishing and revising national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS). In evaluating alternative NAAQS proposed for a particular pollutant, OAQPS assesses the risks to human health o... | 0 |
57,282 | Effects of light, temperature and canopy position on net photosynthesis and isoprene emission from sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) leaves | Harley, P; Guenther, A; Zimmerman, P | 1,996 | In June 1993, net photosynthetic rates, stomatal conductance and isoprene emission rates of sweetgum leaves (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) were measured at the top of the forest canopy (sun leaves) and within the canopy at a height of 8-10 m above ground level (shade leaves). Large differences in net photosynthetic rates... | 0 |
80,788 | Daily asthma severity in relation to personal ozone exposure and outdoor fungal spores | Delfino, RJ; Coate, BD; Zeiger, RS; Seltzer, JM; Street, DH; Koutrakis, P | 1,996 | U.S. National Institute of Health, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Grant No. ES06214. #Epidemiologic investigations of ambient ozone (O-3) effects on daily asthma status have not used personal O-3 exposures and have often lacked well-characterized allergen exposures. To address this, we studied 12 a... | 1 |
30,270 | Effects of enhanced O3 and CO2 enrichment on plant characteristics in wheat and corn | Rudorff, BFT; Mulchi, CL; Lee, EH; Rowland, R; Pausch, R | 1,996 | #The effects of CO2 enrichment and O3 induced stress on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and corn (Zea mays L.) were studied in field experiments using open-top chambers to simulate the atmospheric concentrations of these two gases that are predicted to occur during the coming century. The experiments were conducted at Bel... | 0 |
35,380 | Wheat grain quality under enhanced tropospheric CO2 and O3 concentrations | Rudorff, BFT; Mulchi, CL; Fenny, P; Lee, EH; Rowland, R | 1,996 | It is expected that the progressive increase of tropospheric trace gases such as CO2 and O3 will have a significant Impact on agricultural production. The single and combined effects of CO2 enrichment and tropospheric O3 on grain quality characteristics In soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were examined in f... | 0 |
40,408 | Profiles and simulated exchange of H2O, O3, NO2 between the atmosphere and the HartX Scots pine plantation | Joss, U; Graber, WK | 1,996 | Vertical profiles of H(2)O, CO(2), O(3), NO and NO(2) were measured during the Hartheim Experiment (HartX) to develop and calibrate a multilayer resistance model to estimate deposition and emission of the cited gaseous species. The meteorological and gas concentration data were obtained with a 30 m high telescopic mast... | 1 |
26,334 | Interactive effects of gaseous air pollutants and acid mist on two major pasture grasses | Ashenden, TW; Bell, SA; Rafarel, CR | 1,996 | Plants of Lolium perenne L. (perennial ryegrass) and Agrostis capillaris L. (common bent-grass) were exposed, for 18 and 22 weeks respectively, to combinations of gaseous pollutants and acid mists. The gaseous pollutant treatments were (a) charcoal filtered air, (b) 40 ppb SO2 + 40 ppb NO2, (c) 40 ppb O3 with additiona... | 0 |
36,382 | Ozone-induced responses in Arabidopsis thaliana: the role of salicylic acid in the accumulation of defense-related transcripts and induced resistance | Sharma, YK; Leon, J; Raskin, I; Davis, KR | 1,996 | Exposure of Arabidopsis thaliana to ozone results in the expression of a number of defense-related genes that are also induced during a hypersensitive response. A potential common link between the activation of defense gene expression during a hypersensitive response and by ozone treatment is the production of active o... | 0 |
53,177 | Carbon partitioning and allocation in northern red oak seedlings and mature trees in response to ozone | Samuelson, LJ; Kelly, JM | 1,996 | Northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) seedlings and trees differ in their response to ozone. Previous work reported reductions in net photosynthesis, carboxylation efficiency and quantum yield of mature tree leaves, whereas seedling processes were unaffected by the same ozone exposure. To further characterize differences... | 0 |
31,951 | National ambient air quality standards for ozone: Proposed decision | null | 1,996 | In accordance with sections 108 and 109 of the Clean Air Act (Act), EPA has reviewed the air quality criteria and national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) for ozone (O3) and particulate matter (PM). Based on these reviews, the EPA proposes to change the standards for both classes of pollutants. This document desc... | 0 |
26,653 | Light environment alters ozone uptake per net photosynthetic rate in black cherry trees | Fredericksen, TS; Kolb, TE; Skelly, JM; Steiner, KC; Joyce, BJ; Savage, JE | 1,996 | Foliar ozone uptake rates of different-sized black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) trees were compared within a deciduous forest and adjacent openings in north-central Pennsylvania during one growing season. Study trees included open-grown seedlings and saplings, forest understory seedlings and saplings, and sunlit and ... | 1 |
82,695 | Low-level air pollution and hospital admissions for cardiac and cerebrovascular diseases in Helsinki | Ponka, A; Virtanen, M | 1,996 | OBJECTIVES: This study investigated whether low concentrations of ambient air pollutants are associated with hospital admissions for ischemic cardiac and cerebrovascular diseases. METHODS: Associations between daily concentrations of sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and particulates and daily hosp... | 0 |
79,398 | Raumluftuntersuchungen schimmelpilzbelasteter Wohn- und Aufenthaltsraume bei ausgewahlten Patienten mit Asthma bronchiale (unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der Bewertungsproblematik [Investigation of fungal contamination of indoor air in homes of selected patients with asthma bronchiale]. | Senkpiel, K; Kurowski, V; Ohgke, H | 1,996 | null | 0 |
80,391 | Transport of ozone precursors from the Arctic troposphere to the North Atlantic region | Honrath, RE; Hamlin, AJ; Merrill, JT | 1,996 | The importance of Arctic outflow events to the budgets of nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons in the North Atlantic region is estimated using a climatology of isentropic airflow trajectories, in combination with current understanding of the levels of these compounds in the Arctic troposphere. We first review available mea... | 0 |
84,408 | Evaluating the contribution of UF-bonded building materials to indoor formaldehyde levels in a newly constructed house | Hare, DA; Margosian, RL; Groah, WJ; Abel SW 3rd; Schweer, LG; Koontz, MD | 1,996 | A Pilot Study to evaluate methods for measuring the contribution of UF-bonded building materials to indoor formaldehyde concentrations in newly constructed conventional and manufactured houses was recently conducted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The Pilot Study was funded by the National Particleboard As... | 0 |
47,549 | Mechanism of the atmospheric photooxidation of aromatics: a theoretical study | Andino, JM; Smith, JN; Flagan, RC; Goddard WA III; Seinfeld, JH | 1,996 | SUMMARY The mechanisms of atmospheric photooxidation of aromatic compounds are of seminal importance in the chemistry of the urban and regional atmosphere. It has been difficult to experimentally account for the full spectrum of oxidation products in laboratory studies. In an effort to fully elucidate the atmospheri... | 0 |
26,457 | Surface wetness and pollutant deposition | Cape, JN | 1,996 | INTRO.When viewed from the perspective of an atmospheric chemist, pollutant deposition is simply a process by which material is removed from the atmosphere. The removed material, however, is deposited at the ground, and for most terrestrial surfaces that means not the soil, but leaf surfaces. If the deposition process ... | 0 |
36,336 | Beta-1,3-glucanase mRNA is locally, but not systemically induced in Nicotiana Tabacum L cv BEL W3 after ozone fumigation | Ernst, D; Bodemann, A; Schmelzer, E; Langebartels, C; Sandermann, , Jr | 1,996 | Ozone fumigation of tobacco caused a strong induction of basic "Beta"-1,3-glucanase mRNA. In situ hybridization revealed a uniform labeling of the whole tissue section, except for the necrotic areas. Ozone-treated leaf parts showed an increased transcript accumulation, whereas no transcripts were detectable in non-trea... | 0 |
78,318 | Background ozone in the planetary boundary layer over the United States | Altshuller, AP; Lefohn, AS | 1,996 | Reliable estimates of background O-3 in the planetary boundary layer are needed as part of the current review by the U.S. EPA of O-3 health and welfare criteria and of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for O-3. Such estimates are especially necessary for comparing O-3 concentrations at which vegetation effects... | 0 |
80,795 | Possible links between ozone and temperature profiles | Fortuin, JPF; Kelder, H | 1,996 | null | 0 |
86,684 | Ozone as a bioregulator: pharmacology and toxicology of ozonetherapy today | Bocci, V | 1,996 | The disinfectant activity of ozone is well recognized and ozone is used worldwide for sterilization of water The use of ozone as a complementary medical approach is less known, because it has mostly been used in an empirical fashion without a rational basis and appropriate controls. In spite of this drawback, the use o... | 0 |
44,074 | The next generation of integrated air quality modeling: EPA's models-3 | Dennis, RL; Byun, DW; Novak, JH; Galuppi, KJ; Coats, CJ; Vouk, MA | 1,996 | The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is developing a third-generation modeling system, termed Models-3. This paper provides an overview of the concepts behind this effort. The modeling challenge is large and is addressed at two main user groups, regulatory analysts and scientists. New technology and tools from the ... | 0 |
84,092 | Significant reduction of UVB caused by smoke from biomass burning in Brazil | Mims FM III | 1,996 | National Aeronautics and Space Administration; Rolex Award. Solar UVB radiation, total ozone and the aerosol optical thickness (AOT) of the atmosphere were measured at various sites in Brazil during the burning season of 1995. Smoke from biomass burning caused very significant AOT and up to an 81% reduction in UVB at C... | 0 |
80,807 | Ozone toxicity in the rat II Modeling changes due to ambient temperatures and duration | Highfill, JW; Watkinson, WP | 1,996 | Previous studies involving exposures to xenobiotic agents have demonstrated decreases in physiological parameters such as heart rate(HR) and core body temperature (T-co) and have shown that these toxic responses are modulated by changes in ambient temperature (T-a). We recently published the results of a study in which... | 0 |
55,536 | A versatile sun-lit controlled-environment facility for studying plant and soil processes | Tingey, DT; Mcveety, BD; Waschmann, R; Johnson, MG; Phillips, DL; Rygiewicz, PT; Olszyk, DM | 1,996 | ABSTRACT
A new environmental-tracking, sun-lit controlled-environment facility (terracosm) that can control and manipulate climatic and edaphic factors while maintaining natural environmental variability was developed to study the effects of environmental stresses on a model ecosystem (i.e., plant and soil processes). ... | 1 |
15,771 | Nitric oxide production in the lung and liver following inhalation of the pulmonary irritant ozone | Laskin, JD; Heck, DE; Laskin, DL | 1,996 | null | 1 |
47,714 | Seasonal variation of the ozone production efficiency per unit NOx at Harvard Forest, Massachusetts | Hirsch, AI; Munger, JW; Jacob, DJ; Horowitz, LW; Goldstein, AH | 1,996 | Weekly values of the net O-3 production efficiency (OPE), defined as the net number of O-3 molecules produced per molecule of NOx (NO + NO2) consumed, are estimated from a 1990-1994 record of O-3, NOx, NOy, CO, and C2H2 concentrations at Harvard Forest, Massachusetts. The OPE is inferred from the slope Delta O-3/Delta(... | 0 |
40,394 | Critical levels for ozone, ozone exposure potentials of the atmosphere or critical absorbed doses for ozone: a general discussion | Grunhage, L; Jager, HJ | 1,996 | There is an ongoing debate as to which components of the ambient ozone (O(3)) exposure dynamics best explain adverse crop yield responses. A key issue is the weighting of peak versus mid-range hourly ambient O(3) concentrations. Another issue is the impor | 0 |
47,226 | Allergy | Anon, JB | 1,996 | null | 0 |
53,951 | Impacts of increased anthropogenic emissions in Asia on tropospheric ozone and climate | Berntsen, T; Isaksen, ISA; Wang, WC; Liang, XZ | 1,996 | BP Norway Limited; U.S. Department of Energy; National Science Foundation. A global 3-dimensional chemical transport model (CTM) has been used to study the impact of enhanced emission of pollutants in the Asian region on key chemical species like O3, OH and nitrogen oxides. An extended set of chemical compounds are inc... | 0 |
36,370 | Overexpression of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase in the cytosol of transgenic tobacco confers partial resistance to ozone-induced foliar necrosis | Pitcher, LH; Zilinskas, BA | 1,996 | Ozone damage to plants has been attributed to the action of oxygen free-radicals and other ozone degradation products against which cellular antioxidant systems have been considered to be a front-line defense. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), one such antioxidant, has been shown to increase in ozonated plant... | 0 |
83,565 | Health risk evaluation of ozone | Bylin, G; Cotgreave, I; Gustafsson, L; Nyberg, F; Pershagen, G; Sundell, J; Victorin, K; Zuber, A | 1,996 | null | 0 |
42,639 | Response of giant sequoia canopy foliage to elevated concentrations of atmospheric ozone | Grulke, NE; Miller, PR; Scioli, D | 1,996 | We examined the physiological response of foliage in the upper third of the canopy of 125-year-old giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum Buchholz.) trees to a 61-day exposure to 0.25x, 1x, 2x or 3x ambient ozone concentration. Four branch exposure chambers, one per ozone treatment, were installed on 1-m long secondar... | 0 |
13,310 | Toxicity testing of chemical mixtures: some general aspects and need of international guidelines | Kappus, H; Yang, RSH | 1,996 | The topics discussed by the Working Group on Toxicity Testing of Chemical Mixtures included the following: (1) the study designs and results from two real-life exposure scenarios as additional information to the various investigations reported at the conference; (2) the need to take into consideration low-level, long-t... | 0 |
78,122 | The effect of ozone exposure on allergen responsiveness in subjects with asthma or rhinitis | Jorres, R; Nowak, D; Magnussen, H; Speckin, P; Koschyk, S | 1,996 | The aim of this study was to determine whether ozone enhances bronchial responsiveness to allergens in subjects with allergic asthma, or facilitates a bronchial response in subjects with allergic rhinitis. Twenty-four subjects with mild stable allergic asthma, 12 subjects with allergic rhinitis without asthma, and 10 h... | 1 |
35,372 | The effects of long-term elevated ozone concentrations on the growth and photosynthesis of Sphagnum recurvum and Polytrichum commune | Potter, L; Foot, JP; Caporn, SJM; Lee, JA | 1,996 | Although ozone is generally accepted to be an important phytotoxic air pollutant, little is known of its effects on natural and semi-natural vegetation. In this study two bryophyte species, Sphagnum recurvum P. Beauv. and Polytrichum commune Hedw., were exposed to long-term chronic ozone concentrations, i.e. 70-80 ppb ... | 0 |
82,719 | Macrophages, inflammatory mediators, and lung injury | Laskin, DL; Laskin, JD | 1,996 | Macrophages and the various inflammatory mediators they release have been implicated in lung injury induced by a number of different pulmonary toxicants. Exposure of humans or experimental animals to toxic doses of xenobiotics such as ozone, bleomycin, or mineral dusts results in an accumulation of macrophages in the l... | 0 |
13,325 | Environmental lung disease: exposures and mechanisms | Brain, JD | 1,996 | Let me introduce my summary by commenting on the title of this year's Aspen Lung Conference, "Environmental Lung Disease." There is great truth embedded in those three words. Would it be appropriate to have a conference on environmental diabetes or environmental prostate cancer? If it were held, there would be consider... | 0 |
80,772 | Asthmatic bronchial hyperresponsiveness varies with ambient levels of summertime air pollution | Taggart, SCO; Custovic, A; Francis, HC; Faragher, EB; Yates, CJ; Higgins, BG; Woodcock, A | 1,996 | It is widely believed that the mechanisms of action of outdoor air pollutants are the same as those found in the laboratory, although few studies have attempted to clarify this issue. This study investigates the relationship of asthmatic bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR), a marker of airway inflammation, and pulmonar... | 0 |
13,326 | Pulmonary responses to allergens and pollutants | Lebowitz, MD; O'Rourke, MK | 1,996 | Indoor allergen exposures are ubiquitous and can lead to significant allergic diseases (including asthma) in significant proportions of the population. Immunologic sensitization and resulting inflammatory conditions on re-exposure are responsible for greater susceptibility to other triggers of airway responses. Air pol... | 0 |
86,199 | The environment and the eye Topics of ophthalmic toxicology | Mucke, W | 1,996 | Introduction. From a toxicological and environmental hygienic point of view ophthalmic toxicology becomes more and more important. I should like to highlight the following 3 points environmental chemicals, tropospheric ozone and ultraviolet radiation. The obvious supposition is that these factors will have increasing i... | 0 |
80,770 | Neonatal capsaicin treatment increases the severity of ozone-induced lung injury | Sterner-Kock, A; Vesely, KR; Stovall, MY; Schelegle, ES; Green, JF; Hyde, DM | 1,996 | National Institutes of Health Grants HL 31979, HL 49406; National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences PO1 ES-00626-18; and National Institutes of Environmental Health Sciences postdoctoral Training Grant in Environmental Pathology ST 32 ES 07055.#To test the hypothesis that lung sensory C fibers protect the sma... | 0 |
30,311 | Ozone and ultraviolet B effects on the defense-related proteins "beta"-1,3-glucanase and chitinase in tobacco | Thalmair, M; Bauw, G; Thiel, S; Dohring, T; Langebartels, C; Sandermann, H, Jr | 1,996 | The air pollutant ozone is a potent abiotic inducer of defense-related enzymes such as pathogenesis-related proteins. Here we report on the accumulation of ?-1,3-glucanase and chitinase in Nicotiana tabacum L. treated with ozone and ultraviolet B radiation, singly and in combination, under a simulated sunlight spectrum... | 0 |
82,689 | Age-related toxicity in rat lungs following acute and repeated ozone exposure | Dormans, JAMA; Boere, AJF; van Loveren, H; Rombout, PJA; Marra, M; van Bree, L | 1,996 | The evidence is inconclusive as to whether age and gender are important determinants of ozone toxicity. We carried out an experiment to investigate the possible age- and gender-related differences in pulmonary toxicity following both acute and repeated exposure to ozone. Male and female rats of various ages (1, 3, 9, a... | 0 |
35,263 | A meta-analysis of leaf gas exchange and nitrogen in trees grown under elevated carbon dioxide | Curtis, PS | 1,996 | The response of trees to rising atmospheric CO(2) concentration ([CO(2)]) is of concern to forest ecologists and global carbon modellers and is the focus of an increasing body of research work. I review studies published up to May 1994, and several unpublished works, which reported at least one of the following: net CO... | 0 |
38,108 | Environmental stress sensitivity of an ascorbic acid-deficient Arabidopsis mutant | Conklin, PL; Williams, EH; Last, RL | 1,996 | L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is a powerful reducing agent found in millimolar concentrations in plants, and is proposed to play an important role in scavenging free radicals in plants and animals. However, surprisingly little is known about the role of this antioxidant in plant environmental stress adaptation or ascorba... | 0 |
26,690 | The effects of prolonged exposure to elevated temperatures and elevated CO2 levels on the growth, yield and dry matter partitioning of field-sown meadow fescue | Hakala, K; Mela, T | 1,996 | Field-sown meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis, cv. Kalevi) stands were exposed to elevated temperatures (+3 degrees C) and elevated CO2 (700 ppm) levels in two experiments conducted in 1992-1993 (experiment 1) and in 1994-1995 (experiment 2). Total aboveground yield was, on average, 38% higher at elevated than at ambient... | 0 |
47,552 | Fragmentation of stratospheric intrusions | Appenzeller, C; Davies, HC; Norton, WA | 1,996 | Evidence is presented pointing to the existence of rich and coherent subsynoptic and mesoscale flow features at tropopause levels. These features are related to, and evolve from, the classical V-shaped intrusions of stratospheric air down to tropospheric elevations. It is shown that intrusions can develop into elongate... | 0 |
37,896 | OH radical reactions: The major removal pathway for polychlorinated biphenyls from the atmosphere | Anderson, PN; Hites, RA | 1,996 | Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are transported through the environment primarily in the atmosphere and may undergo chemical reactions, particularly with the OH radical, while in the vapor phase. Rate constants for the gas-phase reaction of 14 PCB congeners with the OH radical over the temperature range of 323-363 K w... | 0 |
80,808 | Inhibition of bronchospasm and ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in the guinea-pig by CDP840, a novel phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitor | Holbrook, M; Gozzard, N; James, T; Higgs, G; Hughes, B | 1,996 | The activity of CDP840, a novel, potent and selective cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE 4) inhibitor, was evaluated in guinea-pig models (in vitro and in vivo) of bronchospasm, ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and non-cholinergic bronchoconstriction. Comparisons were made with (i) other PDE ... | 0 |
13,123 | Effects of ozone exposure during pregnancy on brain serotonin and its metabolite | Haro, R; Paz, C; Huitron-Resendiz, S | 1,996 | Sleep disturbances produced by O3 inhalation during pregnancy are related to changes in neurotransmitters involved in sleep regulation. | 0 |
82,691 | The use of nasal lavage for objective measurement of irritant-induced nasal inflammation | Peden, DB | 1,996 | Last Paragraph. This overview is not intended to provide a definitive review of the role of nasal inflammation in either sick building syndrome or multiple chemical sensitivity. However, it seems reasonable to suggest that nasal lavage techniques, which have been employed in the study of other pollutants and special po... | 0 |
41,696 | Root growth physiology of potted and field-grown trembling aspen exposed to tropospheric ozone | Coleman, MD; Dickson, RE; Isebrands, JG; Karnosky, DF | 1,996 | We studied root growth and respiration of potted plants and field-grown aspen trees (Populus tremuloides Michx.) exposed to ambient or twice-ambient ozone. Root dry weight of potted plants decreased up to 45% after 12 weeks of ozone treatment, and root system respiration decreased by 27%. The ozone-induced decrease in ... | 0 |
79,845 | Battery-powered vehicles: ozone reduction versus lead discharge | Lave, LB; Russell, AG; Hendrickson, CT; McMichael, FC | 1,996 | null | 0 |
79,179 | Carbonyl products of the gas phase reaction of ozone with C5-C7 alkenes | Grosjean, E; Grosjean, D | 1,996 | Coordinating Research Council. #The gas phase reaction of ozone with alkenes, which is of critical importance in atmospheric chemistry, is still poorly understood. Major uncertainties regarding the reaction mechanism include the nature and the formation yields of the carbonyl products, the formation yields of the birad... | 0 |
53,060 | Foliar metabolic heat rate of seedlings and mature trees of Pinus ponderosa exposed to simulated acid rain and ozone | Momen, B; Helms, JA; Criddle, RS | 1,996 | We investigated the effects of acid rain and ozone on respi- ration rates of 1-year-old and current-year foliage of half- sib seedlings and mature clones of a ponderosa pine genotype by measurement of foliar metabolic heat rates. Two rain regimes (pH 5-1 and 3-0) were applied weekly to foliage only, from January to Apr... | 0 |
86,197 | Co-carcinogenic effects in rats of combined exposure to radon and ozone | Monchaux, G; Morlier, JP; Morin, M; Rochefort, P; Maximilien, R; Tredaniel, J | 1,996 | #The aim of this study was to estimate in rats the potential carcinogenic or co-carcinogenic risk of ozone, acting either alone as acomplete carcinogen, or as a promoter after pulmonary irradiation by inhalation of radon and its decay products. Three experimental groups were used: Group 1 was exposed to radon and daugh... | 0 |
82,699 | Asthma and exacerbation of chronic bronchitis: sentinel and environmental data in a time series analysis | Guntzel, O; Bollag, U; Helfenstein, U | 1,996 | To see whether effects of air pollutants and other environmental factors on the respiratory tract can be detected by the Swiss sentinel reporting system, two years' data of asthma bronchiale and exacerbation of chronic bronchitis were analyzed. On average, 16 cases of asthma and 9 cases of bronchitis were reported per ... | 0 |
54,073 | Henry's Law constants and removal processes for several atmospheric "beta"-hydroxy alkyl nitrates | Shepson, PB; Mackay, E; Muthuramu, K | 1,996 | #The oxidation of atmospheric alkenes by OH radicals results in small yields of P-hydroxy alkyl nitrates that can then provide a vehicle for the ultimate removal of MO, from the atmosphere. Although rainout may be an efficient mechanism for the removal of these species from the atmosphere, the Henry's law constants for... | 0 |
13,311 | Exposure to mixtures of chemical substances: is there a need for regulations? | Van Zorge, JA | 1,996 | #The setting of standards for individual substances is an important tool in the protection of human health. However, it has been a topic of discussion for many years whether only this type of standard-setting will meet common goals for health protection, since humans are exposed to a large variety of chemical substance... | 0 |
85,102 | Rat alveolar macrophage cytokine production and regulation of neutrophil recruitment following acute ozone exposure | Ishii, Y; Yang, H; Sakamoto, T; Nomura, A; Hasegawa, S; Hirata, F; Bassett, DJP | 1,997 | National Institutes of Health.The alveolar macrophage generation of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) cytokines has been implicated in the recruitment of neutrophils into acutely injured lungs. To examine the role of these cytokines in neutrophil chemotaxis, cytokine mRNA transc... | 0 |
86,198 | Ultraviolet B radiation was increased at ground level in Scotland during a period of ozone depletion | Moseley, H; Mackie, RM | 1,997 | #The potentially harmful effects associated with stratospheric ozone depletion are widely acknowledged. As the ozone layer principally absorbs ultraviolet (UV) radiation of wavelengths below 290 nm, reductions in stratospheric ozone levels are likely to result in increased UVB at the earth's surface, with the risk of i... | 0 |
82,701 | Damage to the nasopharyngeal mucosa induced by current levels of urban air pollution: a field study in lambs | Gulisano, M; Marceddu, S; Barbaro, A; Pacini, A; Buiatti, E; Martini, A; Pacini, P | 1,997 | This study concerns the effects of urban air pollution on the nasopharyngeal epithelium, with the aim of evaluating the possible harmful activity of levels of atmospheric pollution which are not currently considered to be dangerous. Over a 3 month period, 10 lambs kept in a zone characterized by numerous vehicles were ... | 0 |
52,865 | Active oxygen species production in tobacco cells elicited by cryptogein | Simon-Plas, F; Rusterucci, C; Milat, ML; Humbert, C; Montillet, JL; Blein, JP | 1,997 | We analyse the relationship between active oxygen species (AOS) production and pH changes induced in tobacco cells by cryptogein, a fungal proteinaceous elicitor of defence mechanisms in plants. When tobacco cells were treated with cryptogein, an intracellular acidification, an alkalinization of the extracellular mediu... | 0 |
51,306 | Heterogeneous uptake of ClONO2 and N2O5 by sulfuric acid solutions | Robinson, GN; Worsnop, DR; Jayne, JT; Kolb, CE; Davidovits, P | 1,997 | A droplet train apparatus has been used to measure the heterogeneous reactive uptake of gaseous N2 O5 and ClONO2 by concentrated sulfuric acid solutions. H2SO4 concentrations in the range of 39 to 69 wt % were investigated between 229 and 260 K. Uptake rates normalized to the gas-liquid collision frequency, gamma0, for... | 0 |
87,666 | Elevated CO2 and nutrient addition alter soil N cycling and N trace gas fluxes with early season wet-up in a California annual grassland | Hungate, BA; Lund, CP; Pearson, HL; Chapin FS III | 1,997 | We examined the effects of growth carbon dioxide (CO2)concentration and soil nutrient availability on nitrogen (N)transformations and N trace gas fluxes in California grasslandmicrocosms during early-season wet-up, a time when rates of Ntransformation and N trace gas flux are high. After plant senescenceand summer drou... | 0 |
36,335 | Peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities in bean in response to ozone | Diop, CT; Nali, C; Messori, L; Heimler, D; Lorenzini, G | 1,997 | After treatment with a pulse of ozone (120 ppb, 4 h), enzymatic activities involved in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species [superoxide dismutase (SOD), total peroxidase (PX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), syringaldazine peroxidase (SPX) and gualacol peroxidase (GPX)] were determined in the primary leaves of two... | 0 |
86,099 | Effects of growth and development on lung function: models for study of childhood asthma | Busse, WW; Banks-Schlegel, SP; Larsen, GL | 1,997 | null | 0 |
83,644 | Effects of ozone on normal and potentially sensitive human subjects | null | 1,997 | Health Effects Institute. Study Design: The studies described in this report were conducted by two investigator groups: Dr. John Balmes and colleagues of the University of California, San Francisco, and Dr. Mark Frampton and associates of the University of Rochester. Drs. Balmes and Frampton used similar ozone exposure... | 0 |
57,754 | Sunlight and skin cancer: another link revealed | Kraemer, KH | 1,997 | null | 0 |
82,733 | Formation of intracellular free radicals in guinea pig airway epithelium during in vitro exposure to ozone | Chen, LC; Qu, Q | 1,997 | In vivo exposure to ozone (O3) has been shown to cause airway epithelial damage and lipid peroxidation. The oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids has been shown to produce hydrogen peroxide and aldehydes with reactive oxygen species (ROS) as intermediates. These products of ozonation may react with other bioorganic ... | 0 |
187,222 | Ozone effects on seedling sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera): gas exchange | Rebbeck, J; Loats, K | 1,997 | The effects of one to two seasons of ozone (O-3) exposure ranging from subambient to 1.7 times ambient on the gas exchange of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) were studied in standard 3 m diameter open-top chambers. Cumulative O-3 exposures based on SUM00 index ranged f... | 0 |
47,264 | Nitrogen oxides: Impacts on public health and the environment | null | 1,997 | The purpose of this document is to describe the multiple impacts on human health and welfare that result from emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx). Emissions of NOx result in an unusually broad range of detrimental effects to human health and the environment. In addition, this document states EPA's intent to consider the... | 0 |
86,091 | Trends in air quality in the UK | Ayres, JG | 1,997 | Many problems are encountered when assessing trends in air quality, including changes in methods of measuring pollutants over time, different sampling timeframes, and the number and distribution of monitoring sites. Nevertheless, reasonable projections have been established for trends in sulphur dioxide (SO2), particul... | 0 |
85,168 | Ozone and other air quality related variables affecting visibility in the southeast United States | Brittig, J; Aneja, VP | 1,997 | null | 0 |
82,707 | Kinetics of nasal epithelial cell loss and proliferation in F344 rats following a single exposure to 05 ppm ozone | Hotchkiss, JA; Harkema, JR; Johnson, NF | 1,997 | Repeated exposure to 0.5 ppm ozone (O3) induces mucous cell metaplasia in the nasal transitional epithelium (NTE) of rats. The cellular events which commit the NTE to undergo this phenotypic alteration occur during the first 3 days of exposure. To examine the kinetics of the early cellular responses of NTE to O3, F344 ... | 0 |
44,002 | Ozone sensitivity of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L): evidence for a memory effect in a perennial crop plant? | Soja, G; Eid, M; Gangl, H; Redi, H | 1,997 | Grapevine plants (cv Welschriesling) cultivated in 50 l-containers, were exposed to different levels of ozone in open top-chambers. Ozone levels equivalent to ambient air did not affect grape yield significantly. Based on treatments with four ozone levels, for a grape yield reduction of 10 % an ozone critical level of ... | 0 |
52,469 | A new mechanism for regional atmospheric chemistry modeling | Stockwell, WR; Kirchner, F; Kuhn, M; Seefeld, S | 1,997 | A new gas-phase chemical mechanism for the modeling of regional atmospheric chemistry, the "Regional Atmospheric Chemistry Mechanism" (RACM) is presented. The mechanism is intended to be valid for remote to polluted conditions and from the Earth's surface through the upper troposphere. The RACM mechanism is based upon ... | 0 |
53,028 | Effects of ambient ozone on injury and yield of Phaseolus vulgaris at four rural sites in The Netherlands as assessed by using ethylenediurea (EDU) | Tonneijck, AEG; Van Dijk, CJ | 1,997 | To assess adverse effects of ambient ozone on injury and yield, EDU (ethylenediures) and non-EDU-treated plants of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Lit) were exposed to ambient air at four rural sites in the Netherlands in 1994. After 6 wk of exposure, the proportion of leaves injured in non-EDU-treated plants was highe... | 0 |
86,221 | Effect of different ozone concentrations on the neurogenic contraction and relaxation of guinea pig airways | Sommer, B; Vargas, MH; Segura, P; Bazan-Perkins, B; Carbajal, V; Chavez, J; Gustin, P; Montano, LM | 1,997 | #Prejunctional and postjunctional effects of several ozone (O3)concentrations, including those found in highly polluted cities, were evaluated in guinea pig airways. Animals bred in O3-free conditions were exposed to air or O3 (0.3, 0.6 or 1.2 ppm) during 4 h, and studied 16-18 h later. Tracheal and bronchial rings wer... | 0 |
82,670 | Ozone exposure assessment in a southern California community | Liu L-JS; Delfino, R; Koutrakis, P | 1,997 | An ozone exposure assessment study was conducted in a Southern California community. The Harvard ozone passive sampler was used to monitor cohorts of 22 and 18 subjects for 8 weeks during the spring and fall of 1994, respectively. Ozone exposure variables included 12-hr personal O3 measurements, stationary outdoor O... | 0 |
47,160 | Smog and soot: updating air quality standards | Browner, CM | 1,997 | null | 0 |
85,807 | Effects of intermittent ozone exposure on peak expiratory flow and respiratory symptoms among asthmatic children in Mexico City | Romieu, I; Meneses, F; Ruiz, S; Huerta, J; Sienra, JJ; White, M; Etzel, R; Hernandez, M | 1,997 | #In a panel study of Mexican children (5-13 y of age) with mild asthma, the authors studied the relationship between ozone exposure and the course of childhood asthma. Decrements in peak expiratory flow rate were associated with ozone, and respiratory symptoms were associated with both ozone level and ambient particula... | 1 |
82,813 | Atmospheric chemistry studies of exhaust from vehicles operating with reformulated fuel | Kleindienst, TE; Smith, DF; Black, FM; Tejada, SB | 1,997 | In many areas of the United States, ozone concentrations continue to be higher than that specified by the NAAQS. In spite of substantial improvements, automobile exhaust still remains one of the major sources of ozone precursors, reactive organic gases and oxides of nitrogen. One strategy for dealing with this emission... | 0 |
84,271 | The relationship between selected causes of postneonatal infant mortality and particulate air pollution in the United States | Woodruff, TJ; Grillo, J; Schoendorf, KC | 1,997 | #Recent studies have found associations between psrticulate air pollution snd total and adult mortality. The relationship between particulate air pollution and mortality among infants has not been examined in the United States. This study evaluates the relationship between postneonatal infant
mortality and particulate ... | 0 |
53,961 | High-latitude springtime photochemistry Part II: sensitivity studies of ozone production | Herring, JA; Jaffe, DA; Beine, HJ; Madronich, S; Blake, DR | 1,997 | National Science Foundation. A seven-year record of surface ozone measurements from Denali National Park, Alaska shows a persistent spring maximum. These data, combined with measurements of NOx, hydrocarbons, O3, and PAN from a continental site in Alaska during the spring of 1995 are used as the basis for a sensitivity... | 0 |
84,194 | The role of particulate size and chemistry in the association between summertime ambient air pollution and hospitalization for cardiorespiratory diseases | Burnett, RT; Cakmak, S; Brook, JR; Krewski, D | 1,997 | In order to address the role that the ambient air pollution mix, comprised of gaseous pollutants and various physical and chemical measures of particulate matter, plays in exacerbating cardiorespiratory disease, daily measures of fine and coarse particulate mass, aerosol chemistry (sulfates and acidity), and gaseous po... | 0 |
83,637 | Pulmonary cell kinetics and morphometry after ozone exposure: day versus night and dose response in rats | Witschi, H; Espiritu, I; Pinkerton, KE | 1,997 | National Institutes of Health. #Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to increasing concentrations of ozone as follows: 0.12, 0.24, 0.36, 0.6, or 0.8 ppm. Controls were kept in chambers ventilated with filtered air. One-half of the animals in ozone was exposed for 12 ha day during daytime hours, and the other one-half ... | 0 |
51,305 | Evolution of nitrogen oxide chemistry in the nocturnal boundary layer | Galmarini, S; Duynkerke, PG; de Arellano, JVG | 1,997 | The nocturnal cycle of nitrogen oxides in the atmospheric boundary layer is studied by means of a one-dimensional model. The model solves the conservation equations of momentum, entropy, total water content, and of five chemical species. The chemical cycle relates to the nighttime conversion of NO, NO2, and O-3 into HN... | 0 |
84,531 | The effect of outdoor fungal spore concentrations on daily asthma severity | Delfino, RJ; Zeiger, RS; Seltzer, JM; Street, DH; Matteucci, RM; Anderson, PR; Koutrakis, P | 1,997 | The relationship between day-to-day changes in asthma severity and combined exposures to community air pollutants and aeroallergens remains to be clearly defined. We examined the effects of outdoor air pollutants, fungi, and pollen on asthma. Twenty-two asthmatics ages 9-46 years were followed for 8 weeks (9 May-3 July... | 1 |
13,309 | Ozone-exposed respiratory tract lining fluid-mediated toxicity in lung macrophages and epithelial type II cells | Mudway, IS; Tetley, TD; Charalambous, K; Witherden, IR; Kelly, FJ | 1,997 | Ozone (O3) uptake into the lung is coupled to its reaction with substrates present at the air/liquid interface, the respiratory tract lining fluid (RTLF). These reactions are considered protective where they are with antioxidants, or harmful, with protein and/or lipid moieties. The authors investigated the role of RTLF... | 0 |
40,375 | Methacholine responsiveness using the raised volume forced expiration technique in infants | Hayden, MJ; Devadason, SG; Sly, PD; Wildhaber, JH; LeSouef, PN | 1,997 | Infant lung function can be assessed with the tidal volume "squeeze" technique or, over an extended volume range, with the newer raised volume forced expiration technique (RVFET). We assessed methacholine responsiveness in 11 infants, measuring both maximal expiratory flow at functional residual capacity (V.max,FRC)wit... | 0 |
83,578 | Ozone-induced DNA strand breaks in guinea pig tracheobronchial epithelial cells | Ferng, SF; Castro, CE; Afifi, AA; Bermudez, E; Mustafa, MG | 1,997 | University of CA at Los Angeles. Ozone (O3), the major oxidant of photochemical smog, is thought to be genotoxic and a potential respiratory carcinogen or promoter of carcinogenic processes. Because of oxidative reactions with the mucus in the upper airway, O3 reaction product are able to penetrate into the tracheobron... | 1 |
13,119 | Different degree of airway inflammatory response to ozone exposure in subjects with different asthma severity by using the analysis of induced sputum | Vagaggini, B; Carnevali, S; Taccola, M; Macchioni, P; Bartoli, ML; Cianchetti, S; Bacci, E; Dente, FL; Di Franco, A; Fornai, E; Giannini, D; Paggiaro, PL | 1,997 | This study has been done in order to assess whether the exposure to low level of ozone (O3) induces in subjects with asthma of different severity a similar airway inflammatory response. Twenty-four asthmatic subjects (asthma severity, according to WHO Guidelines: mild intermittent, n = 7; mild persistent, n = 7; modera... | 0 |
42,881 | Valuing ecosystem services: Philosophical bases and empirical methods | Goulder, LH; Kennedy, D | 1,997 | null | 0 |
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